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Gallibacterium anatis is an opportunistic pathogen of intensively reared poultry causing oophoritis, salpingitis, peritonitis and enteritis. Gallibacterium anatis infection often remains undiagnosed. Recently multi-drug resistant isolates have been described.
A newly developed PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism assay targeting the 16S rRNA gene was used to identify and differentiate Gallibacterium isolates from chicken, turkey and partridge samples originating from 18 different geographical locations in Thuringia, Germany. Antimicrobial susceptibility to 19 compounds of different classes was assessed.
Nineteen Gallibacterium isolates were investigated. In 9 birds (47.4%) Gallibacterium species were isolated exclusively while in 10 birds (52.6%) other bacterial or viral agents could be detected in addition. In one chicken a mixed infection of Gallibacterium anatis and Gallibacterium genomospecies was identified. All isolates were susceptible to apramycin, florfenicol and neomycin and resistant to clindamycin, sulfathiazole and penicillin. Resistance to sulfamethoxim, spectinomycin, tylosin and oxytetracycline was observed in 93.3%, 93.3%, 86.7% and 80.0% of the field strains, respectively.
The PCR-RFLP assay allows specific detection and differentiation of Gallibacterium spp. from poultry. Antimicrobial resistance of Gallibacterium spp. is highly significant in Thuringian field isolates.
Gallibacterium (G.) is a genus within the Pasteurellaceae family and is associated with a wide spectrum of avian host species based on isolations from domestic and wild birds including chickens, turkeys, geese, ducks, pheasants and partridges [1–4]. Chickens are the preferred host of Gallibacterium spp., which constitute a part of the normal flora in the upper respiratory and the lower genital tract [4–6]. G. anatis infections in chicken resulted in a variety of signs and lesions such as respiratory problems, necrosis in liver, peritonitis, salpingitis, haemorrhagic and ruptured follicles and a drop in egg production [6–9]. Mixed infections with other poultry pathogens such as Escherichia (E.) coli contributed to the major lesions with G. anatis in naturally affected chickens .
Genus Gallibacterium belongs to phylum Proteobacteria, class Gammaproteobacteria and family Pasteurellaceae [10, 11]. Gallibacterium was isolated for first time in 1950 from cloaca of healthy chickens and was described as haemolytic “cloaca bacterium” by Kjos-Hansen [12, 13]. Being similar to Pasteurella (P.) in several characters, it was earlier known as P. anatis. The genus name Gallibacterium was firstly given by Bisgaard in the year 1982 on the basis of certain phenotypic characters used for identification of isolates of Actinobacillus salpingitidis and avian P. haemolytica [1, 5, 14, 15]. Genus Gallibacterium was established within the family of Pasteurellaceae based on 16S rRNA gene sequences . The genus includes strains belonging to G. anatis, G. genomospecies [3, 5, 10] and unnamed group V . Taxon 1 designated as a third group of strains and named P. anatis, which was also found closely related to A. salpingitidis and avian P. haemolytica .
The genus Gallibacterium comprises four species, namely G. anatis, G. melopsittaci sp. nov., G. trehalosifermentans sp. nov., and G. salpingitidis sp. nov., and three G. genomospecies [15, 17].
G. anatis can be further sub-divided into two phenotypically distinct biovars: haemolytica and the non-haemolytic biovar anatis . G. anatis isolates were formerly known as strains of the avian Pasteurella haemolytica–Actinobacillus salpingitidis complex or Pasteurella anatis. Haemolytic Pasteurella-like bacteria (Gallibacterium anatis) are the causing agent of salpingitis with or without peritonitis but also of septicaemia, pericarditis, hepatitis, respiratory tract lesions and enteritis [18, 19]. G. anatis is globally distributed and has been isolated from poultry in some countries within Europe [15, 17, 20].
Various tools have been used for the identification of Gallibacterium including cultivation, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), genus-specific PCR, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry and a gtxA gene-based quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay.
Diagnosis of the Gallibacterium infection was based on isolation and identification including phenotypic characterization . Phenotypic characterization involves laborious and time-consuming methods, which may also give ambiguous results due to variable outcomes. This in turn leads to difficulty in interpretation of the genus and species designations . Problems during isolation are mainly related to poor growth on artificial media, subsequent overgrowth by other bacteria, and difficulties in phenotypic identification.
Although MALDI Biotyper software is able to recognize clonally related G. anatis strains isolated from different poultry flocks as well as from different organs, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry is not very much practiced for routine diagnostics in veterinary medicine [21, 22].
The gyrB gene-based qPCR method is very useful and highly sensitive for G. anatis detection in addition to time and cost saving compared to conventional PCR and phenotypic methods .
Beta-subunit of DNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (rpoB) gene sequence-based classification was used within Pasteurellaceae and has been recommended for this group of bacteria, particularly in cases where phenotypic identification was difficult . However, phylogenetic comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequences has recently become a key character for bacterial classification . They might also be used directly for identification, or result in subsequent development of polymerase chain reaction assays targeting specific regions of the aforementioned genes.
Effective means of antibiotic treatment are highly needed. The frequency of treatment failure in flocks infected with Gallibacterium seems to be a recurrent problem [27, 28]. Currently, very limited information on antimicrobial susceptibility of G. anatis is available leaving little insight into the general level of resistance for this species . Emergence of antimicrobial resistance has been observed among several organisms belonging to the Pasteurellaceae family . The resistance phenotypes from Gallibacterium field strains and other taxa of Pasteurellaceae demonstrated a remarkably high prevalence of multidrug resistance [27, 29–31]. Gallibacterium emerged in last few years as multi-drug resistant pathogen causing outbreaks with high mortality not only in poultry but also in other pet birds .
The aim of this study was to use a molecular biological identification method allowing specific detection and differentiation of Gallibacterium spp. A PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay was established which allowed an easy and reliable detection and differentiation of Gallibacterium spp. Moreover, the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of Gallibacterium isolates of chickens, turkey and partridge raised in federal state of Thuringia, Germany were determined.
In this study, 120 tissue samples were collected from poultry suffering from respiratory signs and reproductive disorders as a routine diagnosis in 18 different locations in the state of Thuringia, Germany. The collected samples were investigated specifically for Gallibacterium spp. and other bacteria and viruses causing similar symptoms. Bacterial isolates were cultured from several organs of diseased and perished chickens, turkey and partridge. The age of birds, organs of isolation and pathological findings for Gallibacterium positive samples were demonstrated in Table 1. Pre-enriched non-selective medium (buffered peptone water; Oxoid, Wesel, Germany) was inoculated with the collected samples and incubated for 24 h at 37 °C under aerobic condition. A loopful of liquid medium was streaked out on 5% Columbia blood agar (Oxoid), Dextrose Starch Agar medium (Oxoid) and MacConkey agar (Oxoid), and then incubated aerobically for 24 h at 37 °C.
Phenotypical characterization of isolated strains was performed as previously reported [32, 33]. Suspected bacterial colonies were 0.5–1.5 mm in diameter, bright translucent, low convex and mostly showed beta-haemolysis on blood agar. When observed obliquely with transmitted light these colonies showed concentric rings on Dextrose Starch Agar medium and pink colonies on MacConkey agar. Gallibacterium were growing on Columbia agar as fine, circular smooth-edged colonies of grey-white colour with conspicuous beta-haemolysis. After 48 h or sub-cultivation on MacConkey agar, large flat grey colonies with a diameter of 4–5 mm with an amber raised centre were observed. These microorganisms were overlooked during microbiological investigations because initially small Gallibacterium colonies were overgrown by other microorganisms. Gram as well as Giemsa staining was used for detection of morphologically characteristic appearance of examined suspected colonies. Gram staining showed Gram-negative, coccoid to pleomorphic rods. In all cases bacteria produced catalase, and the majority of the isolates formed oxidase, phosphatase, nitrate reduction and sugar fermentation with acid production.
Typical or suspected colonies were picked for further biochemical identification using API 20 NE (bioMerieux, Nürtingen, Germany).
The collected specimens were tested for Escherichia coli, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae, Clostridium perfringens and adenovirus using specific recommended methods for each organism .
For isolation of chromosomal DNA, bacterial cultures from a plate were re-suspended in 200 μl of phosphate-buffered saline and the isolation procedure was performed with High Pure PCR Template Purification Kit (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) according to the instructions of the manufacturer.
16S rRNA genes were partially amplified by using primers 41f and 1066r (Table 2) . After an initial denaturation at 96 °C for 60 s, 35 cycles of denaturation (96 °C for 15 s), primer annealing (55 °C for 60 s) and primer extension (72 °C for 90 s) were carried out and followed by final elongation step at 72 °C for 60 s. PCR was performed using 2 μl chromosomal DNA, 5 μl 10 x Taq buffer (Genaxxon bioscience GmbH, Biberach, Germany), 0.2 μl Taq DNA polymerase (Genaxxon bioscience GmbH), 2 μl dNTP mix (2 mM each; Carl Roth GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany) and 1 μl of both primers (10 mM; Jena Bioscience, Jena, Germany) in a volume of 50 μl. PCR products were analysed by gel electrophoresis on 1% agarose gels, stained with ethidium bromide and visualised under UV light. The resulting ca. 1 kb fragment was excised and DNA was extracted using QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) according to manufacturer’s instruction. DNA sequencing of purified PCR products was carried out by cycle sequencing procedure with the BigDye™ Terminator Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction Kit (Applied Biosystems, Darmstadt, Germany). 41f, 1066r, Galli-1 and Galli-2 (Table 2) were used as sequencing primers. Nucleotide sequences were determined on an ABI Prism 310 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems).
Multiple sequence alignments were done using AlignX of Vector NTI Suite 8.0 (Informax Inc., Oxford, UK). Based upon sequence data of investigated isolates, dendrograms were generated for both G. species in this study and other related organisms (P. multocida, P. anatis, Avibacterium paragallinarum, Avibacterium avium, G. anatis, G. genomospecies and Bisgaard taxa) with cluster tree neighbour-joining analysis using the bioinformatics tools of Geneious R9.0.5.1 analysis.
Primers used for a Gallibacterium spp. specific PCR assay were chosen on the basis of an alignment of 16S rRNA genes of related avian Pasteurellaceae species. PCR was carried out by using primers Galli-3 and Galli-5 (Table 2) under the following conditions: 3 μl DNA extract, 5 μl 10 x Taq buffer (Genaxxon bioscience GmbH), 0.2 μl Taq DNA polymerase (5 u; Genaxxon bioscience GmbH), 2 μl dNTP mix (2 mM each; Carl Roth GmbH) and 1 μl of each primer (10 mM), and the volume made up to 50 μl by addition of bi-distilled water. The following temperature-time programme was used for amplification: After an initial denaturation step at 96 °C for 60 s, 35 cycles of denaturation (96 °C for 15 s), primer annealing (66 °C for 60 s) and primer elongation (72 °C for 60 s) were performed. PCR was terminated by an elongation step at 72 °C for 60 s. PCR products were analysed as described above. The high annealing temperature in the PCR process avoided a cross-amplification with DNA of other avian Pasteurellaceae species. The resulting amplicons had lengths of approximately 680 bp for G. anatis and G. genomospecies.
For identification of G. anatis and G. genomospecies and conformation of affiliation to genus Gallibacterium digestion of the PCR amplicon with RsaI restriction enzyme (New England Biolabs, Frankfurt, Germany) was used. For differentiation of Gallibacterium into G. anatis and G. genomospecies, digestion of the PCR products with XbaI restriction enzyme (New England Biolabs) was performed. 8 μl of PCR products were digested with 1 μl Rsa I or Xba I using 2 μl of recommended buffers in separate 20 μl reactions. Restriction reactions were carried out at 37 °C for 2 h. Restriction products were analysed by gel electrophoresis on a 1.5% agarose gel, ethidium bromide staining and visualization under UV light.
A total of 30 bacterial strains including 15 G. anatis (14 field strains and one reference strain), four G. genomospecies, five Pasteurella multocida, Pasteurella anatis, Avibacterium avium, Avibacterium paragallinarum, Avibacterium gallinarum, Mannheimia haemolytica and Riemerella columbina were used in this study. The sensitivity of the PCR reaction was determined by analysing serial dilutions (1:10) of genomic DNA.
The antimicrobial susceptibility of 15 Gallibacterium isolates was tested by using the broth dilution method against 19 antibiotics of different classes (Table 3). Four out of 19 Gallibacterium isolates could not be re-cultivated after applying phenotypic identification, but DNA was extracted for further identification.
Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was performed according to the CLSI standard M31-A2 using a commercially prepared dehydrated panel for Enterobacteriaceae (Sensititre-TREK Diagnostic Systems, Cleveland, USA). The plates were incubated for 20–24 h at 35 °C under aerobic conditions. The MIC was defined as the lowest concentration avoiding visible growth. In categorizing the MIC results, CLSI cut-offs for resistance of P. multocida were used . Specific cut-offs for respiratory disease agents were used when available. The cut-offs used are indicated in Table 3. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae ATCC 27090 was included as control.
Nineteen Gallibacterium isolates were cultivated and phenotypically identified from 19 diseased or perished birds. The panel of hosts consisted of 17 chickens (Gallus gallus f. domesticus), one partridge (Perdix perdix L.) and one turkey (Meleagris gallopavo f. domesticus) with different pathological lesions (Table 1), from 18 different farms in Thuringia, Germany. The age of the birds was between 3 weeks and one year. Nine birds were juvenile and 10 of them adult. The reported signs were respiratory symptoms (cold, dyspnea), diarrhoea, anorexia, emaciation of the affected birds and mortality. Gallibacterium strains were isolated from lung (14 out of 19), spleen (6/19), ovaries (5/9) and brain (3/19) of diseased birds. Mostly, a septicaemic course of the bacterial infection was diagnosed.
The isolation of Gallibacterium in different Galliformes species is connected with different pathological findings. The most commonly detected pathological findings were enteritis (11/19) and swollen parenchymes of liver and spleen (10/19). Sometimes, airsacculitis (5/19), ovarian atrophy (4/9) and petichael haemorrhage of different organs (5/19) were observed.
Species identification using the API 20 NE system resulted in classification as Mannheimia haemolytica with more than 90%. All isolates showed beta-haemolysis.
In 9 cases only Gallibacterium was isolated. In other cases pathogens like mycoplasmas, Clostridium perfringens, E. coli and adenoviruses were detected besides Gallibacterium (Table 4). Other bacterial colonies were collected but could not identified biochemically as Gallibacterium.
PCR assay based on 16S rRNA genes was established for genus-specific identification of Gallibacterium isolates. With primer pair Galli-3 and Galli-5 PCR products of approximately 680 bp were obtained for G. anatis and G. genomospecies. The high annealing temperature in the PCR process avoided a cross-reaction with DNA of other avian Pasteurellaceae species. The specificity of PCR amplification system was tested using DNA of other avian pathogens as PCR templates giving negative results. With this PCR assay it was possible to detect 650 fg/μl of template Gallibacterium DNA under described conditions which is equivalent to 880 cfu.
16S rRNA genes of 16 isolated Gallibacterium were partially amplified and sequenced. Species identification was carried out via BLAST search (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/). The multiple sequence alignments were demonstrated in phylogenetic analysis which showed the relation of isolated Gallibacterium from clinical cases and other related organisms. The relatedness of isolated Gallibacterium and other avian Pasteurellaceae species based on sequence profiles of 16S rRNA gene was demonstrated in Fig. 1.
Gallibacterium anatis was identified in 16 birds and Gallibacterium genomospecies in 2 chickens (Ge 081 and Ge 082). Both adult hens infected by G. genomospecies were kept at the same farm. In one case a mixed culture of G. anatis and G. genomospecies was detected (Ge 186) (Table 4).
PCR–RFLP assay based on 16S rRNA genes was established for differentiation of Gallibacterium isolates. Use of Galli-3 and Galli-5 primers resulted in approximately 680 bp amplicons. Using RsaI for digestion of amplicons of both species, similar restriction patterns (210 bp and 470 bp) were obtained for G. genomospecies and G. anatis (Fig. 2). Closely related microorganisms like Bisgaard taxon 40 and 14 have no RsaI restriction site and were not cut (data not shown). Differentiation of Gallibacterium isolates into G. anatis and G. genomospecies was carried out using XbaI restriction of PCR products. G. genomospecies has an unique restriction site resulting in fragments of 216 bp and 470 bp while G. anatis amplicons were not digested (Fig. 3).
The results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 15 Gallibacterium isolates against 19 antibiotics were demonstrated in Table 3. Four out of 19 Gallibacterium isolates could not be re-cultivated after applying identification. All tested isolates were susceptible to apramycin, florphenicol and neomycin, 80.0% of isolates were susceptible to ceftifur and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. 73.3% of isolates were susceptible to gentamicin and tiamulin. Most of isolates showed susceptibility (66.7%) to enrofloxacin and 33.3% were susceptible to erythromycin.
All tested isolates were resistant to clindamycin, sulfathiazole and penicillin. High resistance rates were found to sulfamethoxim and spectinomycin with 93.3%, tylosin with 86.7% and oxytetracycline with 80.0%.
To the best of our knowledge, occurrence of and diseases caused by Gallibacterium, species are not well known in Germany. In this study, a total of 19 suspected Gallibacterium isolates from different morbid and dead birds were subjected to phenotypic and molecular characterization.
Molecular biological investigation of the isolates resulted in identification of these strains as representatives of the genus Gallibacterium within the family Pasteurellaceae.
Gallibacterium can be isolated from clinically healthy chickens in farms with moderate or low levels of biosecurity [1, 6]. Furthermore, Gallibacterium was isolated from birds with various pathological lesions connected with salpingitis, oophoritis, peritonitis, pericarditis, hepatitis, enteritis, upper respiratory tract lesions, and septicaemia [3, 7, 17, 37]. In this study salpingitis, with or without peritonitis, was not detected in any of the cases, but different pathological findings could be found, including enteritis, serositis, hepatitis and nephritis. Various organs of different species were affected. Gallibacterium was found as a harmless commensal [3, 5] or in mixed infections with other poultry pathogens such as E. coli that shared the major lesions with G. anatis in naturally affected chickens . In this study Gallibacterium was isolated alone in 9 cases and in 10 cases other pathogens were additionally detected: E. coli, Clostridium perfringens, Mycoplasma species and adenovirus.
The application of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and molecular biological methods, especially DNA–DNA hybridization and 16S rRNA sequence analysis, has contributed to an improved Gallibacterium classification [17, 21, 22]. A Gallibacterium specific PCR assay was used in this study to simplify and shorten accurate identification of suspicious Gallibacterium isolates. Molecular biological identification was carried out by sequencing 16S rRNA genes of isolates, and comparison of obtained sequence data with those of GenBank database. Using the described primer system, amplicons were produced which are specific for strains of the genus Gallibacterium. No cross-reactivity with closely related bacterial species like Bisgaard taxon 14 and 40 and other members of the Pasteurellaceae was recognized. The high annealing temperature in the PCR process avoided a cross-amplification with DNA of other avian Pasteurellaceae species. The enzymatic digestion of the amplicons with RsaI was used for confirmation of identified Gallibacterium species. Only Gallibacterium isolates possess a restriction site for RsaI in the amplified region within members of the Pasteurellaceae. This method makes identification of Gallibacterium isolates easy. Additionally, an enzymatic digestion using restriction enzyme XbaI was suited for species differentiation between species G. anatis and G. genomospecies.
Antimicrobial susceptibility reports for Gallibacterium were relatively rare. In this study, MIC and cut-off from CLSI guidelines and previous reports were used [27, 28]. The number of different techniques and antimicrobial agents made it difficult to compare previous results. Testing of 15 Gallibacterium isolates against 19 antibiotics showed that all isolates were susceptible to apramycin, florfenicol and neomycin. 80.0% of isolates were susceptible to ceftiofur and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. 73.3% of isolates were susceptible to gentamicin and tiamulin and most of isolates (66.7%) were sensitive to enrofloxacin. Similar findings were observed in G. anatis isolated from both broiler flocks and broiler breeders. They were sensitive to ceftiofur (90.0%), enrofloxacin (93.0%), gentamicin (93.0%), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (83.0%), florfenicol (86.0%), and sulfathiazole (82.0%) .
In a previous study, chloramphenicol susceptibility was observed among European strains in Denmark and very high fraction of susceptibilities towards quinolone were detected among 35.0% of Danish G. anatis isolates . Moreover, high neomycin susceptibility (64.0%) was observed for Mexican strains isolated from chickens . In contrast to our findings, a higher resistance to neomycin was reported in Taiwan . Only 33.3% of tested isolates were susceptible to erythromycin. In previous studies, it was reported that all of chicken isolates were resistant to erythromycin [38, 39].
Results were in agreement with a study reporting M. haemolytica isolated from chicken had high sensitivities to ceftiofur (100%), enrofloxacin (96–100%), florfenicol (92–100%), and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (93–100%) . Similarly, strong sensitivity in G. anatis isolates from chickens to ceftiofur and enrofloxacin was reported .
Danish and Mexican Gallibacterium field strains have high MIC values to a broad range of antimicrobial agents including agents currently used for treatment of G. anatis infections. Most prominently, resistance to tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole was observed in 92.0% and 97.0% of field strains, respectively . However, contrasting reports demonstrated moderate to high sensitivity to sulfonamides in isolates originating from broiler flocks and broiler breeders .
The resistance rates of isolates to tylosin and oxytetracycline were 86.7% and 80.0%, respectively, which was in agreement with previous study demonstrating that G. anatis isolates from poultry revealed resistance to tylosin (100%), clindamycin (97.0%), tetracyclines (80.0–90.0%), and penicillin (70.0%). Similarly, high resistance rates in chickens have been reported for penicillin (60.0–100%) and tetracyclines (72.0–100%) . In contrast moderate sensitivity to tetracycline was reported, too .
Most of isolates (86.7%) were resistant to spectinomycin, which was in agreement with a previous study with 0 to 50% spectinomycin sensitive chicken isolates . In another study high sensitivity to spectinomycin was detected in more than 89.0% of the isolates .
The phenotypic identification methods were unable to differentiate the Gallibacterium species correctly. The presented study allowed identification and differentiation of Gallibacterium isolated from birds by integrated use of phenotypic characterization and subsequent 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The description of a PCR-RFLP assay improves the diagnosis and epidemiological understanding of these organisms and allowed correct identification of G. anatis and G. genomospecies. Future workings will be needed to study the prevalence of Gallibacterium species in poultry flocks. This study demonstrates that there is a need for continued monitoring of the antimicrobial susceptibilities of Gallibacterium isolates as pathogens in poultry.
The authors thank Byrgit Hofmann and Karola Zmuda for their excellent technical assistance. The authors thank Dr. Werner Herold for his great effort in sample collection. We thank Keri Clack for proof reading the manuscript.
HE, HH and HB participated in the conception and design of the study. HB and HH performed the farm and laboratory work. HE, HH, HB, HN and HMH analyzed the data, wrote the manuscript and contributed to manuscript discussion. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
This study was carried out in strict accordance with the recommendations of the German “Tierschutzgesetz” TierSchG from 25.05.1998 (BGBI IS.1105) and complies with the German laws and regulation regarding ethical considerations, transport, housing and experimental use of animals in research. The care and well-being of all animals was ensured by carrying out all research in compliance with all EU and member state legislation and directives. | 2019-04-20T12:23:49Z | https://irishvetjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13620-018-0116-2 |
Saurabh Mishra is lecturer at IIIT, Allahabad. Currently he is pursuing PhD.
of experience in academics specializing in marketing and Business strategy.
This papers explores, usage of Marketing ROI (Return on Investment), in online environment pertaining to key business issues in online marketing function. It chronologically evaluates different practices and avenues of marketing ROI, resulting into the evolution of certain key parameters and their respective methodologies of evaluation. The paper concludes with the proposed framework achieved through standardization resulting out of best practices and prevalent policies amongst corporations operating in the online business scenario.
The marketing function over a period of time has evolved as a critical business function to achieve organizational objective. It has been viewed as an effective tool of optimizing business and social goal. Where in an organization is able to achieve substantial gains from its operations even under challenging scenarios of competition and dynamic environmental pressures.
The marketing function has often been challenged and criticized for wasteful engagement of the resources, with no effective mechanism of assessment and evaluation of efficiency in appropriate acceptable parameters through quantifiable attribution (Marek Solcansky, Iveta Simberova, 2010).The fraternity of marketers often been questioned and rightfully so about effectiveness of their decision made in context to the returns generated from them.
As an observation it has often seen and felt that there is a need of effective measurement criteria as far as marketing function and its related efforts are concerned (Tim Amblers and 2John H Roberts 2008; Rust, Lemon and Zeithmal 2004 ;Srivastav et. Al 2006; David W Stewart 2009). This pursuit over time yields out various sets of methods for assessment considering variety of issues composing the marketing function. The demand and supply differential, sales potential realization, average selling cost, sales force efficiency ,marketing objective achievement including others along with customer satisfaction and contribution to profit have been key consideration in the assessment of marketing effectiveness.
These sets of issues as mentioned above which broadly cover different arms of the marketing functions are acting as black box and do not provide sufficient and significant rationale and reasoning towards achievement of the said result, as it has been overwhelmingly seen that theses various functional arms are either complimentary or supporting or contributing in to effective performance or achievement of the other. Thus it becomes difficult to marketers to assess that which particular operational formation has contributed the most, rather at the terminal and in the market place where transaction happens which are the marketing function was the winner, like the product design group, the promotion and related function or the sales force and why not credit should go the flawless distribution of the prices in the market place.
These challenge of assessment and evaluation of key pointed references and critical impacting issues in success of marketing function triggered of a debate of researchers and practitioners in the area to demystify the key drivers in the marketing success of any organization. The very genesis of this thought potentially triggered of substantial thinking in the recent time towards objective associated of marketing outcome to specific persuasion of the marketing function. Further granulated into four Ps or recent add-ons in form of seven Ps for the services sector (Christian Gronroos, 1990; Evert Gummesson, 1994). The situation technically challenges conventional marketing wisdom and put across a rider towards associated marketing outcome for result each functional component. This in turn would be the basis of prioritization with reference to fund allocation and other similar decisions to be taken in the marketing parlance.
It has been observed in recent years that various quantification methodology has been proposed time to time to understand KPIs, residual analysis ,process centric approaches and other methods including automation to make marketing function more relevant, receptive and responsive to changes taking place in the performing environment of the organization. To the similar persuasion ROI based approaches also found significant consideration and importance both with the research and executive community. The basic premise towards MROI approach was to get a drill down methodology and understand that what marketing resources are able to generate through their effort in execution.
ï· Product Design and Development.
ï· Promotion Planning and Execution.
ï· Developing and Maintaining Distribution System. Devising Effective Revenue Generation Method through Adequate Pricing Methodology.
The marketing ROI based approach seems to have inherently decomposed the marketing function into various sets of independent processes contributing towards achievement of larger interest (Theodore Mitchell, Howard Olsen, 2010; Eric Almquist, Gordon Wyner, 2001). As it may be understood that as a result of regularization or through drill down approach we can adequately identify the process related activity, their control output, resource consumption patterns and process owners as a matter of fact. So regularization through the drill down approach potentially achieved through ROI mind set, can effectively device means and methods to make marketing function not shy away from issues like interdependency, like complexity of its function systems.
Thus it will be able to adequately support effective distribution and allocation of funds to those who have been able to contribute in superior goal achievement through their effective execution procedures. The inclusion of internet into the business ecosystem has altogether changed the performing environment and its dynamics.
On the initial edifice of ROI in online perspective is can be well estimated that observing and time line and evolutionary trend and practices may lead us to develop a formal concept matrices regarding ROI and developing understanding and key thrust areas in the function from one phase to another.
The scenario through which the marketing function has resorted for online business and related ROI intentions also needs to be evaluated at large. It has been major concern among all the CEO’s and top executive about marketing performance measurement and ability to measure marketing performance. It is found that ability to measure marketing performance effects marketing functions as well performance of the CEOS of the company (Don O Sullivan, ANZMAC, 2009;Rust et al.2004). “Pressure is being placed on marketing to justify their expenditure and translate them into likely financial outcome, which is the language of business firm” (DW Stewart - Journal of Advertising Research, 2009).
In 2002 (Accenture's Insight Driven Marketing report, 2001, a study of marketing executives for ROI said that it was biggest challenge in front of marketing executives to find out ROI or how to measure ROI against marketing activities. The study listed the four most prevalent metrics that marketers use: Response Rate (79%), Revenue Growth (78%), Customer Retention (69%), and Profit Generation (69%).The question arises whether these achievements are due to marketing promotional efforts or by other marketing functions. As the sales and service team both claims credit for the same for which marketing could have claim. So it is difficult to find out whether an increased sale is due to the promotional effort or due to the effort of sales team or by customer care team or efforts of channel partners.
Customer lifetime value is net present profit generated from the customer against the marketing investment and it captures buying behavior of the customer that can be valuable measurements for the marketing investment.
Total number of customer is number of customer retained or added or generated due to marketing activities. This is basically lead generated from the marketing activities or number of customer interacted on that basis we can calculate number of sale generated and customer added. Theses customer interaction could help to compare the outcome with other marketing activities, through which it is an easy to know the impact of these marketing activities. With help of customer life time value and number of customer we can calculate cost per sale and lead generated and converted and can make benchmark for performance improvement. The improved CRM technology & businesses intelligence help marketers to make data more accessible. By using CRM technology marketers may focus more on highest value customer which in case miss opportunity with other customer segment which in case there would be increase average customer life time value but decrease no of customer which would again lead ROI analysis less profitable.
In today’s world there is lot of marketing investment is happening and everybody is concerned about the return on that, apart from other investment it critical to measure return on marketing investment.ROI is matter of concern for all the marketers since last decades; Marketing ROI can be defined as amount of profit against amount of resource. Hawthorne (2004) says marketer should either look at MER (Media efficiency rate) or profit margin against investment to know about the MROI.It is evident that most of the marketing ROI has been calculated for short term (Which gives immediate result against investment) like sponsorship, promotions & discounts & not for long term (Which do not yield financial return immediately rather takes months and year).
Marketing investment can be either in offline environment or in online environment. As technology has been changing over decades most of the marketers are focusing in online marketing activities like website promotions etc. In 1990 BMW had started its promotion in online business environment assuring that they would expect ROI against these expenses. They developed a tracking system & find out the number of hits on the web site (reported as over 9 million hits in the first few months) but the question arose whether hits means conversion or something else and could not meet the financial gain. (Rob Dub off is CEO of Hawk Partners).William Duffy (2004) Managing director and partner of marketing analytic services, Burlington says that it is easy to calculate MROI by adding all media campaign cost and comparing it with profit margin & revenue earned which is associated with product or services.
Bill Murphy (senior vice president of Marketing & Development of Schaumburg) says that MROI can be calculated by counting response rate, purchase made by the respondent and leads converted & lead generated against the investment for the campaign. This can only calculate the profit earned during the campaign. what about the others who were not visited but come to know during walking or roaming and planned to buy in future? Which is exactly due to the campaign? Anne Klein says (MHS fall, 2003) Marketing ROI is best tool to find out best place to invest in marketing. It is difficult to calculate ROI as it is very difficult to track says Anne Klein, MROI start from your campaign and need to track response around the campaign.
ï· Profit Earned Contribution Margin.
ï· Short Term Performance Evaluation.
ï· Long Term Performance Evaluation.
Short term effect of marketing activity can be generated with help of promotional campaign like price discount or on spot sale which can be calculated either in case of long term impact of marketing like Branding; Float activity etc.It is not easy to calculate as such campaign as they cannot yield result instantly. The question arises again for the organizations that from which point they should start to calculate ROI for such campaign as organization are not having any bottom line or start point to calculate the ROI.
Dorian Selz &Petra Schubert (1998, 1999) discussed about effectiveness of e-commerce web site by taking into account B2C e-commerce business model (Amazon, Barnes and Nobel,e-Bay) and developed criteria for evaluating web site with help of web assessment scale. Web assessment criteria considered specific characteristics of book store web sites. Extension of similar work was done by Dorian Selz and Petra Schubert in 1998 by evaluating strength and weaknesses of the existing web site for further improvement and described four phases of e-commerce web site from customer’s point of view which is information phase, Agreement phase, Settlement phase and Community development component.Olsina et al.(1999) Proposes web site quality evaluation method by using hierarchical system of attributes (functionality, usability, efficiency and site stability) to assess the quality of academic web site in general which is beyond the scope of the research. Chang Liu and Kirk P. Arnett (1999) Explored factors associated with web site success in context of e-commerce web site. They have given four major factors for web site success in context of e- commerce web site which is Quality of information and service, Playfulness, System design quality and system use.
Talked about marketing performance measurement in context of e-commerce web site on the basis of specific characteristics of web site.
Christian Bauer and Arno Scharl (2000) proposed method of automated web site evaluation to asses thousands of web sites without intervention of human intervention by using fuzzy modeling techniques. Attribute given by Olsina (1999) has been taken in consideration. Daniel Cunliff (2000) reviewed existing web sites from usability point of view by considering by considering visual appearance of web site, usability of web site and users need. Focused which web site is better oriented towards users needs. Daniel Cunliffe (2001) evaluated museum web site from users point of view by taking into consideration of web sites content, reliability, easy to navigate, accessibility etc. Lee (2001) said that internet is powerful, transforming and disruptive technology which promises long term potential. E- commerce are taking place rapidly and it has to evaluated on the basis of five essential steps they are: Redefine the competitive advantage; rethink business strategy; re-examine traditional business and revenue models, re-engineer the corporation and Web site; and re-invent customer service.
Barua et al. (2001) discussed about financial performance of e-commerce business by taking into consideration operational expenses, did not explained well and examine in terms of marketing ROI, even financially calculated online revenue. Coyle and Thorson (2001) asserted that performance of an e-commerce web site should be assessed on the basis of number of visitors who visits the web site and spend time on searching and discussed about interactivity and vividness of e-commerce web site. Geyskens et al(2002) mentioned that corporate web site enhances the business and provide direct benefits in terms of e-commerce sale and was talking about demand and supply (Olsina et al. 2002) developed quantitative evaluation of web site by using web quality evaluation method for e-commerce web site and find out best and worst qualified web sites from customers point of view.
Grembergen et al. (2002) said that cost is associated with developing, designing, maintaining and implementing the web site of e-commerce web site and performance measurement is one of the most important aspects of e-commerce business. Merwe and Bekker (2003) find that no generally accepted methods exist for the systematic and comprehensive evaluation of web site performance. Developed methodology for evaluating e-commerce web site on the basis of five parameters each divided in five sub parameters, which is very much similar work done by Olsina in 2002. Ron Kohavi et al. (2003) described analysis to improve e-commerce web site and given several recommendations that is found to be very useful in practice. Taken into consideration various aspects from customers’ point of view like customer signature, session, usage analysis and conversion rate.
F.J. Miranda Gonzalez & T.M.Banegil palacios (2004) evaluated quantitatively commercial web sites (e-commerce) of Spanish firm by using web assessment index. Taken into consideration four characteristics of web site which is Accessibility, Speed, Navigability and content. Proposed method is similar to Merwe and Bekker (2003) and Olsina et al. (2002).Coral Calero et al. (2005) developed web metrics by using web quality model. Proposed most important metrics for web information system. It was found that 44 percent of metrics are related to presentation and most metrics are usability metrics. Levenburg (2005) findings suggest that while a majority of retailers use the Internet to enhance company image, greater pay-offs come from offering more online services, particularly those that may be used by customers in the acquisition process (e.g., e-mail and online ordering) and for post-purchase support. Charles Oppenheim and Louise Ward (2006) discussed how to evaluate e-commerce web site and what makes a good web site. Aspects evaluated included presentation, content, accessibility, language, navigation and structure, transaction page, security and marketing factors. This is more or less similar to work done by many authors in the past. Smits and Bischops (2007) proposed model is given for general web site not for e-commerce web site and help to view website from different perspective like financial perspective, customer perspective and organizational perspective. Fisher &Tia (2009) talked in terms of ROI for social networking sites, focused to measure attributes attention, interaction and conversion index.
Where we find that new opportunities in the cyber world, new set of production services & newer customer group has been key movers in motivating organizations to move into this frame of reference. The scenario of competition with changing dynamics both at the buyer and seller and including challenges at the substitution level along with threat posed at the entry and exit level has also definitely being a reason for organizations to think beyond the current paradigm embraced online business scenario at new perspective, which was welcomingly adaptive and responsive the new need of marketing community.
This transformation of real world brick organization to virtual world click organization was a new phenomenon all together, where asking question, seeking information, looking out for better deal, ruthless competition and easy comparison were the new order of the day.
This scenario based indicative issues significantly touched upon creative functional thinking at the maker end also triggered of development & deployment of innovative technologies which not only ease the transaction processing but also provided relatively high degree of assurance regarding issues of privacy, data security and transaction.
Having evolved a transaction and revenue system along with a value delivery mechanism, enabling transactions, inducing satisfaction and efficiency levels of individual users, customers and at the affiliated party along with a regime of online transaction through secure panels.
This initial transaction revenue model and transaction processing system (TPS) have bought the online business to initial degree of saturation and when in the historic dotcom bubble bust was also insight of early innovators which sincerely induced in our thinking in online business regarding new business models apart from B2B,B2C,B2C to have more organized and sophisticated system in place like –The customer exchange ,specialty stores resulting into diversified practices and methodologies generating clear cut indicatives for diversification in over crowded market in the cyber space. The presence of multiple operator with in similar interest willing to approach same set of customer ,induced the scenario of competition in the online business, giving rise to methodology of measurement and evaluation of like metrics, Balance score card and ROI extra.
The current research in based on following qualitative assessment methods where in different ROI standards were used by different organizations in online business as published through secondary source in form of reporting’s from industry research paper and other set of best practices would be taken up individually and classified according to the treatment criteria that is the attribute classification methodology and the association rule including the coverage and from time component.
A summery metrics which may be called as ROI standard signature for different corporations would be developed where from referral of master metrics would be generated for all standard procedure of ROI calculations used in online business for a specific model that is specific revenue model and specific vertical, divided on the basis of the type of product services, consumer and the type of business and services like etailing- mall, customer exchange, reverse exchange-auctions and e-portals extra.
The approaches would be to use weighted average and priority scale to generate effective contributing agent for overall business in online system across different type of revenue model, business model and the nature of enterprises.
The majorities of articles in the concept matrix developed for online business only discusses about the criteria of successful web site or provide web assessment method to calculate web site performance from users or customer points of view based on certain features (Table1).
None of them talk about how much financial conversion takes place due to web optimization process and it is said that web optimization will increase number of visitor and conversion. None of the articles discussed about how to calculate online marketing ROI for e-commerce website.
It is clear that majority of researches has been done in the area of e-commerce (71%), 24% of literature discussed about general website and only 5% focused only social networking sites (See figure 1).
It is clear that 67% of literature discussed about performance evaluation of web site and alignment of business goal with web site.38% discussed about marketing performance measurement (See figure 2).
It is evident that 76% authors were concerned more about web optimization or process optimization of the website, 19% were discussed about lead conversion which is taking place due to web optimization. None of the authors talked in terms of ROI or discussed about marketing ROI in online business, the majorities of articles discuss only the criteria for successful websites or provide a method or model to measure the success of the web site (See figure 3).
Extended dimensions for e-commerce websites (See table 2) has been categorized in nine categories (See figure 4).Majority of authors discussed about content (30%) for ecommerce website for performance measurement then reliability further to navigation and interface. Content and reliability were considered as a main factor by the authors for assessing website performance and which is the part of web optimization process. It is assumed that improved website through web optimization process will increase web site performance automatically.
From the concept matrix developed for marketing ROI in general, it can be concluded from the matrix that the term ROI has been discussed in marketing literature. Most of them address the need for ROI in marketing and about marketing accountability towards finance. Some articles only give insight in the need for ROI and provide guidelines how to make marketing more financial accountable. Out of ten articles only article by Rust et al, 2004 measures marketing ROI in financially. Rust et al, 2004 applied concept of CLV (Customer Life Time Value) to measure ROI and quantify the impact of a marketing activity on the perception of a customer.
To implement the model proposed by Rust et al (2004) number of information is required like customer contribution margin, frequency of purchase and volume of purchase for industry in consideration and of competitive brand, which is practically not possible to collect the information of the competitor at the desired level. Apart from one brand was in consideration by assuming marketing is stable which is also ideally not possible (See table 3).
Berger et al. (2006) and Srivastav et al. (1998) tried to project CLV of marketing activities. Stewart (2009) and Ringham (2005) discussed about the marketing accountability and proposed model for calculating marketing outcome financial with help of intermediary and by considering shareholder value.
The importance of measuring marketing performance is addressed in the literature and how important is measuring marketing outcome has also acknowledged by the authors and by the people from industry, but only few of them could succeed to add value towards the marketing measurement for the organization.
Numbers of variables has been discussed to optimize the website or to increase the ROI of websites but none of them could measure it in monetary units. Researches have been restricted to web optimization process, while discussing about web site performance for e-commerce. Web optimization is one of the drivers of website marketing for performance improvement while other drives which are also equally important for assessing website performance is not taken into consideration, like Advertising, Distribution, Online promotion, Customer e-mail, Conversion rate, Interstitials, Targeted Banner & Search engine. Web optimization is not only measure that determine of online ROI.
The methods Provided by Rust et al.(2004) for measuring marketing performance in monetary terms is practically difficult to apply to calculate ROI of online business. So there is need to develop standard method to measure online marketing performance.
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Gone were the tubular, metal frames that bent easily particularly in the middle where most people would sit, and in their location were all strong wood, or metal and wood frames of numerous designs. Designs range from strong sides with rounded or angular lines to Mission style varieties, to sides with publication holders and far more. There is also a wide range of surfaces readily available, from a light honey oak to a rustic finish to medium and golden oak, and if you like actually dark wood, then choose a lovely walnut or espresso finish. Their futons are trendy and resilient, all hardware is hidden with wood plugs, and these convertible sofa beds are made just utilizing select cut timber and tempered steel.
Automatic electrical recliner chair has a hand control board. The hand control board includes a number of buttons which is made use of to control the chair and footrest. If you wish to change the reclining position of the chair, you just press on the suitable button in the hand control board. The buttons on the hand control board permits you to easily change the reclining position of the chair. It likewise includes buttons to raise and reduce the footrest.
. Matching your sofas with interiors is important for its overall presentation. If your living room needs a sober and homier look then go for fabric sofas. In case your design is much modern, then leather sofa sets are perfect. Living room sectionals, corner beds and like seats are some of the designs usually chosen for living room sofas. If you live in small apartments and have area constraints than multipurpose futon sofas show to be an ideal option. They are different form the conventional and modern sofas however can provide you all that you desire even in low spending plan. They are good to have around for additional seating also. Futon designs have improved a lot lately and one can get different trendy designs to fit in every method.
Leather sofas have actually the added advantage of ease of maintenance. Unlike other sofas, which must be regularly vacuumed, a leather sofa might be easily cleaned with a damp cloth. Even if beer or soda spills on it, it is possible to merely mop it away, without having leaving discolorations. Leather sofas are for that reason extremely easy to maintain, and are implied especially for individuals today who amuse a good deal. Unlike velour sofas, they do not get dirty easily, or retain any dust. Regular cleaning and dusting will certainly make sure that the sofa remains smooth and spectacular. You can invest prolonged hours prior to the television or reading on a leather sofa with out feeling any discomfort at all.
One sofa style has a cage like tubular chrome frame that holds the other parts of the unit together. The metal is normally industrial strength for long usage and sturdiness. Many times the cushions are top quality leather that likewise contributes to the long wear. These types of leather sofas look excellent and feel excellent. Sofa bed likewise are available in modern styles. These open up when not utilized as a sofa to disclose a bed then tuck pull back to be utilized as a sofa. They serve for those who have regular over night site visitors however not necessarily area to devote as a formal guest room. Lots of people who reside in studio homes utilize them on a daily basis as a bed.
Inexpensive sectional sofas allow you to enjoy your living room at its fullest. The reality that they are inexpensive does not mean that they can not have a recliner. This offers the supreme level of comfort and it is going to make you want to never ever leave your home. If you shop for sectional sofas online, you could encounter special deals and discounts. Some sectional sofas likewise have build-in tables, so you can sit easily and have your preferred drink at all times. Normally, the price goes up proportionally with the number of areas and accessories. Nevertheless, if you take your time to search for the best offer on the market, you could encounter web sites offering you complimentary accessories when you purchase a sofa. Inspect numerous special deals due to the fact that you could have the opportunity to purchase inexpensive sectional sofas with lots of things included. You can make your residence amazing without investing lots of cash. As soon as getting utilized with a sectional sofa, you’ll never ever want to remove it. These pieces of bunk bed and futon are going to make history due to the fact that they are too great to be forgotten.
Sectional sofas prepare in a huge range of colorations and more stylish. All design is so attention-getting that it’s tough to decide the finest. Sectional sofas are developed from a kind of materials which vary from leather to fabric of various quality and varied expense range. These Sofas are really handy to put from location to other location and can be admitted according to the sized of whatever couch either big or little. So you do not need to be frustrated if your living-room location is not big enough.
Purchasing the right mattress is the most important aspect when considering purchasing a new bed. This is your sleeping location and will affect the support and amenities of the bed.
Massage recliners are chairs padded with filling products designed for therapeutic functions, comfort and relaxation. It has actually vibrations installed in the chair that massages the body while seated. There are now patio recliners and garden recliners also for outdoor use. These are developed with synthetic fiber as padding and are really resilient and last long under regular use. Recliner wheelchairs are offered with unlimited back rearranging function. It also helps in sleeping. These recliners are made with basic folding frames, seats as much as 24 inches in width and extended support for the head. The reclining mechanism is by hand operated with levers that appear like a bicycle brake lever.
Recliners are nice, but they are typically developed only for one person to delight in at a time. This can cause issues in the home if other people like that advantage as well. You can fix the trouble though with microfiber reclining sofas. Numerous of them only recline on the ends but some also finish with the middle sections so you can get exactly what you want. The whole household might delight in putting their feet as much as enjoy TELEVISION and unwind.
Modern canopy beds can fit into two categories. They are traditional or they are contemporary. Conventional canopy beds will certainly resemble they are from the Victorian times; they will certainly have metal rod frames, or very extravagantly developed carved wood frames and posts. These traditional design beds will certainly also have ruffled and pleated draping and the cloth is heavy. Contemporary beds on the other hand are usually much simpler. If you are planning to buy a canopy bed then you have to consider how much room you have and what design you really desire. If you room is a more traditional design then you should get a more traditional bed, and if you require a bit more personal privacy, then it is an excellent alternative for you.
A Contemporary dresser collection can give you a fresh look on traditional designs. They have the ability to fit in to any room can offer years of lovely use. You can find many dressers to delight in the quality furniture with contemporary styling. A few of the collections are in a dark java color and features a master dresser that has a matching mirror. These six drawer high chests permit you have more area for your clothes and can give you a chance to match the set completely. It showcases brass pulls and the drawers are lacquered on the interior to give you years of use.
Most Asian design modern beds are most generally made from rosewood, with the worlds most sought after producers or artisans producing the most costly Asian design beds. These modern-day beds give off an air of exuberance that makes them attract attention from basic bedroom designs. Rosewood is highly sought after mainly since of its appearance and the fact that it develops a quality piece of bunk bed and futon that is developed to last. When it concerns dressing your bed, you can go as conventional or as modern-day as you would like. If you opt to utilize the even more conventional tatami mats, there are particular Japanese rules that you have to abide by in order to not disrupt the calming effects that these designs can offer. The tatami mats can not and ought to not touch when placed on the bed. Most generally utilized to separate you from the flooring, when they are utilized on the bed they are meant to separate the mattress from the bed frame. Disobeying this Japanese rule can potentially have unfavorable effects on the level of Zen you have actually tried to develop in your space.
Almost all pre-owned systems have no guarantee protection any longer. Every device made by Lazy child is not constantly the very same with the others. Some systems have various functions depending on where they will be put. Some recliners are best for a television space while there are other models most apt for a workplace. Purchasing a pre-owned recliner will certainly save the individual a huge amount of money nevertheless the quality might be jeopardized at some point. It is a must to inspect the product first before paying the seller. Always consider where you will use it so that you know which used model you have to buy. There is constantly a model that will finest provide the consumer’s requirement.
Buying a sofa might sound tricky especially if you have a great deal of choices. It even gets more difficult when you don’t know exactly what you’re trying to find. However, as long as you adhere to some basics, you should not go wrong with the piece you finally choose. While the job sounds monumental for somebody who is the farthest thing from a furniture professional, it still can be so simple as long as you adhere to the practical method in buying this piece. Naturally, the main thing you’ll want to check out is your finances. Just how much are you going to spend? It’s significant to be able to set your monetary parameters early on so you do not get irritated by picking something you end up not buying it since you could not manage it. When you know your spending plan, you’ll right away know where to look and where not to search in order to avoid the discontentment. There’s a great deal of cheap furniture of excellent quality these days so a budget plan should not be that hard to work around.
First, always test out the convenience level of the futon bed. That indicates testing out the convenience level when it’s a chair, and what it’s a bed. That means, you can be sure that you are satisfied with the convenience level despite the form that the futon bed is in. And this defeats the purpose of having a futon bed. Next, take note of the design. Buying a futon bed is rather similar to purchasing a sofa set. The futon bed is likely to use up a big chunk of space, and will attract attention. So you wish to be sure that the design suits your existing interior decorations. Just like a sofa set, you might was required to choose the kind of fabric and the colors that choose the mattress.
The next one is the lift chair recliner with 3 reclining positions. This kind of chair can recline to a position where in the user is nearly lying flat. You can likewise recline it to any position in between the seated and the lying position relying on what your needs are. With this, the footrest will likewise move as you recline the chair in to a higher angle to provide support to your legs. The three-position chair would likewise have the capabilities of the two-position chair allowing the user to sit in it without putting much effort throughout the process of sitting.
This is an easy way to convert your normal bed into a canopy bed. The ceiling becomes itself canopy of the bed. Ring beds do not cover and confine the bed but provides canopy look to four edge of the bed.
Poor individuals also made beds of straw and leaves during the medieval duration. The rich upper course had beds which included real bedding and bed mattress. This duration also saw the first bed drapes which would hang down reduced from the top of the bed canopy.
Cheap mattresses are plentiful in the market today. Regardless of being sold at low rates, these economical mattresses do not imply that they are of inadequate quality, threadbare or standardized. Some economical mattresses are manufactured from the popular makers of mattresses that are known to make mattresses with utmost workmanship. These low-cost mattresses are cost clearance sale, at marketing rates or warehouse sale. There might be some that are sold at less costly rates in relation to being out modeled, being last in the stock and for the reason that the company has actually currently reached or even exceeded their ceiling sales revenue. In some parts of the world, there are rich individuals who dispose there mattresses at the Salvation Army after a year or months of use since of their culture and belief that all fixtures and furniture should be altered every year to do away with misfortune. Such economical mattresses are functional for long and could be bought at economical rates. Again, economical mattresses are sold at economical rates not since of lower standard of making however for other reservations.
The first thing would be to keep in mind that baby bedding is all about making your baby comfortable and at convenience. A nursery based on the theme ‘Cinderella’ would have bedding that are in subtle shades of pink, green and yellow, while a nursery with the theme ‘Underwater Sea’ demand bedding done in various shades of blue and green.
Now, you have most likely seen a great deal of stores providing price cuts on these extremely in demand recliners. You can commonly see tags that state “recliners for sale” and would right away jump into that attracting offer. Nevertheless, it is vital that you look deeper into this providing prior to completely thinking its claim of wonderful bargain. You must need to inspect first if the recliners for sale are still of high quality to suit your requirements and choices. Learn if the item is comprised of durable product to ensure longevity. There is likewise some convenience in knowing that the chair originated from a trusted brand name. In that method, you can feel at ease that the company has actually been widely known in business for several years. Upkeep is likewise key since you would not wish to invest more time cleaning it than in fact sitting on it.
The couches even provide a wide range of seating spaces to facilitate the consumers. It has been hypothesized that the 10 feet modular sofa generally supplies accommodation for no less than four people. Hence, these kinds of settees have actually become the foremost choice of all those people or households, who like to arrange big social gatherings often. A person can even modify the layout of these sectional sofas in order to offer even more space and comfort for the welcomed guests. A sectional sofa is generally prevalent in numerous styles and designs such as, leather, vinyl, nylon, microfiber and so on. Although, the approximate length of these couches are nearly 10 feet, but it can definitely be extended approximately seventeen. It would be a smart choice to pick just those sofas, which would balance well with the size of your room. As soon as you succeed in doing the same, you can stay guaranteed of experiencing a few of the excellent privileges and amenities.
There are a variety of different wood types for making dressers such as oak, yearn, cherry, birch, and beech. Contemporary materials such as density fiberboards and plywood are likewise included into dressers due to their low maintenance and easy to clean properties. It’s not unusual to see a dresser made with other materials such as plastic, glass, stone, and steel with the the myriad of different designs readily available today. Dressers are crucial pieces in room furniture. They not just store your clothing and other prized possessions, however likewise boosts the feel and look of any room decoration. So prior to you start purchasing dressers for sale, think about the size, design, and material to keep your room neat, trendy, and well organized.
Producers produce poly resin chairs from recycled plastic. Plants secrete a natural resin; artificial resin has been so called due to the fact that it acts just like the natural substance. Resin patio chairs have actually become a popular prop for outdoor amusing due to the fact that they withstand relatively harsh wear and tear and tidy up well. They likewise require very little maintenance to keep them in great condition. When resin chairs grow unclean, you have a number of ways you can clean them. To remove surface area dirt, your job may be as simple as wiping the chairs with a damp cloth. If you believe more comprehensive cleaning is needed, you can blend a soap-and-water solution; wipe the chairs and hose them down to keep any soapy residue from drying. Some people likewise utilize pressure washers to clean their resin patio chairs. Light-colored chairs may pick up discolorations if they have actually sat in the weather, however discolorations should be easy to remove. Use a stronger cleaning solution. You can blend bleach and water, about one part bleach to 9 parts water. Or utilize another cleaner you like. If your chairs are not white, it’s never a bad concept to find test an area that’s not popular, such as all-time low of the seat. An area test guarantees that your cleaner will certainly not damage the coloring.
Another location that may have a bedroom set is a 2nd hand shop. These shops either have products donated to them or they purchase out estates. If the products are donated, the shop normally sells at an extremely inexpensive price. If you are purchasing from a store that purchases out estates, the costs will be more pricey, but will be more affordable than if you bought a brand name brand-new set. Be sure to understand exactly what is included in the set that you are looking at. Some sets consist of the bed platform, where the mattress will be laying, in addition to the headboard and one or two end tables. The mattress is not included with the set. Some sets only consist of the headboard and an end table. Other furniture to match the set can be bought and is revealed with the set. You require to keep in mind to look at the specs on exactly what exactly is included in the price that is advertised.
The sofa can be merely transformed into a bed for slumber parties. A bench ottoman is also useful as you can put it at the corner of your bed, versus a wall or in front of a sofa. It simply takes minutes to convert your living-room or workplace into a visitor room. The modern designed ottoman sofa set, material or leather, must match with your rugs, drapes, walls, flooring and other furniture. The colors and products need to match the style and design of the room or else you will certainly end messing up your living room regretfully.
And perhaps you go to sleep at last, imagining having enough cash to be able to afford the incredible memory foam bed mattress. But you awake once again with the exact same stiff back, trying to recall the last time you were able to jump out of bed and embrace the brand-new day. Your memory is, so it appears, much less effective then the memory of the incredible memory foam bed mattress. But you still have a shot at including foam in your equation for a relaxed night. While the memory foam bed mattress could out of your monetary reach, a memory foam bed mattress pad could be well within it.
No one would ever before such as to be disturbed when resting however sadly some bed we lay may be a worry about. Think of sleeping in such a bed with someone who will turn every now and then? Some bed are also little such that they cant support the entire mattress or ones body hence too awkward however for a platform bed, it has a large surface area to accommodate any amount of weight or number of people.
Futons are floppy. This can make them exceptional or inferior to standard spring mattresses, depending on your desires. The floppiness that makes them develop into couches on demand likewise suggests that they need firm support in order to continue to be in position. Nevertheless, some futons are floppier than others, which is essential to keep in mind if this makes a distinction to you. Usually, futons need a frame. Unlike standard spring-coil mattresses, they are not typically stiff enough to stay on top of a box-spring dependably. Nevertheless, it is definitely possible for futons to be placed on top of a box-spring with a frame being used to hold them in location. Wood-slat and wire-mesh frames are the other two typical choices.
Resin chairs and matching ottomans can offer you more versatility throughout celebrations and family events. Due to the fact that they do not request frequent or extensive maintenance or seasonal refinishing, you can offer your attention to the things of life that are essential to you. When you discover that a cleaning does become necessary, wipe away the dirt, or wash and hose down the bunk bed and futon. In even more extreme cases, mix a bleach-and-water solution or utilize your preferred strong cleaner. Keep in mind to find test colored pieces to see to it that your cleaning solution will not damage the furniture. Take minimal care of your chairs and ottoman, and they ought to serve you well for a long time.
Memory foam mattress is a natural treatment for all sorts of back hurts because it is made of polyurethane, which is a high viscosity and density urethane. Viscosity is a measure of resistance of compounds versus stress or pressure. A high viscosity mattress suggests it is thick enough to withstand the stress. Also, a density is a measure of a weight of the material in terms of mass and volume. High density bed mattress are more supportive than the low density. | 2019-04-24T09:08:52Z | http://www.superbfurnishings.com/futons/bunk-bed-and-futon/ |
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Lots of men and women would love to get a occupation that is far better. So in the event you would rather a marketing endeavor look at going for a certificate program at social-media advertising and marketing. Resumes have come to be the ticket to surfing the job market place. You might have known about chronological and functional resumes. You will find most our resumes that are free to download below. Hybrid manuals take the best traits from every of many additional formats.
You are ready to tailor made the next mixture resume examples to fit your requirements. Modern restart cases possess their own faculties to structure and design since you may possibly view. These instances represent an assortment of letters you might work with through your work hunt. You also need to always assess the task description to ascertain if the employer would like a specific file style. Although you should be a worker that is good, however you are not able to present the important points in your resume properly, you can miss out the chance. Make sure you obtain the advice you’re looking for. You want to change it, although you may have a foundational restart that articulates the main advice, states Heifetz.
If you’ve got expertise with a sort of applications, for example, include it. Insert your experience you’ve got. If you get yourself a superior work experience, you can utilize the arrangement along with the functional in case careers. Give you. It’s important not to forget that abilities really are a matter to credentials that are particular. In addition, in case you might have any abilities that are hard plus so they’re regarding the positioning you were implemented it is a good idea to increase abilities. If you’ve got gaps in your job, as it highlights your abilities instead of work history, then it is right for you personally.
Adhering into this restart occasion is very useful in the event the material of this app has to be refreshed. Since you know, perhaps not or whether you buy a job meeting will depend heavily upon the info you’ve got in your own resume. Although you could perhaps not need distinctive job in many areas or previous jobs Give your very best abilities into your own business to persuade the manager that you’re an excellent candidate which has a skill. An hiring manager might be assessing to see if you’ve grown into name. Events and occasions Freelancers who wish to keep beforehand in a economy have to display adaptability in their own field and also remain educated of a wide selection of jobs that are everchanging.
Expert practical knowledge or work history is amongst the very most essential section of your own resume. You’re able to see concerning the value of resumes here. The objective of the resume is to procure you a meeting. .
In case you’d like to choose the very best sample resume format, then you discover that which professionals at knowledge , expert practical experience and the exact subject are all using and can check on occupation internet sites. Just take a peek at the following to secure you familiar with the formats that are likely to utilize for your CV or resume. That which you’ve the 3 shared formats while looking for the format for your resume. Your resume should be composed by you in a typical format. You’ve come to the appropriate site if you should be watching out to get a combination format restart template.
Now, there are three big sorts of restart templates. Todayyou may not have to get worried though because there are easy resume templates to produce usage of and edit. What’s more, you can make use of the complimentary resume for result that is increased. First choose the template which you opt for. There’s no cookie template that will succeed for the personal career background and aims and so it can be challenging to identify exactly what advice is far better without even getting to learn you include on a resume. It’s simple to invisibly within the design and also how your resume looks.
The hybrid vehicle restart template has converted in to an remarkable structure. Based on the own situation, you may use other forms of resumes vehicle, or even a hybrid. It is critical to change education system according to period condition as well as society’s advancement. Applicant tracking methods have to maintain a posture to read your own resume. Tailor your resume contingent which means do not compose an application in case you do not possess a specific company to ship it. Application Strategies The job application represents the barrier to get an ex-offender hoping to explain an absence. For instance, the summary section should be written in the exact first person.
Don’t be afraid to bring a dash of comedy, In the event that you might be amusing. Gratefulness could be your trick to a joyous life which we hold in our own hands because when we aren’t grateful, afterward yet far we now have as we want to possess something or some thing else longer, we will not be joyful. It’s common anyhow. Providing thanks is one of the best ways. Give and also you may find a lot.
People have an automated reaction to mimic exactly what individuals are doing. You’ve to present the statement of their assistance in order that it can be used by them to get his or her tax-deductible forms. Letter invite you letters need to possess a personal touch. Additionally be certain that you don’t neglect to say at the correspondence that acknowledgement receipt letter is really actually a considerable record which the business can utilize to acquire benefit. You can also navigate my large range of Inspirational Quotes. Reading gratitude quotes might be one strategy to remind yourself that you just simply own too much to be grateful to. It is possible to likewise search my sizable assortment of amusing estimates.
An example has been given here as a way to provide a much far better understanding of a correspondence consists to you. It will enable you to fully grasp just how exactly to write a thank you letter for contribution. While it is going to serve the purpose of being the cornerstone, it is always preferable to write a correspondence using a template since this may guarantee that your correspondence is individual and legitimate in its own tone. Otherwise, then your aforementioned templates will be the perfect way to get ready a consent slide all on your own . There is absolutely no regular format for writing acknowledgements the format needs to fit the remaining of your research-paper Dissertation acknowledgements illustration.
No-mind could be your real ways to reside the system to really be. Put those reviews under that item, Whenever you have testimonials pertaining to your specific item. The testimonial that is ideal is received by you and also they won’t should do any job. That their testimonial is rather special. See any high-value and you will see they’re filled with buyer recommendations. You can not have client recommendations that are sufficient.
Love lifetime, and also you also may quickly realize that you have more of it. So as to bring which existence provides, you ought to love exactly what you have. Most people don’t need to pick enough moment (or take away the possible guilt). You’ve already been right here, you helped to build objects run smoothly. It was among the toughest situations in my lifespan. Their job really is a valuable for women and men in the society. If you are feeling miserable or unappreciated or on your living, there isn’t any cure that is better than simply interacting.
Be thankful after some thing isn’t known by that you For this provides you the chance. You would certainly be assisting us enormously. In future, in the event you require some help firms may arrive to aid you.
You are going to get to tailor them to fit your problems. Anytime you will construct you have must begin your system and also nature. The spirit of appreciation is just a strong energizer. Meditation is really a strong expression of love also wonders might be performed by it in your life. Due to this, there’s a intrinsic distrust in any advertisements message which develops from you. There is absolutely no loneliness like theirs.
Make certain you fulfill your promise that you’re taken on, and considered for greater raises. Note there is a guarantee to call home ahead of the wages amount you are being awarded and to perform. You still obtain the income. The total dollars has found a motive by heading into the needy people and they’ve been in a place to go back to regular daily existence. While working for an origin, it really is not always simple to collect capital and when you’ve obtained a contributor who is well prepared to contribute for the cause, it is not just appropriate but in addition plain fine to thank them for helping with all the assignment that you’re searching for. It is important your letter mentions the way the donation they have made may assist the reason while thanking a person who has made a contribution you are working for. Utilize this sample to direct the procedure whatever type of celebration you’re thanking your patrons for.
Believe mepersonally, acknowledgement can be really just actually a thing that is strong. State name of someone that you want to mention within an acknowledgement. Usually, acknowledgements change based on. It is reportedly the recognition of the occurrence of some truth or something. Note nevertheless that every project is different and also you also must tailor made your acknowledgements to satisfy your personal circumstance. A acknowledgement runs the probability of creating your reader shed interest and is too long. Particular correlation for donors can be just really a step to create sure that their elevated total of aid is recognized.
It really is important to acknowledge acts of support and kindness, while it can be tricky to compose empathy thankyou notes as you’re grieving. You can express your admiration to a family members, family and friends members who encouraged you in the span of producing a thesis. Sometimes, a few people, for some reason do not be afraid to write a dedication rather than an acknowledgement.
Nobody will fault you . If you receive a greeting card, it’s suitable to send an acknowledgement card. In the aftermath of one’s family’s death, you are most likely to get yourself a reach of notes and familiarity cards.
You still will have the ability to publish the 19, When a contribution doesn’t have a valid electronic mail. For fundraising letters, clearly say the way it’ll be properly used. Realizing whether just a donor is currently making their first contribution or their fifth term is in knowing what things to have on your thank you letter vital.
However there has been donation, donors desire to really feel as if you love them of what it’s they can contribute fiscally outside the assortment. The size of this gift, they want to understand their contribution things. Simply mainly because she wished to match up with the person who’d written this type of letter that was gorgeous, the organization was called by the donor.
Both are great strategies for donors to find out additional. For instance, if a predetermined amount is given above by donors, their names can be recorded in a specific spot in your site. Just like yearly donors, key gift donors desire to know how their gift can be used and the way that it is working out for you offer a lot more and more far greater library companies on your area.
An email letter is best for linking to your website and publication. There are plenty of concerns that you can set in a contribution acknowledgment correspondence, but the big point you ought ton’t forget would be to re lay all the information of the donation and its specifications for a very clear and transparent transaction. An identification letter is comparable to a thank you be aware. Lots of the sample recognition letters are attached under the material. Additionally, you may work together with you personally to learn more.
Not believe or If you include a thankyou section that is detailed, it really is still a good idea to write a note about the back of the program thanking all of your guests who obtained the ability to come to your wedding ceremony day and helped make your evening special. Excellent notes will continue to keep you on track and when ensuring you cover by way of instance, the title of every man or woman. It’s likely to compose an acknowledgement observe that is remarkable .
The letter, moreover showing gratitude will probably mention that the intention supporting the donation. It’s essential to include your reason. It is imperative to initiate the letter by giving a explanation of why you are composing it at the place. To prevent that problem, your letters will need to be supporter-focused. They function as a record of a talent and can be employed for taxation reasons. Many receivers may be addressed by These kinds of letters. That has to be confessed with a reply if you obtain a more lengthy compassion letter.
You’re going to even involve the people that you help in the acknowledgement strategy, although you will maybe not just personalize your letters. There may be a few reasons. Ensure that the letter isn’t overly vague or long. A donation acknowledgement letter can be used by the receiver of their contribution to guarantee that the sender they have already received either the amount of money or any type of help being extended by the individual who gave the contribution. Donor acknowledgement letters are, in a variety of approaches, the first measure towards donor retention. You will receieve a comprehensive answer in each day.
Get the news that is exact good on the market for everyone to watch. It’s possible to consist from workers or several directors on your speech of appreciation reports. For several people, creating a poem is somewhat far more easy than others.
Below, information is provided to write acknowledgements in texts. If friends and relatives don’t feel like partying and want to test their day to day difficulties, find some other group of buddies! That you really don’t need to thank you each of your friends and each individually! If persons see their friends and also loved ones are enthusiastic about an origin they can consider encouraging as well. There’s more than 1 approach to phrase Thanks a lot to my parents, so my pals along with also my thesis advisor”, but the level of conventional techniques to phrase that’s much more compact compared to wide variety of theses the pigeon hole principle pertains to demonstrate that numerous persons are creating just the exact paragraphs within their acknowledgments. That usually means that you might contemplate accepting a quilt needs to be simple. Additionally, concerning figuring out just how to accept compliments the perfect thing is how it’ll grant you the chance to find yourself as the others view youwhich is probable unbelievable.
Words might be changed to fit your individual desires. At times it can be challenging to find out the perfect voice to say about somebody that means for your requirements . Expressing words of courtesy is not just excellent ways, nevertheless also the ideal action to do. Thank you is really just a phrase that’s applied usually, it truly is oftentimes tricky to demonstrate gratitude when you actually and deeply suggest it toward an individual. If you’re hunting for wording or phrases to utilize on your funeral thank you cards, you will discover samples under.
Reading mail-order quotations may be one solution to remind yourself that you have a lot to be thankful for. It’s likely to hunt my collection of humorous Quotes. You may also browse my large variety of Inspirational Quotes.
You prefer to mail your condolences into the family that is complete. Sympathy is a feeling of understanding that the matter and wanting to simply help the individual actually need. Alfred Painter Gratitude is the biggest of virtues, but the parent of all of the many the others. Prove your admiration and help it become particular. Daniella Whyte Appreciation can be actually really just a matter that is great. Note that each project differs and also you also must tailor your acknowledgements to satisfy your specific situation. A superb acknowledgment goes that the excess mile an author is thankful to describe.
The acknowledgments site is an area it is likely to engage in this up just a bit. If you have questions or any comments, please contact in contact all of us. Messages can work nicely. Pick the mail merge document you’d want to utilize for your Donation Acknowledgment. When the petition was created it’s hard to maintain to get a round robin petition, especially on top of correspondence.
Acknowledging an help allow them to learn that you simply are not hoping to accept to yourself to most of the charge and is likely to cause them to feel fantastic. The advantages of gratitude are immense. You still will have the ability if a donation doesn’t have a legal e mail. Share some thing positive in regards to the individual who gave exactly the gift to you. You chose an perfect gift for me personally. You are a significant blessing. You are nothing below a boon from God!
Since they don’t feel appreciated, A good deal of individuals have absent not exactly insane. There’s always. Certainly one of the points on Earth will be getting your food attracted for you personally by means of someone. You publish your very own one of some sort message to show your admiration and may get a few ideas from the listing below. Now you have some ideas of exactly what things to write in your notes, and you’ve viewed that you simply may express purposeful and sincere gratitude in simply a few of lines, and it won’t be as challenging to commence. It is vital to keep in mind that love comes in many varieties. Just a small love goes a exact long way.
Epictetus It’s isn’t feasible to experience glad and depressed . So a range of people have gotten into the tradition of sending e-mail it’s especially wonderful to find yourself a note in the email address. As that your gift is simply what I needed, you ought to have read my thoughts. The reality remains, Whether it might feel as if it’s a mindset it is most commonly a. Is clean the brain for a quick and provide yourself a couple moments to presume . Alternatively, concentrate on discussing connect with theirs. Don’t forget the info above, and never forget the impression you would love to convey and also the solutions that you want to supply. | 2019-04-24T16:46:47Z | http://newberlin-inn.com/list-motywacyjny-przykladowy/ |
Orcuttville in the Fog, New England Central 608 on the Roll.
A thick layer of fog in Stafford, Connecticut made for an excellent environment for dramatic photos.
New England Central 608 (Willimantic – Palmer way freight) was on its northward leg, when I caught it approaching Connecticut Route 319 at Orcuttville.
A lone GP38 was at work this day with more than 20 cars in tow.
Exposed using a FujiFilm XT1. The tricky part of this photo was balancing the exposure of the headlight/ditchlights with ambient light. I prefer the overall exposure slightly on the darkside for greater drama. Compare with the Lumix LX7 image below.
New England Central 608 with GP38 3845 approaches the crossing at Orcuttville. Exposed using a Lumix LX7.
Snow and Old EMD Diesels: Stafford Springs February 1985.
It was a great day for black & white photography.
Fluffy snow had been falling all morning. Central Vermont’s freight arrived in Palmer and quickly organized to continue south.
I followed the train’s steady progress over State Line Hill, then set up in downtown Stafford Springs, Connecticut where I made these photos on Ilford FP4 black & white negative film using my Leica 3A with 50mm lens.
Central Vermont southward freight at Stafford Springs, Connecticut on February 2, 1985.
Trailing view of the same train crossing Route 32 in Stafford Springs.
For me this pair of images does a great job of exemplifying my experience with Central Vermont in the mid-1980s when three, four, five, six, and sometimes seven vintage GP9s would work tonnage freights. The sounds of those old diesels still resonates in my memory.
Would these images have be improved by modern color digital photography? Would they survive for 31 years with virtually no attention from me? For that matter, where will these old negatives or the scans be in another 31 years?
Tracking the Light has Posted more than 1200 Essays on Railway Photography!
White River Junction, Vermont on June 15, 1985.
It was 30 years ago today that I made this photograph on the platform at White River Junction, Vermont.
The conductor on Central Vermont freight 447 is waiting for his train to pull forward so that he can get on the caboose.
Exposed with a Leica 3A on black & white film.
After chasing CV 447 north, we returned to White River Junction and followed a southward Boston & Maine freight toward Bellows Falls.
At the end of the day we met George C. Corey at Springfield Union Station (Massachusetts) on the Boston & Albany and photographed the Conrail Office Car Special that was in town for Superintendent E.C. Cross’s retirement.
Classic Kodachrome: Montreal-built at State Line Crossing.
In the mid-1980s, Canadian National Railway’s Montreal Locomotive Works M-420s were commonly operated on its Central Vermont Railway subsidiary.
It might seem odd in retrospect, but I wasn’t keen on these peculiar locomotives when they were common. Although they were derived from an Alco design, and I was big fan of Alco, I thought they were ugly and not ‘real’ Alcos. I much preferred Central Vermont’s own Alco RS-11s.
June 25, 1986, State Line Crossing, Monson, Massachusets. Exposed on Kodachrome 25 slide film with a Leica 3A fitted with a 65mm Elmar using a Visoflex.
My ill-founded prejudices never stopped me from making photographs of the M-420s. And even back in 1986, I was pleased to catch this one leading Central Vermont’s freight 562 across Route 32 in Monson, Massachusetts (immediately north of the Massachusetts-Connecticut State Line).
This is the top of State Line Hill and it was all downgrade from here. I’m standing on a pile of ballast for elevation.
Brian Solomon’s Night Photo Challenge-Part 1.
In response to my recent nomination by Phil Brahms and Blair Kooistra for the Facebook Night Photo challenge, I’ve selected five groups of photos that I feel might be interesting to review on Tracking the Light.
I have to admit, I’m not clear on the rules for this challenge. As a result, I’ll follow my standard policy and just wing it. Who needs rules anyway?
Among the difficulties in selecting photos for this challenge has been simply finding them. For the most part I’ve not organized images in regards to the time of day they were exposed. A related problem is the large number of night views that I’ve attempted over the years.
Lastly, what makes for a successful night photo?
Over the years, I’ve made hundreds of night photos at Palmer, Massachusetts. I exposed this image on an exceptionally foggy May 1985 evening. My subject was the old Palmer Union Station near the crossing of Conrail’s Boston & Albany line and the Central Vermont Railway. Today this old station has been restored and serves as the Steaming Tender restaurant. Tracking the Light viewers will find it a familiar subject, as I’ve often featured images in and around this building. Exposed on black & white film with a Leica 3A with 50mm Summitar lens.
More than 11 years later, I exposed this view at Palmer. Here I’m looking west with the station at my back. A southward New England Central freight is waiting north of the diamond. Exposed with a Nikon F3T with 28mm lens on Fujichrome Provia 100F. December 6, 1996. Color is an added complication for night work. Would this photo be more effective as a black & white image? Or would the effect of the red signal lights be lost?
Stay tuned for more ‘Night Photo Challenge’ images . . .
Happy Birthday to Tracking the Light!
It has been two years today (July 19, 2014) since Tracking the Light’s first Post (July 19, 2012).
The first installment featured this image on the Central Vermont Railway crossing the Connecticut River.
Central Vermont Railway at Windsor, Vermont. Originally posted on July 19, 2012.
Click HERE to check out the inaugural post.
Tracking the Light has been posting daily since March 2013.
To date, the most popular item was posted January 20, 2013: TRACKING THE LIGHT NEWS FLASH: Photos of Philadelphia Schuylkill River Bridge Derailment. This alone received more than 800 views.
In the last two years of Tracking the Light, I’ve covered a variety of themes, posted thousands of images, and visited many places.
What was your favorite Tracking the Light story?
Click the ‘reply’ button/go to the ‘Leave a Reply’ box at the bottom of the page; then tick the box: ‘Check here to Subscribe / notifications for new posts’.
Tracking the Light is a work in progress.
Trailing view at the Palmer diamond in the glinty evening light. A CSX westward intermodal train makes for a graphic subject. Canon EOS 7D with 200mm lens.
Four years ago today: John Gruber with his vintage Nikon F on a restored North Shore car at the Illinois Railway Museum. Exposed with a Canon EOS 7D.
N&W 611 surrounded by the enemy.
This car works interlaced track where up-hill and down hill lines overlap. Canon EOS 7D.
Exposed with a Canon EOS 7D fitted with a 100-400 image stabilization zoom lens set at 135mm; f8 at 1/500th of second, ISO 200.
Locomotive 461 works west along the Royal Canal near Enfield on March 23, 2014. Exposed with a Canon EOS 7D fitted with a 20mm lens and firmly mounted on a Bogen tripod. Focus and exposure set manually.
I’d only had my Canon EOS 7D for a few weeks when I made this study of geometric shapes. Metra F40PHs at Harvard made for a colorful subject. Exposed with my Canon 200mm lens handheld at f13 1/250th of a second.
Here’s the camera RAW file. This has not been interpreted by in-camera processing to conform to a pre-established ‘picture style’. The result is perfectly exposed. I simply converted the file to a Jpg manually and scaled it for display here. I did not adjust exposure, contrast, or color. In other words its was an easy fix: there was never really a problem with the file, on with my perception of how the ‘landscape’ style Jpg had interpreted the image.
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Central Vermont GP9s, Palmer, Massachusetts, August 1989.
Over the years, I’ve made countless images of the Central Vermont Railway, and its modern day successor, New England Central at Palmer.
It was a warm August evening, the light was nice, and a pair of CV GP9s were working the Conrail interchange.
Exposed on Kodachrome with a Leica M2 with 35mm Summicron lens.
Rather than simply make another close-up trackside-view, I opted for this unusual angle south of the old Union Station. I put CV’s tracks in the foreground, while framing the locomotives in the canopy supports of the station. For me this tells a story while putting a less common perspective on a familiar place.
This was 15 years before the station was restored and transformed into the Steaming Tender Restaurant. Now the station is again vibrant, while CV and Conrail are many years gone.
Federal Street in Belchertown, May 25, 2014.
Amtrak train 57, the southward Vermonter rolls across Federal Street in Belchertown, Massachusetts on May 25, 2014. Exposed with a Lumix LX-7.
Since 1995, Amtrak’s Vermonter has operated via Palmer and Amherst, Massachusetts. This requires a 13-mile jog over CSX’s former Boston & Albany from Springfield to Palmer, where the train reverses direction and heads north on New England Central’s former Central Vermont main line.
Presently, Pan Am Southern’s former Boston & Maine Connecticut River Line is being upgraded between Springfield and the Massachusetts-Vermont Stateline at East Northfield. This will allow a restoration of passenger service to the traditional route north of Springfield.
The Vermonter is expected to switch to the former B&M routing via Holyoke, Northampton and Greenfield by the end of this year. As a result, I’ve been making photographs of Amtrak’s train at various places between Palmer and East Northfield, while the service still operates that way.
Several years ago, my late friend Bob Buck and I, were following a northward New England Central freight. Bob had been making photos on the Central Vermont since steam days.
We were just a few minutes ahead of the freight as we passed Belchertown.
We turned on Route 9 toward Amherst. After a couple of minutes Bob pointed, ‘take a left, there on Federal Street.’ We found the tracks and I made a photo of Bob rolling the freight by the crossing.
It was here I chose to capture the Vermonter, while I still can.
Boston & Maine at North Walpole, New Hampshire, October 21, 1997.
Autumnal Scene, 16 Years Ago Today.
It was 16 years ago that Mike Gardner and I drove to New Hampshire to photograph Guilford Rail System’s WJED (White River Junction, Vt., to East Deerfield, Mass.) freight. It was a clear October day and the foliage was nearing its peak.
Boston & Maine 340 leads WJED at North Walpole, New Hampshire on October 21, 1997. Exposed with an Nikon N90S with f1.4 50mm lens. Slight back lighting accentuates the autumn leaves and nicely illuminates the side of the locomotive.
We found the train near Claremont Junction and followed it south to North Walpole, where I exposed this color slide.
Leading the train was GP40 340 lettered for Guilford’s Boston & Maine component. I like this trailing view because the color of the tree above the train mimics the orange band on the engine. Also the three-head General Railway Signal searchlight at the left offers a hint of the Boston & Maine from an earlier era.
Here, Autumn offers multiple connotations. At one time the White River Junction to Springfield, Massachusetts Connecticut River Line was a busy Boston & Maine route, handling more than a half dozen passenger moves and several freights daily, plus those of Central Vermont Railway. By 1997, Guilford’s operations on was limited to just a few weekly trains.
Anniversary of the Golden Spike.
6:38 am on the morning of May 10, 2013 finds heavy fog at Hospital Road in Monson, Massachusetts. This view is looking south on New England Central’s former Central Vermont Railway. Canon EOS 7D.
May 10th holds symbolic railroad significance as the anniversary of completion of the first Transcontinental Railroad in 1869—an event that had great national and international importance. Many other railway anniversaries can be linked to May 10 as well.
Although this seems to be out of print, it remains a stunning photographic collection, which is especially impressive considering it was entirely accomplished within the limits of just one day!It’s hard for me to believe that six years have passed since that day.
Yesterday (May 10 2013), I got up early and aimed for Palmer, Massachusetts, with an aim of making a variety of railway images on this significant day. In the course of just a few hours, I’d photographed five train movements on three different railroads. I was home by 9:30 am. (Although, I was out again later in the day to investigate some changes to railway infrastructure).
When I began my photography there was thick fog clinging to the valleys; this gradually burned off leaving bright sun. Here’s a selection of my efforts.
6:43 am. New England Central 608 led by GP38 3857 works south of Palmer Yard approaching Hospital Road in Monson, Massachusetts. On May 10, 2013, the sun was out, just not here. Canon EOS 7D.
7:49 am. The fog had begun to lift when I made this view along Mass-Central’s former Boston & Albany Ware River Branch near Forest Lake, Palmer, Massachusetts. May 10, 2013. Canon EOS 7D.
7:52 am. Here was a complete surprise for me; I was unaware that Mass-Central had borrowed a GATX GP15-2 locomotive until I saw it leading the northward freight. Some quick driving on my part put me in position at this broadside view where the line crosses Forest Lake. I was pleased, that’s a nice looking locomotive in fresh paint. Canon EOS 7D with 40mm Pancake Lens.
Crossing the mountain from the Ware River Valley to the Quaboag River Valley, I heard CSX Q264 call the signal at CP83 in Palmer. I altered my course to intercept it at West Warren, where recent undercutting and brush work has opened up a nice view for morning trains headed east. The sun was just emerging from the fog at 8:15 am making for some rich soft light. Canon EOS 7D with f4.0 200mm lens.
8:29 am. Only a few minutes behind Q264 was this eastward intermodal train. The sun was out brightly in Warren and I could hear the roar of EMD diesels well before the train reached me. Canon EOS7D with 28-135mm lens at 28mm.
Click to See: Article on May 10, 2007.
The ‘Pride of Palmer’ Climbs Stateline Hill.
Yesterday morning, jetlag had me awake and alert considerably earlier than I’m accustomed. By 7 am, I’d photographed three trains on two railroads in two states and was on my way home to get some work done. Crazy thing, jetlag.
New England Central’s former Central Vermont Railway line looking north toward Washington Street in Monson, Massachusetts. Canon 7D with an f2.0 100mm lens.
The highlight of the morning’s impromptu photo excursion was this image of New England Central’s ‘Pride of Palmer’ (GP38 3851) climbing through Monson, Massachusetts with a short freight for Willimantic, Connecticut. This is passing Monson’s ‘tornado alley’, where, nearly two years ago a freak afternoon twister made splinters and memories of many fine buildings and trees.
New England Central 3851 approaches Main Street, Monson. Exposed with a Lumix LX3, set at ISO 200. Image modified with Adobe Photoshop to compensate for exposure extremes and to warm the color balance.
Southward New England Central freight along Plains Road, near Sweetheart Lake, south of Stafford, Connecticut shortly after sunrise on January 13, 2013. Canon 7D with 40mm ‘Pancake’ lens; ISO 200 f4.5 at 1.500th second—intentionally ‘underexposed’ and adjusted in post processing using Photoshop to maintain desired detail and balance in highlight and shadow areas.
One of the benefits of my visits to Monson, Massachusetts, is being within ear-shot of the former Central Vermont Railway, now operated by New England Central (NECR). Yesterday morning (January 10, 2013), I awoke to the sounds of a southward freight clawing its way up Stateline Hill (so-named because it crests near the Massachusetts-Connecticut state line). NECR freights take their time ascending the grade and on a clear day I can hear them climbing from about the time they depart the Palmer Yard. As a kid I’d count the crossings: CV’s GP9s whistling a sequence of mournful blasts for each one. Yesterday morning I dithered for a few minutes. Should I go after this train? Or, should I keep my nose to grindstone, writing? Clear skies forced the answer: GO!
My hesitation caused me to miss the opportunity for a photograph in Stafford Springs, Connecticut. This was blessing in disguise, since I’ve often caught the train here and then broke off the chase before getting deeper into Connecticut. Having missed Stafford Springs, I pursued further south, and caught the train four times at various points between Stafford and Willimantic. This a relatively easy chase, as Route 32 runs roughly parallel to the line.
1) The train was operating at a suitable time of the morning for southward daylight photography (lately, NECR’s trains seem to have headed south either way too early or too late in the day for my photographic preferences—I’ve been photographing this line for more than 30 years, first chasing it with my Dad in the early 1980s, so I can be unusually choosy).
2) It was a ‘clear blue dome’—sunny, bright, and cloudless, always a great time to make morning photographs.
3) As it turned out, one of New England Central’s yellow and blue GP38s was leading. As I’ve mentioned previously, while this was once NECR’s standard locomotive, in recent years the type has become comparatively scarce on NECR, with many of the locomotives working the line wearing paint of former operators (Conrail, Union Pacific, Florida East Coast, and others).
I was also eager for a clear day to test some recently acquired equipment, especially my new Canon 40mm Pancake Lens, which arrived on Monday. I’ll make this lens the detailed topic of future posts.
New England Central’s southward freight approaches Mansfield Depot, Connecticut. Canon 7D with f2.8 200mm lens; ISO f5.6 at 1/1000 second, ‘Landscape’ ‘picture style’ (no adjustments except for scaling).
After abandoning NECR at Willimantic, I made a few photographs of the town, which still has some wonderful old mill buildings, then continued south to New London where I focused on Amtrak for a while.
See my recent published book North American Locomotives for more information on New England Central’s and Genesee & Wyoming locomotives.
New England Central at Willimantic Yard as viewed from the famous footbridge (must be famous, it has its own plaque). NECR shares this yard with Providence & Worcester with which it interchanges traffic. Canon 7D with f2.8 200mm lens; ISO f8 at 1/640 second, ‘Landscape’ ‘picture style’ (no adjustments except for scaling).
Old thread mills at Willimantic, Connecticut. Exposed using Canon 7D with 40mm ‘Pancake’ lens; f9.0 at 1/500th second, no adjustments except for scaling.
This image appears on page 49 of my book Vintage Diesel Power published by Voyageur Press in 2010. I exposed it on October 13, 2008, courtesy of Genesee Valley Transportation. GVT was operating the locomotive on its Falls Road Railroad between Lockport and Brockport, New York. This is a relatively rare Alco RS-32 built for New York Central. It often operated on the Falls Road for New York Central and later Penn Central. The photo was exposed with a Canon EOS-3 and 20mm f2.8 lens on Fujichrome film.
Locomotives have long been the subjects of photographic study. The earliest images are believed to be Daguerreotypes from the early 1850s. As early as the 1860s, locomotive manufacturers routinely photographed locomotives to document their construction and to help interest prospective buyers. The nature of the steam locomotive meant that a great deal about the machine could be gleaned by studying it from the outside. Railway enthusiasts were enamored with locomotives from the very beginning; sketches and drawings of engines date to the earliest days of railroading, while railway enthusiast photography certainly dates to at least the 1890s, if not earlier. While I’ve always been fascinated by railways, I didn’t routinely examine locomotives on film until I was about ten. My earliest railway photography tended to feature signals. If there were any locomotives in my pictures, these seemed to appear on the horizon in the form of a looming headlight. Later, I made a great many images of locomotives, sometime picturing them at work, other times resting between jobs, and often I examined them on a macro level; in other words, up-close and in detail. I’ve written a number of books on locomotives, and these chronicle their evolution and development, intended application and service, and performance. My body of locomotive photography has aided in illustration of these efforts. This selection of images is intended as the first installment in Tracking the Light of my exploration of locomotive geometry: the shapes of the machines. Later installments will focus on specific railway fleets, individual types, and perhaps some individual machines.
I grew up to the sounds of Central Vermont GP9s roaring away in run-8 as they clawed their way up State Line Hill in Monson, Massachusetts. I often photographed these locomotives in my youth. By the time I made this photo on December 23, 1986, I had begun my photographic studies at Rochester Institute of Technology, and was back for Christmas Break. Old 4442 was a favorite machine. It is climbing State Line as it had countless times before. Leica IIIA fitted with a Leica Visoflex II and 65mm Elmar Lens, Kodachrome 25 slide film.
In February, 1995, New England Central Railroad (NECR) assumed operations of the former Central Vermont Railway. By that time, CV’s GP9s had been gone a few years. NECR’s first locomotives (and the only ones painted for the line) were a fleet of handsome GP38s. By the late 1990s, these were an equivalent age as had been CV’s GPs when I knew them a decade earlier, yet somehow they didn’t seem so ancient. After all, age is largely perception. NECR GP38s rest in the afternoon sun at Palmer Yard in March, 1997. Nikon F3T with Nikon 24mm f2.8 Lens, Kodachrome 25 slide film.
Former Boston & Maine Alco S4 1271 was on a siding at Middleborough, Massachusetts, on July 10, 1987. Warm afternoon sun was ideal for a study with Kodachrome, so I put my recently purchased Leica M2 and 50mm Leitz Summicron to work.
Baltimore & Ohio GP9 6145 worked on Rochester & Southern’s former B&O Brooks Avenue Yard in Rochester while I was studying at the Rochester Institute of Technology. I made many photographs of this Electro-Motive diesel; this image exposed on October 22, 1987. with my Leica M2, 50mm Summicron and Kodachrome 25 slide film. If I knew why it was called “The Mighty Jumbo”, I’ve forgotten now.
See: Vintage Diesel Power by Brian Solomon at Voyageur Press.
Preserved Western Pacific diesels at Portola, California, on May 10, 2008 capture the spirit of another era. This image appeared in my 2009 title Railroads of California published by Voyageur Press. The photo was exposed on Fuji Velvia 100 slide film using a Canon EOS-3 and 100mm f2.0 lens. WP 608 is an Electro-Motive Corporation model NW2 built in 1940 for Union Pacific, and later acquired by WP. While WP 707 is a GP7 bought new by the railroad.
I’ve always enjoyed intense sound produced by Electro-Motive’s 20-cylinder 645 diesel engine. That doesn’t translate to photography, except that I have a disproportionate number of images of diesels powered by that engine. On May 4, 1996, I made this photo inside Wisconsin Central F45 6656 to feature the big prime mover. Exposed using a Nikormat FT3 with Nikon 28mm AF lens, Fujichrome Provia 100 slide film, exposed manually.
See: EMD Locomotives by Brian Solomon at Voyageur Press. | 2019-04-22T22:55:10Z | http://briansolomon.com/trackingthelight/tag/central-vermont-railway/ |
We found seven scripts collecting Facebook user data using the first party’s Facebook access . These scripts are embedded on a total of 434 of the top 1 million sites, including fiverr.com, bhphotovideo.com, and mongodb.com. We detail how we discovered these scripts in Appendix 1 below. Most of them grab the user ID, and two grab additional profile information such as email and username. We believe the websites embedding these scripts are likely unaware of this particular data access .
The user ID collected through the Facebook API is specific to the website (or the “application” in Facebook’s terminology), which would limit the potential for cross-site tracking. But these app-scoped user IDs can be used to retrieve the global Facebook ID, user’s profile photo, and other public profile information, which can be used to identify and track users across websites and devices .
* OnAudience stopped collecting this information after we released the results of a previous study in the No Boundaries series, which showed them abusing browser autofill to collect user email addresses.
^ Although we observe these scripts query the Facebook API and save the user’s Facebook ID, we could not verify that it is sent to their server due to obfuscation of their code and some limitations of our measurement methods.
While we can’t say how these trackers use the information they collect, we can examine their marketing material to understand how it may be used. OnAudience, Tealium AudienceStream, Lytics, and ProPS all offer some form of “customer data platform”, which collect data to help publishers to better monetize their users. Forter offers “identity-based fraud prevention” for e-commerce sites. Augur offers cross-device tracking and consumer recognition services. We were unable to determine the company which owns the ntvk1.ru domain.
Some third parties use the Facebook Login feature to authenticate users across many websites: Disqus, a commenting widget, is a popular example. However, hidden third-party trackers can also use Facebook Login to deanonymize users for targeted advertising. This is a privacy violation, as it is unexpected and users are unaware of it. But how can a hidden tracker get the user to Login with Facebook? When the same tracker is also a first party that users visit directly. This is exactly what we found Bandsintown doing. Worse, they did so in a way that allowed any malicious site to embed Bandsintown’s iframe to identify its users.
We discovered that the iframe injected by Bandsintown would pass the user’s information to the embedding script indiscriminately. Thus, any malicious site could have used their iframe to identify visitors. We informed Bandsintown of this vulnerability and they confirmed that it is now fixed.
This unintended exposure of Facebook data to third parties is not due to a bug in Facebook’s Login feature. Rather, it is due to the lack of security boundaries between the first-party and third-party scripts in today’s web. Still, there are steps Facebook and other social login providers can take to prevent abuse: API use can be audited to review how, where, and which parties are accessing social login data. Facebook could also disallow the lookup of profile picture and global Facebook IDs by app-scoped user IDs. It might also be the right time to make Anonymous Login with Facebook available following its announcement four years ago.
Steven Englehardt is currently working at Mozilla as a Privacy Engineer. He coauthored this post in his Princeton capacity, and this post doesn’t necessarily represent Mozilla’s views.
We use the term “vulnerability” to refer to weaknesses arising from insecure design practices on today’s web, rather than its commonly understood sense in computer security of weaknesses arising due to software bugs.
In this post we focus on websites which use Facebook Login, but the vulnerabilities we describe are likely to exist for most social login providers and on mobile devices. Indeed, we found scripts that appear to grab user identifiers from the Google Plus API and from the Russian social media site VK , but we limited our investigation to Facebook Login as it’s the most widely used social SDK on the web.
In order to better understand the level of integration a third party has with the first party, we categorize scripts based on their use of the first party’s Application ID (or AppId), which is provided to Facebook during the login initialization phase to identify the site. Inclusion of a site’s application ID and initialization code in the third-party library suggests a tighter integration—the first party was likely required to configure the third-party script to access the Facebook SDK on their behalf. While application IDs aren’t meant to be secrets, we take the lack of an App ID to imply loose integration—the first party may not be aware of the access. In fact, all of the scripts in this category take the same actions when embedded on a simple test page with no prior business relationship.
1) third-party initiates the Facebook login process instead of passively waiting for the login to happen; 2) third-party includes the unique App ID of the website it is embedded on. The seven scripts listed above neither initiate the login process, nor contain the app ID of the websites.
Still, it is very hard to be certain about the exact relationship between the first parties and third parties.
The application-scoped IDs can be resolved to real user profile information by querying Facebook’s Graph API or retrieve the user’s profile photo (which does not even require authentication!). When security researchers showed that it is possible to map app-scoped IDs to Facebook IDs and download profile pictures Facebook responded as follows: “This is intentional behavior in our product. We do not consider it a security vulnerability, but we do have controls in place to monitor and mitigate abuse.” A Facebook interface with similar controls was reportedly used to harvest of 2 Billion Facebook users’ public profile data. Note that although the endpoint found by the researchers does not work anymore, the following endpoint still redirects to users’ profile page: https://www.facebook.com/[app_scoped_ID].
To study the abuse of social login APIs we extended OpenWPM to simulate that the user has authenticated and given full permissions to the Facebook Login SDK on all sites. We added instrumentation to monitor the use of the Facebook SDK interface (`window.FB`). We did not otherwise inject the user’s identity into the page, so any exfiltrated personal data must have been queried from our spoofed API.
As in our previous measurements, we crawled 50,000 sites from the Alexa top 1 million in June 2017. We used the following sampling strategy: visit all of the top 15,000 sites, randomly sample 15,000 sites from the Alexa rank range [15,000 100,000), and randomly sample 20,000 sites from the range [100,000, 1,000,000). This combination allowed us to observe the attacks on both high and low traffic sites. On each of these 50,000 sites we visited 6 pages: the front page and a set of 5 other pages randomly sampled from the internal links on the front page.
For method calls that normally return personal information we spoof the return values as if the user is logged in and call and necessary callback function arguments.
These include `FB.api()`, `FB.init(), `FB.getLoginStatus()`, `FB.Event.subscribe()` for the events `auth.login`, `auth.authResponseChange`, and `auth.statusChange`, and `FB.getAuthResponse()`.
For the Graph API (`FB.api`), we support most of the profile data fields supported by the real Facebook SDK. We parse the requested fields and return a data object in the same format the real graph API would return.
For method calls that don’t return personal information we simply call a no-op function and ignore any callback arguments. This helps minimize breakage if a site calls a method we don’t fully replicate.
We fire `window.fbAsyncInit` once the document has finished loading. This function is normally called by the Facebook SDK.
We also found a number of third-party scripts interacting with the Facebook API, which appear to be operating on behalf of the first party . These companies offer a range of services, such as integrating multiple social login options, monitoring social media engagement, and aggregating customer data. As a specific example, BlueConic offers a Facebook Profile transfer service, that copies information from the user’s Facebook profile information to BlueConic’s data platform. Additional third-party services which access Facebook profile information on the first party’s behalf include: Zummy, Social Miner, Limespot (personalizer.io), Kissmetrics, Gigya, and Webtrends.
In our research we found password leaks to four different third-party analytics providers across a number of websites. The sources are numerous: several variants of a “Show Password” feature added by site owners, an unexpected interaction with an unrelated third-party script, unanticipated changes to page structure by browser extensions, and even a bug in privacy tools of one of the analytics libraries. However, the underlying cause is the same: wholesale collection of user input data, with protection provided by set of blacklist-based heuristics to filter password fields. We argue that this heuristic approach is bound to fail, and provide a list of examples in which is does.
Many websites implement mobile-friendly password visibility toggles which make it possible to “unmask” the entered password and check it for errors. In order to implement this, the user’s password must be placed in a field that doesn’t have its “type” property set to “password”, since browsers will automatically mask any text entered into those fields. We found leaks due to several variations of this feature, including to Mixpanel (A.1), to FullStory (A.2), and to SessionCam (A.3).
Sites may include a number of third-party scripts which alter or annotate the page in unexpected ways. In the example given in (A.4), a third-party analytics script from Adobe stored the typed password in a cookie when the password field clicked. On the same page, session replay script from Userreplay collects all cookies, effectively causing the password leak to Userreplay.
Even in cases where publisher sites take an active role to prevent leaks to third parties, things can go wrong. Passwords were leaking to FullStory (A.5) due to a bug in one of their redaction features. The feature was implemented in a such a way that, when applied to a password input, the password would leak to FullStory, but would not be displayed in the resulting session recording that the publisher could later review. Thus, it would be difficult for a publisher to discover the leak.
In their announcement, Mixpanel explained that “[the password leak] could happen in other scenarios where browser plugins (such as the 1Password password manager) and website frameworks place sensitive data into form element attributes.” The problem is not limited to a small set of browser extensions, but rather any extension which alters the page structure. Neither the site owner nor the analytics provider can be expected to anticipate all possible structural changes an extension might perform.
As an example, we examined browser extensions which automatically make password fields visible to the user. There are a ton of such extensions, which are collectively used by 120,000+ users. We found that users of the Unmask Password and Show Password Chrome extensions would, on some sites, have their passwords leaked to Mixpanel (A.6) and FullStory (A.7) respectively. In both cases the leaks were caused by a variant of the “Show Password” feature described above.
The Autotrack feature allows sites to collect interaction events on a website, like clicks or form interactions, without needing to specify which elements to monitor. The automated collection of all interactions, including values entered into input fields, is the service’s main selling point: if a site owner ever wants to start monitoring a new input field, Mixpanel will already have the complete history of the various inputs provided by the visitors for this field.
Autotrack doesn’t appear to be designed to collect sensitive data. Instead, Mixpanel suggests sites can use the service to perform benign analytical tasks, like finding the commonly used search terms. However, sites collect all types of sensitive data through input elements: usernames and passwords, health information, banking information, and so on. Automatically determining which fields are sensitive is a difficult task, and an incorrect classification runs the risk of scooping up the sensitive user data — even if the user never submits the form .
Similar to the session replay scripts we studied in the past, Mixpanel implements several heuristics in attempt to automatically exclude specific types of sensitive information from collection. The rules most relevant to password fields are: remove any input field which is of the password type or has a name property (or “id” property, if name does not exist) that contains the substring “pass”. Mixpanel also offers sites the ability to manually exclude parts of the page, which we discuss later in the post.
Mixpanel attributed the cause of their previous password leak to a change in another third-party library. The third-party library “placed copies of the values of hidden and password fields into the input elements’ attributes, which Autotrack then inadvertently received”. Indeed, the previous version of Autotrack only filtered password fields’ “value” property, which stores the password entered by the user. The attributes of the field, which can be used to add arbitrary metadata about the password field is left unfiltered. The fix deployed by Mixpanel changed this, filtering both the value property and all attributes from password fields. This plugs that specific hole, but as the Testbook example (A.1) shows, sites may handle sensitive data in other ways Mixpanel didn’t predict.
“Show Password” feature is commonly implemented by switching the “type” property of the password input field from “password” to “text”.
The majority of the leaks examined above were caused by the mobile-friendly “Show Password” option. This feature is commonly implemented by switching the “type” property of the password input field from “password” to “text” (see: 1, 2, 3). The feature can be implemented by the first party directly or by a browser extension. In fact, this is how the Unmask Password extension is implemented, and was the cause of the ECRent password leak (A.6). The third-party scripts we studied don’t filter generic text fields as strictly as password fields. This is also the primary cause of the leaks on Testbook (A.1), PropellerAds (A.2), and johnlewis.com (A.3).
It may be tempting to filter passwords stored in generic text fields based on other properties of the input field, such as the name, class, or id. Mixpanel’s relatively simple implementation of this filtering provides a perfect case study of this mitigation: it excludes generic text fields which contain the substring “pass” in their “name” attribute (or “id”, if “name” does not exist). Using our crawl data we found that 15% of the 36,972 total password fields discovered will not match this substring filter. Indeed, the third most frequent password field name attribute “pwd” would be missed, as will common translations of “password”. A word cloud of the 50 most commonly missed terms is given in footnote .
Of course Mixpanel’s heuristic could be updated to include these new fields, but that would just continue the game of whack-a-mole. There will inevitably be another password field formatted or handled in a way that this new heuristic fails to handle and user passwords will continue leaking.
Mixpanel offers developers a way to manually specify fields that should be excluded from collection. Developers can simply add the class `mp-no-track` or `mp-sensitive` to an element to prevent sensitive information leaks. Indeed, this was the solution Mixpanel recommended in their response to our disclosure . At first glance this might seem to mitigate the problems outlined in this post — anything missed by the automatic filtering can simply be manually filtered by the site. However, our research into session replay scripts found that companies repeatedly failed to prevent data leaks through manual redaction.
In Mixpanel’s case, redaction feature is will negate the main benefit of Autotrack – collection without a manual review of the fields. We signed up for a Mixpanel account and enabled Autotrack in the dashboard . During the process, we didn’t see any warnings about the risks of Autotrack, nor could we find a way to review all of the collected data. To discover the collected passwords, we needed to manually add an “event probe” to the password field or login form. This may explain why it took over 9 months for a Mixpanel user to discover the inadvertent password collection introduced back in March 2017, despite its presence on 4% of Mixpanel’s projects.
We focus on password fields in this post because they are the most constrained user input and should be the easiest to redact. Despite this, several of the major input scraping scripts are still unable to prevent password leaks. Financial, health, and other sensitive data are often collected using generic “text” fields which may have ambiguous input labels. We expect them even more difficult to filter in an automated way.
We show that the indiscriminate collection of form data is a security disaster waiting to happen. We’ve highlighted these risks before, and the analysis included in this post shows that the problem persists. We don’t view these issues as bugs to be fixed, but rather vulnerabilities inherent to this class of analytics scripts.
The Autotrack feature allows sites to collect analytics on form interactions such as when checking out products or signing in to your account. Mixpanel Autotrack normally tries to exclude password fields from the collected data, but A1the filtering relies on fragile assumptions about page composition and markup.
Fig 1. Password collection by Mixpanel on testbook.com.
One of the password leaks occurs on testbook.com’s login form when a user makes use of the “Show Password” feature, which causes the user’s password to be displayed in cleartext. Once the user takes a further action, such as editing the password or hiding it again, the password will be collected by Mixpanel. The collection happens regardless of whether the user ultimately submits the login form.
We reported the issue to Mixpanel. Their response can be found in .
Mixpanel currently lists the Autotrack feature as “on hold”, and appears to have disabled it for new projects. But sites that were already using Autotrack at the time of the incident are not affected by this change.
A2. Password collection due to a “Show password” feature: The PropellerAds’ login form contains an invisible text field, which also holds a copy of the typed password. When a user wants to display the password in cleartext, the password field is replaced by the text field. FullStory’s auto exclusion filters fail to recognize the password in the text field, which causes the password to be collected by FullStory.
We reported this issue to FullStory and PropellerAds. FullStory responded promptly and said that “[they] are in touch with the customer to ensure that all inappropriate data is deleted and that they update their exclusion rules to comply with our Acceptable Use Policy.” FullStory’s complete response can be found in .
Fig 2. Password is collected on PropellerAds’ login form by FullStory.
The registration page of the johnlewis.com website implements the “Show password” feature in the same way as PropellerAds: a copy of the password is always stored in an invisible text field, which replaces the password field when users want to show their password. This time session replay script from sessioncam.com fails to filter out passwords in the text field and sends it to its servers. We reported the issue to SessionCam and johnlewis.com. Response from Sessioncam can be found in .
On both of these cases (johnlewis.com and propellerads.com) password is grabbed by the session replay scripts even if the user does not make use of the Show/Hide password feature.
Fig 3. Password leaks to Sessioncam on johnlewis.com.
A4. Password leaks due to interaction with other analytics scripts.
Passwords on Capella University’s admission login page leaks due to an unexpected interaction of different third-party scripts. When a user clicks on the password field, Adobe’s Analytics ActivityMap script stores the password in a cookie called “s_sq”. On the same page, session replay script from Userreplay collects and sends all cookies, which effectively cause passwords to be collected by Userreplay.
Fig 4. The password stored in the cookies are leaked to Userreplay on Capella.edu website.
Fig 5: The WP Engine login page leaks passwords via FullStory’s keystroke logger. We decode the keyCode values sent to FullStory to demonstrate that they match what was typed into the password field.
In the screenshot above, we demonstrate how passwords entered on WP Engine’s login page leak to FullStory via their keystroke logger. From what we can tell, this leak is the result of WP Engine taking proactive steps to protect user data. Rather than relying on FullStory’s automatic exclusion of password fields, WP Engine added FullStory’s manual redaction tag (i.e., `fs-hide`) to the field.
FullStory’s documentation explains that fields hidden with the `fs-hide` tag will not be visible in recordings, and that “some raw input events (e.g., key and click events) are also redacted when they relate to an excluded element.” Through manual debugging, we observed that the use of `fs-hide` tag changed the way FullStory’s script classifies the password field, eventually causing it to collect the password. Following our disclosure, FullStory promptly fixed the issue and released a security notice to their customers, stating that the bug affected less than 1% of sites.
Fig 6. Mixpanel will collect passwords on ECrent registration page when the Unmask Password Chrome extension is in use. The password leaks in a base64 encoded query string to Mixpanel. ECrent is a rental platform that was in the Alexa top 10,000 sites at the time of measurement.
Fig 7. FullStory will inadvertently collect passwords when the Show Password Chrome extension is in use. Similar to the Propeller Ads example above, this extension implements the show password functionality by swapping the current password field with a new cleartext field. The new field is not excluded from FullStory’s recordings — any further edits to the cleartext will cause password to be collected by FullStory.
We thank Jonathan Mayer for his valuable feedback.
Our rationale for publicizing these leaks is not to point fingers at specific first or third parties. Mixpanel, for example, handled their previous password incident quickly and with transparency. These aren’t bugs that need to be fixed, but rather insecure practices that should be stopped entirely. Even if the specific problems highlighted in this post were fixed, we suspect we’d be able to continue to find variants of the same leaks elsewhere. Thankfully these password leaks can’t be exploited publicly, since the analytics data is only available to first parties. Instead, these leaks expose users to an increased risk to data breaches, an increased potential for data access abuse, and to unclear policies regarding data retention and sharing.
testbook.com is the 2360th most popular site globally according to Alexa; testbook.com mobile app has 1,000,000 – 5,000,000 downloads.
“Thank you for writing in. We are in touch with the customer to ensure that all inappropriate data is deleted and that they update their exclusion rules to comply with our Acceptable Use Policy.
“I wanted to follow up and let you know that we fixed the bug associated with the .fs-hide issue and the fix is currently in production as of 4:00 PM EST this afternoon. HTML elements containing the `.fs-hide` selector will no longer record keystrokes. Further, we changed the functionality of the recording code so that it will no longer record the actual keys alongside keystroke data. Thus, any future regression will not run the risk of subtly sending keystroke data to FullStory.
Through manual analysis, we found that Mixpanel sends user inputs on a field-by-field basis as soon as the field loses focus. This means that user data is sent to Mixpanel even when the user chooses not to submit a form.
Input values that match these filters are excluded from collection by Mixpanel.
Comparing Mixpanel’s password field detection heuristics to those of two popular password manager browser extensions (Lastpass and 1Password), we found that Mixpanel’s password detection heuristic is far less comprehensive compared to theirs. For instance, Lastpass and 1Password’s heuristics consider the translation of the word “password” in different languages such as “contraseña”, “passwort”, “mot de passe” or “密码”, when detecting password fields. This is true despite the incentives; if a password manager fails to detect a password field, it’s a usability problem; if Mixpanel fails to detect a password field, it’s a security problem.
Wordcloud of 50 most common password field name/id attributes that don’t include the substring “pass”, and will thus not be excluded by Mixpanel. This data was collected from a crawl of ~50K sites (~300K page visits). “Undefined” stands for password fields without any name or id attributes. Many of these words are translations of the word “password”, such as: “senha”(Portugese), “sifre” (Turkish), or “kennwort” (German).
Mixpanel’s dashboard for enabling Autotrack, before it was disabled for all new projects. Note that there are no warnings of possible sensitive data collection.
Credits: Wordcloud image is generated by https://worditout.com.
by Steven Englehardt, Gunes Acar, and Arvind Narayanan.
Recently we revealed that “session replay” scripts on websites record everything you do, like someone looking over your shoulder, and send it to third-party servers. This en-masse data exfiltration inevitably scoops up sensitive, personal information — in real time, as you type it. We released the data behind our findings, including a list of 8,000 sites on which we observed session-replay scripts recording user data.
As one case study of these 8,000 sites, we found health conditions and prescription data being exfiltrated from walgreens.com. These are considered Protected Health Information under HIPAA. The number of affected sites is immense; contacting all of them and quantifying the severity of the privacy problems is beyond our means. We encourage you to check out our data release and hold your favorite websites accountable.
As one example, a pair of researchers at UC San Diego read our study and then noticed that Gradescope, a website they used for grading assignments, embeds FullStory, one of the session replay scripts we analyzed. We investigated, and sure enough, we found that student names and emails, student grades, and instructor comments on students were being sent to FullStory’s servers. This is considered Student Data under FERPA (US educational privacy law). Ironically, Princeton’s own Information Security course was also affected. We notified Gradescope of our findings, and they removed FullStory from their website within a few hours.
You might wonder how the companies’ privacy policies square with our finding. As best as we can tell, Gradescope’s Terms of Service actually permit this data exfiltration , which is a telling comment about the ineffectiveness of Terms of Service as a way of regulating privacy.
Of the four websites we highlighted in our previous post and this one (Bonobos, Walgreens, Lenovo, and Gradescope), three have removed the third-party scripts in question (all except Lenovo). As far as we can tell, no publisher (website operator) was aware of the exfiltration of sensitive data on their own sites until our study. Further, as mentioned above, Gradescope was unaware of key provisions in FullStory’s Terms of Service. This is a pattern we’ve noticed over and over again in our six years of doing web privacy research.
Worse, in many cases the publisher has no direct relationship with the offending third-party script. In Part 2 of our study we examined two third-party scripts which exploit a vulnerability in browsers’ built-in password managers to exfiltrate user identities. One web developer was unable to determine how the script was loaded and asked us for help. We pointed out that their site loaded an ad network (media-clic.com), which in turn loaded “themoneytizer.com”, which finally loaded the offending script from Audience Insights. These chains of redirects are ubiquitous on the web, and might involve half a dozen third parties. On some websites the majority of third parties have no direct relationship with the publisher.
Most of the advertising and analytics industry is premised on keeping not just users but also website operator in the dark about privacy violations. Indeed, the effort required by website operator to fully audit third parties would negate much of the benefit of offloading tasks to them. The ad tech industry creates a tremendous negative externality in terms of the privacy cost to users.
Can we turn the tables?
The silver lining is that if we can explain to web developers what third parties are doing on their sites, and empower them to take control, that might be one of the most effective ways to improve web privacy. But any such endeavor should keep in mind that web publishers everywhere are on tight budgets and may not have much privacy expertise.
Create a 1-pager summarizing the bare minimum that website operators need to know about web security, privacy, and third parties, with pointers to more information.
Create a tailored privacy report for each website based on data that is already publicly available through various sources including our own data releases.
Build open-source tools for website operators to scan their own sites . Ideally, the tool should make recommendations for privacy-protecting changes based on the known behavior of third parties.
Reach out to website operators to provide information and help make changes. This step doesn’t scale, but is crucial.
If you’re interested in working with us on this, we’d love to hear from you!
We are grateful to UCSD researchers Dimitar Bounov and Sorin Lerner for bringing the vulnerabilities on Gradescope.com to our attention.
The Wayback Machine does not archive FullStory’s Terms page far enough back in time for us to independently verify Gradescope’s statement, nor does FullStory appear in ToSBack, the EFF’s terms-of-service tracker.
Privacyscore.org is one example of a nascent attempt at such a tool.
In this second installment of the No Boundaries series, we show how a long-known vulnerability in browsers’ built-in password managers is abused by third-party scripts for tracking on more than a thousand sites.
The image above shows the process. First, a user fills out a login form on the page and asks the browser to save the login. The tracking script is not present on the login page . Then, the user visits another page on the same website which includes the third-party tracking script. The tracking script inserts an invisible login form, which is automatically filled in by the browser’s login manager. The third-party script retrieves the user’s email address by reading the populated form and sends the email hashes to third-party servers.
You can test the attack yourself on our live demo page.
We found two scripts using this technique to extract email addresses from login managers on the websites which embed them. These addresses are then hashed and sent to one or more third-party servers. These scripts were present on 1110 of the Alexa top 1 million sites. The process of detecting these scripts is described in our measurement methodology in the Appendix 1. We provide a brief analysis of each script in the sections below.
Why does the attack work? All major browsers have built-in login managers that save and automatically fill in username and password data to make the login experience more seamless. The set of heuristics used to determine which login forms will be autofilled varies by browser, but the basic requirement is that a username and password field be available.
Login form autofilling in general doesn’t require user interaction; all of the major browsers will autofill the username (often an email address) immediately, regardless of the visibility of the form. Chrome doesn’t autofill the password field until the user clicks or touches anywhere on the page. Other browsers we tested don’t require user interaction to autofill password fields.
Why collect hashes of email addresses? Email addresses are unique and persistent, and thus the hash of an email address is an excellent tracking identifier. A user’s email address will almost never change — clearing cookies, using private browsing mode, or switching devices won’t prevent tracking. The hash of an email address can be used to connect the pieces of an online profile scattered across different browsers, devices, and mobile apps. It can also serve as a link between browsing history profiles before and after cookie clears. In a previous blog post on email tracking, we described in detail why a hashed email address is not an anonymous identifier.
“Smart Advertising Performance” and “Big Data Marketing” are the taglines used by the two companies who own the scripts that abuse login managers to extract email addresses. We have manually analyzed the scripts that contained the attack code and verified the attack steps described above. The snippets from the two scripts are given in Appendix 2.
Adthink (audienceinsights.net): After injecting an invisible form and reading the email address, Adthink script sends MD5, SHA1 and SHA256 hashes of the email address to its server (secure.audienceinsights.net). Adthink then triggers another request containing the MD5 hash of the email to data broker Acxiom (p-eu.acxiom-online.com).
The categories mentioned in the Adthink script include detailed personal, financial, physical traits, as well as intents, interests and demographics (Link to the code snippet).
OnAudience (behavioralengine.com): The OnAudience script is most commonly present on Polish websites, including newspapers, ISPs and online retailers. 45 of the 63 sites that contain OnAudience script have “.pl” country code top-level domain.
The script sends the MD5 hash of the email back to its server after reading it through the login manager. OnAudience script also collects browser features including plugins, MIME types, screen dimensions, language, timezone information, user agent string, OS and CPU information. The script then generates a hash based on this browser fingerprint. OnAudience claims to use anonymous data only, but hashed email addresses are not anonymous. If an attacker wants to determine whether a user is in the dataset, they can simply hash the user’s email address and search for records associated with that hash. For a more detailed discussion, see our previous blog post.
Is this attack new? This and similar attacks have been discussed in a number of browser bug reports and academic papers for at least 11 years. Much of the previous discussion focuses on the security implications of the current functionality, and on the security-usability tradeoff of the autofill functionality.
Several researchers showed that it is possible to steal passwords from login managers through cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks [3,4,5,6,7]. Login managers and XSS is a dangerous mixture for two reasons: 1) passwords retrieved by XSS can have more devastating effects compared to cookie theft, as users commonly reuse passwords across different sites; 2) login managers extend the attack surface for the password theft, as an XSS attack can steal passwords on any page within a site, even those which don’t contain a login form.
How did we get here? You may wonder how a security vulnerability persisted for 11 years. That’s because from a narrow browser security perspective, there is no vulnerability, and everything is working as intended. Let us explain.
The web’s security rests on the Same Origin Policy. In this model, scripts and content from different origins (roughly, domains or websites) are treated as mutually untrusting, and the browser protects them from interfering with each other. However, if a publisher directly embeds a third-party script, rather than isolating it in an iframe, the script is treated as coming from the publisher’s origin. Thus, the publisher (and its users) entirely lose the protections of the same origin policy, and there is nothing preventing the script from exfiltrating sensitive information. Sadly, direct embedding is common — and, in fact, the default — which also explains why the vulnerabilities we exposed in our previous post were possible.
This model is a poor fit for reality. Publishers neither completely trust nor completely mistrust third parties, and thus neither of the two options (iframe sandboxing and direct embedding) is a good fit: one limits functionality and the other is a privacy nightmare. We’ve found repeatedly through our research that third parties are quite opaque about the behavior of their scripts, and at any rate, most publishers don’t have the time or technical knowhow to evaluate them. Thus, we’re stuck with this uneasy relationship between publishers and third parties for the foreseeable future.
The browser vendor’s dilemma. It is clear that the Same-Origin Policy is a poor fit for trust relationships on the web today, and that other security defenses would help. But there is another dilemma for browser vendors: should they defend against this and other similar vulnerabilities, or view it as the publisher’s fault for embedding the third party at all?
There are good arguments for both views. Currently browser vendors seem to adopt the latter for the login manager issue, viewing it as the publisher’s burden. In general, there is no principled way to defend against third parties that are present on some pages on a site from accessing sensitive data on other pages of the same site. For example, if a user simultaneously has two tabs from the same site open — one containing a login form but no third party, and vice versa — then the third-party script can “reach across” browser tabs and exfiltrate the login information under certain circumstances. By embedding a third party anywhere on its site, the publisher signals that it completely trusts the third party.
Yet, in other cases, browser vendors have chosen to adopt defenses even if necessarily imperfect. For example, the HTTPOnly cookie attribute was introduced to limit the impact of XSS attacks by blocking the script access to security critical cookies.
There is another relevant factor: our discovery means that autofill is not just a security vulnerability but also a privacy threat. While the security community strongly prefers principled solutions whenever possible, when it comes to web tracking, we have generally been willing to embrace more heuristic defenses such as blocklists.
Countermeasures. Publishers, users, and browser vendors can all take steps to prevent autofill data exfiltration. We discuss each in turn.
Publishers can isolate login forms by putting them on a separate subdomain, which prevents autofill from working on non-login pages. This does have drawbacks including an increase in engineering complexity. Alternately they could isolate third parties using frameworks like Safeframe. Safeframe makes it easier for the publisher scripts and iframed scripts to communicate, thus blunting the effect of sandboxing. Any such technique requires additional engineering by the publisher compared to simply dropping a third-party script into the web page.
Users can install ad blockers or tracking protection extensions to prevent tracking by invasive third-party scripts. The domains used to serve the two scripts (behavioralengine.com and audienceinsights.net) are blocked by the EasyPrivacy blocklist.
Now we turn to browsers. The simplest defense is to allow users to disable login autofill. For instance, the Firefox preference signon.autofillForms can be set to false to disable autofilling of credentials.
A less crude defense is to require user interaction before autofilling login forms. Browser vendors have been reluctant to do this because of the usability overhead, but given the evidence of autofill abuse in the wild, this overhead might be justifiable.
The upcoming W3C Credential Management API requires browsers to display a notification when user credentials are provided to a page . Browsers may display the same notification when login information is autofilled by the built-in login managers. Displays of this type won’t directly prevent abuse, but they make attacks more visible to publishers and privacy-conscious users.
Finally, the “writeonly form fields” idea can be a promising direction to secure login forms in general. The briefly discussed proposal defines ways to deny read access to form elements and suggests the use of placeholder nonces to protect autofilled credentials .
Built-in login managers have a positive effect on web security: they curtail password reuse by making it easy to use complex passwords, and they make phishing attacks are harder to mount. Yet, browser vendors should reconsider allowing stealthy access to autofilled login forms in the light of our findings. More generally, for every browser feature, browser developers and standard bodies should consider how it might be abused by untrustworthy third-party scripts.
We found that login pages contain 25% fewer third-parties compared to pages without login forms. The analysis was based on our crawl of 300,000 pages from 50,000 sites.
We tested the following browsers: Firefox, Chrome, Internet Explorer, Edge, Safari.
To study password manager abuse, we extended OpenWPM to simulate a user with saved login credentials and added instrumentation to monitor form access. We used Firefox’s nsILoginManager interface to add login credentials as if they were previously stored by the user. We did not otherwise alter the functionality of the password manager or attempt to manually fill login forms. This allowed us to capture actual abuses of the browser login manager, as any exfiltrated data must have originated from the login manager.
We crawled 50,000 sites from the Alexa top 1 million. We used the following sampling strategy: visit all of the top 15,000 sites, randomly sample 15,000 sites from the Alexa rank range [15,000 100,000), and randomly sample 20,000 sites from the range [100,000, 1,000,000). This combination allowed us to observe the attacks on both high and low traffic sites. On each of these 50,000 sites we visited 6 pages: the front page and a set of 5 other pages randomly sampled from the internal links on the front page.
Mutation events to monitor elements inserted to the page DOM. This allowed us to detect the injection of fake login forms. When a mutation event fires, we record the current call stack and serialize the inserted HTML elements.
Instrument HTMLInputElement to intercept access to form input fields. We log the input field value that is being read to detect when the bait email (autofilled by the built-in password manager) was sniffed.
Store HTTP request and response data, including POST payloads to detect the exfiltration of the email address or password.
To verify the findings of the automated experiments we manually analyzed sites that embed the two scripts that match these conditions. We have verified that the forms that the scripts inserted were not visible. We then opened accounts on the sites that allow registration and let the browser store the login information (by clicking yes to the dialog in Figure 1). We then visited another page on the site and verified that browser password manager filled the invisible form injected by the scripts.
To supplement automated redaction, several of the session recording companies, including Smartlook, Yandex, FullStory, SessionCam, and Hotjar allow sites to further specify inputs elements to be excluded from the recording. To effectively deploy these mitigations a publisher will need to actively audit every input element to determine if it contains personal data. This is complicated, error prone and costly, especially as a site or the underlying web application code changes over time. For instance, the financial service site fidelity.com has several redaction rules for Clicktale that involve nested tables and child elements referenced by their index. In the next section we further explore these challenges.
3. Manual redaction of personally identifying information displayed on a page is a fundamentally insecure model. In addition to collecting user inputs, the session recording companies also collect rendered page content. Unlike user input recording, none of the companies appear to provide automated redaction of displayed content by default; all displayed content in our tests ended up leaking.
Instead, session recording companies expect sites to manually label all personally identifying information included in a rendered page. Sensitive user data has a number of avenues to end up in recordings, and small leaks over several pages can lead to a large accumulation of personal data in a single session recording.
For recordings to be completely free of personal information, a site’s web application developers would need to work with the site’s marketing and analytics teams to iteratively scrub personally identifying information from recordings as it’s discovered. Any change to the site design, such as a change in the class attribute of an element containing sensitive information or a decision to load private data into a different type of element requires a review of the redaction rules.
As a case study, we examine the pharmacy section of Walgreens.com, which embeds FullStory. Walgreens makes extensive use of manual redaction for both displayed and input data. Despite this, we find that sensitive information including medical conditions and prescriptions are leaked to FullStory alongside the names of users.
We do not present the above examples to point fingers at a certain website. Instead, we aim to show that the redaction process can fail even for a large publisher with a strong, legal incentive to protect user data. We observed similar personal information leaks on other websites, including on the checkout pages of Lenovo . Sites with less resources or less expertise are even more likely to fail.
4. Recording services may fail to protect user data. Recording services increase the exposure to data breaches, as personal data will inevitably end up in recordings. These services must handle recording data with the same security practices with which a publisher would be expected to handle user data.
We provide a specific example of how recording services can fail to do so. Once a session recording is complete, publishers can review it using a dashboard provided by the recording service. The publisher dashboards for Yandex, Hotjar, and Smartlook all deliver playbacks within an HTTP page, even for recordings which take place on HTTPS pages. This allows an active man-in-the-middle to injecting a script into the playback page and extract all of the recording data. Worse yet, Yandex and Hotjar deliver the publisher page content over HTTP — data that was previously protected by HTTPS is now vulnerable to passive network surveillance.
The vulnerabilities we highlight above are inherent to full-page session recording. That’s not to say the specific examples can’t be fixed — indeed, the publishers we examined can patch their leaks of user data and passwords. The recording services can all use HTTPS during playbacks. But as long as the security of user data relies on publishers fully redacting their sites, these underlying vulnerabilities will continue to exist.
Two commonly used ad-blocking lists EasyList and EasyPrivacy do not block FullStory, Smartlook, or UserReplay scripts. EasyPrivacy has filter rules that block Yandex, Hotjar, ClickTale and SessionCam.
At least one of the five companies we studied (UserReplay) allows publishers to disable data collection from users who have Do Not Track (DNT) set in their browsers. We scanned the configuration settings of the Alexa top 1 million publishers using UserReplay on their homepages, and found that none of them chose to honor the DNT signal.
Improving user experience is a critical task for publishers. However it shouldn’t come at the expense of user privacy.
We use the term ‘exfiltrate’ in this series to refer to the third-party data collection that we study. The term ‘leakage’ is sometimes used, but we eschew it, because it suggests an accidental collection resulting from a bug. Rather, our research suggests that while not necessarily malicious, the collection of sensitive personal data by the third parties that we study is inherent in their operation and is well known to most if not all of these entities. Further, there is an element of furtiveness; these data flows are not public knowledge and neither publishers nor third parties are not transparent about them.
We used OpenWPM to crawl the Alexa top 50,000 sites, visiting the homepage and 5 additional internal pages on each site. We use a two-step approach to detect analytics services which collect page content.
First, we inject a unique value into the HTML of the page and search for evidence of that value being sent to a third party in the page traffic. To detect values that may be encoded or hashed we use a detection methodology similar to previous work on email tracking. After filtering out leak recipients, we isolate pages on which at least one third party receives a large amount of data during the visit, but for which we do not detect a unique ID. On these sites, we perform a follow-up crawl which injects a 200KB chunk of data into the page and check if we observe a corresponding bump in the size of the data sent to the third party.
We found 482 sites on which either the unique marker was leaked to a collection endpoint from one of the services or on which we observed a data collection increase roughly equivalent to the compressed length of the injected chunk. We believe this value is a lower bound since many of the recording services offer the ability to sample page visits, which is compounded by our two-step methodology.
One company (Clicktale) was excluded because we were unable to make the practical arrangements to analyze script’s functionality at scale.
Lenovo.com is another example of a site which leaks user data in session recordings.
We used the default scripts available to new accounts for 5 of the 6 providers. For UserReplay, we used a script taken from a live site and verified that the configuration options match the most common options found on the web.
Are you really anonymous online? | 2019-04-20T16:46:31Z | https://webtap.princeton.edu/blog/ |
What do you understand by Windows?
Windows is an operating system that controls all parts of that computer system on which it is installed.
Icons (or graphical pictures) represent applications, files and other parts of the operating system. These are the main part of GUI which help a user to operate some digital device in an easy way.
Taskbar is the long horizontal bar at the bottom of your screen. It includes Start button, Quick Launch toolbar, Open Application toolbar, Notification area and Show Desktop button.
Where is the title bar located?
The title bar is the horizontal bar located at the top of a window. It displays the name of the window or software program being used.
The Maximize button in Windows is the middle button with square. It allows the user to enlarge a window, usually making it fills the entire screen.
Name any three Windows accessories.
How do you start the Paint in your computer?
What is the use of Navigation Pane in folder window?
Navigation Pane offers to access libraries, folders, saved searches and even the entire hard disk pane, contents etc.
For what purpose, left clicking is often used?
Left clicking is most often used to select or open a file/folder.
A folder is a location or storage space where programs, files and other folders can be located.
Documents is a folder that stores user’s important files and folders that are used with many of the programs running on your computer.
Explain Windows as a graphical user interface.
Windows is a Graphical User Interface (GUI) which is developed, marketed and sold by Microsoft.
It has pictures (graphics) that you use to communicate (interface) with the computer. This type of system is popular because it is logical, fun and easy to use.
Start menu is a gateway to the applications. Describe it.
The Start menu is a gateway to the applications that are present on your computer. The left side of the Start menu lists programs, and the right side allows access to common windows folders. It also provides access to Help and Support, Search and Run options.
What is the significance of icons? Give the example of any three types of icons.
Icons refer to graphic symbols that represent window elements. The three types of icons are as follows- the application icon, the shortcut icon and the document icon.
List some main components of a default window.
Discuss the features of Title bar.
Title bar displays the name of the window or software program. This bar can maximize, minimize, restore or close a window. It is also used to move a window using any pointing device.
What do you mean by Menu bar?
It is situated below, the title bar. It contains various options such as File, Edit, View, Tools and Help menu items. The menu bar can really help you in managing your daily routine tasks. Sometimes menu bar does not display on the screen. To make it appears on the screen, go to Organize —> Layout —> click on check mark Menu bar option.
The bottom line of any window is called Status bar in which an application can display various kinds of status information such as current window’s state, background tasks (such as printing, scanning etc) or other contextual information (such as selection, etc).
How to create a sub-folder within a folder?
Step 1: Open the existing folder.
Step 2: Right click on a blank area.
Step 3: Point to New and then click the Folder.
Step 5: Type the new name of sub-folder and press Enter.
Write the difference between copying and moving files/folders.
Copy a file/folder is to make a duplicate copy of the selected file/folder and place at the target location. Move a file/folder is to transfer the original file from the original location to the target location.
It can be done when the original folder is taken to a different file or folder than the original. It can be done when you drag a folder to a similar file or a folder.
Your hard drive (the drive inside your Computer icon) is known as the (C:, D:, E: ) drive. Hard disk drive is the location where all files are stored in any computer.
In Windows, the name of hard drive start from C: drive because it is the first available drive letter. The computer assigns A: and B: drives to floppy disks and sometimes other removable media such as tape drives.
Write all the functions of Minimize button.
The Minimize button is among the three buttons at the right end of the title bar. This button has a small dash (or minus sign). It shrinks the window and places it on the taskbar while leaving the program running. To go back to this window, click on taskbar where it is shrinked.
What is a Restore button?
After a window is maximized, the Maximize button changes to the Restore button. It looks like two windows near one another. If you click the Restore button, the maximized window shrinks to its previous size (the size before you maximized it).
GUI has become a standard way of how to users interact with a computer? Its one feature is WYSIWYG.
Give full form of both abbreviations used in the above paragraph.
Write one other feature of GUI.
GUI Graphical User Interface WYSIWYG What You See Is What You Get.
GUI contains icons that represent files, folders and other applications.
Explain Graphical User Interface (GUI) with its features.
It is a visual environment for representing programs, files and options with graphical images such as icons, menus and dialog boxes on the screen. The user could select and activate/deactivate these elements by pointing and clicking with a mouse or often with the keyboard.
A pointing device allows the user to identify and select the necessary commands by moving the cursor to a certain location on the screen, e.g. Mouse, joystick etc.
The object being manipulated remains visible on the screen before the manipulation and after the manipulation.
WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) means that a printed document is exactly a copy of what you see on the screen.
A GUI provides adequate messages and information from time to time depending upon the application.
Quality of reversal is the ability to revert the previous state of action.
Icons represent files, folders and other applications.
Dialog boxes, sliders, buttons, check boxes allow the user to inform computer, what to do and how to do.
Graphical display of the current actions informs the user regarding the current action and a method to interrupt the same action by using graphical animation.
What do you mean by desktop? Explain the Components of Windows 7 desktop.
When a computer is booted up and ready to use, then the screen we see is called the Desktop.
Start Button It is a tool by which you can open menus, start applications, files and settings.
Taskbar It is located at the bottom of the screen which contains the Start button, shortcuts to applications, date, time etc.
Date and Time Settings On the right side of the taskbar, you will see date and time option, which is used to set date and time.
Desktop Background It is an image used as background of a GUI on a computer screen. It is also called wallpaper.
Recycle Bin It is a container which contains deleted files, folders etc until, the ‘ are finally removed from the hard disk. If you want to restore the deleted files/folders, you have to go to the recycle bin (by left clicking it twice) right click on the document and choose Restore from the given options. After doing this, the desired document will be restored on its original position.
Computer This folder is a source to retrieve all the information and resources attached to the system. It allows the user to explore the content of his/her computer drives as well as manage the computer files.
Icons (or Graphical Pictures) It is a small graphical representation of a program applications or tiles. When user click on icons, the associated program opens (run). Icons are the main part of GUI in order to help a user to operate a computer system or any digital device in an easy way. The three types of icons are-the application icon, the shortcut icon and the document icon.
Aero It is a visual desktop experience, which provides an easy way to access desktop.
What are shortcuts? Explain the steps to create shortcut.
Step 1: Right click on the desktop or the area where you want to place the shortcut. In the right click menu, point to New and then, select Shortcut.
Step 2: The Create Shortcut wizard will open as shown below. You need to select the path to the program, click on the Browse button to begin.
Step 3: Navigate to the folder where the program is located and select it, click the OK button.
Step 4: Press the Next button to continue.
Step 5: You need to enter the name of the shortcut in the ‘Type a name for this shortcut:’ field and finally, click Finish button.
What are the some important programs of Accessories?
Calculator It offers advanced capabilities of a programming, scientific and statistical calculator.
Text Editor It refers to a simple Word processor application that is used to create and edit text.
Paint It refers to a painting tool that is used to create drawings on a blank drawing area or in an existing pictures.
Describe the basic operations of mouse button.
Pointing Pointing to an item on the screen means moving a pointer to a certain location. When you point to some object, a small box often appears, that describes the item.
Left Button-Double Clicking It is used to open the items on your desktop. To double click an item point to the item on the screen and then click twice quickly.
Dragging It is used to move files(or folders) to different locations and to move window (or icons) around your screen. to drag an object, point to the object on the screen, press and hold the left button, move the object to a new location and then release the button.
Right Clicking It is usually used to display a list of operations that can be performed with the associated item. Right click an item, point to the item that you want perform and then, click the left button.
Which folder is used as a convenient place to store important files and folders of a user?
Documents is a folder that provides convenient place to store important files and folders.
When a user saves a file, the file is automatically saved in Documents unless the user has chosen a different folder or drive.
To reach Documents folder quickly, user can use Start menu or double click on the Documents icon placed on desktop.
What is a File? Explain its functions.
These are the collection of information. In fact, almost all type of information is stored into the files. There are many types of files stored in different formats including operating system files, program files and your personal files. Different types of files contain different types of information. Each file has a specific filename and has a file extension that identifies the file type. (The filename and file extension are separated by a period (•)).
e.g. A document created using WordPad might have the filename John.rtf.
Name the different filename extensions and specify, when they are used?
Describe the various parts of the folder window.
Navigation Pane Offers to access libraries, folder, saved searches and even the entire hard disk, pane, contents etc.
Backward and Forward Buttons Used to navigate between previously used and current folders.
Toolbar/Command Bar Used to perform some files related common tasks.
Address Bar Used to navigate directly to a different location from one folder/directory to another.
Search Box Type a word or a phrase in the search box to look for an item in the current folder or library.
Column Heading Use the column heading to change how the files in the file list are organised.
File List This is the list of contents of the current folder or library.
Write the steps to rename and delete a folder.
Step 2: Right click on the folder icon.
Step 3: Choose Delete option from the drop down menu.
Step 6: The folder is deleted and moved to the Recycle Bin.
Describe the concept of tiling and cascading windows.
Sometimes, moving and resizing multiple windows can create confusion. To keep better track of multiple windows, try cascading or tiling the windows. In cascading, windows are layered on the top of each other.
Step 1: Right click on the taskbar.
Step 2: Click Cascade windows.
In tiling, windows are next to each other. Windows can be tiled horizontally or vertically. If windows are tiled horizontally, they appear one above the another. If windows are tiled vertically, they appear side-by-side.
Step 2: Click Show windows stacked (for tiling horizontally) or Show windows side-by-side (for tiling vertically).
Sweety wants to use an operating system based on graphical user interface, suggest her a name. Also, tell what is the meaning of graphical user interface?
Windows is an operating system based on graphical user interface. Graphical user interface means that it has pictures (graphics) that you use to communicate (interface) with the computer.
Raj at is a commerce student and wants to do his homework but somehow he has lost his calculator and wants to take computer’s help. He has Windows 7 on his system. Suggest him a way to do so.
Rajat can use calculator in the system that can do simple as well as sophisticated calculations.
Click Start —> All Programs —> Accessories —> Calculator.
Naman wants to change the background image of his Laptop.
Can he set his image as wallpaper?
Write down the labels in order to show how Naman could change the wallpaper.
A. Desktop Background window will appear.
B. Click the Start button, and then click Control Panel.
C. In the Picture positions list, choose any one option (such as Fill, Fit, Stretch, Tile or Center) which you want and click on Save changes button.
D. Click the picture that you want for your desktop background.
E. Click the link Appearance and Personalization.
F. If your desired picture is not there, click the Picture location list to view other categories or click Browse to search for the picture on your computer.
G. Under Personalization, click the Change desktop background.
Ram wants to create a text file to store name and roll number of his students. Suggest, which program he should use.
Write down the steps to create the file using the suggested program.
Step 2: Choose All Programs —> Accessories —> Notepad.
Step 4: Type name and roll number of students.
Step 5: To save file, click File button —> Choose Save As option.
Step 6: The Save As dialog box will appear.
Step 7: Give file name with extension.
Step 8: Click Save button.
Yesterday, Rahul created a file named detail.txt and saved it. Now, he wants to open it but he has forgotten where he saved it on his laptop. Suggest him a way to find the file.
He can find his file by using Search option.
Saurabh was working on a project. By mistake, he deleted an important file. Can he get the file back? If yes, then specify the steps also.
Yes, he can restore his file to its original location.
Step 1: Open the Recycle Bin.
Step 2: Click the file, he wants.
Step 3: In the Recycle Bin tasks list, click Restore on that item which you want. Thus, file will be restored to its original location.
Suppose you move or copy a folder named Alignment. The Alignment folder contains four subfolders, namely Left, Center, Right and Justify. When the folder is moved/copied to another location, will it carry with its the four subfolders Left, Center, Right and Justify or not?
Yes, the Alignment folder will carry the four sub-folders Left, Center, Right and Justify because when we move or copy a folder to a new location, then all its contents (i.e. sub-folders and files) also get moved or copied.
It is a rectangular area showing an application, document, contents of a folder or a dialog box.
(b) Window is a rectangular area, which shows an application, document, contents of a folder or a dialog box.
(c) Desktop is the first and main screen area that you see after your Turn ON your computer and Log ON to Windows.
(a) When you delete a file/folder it goes to the Recycle Bin.
(b) Deleted files are actually not removed from your hard disk until you empty the Recycle Bin. So, a file deleted from a folder can be restored from Recycle Bin.
(c) Date and Time are the part of taskbar which is found at the bottom of the screen.
It is used to start programs, obtain help, search for files and folders etc.
(d) Start button is used to start program, obtain helps, search for files and folders etc and also displays the most commonly used programs in a particular context.
(a) Title bar contains the title of a currently opened page and it is present at the topmost line of a window.
(d) An application can be opened through the shortcut made on desktop by double clicking on its shortcut icon, pressing Enter or Right clicking and choosing Open button.
It can contain files as well as folders.
(b) Folder is a location in which you can store files/folders and sub-folders.
(c) Minimize button reduces the window on the taskbar.
(b) Maximize button enlarges the application window to fill the whole screen or enlarges the window to its original size.
Next version of Microsoft Windows after Vista and XP is ………….
………….. feature is available in Windows 7 ultimate for data security.
……………. means that a printed document is exactly a copy of what you see on screen.
………….. is the background image of display screen on which windows, icons and other graphical items appear.
…………. represent graphical representation of various files and programs of an operating system.
………….. is the desktop icon where you send file or folder, if you want to delete it.
………….. is a visual desktop experience which provides an easy way to access desktop.
The ………….. is the long horizontal bar that you see at the bottom of your desktop.
………… allows you to open menus, start applications etc.
………….. are desktop icons that links to particular files and programs.
The ………….. contains various options such as File, Edit, View etc.
……………. are the collection of various information.
A ………… is a hardware device on which you can store files and folders.
The ………….. shrinks the window and places it on the taskbar while, leaving the program running.
To keep better track of multiple Windows, ………….. or tiling is used.
Windows is an operating system that lets you use different types of applications or softwares.
Windows allows us to use a Word processing application to write a letter. It also lets you to use different types of applications or softwares.
Windows 7 is available in three editions.
Windows 7 is available in three editions namely- Windows 7 Home Premium, Windows 7 Professional and Windows 7 Ultimate.
Status bar is primarily used to switch between open windows and applications.
Status bar is not used to switch between open windows and applications but it simply shows the status of currently running applications.
Toolbar is the part of the folder window.
Toolbar is the part of the folder window which is used to perform some files related common tasks.
The small pictures on the desktop are called icons.
Icons are the pictures representing elements like files, folders, shortcuts etc on the desktop.
Aero is used as a background screen of a GUI on a computer screen.
Aero is a visual desktop experience that provides easy way to access the desktop.
When no object has been deleted, the desktop does not contain the Recycle Bin folder.
The desktop always contains the Recycle Bin folder whether object has been deleted or not.
The scroll bar feature comes with scroll arrows that allow you to move easily through a document.
Depending on the size of a window, the entire application may not be visible. So, it is the scroll bar which makes the whole screen visible for you by using scroll arrows.
When you delete a shortcut, the original item still exists on your computer in its original location.
When a shortcut is deleted, the original item exists on its original location without any changes.
The filename and file extension are separated by a period.
The filename and file extension are separated by a period because different, types of files store different types of information and each type of file has a file extension, which identifies the file type.
Computer is a folder that provides you with a convenient place to store your important files and folders.
Computer is an icon on desktop. It does not store files and folders, it simply helps you to display the folders contained on that drive.
The size of a Notepad file should be more than 64 kilobytes.
The size of Notepad file should not be more than 64 kilobytes that is stored in ASCII format.
When a folder is copied to another place, sub-folders in the folder also get copied.
When a folder is copied to another place, all its sub-folders alongwith their contents also get copied.
To work on a computer, you should know its internal architecture.
To work on a computer, you do not need to know its internal architecture. | 2019-04-19T12:46:13Z | https://www.learncbse.in/ncert-solutions-class-9-foundation-information-technology-windows-operating-system/ |
Backstage after the first show of a whistle-stop winter tour of Norway, Necro Butcher, bassist with Norwegian Black Metal band Mayhem, is already a bit tipsy. He is gleefully reading back his own words from an article about the band in the local newspaper. 'I promise not to throw animal heads at the audience in Bergen,' he preens.
To put that in context, the band have been around for more than 20 years. Their peers acknowledge them as the originators of Norwegian Black Metal (often referred to as its country's biggest cultural export), defining both its antagonistic sound and attitude. Black Metal relishes its position as the most extreme form of music imaginable.
In the early Nineties, a spate of church burnings and three grisly deaths stoked blazing headlines that described the nihilistic rampage of the satanically-minded youth. The limits of tolerance in this largely secular society were sorely tested by sensational stories centred not on the music's fans but the bands themselves. And, as far as the Norwegian media are concerned, when it comes to Black Metal all roads lead to Mayhem, whose terrible and bloody history eclipses the debauchery of even the most hardened rock bands.
Before Mayhem had even released their first studio album in 1993, a creepy masterpiece called De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas, singer Dead had committed suicide and founding guitarist Euronymous had been brutally murdered by session bassist Count Grishnackh (with second guitarist, Snorre Ruch, acting as his accomplice). Grishnackh was already suspected of initiating the church burnings that began in 1992.
Gnomic and gnome-like (the band's road crew affectionately refer to him as 'Micro Butcher'), Mayhem's 36-year old bassist is in some ways Norway's answer to Lemmy; a stoic veteran who has helped steer the band he co-founded in 1984 through personal tragedy and public vilification.
Euronymous's replacement is a tightly wired guitarist by the name of Blasphemer. With his long, dyed black hair and a tuft of beard that curls underneath his chin which he is for ever absent-mindedly stroking, he looks like a Black Metal dandy. He also has a rapier wit and a refined taste for red wine, amphetamines and sweet revenge.
One hapless journalist who had the knives out for Mayhem every time they played Bergen found this out the hard way. 'One time he made some personal comments about myself and Hellhammer,' says the guitarist, 'so after the show, we drove to a slaughterhouse, picked up a pig's head and dropped it off at his house with a dagger stuck between its eyes. 'We never heard from him again,' he says, pursing his lips with pleasure.
Despite the tour schedule - four dates in four days, requiring them to cover more than 1,200 miles of treacherous mountain road up and down the country in a cramped 16-seater mini-van - spirits in the band are high. It's the first time they have toured with Hungarian singer Attila Csihar (his real name), a surprisingly mellow guy who comes across like a stoned Bela Lugosi. Recruited after Dead's suicide to record vocals for the Dom Mysteriis album, Attila lent his own touch of madness to the project with a possessed vocal style that swings from the operatic to a bestial growl. At its grotesque best, his singing sounds like vomit. Attila's initial tenure with the band was cut short by Euronymous's death.
Another frontman, called Maniac, left the band in 2004 through mutual consent. But not before Blasphemer had made his displeasure known, at what he felt was Maniac's lack of commitment, by kicking him down a flight of stairs as they came off stage - and twice slamming his head facefirst into a wall. 'Blasphemer actually came and asked my permission beforehand,' an amused Necro Butcher confides. 'Maniac had terrible stage fright. He'd get so drunk beforehand that he couldn't remember the words.' Perhaps not surprisingly, that was his last show.
In the insular world of Norwegian metal, Attila's return to Mayhem is a major event. The Bergen show has brought some local heavyweights out to see the band. They include a bellowing man mountain called Abbath, guitarist with Black Metal stalwarts Immortal, and Gaahl, 28-year old vocalist with Gorgoroth, a tall, thin fellow with piercing eyes and a wizard-like beard tightly plaited at its tail.
Although exceedingly polite and softspoken, Gaahl has a history of arrests for violence that would make any gangsta rapper blush with shame. He's currently awaiting sentencing on charges of torture and committing ritual acts. It is alleged he beat his victim - a man who had turned up uninvited and inebriated to an after-hours party at his house - threatened to sacrifice him and gave him a cup into which to bleed. Acting as his own defence, Gaahl claimed in court that he had been attacked first and his assailant was only provided with a cup 'so that he wouldn't make such a mess in my house'. The singer refuses to discuss his version of events in detail now for fear of prejudicing the outcome of the trial, but insists he was attacked as part of a hit organised by a man with whom he had a prior dispute.
As Mayhem's tour bus winds through plateaus and fjords for hundreds of miles on its way from Bergen (a western port town) to Kristiansand in the south, it's easy to see what he means. Norway is a country in which nature has the upper hand. At times blizzards make it impossible to see more than a couple of metres in front of the van. When the skies clear, the awesome landscape communicates its majesty through an eerie silence. Trees laden with snow are contorted into obsequious poses, as if compelled to bow down by forces beyond their control. And with the onset of dusk, the craggy profiles of the black mountains take on a malefic aspect, casting a dark shadow across the land.
This epic geography bleeds unabated into the harsh, cold and unforgiving mood of Black Metal. It's hard to think of a music that sounds more appropriate to the environment from which it emerged. Its chief characteristic is a chilling vibrato guitar style developed by Mayhem's Euronymous and Snorre Ruch that provides an oddly harmonious counterpoint to the stark brutality of the rhythm section.
Fenriz, the anaemic-looking drummer and lyricist for Darkthrone, has a wealth of opinions about what constitutes the true Norwegian Black Metal sound. A self-deprecating music geek whose arms are covered with intentionally bad heavy metal tattoos, Fenriz can sometimes be found, beer and fag in hand, lodged behind a table at Oslo's Elm Street Cafe, a drinking den popular with metal musicians.
He is obsessed with maintaining the rawness and purity of early Black Metal. To that end, he is endlessly compiling mixtapes that seek to define its influences. The first was released on CD through British label Peaceville as Fenriz Presents ... The Best Of Old School Black Metal.
'There wasn't a generic sound back then,' he explains. 'We had to decide ourselves what we deemed worthy of the Black Metal stamp. There were many "Thrash" releases with a lot of "Black" in them, whereas others had no "Black" at all. This is not maths, so I can't say one plus one equals 30. It had something to do with production, lyrics, the way they dressed and a commitment to making ugly, raw, grim stuff.
'Before the whole Black Metal thing blew up in 93/94, it was all very DIY,' says Fenriz, who decries the watered-down approach ofcommercial Black Metal. 'After that you could just call up [German metal label] Nuclear Blast and get a deal. It was very underground before then. We could walk the streets looking like insane motherfuckers and no-one knew what the hell was going on. We just looked like freaks. But then the media got hold of it and suddenly everyone knew what we'd been up to ... unfortunately.' He laughs.
The event that brought black to the world occurred on Saturday, 6 June 1992. On that day, the Fantoft Stave Church near Bergen, a magnificent 12th-century gothic structure made of wood and acknowledged as a historical landmark, was razed. Lightning strikes and electrical failures rather than foul play were thought to be the chief suspects. But in January 1993 Varg Vikernes, aka Count Grishnackh, summoned a journalist from a local paper, Bergens Tidendes, to a loft apartment decorated with 'Nazi paraphernalia, weapons and Satanic symbols'. The windows were blacked out with carpet. Vikernes gave a gloating interview in which he claimed that the Black Metal scene, having effectively declared war on Christianity and Norwegian society, was responsible for some eight church burnings so far and intended to continue its campaign of terror.
No physical evidence ever emerged to connect Vikernes to the crime, but he brazenly used a photo of the church's charred remains to promote Askes (Norwegian for 'ashes'), an album by his solo recording project, Burzum. Despite repeatedly denying his involvement, he is widely believed to have taken the photo himself.
In one fell swoop, he also brought the full force of the Norwegian authorities down on the Black Metal scene. Mayhem, their associates, and members of other bands were rounded up and arrested for questioning. A special police intelligence unit was set up to investigate criminal happenings within the scene.
A further search of the farm revealed a hoard of hand grenades and tear gas canisters. 'My grandfather and uncle stole them from the army,' he claims. 'But the police tried to pin that on me also. They wanted to throw the book at me.' He ended up serving a year in prison.
'The secret police actually called me up three months ago,' he continues. 'They said, we want to have a talk with you. But they didn't really have anything to say. I think they just wanted to check up on me.' The stakes were never so high back in the early days, when Necro Butcher says that the impetus to form Mayhem was 'just a stupid boy fantasy'. He and Euronymous met in 1983, They lived in the same Oslo suburb and bonded over their shared love of Motörhead and Venom (a Satanic-themed group from Newcastle with a punk-metal sound who coined the term 'Black Metal' in 1982).
As well as being an ardent music fan, Euronymous was an enthusiastic adherent of communism and was once a member of a local Marxist-Leninist youth organisation; adirection that created an uneasy tension with his band-mates.
The letter-writing also brought Mayhem into contact with Dead, a Swede who joined Mayhem when his band Morbid folded in 1988. Serious illness as a child and a near death experience convinced him that he had died and was now a being from another world. His beliefs are preserved in the vampiric lyrics he wrote for De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas. Dead reputedly carried around the carcass of a crow in a jar and would inhale fumes from it before taking the stage so he could perform with the stench of death in his nostrils. He also took to donning a white greasepaint visage, designed to mimic the pallor of 13th-century plague victims.
'It wasn't anything to do with the way Kiss and Alice Cooper used make-up,' says Necro Butcher. 'Dead actually wanted to look like a corpse. He didn't do it to look cool. He would draw snot dripping out of his nose. That doesn't look cool. He called it corpse-paint.
And then, one day in the spring of 1991, Dead did just that. Euronymous came back to their house to discover his body slumped against a wall. He had slashed his wrists with a butcher's knife and blown his brains out with a shotgun. His suicide note had a morbid humour . It read, 'Excuse all the blood. Let the party begin.' For reasons best known to himself, Euronymous took pictures of Dead's remains before notifying the police.
Several years later a lurid photo of Dead, lying in a shabby room in which the only splash of colour was provided by his blood, somehow found its way onto the cover of a Mayhem bootleg produced in South America. By resigning as bassist of Mayhem, Necro Butcher fatefully left his position open for Varg Vikernes, Euronymous's eventual killer, to enter the picture.
Euronymous moved to Oslo. He opened a shop called Helvete ('Hell'), from which he also ran his own label, Deathlike Silence Productions. The walls of the shop were painted black and hung with medieval weapons, pictures discs and band posters. In the window was a tombstone crafted from polystyrene. Euronymous began to create a persona as the embodiment of an ancient evil. Promo photos from the time show him dressed in a black cloak holding a rapier. The corpse-paint has become more stylised; his gaze, distant and remote. He looks like a character from a German expressionist movie.
But it was Eithin who raised the stakes for transgressive behaviour. In August 1992, while visiting his parents in Lillehammer, he killed a man who had propositioned him in the Winter Olympic Park, stabbing him 37 times with a pocket knife. The body was discovered the next day. Eithin was not caught for a year, despite his guilt being an open secret within the crowd at Helvete; no doubt, this contributed to the feeling that they were now able to do anything with impunity.
Although this last statement is purely speculation by Butcher, it tallies with Vikernes's claims that he killed Euronymous in self-defence. Euronymous was in his underwear when he answered the door to Vikernes at his Oslo apartment at 4am on 10 August 1993. In the melee, Vikernes chased Euronymous through the stairwell stabbing him 24 times in the chest, back and head.
Again the police arrested Vikernes and he was charged in September following a confession by his accomplice, Snorre Ruch. The darkly charismatic and articulate Vikernes commanded the front pages during his spring 1994 trial for murder, arson and possession of illegal weapons (police found 150 kilos of explosives at his home). 'The Count', as he was known, quickly became Norway's answer to Charles Manson.
Sentenced to 21 years in prison, the maximum term under Norwegian law, Vikernes soon renounced Black Metal and embraced his own heathen neo-Nazi philosophy. Recent photos show him sporting a blond Hitler haircut. In November 2003, just six months before he was due to be released, he absconded during weekend leave. Police arrested him two days later in Oslo.
Mayhem, though, refused to bow to destiny. 'Me and Hellhammer got together at Øystein's funeral and decided to carry on with the band,' says Necro Butcher. Their first order of business was to release the almost-completed De Mysteriis album.
'Because Vikernes played bass on it, Øystein's parents didn't want it to come out.' says Hellhammer. 'I thought it was appropriate that the murderer and victim were on the same record. I put word out that I was re-recording the bass parts. But I never did .
Two crew members emerge from behind a long red curtain and theatrically hold up the pigs' heads before impaling them on microphone stands lined up at the front of the stage. As they do so, 1,000 wild-eyed metal fans, fuelled by 96 per cent proof home-made moonshine (the preferred drink of Norwegians up north) and drunk on blood lust, let out a delighted roar. When the curtain rises, the stage looks like a slaughterhouse. Another 16 slack-jawed pigs heads leer out from atop the amps. Attila stands front and centre, wearing his own take on the corpse-paint; an abstraction of the satanic goat of Mendes design transposed onto his features, distorting his face in a serpentine fashion. Black horns jut out from heavily shadowed eyes and up into his temples. He holds aloft a fearsome double-bladed dagger that looks like it could disembowel a horse; his lyrics emerge in an incomprehensible stream as a moaning death rattle. Behind him Mayhem sound like a band at war with the world. And possibly even themselves.
At the close of the show, Blasphemer puts down his guitar and furiously hurls a pig's head into the audience. Backstage he spits bile at his bandmates: the performance hasn't lived up to his exacting standards. Out front though, the crowd seem calm, satiated. One lucky teenage fan has secured a trophy. Girls surround the tall, handsome youth, cooing at the pig's head that hangs his side, as he grips it by the ear like a cherished toy animal. | 2019-04-21T15:11:50Z | http://archive.is/oGAKO |
Vera is one of the more popular home automation platforms and with the UI7 release it fully supports the EZMultipli muli-sensor. The main selling points of Vera are “no monthly subscription fee, no contracts and no hassles” which pretty much sums Vera up. Vera is an easy to use system with good support and an active user community who are often quicker to respond to questions than the Vera technical support team. Vera has several platforms to choose from. I’m using the VeraEdge in this How-To which for only $69 is a good deal. This post will show you how to get the most out of Express Controls EZMultipli Z-Wave MultiSensor and specifically how to use it with Vera UI7. Refer to the EZMultipli User Manual for more details.
What sets the EZMultipli apart from the typical battery-powered motion sensors is that it is wall powered so you never need to change the batteries! Because EZMultipli is wall powered it is a Z-Wave range extender and adds another routing node in the Z-Wave mesh network. If your Z-Wave network is a little flakey and you have some nodes that are having trouble reporting in reliably, adding an EZMultipli or two will provide additional routes for every Z-Wave node to talk to every other node. The sensors are just a bonus!
Because EZMultipli is simply plugged into an outlet, there is no mounting required. No screws, no tape, no mending of the wall when you move. This makes EZMultipli ideal for apartments, offices or other short-term uses where you’ll want to take it with you when you leave. But what if you don’t have an outlet in the right spot for detecting motion? Ah… that is a problem and not every device can solve every problem. EZMultipli was specifically designed with a wide-angle lens to capture motion in any direction out to about 12 feet. So it doesn’t have to be placed in the perfect location to be able to detect motion where you need it. It is ideal for kitchens, bathrooms and garages which often have unused outlets in handy locations. You can also put it in unused outlets under a table or chair. Obviously it isn’t much good behind a couch or other solid furniture. Some locations like hallways will have to use a battery-powered motion sensor because the sensor has to be in just the right place and there are no outlets in that place.
Another placement problem involves pets. If you put the sensor down low in a typical wall outlet, virtually any pet from a cat to a small dog will trigger the motion sensor. You have to either put the sensor up on a higher outlet or in a room that pets are not allowed in when you need to detect if a burglar is in your home. In my case we always close off our home office from the pets during the day when we are not home. Only the EZMultipli in the office and the one in the garage will send us a text when the home is in Away mode.
The first and most important step is to make sure you are running Vera Firmware Version 1.7.2406 or later. Check the firmware via Settings->Firmware and the screen will show you which version you currently have and if there is an upgrade available. You can include the EZMultipli into Vera but previous firmware versions didn’t understand the Z-Wave Notification command class used by EZMultipli so it isn’t very usable without at least this version.
Include EZMultipli into Vera in the normal way: Devices->Add Device->Generic Z-Wave Device->Next->Next then press the button on the side of EZMultipli. You should get a device called “EZM” which is the default name. Pick a room. Then click on FINISH.
Initially the temperature and light level sensors don’t have a value but in a few minutes the sensors will send readings the values will update. Rename the devices to more meaningful names by clicking on the > and entering a new name. These three sensors are the main sensors – but where is the color LED? Currently you have to load a Plug-in to use the color LED. Hopefully in a future release Vera will add support for the Z-Wave Color Command Class and we won’t need the plugin anymore. To add the plugin click on Apps->Install Apps and then enter “EZM” into the search bar and the EZMultipli Color Utility will come up. Click on DETAILS and then install the app. While you’re at it, search for DataMine2 graphing plug in and install that too.
With the plugin installed there are three more devices but the only one that is interesting is the EZM Light 2 which has the 8 LED color buttons as shown here. Assign that device to the same room as the other EZMultipli sensors. I create a virtual room called ZZZVirtual to put all the extra stuff I don’t normally want to see so it’s at the bottom of the screen.
If you wave your hand in front of the motion sensor, the EZM device will go red indicating the sensor has detected motion. If there is no motion for 10 minutes it will go back to being grey which means no-motion. NOTE! The motion sensor sends a MOTION command when motion is initially detected. Then, only after the OnTime number of minutes of there being a complete lack of motion will the No-MOTION command be sent. The sensor does NOT send a motion command every time it detects motion (though you can enable it to do that).
The most common thing you want to do with a motion sensor is to turn on a light when motion is detected and turn it back off again when no one is in the room. With Vera, we do this with Scenes. Click on Scenes->Add Scene. This will open up a wizard that will guide you thru the process. Step 1 picks the device which in this case is EZM and we’ll choose “Whenever EZM detects motion whether is armed or disarmed”. Step 2 is to pick a light to control. In this case we’ll chose the EZM Color and chose the green color. Click on Next step, scroll down and name the scene then click Finish. Next click on the RUN button just to be sure the scene works. There are tons of other options you can choose as part of the scene so try them out and experiment. You can set the scene to only run at certain times of the day or certain days of the week. This is handy for example to set the brightness of a dimmer to be only 20% late at night when all you really want is a night lite to get down a hallway without stepping on the toys your kids left in the hallway.
EZMultipli has five configuration parameters that change how the device responds to various events.
OnTime=0 disables sending OFF commands. Only ON commands are sent. This setting is not recommended.
OnTime=1 is the minimum setting. For example, late at night you could set the timeout to be only the 1 minute since you’re probably just passing thru. But at dinner time you want a much longer timeout of 30 minutes to prevent Vera from turning the lights off at the dinner table while you are eating dinner. Having to wave your arms in the air in the middle of dinner to turn the lights back on will lower your Wife-Acceptance-Factor (WAF).
OnTime=10 default setting which is OK for most use cases.
OnTime=30 minutes is recommended for rooms where people might be sitting for some time such as in an office or watching TV.
OnTime=60 minutes or more might be necessary for a room where someone might be sitting for a long time perhaps reading.
Remember that EZMultipli detects MOTION, not people. So the people have to be moving within range of the sensor otherwise the lights will turn off while they are still in the room!
To change parameters, click on the > on the EZM device and then the Device Options to get the screen shown here. If there are no configuration settings shown, click on the Add Configuration Settings button and one will be created. Select “1 byte dec” in the Data Size field then enter the desired value for the OnTime parameter in the Desired Value field. Then click on Save Changes.
Refer to the EZMultipli User Manual for details on the other parameters. The challenge with the Vera parameter user interface is that it only uses unsigned integers whereas many parameters are signed values. For example, parameter 5 is the TempAdj parameter which is in 1/10ths of a degree Fahrenheit and is a signed number. So if you want to adjust the temperature readings of EZMultipli up by 1.2 degrees you enter 12. But if you want to lower the readings by 1.2 degrees you have to enter the number of 256-12=244. The other parameters are unsigned 1 byte integers so they don’t require this crazy math.
EZMultipli also supports the Z-Wave Association Command class. Associations are used to tell EZMultipli to send ON/OFF commands directly to other Z-Wave devices with out requiring a scene or even talking to Vera. The advantage of Associations is that it results in very fast response times and even if Vera isn’t running the lights will come on and off automatically. Note that if EZMultipli controls a device via Associations, the Vera UI won’t show the new state of the controlled device until it gets around to polling it which can be several minutes later.
Setting associations in Vera involves first clicking on the EZM device and then Device Options. Associations are just below the configuration parameters. Enter a 2 in the Group ID field and then Click on Add Group. Refresh the screen and there should now be Group ID 2. Click on SET and choose the device you want to directly control using EZMultipli. Finally click on Apply Changes. Once this is set, the device that is now associated will automatically turn on when motion is detected and turn off after OnTime minutes when motion is no longer detected.
Well that should get you started using EZMultipli with Vera. Future posts will include more advanced usage of the color LED and how to use the other sensors. If you have an interesting use case for the EZmultipli please add a comment or send an email to DrZwave at ExpressControls.com.
You have a Smart Home using Z-Wave as a wireless technology for all these Internet of Things (IoT) devices to communicate with each other. But maybe things are not working quite as well as you expect. You press a button on your phone and 1… 2… 3… and then finally a light comes on or maybe it doesn’t come on at all! Another common problem is when a battery powered sensor was updating the temperature last week and this week it just doesn’t seem to be sending updates anymore or at best sporadically. As a Z-Wave expert I’ve built and rebuilt hundreds of Z-Wave networks and have come up with a few habits to make Z-Wave networks more reliable.
This is probably THE number one mistake new users of Z-Wave make. They figure Z-Wave is a high speed network so they can just poll a light switch every 3 seconds and then react to any change in the switch. Z-Wave and most other wireless networks work best when the network is highly available. If the network is busy, every device that needs to send a message has to wait its turn and then compete (and often collide) with all that polling traffic. Collisions slow everything down just like rubber-necking on the highway.
Polling used to be the only way to get around a patent that fortunately expired in February 2016. The patent forced many light switch manufacturers to not send a message when you flipped the switch. Several manufacturers found ways to get around this or they licensed the patent. But now that the patent has expired, you can get light switches that do send a report immediately when their state has changed.
So the primary way to minimize polling is to replace the few devices in your Smart Home that trigger an event (or SmartApp or Magic or whatever your hub calls it) with one that will instantly send an update. If you have some older switches but they’re not that important to instantly know their state has changed, you can still poll them but no more than once every few minutes. Remember that if you have 60 Z-Wave devices and you poll each one once/min then you are polling once/second and the network is hammered! So only poll a couple of nodes!
I can’t tell you how many people I’ve worked with that had a door lock and a hub and nothing else, maybe a battery powered thermostat. And they wondered why the connection to the lock was unreliable when the hub was at the far end of the building! Z-Wave relies on Always-On (110VAC powered) nodes to build a “mesh” network. The mesh is the key to Z-Wave reliability. Every Always-On node acts as a repeater in the mesh and is able to forward a message from one node to another in the mesh. But only the Always-On nodes can forward a message. Battery powered devices like door locks and battery powered thermostats cannot forward messages. Only the Always-On nodes can.
Solution: If some devices are not reliable, add more Always-On devices. Add a Z-Wave repeater or any device like a lamp dimmer. Even if you don’t use the lamp dimmer it will act as a repeater and improve the network. I have a few lamp switches I use for my Christmas lights which I leave plugged in year round because they help the Z-Wave network since these nodes are at the periphery of my home.
Distance between nodes is not always the criteria for adding more nodes in a network. The Z-Wave radio signals may bounce off metal objects like mirrors or appliances and cause two nodes that are only a few feet apart be completely unable to talk to each other due to reflections of the radio signals. Adding more nodes in the mesh provide alternate routes to nodes that otherwise might be in a dead zone due to these reflections cancelling out the radio signals.
Putting the hub in a corner of the basement might be convenient, but its a terrible idea for Z-Wave. The hub is the most important node in the network and should have the best location possible. While Z-Wave is a mesh network and can route or hop thru other nodes in the mesh, each hop is a significant delay and chokes up the network with more traffic. Ideally the hub should reach 90% of the nodes in your Smart Home without relying on routing. If the hub has Wifi then putting it in a central location is easy, you just need a wall outlet to plug it in. I have my hub hung off the back of a TV cabinet in roughly the middle of the first floor of my home.
Once a Z-Wave network is built, it has to be “healed” so every node can use all the other nodes in the network to route messages. This healing process can take many minutes to even hours depending on the size of the network. When you first build a Z-Wave network, the first node added only knows that the hub is in the network. When you add a second node, the hub knows that both the nodes are in the network but the first node you added has no idea that node 2 is there – unless you heal the network. So any time you add a node, you need to heal at least a few nodes in the network if not the entire network. Be cautious with the healing process – it uses 100% of the Z-Wave bandwidth during the process and every node will wake up every FliR node (door locks) at least once which will drain the batteries of the FLiR node. Generally only heal when nodes have been added or removed or if there seems to be a problem in the network.
Z-Wave is able to self-heal automatically. Z-Wave nodes will try various routes to get their message thru if at first it doesn’t succeed. The node will remember the Last Working Route and try that one first for the next message. But if the nodes have no idea there are other nodes in the network they have no way of knowing what routes to try so at least one full heal of the network is required.
HomeSeer has several platforms so the precise method might be slightly different than shown here. From the web interface home page select the menu Plug-Ins->Z-Wave->Controller Management then select the Action “Fully Optimize a Network”. The network wide heal will take some time depending on the size of the network.
SmartThings user interface is thru their app which makes finding the network heal a bit of a challenge. Start from the dashboard and click on the three lines in the upper left corner. Your Hub should be the first choice in the menu that slides out, click on your hub. A new menu comes up, click on the last choice “Z-Wave Utilities”. The last choice on the next menu that slides in is “Repair Z-Wave Network” so click on it and then click on “Start Z-Wave Network Repair”. The repair will take from minutes to over an hour depending on the size of your network.
Vera has several versions of their UI but each of them has a similar menu structure so these instructions should work on any version. The Vera version shown here is UI7. Use a PC to log into GetVera.com and select your hub. From the Dashboard, select Settings->Z-Wave Settings and then click on the advanced tab. At the bottom of the advanced tab is the GO button to run the “Update Node Neighbors”. Depending on the size of the Z-Wave network this process will take several minutes to over an hour.
You’ve taken the brand new Z-Wave IoT widget out of the box and you’ve tried to pair it (the Z-Wave term is “inclusion”) but it just won’t include! Arrrghhh! The first thing to try is to exclude the node first and then try including it. Any hub can “reset” or exclude a Z-Wave device even if that device was previously connected to another network. Some manufacturers occasionally fail to exclude the device during testing so the device may already be connected to their test network. Or you may have inadvertently included the device but the inclusion process failed somehow and the hub is confused. Excluding the node should reset it to the factory fresh state. Newer Z-Wave Plus devices (which have this logo on them) are required to have a way to reset them to factory defaults using just the device itself. Every device is different so you’ll have to refer to the device manual to perform a factory reset but if all else fails this should make the device ready to pair. Naturally having the hub physically close to the device being paired will also help though most devices can be paired from a distance.
Secure devices like door locks are particularly challenging to pair. First the secure device has to join the Z-Wave network, then the AES-128 encryption keys have to be exchanged and if that process fails (which it does on occasion), then you have to exclude and try the inclusion process all over again. Secure devices definitely want to be within a few feet of the hub during inclusion to ensure reliable and speedy Z-Wave communication.
When a battery powered Z-Wave device wakes up and turns on its radio, it uses 10,000 times more battery power than when it’s asleep. So the entire trick to making batteries last is to minimize the amount of time the device is awake. Some devices naturally have other battery draining activities mostly involving motors to throw a deadbolt or raise a window shade. Obviously any motor will use a lot more battery power than the Z-Wave radio but the radio will play a significant role in battery life.
Many sensors have other Association Groups or Configuration Parameters that will let you specify the frequency of sensor readings. Realize that the more often the sensors report in, the shorter the battery life.
One of the big problems in Z-Wave network maintenance is eliminating “dead” nodes. When a device fails or for whatever reason is no longer in use, then it needs to be removed from the controller. If it remains in the controller then the controller will try to route thru this dead node on occasion resulting in delays in delivering messages. Eventually the self-healing aspects of Z-Wave will make this less likely but various devices will on occasion attempt to route thru it. Since the node is dead, that wastes valuable Z-Wave bandwidth and potentially battery power of sleeping devices. Occasionally running a Heal on the network will remove the node from the routing tables but it will remain in the controllers routing tables. It is best to completely remove this dead node. Each hub has a different method for removing dead nodes and usually requires going into an advanced Z-Wave menu.
Following these guidelines will help your Z-Wave experience be more robust. If you have more questions please feel feel to reach out via email to drzwave at expresscontrols.com. | 2019-04-23T04:11:09Z | https://drzwave.blog/tag/vera/ |
I love a good challenge and what better way to challenge yourself than making some mini mini quilts?! Sometimes after making a quilt or a block that I love, I'll see if I can take it a step further and try it on a small scale. It usually happens when I'm paper piecing because there is always a template involved and it's easily reduced to whatever size my little heart desires!
In my last post I took you into the world of Mondrian art. There seemed to be a lot of interest in making the blocks into a paper pieced pattern and I'm happy to say that that is happening! Lift your jaw off the floor...I'm actually doing it! I'm just about finished, but with all my patterns I seem to obsess over every detail. I have a couple volunteers who will be testing my pattern before it hits the Internet, so let's give it another week before it is finished.
ALL that being said...I decided to take the blocks, reduce the pattern to 4" and see what would happen!
They look exactly like the 9" blocks, but much smaller. I threw in a few 'tools' for perspective and will state again...these are 4" x 4". Seems like the perfect size for coasters to me!
Perhaps the hand model shot conveys it better! I'm thinking of adding the 4" paper pieced template as a bonus in the completed pattern. In case anyone wants to give it a try.
The quilting is very simple. I thought because of the geometric nature and size, it was appropriate.
I rarely have little 'trinkets' on had that go with any given project for the sake of a photo, but when I saw the chicken I couldn't resist a lighthearted shot!
The day I made these I had just finished up the last flower bed/bark dust project and was feeling the effects of hoisting bag after bag. But when there is time before having to make dinner and no other plans...one sometimes quilts a little something!
The other mini's I made came after I had finished my paper pieced Kite quilt. Reduce, reduce, reduce!!
4 1/4" & 3 3/4"
The paper pieced pattern is quite simple, so I knew it would make for a semi easy piecing session. (even at 4 1/4" and 3 3/4" finished!) They might look familiar if you are on instagram or if you are a member of The MQG you may have seen them in the July News & Happenings newsletter.
I really have a hard time trying to resist making anything into a rainbow. These seemed like another opportunity to go small and gloss it up with color!
This photo is in the binding stage. I always use a 1 1/4" wide strip and sew it on as if it's a double folded binding. After which I'll flip it over, fold the raw edge over about 1/4" press and finish by hand stitching it to the back.
Cute as a bugs ear I think!
I've been working on so many quilts and ideas lately, this was a nice post diversion! I have a custom quilt with...you guessed it...a rainbow theme! It also includes a super sized block and low volume improv. I'm excited to make progress on that!
And I have an amazing two color quilt that I am so excited to see if I can make for QuiltCon. The colors nearly slap me in the face every time I look at the drawing...kind of interesting. I can't really say more than that at this time!
Oh, and I just finished zig zag stitching (applique) lots of leafs on a quilt I inherited from my daughter. She started it years and years ago. This year...I plan on finishing it!
Stay safe, stay tuned and seriously...this girl needs a beer! Wink!
I have been fascinated with Piet Mondrian art for a long time and tried my hand at designing a quilt, or more specifically a pot holder set, using the basic shapes and colors his art is known for.
I gave a shot at it back in April: Mondrian :: Colorful & Simple , and was pleased with how they turned out. I went into it with little idea of what to do and how to do it. It resulted in many moments of scratching my head and figuring out the puzzle. I vowed then and there that one day I was going to design a block where I could have some sort of consistency and not have to wonder what my next step was.
And I did just that!! I enjoyed the design part so much that I ended up designing two different Mondrian inspired blocks.
One thing I love about the new EQ8 program is the color. You can choose to print in color or not and in this case I thought it would be best. I also like to know what size pieces I need and cut them before I paper piece certain projects. Since these were rectangle and squares, I was able to calculate my pieces and for future use, I wrote the sizes on extra copies I made of the block pieces.
The pieces went together pretty seamlessly and quickly. The pieces for each block are a decent size so there wasn't any tedious, fussy work in assembly.
I ended up making two of each block because...well, pot holders do come in sets! The blocks I made are 9" square which are a good size for me.
My two sets! I still have the binding to sew to the back on one set, but I'm pretty dang happy with the results. Now I can fly through future blocks without losing too many brain cells!
I had planned on have each pot holder in the set to be the same. However in my excitement of it all I accidentally sewed one piece wrong on one in the second set! Plan B was to go with it and mix and match!
A couple things I learned about this design. You can mix and match for sets. You can also flip the pieces around in any given set for even more variety. And, if you choose to do so, you can decide which section you want the colors to be placed.
I had no intention of making a third set after finishing the first two. None at all. The next morning I woke up with an idea and you know how that goes! I had to do it! When I think of Mondrian I immediately think of red, blue and yellow. But it doesn't have to be does it? No it does not! My idea was to make one with warm colors and one with cool colors. Hot & Cold! That's it...my big idea that popped into my head!
It's fun designing blocks that you know you'll use again. I'm pretty sure there will be several variations over the next few months!
I'm thinking they might make a great pattern at some point. I talk about designing patterns all the time but never seem to quite get there. It is definitely a lack of confidence! I probably could handle a pattern like this though!
After trying my first weaving project (Fabric Weaving) I was pretty much hooked! Not in an obsessive way, more in a curious way. I'm excited to try new ideas and see what I can come up with.
With my first project under my belt, and the desire to use as much of my 'undesirable' stash as I could, I had some scraps that needed to go away. But go away in a good way! So I thought I'd put them to good use in a small wall hanging using 1/4" bias strips.
11 1/4" x 11 1/4"
Sometimes a simple thank you isn't enough when someone goes out of their way to do something nice for you. This quilt will be sent off to its new home and I hope that it will surprise and delight the new owner. The only thing better than surprising someone is being the one who is surprise...don't you think?!
To make the 1/4" strips I started with 1/2" strips and ran them through my bias maker tool. I can't imagine making so many strips without that tool! I'm sure I would never have tried weaving if I didn't have it!
This is only my second time weaving, but there are a couple things that I've learned along the way. Since I have only tried using prints, I've learned that you need to group more rows of the same fabric together in order to see a distinctive pattern. And have them go vertical and horizontal. Darker fabrics will obviously stand out more.
Another issue I came across, and this might be more for humid parts of the country, after making the bias strips I found if you let them sit around for a couple days they start to loose the crispness of the press. I had to run the iron over many of the strips before I could weave them through.
The good news is I learned a way to prevent that. After I had a layer of strips ironed, I would lay them on a board and then place another board over them and repeat. And to make sure they stayed crisp I added a little weight to the top. I used foam board and heavy cardboard for mine. Whenever I was ready to weave, they would be ready to go!
I don't really think something this small needs to be quilted, but quilt it I did! I think I mainly did it so that there was texture and a design on the back. That's kind of weird when I think about it! Simple straight lines was the answer...again!
A combination of Aurifil pink, yellow and orange thread was randomly used. As you can see, the lines created a grid and with that...texture!
Finishing it off with a pretty pink binding, my second woven project was in the bag! I can't wait for wefty weave #3! I really want to try it with solids, but I'm trying to use my print stash...what's a girl to do?!
Have I nudged you even closer to trying the Wefty Needle for weaving yet? Maybe my next project will tip the tables for you!
When I started this quilt I had no idea where it was going. I was in need of a project to do by hand that would occupy my mind, heart and hands nearly one year ago. Unbeknownst to me when I started, but this quilt has taken me on journey. I went from deep sadness and heartache to happiness. I won't say there isn't still that sadness, but not to the degree that was there in the beginning. Losing my brother and my four legged best friend at the same time was devastating. They say it gets easier and it does. We never forget, we always have our moments, but we continue to take one step at a time until things get better.
Since this quilt has become more of a celebration quilt, lets just get to it and revel in the joy of it all!
I sound like this is a finished quilt! It is not! I have a top, a flimsy...the finish won't happen for a couple months yet!
Much like my last quilt, this one kept growing. In fact I think it is too big! Last time I shared my progress I was wondering how I would deal with the edges. As you can see I added more black triangles. As for the top and bottom, well I ended up adding an extra row so that I could trim it to have full black stars.
I was left with a big pile of templates, yet it doesn't reflect the actual number of triangles and diamonds in this quilt. I would make my hexies stars and take out the center templates so I could reuse them for the next batch of stars. After a while some get pretty messed up. I would print off sheets of them on an as needed basis.
I've been calling this quilt 'Michaels Garden' after my brother. The gray star represents him...front and center, loud and clear!
All the fabric is Kaffe Fasset, the black is Kona Pepper and the gray is Kona Steel. The bright solid diamonds are a combination of everything...whatever was on hand and I could get six diamonds from it was fair game!
I cannot believe I actually hand stitched this entire quilt! One thought that crossed my mind, besides me thinking I had lost my mind, was back in the day that was how things were done! Imagine having to cut each piece of fabric, hand stitching the pieces together, and then finishing it off with hand quilting. I think my current productivity would be cut by 90%!!
Not every point is lined up perfectly perfect. Then again perfection is in the eye of the beholder. It doesn't bother me, not even in the slightest!
I had fun cutting out prints for each star! At first I had to have three exact matching diamond groups, later on when my supply was dwindling, I ended up being much more flexible.
The back is a mine field of seams, dog ears and threads! I used glue to hold and fold the fabric around the templates, which meant that some of the fabric was hard to pry loose! There's a lot of fabric threads that ... don't judge ... I don't care about and I'm going to leave as is. Seriously, there are hundreds, thousands or more! Plus, I'm keeping the quilt for myself and picked Kona Pepper for the backing for added camouflage!
It was bitter sweet when I finished the last stitch. This quilt became a part of my nightly routine for so many months and frankly, I wasn't ready for it to end! It was time though and I can always start another EPP project!
This quilt will end up being about 60" x 90" and weighs a ton! I first thought I'd quilt it myself, but I came to my senses pretty quickly! How could I spend all that time hand stitching every piece and then mess it up with basic quilting?! I could not! A member of our guild will take on the challenge and work her magic! September will be the magic month for a real, total and complete finish!
Would you take on the challenge of making an entirely hand stitched quilt? I might again...one day!
How often have you started making a small quilt and the next thing you know...it grew into something much bigger than expected? Because of the way I work, usually with no or little plan, it happens quite often to me.
When I started this quilt I was determined to use the fabrics I picked in the May Blogger Bundle I curated for Needle & Foot Fine Fabrics. You can read my post about the bundle and the start of this quilt here: Blogger Bundle.
The bundle is still available in Bernie's Etsy shop, you can find it right here: May Blogger Bundle.
I began paper piecing the 4" kite blocks with the idea that I'd make a simple, small table runner. It would be the perfect size to showcase the fabric and be a relatively quick project to complete in a timely manner.
The paper pieced block is by Flying Parrot Quilts and is free when you sign up for her newsletter. It's one of those blocks that I've wanted to play with for a long time and this was finally the time to do it!
My first batch of blocks gave me a good start, but I soon discovered I needed more. I would layout my blocks and decide I had to have more in order to distribute the prints around, and even then I couldn't decide on a layout.
Eventually all of the blogger bundle fabric was used and I was left with a feeling that there still wasn't enough. This was a 'put on your thinking cap' moment for me! In the end I went through my stash and picked fabrics that would compliment the original fat quarters.
It still didn't mean I had a layout in mind though! In time that idea finally came and the rest fell into place.
I decided to keep the prints together in threes and add a plain square. The background is Kona Snow which lets each print standout. It took a while to get just the right layout! Once all the blocks of four were pieced, I figured it was the best time to tear out the paper.
After careful thought I choose Kona Black for the inside 1 1/2" border (finished) and a 3" outside border (finished). With the three blocks that stood out the most, black, it seemed like the best idea. Plus, I could then use black for the binding.
Believe it or not, I kept the quilting pretty simple! The center of each block looks so poofy! I didn't do any quilting in the black border at all. But I did quilt some groovy diamonds in the outside border. They look a lot like the kites!
One other detail about the quilting...I decided to use a heavier thread. I had a spool of Aurifil 30wt in an off-white. I like to add the color name and number of the thread I use, but this thread was unnamed! But the number is 6722!
Again with the pieced back! I didn't have a big piece of anything that would go with this quilt! So I grabbed my left over Kona Snow, a piece of Kona Bone and lastly Kona Ivory. And with all my little bits and pieces I made four slabs and gave them the wonky block effect for the finishing touch!
The funny thing is I originally was aiming for a runner, which led me to think I'd instead make a baby quilt. By the end of it all it grew to a good sized throw quilt! Welcome to my wacky world!
The May Blogger Bundle was inspired by Spring. The start of sprouts, flowers and weeds! By the time I finished it became Summer with oppressive heat and humidity! Its amazing how just a couple of months can change so drastically!
Fabric Weaving :: And I Like It!
I don't know about you, but when I finally get to try something that I've wanted to try for a long time I can't help but get excited! It's a treat to have the time to explore and give it a go, but it's even better when it's finished and you love it so much that you practically drool on it!
Fabric weaving is something that I have wanted to try for a couple years now. A couple inspiring weavers are Mister Domestic or t_Jaye on Instagram. Their projects sparked an interest in me without a doubt! I've fiddled with weaving my tiny raw edge scraps, but it wasn't actually real fabric weaving. The Christmas before last I was gifted a set of Wefty Needles and the hope that one day I could and would actually use them.
Fair Warning...this is a long post and there are a lot of pictures!
While I patiently waited for the time to weave, I also thought about what I would weave. Maybe a small pillow, or a mini square. Something small to start out with. Somewhere along the way I started getting really sick and tired of looking at my print fabric stash. Some of the fabric I bought years and years ago, and frankly looking at it sit there year after year began to wear on me. I tried to come up with projects where I could use some, but it never seemed to make a difference.
Finally...finally, I had a light bulb moment! Weave + Undesirable Prints = A Win! With an idea, time and fabric I quickly began on my mission.
This is the tool of the trade! The needles are a sturdy hard plastic that are just over 5" long. They come in a set of two, one for 1/2" strips and one for 1" strips. They can be purchase on Etsy here: WEFTY Needle.
I drew a 1" grid across the entire board in pen! Whatever size you decide to make (1/2" or 1") your strips, this grid size will work. I decided at the beginning that I was going to make my strips 1/2" wide.
I rummaged through my fabric picking mostly pink, yellow and lime greens. My goal was to use the larger pieces for the long vertical strips and smaller pieces for horizontal strips. I estimated how many strips I'd need to cover the board and went to town! My first time weaving and I decide to go big or go home!
For 1/2" strips to weave, I needed to cut my strips 1" wide. Before I cut anything, I used starch on every piece of fabric. That way I knew it wouldn't get wonky and it would also give me a good clean fold.
I ended up using 46 long strips that were approximately 34" long and 62 short strips that were 21 1/2" long.
By the way, if I had fabric I wanted to use but it wasn't long enough...it wasn't a question that I was going to sew two pieces together to make it work. This was just a practice piece! If you do that, I suggest sewing it on the bias (like making binding) because it'll make it easier to pull through the bias tape maker and it'll lay flat.
Besides your Wefty needle and grid foam board, a bias tape maker is also a must! You could hand fold your fabric but the bias tape tool saves a lot of time. I have several different sizes that I've used over the years.
Have any of you seen the newest craze 'Jelly Roll Rugs'? They're all over instagram and one of my guild members was making one at our retreat. They are pretty and it's interesting, just not for me. It got me thinking...again!
What if I were to weave a rug? During my loosely planned introduction into weaving, I was sure that all my prints were going to be awful in the end. So a not pretty rug would be a perfect place to plant my dirty feet! It was an option just in case!
I started my pinning my vertical strips on the top and bottom. As I went along, I made sure to line up the strips using the lines on the grid. Piece of cake! Next up was to find the center and start weaving the horizontal strips. I had all my strips laid out where I could grab and go. So far so good!
As progress was being made I could see the beginnings of a pattern. I was starting to get excited! I also noticed that my strips were starting to land over the lines, meaning I wasn't making sure they were tight enough. A few row adjustments and all was good and I was back on track..
It helped that I went with the most basic weaving design too! Over one, under one, over one, under one and repeat! I spent part of a day working on the weaving and finished it up the next day.
It isn't really hard. Stay focused on keeping the strips straight. Your fingers might get a little sore tightening up the strips. Have lots of pins on hand. And sit somewhere that you are comfortable! I'm going to estimate that from the time I started to the time I finished weaving, it probably took me 6 hours. Don't hold me to that though! I'm guessing!
I had no idea what I was getting into with this! But I liked it! Not as a full time thing, just as a scrap buster and nice change of pace!
After the weaving was finished I used masking tape around all four edges. I was freaking out a little bit! What if I pull the pins and the whole thing falls apart of shrinks up?
One step I forgot to mention, and a step I was so glad to learn about, interfacing! Before any weaving began, I took a large piece of lightweight fusible interfacing and pinned it on the grid board with the fusible part facing up. That way I could fuse it to the backside of the weave. I was still able to easily see the grid lines through the interfacing.
Before pulling the pins out, I took the entire board to the ironing board and started pressing (no steam) over the entire board. Once I was sure the majority of it was adhered to the back, I took all the pins out. And you know what? It didn't fall apart nor did it spring back like a rubber band!
Another trip to the ironing board for one final adhesive adhering...and I was good to go! The weight of the weaving surprised me. Very substantial, but really not any heavier than some improv quilts I've made!
I didn't want to trim the edges until I stitched around the entire piece. Fortifying the edges and making darn sure the strips wouldn't wiggle or fall out!
I knew when I started this that my husband would think I was crazy. Midway through the weaving was the first mention to me about it. 'Now what are you doing' he asks. 'Just weaving' I say.
It wasn't until it was off the grid board that he understood what was happening, and began to get excited about it! When I told him I was going to make it into a rug, he thought I had totally lost my mind! He thinks walking on it is a dumb idea and that it should be a wall hanging! We went back and forth about it! I'm pretty sure I won the debate!
The back is a polka dot Home Dec fabric that has also been in my stash for ever! I was so glad to have finally used that!
If this was going to be a wall hanging I'm certain I wouldn't have quilted it! But like I said, I have 'it's going to be a rug' in my head, and what if my feet are really dirty and it needs to be washed? Hopefully the quilting will hold the strips in place and prevent any fraying if it does make it into the wash. Time will tell!
That's a lot of prints! I finished it off with a dark pink binding. I wanted to put a wide 2" binding on it so bad, but my track record with 2" binding isn't all that great! It would have been pretty great though!
Are you wondering where this rug will end up? The kitchen, the front door...the bathroom? All three of those would be wrong and too messy and dirty for this rug!
I believe it's new home will be under my sewing table! It's kind of perfect! Foot pedal, feet, pretty!
With it being under my table I won't be walking on it. If it were in a foot traffic area the possibility of it slipping or sliding out from under you is real! It could most definitely be a danger! A rug gripper would be put underneath to prevent any accidents from happening.
Have you tried weaving before? Should it be a rug or wall hanging? I'm still debating that issue but don't tell my husband!
This was a very long post! I was excited about weaving and super excited to use my 'undesirable' fabrics! More plans are in the works, with more scraps and maybe a different weave design. | 2019-04-19T15:08:11Z | https://twiggyandopal.blogspot.com/2018/07/ |
I’ve been intending to write this for some time but was waiting for some milestone. I guess that 75 years is a good one. My birthday was last Saturday.
Basic statistics. At present I am 5’8″ tall, weigh between 176 and 180 lbs. with a 32″waist. Before I discovered the paleo lifestyle I was 205 lb with a 39″ waist. I was also asthmatic, arthritic, grumpy, and on the verge of diabetes.
My doctor told me straight: lose weight or go onto medication. Great. I had been struggling with weight gain for forty years. In my twenties I had given up smoking, in my thirties I was gaining weight steadily, so I took up jogging seriously. It worked for a while, but inevitably injuries accumulate. At forty I looked scrawny, but with a bit of a tummy. I gave up jogging and became a gym rat. I enjoyed lifting. I never liked aerobic classes, but did a lot of walking, skiing, scuba diving and tramping apart from the gym, and that seemed to work. I realise now that I had become what they call muscular fat.
The problem of course was that I was trapped in the calorie restriction/exercise paradigm. This does work of course, but there remains the “law of diminishing returns.” You have to work harder just to stay as you are, and as you get older, you simply can’t.
I retired ten years ago from a lifetime as an art teacher and expected to spend the golden years painting it out. Generally I have done this but was finding it increasingly difficult to juggle exercise, recovery, and general living.
Then came my doctor’s ultimatum. I was in despair. I had followed the guidelines. I ate according to the pyramid. I chowed down the grains, and avoided all fats. I felt doomed.
The moment of revelation came when I saw a book on Amazon by Gary Taubes: Why We Get Fat, and What We Can Do about It. It was the first time that I had read a clear exposition of the insulin cycle. Two things followed: I crossed my fingers, took a deep breath, chucked out the “healthy living pyramid,” and read wildly and widely.
Overnight I became an Atkins fan. I went keto. I did the Whole30. And I discovered that ultimately all paths lead to Mark’s Daily Apple. Paleo makes sense. We should be able to achieve a healthy balanced life without fanaticism. I believe that over time I have.
The remarkable thing is how effortless it has all been. I expected to struggle. But there has been no struggle. I had some sort of existential angst at the beginning. Surely it must be harder that this? The weight just melted off. My natural weight for my height and body type is 180 lbs. If I wanted to I could work harder and get shredded. Why? I’m not in any competition.
Good things. My arthritis has largely gone. Five years ago I dreaded meeting people for the first time and having to shake hands. The pain was excruciating. Now I don’t think twice about it. I used to have dizzy spells. They have gone. My doctor is impressed with my blood tests. He keeps expecting me to revert, but I keep surprising him. I have one of the best cholesterol readings in his practise, and the threat of diabetes is a distant memory. Heh.
The most amazing result however is my mental focus. I was getting more grumpy and tired. Now I have plans right out to ninety. It doesn’t matter if I never get there because the journey is the thing. I am a plein air painter, and my work is getting better. There are not a lot of things that a man in his seventies can honestly say are improving year by year.
The reason my work is improving is because I have come back to loving what I do. Grumpy has gone. Once again I experience such joy in the simple things around me. The swallows swooping around my studio. My dog and his delight in sniffing out new things. Light flickering across water, and clouds modelling the distant hills. I sleep well. I wake up ready for another day. Busy busy, but all good.
So, what is paleo living in my seventies? I wake up to a cup of green tea. An hour later I have a cup of black coffee with cream. My version of bulletproof coffee. I also have a small piece of my “breakfast chocolate.” I make it myself. 400 grams each of coconut oil, desiccated coconut, cocoa powder, and nuts. A batch usually lasts about six weeks. After eating this I simply don’t feel hungry for hours.
Essentially every day I’m on a 16-hour fast. My breakfast is usually an omelet with salad about midday. Dinner is whatever my wife and I decide. Fish. Roast. Casserole. Barbecue. Either with cooked vegetable of the day or a salad. Sometimes we eat Thai, Turkish or Chinese. When I’m travelling I will have a burger, but not the bun, fries, or soft drink.
Exercise. I have an active life. We have a ten acre block in the country. That keeps us busy. Apart from this, I walk my dog every day. I also take him for bike rides. He runs. I bike. Every now and then we have a sprint. That is the high intensity bit. I don’t trust myself to run with dodgy ankles.
Two other things. I have recently taken up Tai Chi. I wish I had discovered it years ago. Gentle continuous movement. I have found it great for balance and stretching. Apart from that I have my own gym with weights set up for bench press, squats, dead lifts, and chins. I warm up with up to twenty reps with an empty bar, then do one single very heavy partial rep. Usually I just load the bar and lift it off the rack and hold it for up to ten seconds.
Mark, forgive me for going on a bit. I don’t know how much if any of this is worth publishing. I have written at length for your sake, as a way of thanking you for what you have done for me, and for so many others. I know that you are getting older as are we all. Be assured, from my own experience I have found that the paleo lifestyle is a very gentle way of approaching the twilight years.
It is not a denial of aging. Rather, it is the right way of entering and accepting it.
I see my contemporaries around me, and I feel sad for too many of them. Most of them don’t smoke. Mainly because those who did are now dead. Some of them still drink too much alcohol. More than a standard drink a day is problematic.
The main problems I see are way too much weight and passively watching either TV or surfing the internet. When I see what they eat, I shudder. Far too many carbs. Far too much grain. As for passive watching. This closes down the brain. Vicarious living is not living at all. Watching reality TV is not reality. Walking the dog is.
Ross, thanks for your story! Your approach to aging–seizing the reins, taking responsibility for your health, and crafting the lifestyle that obviously works for you–is very inspiring! Great work, and thanks again!
Thank you so much Ross for your beautifully written story! May you have many more years of such a joyful and beautiful life!
First, a happy Birthday to you.
You are looking great Ross – fit and ready to take on another couple of decades 🙂 Thank you for this inspiring story.
Lovely story. This made my morning. Thank you for sharing, Ross.
Awesome and inspirational! What a great “life framework” you have. I’m 10 years your junior and trying to be on a similar path. Read nothing but good things about Tai Chi.
Good job, Ross. You’re my new role model.
Wow, what an awesome, inspiring way to start the weekend. Thanks Ross.
Wow, what a great story. I plan to read it over and over again. I turned 65 yesterday and I am following the Plan. Ketogenic diet exercise, weights and jogging (with some sprints) are my regimen. My mom and dad are 87 and 89 so good genes. You look great and I know its not a prideful thing…and its the journey. Our people encourage each other and it is great being a follower of this way of life.
Amazing story Ross, I love it. A true inspiration!
Great story of balance and being. You made my morning. Thanks for sharing.
Thanks for this nice sketch, I mean painting, of your new life. In fact I’m going to pull some stuff out of your coffee routine and make it mine. I’ll have to write one of these strong good-looking older dude pieces my self one day, lol. Inspiring.
Same here about the coffee!
Hi Ross and happy belated birthday! I very rarely comment on these stories, but in your case I feel I must. Absolutely my favourite success story and I’ve read them all! A fantastic and inspirational tale of success in taking charge of your own health and your postscript to Mark moved me so much, I think I must have got some dust in my eye or something! Best wishes to you for a long and happy life.
This is one of my favorite personal stories by far. I can see in your photo that you are a talented artist, and you write well too! Thanks for inspiring this 63 year old.
Happy Birthday and Congratulations on the results of your inspiring journey. Thank you for sharing your perspective and that proper food and exercise can benefit people of all ages. Curing grumpiness a huge benefit, especially for your wife, and I’m planning to share your story with my husband.
Donna! My beloved wife would agree with you. Of course I have grumpy moments, don’t we all? But my default position these days is cheerful and optimistic. The legendary glass remains the same, but I now can see it is half full.
This is an incredibly encouraging life story! Thanks Ross!
Fantastic article about healing at any age and being able to be healthy and fit and most importantly enjoy the years no matter your age.
Hi Larry. We have no choice about getting older, but we do about how we get older. It seems to me that a huge consideration is our attitude to life in general. If there is not a lot of point in living, then there is no real reason to heal ourselves. The simple joy of living, taking pleasure in the small things around us enables healing to take place. As you note, healing can take place at any age.
Ross, I’m right behind you in age. Your story is inspiring and hopeful. I like that! Thank you so much for sharing.
Ross, Happy Belated Birthday! I must thank you for sharing your story. You are an inspiration to me and I’m confident to the rest of our primal family. I wish you many more years of happiness.
Maybe it’s that I am now 54 and negotiating the aging transition but I think that was the best primal testimonial yet! Bravo Ross! I surely hope I age as gracefully as you have. I’ve been thinking about Tai Chi…maybe time to give it a go!!.
G’day Earl. Don’t think of it as retirement as such. It is a transformation. Truly into the golden years, and you are at a great age to prepare for it. Tai Chi is wonderful. I wish that I had found it earlier. My wife believes in dogs. They are wonderful too. Cheers..
Happy Birthday Ross! Thanks for sharing your inspiring story, you strengthen us all!
You are so right that all paths eventually lead back to a low carb diet. Even more doctors are getting on board with this. I think it is good that your doctor gave you both options: pill or diet, instead of just give you a prescription.
Ross, great success story! Thanks for a fantastic example of how to age without giving up. You inspired me today.
Sandy, don’t look at painting as a “talent” but a skill. Talent might mean you catch on faster, but you can still learn the skill. Take some classes and paint, paint, paint. It’s like learning to play a musical instrument. Practice. Skill, not talent.
I loved this! I’m over 70 myself and feel better than I did in my 30s. I’ve been Primal for 5 years at least, and it’s been the best thing that ever happened to me, diet-wise. I love it, I don’t have to think about it or agonize, no yo-yoing. It rocks, doesn’t it!??
Hi Cathy. How good you can feel is one of the best kept secrets about your seventies. Just working within our capabilities, and not having to prove ourselves all the time. I’m still very competitive, but only within myself. Again, not as I might have done in my earlier years, competing against the clock or other people, but rather trying to do something more elegantly, with more finesse. I suppose that is the artist speaking. And as you say, once the primal lifestyle comes together, you can just quietly live it. No yo yo!
Very nice story – at 60-ish, it gives me something very positive to look forward to.
Honestly John, the best ‘painting’ dog I’ve ever had. So patient. And a lot of fun. A great companion.
I loved your story, it made me so happy! I am almost 50 and the Primal lifestyle is everything to me. You are now living the dream inspiring all the rest of us.
Ross, I loved this so much! You have described beautifully the magic of the Primal Blueprint. The renewed love of life, the satisfaction with delicious food, the enjoyment of inspired and playful exercise, the absolute delight in everyday circumstances: I feel it all too! You are living my dream 75 year-old life. And you look absolutely amazing! I know you feel saddened when you look around at your peers, but I am sure that your light is shining so bright that you will inspire others by simply living your primal life. Congratulations!
It’s a well known phenomenon Katie, that after finding how wonderfully effective the Primal Blueprint is you want to shout it to the heavens. You see a friend fat and wheezing, eating a jam filled doughnut and drinking coffee with two or three sugars, and you want to say you don’t have to do this. You don’t have to live like this. But you can’t. You mustn’t. I have learnt to wait for the moment, when they ask. Sadly so many don’t. They just think that you are lucky, have a great set of genes.
On a happier note, I have become aware recently that more young people are slim and fit. I’m sure that they have locked onto the lo carb lifestyle. The message is getting out.
Love everything about this, Ross! You are such an inspiration. While the physical stuff is all great, it’s even better hearing how much focus you have, and hearing how your art has actually improved over time. Thank you so much for sharing. I always look forward to Fridays, and your story is one of my favorites!
G’day, John. That scenery looks awfully familiar. Where are you from?
I loved your story Ross, especially because I’m a painter as well. Congratulations on your success and many happy years of painting!
I had to LOL because that is so very true.
One of my all time favorite stories. Reminds me that what I am doing now in my 50s is also important for my future. Thanks for sharing your valuable life sessions.
Great read mate! Truly inspirational. Start making plans for 100 + …. you will need then! Legendary ?
I sometimes kick myself for not discovering primal when I was in my 20’s (I’m now in my late 30’s), but you’re living proof that it’s never too late! You joke that you could get shredded if you wanted to, but frankly, you look pretty shredded to me, even compared to most people my own age. A true inspiration.
Wow, beautiful story, thanks for taking the time to write it Ross.
Ross, thank you for your words of wisdom and a happy belated birthday. I found your success story inspiring and uplifting. And the timing is perfect too, consider I’ll be turning sixty this coming Monday.
Wow! Very articulate, I love it!
This made me tear up. Thank you for sharing your beautiful and inspiring story, Ross. You have so many wonderful years still to come!
Ross, as someone approaching my golden years (almost 60) I want them to be golden and not tarnished brass. Thanks for the inspiration!
Wow! I read the success stories every week and while they are always inspirational, this was my favorite of all time. Congratulations to Ross for the physical transformation, but more importantly, the mental and spiritual transformation that he has experienced. Thanks for the inspiration!
Awesome work Ross! You’re my hero! Totally inspiring story.
Happy Birthday Ross! Thank you for sharing your story, it is truly inspirational. You look great. It is great you have the property to enjoy the outdoors and stay fit right at home. Nothing like having your own Primal Playground. I am 50 this year and you prove that in this life style you can truly Live Long and enjoy every minute. Best Regards!
Hi Sandra. As you might have guessed I’m all in favour of keeping things simple. Four ingredients in breakfast chocolate: 400 grams each of cocoa powder, desiccated coconut, coconut oil, and mixed nuts. I prefer 50/50 macadamia and almonds. My first few batches included stevia as a sweetner, but i found that I preferred it without. I use 400 grams as the recipe calls for equal quantities, and the supermarket has these ingredients in 400 gram quantities. Convenient.
in a large bowl stir the desiccated coconut and cocoa powder together. Melt the coconut oil in the microwave and stir it in. I use two square flexible baking dishes. I spread the nuts in the dishes and pour the mixture over them. Pat smooth with spatula. Very carefully place in fridge to go hard. Bring out an hour later and cut into fingers using a sharp bread knife. (The chocolate slab is best “sawed” into pieces).. My dishes are about seven by eight inches square. I end up with pieces about two inches by one inch, about 3/4 inch thick.
This process is messy Best done when alone for a few hours. Everything washes clean with hot water, and the bowl and spatula are delicious to lick clean.
Flexible baking dishes are essential. Otherwise I’m not sure how you would get the slabs out.
The chocolate is best eaten using a napkin, as skin temperature melts it.
Thank you so much Ross, I will definitely give this a go. I too find that I am not hungry for hours after a coffee and a biscuit (cookie to you?) in the morning but I want to ditch the processed sugar for something a little ‘healthier’. I realise this is not exactly a saintly start to the day but I just don’t fancy a meal until at least noon so it suits me perfectly. Will let you know how I get on and thanks again for sharing.
Holy cow! Thank you Ross for sharing your story. As a young woman watching my parents, in-laws, and grandparents grow older and struggle with their health (in every sense of that word) it’s so inspiring to know that aging can be met with gentleness. I too often hear – from my dad in particular – that cognitive and physical decline are “just part of getting older” and your life is a testament to the opposite! Thank you!
Hi Becky. The most important thing I’ve learnt from my personal transformation is to be gentle with yourself. It’s a bit like pushing a swing. Little nudges at the right time eventually build to a huge change. You just have to believe in the capacity of your body (and mind) to heal itself, at any age, and then give it the opportunity through all the things Mark recommends: diet, movement, positive engagement with the world around you, and sleep. Cheers!
Thank you, Ross. This comment on gentleness is particularly inspiring to me. I am just starting out and looking for all the positivity and inspiration I can find. And I am going to try making your breakfast chocolate too! You seem like such a great guy!
Loved your story…..so many wonderful pieces of life advice! Congrats to you and I know you’ve inspired many with your success story! I’m 51 and with this lifestyle, I’m making plans to at least 90 as well!!
Excellent work and giving me a vision for where I want to be in 30yrs. | 2019-04-21T06:08:38Z | https://www.marksdailyapple.com/i-now-have-plans-all-the-way-to-ninety/ |
This appendix outlines two procedures for sizing a water piping system (see Sections E103.3 and E201.1). The design procedures are based on the minimum static pressure available from the supply source, the head changes in the system caused by friction and elevation, and the rates of flow necessary for operation of various fixtures.
Estimate the supply demand of the building main and the principal branches and risers of the system by totaling the corresponding demand from the applicable part of Table E103.3(3).
Estimate continuous supply demands in gallons per minute (L/m) for lawn sprinklers, air conditioners, etc., and add the sum to the total demand for fixtures. The result is the estimated supply demand for the building supply.
Decide from Table 604.3 what is the desirable minimum residual pressure that should be maintained at the highest fixture in the supply system. If the highest group of fixtures contains flushometer valves, the pressure for the group should be not less than 15 pounds per square inch (psi) (103.4 kPa) flowing. For flush tank supplies, the available pressure should be not less than 8 psi (55.2 kPa) flowing,except blowout action fixtures must be not less than 25 psi (172.4 kPa) flowing.
1. Pressure required at fixture to produce required flow. See Sections 604.3 and 604.5.
Example: Assume that the highest fixture supply outlet is 20 feet (6096 mm) above or below the supply source. This produces a static pressure differential of 20 feet by 0.433 psi/foot (2096 mm by 9.8 kPa/m) and an 8.66 psi (59.8 kPa) loss.
7. Loss due to pipe friction can be calculated when the pipe size, the pipe length and the flow through the pipe are known. With these three items, the friction loss can be determined. For piping flow charts not included, use manufacturers' tables and velocity recommendations.
• Calculates the friction loss through each length of the pipe.
• Pipe sizing based on estimated peak demand, total pressure losses caused by difference in elevation, equipment, developed length and pressure required at most remote fixture, loss through taps in water main, losses through fittings, filters, backflow prevention devices, valves and pipe friction.
Obtain the necessary information regarding the minimum daily static service pressure in the area where the building is to be located. If the building supply is to be metered, obtain information regarding friction loss relative to the rate of flow for meters in the range of sizes to be used. Friction loss data can be obtained from manufacturers of water meters. It is essential that enough pressure be available to overcome all system losses caused by friction and elevation so that plumbing fixtures operate properly. Section 604.6 requires the water distribution system to be designed for the minimum pressure available taking into consideration pressure fluctuations. The lowest pressure must be selected to guarantee a continuous, adequate supply of water. The lowest pressure in the public main usually occurs in the summer because of lawn sprinkling and supplying water for air-conditioning cooling towers. Future demands placed on the public main as a result of large growth or expansion should also be considered. The available pressure will decrease as additional loads are placed on the public system.
Estimate the supply demand of the building main and the principal branches and risers of the system by totaling the corresponding demand from the applicable part of Table E103.3(3). When estimating peak demand sizing methods typically use water supply fixture units (w.s.f.u.) [see Table E103.3(2)]. This numerical factor measures the load-producing effect of a single plumbing fixture of a given kind. The use of such fixture units can be applied to a single basic probability curve (or table), found in the various sizing methods [Table E103.3(3)]. The fixture units are then converted into gallons per minute (L/m) flow rate for estimating demand.
2.1. Estimate continuous supply demand in gallons per minute (L/m) for lawn sprinklers, air conditioners, etc., and add the sum to the total demand for fixtures. The result is the estimated supply demand for the building supply. Fixture units cannot be applied to constant use fixtures such as hose bibbs, lawn sprinklers and air conditioners. These types of fixtures must be assigned the gallon per minute (L/m) value.
3.1. Pressure required at the fixture to produce required flow. See Sections 604.3 and 604.5.
3.3. Loss through a water meter.The friction or pressure loss can be obtained from the manufacturer.
3.4. Loss through taps in water main [see Table E103.3(4)].
3.5. Losses through special devices such as filters, softeners, backflow prevention devices and pressure regulators. These values must be obtained from the manufacturers.
3.6. Loss through valves and fittings [see Tables E103.3(5) and E103.3(6)]. Losses for these items are calculated by converting to equivalent length of piping and adding to the total pipe length.
3.7. Loss caused by pipe friction can be calculated when the pipe size, the pipe length and the flow through the pipe are known. With these three items, the friction loss can be determined using Figures E103.3(2) through E103.3(7). When using charts, use pipe inside diameters. For piping flow charts not included, use manufacturers' tables and velocity recommendations. Before attempting to size any water supply system, it is necessary to gather preliminary information that includes available pressure, piping material, select design velocity, elevation differences and developed length to most remote fixture. The water supply system is divided into sections at major changes in elevation or where branches lead to fixture groups. The peak demand must be determined in each part of the hot and cold water supply system which includes the corresponding water supply fixture unit and conversion to gallons per minute (L/m) flow rate to be expected through each section. Sizing methods require the determination of the "most hydraulically remote" fixture to compute the pressure loss caused by pipe and fittings. The hydraulically remote fixture represents the most downstream fixture along the circuit of piping requiring the most available pressure to operate properly. Consideration must be given to all pressure demands and losses, such as friction caused by pipe, fittings and equipment, elevation and the residual pressure required by Table 604.3. The two most common and frequent complaints about the water supply system operation are lack of adequate pressure and noise.
Columns 1 and 2: Divide the system into sections breaking at major changes in elevation or where branches lead to fixture groups. After point B [see Figure E103.3(1)], separate consideration will be given to the hot and cold water piping. Enter the sections to be considered in the service and cold water piping in Column 1 of the tabular arrangement. Column 1 of Table E103.3(1) provides a line-by-line recommended tabular arrangement for use in solving pipe sizing.
The objective in designing the water supply system is to ensure an adequate water supply and pressure to all fixtures and equipment. Column 2 provides the pounds per square inch (psi) to be considered separately from the minimum pressure available at the main. Losses to take into consideration are the following: the differences in elevation between the water supply source and the highest water supply outlet, meter pressure losses, the tap in main loss, special fixture devices such as water softeners and backflow prevention devices and the pressure required at the most remote fixture outlet. The difference in elevation can result in an increase or decrease in available pressure at the main. Where the water supply outlet is located above the source, this results in a loss in the available pressure and is subtracted from the pressure at the water source. Where the highest water supply outlet is located below the water supply source, there will be an increase in pressure that is added to the available pressure of the water source.
Column 3: According to Table E103.3(3), determine the gpm (L/m) of flow to be expected in each section of the system. These flows range from 28.6 to 108 gpm. Load values for fixtures must be determined as water supply fixture units and then converted to a gallon-per-minute (gpm) rating to determine peak demand. When calculating peak demands, the water supply fixture units are added and then converted to the gallon-per-minute rating. For continuous flow fixtures such as hose bibbs and lawn sprinkler systems, add the gallon-per-minute demand to the intermittent demand of fixtures. For example, a total of 120 water supply fixture units is converted to a demand of 48 gallons per minute. Two hose bibbs × 5 gpm demand = 10 gpm. Total gpm rating = 48.0 gpm + 10 gpm = 58.0 gpm demand.
Line A: Enter the minimum pressure available at the main source of supply in Column 2. This is 55 psi (379.2 kPa). The local water authorities generally keep records of pressures at different times of day and year. The available pressure can also be checked from nearby buildings or from fire department hydrant checks.
Line B: Determine from Table 604.3 the highest pressure required for the fixtures on the system, which is 15 psi (103.4 kPa), to operate a flushometer valve. The most remote fixture outlet is necessary to compute the pressure loss caused by pipe and fittings, and represents the most downstream fixture along the circuit of piping requiring the available pressure to operate properly as indicated by Table 604.3.
Line D: Select from Table E103.3(4) and enter the pressure loss for the tap size given or assumed. The loss of pressure through taps and tees in pounds per square inch (psi) is based on the total gallon-per-minute flow rate and size of the tap.
Line E: Determine the difference in elevation between the main and source of supply and the highest fixture on the system. Multiply this figure, expressed in feet, by 0.43 psi (2.9 kPa). Enter the resulting psi loss on Line E. The difference in elevation between the water supply source and the highest water supply outlet has a significant impact on the sizing of the water supply system. The difference in elevation usually results in a loss in the available pressure because the water supply outlet is generally located above the water supply source. The loss is caused by the pressure required to lift the water to the outlet. The pressure loss is subtracted from the pressure at the water source. Where the highest water supply outlet is located below the water source, there will be an increase in pressure that is added to the available pressure of the water source.
Line I: The sum of the pressure requirements and losses that affect the overall system (Lines B through H) is entered on this line. Summarizing the steps, all of the system losses are subtracted from the minimum water pressure. The remainder is the pressure available for friction, defined as the energy available to push the water through the pipes to each fixture. This force can be used as an average pressure loss, as long as the pressure available for friction is not exceeded. Saving a certain amount for available water supply pressures as an area incurs growth, or because of aging of the pipe or equipment added to the system is recommended.
Line J:Subtract Line I from Line A. This gives the pressure that remains available from overcoming friction losses in the system. This figure is a guide to the pipe size that is chosen for each section,incorporating the total friction losses to the most remote outlet (measured length is called developed length).
The maximum friction head loss that can be tolerated in the system during peak demand is the difference between the static pressure at the highest and most remote outlet at no-flow conditions and the minimum flow pressure required at that outlet. If the losses are within the required limits, then every run of pipe will also be within the required friction head loss. Static pressure loss is the most remote outlet in feet × 0.433 = loss in psi caused by elevation differences.
Column 4:Enter the length of each section from the main to the most remote outlet (at Point E). Divide the water supply system into sections breaking at major changes in elevation or where branches lead to fixture groups.
Line J: (Pressure available to overcome pipe friction) × 100/equivalent length of run total developed length to most remote fixture × percentage factor of 1.5 (note: a percentage factor is used only as an estimate for friction losses imposed for fittings for initial trial pipe size) = psi (average pressure drops per 100 feet of pipe).
The equivalent length of the friction loss in fittings and valves must be added to the developed length (most remote outlet). Where the size of fittings and valves is not known, the added friction loss should be approximated. A general rule that has been used is to add 50 percent of the developed length to allow for fittings and valves. For example, the equivalent length of run equals the developed length of run (225 ft × 1.5 = 338 ft). The total equivalent length of run for determining a trial pipe size is 338 feet.
Column 6: Select from Table E103.3(6) the equivalent lengths for the trial pipe size of fittings and valves on each pipe section. Enter the sum for each section in Column 6. (The number of fittings to be used in this example must be an estimate.) The equivalent length of piping is the developed length plus the equivalent lengths of pipe corresponding to friction head losses for fittings and valves. Where the size of fittings and valves is not known, the added friction head losses must be approximated. An estimate for this example is found in Table E.1.
Column 7: Add the figures from Column 4 and Column 6, and enter in Column 7. Express the sum in hundreds of feet.
Column 8: Select from Figure E103.3(3) the friction loss per 100 feet (30 480 mm) of pipe for the gallon-per-minute flow in a section (Column 3) and trial pipe size (Column 5). Maximum friction head loss per 100 feet is determined on the basis of total pressure available for friction head loss and the longest equivalent length of run. The selection is based on the gallon-per-minute demand, the uniform friction head loss and the maximum design velocity. Where the size indicated by hydraulic table indicates a velocity in excess of the selected velocity, a size must be selected that produces the required velocity.
Total friction loss is determined by multiplying the friction loss per 100 feet (30 480 mm) for each pipe section in the total developed length by the pressure loss in fittings expressed as equivalent length in feet. Note: Section C-F should be considered in the total pipe friction losses only if greater loss occurs in Section C-F than in pipe section D-E. Section C-F is not considered in the total developed length. Total friction loss in equivalent length is determined in Table E.2.
Answer: The final figures entered in Column 5 become the design pipe size for the respective sections. Repeating this operation a second time using the same sketch but considering the demand for hot water, it is possible to size the hot water distribution piping. This has been worked up as a part of the overall problem in the tabular arrangement used for sizing the service and water distribution piping. Note that consideration must be given to the pressure losses from the street main to the water heater (Section AB) in determining the hot water pipe sizes.
a. To be considered as pressure gain for fixtures below main (to consider separately, omit from "I" and add to "J").
b. To consider separately, in K use C-F only if greater loss than above.
a. For fixtures not listed ,loads should be assumed by comparing the fixture to one listed using water in similar quantities and at similar rates. The assigned loads for fixtures with both hot and cold water supplies are given for separate hot and cold water loads and for total load. The separate hot and cold water loads being three-fourths of the total load for the fixture in each case.
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 gallon per minute = 3.785 L/m, 1 cubic foot per minute = 0.28 m3 per minute.
a. Allowances are for streamlined soldered fittings and recessed threaded fittings. For threaded fittings, double the allowances shown in the table. The equivalent lengths presented above are based on a C factor of 150 in the Hazen-Williams friction loss formula. The lengths shown are rounded to the nearest half-foot.
1. Supply load in the building water distribution system shall be determined by total load on the pipe being sized, in terms of water-supply fixture units (w.s.f.u.), as shown in Table E103.3(2). For fixtures not listed, choose a w.s.f.u. value of a fixture with similar flow characteristics.
2.2. Where a water pressure-reducing valve is installed in the water distribution system, the minimum daily static water pressure available is 80 percent of the minimum daily static water pressure at the source of supply or the set pressure downstream of the pressure-reducing valve, whichever is smaller.
2.3. Deduct all pressure losses due to special equipment such as a backflow preventer, water filter and water softener. Pressure loss data for each piece of equipment shall be obtained through the manufacturer of such devices.
2.4. Deduct the pressure in excess of 8 psi (55 kPa) due to installation of the special plumbing fixture, such as temperature controlled shower and flushometer tank water closet. Using the resulting minimum available pressure, find the corresponding pressure range in Table E201.1.
5. To determine the size of each water distribution pipe, start at the most remote outlet on each branch (either hot or cold branch) and, working back toward the main distribution pipe to the building, add up the water supply fixture unit demand passing through each segment of the distribution system using the related hot or cold column of Table E103.3(2). Knowing demand, the size of each segment shall be read from the second left-hand column of the same table and maximum developed length column selected in Steps 1 and 2, under the same or next smaller size meter row. In no case does the size of any branch or main need to be larger than the size of the main distribution pipe to the building established in Step 4.
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4, 1 foot = 304.8 mm.
a. Minimum size for building supply is 3/4-inch pipe.
Where required for engineering design purposes, Table E202.1 shall be used to determine the approximate internal volume of water distribution piping.
For SI: 1 ounce = 0.030 liter. | 2019-04-18T11:10:43Z | https://up.codes/viewer/south_carolina/ipc-2015/chapter/E/sizing-of-water-piping-system |
Advisor, Consultant and Teacher on Energy and the Environment. Past Associate Professor of Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg. Visiting Associate Professor in the School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. Sole Proprietor, Gauteng Solar Solutions, Agents for On-Sun South African designed and built solar water heaters.
Greetings from John Ledger and Gauteng Solar Solutions!
Introducing the On-Sun solar water heater – neat, functional, practical, freeze-resistant, made in South Africa by South Africans, using South African materials and skills. Strong and reliable in sun and snow for TWENTY EIGHT YEARS – since 1990.
We market and instal the South African designed, patented and manufactured On-Sun solar water heater in 150 and 300 litre models. Our standard model is the 150 litre system, which can be doubled up to 300 litres by connecting two matching 150 units in series.
Standard 150 litre is R13,500. Installation is R4,000 plus materials used. Average installed price is usually around R18,000 depending on the amount of plumbing material used. A 300 litre system involves two 150 units, but the installation charge would be R5,000 rather than R8,000.
We recommend and can supply a remote temperature display that tells you how hot the water is in your On-Sun, and this in turn informs you about how to manage your hot water system for the best economy. This display unit can be mounted next to your electricity distribution board, or anywhere else in the house that is convenient for you. The price is R400, plus the cost of the twin ripcord used to connect the sensor in the SWH to the display unit..
We recommend and can supply a South African manufactured CBI electronic timer to control when your hot water system might require boosting to ensure you always have hot water. The timer works in conjunction with the thermostat in your geyser or solar water heater, and helps reduce your electricity consumption for water heating to the minimum. It has a battery backup so keeps time during outages.
Our On-Sun solar water heater has been built by South Africans for 28 years, since 1990, using local materials and components. It is a practical, strong, reliable, durable, fully repairable and, above all, proven solar water heater for South African conditions.
The On-Sun is built in a small factory with excellent quality control. We have full confidence in our product and believe that our track record is your assurance of quality and durability. We also undertake to remove our system and pay you back in full if you are not happy with our product, within three months of the installation.
The On-Sun 150 SWH was successfully tested at the SABS for compliance for the Eskom rebate scheme, and passed with flying colours, but we never participated in that programme, and our prices have always been based on a fair, non-subsidized cost for a good, durable, locally made product. We will continue to do business on this basis.
The Eskom subsidy scheme has come to an end, and has not been replaced. Many solar water heater suppliers went bankrupt as a result, and numerous installers have lost their jobs. The Eskom rebate scheme was supposed to stimulate demand for solar water heaters, but in the end it only stimulated supply. The result is now history.
Thank you for visiting this site. Please browse the information below – I hope you will find it interesting. Please call or e-mail me if you have any queries. I enjoy talking about solar water heating to interested people!
Best wishes to all our clients and readers.
The On-Sun DIRECT solar water heater was first designed and built in 1990, and has now been in service for 28 years! DIRECT means that no heat exchange fluid is involved in this system, making it simpler and more efficient.
I have been marketing and installing the On-Sun for fourteen years, and I am happy to offer you my experience and time to consult, discuss and conduct a free site visit to assess your solar water heating requirements, within reasonable distances around Gauteng. When you buy an On-Sun system from us, I will personally be on site with my team to install and commission it. When you buy our South African On-Sun solar water heating system, you own the system and you make the savings in electricity. Every year you save more as the cost of electricity goes up. With an expected lifespan of at least 30 years, and probably longer, this is an excellent long-term investment. If necessary, old systems can be refurbished at a fraction of the new price.
Most of our installations involve fitting the On-Sun 150 as a pre-heater in series with your existing electric geyser. Used correctly, this combination should reduce your geyser’s electricity consumption by between 60 – 80%. Please read our item below about the rationale of installing the On-Sun as a pre-heater to your existing geyser.
There is no such thing as ‘FREE HOT WATER’! You either have to pay for the solar equipment to harvest the energy from the sun, or you have to pay for the fuel to heat your water, in different proportions, according to the technology you employ. Remember that in life, as in nature there are NO FREE LUNCHES!
You can buy a cheap electric geyser and then pay for expensive electricity during the lifetime of the geyser. Or you can buy a relatively expensive solar water heater and pay almost nothing for the solar energy it will employ to make hot water. But when there is no sun, you will always need some kind of back-up for warming your water. You can make warm water by using electricity, gas, wood, coal or solar. Solar provides an elegant solution, and once your equipment is paid for, the recurrent costs of the solar energy are free.
We always do a site visit before providing our clients with a written quotation, to make sure that we identify any problems beforehand and that our installation will go smoothly.
We promote, market and instal On-Sun South African Solar Water Heaters in Gauteng Province, the vibrant business and economic hub of South Africa. I am a professional energy practitioner, past Associate Professor of Energy Studies at the University of Johannesburg, and current Visiting Associate Professor at the University of the Witwatersrand. I have taught post-graduate courses in energy, notably the BSc Honours programme in Energy Studies at UJ and the Energy and Environment module for the MSc programme in Environmental Science at Wits.
FOR YOUR CONVENIENCE WE INCLUDE A LIST OF ON-SUN AGENTS FROM OTHER PARTS OF SOUTHERN AFRICA AT THE END OF THIS SITE. PLEASE FEEL FREE TO CONTACT THEM DIRECTLY IF YOU LIVE CLOSER TO THEIR LOCATIONS THAN TO ME IN GAUTENG.
We concentrate on only one product , the remarkable On-Sun solar water heating system, designed by Willi Suremann 28 years ago in 1990 and built by hand in his small factory in Ladybrand, in the Free State province of South Africa. We devote all our efforts to placing these ‘personal power stations’ on as many South African roofs as we can, to harvest the abundant energy of the African sun.
The On-Sun South African Solar Water Heater embodies all Willi Suremann’s experience and skills acquired over a lifetime of working with renewable energy. Thirty eight years ago, in 1980, Willi established a business to instal photovoltaic systems and solar water heaters for farmers, schools, clinics, hospitals and mission stations in the Eastern Free State and Lesotho, where the high altitude, intense solar radiation and freezing winters resulted in a very high failure rate of the various water heating products that he bought from other suppliers. The only product that worked consistently well was the Van Leer direct system (no heat transfer fluid), manufactured with special machinery as a stainless steel ‘envelope’ that could withstand freezing by flexing to accommodate the increased volume of ice inside. There are still many Van Leer direct systems working in freezing conditions in South Africa.
Below is one that Willi installed in Ladybrand in 1980. In April 2007 he removed the system for refurbishing. Although the old fibreglass covers were almost completely opaque, the system was still working and making hot water. After cleaning the panels and fitting new toughened glass, the 37 year old system was as good as new again!
You will hear and read a lot of propaganda from people who only market indirect systems about why direct systems cannot be used in areas that experience frost. The Van Leer collector is a direct system, many of which are still functioning in South Africa after more than 35 years. It is often said that ‘direct systems’ must not be installed in areas that get frost in winter – most direct systems cannot, but the On-Sun is another direct system that has been exposed to frost, ice and snow for 28 years!
The Dutch Van Leer company decided to withdraw from South Africa because of the country’s apartheid policies. The machines used by Van Leer to make their unique collectors were bought by a competitor who changed the design, resulting in collectors that failed on a massive scale during a particularly cold winter in the mid 1980s that saw temperatures in Johannesburg drop to -7 degrees C. This resulted in a setback to the solar water heating industry that persisted for over 30 years. It is only fairly recently that rising electricity costs and reliable solar water heaters are creating the renaissance in harnessing the power of the sun once again.
• the system had to be resistant to both hail and freezing and be simple to instal and maintain.
The result: The On-Sun South African Solar Water Heater!
Today the On-Sun is the only freeze-tolerant, flat plate, direct system (no anti-freeze, pumps or valves) solar water heater made in South Africa!
What are the Advantages of the On-Sun system?
• No regular servicing required by On-Sun system – only fix when something fails – and that is very rare!
• On-Sun has a track record of 28 years of reliable service in Lesotho and the eastern Free State under extreme climatic conditions – a true test of quality!
Here is a system that was installed on the ablution block of the Sehlabathebe Farm Training Centre in Lesotho in April 1992, and that is still going strong 26 years later!
Lesotho has one of the harshest climates in Africa. A solar water heater that can work in this climate has to be tough!
We design and make steel frames for fitting the On-Sun to any roof. Below is a system installed on the west-sloping roof of a house in Ladybrand.
On-Sun complied with all four SABS Tests for the South African National Solar Water Heater Standards required by Eskom. SANS 1307 is the standard for exposure, rain penetration, hail resistance, freeze resistance, marking and the 250 000 pulsation test. SANS 6211 is the standard for thermal performance (Q factor) and heat loss. The Q factor for the On-Sun 150 is 16.412 Megajoules at 16 MJ. SANS 151 is the standard for fixed electric water storage heaters. SANS 60335-2-21 is the standard for the safety of household and similar electrical appliances. Part 2 covers the particular requirements for storage water heaters.
If you have an existing electric geyser in good working condition, we recommend that you leave it in place, keep it insured under your household policy, and instal the On-Sun solar water heater in series to supply the geyser with water heated by the sun. Not only will this save you significant amounts of electricity, it also increases the total capacity of your hot water system.
In such an installation the heating element of the On-Sun is not connected to the mains. This has the advantage that no new electrical work is required and therefore no new Certificate of Compliance needs to be issued by an electrician, which saves you money on the installation.
THESE CALCULATIONS DO NOT ACCOUNT FOR THE STANDING LOSSES OF THE ELECTRIC GEYSER, WHICH MAY BE AROUND 2.6 kWh/24 hours, depending where you live.
Once the incoming water is at 55º C or higher, the thermostat will not switch on at all.
This is how the On-Sun installed as a pre-heater works. On a sunny day hardly any electricity will be consumed by the geyser because the On-Sun will feed it with water above 60ºC.
We always insulate the piping carrying hot water from the solar water heater to the electric geyser with foam rubber sleeves. We recommend that your electric geyser should be fitted with a suitable insulating blanket, and that the hot outlet pipe of the geyser be fitted with a one metre insulating sleeve to reduce thermal loss. If your electric geyser does not already have an insulating cover fitted, we will do this for you at no charge at the time of installation.
PLEASE REMEMBER THAT THIS TYPE OF INSTALLATION WILL PERFORM OPTIMALLY IF YOU CONTROL WHEN THE ELECTRIC GEYSER ELEMENT IS ALLOWED TO SWITCH ITSELF ON!
We can offer you advice about the supply and installation of a suitable timer to control your geyser automatically. This way you can ‘fine tune’ your hot water system to ensure that the geyser only switches on for a limited time each day to ‘boost’ your hot water in case it has been overcast and there has been insufficient solar energy to get your solar system above 55 degrees. We recommend the South African CBI electronic timer with inbuilt battery backup, which will ensure that your timer keeps time during municipal or Eskom power failures.
The On-Sun has a very clean and neat appearance, as all the water controls are contained within the tank cover. The standard tank cover is galvanised steel, which can be painted to match the roof if required. Tank covers can be painted to match the roof colour by the owner, and are also available in stucco aluminium or stainless steel by special arrangement and extra charge. This is a standard 150 litre model, fitted flat on a north-facing pitched roof.
This On-Sun 150 litre unit is mounted on a steel frame on a flat roof, to achieve the correct orientation (true north) and tilt (35 degrees from horizontal at a latitude of 25 degrees South). We can make up computer-designed frames for any roof pitch or orientation.The unit can also be mounted on the ground if required, as below.
Here we use a matched pair of standard 150 litre units that are closely connected in series. A cover over the connections makes for a very neat appearance, with no piping visible.
I have been marketing and installing the On-Sun South African Patent Solar Water Heater in Gauteng, South Africa, for 14 years now, and I have learnt to appreciate the very special qualities of this unique product. By the way, I also own four On-Sun 150 units that are in daily use at home and office, so I am a practicing On-Sun user who walks the talk every day! We have installed On-Sun systems in Greylingstad and Nelspruit in Mpumalanga, Ventersdorp, Klerksdorp and Lichtenburg in North West, Pretoria in the north, and Meyerton in the south of Gauteng. We prefer to work in Gauteng, but remember that the On-Sun is easily installed by any plumber or handyman, so you can always pick up a unit from us and DO IT YOURSELF!
When a satisfied client orders a second On-Sun because the performance of the first is so good, we really feel proud of our product! Mrs Kirsch installed an On-Sun 150 litre system for her kitchen, scullery and outbuilding. It worked so well that she ordered a second one for her bathroom. We installed an On-Sun 150 202 split system close to the first. This house is now harvesting a significant amount of thermal energy from the sun, and cutting electricity costs!
We installed three systems for a client in Houghton, Johannesburg. One standard 150 litre On-Sun was mounted on a frame on a horizontal concrete roof (left) as a stand-alone supply with electric backup to a flat (we removed the existing geyser). A 150 litre 202 split system (right) was installed on the main house as a pre-feed to the electric geyser.
A 100 litre system was fitted onto the roof of a patio next to the swimming pool, to supply hot water to an outdoor shower and a hand basin. The tank covers of the latter two systems were painted by the client’s handyman to match the terracotta colour of the tiled roofs. He did a really great job!
Two On-Sun 150 units were installed, one on the main house and the other on the outbuilding. The main house system was mounted flat onto the slate roof, while the system for the outbuilding was mounted on a steel frame to get the best inclination for year-round performance.
On-Sun 150 system installed on a steel frame on a back-sloping IBR roof with loose tiles on top.
This On-Sun 150 has been painted to match the green tiled roof of the house. Water-based primer and roof paint from Prominent Paints was applied, after the tank cover and tray were thoroughly cleaned with galvanized steel cleaner and the fibreglass end-caps sanded with water paper. The paint is guaranteed for seven years and the On-Sun can be touched up whenever the roof is repainted. The green solar water heater blends well with the roof, the awnings and the greenery of the garden. Because all the water controls, including the vacuum breakers, are housed inside the tank cover, we do not have unsightly pipes projecting above the system.
The On-Sun is the only flat-plate, freeze-resistant, direct solar water heater, without special pumps or valves, on the South African market. The SABS test for freeze tolerance requires the system to be cooled to minus 20 degrees C and held there for 14 hours. With its 28 year pedigree in the snow and ice of Lesotho, the On-Sun had no problem with that particular challenge!
Remember, if you are not satisfied with your On-Sun solar water heater, let us know within three months and we will remove the system, make good any structural impacts made by the installation, and refund your money in full. No arguments, no lawyers, no harsh words. That is just the way we want to do business with you!
The On-Sun factory is in Ladybrand, Free State. If you have any questions for the most experienced solar water heater expert in Southern Africa, you can call Willi Suremann at 051-924-3038. He designed and patented the On-Sun 28 years ago, and thousands of these wonderful solar water heaters are operating effectively and reliably through sun and snow all around Southern Africa. This is a very special product in this age of plastic and mass production, built by hand with craftsmanship and care, using copper, one of the most useful and durable metals known to humankind.
This entry was posted in Uncategorized on 2017/01/01 by john4150. | 2019-04-20T04:18:39Z | https://onsunsolar.com/author/john4150/ |
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The Purpose Venn Diagram is a simplistic overview about where our current work situation is located. It provides us a starting point to reflect on if we might miss an aspect in our current (work) life and what that aspect could be. The Purpose Venn Diagram helps us to do create a more balanced work situation.
Wherever we look we get well-intended career advice. To start with, we will have a closer look at what the usual recommendations for pursuing a business career are.
Following our interests and the things we enjoy most sounds like a pleasurable path for a business career. Who would not love to call a hobby we might have “work”? For example I played several years basketball. I could not wait to go to the training. I was so excited about it that I even played in two teams at the same time. As probably every teenager in sports I fantasized about becoming a professional. It would have been a dream to do what I loved for a living.
2. Do what you are good at!
As Dan Pink points out what drives us humans is mastery, which is defined as the possession or display of great skill or technique. In order to craft our skills it is probably the best idea to build on our already existent strengths. Gallup and its StrengthsFinder assessment are certainly advocating this view.
Another career advice is to take a job that pays the bills. This rational and economical advice goes almost hand in hand with the advice to work as hard as possible now to enjoy life later on. Certainly there is pride and dignity derived from doing work as Miya Tokumitsu argues. We get a feeling of being needed and can support the ones we love. Especially in a capitalistic system we have to make sure that at the end of the month we can pay our bills. And even in the best possible work environment we could imagine, there will be tasks that simply need to be done. They might not bring us much glory, but they need to be done anyway.
But what if we never get to the point where we could enjoy all the hard work because our living standard rises the longer we work? The job security past generations experienced, if it ever existed, is gone for today’s employees. Life takes place in the current moment and not in a distant future. Should we therefore not enjoy the journey more than reaching a goal that we now believe to enjoy in 30 years?
We find the greatest meaning in tasks that are greater than ourselves. By serving others we become most fulfilled as Richard Layard points out. Just think about people who have devoted her lives completely towards the needs of other people or the world, like the Dalai Lama, Mother Teresa or Nelson Mandela. Even though they seem to bear unimaginable burdens and have suffered enormously, they are able to tolerate their own suffering because they find meaning in helping others to not experience the same.
Do these career advices sound familiar? Even though the persons we receive advice from only want the best for us, we need to realize that they are speaking from their experience. They reflect on their lives and try to pass on what they believe was the reason for their success. Just imagine the dad who wants his son to take over his company, because he believes that it is the best solution for his son. Does the son see it in the same way? Everybody has its own unique perspective, which explains why so many people have different perspectives on what the ‘right’ way is. This leads to contrasting opinions, as we have seen with the career advices. So what advice should we follow?
So far we have only looked at the different career advices individually. Every single one has well-sounding advantages and benefits. But what happens when we combine these advices? Will a new picture appear? In the following two overlapping advices are examined. We will especially look at which aspect influences the other one.
Passion is the overlap of our interests and our strengths. The common assumption, which is also reflected in the above quote, is to follow what we love. This will lead to crafting our skills in the topic we are interested in and thus will lead to career fulfillment. This can be summarized as following our passion.
The problem with our interests is, however, that they change. Today I don’t play basketball anymore. I became interested in other things. The same is true for others hobbies I once pursued. Would have a career based on interests sooner or later turned into a dead end?
Benjamin Todd explains in his TED talk ‘To find work you love, don’t follow your passion’, that the likelihood of succeeding in a career based on passion is quite small. Although this fact should not be discouraging, searching for our one passion creates pressure. Terri Trespicio argues that searching for her passion has made her feel anxious. She worried about why she had not found her one interest, which made her not want to do anything. Cal Newport even argues that we have no pre-existing passion. Instead passion or interest is what results from applying our strengths. Most people develop their unique talent early in life in an encouraging environment. They then use it to create a successful career path and become so good, that no one can ignore them. Instead of following our interest, we should focus on our unique strengths. Jeffrey Katzenberg states a similar thought: “I believe every human being does something great. Follow that thing you’re actually really good at and that may become your passion.” By mastering our skills we will develop an interest because we realize the progress we make. Interest follows strengths or in different words, passion follows success.
Profession is where our strengths meet the willingness of others to pay for it. Our whole business world is built on that idea. We get paid for what skills we can offer and at the same time we pay others for things we are not good at or do not want to do.
I would also argue that most of the workforce is operating in a profession. We get trained for a certain position in apprenticeships or trainee programs or we get educated in universities and schools to learn general skills necessary for the business world. This all is done to simply exchange our skills for the most money. It is a basic equation. Higher skills equal higher potential payment. The problem is that it is completely rational. There are no interests or passions involved.
Many professions are not designed for mastering the skills we once have learned, thus we cannot develop passion for the things we do on a daily basis. In addition, we are not working on what others need or are located in the organizational structure far away from the end consumer. In that way we have lost sight of who we are actually working for. This might be one explanation why around 85 % of the workforce in Western Europe is not engaged in the jobs they hold.
Where we get paid for what the world needs is vocation. In a profession we trade time for money. In a vocation we get paid for the value we bring to others. Payment is measured in impact. However, the impact we can deliver will be relatively small if we are not able to apply our strengths and skills. Gordon Marino states that, “Our desires should not be the ultimate arbiters of vocation. Sometimes we should do what we hate, or what most needs doing, and do it as best we can.” His argument for doing what the world needs, even if that is not something we are good at or even interested is certainly relevant in some situations. But if we work on problems that are too ambitious and exceed our competency we get stressed, even though we might receive a lot of money for our work. We can do our best job and reach the most leverage, when we apply our strengths and use our full potential.
We find ourselves on a mission when our interests meet world needs. This area might sound harmless at first, but it can easily lead to being exploited as Jonathan Malesic explains. As we are interested in a topic or task and see a real need in the world for it, we are often willing to do our work for free. We love doing what we do so much that we do not realize that we face exploitation by others because they pay us below average.
The work we do should not only be measured in how much money we receive for it, but also for what impact it has on other people. Work should at least pay us fairly for the effort we bring. However, as we have seen in the vocation aspect, we can create the most impact if we apply our strengths.
Slowly a clear picture is emerging. We have seen that our strengths are a good indicator for what career we should follow. At the same time, doing something that does not provide value for others eliminates us of the chance to receive feedback for it. This means we will not be able to develop a strong interest in it, unless we enjoy doing things just for ourselves. If we decide to not share our strengths with others no one will pay for our talents. It becomes clear that we cannot see one aspect without at least taking into account the others.
In a calling our strengths, interests and world needs intersect. When we do good, by helping others through non-profit or charity work, we follow a higher calling that we believe in. Most often this work does not pay enough money to finance even a decent living standard though. The question is why is that so? Many jobs that are necessary and relevant are located in this sector. Examples range from doing development work in Africa as a volunteer, to raising children as a kindergarten teacher or taking care of the elderly as a nurse. Most of these jobs are paid below average if they are paid at all. The result is that we spent less time on tasks which involve our hearts and make us feel better, and instead pursue careers to simply earn more money.
When we do something we are good at, which interests us and we get paid for it than we find ourselves in the career sector. The description sounds well rounded. Why should we ever question these good things we have? As can be seen in the diagram, it is very self-focused. It gives us everything we need, that is true, but it does not do any good for other people. And by now we now that we need meaning in our careers. We need to work on something that is greater than we are as individuals. In the corporate world it is often possible to pursue a career in a position or whole department that is not providing any value for others. The function simply has no purpose. We might have fancy titles, job descriptions or degrees, but what good does it do if we are not using our strengths for the well-being of others?
A paradox of a career was introduced by Laurence J. Peter in the ‘Peter Principle’. His theory explains that in a hierarchical organization we get promoted, based on the outstanding work we do, until we reach our level of incompetence. When we have reached that position, we do not get promoted further since we show no competency for justifying a promotion. Ultimately, with enough time and positions to be filled, every position in an organization will be occupied by a person who is not qualified to do the job. Over the long term we get promoted out of jobs that are suiting our strengths and we end up in roles we have no skills for. That will leave us with a paycheck, but also with a state of arousal or anxiety.
When we do what we are good at, get paid for it and solve needs of the world, we work for a cause. That sounds like a great work environment while doing good, which is why it could easily lead to a situation of comfort. In such a situation the amount of work is not too high while we receive our paycheck every month. If however the work load increases how do we deal with it, since we do not love what we do? Sure, we have learnt that passion follows success, but has our interest developed fast enough and are we loving what we do enough to sustain stressful times? Have we developed our skills so that we are able to deal with the increased amount of work? If the answer is no, than working for a cause with high work load can easily lead to stress or burnout.
If we do not find our passion within the job, there is the opportunity to look for it outside of work. ‘Effective altruism’, which was coined by Peter Singer, can be summarized as using our skills to help the most people possible. An example could be to use our programming skills to work for a hedge fund, so that we can make the most money and thus can give back more. The question is if this interest, which is not coming from the job itself, can be strong enough to stand a work environment we do not completely identify with?
When we possess what the world needs and is willing to pay for it and we are interested in it, then we possess potential. Most often this is expressed in an idea or innovation. The potential lies in that we could learn how to apply our skills to pursue this idea. Our motivation steams from the interest in it. If we are not able or motivated to learn the skills to for example advertise our idea, we could also find complementary skills in other persons. In that way we can still use the potential of our idea.
We all have made unique experiences which form our convictions. We all see the world through our belief system. Therefore, it is necessary to take into account our own experiences as Edwin Korver points out correctly.
We need to reflect on our own journey and think about are we satisfied with our current situation. Are we satisfied with the sector of the Purpose Venn Diagram we find ourselves in? If not, how can we integrate the knowledge we are exposed to into our own lives?
In order to know what is relevant for us, what advice we should consider and what path we should follow in the future, we need to know what it is that we want. Well, easier said than done. When I finished high school I did not know what I wanted. Even after finishing my first study program I was not sure if I was ready for taking on a job. The same was true after the second program. Even nowadays, there are days where I question if I am on the right track. So how can we ever be sure to do the right thing for us?
To be honest, I think there is never a security no matter what we do. That is why I believe we need to adapt a lifelong learning mentality, where we approach everything we do with curiosity. That will take of the pressure of doing the right thing and it will eliminate failures, since we see everything as a learning opportunity. I believe that we need to make as many experiences as possible. This will give us a sense of what we do not want, but it will also provide us with positive experiences of which we want to implement more into our daily lives.
The last part we have not taken a closer look at is the center of the Purpose Venn Diagram. In the purpose sector we are able to do work that we are good at and find interesting, as well as providing value for others while we get paid. This description sounds utopian facing the reality of the current business world. Besides the difficulty to achieve it, is it even desirable to have a purposeful work situation?
As we have seen different examples from all the others sectors, we need to acknowledge that it is possible to have (meaningful) careers in many different ways. As we have also seen in the long run ignored problems might come up to the surface though. The advantage of working with purpose is that it creates a balance of what we love to do, using our strengths, thereby providing value to our environment while getting paid for it. Of course this is the ideal environment, which many people do not work in currently. But should we not always thrive for the optimum? Why should we settle for less? Why should we be satisfied with a job if we can have a fulfilling life?
How to create a purposeful work environment?
In order to get to the core of the Purpose Venn Diagram, we can reflect on where our work environment is located. Then we can see what aspect we need to integrate more into our daily lives. We need to build on all the good things we experienced. Then we will find our sweet spot.
In order to make things less complicated we can focus on what we are good at and what the world needs. If we know what our strengths are, we will be able to develop an interest in the topics we deal with over time. If we are working on pressing problems and help other people than there will be someone paying for the value we can offer. It does not mean anything to follow our passion if it is not in the service of others.
So ultimately it comes down to the horizontal axis of the Purpose Venn Diagram; What we are good at and what the world needs. Aristotle already knew it long ago.
What aspect could you use more in your work environment? | 2019-04-19T22:22:30Z | http://www.humanbusiness.eu/purpose-venn-diagram/ |
“Why,” he cried, “I would live in hellish torments to save her from such as you—and shall I fear death? You think that when I am hung and the Vicar cast into gaol, you will be free to carry out your vile schemes—but I tell you, in spite of all, evil will not triumph. There is a God who hates tyranny, who loves mercy and justice!” christian louboutin leopard "The old cemetery!" “No man knows his destiny,” said he, “until the game’s played out. Come, let me prescribe for you. The drug I have in mind has cured folk; I should add, too, that for some it carries neither power nor worth. Still, it will do no harm, and since we may have a test of its virtues within three days; at the worst you will be called upon to surrender no more than seventy-two hours to sobriety.” This last was delivered like a cynic. Toward the last of my stay, there came to dwell at the hostelry a goodly circle; one for a most part chance-sown. For days it had been snowing with a free, persistent hand; softly, industriously, indomitably fell the flakes, straight down and unflurried of a wind, until the cold light element lay about the tavern for a level depth of full three feet. It was the sort of weather in which one should read Whittier’s Snow-Bound. "Will you not permit me to offer you a chair?" said Ruck, casting an admiring glance at her beautiful face. Beatrice, seeing no good reason to refuse, accepted the seat he brought forward. Then Ruck sat down on a near sofa with his back to the window, and resumed the conversation with great coolness. Beatrice, although prejudiced against him from what her stepfather had said, liked his voice and the well-bred manner he possessed. All the same she was on her guard. No doubt Major Ruck would betray the cloven hoof before the interview was at an end. christian louboutin leopard My thoughts during this portentous walk were, I am afraid, rather frivolous; but so fearful had been the strain on my nerves for the past few days, that it was a great relief to think idly of anything and any one. Not so Bianca; even through her veil I could see the glisten of tears, and catch the sound of her quick indrawn breath as she strove to fight down the emotion that threatened to overwhelm her. I saw that the poor child was nearly hysterical with her efforts to control herself, and stopped short in dismay. "Then wait till I fetch my hat and a basket."
CHAPTER IX—THE FOG "Evil, evil! your eyes are sad, your mouth does not smile! Oh, tell me quickly what you know! Is he found? is he ill? is he--dead?"
As they came down on to the promenade the waves heliographed to them. A warm south wind flapped against their faces. The air was full of voices, rising and falling and blending: ice-cream men shouting their wares; cabmen inviting hire; an evangelist, balancing on a chair and screaming “Redemption! Redemption!”; a comedian, dressed like a sultan and bawling breathlessly, “I’m the Emperor of Sahara, Tarara, Tarara”; the under-current chatter of conversation, and the laughing screams of girls as they stepped down from bathing huts and felt the first chill of the bubbling surf. Wriggling out like sea-serpents, their tails tethered to the land, were piers with swarms of insect-looking objects creeping along their backs. Gayety everywhere, and somewhere the man who knew how pleasure could be had without working! “By the sea with privacy,” Ruddy kept murmuring; the more remote their chances grew of finding him, the more certain they became that Duke Ninevah had a secret worth the knowing. Shortly after Durban resumed work, Beatrice received a surprise which rather pleased her. This was none other than an invitation to enter the counting-house. She had always desired to do so, being filled with that curiosity which led her grandmother Eve to eat apples, but hitherto Alpenny had declined to admit her. Now the door of the dungeon was open, and Alpenny, standing before it, beckoned that she should come in. In the bright sunshine he looked more decrepit and wicked than usual. He could not have been less than eighty years of age, and his spare figure was bowed with Time. That same Time had also robbed him of every hair on his head, and had even taken away eyebrows and eyelashes. As the old man was clean shaven, his gleaming head and hairless yellow wrinkled face looked rather repulsive. Nor did his dress tend to improve his appearance, for it was a shepherd's-plaid suit cut in the style of the early fifties, when he had been young, and presumably something of a dandy. In spite of the antiquity of the clothes, there was a suggestion of juvenility about them which matched badly with his Methuselah looks. Like an aged ghost he beckoned in the sunshine, and the white-painted erection behind him assumed, in the eyes of Beatrice, the look of a tomb. "No. How can I be sure? I have never seen the necklace. But the diamonds were too lovely to be paste. You know I have seen many jewels pass through Alpenny's hands, and sometimes he explained their particular beauties and values to me. I am sure the gems in that necklace are real: they flashed so wonderfully in the moonlight."
"Dear me, what's all this? A man in the office not to be trusted? To whom do you refer?" "Eh! no, not this time. I am here en gar?on for a few days. Madame is in Florence, where you must come and visit us. We are wonderfully happy. Dame! who wouldn't be with health, wealth, and an angel of a wife? Ecco!" christian louboutin leopard "Oh yes." He seemed to arouse himself from a fit of musing. "Yes! I have found a husband for you." Before he begins even to think about explanations, I want the reader to grasp the broad facts in all their naked simplicity. Four years of war in all in South Africa and Manchuria, under every imaginable condition. No shock. In our war a few small cases of pseudo-shock, which belong strictly to the realm of the rifle. Numerous rifle charges, some very deadly. In both wars the rifle supreme, the steel negligible. What miraculous combination of circumstances could warrant our calling the Manchurian War in its turn “peculiar”? christian louboutin glitter christian louboutin glitter The scheme in general character was what the situation demanded. After what had happened, and in view of the disparity of forces, there could have been no question here of man?uvring De Wet from his positions. The marvel was that he dared to risk and there is no doubt that he intended to risk a battle against such odds and in the existing moral condition of the burghers. To aim at his complete destruction was the only course worthy of Lord Roberts and his army. The tactical method proposed, that of using the bulk of the mounted troops as a distinct tactical unit, was equally sound. Numerically, our mounted troops exceeded the whole Boer army as estimated by the Intelligence. The force allotted to French—approximately 5,000 troopers and 42 guns—was five times superior in Artillery to the whole Boer force, not far short of equality in horsemen, and was certainly superior to the commandos on the south bank, with which he was specially concerned. This force, moreover, had the immense advantage of possessing complete independent mobility, whereas the Boers, if they wished to maintain the semblance of an organized army, had to preserve their heavy transport and conform their speed to it. I have often alluded to the importance of this governing factor, and at Poplar Grove, in particular, it must be borne in mind if we are to gain any instruction from what happened. For the rest, the function designed by Roberts for French was the same as that performed by him so admirably, albeit with a weak force, at the Drifts on February 17—that is, to contain the Boer force until 134the rest of our army should have time to come up and crush it. Leaving the wounded man to the kindly offices of Mrs. Durdle and Hilary, both of them well skilled in sick-nursing, the Vicar hastened back to his house, returning before long with a box full of pre-historic bones under one arm and a flagon of Hollands under the other. “The man’s infatuated!” replies Reed.
And then she learnt that he who hesitates is lost, for the door was closed, and Durdle walked heavily back to the kitchen, and silence reigned again in the house. “You amuse me greatly,” she said, with a well-feigned laugh. “I must have a confidential talk with you. Let us send off these young people and enjoy a t锚te-脿-t锚te. Eliza, my dear, take Mr. Harford to see my throstle in the twiggen cage; I see he has finished his fruit.” “Then, it’s your funeral, isn’t it?” “Take the gentleman’s horse,” said Gabriel, turning to one of the grinning ostlers, and then stepping forward he greeted the newcomer courteously. In the agony of her resistance she forgot everything else, and was as much startled as Norton when suddenly an indignant voice rang out close to them. "Why, sure to goodness it's not my cousin, Charles Bevan of the 'Albany'!" cried the big man, effusively clasping the hand of Charles and gazing at him with the astonished and joyous expression of a man who meets a dear and long-lost brother. “We must take the fortune of war,” he replied, cheerfully. But as the weary journey continued in the hot afternoon sun, the Major’s strength waned perceptibly, and when at last they reached Marlborough, and were halted in its wide street, he seemed scarcely conscious, though he still kept in the saddle.
There was a long silence. They could hear each other’s thoughts ticking. At last he whispered, “Desire said she never had a father.” Then Yellow Face sees he must give her a bad heart or he will never win the Feather. So Yellow Face kills the Great Rattlesnake of the Rocks, who is his brother medicine, an’ cooks an’ feeds his heart to the Feather. Then she loves Yellow Face an’ hates Strike Axe, an’ would help the Yellow Face slay him. For the heart of the Great Rattlesnake of the Rocks is evil, an’ evil breeds evil where it touches, an’ so the Feather’s heart turns black like the snake’s heart which she swallowed from the hand of Yellow Face. “Good gracious, Zachary; now don’t you be telling that gruesome tale to Mistress Hilary, for she can’t abide hearing tell o’ such doings, though she do pretend to be so fond o’ war and fighting and glory and the rest. There’s not much glory in havin’ your eyes put out, I’ll warrant!” They turned. Standing behind them in the evening quiet was a Puck-like figure. He was broad, and short, and grinning, and cocky. He wore a midshipman’s suit with brass buttons, which looked dusty and spotty. He had red hair, and was a miniature edition of Mrs. Sheerug. [Pg 295] “What must I do?” sobbed Hilary.
"It's Jerry's cruelty," mourned Dinah, whose sorrow made her look even plainer than usual. “Well, well, you seem a harmless fellow, but I don’t remember your coming into the city.” "I dare say not," said Mrs. Snow tartly; "the Paslows don't like talking about the matter. I heard about it from an old shepherd who keeps sheep on the Downs. Orchard is his name, and he was the butler of Mr. Paslow's father, who was alive when Colonel Hall was murdered." louboutin pigalle In an instant, as though it had sprung out of the ground, a crowd had gathered. People started to strike matches, which they held out through the palings in a futile endeavor to see what was happening. louboutin pigalle This question of weapons for horsemen must be fairly and squarely faced. It is a national and Imperial question, upon which every shade of opinion, volunteer or regular, should be consulted, and a verdict formed on the evidence, historical and technical. Part only of the rich and varied experience gained upon this question in South Africa was gained by Cavalrymen. Gunners, Sappers, and Infantrymen, to say nothing of volunteer officers of every description, led mounted troops with distinction. The most brilliant Boer leading came from lawyers and farmers. The point is largely one for common sense, applied to known and recent facts, and everybody who takes any interest in military matters, whether he bears arms or not, can and ought to form an intelligent judgment on it. louboutin pigalle “Very wonderful. I thought not. You don’t act like it.” Exactly like the last” “’Twas here that Mr. Franklyn, Member of Parliament for Marlborough, died,” said the lawyer, in his melancholy voice, “and yonder man with the fever will scarce recover, I think. But hark! there is the curfew ringing, we shall have prayers before settling for the night.” Patience Hancock, as she sat by the drawing-room fireplace, could tell that her brother had not entered the house alone. She made out[Pg 187] his voice, and then the voice of Bridgewater. She supposed that James had brought his clerk home to dinner to talk business matters over, as he sometimes did; and she was relapsing from the attitude of strained attention when a sound struck her, hit her, and caused her to drop her crochet-work and rise to her feet.
We need not exaggerate, as assuredly we must not minimize, the importance of the mounted charges in South Africa. We must allow for the fact that the Boers for the most part were veterans in the mounted rifleman’s art, and that the men against whom they were matched never reached the same degree of excellence. What we should do is to grasp the principle, and apply it to the training of our mounted troops, especially to our professional troops, who are competent to learn anything to 260which they apply their minds and wills. Shock, at any rate, is gone. South Africa gave it its death-blow, and Manchuria, as I shall show later, buried it for ever. The rifle charge, whether on foot, mounted, or in any intermediate stage up to direct riding into contact, remains as a proved, tangible fact. Since 1870 and up to the present day 1910 shock has been pure theory. This time the effect was magical; for after an interval of about two or three minutes, we saw a shudder run through the rigid body, the left arm jerked upward in a spasmodic manner, the face flushed crimson with the rush of blood once more flowing freely through the arteries, and at last the heavy eyelids lifted slowly. Pallanza gazed at us with a dazed, unseeing expression, then some tremendous force seemed to take possession of the body, for a spasm of pain passed over his face, a choking cry issued from his lips, and in a moment he was shrieking, writhing, twisting, rolling and plunging about the bed like a demoniac. All the nerves and muscles which had been dead and inert for so many days were now waking again to life, and the agony which racked his frame from head to foot must have been truly terrible. Both Beltrami and myself made a step forward to hold down this agonized body, but Avenza stopped us. "He left the Ezzelino in his stage-dress!" Massey turned to Gabriel Harford. christian louboutin leopard “We may not again have such a chance as this,” he said, “and there is a matter I would fain broach with you. I know that I have got my deathblow and am sorely troubled as to Helena. I am leaving her well-nigh alone in the world, and have arranged no marriage for her.” “This is life. Doesn’t it wake you up—make you wonder why you ever had the drizzles? We’re not the same persons. I’m not. Cling on to me. I’ll blow away. You’ll have to chase me as you would your hat.” louboutin pigalle louboutin pigalle She was so excited that in stepping from the carriage she would have left her hat behind if the naval officer hadn’t reminded her.
Her surmise was right enough; there he stood, booted and spurred, in all the glory of his gay attire, and with a sparkle in his dark eyes, which instantly banished from Durdle’s mind all Zachary’s warnings. She ushered him into the room she had just quitted, and though he had only asked for the Vicar his glance had so plainly bade her tell her mistress as well of his arrival, that she promptly sought Hilary, who had just finished making apple pasties in the kitchen. "You lie!" said Beatrice, shaken but not convinced. christian louboutin ladies shoes It certainly might have been the weather which made her feel so ill at ease, for the hot day had ended in an even hotter evening. The air was close, the sky was clouded, and there was not a breath of wind to stir the leaves of the surrounding trees. Ever and again a flicker of lightning would leap across the sky--summer lightning which portended storm and rain. Beatrice, trying to breathe freely in the suffocating air, wished that the storm would come to clear the atmosphere. There was electricity in the dry air, and she felt as uncomfortable as a cat which has its hair smoothed the wrong way. On some such night as this must Lady Macbeth have received Duncan, and Nature hinted at a repetition of the storm which took place when the guileless king was done to death in the shambles. "You have a beefsteak?" “I’ll not deny that you’re a Christian, sir,” he muttered; “but you’re half-hearted, one that calls evil good and good evil, a moderate, betwixt-and-between believer, and Scripture tells us the fate of the lukewarm. As for me and my house we will destroy and utterly root out the accursed thing. And to you, sir,” turning severely to the Vicar, “with your offers of peace and friendliness, I say in the words of the prophet of old, there is no peace to the wicked. Therefore, prepare yourself for trouble.” christian louboutin ladies shoes christian louboutin ladies shoes "Yes, missy, and I believe by a member of the Black Patch Gang; but I do not know who. Listen, missy. I am about to place my life in your hands!" and the man looked cautiously round. "Ah, Signor Hugo, how can I thank you for your kindness! Then my poor Guiseppe was hidden in that terrible room?"
At that moment Desire entered and slipped into the vacant chair beside him. All through the meal as the atmosphere brightened, she sat silent. She seemed to be doing her best not to notice that he was there.
902. The operations, so far from being abnormal, bear a strong resemblance to the kind of work which, under our present system, Cavalry, unhelped by Infantry or mounted riflemen, will have to do in any European war, particularly during the initial stage of mobilization and concentration for a united advance. During this stage it is the duty of the Cavalry to form a screen, both protective and aggressive in character. This was exactly what French, with his composite force, did. Besides assisting to cover the rear of an existing force—Methuen’s—he was in the position of covering the front of a hitherto partially mobilized and unconcentrated army. At first most of the army he was screening was still in England, his and its primary base. Gradually it collected in force behind him, at the Cape Peninsula or secondary base, until it swelled into the force which marched under Roberts to Bloemfontein. That an ocean intervened between the primary and secondary bases does not affect the analogy. In the light of the Colesberg operations, how grotesque seems the theory of the great preliminary shock duel which, according to “Cavalry Training” and the German theorists, is to be sought by the rival Cavalry screens! red and black louboutin shoes "Comedy, you call it? To my mind it is more like a tragedy." "Missy, I loved your father." He dropped on his knees beside the couch and took her hand. "And you do not blame me for having kept you in ignorance?" “Then, for the time, Devizes is saved,” said Hopton, with a sigh of relief, “for Sir William Waller will assuredly draw off his troops and give the Prince battle at the foot of the down.” red and black louboutin shoes red and black louboutin shoes "Why, how interested you are! She is, but not a bad sort of flirt. She's one of those people all heart—she loves everything and everybody—up to a certain point."
"I shall be happy to see her." Beatrice had to swallow her pride before she could say this, as Mrs. Snow had really treated her very badly. But she was anxious to learn something of her mother, and to find out if she had any relatives, as she was determined not to marry Ruck, and knew that if she did not, Alpenny was quite capable of turning her out of doors. Of course Durban would always look after her, but Beatrice wished to be independent even of Durban. At the moment she never thought of Vivian and his hasty proposal, but it came back to her memory when Mrs. Snow introduced his name. “Ay, but times have changed since the death of my son-inlaw. We do not think alike, either in religion or in politics, sir; and I should hesitate to give my grandchild in marriage to one likely to oppose me in matters both of Church and State.” “Child,” he said one evening, when they were alone together in a gloomy little parlour at Alderman Pury’s house, “it may be long ere I see you again, for, as you know, we march into the West to-morrow. I have had no proposal for your hand save that from Squire Norton, which I was bound to decline. But if at any time it should chance that I might arrange a marriage for you with Lieutenant Harford, would he meet with your approval?” “Fool! You would die in your youth?” he said, sneeringly. At Sir Robert Harley’s rooms in Little Britain Gabriel naturally heard much of what was passing during those two eventful years. In May London was stirred into the wildest excitement by the discovery of the Army plot, and although the full details were not generally published, it was known to all that the scheme concocted by the Queen and her evil counsellors, and certainly in the knowledge of the King, had been to bring in French troops from the south, to which end the Queen was about to go to Portsmouth. Meanwhile the English army was to join with the Papists against London and Parliament, and the Irish army was to attack the Scots. Gabriel learnt from Sir Robert that the plot had been revealed by Goring, Governor of Portsmouth, and also by a merchant who had received news of the intended attack on the city and the Tower of London from an acquaintance at Paris. a Three thousand additional regular Mounted Infantry, improvised by abstraction from every Infantry battalion in South Africa, with additions from Great Britain. "I spoke figuratively," said Miss Hancock rather stiffly, and eyeing the handmaiden who had just appeared at the door to remove the things. | 2019-04-19T06:28:08Z | http://www.t-kishimura.com/christian-louboutin-leopard-BF9sjNUb1tfXaY8e.php |
Albert Einstein (March 14 1879 - April 18 1955) was a theoretical physicist, with considerable applied mathematical abilities, who is widely regarded as the greatest scientist of the 20th century. He proposed the theory of relativity and also made major contributions to the development of quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics and cosmology. He was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize for Physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect and "for his services to Theoretical Physics".
After his general theory of relativity was formulated, Einstein became world-famous, an unusual achievement for a scientist. In his later years, his fame exceeded that of any other scientist in history, and in popular culture, Einstein has become synonymous with someone of very high intelligence or the ultimate genius. His face is also one of the most recognizable the world-over. In 1999 Einstein was named "Person of the Century" by Time Magazine.
In his honor, a unit used in photochemistry, the einstein, as well as the chemical element einsteinium were named after him.
Einstein was born in 1879 at Ulm in Württemberg, Germany, about 100 km east of Stuttgart. His parents were Hermann Einstein, a featherbed salesman who later ran an electrochemical works, and his wife, née Pauline Koch. Although from a non-observant Jewish family, Albert attended a Catholic elementary school and, at the insistence of his mother, was also given violin lessons during his youth. At five years of age, his uncle showed him a pocket compass, and he realized that something in "empty" space acted upon the needle. He built models and mechanical devices for fun, but was considered a slow learner as a child by some, possibly due to dyslexia or simply because of his shyness. (He later credited his development of the theory of relativity to this slowness, saying that by pondering space and time later than most children, he was able to apply a more developed intellect.) He began to learn mathematics at about age twelve. There is a recurring rumor that he failed math later on in his education, but this is not true; it was caused by a change in the way grades were assigned leading to confusion years later. Two of his uncles fostered his intellectual interests during his late childhood and early adolescence by suggesting and providing books on science and math.
Following the failure of his father's electrochemical business, in 1894 the Einsteins moved to Pavia, Italy (near Milan) from Munich. Albert remained in Munich to finish school. He completed a term by himself and then moved to Pavia to join his family. In 1895, Einstein took an exam for the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (Federal Swiss Polytechnic University, in Zurich), but failed the liberal arts portion of the test. He was sent by his family to Aarau, Switzerland to finish secondary school. In 1896, Einstein received his diploma from high school.
He subsequently enrolled at the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule. That same year, Einstein renounced his German citizenship, becoming stateless. In 1898, Albert met Mileva Maric, a Serbian classmate (who was also a friend of Nikola Tesla), and fell in love with her. In 1900, Einstein was granted a teaching diploma by the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule. He was accepted as a Swiss citizen in 1901. During this time Einstein discussed his scientific interests with a group of close friends, including Mileva. He and Mileva had an illegitimate daughter, Liserl, born in January 1902.
Upon graduation, Einstein could not find a teaching post, due mostly to the fact that his brashness as a young man had apparently irritated most of his professors. The father of a classmate helped him obtain employment as a technical assistant examiner at the Swiss Patent Office in 1902. There, Einstein judged the worth of inventors' patent applications for devices that required a knowledge of physics to understand. He also learned how to discern the essence of applications despite sometimes poor descriptions, and was taught by the director how "to express myself correctly." He occasionally rectified their design errors while evaluating the practicality of their work.
Einstein married Mileva, on January 6 1903. Einstein's marriage to Mileva, who was a mathematician, was both a personal and intellectual partnership: Einstein referred lovingly to Mileva as "a creature who is my equal and who is as strong and independent as I am". Abram Joffe, in his biography of Einstein, argues that Einstein was assisted by Mileva. This largely contradicts Ronald W. Clark who, in his biography, claims that Einstein depended on the distance that existed in his and Mileva's marriage in order to have the solitude necessary to accomplish his work.
On May 14 1904, Einstein's son Hans Albert Einstein was born. In 1904, Einstein's position at the Swiss Patent Office was made permanent. He obtained his doctorate after submitting his thesis "On a new determination of molecular dimensions" in 1905.
That same year, he wrote four articles that provided the foundation of modern physics, without much scientific literature to refer to or many scientific colleagues to discuss the theories with. Most physicists agree that three of those papers (Brownian motion, the photoelectric effect, and special relativity) deserved Nobel prizes. Only the photoelectric effect would win. This is something of an irony, in that Einstein is far better-known for relativity, but that the photoelectric effect is all quantum, and Einstein became somewhat disenchanted with the path quantum theory would take. What makes these papers remarkable is that, in each case, Einstein boldly took an idea from theoretical physics to its logical consequences and managed to explain experimental results that had baffled scientists for decades.
He submitted these papers to the "Annalen der Physik". They are commonly referred to as the "Annus Mirabilis Papers" (from Latin: Extraordinary Year). The International Union of Pure and Applied Physics ( IUPAP ) has planned to commemorate the 100th year of the publication of Einstein's extensive work in 1905 as the 'World Year Of Physics 2005'.
The first article in 1905, named "On the Motion—Required by the Molecular Kinetic Theory of Heat—of Small Particles Suspended in a Stationary Liquid", covered his study of Brownian motion. Using the then-controversial kinetic theory of fluids it established that the phenomenon—lacking a satisfactory explanation decades after being observed—provided empirical evidence for the reality of atoms. It also lent credence to statistical mechanics, which was also controversial.
Before this paper, atoms were recognized as a useful concept, but physicists and chemists hotly debated the question of whether atoms were real things. Einstein's statistical discussion of atomic behavior gave experimentalists a way to count atoms by looking through an ordinary microscope. Wilhelm Ostwald, one of the leaders of the anti-atom school, later told Arnold Sommerfeld that he had been converted to a belief in atoms by Einstein's complete explanation of Brownian motion.
The second paper, named "On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light", proposed the idea of "light quanta" (now called photons) and showed how they could be used to explain such phenomena as the photoelectric effect. The idea of light quanta was motivated by Max Planck's earlier derivation of the law of black-body radiation by assuming that luminous energy could only be absorbed or emitted in discrete amounts, called quanta. Einstein showed that, by assuming that light actually consisted of discrete packets, he could explain the mysterious photoelectric effect.
The idea of light quanta contradicted the wave theory of light that followed naturally from James Clerk Maxwell's equations for electromagnetic behavior and, more generally, the assumption of infinite divisibility of energy in physical systems. Even after experiments showed that Einstein's equations for the photoelectric effect were accurate, his explanation was not universally accepted. However, by 1921, when he was awarded the Nobel Prize, and his work on photoelectricity was mentioned by name, most physicists thought that the equation (hf = ø + Ek) was correct and light quanta were possible.
The theory of light quanta was a strong indication of wave-particle duality, the concept that physical systems can display both wave-like and particle-like properties, and that was used as a fundamental principle by the creators of quantum mechanics. A complete picture of the photoelectric effect was only obtained after the maturity of quantum mechanics.
Einstein's third paper that year was called "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies". While developing this paper, Einstein wrote to Mileva about "our work on relative motion", and this has led some to ask whether Mileva played a part in its development. However, it is possible, and perhaps likely, that, having already mentioned this momentous work to his wife, he was simply referring to it in an endearing manner. This paper introduced the special theory of relativity, a theory of time, distance, mass and energy (which was consistent with electromagnetism, but omitted the force of gravity). Special relativity solved the puzzle that had been apparent since the Michelson-Morley experiment, which had shown that light waves could not be travelling through any medium (other known waves travelled through media - such as water or air). The speed of light was thus fixed, and not relative to the movement of the observer. This was impossible under Newtonian classical mechanics.
It had already been conjectured by George Fitzgerald in 1894 that the Michelson-Morley result could be accounted for if moving bodies were foreshortened along the direction of their motion. And some of the paper's core equations—the Lorentz transforms—had been introduced in 1903 by the Dutch physicist Hendrik Lorentz, giving mathematical form to Fitzgerald's conjecture. But Einstein revealed the underlying reasons for this geometrical oddity. His explanation arose from two axioms: one was Galileo's old idea that the laws of nature should be the same for all observers that move with constant speed relative to each other; and the other was that the speed of light is the same for every observer. Special relativity had several striking consequences because the absolute concepts of time and size are rejected. The theory came to be called the "special theory of relativity" to distinguish it from his later theory of general relativity, which considers all observers to be equivalent.
The theory abounds with apparent paradoxes, and appears to make little sense, landing Einstein substantial ridicule; but he managed to work out the apparent contradictions and solve the problems eventually.
Einstein considered this equation to be of paramount importance because it showed that matter and energy are simply different forms of the same substance. Nevertheless, many scientists regarded the equation (and special relativity) as fascinating but insignificant until the 1930s.
The equation is associated with nuclear weapons and is used to explain how they produce such phenomenal amounts of energy. The exact connection between the equation and nuclear weapons is less well known, however. By measuring the mass of atomic nuclei and dividing them by their atomic number, both of which are easily measured, one can calculate the binding energy which is trapped in different atomic nuclei. This allows one to figure out which nuclear reactions will release energy and how much energy they will release. A simple calculation using the mass of the uranium nuclei and the masses of the products of nuclear fission reveals that large amounts of energy are released upon fission, and this led physicists in the 1930s to begin to consider the possibility of a nuclear weapon.
According to Umberto Bartocci (University of Perugia historian of mathematics), the famous equation was first published two years prior by Olinto De Pretto, who was an industrialist from Vicenza, Italy. Though De Pretto introduced the formula, it was Einstein who connected it with the Theory of Relativity.
In 1906, Einstein was promoted to technical examiner second class. In 1908, Einstein was licensed in Berne, Switzerland, as a teacher and lecturer (known as a Privatdozent), who had no share in the university government. Einstein's second son, Eduard, was born on July 28 1910. In 1912, Einstein starts to refer to the fourth dimension as time.
Einstein divorced Mileva on February 14 1919. Einstein married his cousin Elsa Loewenthal (née Einstein: Loewenthal was the surname of her first husband, Max) on June 2 1919. Elsa was Albert's first cousin (maternally) and his second cousin (paternally). She was three years older than Albert, and had nursed him to health after he had suffered a partial nervous breakdown combined with a severe stomach ailment. There were no children from this marriage.
The fate of Albert and Mileva's first child, Liserl, is unknown: some believe she died in infancy and some believe she was given out for adoption. As for the two boys: one was institutionalized for schizophrenia and died in an asylum. The other moved to California and became a university professor, and had little interaction with his father.
In 1914, just before the start of World War I, Einstein settled in Berlin as professor at the local university and became a member of the Prussian Academy of Science. His pacifism and Jewish origins irritated German nationalists. After he became world-famous, nationalist hatred of him grew, and, for the first time, he was the subject of an organized campaign intended to discredit his theories.
From 1914 to 1933 he served as director of Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics in Berlin, and it was during this time he received his Nobel Prize and made his most groundbreaking discoveries. In 1922, Einstein and his wife Elsa boarded the S.S. Kitano Maru bound for Japan. The trip also took them to other ports including Singapore, Hong Kong and Shanghai.
In November 1915, Einstein presented a series of lectures before the Prussian Academy of Sciences in which he described his theory of general relativity. The final lecture climaxed with his introduction of an equation that replaced Newton's law of gravity. This theory considered all observers to be equivalent, not only those moving at a uniform speed. In general relativity, gravity is no longer a force (as it was in Newton's law of gravity) but is a consequence of the curvature of space-time. The theory provided the foundation for the study of cosmology and gave scientists the tools for understanding many features of the universe that were not discovered until well after Einstein's death. General relativity becomes a method of perceiving all of physics.
Einstein's relationship with quantum physics was quite remarkable. He was the first, even before Max Planck, the discoverer of the quantum, to say that quantum theory was revolutionary. His idea of light quanta was a landmark break with the classical understanding of physics. In 1909, Einstein presented his first paper to a gathering of physicists and told them that they must find some way to understand waves and particles together.
In the early 1920s, Einstein was the lead figure in a famous weekly physics colloquium at the University of Berlin. On March 30 1921, Einstein went to New York to give a lecture on his new theory of relativity. In the same year, he was finally awarded the Nobel Prize for his work.
In the mid-1920s, as the original quantum theory was replaced with a new quantum mechanics, Einstein balked at the Copenhagen interpretation of the new equations because it settled for a probabilistic, non-visualizable account of physical behavior. Einstein agreed that the theory was the best available, but he looked for an explanation that would be more "complete," i.e., deterministic. His belief that physics described the laws that govern "real things" had led to his successes with atoms, photons, and gravity. He was unwilling to abandon that faith.
Einstein's famous remark, "Quantum mechanics is certainly imposing. But an inner voice tells me it is not yet the real thing. The theory says a lot, but does not really bring us any closer to the secret of the Old One. I, at any rate, am convinced that he does not throw dice," appeared in a 1926 letter to Max Born. It was not a rejection of probabilistic theories per se. Einstein had used statistical analysis in his work on Brownian motion and photoelectricity. In papers published before the miraculous year of 1905, he had even discovered Gibbs ensembles on his own. But he did not believe that, at bottom, physical reality behaves randomly.
In 1924, Einstein received a short paper from a young Indian physicist named Satyendra Nath Bose, describing light as a gas of photons, and asking for Einstein's assistance in publication. Einstein realised that the same statistics could be applied to atoms, and published an article in German (then the lingua franca of physics) which described Bose's model and explained its implications. Bose Einstein statistics now describes any assembly of these indistinguishable particles known as bosons. Einstein also assisted Erwin Schrödinger in the development of the Quantum Boltzmann distribution, a mixed classical and quantum mechanical gas model—although he realised that this was less significant than the Bose Einstein model, and declined to have his name included on the paper.
Einstein and former student Leó Szilárd co-invented a unique type of refrigerator (usually called The Einstein Refrigerator) in 1926. On November 11 1930, patent number US1781541 was awarded to Albert Einstein and Leó Szilárd. The patent covered a thermodynamic refrigeration cycle providing cooling with no moving parts, at a constant pressure, with only heat as an input. The refrigeration cycle used ammonia, butane, and water.
After Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, expression of nationalist hatred of Einstein reached new levels. He was accused by the National Socialist regime of creating "Jewish physics" in contrast with Deutsche Physik -- "Aryan physics." Nazi physicists (notably including the Nobel laureates Johannes Stark and Philip Lenard) continued the attempts to discredit his theories and to politically blacklist those German physicists who taught them (such as Werner Heisenberg). Einstein had already fled to the United States, where he was given permanent residency. He accepted a position at the newly founded Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. He became an American citizen in 1940 (though he maintained possession of his Swiss citizenship).
Einstein spent the last forty years of his life trying to unify gravity and electromagnetism, giving a new subtle understanding of quantum mechanics. He was looking for a classical unification of gravity and electromagnetism.
His work at Princeton focused on the unification of the laws of physics, which he referred to as the Unified Field Theory. Einstein undertook the quest for the unification of the fundamental forces and spent his time at Princeton investigating this. He attempted to construct a model, under the appropriate conditions, which described all forces as different manifestations of a single force. His attempt was in a way doomed to failure because the strong and weak nuclear forces were not understood independently until around 1970, 15 years after Einstein's death. Einstein's goal survives in the current drive for unification of the forces, embodied most notably by string theory.
Einstein began to form a Generalized Theory of Gravitation with the universal law of gravitation and the electromagnetic force in his first attempt to demonstrate the unification and simplification of the fundamental forces. In 1950, he described his work in a Scientific American article. Einstein was guided by the belief of a single statistical measure of variance for the entire set of physical laws and he investigated the similar properties of the electromagnetic and gravity forces, as they are infinite and obey the inverse square law.
Einstein assumed a structure of a four-dimensional space-time continuum expressed in axioms represented by five component vectors. Particles appear in his research as a limited region in space in which the field strength or the energy density are particularly high. Einstein treated subatomic particles in this research as objects embedded in the unified field, influencing it and existing as an essential constituent of the unified field but not of it. Einstein also investigated a natural generalization of symmetrical tensor fields, treating the combination of two parts of the field as being a natural procedure of the total field and not the symmetrical and antisymmetrical parts separately. He researched a way to delineate the equations to be derived from a variational principle.
Einstein became increasingly isolated in his research over a Generalized Theory of Gravitation (being characterized as a "mad scientist" in these endeavors) and was ultimately unsuccessful in his attempts at constructing a theory that would unify General Relativity and quantum mechanics.
In 1948, Einstein served on the original committee which resulted in the founding of Brandeis University. In 1952, the Israeli government proposed to Einstein that he take the post of second president. He declined the offer. On March 30 1953, Einstein released a revised unified field theory.
He died at Princeton in 1955, leaving the Generalized Theory of Gravitation unsolved. He was cremated the same day at Trenton, New Jersey on April 18 1955. His ashes were scattered at an undisclosed location. His brain was preserved in a jar by Dr. Thomas Stoltz Harvey, the pathologist who performed the autopsy on Einstein.
Einstein's religious views are generally considered deist: he believed in a "God who reveals himself in the harmony of all that exists, not in a God who concerns himself with the fate and actions of men". Einstein wanted "to know how God created the world": After being pressed on his religious views by Martin Buber, Einstein exclaimed "What we (physicists) strive for is just to draw His lines after Him". Einstein's view on religion can be summarized by his own words, "Science without religion is lame. Religion without science is blind" and "My religion consists of a humble admiration of the illimitable superior spirit who reveals himself in the slight details we are able to perceive with our frail and feeble mind."
The American FBI kept a 1,427 page file on his activities and recommended that he be barred from immigrating to the United States under the Alien Exclusion Act, alleging that Einstein "believes in, advises, advocates, or teaches a doctrine which, in a legal sense, as held by the courts in other cases, 'would allow anarchy to stalk in unmolested' and result in 'government in name only'," among other charges.
Einstein opposed tyrannical forms of government, and for this reason (and his Jewish background), he opposed the Nazi regime and fled Germany shortly after its institution. He initially favored construction of the atomic bomb, in order to ensure that Hitler did not do so first, and he even sent a letter to President Roosevelt (dated August 2 1939, before World War II broke out, and likely authored by Leó Szilárd) encouraging him to initiate a program to create a nuclear weapon. Roosevelt responded to this by setting up a committee for the investigation of using uranium as a weapon, which in a few years was superceded by the Manhattan Project.
After the war, though, Einstein lobbied for nuclear disarmament and a world government.
Albert Einstein was a supporter of Zionism, but never without reservations. He supported Jewish settlement of the ancient seat of Judaism and was active in the establishment of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, to which he bequeathed his papers. However he opposed nationalism and expressed skepticism about whether a Jewish nation-state was the best solution. He may have originally imagined Jews and Arabs living peacefully in the same land. In later life he declined an offer to become the second president of the newly-created state of Israel.
Albert Einstein with Albert Schweitzer and Bertrand Russell fought against nuclear tests and bombs. With the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs and Bertrand Russell he released the Russell-Einstein Manifesto and organized several conferences.
Albert Einstein was much respected for his kind and friendly demeanor rooted in his pacifism. He was modest about his abilities; he also had distinctive attitudes and fashions, and a sense of humour, as evidenced by the picture below. Einstein could also play the violin.
Albert Einstein has become the subject of a number of novels, films and plays including Nicolas Roeg's film, Insignificance, Fred Schepisi's film I.Q, and Alan Lightman's novel, Einstein's Dreams. Einstein was even the subject of Philip Glass's groundbreaking 1976 opera Einstein on the Beach.
He is often used as a model for depictions of scientists in works of fiction; usually these are mad scientists, since his distinctive hairstyle suggests lunacy, eccentricity or electricity and is widely copied or exaggerated.
On Einstein's 72nd birthday in 1951, an unknown UPI photographer was trying to coax him into smiling for the camera. Having done this for the photographer many times that day, Einstein stuck out his tongue instead . The image has become an icon in pop culture for its contrast of the genius scientist displaying a moment of humor. Yahoo Serious, an Australian film maker, used the photo as an inspiration for the intentionally anachronistic movie Young Einstein.
S. Morgan Friedman, "Albert Einstein Online" -- Comprehensive listing of online resources about Einstein.
Theory of relativity in 4-letter words or shorter.
Einstein, Albert, "Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?". Annalen der Physik. September 27, 1905.
Einstein, Albert, "The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity". Annalen der Physik, 49. 1916.
Einstein, Albert, "On the Generalized Theory of Gravitation". April, 1950. | 2019-04-24T18:10:57Z | http://www.bioreference.net/encyclopedia/wikipedia/a/al/albert_einstein.html |
Thanks for tuning in to the Outcomes Rocket podcast where we chat with today’s most successful and inspiring health leaders. I want to personally invite you to our first inaugural Healthcare Thinkathon. It’s a conference that the Outcomes Rocket and the IU Center for Health Innovation and Implementation Sciences has teamed up on. We’re going to put together silo crushing practices just like we do here on the podcast except it’s going to be live with inspiring keynotes and panelists. To set the tone, we’re conducting a meeting where you can be part of drafting the blueprint for the future of healthcare. That’s right. You could be a founding member of this group of talented industry and practitioner leaders. Join me and 200 other inspiring health leaders for the first Inaugural Healthcare Thinkathon. It’s an event that you’re not going to want to miss. And since there’s only 200 tickets available you’re going to want to act soon. So how do you learn more? Just go to outcomesrocket.health/conference. For more details on how to attend that’s outcomesrocket.health/conference and you’ll be able to get all the info that you need on this amazing healthcare thinkathon. That’s outcomesrocket.health/conference.
: All right welcome back to the Outcomes Rocket Podcast where we chat with today’s most successful and inspiring health leaders. Today have a very special guest for you. Her name is Anna Berry. She’s a highly talented physician in medicine. Very, very much specializing in personalized medicine. She’s a scientific director of Personalized Medicine and Medical Director of Molecular Diagnostics over at the Swedish Cancer Institute. A very, very big pleasure to have you on the podcast. Dr. Barry and really excited to dive into the things that you guys are up to there.
: Thank you. Thank you for inviting me.
: It’s a pleasure. So what got you into the medical sector to begin with?
: Well, you know actually I think the way I got to be involved with medicine was just basically by my philosophy and life is just pay attention to the opportunities that present themselves and follow what interests you. I was interested in science growing up and the opportunity arose to go to medical school due to my science background. And once I got into medical school I found out that I really loved it. I actually started out as a general surgery resident and through that became exposed to pathology and through that became exposed to molecular diagnostics and through that came into cancer care. So kind of a little bit of a winding path.
: Very cool. And I really love your guiding principle and I think it’s something that listeners we can all learn from, right? You’ve got to make sure you stay focused and what you find interesting and what you’re great at and by that you can never go wrong in your approach. So as your career has taken you to all these very interesting and exciting areas of medicine what do you believe Anna is a hot topic that needs to be on every medical leaders agenda today. And how is your organization approaching?
: Well I think I work in genomics so what to Nomex means is studying large parts of the genome which you know we couldn’t really do in the past we can only study a little bit at a time. So we’ve had a technological advancement where we can explore large parts of the genome and we call this genomics and this is the area I work in. But I think it’s relevant to every area of medical care. We can look at the genomics that you’re born with the genes that you see in all of your cells in their body. Or we can do what I’m doing which is looking at genes only in the abnormal tissue like in tumors. And by understanding the genetic makeup of your body and your cancer then we can find better treatment. So I think that’s always been a goal in research but now it really has come more into standard clinical care, understanding what are your risks and how does your disease actually work through studying genomics and even proteomics all of the OMEX you know we’ve come up with a lot of very innovative treatments for cancer and for other diseases. And looking forward, genomics also can help us look at risk, disease risk and wellness and ultimately you know we’ll be able to prevent cancer and other genetic diseases.
: Yeah it’s a pretty exciting work and I think the contributions that you and the organization that that you’re part of is exciting for health leaders in general. What would you say is the best way that healthy eaters need to be thinking about this. Let’s say providers for example. How should they be thinking about this and operationalizing it?
: I think to think about it is actually bolster a little bit different. I was going to say thinking about it is easier than operationalizing but I’m not I’m not so sure about that. The fact is that many physicians and nurses and really everyone in medical care were not trained in genomics even looking at like five or ten years ago it was all kind of theoretical was like looking at biochemistry or molecular biology in school and it was kind of an abstract concept. So now that it’s really fully integrated in medical care a lot of people are playing catch up looking to see you know how they can bring their basic knowledge up to speed. So I would say engagement is really the main thing. Looking at each other looking to conferences, just really engaging and trying to figure out how you can understand it. And I think the one thing you don’t want to do is just avoidance which I think comes into play particularly for physicians who are maybe in smaller medical centers. They’re not involved in academics. It’s easier to just say well maybe I don’t have to pay attention to that you know that sounds like kind of a fancy thing. I think everyone really needs to pay attention to it. This field is moving so quickly that you really can’t afford to ignore it. So I would say engagement is really the most important aspect to everything. And on an administrative level I think you really you need a plan and you need a plan for engagement. Because like I said this is not going away it’s relevant and these days patients have so much more access to information that the patients are coming in asking for this. The patients are coming in saying I’ve already had this genetic test there in the case of direct to consumer genetics. They’ve gone out and had 23 and here’s something else. They’re bringing their results into the doctor even in the case of cancer care. There’s a company called Color genomics where you can get your cancer genetics test done. So patients may actually be bringing this to the doctor so that even if the doctor isn’t you know planning on doing this you know they might not have any choice. You know people are engaged and this is happening and it’s happening very quickly. So I think institutions need a plan and doctors need education and awareness. And more than that engagement. There’s so many people in this field there are so many different conferences online resources. I just think people really need to engage.
: That’s such a great call. Dr. Berry and the listeners the head in the sand strategy is not going to work here. So let’s definitely take a note from Dr. Berry’s advice and start planning for incorporating this engagement as it relates to this. Now, would love to hear a little bit more about how your organization has has created results or some some outcomes based off of the work that you’re doing.
: So the work that we’re doing is related to cancer. I work in the Cancer institute at Swedish in Seattle. And the program that we’ve designed here is designed to basically track outcomes for patients who get genomic testing on their tumors and are then treated with targeted agents. So the type of testing we’re talking about would look at genetic abnormality in your tumor that can be targeted with a specific drug. The idea being that that therapy would be more specific pure tumor and should only affect the tumor and not affect your body. In reality things aren’t exactly that simple you know these genes have functions that are normal in your body and it’s not quite that clean yet but it still is a really attractive therapy and people that respond to these abnormalities. A good example is an alpha inhibitor for lung cancer that has an abnormality in the Elk protein. They have very dramatic responses and it can extend their lives by you know five or ten years. So we want to capture all of this information. The thing is that it’s not going to be everyone it’s going to be a very small subset of patients that may have these mutations. So you know we need to find that patient and match them to the right drug. So some of the drugs will only be approved for a certain type of tumor. You know like that alt drug may only be approved for lung cancer. So if you have a bladder cancer that has that mutation you also want to get that drug. So what’s happening in reality is you know patients are getting the drugs they’re getting them that what we call off-label it’s not the approved indication, but if everyone just gets those drugs kind of you know here and there and we don’t track the outcomes then we don’t capture that information then we don’t move the field forward quickly. So what we’re trying to do at the Swedish Cancer Institute is do this in a responsible fashion so that when the patients have the abnormality and they get the drug, we track their outcomes. So that’s really the number one goal of our program is to track the outcomes and capture that information. Other goals would be to get the patient into these programs so either to get them the off-label drug or or ideally to get them enrolled in a clinical trial using that drug. So at Swedish we have a large number of clinical trials. We have a Phase 1 trial unit that we just opened. Phase 1 being the first time that drug is used in a human being. And these are targeted towards these targeted therapies and immune therapies. And we have a translational research database where we bring in the patients genomic data and other lab data and we combine that with their clinical data from the electronic medical record. Also our clinical trials management system so we can link them to trials. Our tumor registries and we put this all together to improve both our clinical efforts and our research efforts.
: I think that’s so interesting. And I guess I just didn’t imagine Dr. Barry that in general the outcomes of particular drugs weren’t being followed and I think it’s a great focus area that you guys are spending time on because if we’re going to improve, like you said and help the field move forward. We’ve got to start measuring these things.
: Absolutely and using drugs off label isn’t really new. You know it would just be like you know any drug what’s available in the physician decides that oh you know it turns out you know address the pews for depression is also good for anxiety in people to start using it. But you’re absolutely right. You know, if we don’t actually track those outcomes then it’s not as useful, it doesn’t become useful for every other patient and particularly in genomics there can be a lot of confounding factors. If that out dread doesn’t work for bladder cancer there could be reasons why that are particular to a bladder cancer. There could be issues you know that individual patient has other mutations or they have a genetic predisposition that makes them not able to respond to that. There’s another field in genomics called pharmacogenomics which deals with how you respond to drugs. So it’s just gotten so complex that it’s very important that we capture that data. The other reason why it’s great to capture that data and another project that we’re working on with an outside company is that the it is complex. So we’re testing hundreds of genes at a time and we’re also bringing in all of the other information you know like as far as your age, the type of tumor you have, your radiology and all of those things the stage all of those things can come in and be analyzed. It used to be in the old days we could do that but it was hard you know it involved a lot of math and it involved epidemiologists and you know a lot of time and effort. And these days with machine learning we can analyze it much easier and quicker and to greater benefit. So that’s another reason to capture all of this complex data electronically and in a format where we can use it and analyze it.
: So what would you say. That’s such a great point the use of these advanced technologies like machine learning the algorithms really is pairing nicely with the new capabilities and the genomics and the OMEX to date. What would you say one of your proudest medical leadership experiences is?
: I think the launch of this program. I know when I describe it it sounds pretty simple but you know it’s really innovative when we launched it now almost four years ago there wasn’t anyone really really actually doing this. You know we were I would say one of the first to actually bring the outcomes into that and combine them with genomics and this type of program. Like I said we opened the Phase 1 unit. We also started in molecular tumor board that was very active. So I think that I’m really proud of this program actually and we’ve designed our own Assaye, our version 1 Assaye now is now what we’re using but again at the time four years ago it was really innovative and we were able to design and implement that in my lab.
: Yeah that’s super exciting and that’s how fast this move four years ago. And what you had was innovative and now you’re on to something new. That’s how fast this is moving listeners. So back to Dr. Barry’s point is that you really have to stay plugged in and there’s a lot of meetings that you can attend. There’s there’s webinars there’s conferences to be able to stay abreast of what’s happening in the field. Congratulations, see you and your team on on what you’ve done there, the innovation and and the collaboration and the high level of achievement that you guys are doing is just pretty impressive. So congrats to what you guys are up to.
: So we’re getting close to the end here. I always wish we have more time with our guests but the nice thing is that the Outcomes Rocket, we just have little conversations here that help move health care forward but was curious what’s an exciting project that you’re working on today that you want to share with the listeners.
: So as I mentioned the the machine learning but another thing that we’re dealing. The swedish as part of the Providence Network in Providence also includes the Institute for Systems Biology so big collaborators for us and one of the project we’re working on with them is a type of wellness project where we’re looking at early stage breast cancer survivors who have had chemotherapy and we’re looking in kind of a multi-OMEX analysis where we’re looking at their gene, their RNA expression, proteomics even the microbiome you know looking at the organisms in their body and we’re also looking at their functional analysis you know like if they’ve had any any cognitive deficits or side effects from their chemotherapy to see who is going to have those side effects and how we can treat them and who will ultimately have better outcomes. And this is a big issue because we have so many cancer survivors these days. And breast cancer is super common. So we’re hoping that the data will mean from this project will help a large group of people who luckily are growing group of breast cancer survivors.
: Some great efforts there and I think it’s it’s a very good focus for that particular group. We definitely need more more resources and support for them as they do get better. This section of the podcast Anna where you and I are going to build a medical leadership course on what it takes to be successful in medicine. It’s the 101 of Dr. Anna Berry. And so we’re going to write out a syllabus for questions lightning round style. So some quick responses followed by your all time favorite book. You ready?
: What’s the best way to improve health care outcomes?
: The best way to improve healthcare outcomes is to have a data driven program that accommodates big data.
: What’s the biggest mistake or pitfall to avoid?
: The biggest pitfall to avoid is to remain static and not be open to change.
: how do you stay relevant despite constant change?
: You have to be flexible. The days where you could say your program and leave it there for you know 10 or 20 years are over. You have to be constantly willing to change and adjust.
: And finally what’s one area of focus should drive everything in a health organization?
: A patient driven system. Every organization should be aware of what’s important to individual patients and what’s going to improve individual patient outcomes.
: And finally what’s your favorite book?
I would say you know my favorite book in this field is the Emperor of All Maladies which has a history of cancer. It’s kind of a book that describes cancer as if it were a living thing written by Siddhartha Mukherjee. And then Dr. Mukherjee also has a new book called Gene which has a similar thing for genomics that I’ve just started. But the Emperor of All Maladies is a wonderful book for understanding cancer’s history both in America and in the world.
: Awesome recommendation Dr. Berry. Listeners, don’t worry about writing that down. Just go to outcomesrocket.health/swedish and you’re going to be able to find all of the show notes, a transcript and links to all the things that we discussed. Dr. Berry before we conclude I’d love if you could just share a closing thought with the listeners and then the best place where they could follow your work and get in touch with you.
: So a closing thought would be that the field of cancer research is moving quickly and that there’s a lot of hope for treating this disease and I think we’ll have big advances in the next five or 10 years. So I think it’s really a message of hope and I can be contacted through the Swedish Cancer Institute website and my direct e-mail would be [email protected] and anyone is welcome to email me.
: Outstanding. So listeners, there you have it. The insights from Dr. Berry. I definitely think that you’ll find this episode insightful and go ahead and hit the rewind button and listen to it again because there’s definitely a lot of really great points that Dr. Berry left us with. Dr. Berry just want to say big thanks for spending time with us.
: Thank you for inviting me.
Thanks for tuning in to the outcomes rocket podcast if you want the show notes, inspiration, transcripts and everything that we talked about on this episode. Just go to outcomesrocket.health. And again don’t forget to check out the amazing healthcare Thinkathon where we can get together took form the blueprint for the future of healthcare. You can find more information on that and how to get involved in our theme which is “implementation is innovation”. Just go to outcomesrocket.health/conference that’s outcomesrocket.health/conference. Be one of the 200 that will participate. Looking forward to seeing you there. | 2019-04-18T21:08:29Z | https://outcomesrocket.health/swedish/ |
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News on the Mistborn video game. They are currently planning on 2017 I think? *crowd groans* Eah, I dunno. I love the company, don't get me wrong. They are great people. I'm going to consider it vaporware until I see more coming out of them. They've just had so many problems getting started that-- Everything they show me is promising but I've not yet played anything playable. So let's just hope they do a good job and hope they are able to keep it moving forward but I can't promise you anything anytime soon.
So, last time you were here, I know that the Mistborn movie had kinda fell through. Any other nibbles, are we gonna see something?
Any other nibbles? ...So, Mistborn had just fallen through last time. We did resell Mistborn, and I've seen the treatment. So, the steps to getting a film made. Start with them giving me money. *laughter* The important part. Step two is usually a treatment, this is where they take the book and they do, not a full screenplay, but kind of a ten-page summary adaptation of what they're going to cut, what they're going to add, that they will then hand to a screenwriter. Next step would be to give that to the screenwriter that they hire, who they usually have hired, and have them do a screenplay of it. Next step then, generally, is going to people with lots of money and say "Hey, will you fund this?" Conversely, they can go to people who are content-makers, like a director or the talent, so to speak, or a star, and get them attached. So, when one of those happens, it's easier to get the other ones. And then, finally, is a green light. So, you can see, we're right at the beginning again. We had gotten to the screenplay stage last time, but the screenplays were just not that great, and the people who were doing it before were just not very powerful in Hollywood. I love them, they were great guys, but they came to me very early on, and so it was a longshot.
So, the new treatments are very good. I'm hopeful for what's happening there. For other things, we have The Emperor's Soul, in works with DMG. They worked with Marvel on the Iron Man films. They're a part of the funding company for those. We have just sold Steelheart to Fox. Specifically, to the producer and director of Real Steel (which is a great film, if you haven't seen it) and the Night at the Museum movies. And then, we have one more in the works... Legion. We have a Legion television show in the works.
So, as far as I know, the Wheel of Time rights have lapsed, and there's a discussion of what to do with those now. Because the people trying to make a film of those were not able to get a film made. They should have been doing a television show all along, I know, but-- Anyway. So there we are, that's how it stands, and the video game is still kinda spinning its heels as well.
So, have they optioned the first trilogy, or just the first book? How does that work?
With Mistborn, they have optioned the entire thing. They basically optioned the whole world. Though, the people who have The Emperor's Soul, it's very fun, because they started to go down the cosmere rabbit hole. Yes, for those who don't know, my epic fantasy books are all connected, and they're all in the same universe. And so, their guy they assigned to it, the studio exec, read the book, and he's like, "Ah, there's some references to other things." And he went and read those, and he went and read those, and now he's read everything. He called me, and he's like, "Uhhhhh...." He's flown out twice to try to get a handle on the whole cosmere thing, what they can put in, what they can't put in. They wanna have a Hoid cameo at the very least, and stuff like that. So that's been very, very fun.
Will you be able to advise on these movies? Do you have any creative control at all?
Do I have creative control, or can I advise? Well, in several of the contracts, mostly the Mistborn and the Emperor's Soul one, I have executive producer roles. In Hollywood, executive producer is the throwaway credit, though. That's one that they pat you on the head, bring out out, let you watch, and then they give you, like, a chair with your name on it you can take home or something, I don't know. They've been very easy to work with so far, so I have confidence that they would allow me, and in both contracts we got the requirement that I can come on-set anytime I want to, not just the one time, which is good. And they've taken my advice on the treatments. I am not powerful enough to get anything more than that. You have to be, like, two levels above me before you can really get any influence in Hollywood. Even, like, Tom Clancy, when he was starting, couldn't. JK Rowling could. And people like that. So, if I can get a good film made, and it takes off, I think all future contracts I'll have more influence, but right now I'm just kind of up to what they will let me.
Is it too early to ask if you'd continue with the story you made for the game?
I have been tempted to do it as a graphic novel, if White Sand continues to be popular.
For my part, I want to point out that Matt Scott was awesome to work with. He really did try to make this game--but we were trying during a time when original IP in video games was a dodgy thing to start with. Several console changes, the revolution in mobile gaming, and various issues on the business side meant we could never really get this going. But there was a never a problem with their vision, passion, or enthusiasm.
To forestall the other inevitable questions. Movies have been sold for: Mistborn, Emperor's Soul, and Steelheart. They are all in development, none have started filming. Be skeptical of any film deal until someone starts shooting a camera, okay? Right? Just be aware of that, when something starts filming, you can get excited. Until then, just know that people are paying me lots of money to not make movies from my books. *laughter* Which is very nice.
The video game's kind of just in limbo. The guys who are working on it--there's a Mistborn video game--they're great, but they had setback after setback. So I would, if I were you, not hold my breath on that one. Maybe it'll happen, maybe it won't. If it does it's a happy surprise.
Do you have any word on the Mistborn video games that are coming out?
I have no official word, other than to say that we did option the rights to the film to the people who are making the video game, and told them, "You have to make the video game or you can't make the film." I actually really like them, and their script treatments on the film are great. And it's not their fault, really, that the game hasn't taken off. It's just that they've had - these things happen in video games. The studio they were working with went under, and another one split, and this sort of stuff happens.
Today we're officially announcing Mistborn: Birthright, an action-RPG set in the Mistborn world.
To those who have been paying close attention, much of this may not be surprising. The MB:B website went live earlier in the month, and I have tweeted several times about the impending game. In short, we're hoping to do a fun, fast-paced, action game with some RPG elements, cool Allomancy effects, and some (hopefully) killer dialogue. That last part is my job, as I'll be writing the story and most (if not all) of the game's dialogue.
The game will take place hundreds of years before the events of the books, during the early days of the Final Empire. People have often asked me if I will do prequels to Mistborn, and my response has frequently been that I won't likely write them as novels–but I might consider them for other mediums. We're going to try it here, and this will let us do some very cool things to expand the world. And yes, you get to play as a Mistborn.
So, since I can't tell you terribly much about the game quite yet, instead I'll tell you how it came to be. I've been keeping my eyes open for the chance to do a Mistborn game for some time; several chances arose, but they always fell through for one reason or another. I didn't want to give the rights to just anybody. I've been a gamer since my first Atari, and I wanted to do it right.
When Little Orbit first approached me, I was skeptical. I didn't recognize the company, and though they had worked on some professional projects, I didn't see anything in their pedigree that screamed Mistborn at me. However, I like to at least talk to people who are making offers on my work.
Their pitch materials were good and very persuasive. But the final thing that convinced me they were right came when we sat down and talked about the type of game we would make. Not only were they eager for me to be involved in the story, our discussions of what would make an awesome Mistborn game were synergistic and exciting. They envisioned the game the same way I always had.
The longer I've worked with them, the more impressed I've been. They keep their promises; they aren't just willing to let me be involved–they seem dedicated to making certain I'm pleased every step of the way. They don't need to go so far–I've said before that I feel an author shouldn't usually have control of game design, but leave that to people who know how to make fun games–but they have gone well beyond what is required of them.
These guys really, really want to make a great Mistborn game. I'm thrilled by what is coming your way when this thing is done.
I was reading stuff online about like a Mistborn videogame?
Yeah, we'll still working on it. It's taking much longer than we thought. The developer, that producer of the game and I had chosen, they, ah, had a falling out and split and so we had to start over from scratch and that's what really threw us for a loop. We then took it to a really prestigious one-- game company that I love and they considered it for a long time, but it turned out that they just didn't have the time and couldn't do it. So now we are kind of back to square one finding a third group to do it.
What is the status of the White Sand graphic novel?
White Sand graphic novel. Let me run down the big list of things people are waiting for. So, White Sand graphic novel is on the good list, that's going really well. The author we had adapt it was fantastic and the artist is doing a great job. We're doing it in eighteen issues. However, because the people with The Wheel of Time (I don't know if any of you guys bought those graphic novels) but they released those individually, people bought subscriptions up front and then it took them forever to deliver on those. Because I have been burnt by that I said "You can't release any of the issues until you have a certain amount done". So because of that, they just decided they would release them only as graphic novels. So they're doing six-issue chunks. So it's kind of weird, there's eighteen issues, but really it's three books of six issues, and they are working on issue number six right now to release the first chunk next year. And we're very pleased with it.
So, the big list. I am working on Stormlight 3 right now, so you can follow on the progress bars. Once I'm done touring, which I've been doing for way too long, you'll start to see those inch up again, and if I finish it by May or June then it can come out next year. If I don't finish it by then it would be the following Spring. So that's what I'm working on right now.
In the queue we have the sequel to Shadows of Self coming out in January and we have the last of The Reckoners, and that is coming out in February. That's a little too close, I wish they hadn't scheduled them like that, but I'm not in charge when they put the books.
After I write Stormlight 3 my goal is to write a new book that's kind of in the teen-ish-- it's kind of hard because Steelheart here is not published by a teen publisher, the only one published by a teen publisher here is Rithmatist. But something for the Steelheart-- like older teen/young adult-ish, crazy, wacky things like that; I've signed a contract on that. So that'll be my next project.
Then I'm going to do Rithmatist 2, then I'm going to do Wax and Wayne 4, which is the last of that sequence. Then I'm going to do Stormlight 4.
If the book you're waiting for is not in that list then it's going to come after Stormlight 4 so don't hold your breath.
Mistborn videogame is basically vaporware at this point I'm afraid. I love the guys that are making it. They're still working on it, they still plan to release it. I haven't seen even a demo or early footage or anything like that, so I'm not certain they'll be able to do anything and you guys should not hold your breath on that.
So, movies, I've sold Mistborn, The Emperor's Soul and Steelheart, all are in production, but that doesn't mean anything in Hollywood, in production can mean anything. None of them have started filming yet. Until something starts filming you should assume that it's a hopeful dream. Those are the hopeful dreams that people are paying me a lot of money for. So, there you are.
I did ask about Mistborn: Birthright.
Apparently it is going to make it's way to the next generation of consoles, so it should be a very nice representation. I did find out that Brandon is still writing 100% of the dialogue (there were some rumors a while back that he wouldn't be) and that it is well underway.
Footnote: Mistborn: Birthright was officially canceled in 2017.
Any news on Mistborn: Birthright?
Pushed back to 2015, so it can be developed for the next generation consoles.
Before we wrap up, Brandon have you got any news about movies or a Mistborn game?
Yes, the Mistborn video game is very much a go. The guys at Little Orbit have just been awesome. We are working together to make an excellent game, I hope. I'm working on the story. I've turned in to them an overarching story for the whole, for the game and they are taking that and building the game and level design around that and then I will come back after they've done that and actually write the dialogue for the characters that moves the story along. So the video game is a completely go, cross-platform PS3, Xbox 360 and Steam for 2013.
The movie we are pitching to studios this month, so hopefully we can get something rolling on that, I have no news other than what I posted on my blog which is we've now got a good screenplay, it's quite good and now we're trying to pitch to studios and trying to convince somebody to pick this thing up and run with it. We're really hoping that, you know, fantasy has a really good reputation right now because of the excellent Game of Thrones adaptation, and so we're hoping that people will take a look at some good fantasy properties and that we can get a film made.
Footnote: Mistborn: Birthright was infinitely delayed and then canceled.
What's the status of the video game (Birthright)?
- It. Didn't work out.
- There was another author at the time trying to get something done with (if I recall correctly) the same company, and he didn't want to compete with them.
- They still have the game rights.
It's been delayed mostly until there's some sort of movie out because basically there's two ways they can do a video game. They can do a big AAA game that will be very very expensive and it could flop, or they could do a smaller indie game. Because there's not a huge established audience from a movie, they want to wait until then before producing a game.
- He wants the gameplay to be a bit like Infamous in design (if I recall correctly).
- Basically what's stopping them right now is it's just really really expensive.
Will there ever be Mistborn video game?
We tried very hard to make a video game and the company that was making it eventually went out of business and couldn't make it. So we don't have plans right now but we will try again.
If [Mistborn: Birthright] doesn't come out, would we see a book based around the story that was written for the game?
It's possible. I did send in an outline for the story of it. I could use that for a story, though I've got a full plate right now.
Would you consider doing it as a graphic novel (if the White Sand graphic novels do well of course, though I really don't have any doubts about that)?
You know, that's actually a really good idea.
This could be a very elegant solution. I'll think about it.
What about the Mistborn video game?
We put it off until 2014, because of the new console generation. We had planned for it to come out right when the buzz was saying the new consoles were going to launch. And that felt like a bad idea to us. The Mistborn film is also in the works, but it is very early and it is not nearly as far along as the Wheel of Time film is. So if anyone's father is J. J. Abrams, have him call me.
Footnote: Mistborn: Birthright, the video game referred to here, was officially canceled in 2017.
...I'm actually a video game designer.
Excellent question. So, other media. I like video games a lot. I remember-- You're going to get a lot of stories tonight, this is what happens, I'm a storyteller-- I was 11 years old, my father shipped me off to visit my uncle for the first time on my own. Got on the airplane and everything, went to Utah from Nebraska. And my dad gave me two hundreds, two one hundred dollar bills, he said "Pay for your food" and things like this... *laughter* You're laughing you know what happens. I just let my uncle pay for everything and at the end of it my conscience had gotten to me and I said "Uncle [Don?] my dad gave me money, I should give this to you to pay for the food". And he just laughed at it, like "No you're not going to do that. We're going to the mall right now. We're going to spend that money because if you don't your dad will take it back" And I went and I bought a Nintendo, original NES, with my two hundred dollars at KB Toys. And I came back with it and my dad was like "Where did you get that?"
I love video games and I want to be involved-- Which is why, some of you have watched, I did the novellas for Infinity Blade, which is a video game. Which you can read online but if you havenit played the games they won’t make any sense. I'm just going to warn you right there. I am involved-- We have sold the rights to Mistborn as a video game, but we have entered some development problems, the video game industry is almost as bad as the movie industry when it comes to delays and things like this. You have studios fall through, get divided, all sorts of things. I'm still hoping but the deal was I got to write the story and all the dialogue for the video game. It's going to be-- We are going to do it-- an action RPG, the model I told them I wanted to use was Infamous, which was one of my favorites from lately, in the Mistborn world. If we can get that working then I bet I can get a Stormlight book turned into a video game.
As movies go, movies are even harder. I was on the phone with movie producers right before I came here. I got a phone call, and we're doing a lot of that, talking with them, we've sold a lot of rights, we've seen a lot of scripts, but nothing's ever been made. So right now we have Legion, Emperor's Soul, Mistborn, and Steelheart all have significant motion but far from actually done. And The Wheel of Time is kind of off-again, on-again, off-again, on-again with adaptations. I think television show is what they are currently working towards.
Are you planning on doing more graphic novels, outside of the White Sand series?
Well, there's a couple of things here. Like, we don't want to do another one 'til White Sand is done. They come to us and said, "We wanna do more!" because White Sand sold so well. We're like "No, you finish what you have, then we'll look at doing it." So, we're exploring other options, but we won't start any until what we've started is finished. I really wanna do the story I had for Mistborn, the video game, as a graphic novel with Ben McSweeney.
Has Mistborn: Birthright officially tanked?
So this is the video game. So the kind of longer-- the short answer is yes. The kind of longer answer is the developer who was making the video game bought the movie rights for a year, because we wanted to combine the movie rights and the video game rights. We gave him only a year, because we were like, "You haven't made any films. But we want to tie these rights together. It sounds like a good thing." We gave him a year, and he lives in LA so he knows a lot of Holywood people. "Sure, give it a try." In a year he couldn't get a film made, or really moving. You can't make one in a year anyway, and so the rights for everything have lapsed, and now he's talking to the people that we sold the Mistborn rights to, to say, "Hey, maybe I can make the video game if you make the film."
The problem being that new IPs in video games are very hard to get funding for. And those who work in video games and know them are nodding their heads. And so he tried very hard. He's made a lot of video games. Most of his games as you know from looking at his developer site are all movie tie-ins, right? He wanted to try a book tie-in. He's made good games. He has a lot of people on his staff who've made really good games with a lot of different companies. They could make a good Mistborn game. They needed, you know $20 million. Which, they can usually go to people who give them funding, and say, "Hey, we're making the video game for, you know, Kung Fu Panda." Which they did. And they're like, "Oh, okay here's you're--you know-- $10 million, $20 million. We know this is a safe bet. This video game will sell."
When they say they're making one on Mistborn they're like, "Where's the movie?" And so it was very hard for him to get the funding. It was very hard for him to get things built. I think he still wants to make it. But now he's in talks with the guys making the movie, and I don't think it will ever happen unless the film gets made. If the film gets made I think it will happen. I pitched to him last week doing a 2D side-scroller Symphony of the Night style Metroidvania Mistborn game, which is something we can fund in-house, right? And just kind of do what a lot of the cool indie games are doing right now. It's like modern design aesthetics, but a 2D sort of thing. Salt and Sanctuary comes to mind, if you guys played that. You know, you can do some really cool stylized stuff and really interesting game mechanics, but if you want to go full 3D, this generation console, like 20 million is like the low end of what you need. And so that's where we are.
This is Matthew Scott, the CEO for Little Orbit, and I think we're overdue for a final update on Mistborn: Birthright.
First, we can now definitively say that this project isn't going to happen. Please know that it's not for a lack of effort. Even as a publisher, the video game industry isn't easy, and sometimes the best will in the world isn't enough.
Second, I want to thank all of Sanderson's fans who reached out with their feedback, encouragement and support over the years. It was truly a great experience to be adopted as part of the Cosmere community.
Lastly, I would like to thank Brandon, himself. He was a patient, great business partner, who produced an amazing story for the game. I still hope he finds a way to release the details or reuse it in some fashion.
Mistborn has been a personal passion project of mine, that we started back in 2011.
Many people don't know that by mid 2012 our internal development group at Little Orbit had a completed vertical slice for the game that we showed to a few journalists at E3. The game was much smaller in scope at that point, but progress was good. Then in late summer, a partner in our development studio sold his stake to a major publisher, and we had to get creative on how to split up Little Orbit / Game Machine / Papaya Studios. In the end, half of the development team went along with the deal, so Mistborn got shelved for a time.
From there it took about a year to get the project back on track.
During the break, we internally agreed that Mistborn fans deserved a bigger/better version of the game. During this second iteration, we engaged a number of larger RPG developers, and we started talks with Obsidian. Chris Avellone was a huge advocate, and he has always been a big fan of Brandon. But after months of discussion, their schedule proved to be too complex, and the game went back on the shelf.
We spent more time to rethink our approach, and we decided to increase the budget as our search continued. In 2014, we started talks with High Voltage Studios. The goal was to use their Saints Row technology to make a spectacular open world Mistborn game. I still believe that this is the best vision for the game. It combined elements of Assassin's Creed and Dishonored with the physics gameplay of Allomancy. We got our funding secured and even had a kickoff with Brandon in early 2015.
In a series of months two of Little Orbit's retail distributors went out of business taking large chunks of our revenue with them. Funding for future titles was immediately canceled, and it nearly bankrupted the company. We barely survived.
In the end, I am deeply saddened we couldn't get this made, but rather than continue to hold onto the rights, I'd like to see someone else make the amazing Mistborn game we would all love to play.
So as I was rereading Mistborn, I realized something that I hadn't deemed important before. Assuming that Rashek doled out the original Allomancy beads to create the first Mistborn, who did he give them to? Obviously, he couldn't give them to his fellow packmen because then they would have the same compounding abilities as him. Additionally, it stands to reason that he would not have given the beads to any of Alendi's entourage because of his deep-seated hatred for all things Khlenni. All in all, I'm just confused about the actual origins of the noble houses.
I actually intended to dig into this in the video game--which happened several hundred years after the event, but which would talk about the origins of the houses and things like that. It's possible we'll still do this some day.
Did you end up doing a lot of writing for the game before it got cancelled?
Depending on how much there is, it seems like handing it to Crafty for them to make a RPG module could make sense.
No, I didn't--but I had a lot of ideas.
Who's going to make the Mistborn game, and when is it going to come out?
Y'know, this happens in gaming all the time, they're a good studio, they have lofty ideals, but most of the games they make are not on the scale of Mistborn. And so they have until 2017 to make something. I still have not seen any sort of playable architecture or anything like that… So we'll just wait and see... Their name is Little Orbit. They have mostly done movie tie-in games. There's a bunch of people-- It's the gaming industry out in California so three of the people there were from Interplay and three of the people there were from this studio and they've all made big games before but this studio itself, they just aren't being able to get it together to make a big game. So if they do-- I mean I really like them, if they get it going I'll be super excited to see it happen but once 2017 rolls around I probably won't renew their option and say "Well it's time to let this one lapse".
According to your blog, an RPG video game called Mistborn: Birthright, based on your Mistborn series, will be coming out in 2013. Can you give us a teaser?
Footnote: The Mistborn video game has been officially canceled.
So, the game Mistborn: Birthright, it's been two years now.
...I love the guys who were working on it, but I, if I were you, would consider it vaporware until you hear more. They've had some real troubles with their funding. They're great people who have just not been able to get the game going. They make a lot of easy, quick games for movie tie-ins, this one is *inaudible*, so it's just been a lot harder for them to get going. Again, they're fantastic people, and I hope that they'll get something going about it eventually, but I'm not gonna talk much about it until they do.
So, someone's gonna ask, the movie thing. So, Shawn Levy, owns The Reckoners, optioned that in June. He did Real Steel, the Richard Matheson story. If you haven't seen that movie, it turned out really well, with Wolverine in it. He also did the Night at the Museum films. And they're working on a screenplay. DMG owns The Emperor's Soul. They were producers on the latest two Iron Man films. They're a Chinese company, they really liked Emperor's Soul, so they came and optioned that from me. The Mistborn books are with the people who have the video game rights. We've combined those together into one right, I gave them a year to work on that. They've been very encouraging on how they're working on that, but it's Hollywood, so who knows what will happen. Legion just lapsed, so if you're uncle makes movies, tell him to make Legion, from Brandon. Stormlight is under contract, but I can't say with who yet. So, I think everything novel-wise except for Rithmatist, probably-- Yeah, 'cause somebody optioned the Cosmere. Minus Mistborn. They got really excited by this whole, "Wow, it's a shard universe" thing, which is really hot in Hollywood right now. They're a really good company, but they came to me like, "We can do Marvel with Fantasy," and I'm like, "I'm not gonna say no!" We'll see how it turns out, but that's where we are.
What can you tell us about the Mistborn video game?
What can I tell you about the Mistborn video game. We are still working on the Mistborn video game. The same producer has the rights but the developer that we were hoping to use has fallen through and they have moved on. This is the third time we've moved to a new developer. We do not plan for it to come out this year. We keep pushing it back. I'm sorry. But the good news is the movie seems to be kind of inching forward again finally, so if the movie gets made that will push the video game to come out. And if a video game comes out that might push the movie to come out. So they are kind of intertwined and working well together. | 2019-04-24T00:55:16Z | https://wob.coppermind.net/adv_search/?tags=mistborn%3A+birthright |
So. I'm Sylvia. Some. People that know. Me you're lying know me as hero, I. Work. At that art project and I'm, got my PhD not, too far away from here actually two or three minutes working at UPC, in Barcelona. Researching. Privacy and security of information. So. Today, I'm going to talk about tour and how you can use it especially. We're. Going to talk about how. To are provides, privacy, about how it provides anonymity. About. How you can use the tor browser and, then we're going to talk about honing services. Which. Is something, to start as a toy project, but it's actually a very cool feature to lets you use the Tor network. And. The, last point is how, you can use runyan services, for. Your project, personal, project, or your web applications. So. What is story and what, you can do for you especially. Tory. Is a privacy tool which. Is the. Biggest wider, definition that, I can give but. It's also free software, it's, a community of people. Develop. Over. Tor research. There. Are relay operators, that done runs the, tor. Nodes that, you can use when you connect through the tor network in, the lab volunteers, that. Do lots, of different things. So. Is a noble network is also no profit. So. There are about 2 million daily users using. The Tor network and. These. People use. The latter for a bunch of different things that sometimes, we don't even know but. The. Example, that we, always give is that the biggest services, on the Tor network is, actually Facebook, and it's used by people that couldn't, reach Facebook, otherwise. There. Are about six. Six, thousand relays and two, thousand bridges. Relays. Are actually node in the network and, bridges are actually unload that, allows you to get, into the network in case there is censorship. In your country or things like this. This. Is actually interesting the lower graph is the. Bandwidth use in the. Upper graph is the pend wife advertised, so, this shows the capacity of the network it's, about 200, Giga bits per. Second bandwidth, advertised, a little, bit more actually. So. We. Said tour provides privacy. For. Its users provides, anonymity. We, can also say and it's always the same thing it's also provides communication, security, and, if. You want to look at in a more technical way it provides a traffic analysis, resistant, communication, network that's. The. Long. Definition. In a way, but. For many people that you store especially, in difficult part of the world just. Which ability, or it's the possibility, to read the news so. Our, daughter. Provides. Privacy, and anonymity. So. We. Talk about privacy by design. Third. Provides privacy by distributing, trust when, you use a VPN. You. Have a certain some, privacy, properties, but you have to trust the VPN provider you have to trust that the people you pay of you're, asked to provide the services, will not. Sell. Or give. Access to do your metadata or even your actual communication, with. Or you don't have to do this you, just have to. Use the protocol. So. How does it work exactly the. Way. Hollis and every. Cryptographic talk, the rizal is involved and. The one to talk to each other in this case Ollie's can be some user. That has opened the tor browser and he wants to access a website like, the BBC CNN, or any. Website so. Ali's, open, the browser the browser are, some software in it and receive. The list of, nodes. That she. Can connect to in order to reach Bob. Giving. These notes, Alice. Builds a circuit over. The Tor network and, is able to talked. About. The. Green. Connections. Are encrypted, and are within the Tor network. The, last op is, actually, unencrypted, so, although. Someone. Looking, at the traffic of. That, is reaching would know that this. Communication, is coming from alleys they. Will still be able to read what the communication is about if they're not using like a safe. Protocol, for example HTTP. So. For. Example passwords, and so on will be in the clear in, that case so. That's why it's important, to use still. Encryption, or encrypted, protocols, and so on. And. Then if at, a later time, Alice. Wants with another website that's, called chain. There. Will be another Secretary's. Built so that it, wouldn't be possible to link the two activities among, the website and it is particularly important, for tracking across different, website, so. The. Property that the Tor network provides. Is that Alice. Can, in a way communicate. Safely, meaning, that someone. That. Is observing, the traffic doesn't know where Alice is going and someone. That is observing, the traffic from Bob doesn't know who.
Bob. Wants to say I'm. A new service on the onion network so. What, it does is it picks three point three nodes on the network these are three relays, and just. Build a circuit. Building. These secrets. He puts. Everything into files they did the descriptor, and he sends it to the directory, the directory is, called hidden service, directory, because in the past onion services were called hidden services, and then the name was changed, for. Press reason, actually. So. The. Directories, like a database of the, services and. Later. On, when. Alice wants, to connect, to Bob and knows that the onion service exists. Alice. Can fetch the descriptor, from the directory, and learn how to reach Bob because she. Will know that there are three nodes in the network that allows. Her. To connect about so. Also. What what, Alice does it, picks another node that is called render vu point. So. Using. The the, first, node. In, the, circuit Alice. Tells to Bob hey Bob meet, me at the rendezvous point. So. What. Actually happened, is that. The. Previous circuit that, Bob created. Is destroyed, is basically discard, and, both. Alice, and Bob connects. The render point, using. Our own on tour. Circuit, so it's Riyadh's, and they. Share a secret to, enable end-to-end encryption. And. They. Just use the, letter circuit, like normal. So. There are interesting property. Of the onion services, sorry. The. First property is that this communication, option, opens, entirely on the Tor network it doesn't go out and. When. So. You don't have to worry about HTTP. Other protocols, for example because it stays within it or what. This means is that if, you want to. To. Connect to Bob in. Theory and Bob was a service, that you're using you wouldn't need to expose. This. Service to the outside Internet you, could just expose it on the Tor network so. This limits, the attack surface in, a way, let's. Say that Bob were just providing SSH. Access or, something else he wouldn't need to expose, anything. Outside, of the Tor network it just could. Be, inside. And this is actually interesting for example for. Some. Some. Situation, in which you would like to, to. Protect. Your. Infrastructure, or you would like to share a service, privately, with other people, and we will show this work. Ok, so. This. Is the idea of saline what if you could use, the. Tor network. With. Another application through, onion services, and this. Is the thing that I would like that you take out of this or you like to see, that it's possible that, is not complicated and that, it's. Actually useful and you could experiment with this. So. There, is this idea about on your micro services, maybe. I've. Been thinking, about a. Web architecture for, example you have a web server you, have an observer, and, your. Usual communication, come to the web server and the web server for example is exposed, but, you need to expose the observer, so. Of, course you can use not for example but what if it's not on the same network and so on you're gonna connect just through onion services, and, you. Wouldn't need to. To. Worry about certain, kind of attacks for example you will need about what, about others but not all of them. So. I made an example and to, show that.
It's. Not a complicated, to. Expose. An onion services, on the Internet and, this. Is just a minimal configuration that, you could do. By setting up a docker container. So. I used Tokyo compose in this case and, I. Just, set up the. The. SSH, server and nothing more basically, if. You see the thing that I ever stole, it just OpenSSH. Server tour, and VM to edit some files and, that's. Everything. You need to do to expose, an onion service basically. So. The. What. We provide is, a configuration, file, that you. Can edit and the, configuration, file may be a little bit complicated at the beginning because it's used for everything it's. Used if you have to run a relay if you have to run a breaker if you just using. Tor, but. In this case if you need to you just expose, a service, you would have to to. Say the Indian service directory, where Tora saves a few, information, for example like tea on Dicky and the, onion address and just. Says the port and the. Port that is exposed, and that's it it's, two lines that you would need to edit in this file and. Then. One, store started. And, in. This case for example the, idea, was that there. Is a user called tor and an, onion sha, servers for the is created, in. The home or. Anywhere. You wanted and that's it and if. You wanted to expose more services, you just added, to, the configuration, files with the folder at the port and and, everything. So. In this case if you the, idea is that you just could. Start. Docker. Container from your machine and then. When you would ssize you, willed ssh to the onion address. But. Using to our socks. This. Is another thing. The. Socks is a ruptor there is provider when you download, or install tor, and. Basically. What it does is routing, your traffic through. A socks5. And. Using. Tor so. Basically. You. You, could run a card, you could run any other protocol. Through, tor. Sox and it's using the Tor network and, in. In, the past we. Used to call it our Sox 35, because it's a way to make application. Work on door. And. We actually provide a no - it's, a little bit of a working process, because. It contains, a lot of information. About, when, and how you should terrify an application, in, order to know that. When. You expose a service, through. The Tor network you have to make sure that are also not leaking, other information. But it's. Actually for. Example a. Cool. Feature you can use just to know I have want to try this API, how, can. I reach it through the Tor network it does your work does enough work, what. It does, always. From. The I way around it's a way that you can you can expose a service, only on the Tor network. So. This, is another example and, it's, a few, line of code in Python that, allows you to use, the. Sox 5. Proxy. There, is provided, by tor and it's what tour. Sox use. So. I. Didn't. Install anything specifically, I think request. Comes with Python if not. It. Might not come with Python but you you might have to fetch request which, is a library and the. Thing is that you need a library support, communication. Of a Sox 5 for Sox in general on some, programming languages unfortunately, do not support that I tried, to have also really example but I heard that in Ruby support for talk Sox fire is not that good, which. Is a shame cause I really love Ruby and. Then. All you have to do is to a get and tell. To use the proxies, and, in. This case even, the. DNS requests, go through tor, so you wouldn't you wouldn't have the DNS request go outside, of tor everything will be within tor and you will be able to fetch for example unknown, address or, in, this case the.
Union. Address is the address for T archives, or project at work. So. The. Other idea is that what. If. You. Can use tor, for. Peer-to-peer. Application. And, there. Are lots of. Example. That you could do ssh, was one example here. On ssh, server and, you address it only fruit or the, touch surface is smaller, you. Make, advantage. Of not pod, so. You. Make advantage, of the. Sense. Of super system property, of it, but. There is also. Another. Example is using secure drop for, example a use, an onion services, and, but. Also there is this, small. App its colonial, share and it's used to share webs files. You. Basically, when you use it you select, a folder the. Folder is zipped, the. App start an onion services, and you also start a flux flask. Web server and provides. You with an onion address that you can share with people as long as the app we're running on your computer so. People download. The files you, get actually, a counter, of how many people have downloaded the, file that you shared so that in, case someone learned you an onion services, ye, you. Wouldn't be able. You. Will know that lots. Of people that download the files and. And. That's it you closed, yeah and it's, basically done. It's. Shared. Safely. And it's. Shared. Peer-to-peer. Because, it doesn't even go in the network its shared over the Tor network and that's, it, so. The, other idea, was. Like what if we use this property, of. Onion. Services, and, buy. We. Start building application. There are peer-to-peer for, example, or we, start using onion services because we want to share. The prototype, of application. That I've been working on my computer and I, just want to share it with a co-worker for, example or just, say ok I want to. To. Work on something quickly and, I'm. Going to provide an. Onion, link people, had to access the onion link while, they need it and then I shut it down and that's it so, tell us what. Do we start a container, and the. Container is, some some, image that I want to share because for example I have a web server or I, have an application server and so on and. After. Wrapping. A simple example I mean this is probably minimalistic. There are other things that go into it but the, idea is that you'd annoying you don't need a lot of line of codes, to. Start experimenting with the tor network and, start building secure, application. It's. Actually, there. Is for example in this case I'm using docker, because he was convenient, and there. Is a docker. Library. For Python, so. You. Import. You. Install at the library you import it and then. You just say I connected, the docker socks and that's it and then. What you do is you, provide a docker file and you. Start the container and then, on that container you decide which services, you want to use and. Let. Me put the dock before I love. I'm. Lost with. Ok. No. I didn't, want to do this okay, but. Basically. I'm the dockerfile, I'll try to narrate it. What. Happens is you just stole the. Container what you need installed so you need engine action you can use the nginx, image that is provided by doctor and you, just add that you want or installed, once. You are touring solid just provided, to our C files with the service that you want exposed, in this. Case the nginx or whatever and you, just launch change in X P. And you make sure that toy is launched as well that's it and once. So. Basically. So. Once, you have something, and you have an address you just share it through. The, tor browser like, this and. If. It was not just an engine X Server it could, be an application that you wanted to share it we have to peer and. If. You have or if you, if you have issues with censorship, or if you live in a country where some.
You. Don't want to. You. Don't want people to know that you're sharing something online you cannot. Afford hosting, this runs directly from your computer and it's a quick way to. To. Build up basically, an application and share it with whoever you want. So. This, is basically. The end of my talk I don't, know if you would like to send. Some more, questions through, Twitter or. Tori's. Traffic. And analysis, resistant, you said that you don't usually, know, what people are using it for you. Also said it is commonly, used for Facebook access, so. How. When, and why is some. Traffic monitored. So. We, know, that information because, it's we, have some metrics and that information, is provided by Facebook also, okay. So they know how many access they have through. Tor for example, and. We. Garni the first question, basically, you don't have to trust the network it's the first thing because, you, trust the protocol, the, protocol is open source there is a design document and if you want to contribute to the code or to the design document, look a look at it and another, thing is also that. You. Know the people that are working on tour so basically. Many. Tour developers, many people that work on tour around the give talks they say hey I do this so, that you are publicly, publicly, identifiable. And, people. Know that actually there is no some. Hidden. Service. Behind. It and then, another thing is yes, if the communication, is not encrypted there could be analysis. On the exit node or, also. There could be analysis, on the axis nodes of, the traffic that is coming from but the. Axis node only. Knows that there is a middle node that is sending traffic it. Doesn't know the. Person that initiated, the communication so. The Tor network provides, this, property, that I, used, at our network and when. I visit a website the, website doesn't know where. The traffic is coming from but people also they're observing my, traffic, they don't know basically. Where I'm going which, is which, websites, I'm actually I do want to be sitting I'm visiting ok. Ok. I will, I, will, ask, more questions later, because, there's. So many I apologize, for the people that I want, cite, here, so. There. Are two questions about. Reliability. From. David. On Twitter, did, you ever detect, any attack on Tor network aiming. To bridge its. Security, and the. Other one, is if. Eventually. On, your service you start to be used as a way to protect services, from attacks. Wouldn't. That heavily increase traffic and so penalize, traffic. Of the users, that actually, need tor, to access information. Ok. Can. You repeat the first fraction it's basically, about the. Resistance the resistance and, the first one did, you ever do, one. Of the most gonna talk on tour is. Music. Building, a relay anyone. Can build a relay and the. Four properties of the networks when real I spend more time on the network they they get, promoted in, a way for, example that relay can become.
Hidden. Service directory, and, so. What, people that. There is some mitigation. To this in which we run, some. Analysis. On the network to find bad, relays. And. Actually. The. The. Algorithm that does this is the only thing that is secret because. We don't want people to have an advantage on this. But. The, thing is that. When. When. When. A relay is in the directory, there are some attacks they can do to, find out who. Is the hidden services, and who is trying to talk to the hidden services but, just observing, the traffic, and there. Are actually. A few class, of attacks one is timing attacks trying. To understand if, this, person. Is making up the connection, and if these, hidden. Service is replying, try to match things for example it's a little bit more complicated, but. It goes around these lines and, the. Other question is about resistance. If. Eventually on your service stuff to. Be used as a way to protect services, from attacks. Property. Of the. Tor network there, is the diversity and, this, means diversity, of traffic, of relays. Means, small, relays big, relays, realized. On. The same network relays there are different network I'm going to explain this because it's a little bit. May. Be difficult, to understand but, it. Goes with the idea of. Population. Or people, that are similar if. All. The people the like sports only, used it or network people will know that it's, only. People the like sports and the, traffic is about sports if there, are people that likes lots of different things like sports music or. Business. Whatever. It. Done will be more difficult to identify single. People so the diversity, of the traffic, news so, let's say web. Surfing. Protecting. Infrastructure. Or other uses chatting and so on. Gives. The possibility to, mitigate. For example on traffic, analysis, but. Also the the difference in relays meaning, that if all the relays that people run are, on the same network for, example digital, ocean, then. Digital. Ocean will have a lot of traffic, that they can analyze or. Amazon. For, example or other thing so this, property, of diversity, of people using tor for different, things such, a good thing for tor yes. | 2019-04-22T17:00:25Z | http://newstechtrend.com/onion_adventures_how_to_use_onion_services_and_the_tor_network_in_your_web_endeavors_-_silvia_puglisi_i967 |
My name is Adam Cox and I became famous for curing people from their lifelong phobias in a single session. The name Phobia Guru came from members of the media based on my results and so I now use this name for my brand and 7 day phobia removal system. Although I work with clients every week in my Harley Street clinic in Central London not everyone is in a position to work with me either privately face to face or via my Skype sessions for international clients.
Since I have more people wanting to work with me than I have available hours in the week I decided to create a system that could work without my direct involvement. My private therapy fees for a single 90 minute session is £245 so this system represents excellent value for money and makes my services available to a wider audience.
Although I'm often described as confident, courageous and brave now this wasn't always the case! When I was 18 years old I experienced anxiety and phobias that crippled my life. There was a period of about 8 months where the anxiety become so severe that I became a recluse not leaving my studio flat for days at a time. Every time I would prepare to leave the door my heart would race to over 150 beats per minute and I would shake uncontrollably. I would only leave the flat at night for essentials at the nearby supermarket and then return immediately. Although I was meant to be studying psychology at university I wasn't attending classes. I had effectively created a prison of my own making. This lead me to consider two futures. A future where I was crippled by fears, phobias and anxiety or a future of freedom. It lead me to pursue a journey to cure myself. That journey took months of reading every book, articles and method of dealing with fears and anxieties. Eventually through a long period of trial and error I managed to remove every fear and phobia I had and each phobia and fear I defeated my confidence and courage continued to grow. This system is the result of not only that long journey of research, discovery and using myself as a guinea pig but several years of curing hundreds of severe phobics from crippling fears. Simply put if this system was available when I was 18 years old I wouldn't have had to endure months of misery, anxiety and frustration.
What is the 7 Day Phobia Removal System?
The 7 Day Phobia Removal System is a structured way of defeating any phobia in just 7 days. The system starts with a 45 minute video where you will learn the science behind your phobia followed by an online course. The first part of the online course is an exercise that elicits the very foundations of your fear.
Everyone of my clients had their fear for years and sometimes decades before the phobia was defeated. Naturally they were skeptical of removing their fear in a single session. The reason why I can get results so quickly is that I use the right methods for each individual and I check the response and change my approach. While this works when I'm working with clients one on one it's not possible to use this approach when working with clients via a series of downloads, videos and the online course. This is why the 7 Day Phobia Removal System uses ALL the different approaches that I use with clients. This way even in only one of the tools is effective it's still enough to cure the phobia. While these approaches are second nature to me they are new to many so I'll describe each of the parts of the system in detail.
This is a 45 minute video that showcases my presentation on The Psychology of Fear and Phobias. For many people it helps to understand what a phobia is and how the brain creates feelings of anxiety at a biological level. Once you understand what is going on inside your brain and in your body you'll be able to use tools to lessen the impact of the anxiety. I have presented this talk to thousands of people and the feedback is always the same - "This Has Helped Me Manage My Fears!"
Are we born with Fear?
This video is available separately for £30. Alternatively it's included in the 7 Day Phobia Removal System for just £99.
This is an online course where you'll be taken through the process of removing your phobia. It's also available as a printed workbook. You'll go through the course day by day and at the end of the course you'll be free of your phobia. The course supports the video and knowledge is power when it comes to becoming free of a phobia. It will take on a fast track journey of the knowledge that I learned to become free of my phobias. You'll learn in 7 days what it took me 2 years to learn.
Understanding the triggers for your phobia.
Understanding the symptoms of your phobia.
What is flooding and how to you use it?
The role of belief systems.
Cognitive Disonance and Self Efficacy and how to use them to break phobias.
What is NLP and which techniques work with phobias?
How can Hypnosis defeat a phobia?
How to stop a phobia from coming back!
On Day 2 you'll be listening to a hypnosis audio session professionally recorded to take you back to a time when you felt a feeling of courage. Courage is essential to defeat fears and phobias. You will then have that feeling of courage amplified and we'll create a trigger based on the psychological principles of conditioning and the NLP principle of anchoring. NLP stands for NeuroLinguistic Programming a system of modelling successful strategies from some of the pioneers of rapid change therapy. This will enable you to access the resourceful state of courage at the exact moment in times when it's most useful. This is particularly useful for people that have phobias linked to a particular event such as public speaking or flying but can also be useful for simple phobias such as animal phobias. The anchor is so useful that many of my clients admit to using the method whenever there is a situation that they want more confidence or courage and not just to help deal with their phobia. This hypnosis audio download is available for £30 separately but is included in the 7 Day Phobia Removal System.
In the 1970's and early 80's a little know system was created. It shocked people at the time because it could take someone that had experience a lifelong phobia and within an hour they no longer had that fear. Originally it was called the Fast Phobia Cure but over time evolved to become the staged dissociation technique. In this 45 minute download you'll go on a journey where you'll visit three different times. Your past before the phobia existed, the future when you no longer have the fear, and the near past - the most recent time when you experienced your phobia. You will be then led through a series of thought techniques to essentially rewire the neural pathways that link the trigger with your fear. You will then see how your present changes to become empowered to act without fear in the presence of the stimulus that used to cause your phobia. It's a powerful technique that I use with many of my phobia clients that get's rid of their phobia and permanently!
On Day 4 we'll be handling the part that is responsible for your fear. In the video above you'll see a man that is conflicted. A part of him really wants to be courageous and jump into the lake and yet another part is telling him not to do it. This is what happens when you have two conflicted parts. The part responsible for protection is influencing the part that wants to be free of the fear. On day 4 you'll be listening to a hypnosis download specifically to negotiate with the part that is trying to protect you. Once the part understands that it can protect in a better way then it no longer needs to perceive the stimulus as a threat. In many cases the part responsible for protection actually makes the situation worse. I've had clients that are afraid of spiders tell me that they've nearly crashed a car when they saw a spider suddenly appear from a mirror in the car. This protection instinct could actually lead to the death of many people as it's hard to drive when you're experiencing a panic reaction. Once the part can help in a better way then it no longer stops getting in the way.
You're only born with two fears. The fear of falling and the fear of loud noises. That means that your phobia was learnt, either by a sensitising event or from someone around you such as a parent or sibling. On day 5 this hypnosis audio download will take you back to the point of your life when you're phobia was created. It will address that you're current reaction is completely rational and understandable but no longer useful. Once we resolve the issue at the point of inception in then has a ripple effect throughout your life so that you no longer feel the fear in the present or future. It's a powerful hypnosis technique that can and will be life changing.
£99 Is Worth My Freedom!
One of the biggest breakthroughs a phobic can make is when they accept that the problem isn't with the stimulus or trigger but with the thoughts they make inside their own mind. Most phobics are excellent at making pictures inside their minds eye that absolutely terrify them. When I used to have a phobia of public speaking I used to make mental images of a large audience staring at me and looking unimpressed or even worse they'd be evaluating me in a negative way. It was these mental images that caused the feelings of anxiety and I was inadvertently mentally rehearsing how to feel anxious talking in front of an audience. I'd had client's that have avoided flying for years because they imagine themselves trapped on a plane having a panic attack or worse being on a plane while it's crashing or experiencing volatile turbulence. It's the thoughts that cause the high levels of anxiety and in this NLP protocol you'll be training your brain to think about things in a different way. The cause of the anxiety will actually trigger you to feel confident, courageous and empowered rather than the anxiety you used to feel.
On the final day you'll be doing the crucial final step of the process. By using the principles of cognitive dissonance and self efficacy you'll be taking specific action to re-evaluate your identity. Many people try to tackle their phobia by managing their environment (avoiding the stimulus) or behaviour (facing the fear). While these tactics may have some impact it's important to influence higher logical levels. At this point you've developed new capabilities, beliefs and values and the final step of the process is to have a new identity and compelling vision of the future. When I was 18 I was paralysed by fear and now I'm known as a person of courage and adventure. Through my journey of defeating my fears I had created a new and more powerful identity. This hypnosis download will help you take the vital final step to ensure that this is a permanent powerful change.
Many of my phobia clients report occasional or regular panic attacks. These panic attacks can last from just a few minutes to about an hour. This is a download designed to be available at short notice. You can have it on your phone or MP3 player so you can listen to it whenever you feel that a panic attack may be starting. This becomes a tool so that rather than being a victim of a panic attack you instead learn how to ride a wave of temporary anxiety. The more often you successfully ride the wave then the lower the intensity of panic attacks and the less frequent you become. It uses a wave metaphor because just like a wave in the sea, panic attacks are temporary and can only come in waves. If you were to stand and fight a wave on the shoreline it may knock you over, but swimming into a wave you simply move with the wave. It loses all impact! This bonus download may never be needed but if it helps manage a panic attack even once then it's worth the entire value of the system.
As one of the UK's most in-demand hypnotherapists I'm regularly asked to help people break their undesired habits. From biting nails to smoking, from snacking to watching too much TV. This hypnosis protocol takes you through a process to disassociate from the pleasure of your habit and associate into the long term consequences of your habit. Most people naturally do the opposite. Think of a smoker. They know that the long term consequences of smoking could be diseases such as lung cancer or heart disease but they distance from that and instead focus on the short term benefits such as the relief of cravings going away, the social aspect of regular breaks with friends or colleagues. This 45 minute download will help you break and replace a habit one at a time. Some clients have given feedback that they've used this for up to 10 different habits. The cost of seeing a therapist for each habit many be hundreds of pounds so they are saving thousands not to mention the long term benefits to health and the financial benefits of stopping an expensive habit.
After successfully defeating my fears and phobias I then went on to build several successful businesses and build a property portfolio of more than 10 properties becoming a self made millionaire in the process. This wouldn't have happened had I not managed my fears as building a business and becoming an investor requires the ability to manage fears and take calculated risks constantly. In this bonus download you will visit your own financial future based on your current set point. I believe that our financial futures are a little like a GPS satellite navigation device. It's likely that you're travelling on auto-pilot to a future of either debt or security rather than comfort, luxury or freedom. This download enables you to see your current financial future and decide a new destination for your financial future if you choose to. If this download helps change the direction of your financial future by even just 1% then you'll make back the cost of this system many many times over.
Here are just a few videos or messages from previous phobia client's of Adam either through his workshop's, private sessions or the 7 Day Phobia Removal System.
I've been very fortunate to have been featured in hundreds of newspapers, magazines, on TV shows and online articles. These are just a few.
There are only a few questions that people have asked me over the years. Here are the questions and the answers to help you decide if this is the right system for you!
I'm Based in the US Can I Still Work With You?
The 7 Day Phobia Removal System will work for any person so long as they understand English. I have many international clients that work with me on a one-to-one basis through a combination of Skype or Facetime and phone. If you're interested in working with me personally rather than through the 7 Day Downloadable system click here to book a free 30 minute phone consultation.
Does This Work for All Phobias?
Yes, this system has been designed to work on simple phobias where the stimulus causes the anxiety reaction but also on situational phobias such as fear of flying, fear of death or fear of public speaking where an evaluation is required to trigger the anxiety. This system has helped everyone from fear of toilets to fear of public transport.
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Does the 7 Day System Actually Work?
In one word - YES! The system has been developed over working with hundreds of phobia clients and thousands of hours of research. I offer a 100% full money back guarantee and up to this point not a single person has asked for a refund. Most of my clients come to me from referrals and recommendations which lets me know that what I do works and genuinely helps people get through their phobia.
Everyone can access the type of relaxed state necessary to benefit from this system. If you find that the system doesn't help you remove your phobia then you can claim a 100% money back refund.
I'm Currently Taking Medication - Should I Stop?
No. If you're currently taking any medication please don't change what you're doing. Continue to take your medication while following the system. Many clients have reported that they no longer feel the need to take medication meant for anxiety after completing this system. Please speak to your doctor or medical professional before making an alteration to any prescription.
Can I Use This System For More Than One Phobia?
Yes. Many people have more than one phobia and find this system can work for multiple phobias. My recommendation would be to focus on one phobia at a time and to only start the system again with a new phobia once the first one is no longer an issue. This system however is to be only used for one participant. The copyright is held my myself (Adam Cox) and is not transferred or transferable. You can't sell, lend or give this system to any third party although if you are buying on behalf of someone else such as family member that is fine.
Can I listen to the hypnosis while driving?
No. We recommend that you only use the hypnosis or audio downloads when you're in a place where you won't be disturbed or distracted. These audio downloads are not to be used when driving or using machinery and are only to be used while seated or lying down.
Can I Get a Refund If It Doesn't Work for Me?
Yes, there is a full 100% money back guarantee within 30 days of purchase. Since it's a 7 Day Course that gives you plenty of time to test the system. If you're not free of your phobia then let us know and we'll give you a full refund. | 2019-04-20T02:38:02Z | https://www.phobiaguru.com/phobiacure.html |
The Doctor and his companions, Victoria and Jamie, go to the planet Telos for no conceivable reason, and there do their best to help a group of human archeologists gain entrance to the heavily fortified and titular Tomb of the Cybermen – all the while telling them they really ought not to.
Obviously, there are still dangers lurking in the cyber catacombs, and all of the human explorers aren’t quite what they seem.
Despite some rather racist elements, and a plot that at times makes little sense, The Tomb of The Cybermen is a marvellous piece of TV history. The first fully intact Patrick Troughton serial, ‘Tomb’ flaunts beautiful sets and tonnes of – now classic – Sci-Fi tropes. It also sees the introduction of both the Cybermats and the Cyber-Controller, the latter of whom we previously encountered on Who Back When in the NewWho episode The Age of Steel with David Tennant.
Where did The Doctor get a cape?
When did Victoria become a sharpshooter?
How come the Cyber-Controller destroys his only charger?
And why the severe racist undertones, Kit Pedler?
~ This story had the working titles of The Ice Tombs of Telos and The Cybermen Planet.
~This serial was believed lost in 1978 (when the BBC’s film archive was first properly audited, although it is absent on earlier 1976 listings) until film telerecordings of all four episodes were returned to the BBC by the Hong Kong television company ATV (formerly called RTV) in late 1991. The serial was released, to much fan excitement and with a specially recorded introduction by director Morris Barry, on VHS in May 1992.
~Following the story’s recovery in 1991 and return early in 1992 after decades of being presumed wiped, the episode was screened to a packed audience at BAFTA in Piccadilly on 26 April 1992, along with guests including director Morris Barry, producer Peter Bryant, story editor Victor Pemberton and actors Frazer Hines, Deborah Watling, Shirley Cooklin, Clive Merrison, George Roubicek and Michael Kilgarriff. Tony Clark, one of the audience members, recalled huge rounds of applause and thought that “everyone did love it”. The broad verdict of a group of reviewers in DWB issue 101 agreed that the long-missing episode lived up to hype of its reputation of existing “at the very apex of Doctor Who’s pyramid of masterpiece stories” when it was originally released on VHS. Gary Russell, reviewing the story in DWM 187, gave a “largely positive” review and said he “could go on forever about what’s good in The Tomb of the Cybermen”.
~Eleventh Doctor actor Matt Smith cited The Tomb of the Cybermen as one of his favourite Doctor Who stories.
~Up until “The Enemy of the World” was found and recovered, this serial was the only complete story from Season 5 of the Classic Series. It is also the only complete Cyberman story from Troughton’s run on Doctor Who.
Now that the fact file is out of the way, let’s get on with the review.
In my review of “The Moonbase”, I intended to say it was one of if not the best Troughton serial of all time. “The Tomb of the Cybermen”, however, is the best Cybermen serial of the Troughton Era, maybe even the best Cybermen serial of all time.
At this point Patrick Troughton was building up a head of steam as Doctor Two now, and his relationship with Jamie was well cemented. There’s plenty of humour between them: the scene where the Doctor realises he’s holding Jamie’s hand and tosses it aside in annoyance is redolent of Oliver Hardy himself. There’s a softer side, too. Much has already been written in books and on fansites, not surprisingly, about the moment the Doctor counsels Victoria on the grieving process. It’s tenderly acted and unfussily written, but credit should also go to director Morris Barry for his expressive use of close-up. It was rarely more appropriate than here.
The Cybermen are the same as seen in “The Moonbase”, Maybe even part of the same batch of Cybermen, seeing that they are the same as they looked last time. You could say the “Moonbase” Cybermen originated on Telos. The Telos terrors have been bolstered by a Controller, with his veined cranium denoting extra intelligence, and also by the scuttling Cybermats. The idea of the latter is definitely scarier than the actuality: their ping-pong eyes and felt teeth are very Blue Peter, while the story doesn’t make clear what threat they actually pose. Sometimes they are hard to understand. It has to be dead quiet to hear them clearly. You can try to tell what they are saying, but sometimes it’s hard to do. Many say the “electrolarynx” Cyber-voice was an improvement on the singsong whine adopted by actors in The Tenth Planet. I’m not so sure. The earlier method, with its haphazard emphases, was somehow weirder and more alien-sounding, while the new Cybermen add rogue vowels on the end of sentences (“You will remain still-a”; “We must survive-a”). It’s not irritating, but it can be problematic when you can’t tell what they’re saying.
Jamie and Victoria were very good alongside the Doctor. It’s also notable that Klieg, who counts as the secondary villain, was brilliant. He wanted the Cybermen for their logic, as he was a logical man himself. I also like how logical the villains/Cybermen went about things. I mean, the way the tombs were set up and how to access them the way you needed to. It was brilliant.
I am so glad this story exists in it’s entirety, because if not then you couldn’t admire the sets and props. It’s interesting what you can do with a budget, Styrofoam and tin foil. It’s also a great story and it’s perfect for Victoria’s first outing in the TARDIS.
Overall, I love this story. This was my introduction to Troughton. Though it’s not my favorite Troughton serial, it’s my favorite Cybermen serial by far. Not only that, but this serial is the only Cyberman story from the 60’s that exists in it’s entirety! So, I’m giving this story a 4.5/5. It’s just that good. I have nothing but praise for this story.
Toberman was originally going to be deaf, and when the Cybermen upgraded him, they would’ve given him a hearing aid. That’s why Toberman has little to no lines because they changed this plot point last minute. However, this plot point was retained for the Target novelization for the story.
I’m going to split my review into three different areas: Victoria, Main Plot, and Fun Facts.
First off is Victoria and more specifically how she measures up as a companion. In Evil of the Daleks she was a damsel in distress and fairly useless and I remember entering this serial for the first time thinking that we had Vikki 2 on board. Especially with her logical leaps upon entering the Tardis in the first episode. On discovering that the Doctor travels in time & space she of course assumes that he’s really old. (I don’t get it.) The next bit we get of Victoria is the one-off that she’s a little prude about her dress length, and soon after gets into the equipment that she doesn’t know anything about. Between episodes two and three Victoria asserts herself to disarm Kaftan and get the hatch opened. Her reaction to being called “honey” or “vic” mirrors Susan’s annoyance with being spoken down to, but without the need for an irritation index. Her conversation with doctor during her night watch is one of my favorite Troughton moments. A heart to heart that shows both of them as deeper characters than they appear. “You’ll find there is so much else for us to remember. Our lives are different than anybody else’s. That’s the exciting thing. Cause nobody in the universe can do what we’re doing.” (Ponken I’m sure you read that just fine, but Troughton saying it makes the hair stand up on the back of my neck.) For the rest of the serial Victoria doesn’t play any major part, but she’s not just standing around screaming either. By the end Victoria is a full companion in my eyes.
The main plot is original and gives us a good chunk of Doctor Who lore. From what is going on in the Cybermen chronology to doctor and companion bonding moments. I particularly love that Jaime calls the Doc out on the poor pun, despite Jamie coming from a time before the term “mental breakdown” would mean anything. The plot is strong, despite some small illogical logic leaps and loop holes. (If the ship will take 3 days to repair and only about a day is passed, how do they take off in the end.) It was thoroughly entertaining and well paced throughout. I love that Toberman is able to break through his conditioning. This also leads perfectly into the Fun Facts.
This serial is the 1st to feature the Cybermen attempting to control a human, which eventually will become the conversion process. It also provides us with a number of other firsts. It is the 1st serial to reference Telos; it is the 1st to involve archaeologists who stumble upon/create trouble; it is the 1st to feature Cybermats (the effects of which are better than in some later episodes, in my opinion); it is the 1st to feature a Cyber-Controller; it is the 1st to give an age to The Doctor (450); it is the first to feature what TV Tropes calls “Sealed Evil in a Can” where something bad is let out of its prison/cage during the course of the story; and lastly, it is the 1st of 5 completely available 2nd Doctor serials.
I absolutely love this serial! I could watch it again and again and again. I actually did that to write this review. This is my first 5.0 and I’d give it higher if I could, but alas my understanding of symbolic logic does not allow for it.
Gerry Davis (1978-01-01T10:00:00+00:00). Doctor Who: Tomb of the Cybermen (Kindle Locations 745-746). Target Books. Kindle Edition.
Just downloading and really looking forward to listening to this straight away. But again I think you mark too harshly – especially you, Niculele.
I give it a 4.9. I am taking a 10th of a mark off because the cybermen run out of batteries a little too quickly – they were so good when firing on all cylinders.
This is one of the greatest ever Who adventures. And the first one I ever saw when it was first broadcast. Life changing experience. 2.5/5 indeed…pffft!
Hi guys, I’m straight back after listening to your review. I give this podcast a firm 4.5/5 – WBW is definitely a favourite of mine and I have sampled many of the Who podcasts available over the past 5 or so years. In fact, WBW is right up there with the Krynoids, 42 to Doomsday and Zeuspod as the small group of Who podcasts among the many that I actually eagerly await new releases of.
That said, I would like to take up a point about the interpretation of Doberman, sorry Toberman. I think that far from being racist writing, the casting of an actor with a prima facie African ethnic heritage in the role is artistically successful and introduces a sincerely held anti-racism theme into the story. Toberman, as an “African heritage servant” symbolically communicates to the viewer immediately that he is fundamentally a good person, noble but exploited by the forces of evil. It establishes in an instant with the viewer that Kaftan, the financier, is an evil person who will cause trouble. It thus creates a plot tension that helps to propel tremendous interest in the unfolding of the story and the fates of the protagonists and antagonists portrayed. Will each get his or her just deserts? Toberman does wrong in the story but his servitude mitigates his culpability, his loyalty is misplaced but understandable. The question is posed, can he break free of his chains? His exploitation reaches its nadir when he becomes in turn a slave to the cybermen. The satisfaction the viewer feels with the denouement arises largely from his escape, redemption and the vindication of Humanity through his heroism in confronting evil and defeating it.
The viewpoint you express on the Toberman character as cast is similar to the stance taken in other contemporary reviews of Tomb I have encountered (e.g., Krynoid Podcast) and I think reflects a current hypersensitivity to an enduring issue that, in my opinion, is ironically reductive of people’s intrinsic humanity. The symbol of the slave, here instantiated as a sci-fi version of a plantation era African slave, is a powerful metaphor for suffering, injustice, the inherent evil of exploitation and the immutability of the primacy of human rights. The Toberman literary creation is inextricably central to the greatness of Tomb as a work of science fiction and raises it to the status of possessing considerable artistic merit.
Whatever. Keep up your entertaining and thought-provoking work. cheers.
Hey Scorby, first off, thanks so much for your praise! Really glad you’re enjoying the show!
Okidoki, let’s get down to business. Your interpretation of the character of Toberman is really compelling, and once again I feel that perhaps I’ve been a little too harsh in my rating. I agree to a point with what you’ve said. Toberman, much like Kemel in ‘The Evil of the Daleks’, is only acting on behalf of another, and in the end proves that he is morally superior to his masters, his altruism literally culminating in self-sacrifice. You’re totes-malotes right! We should probably have given greater emphasis to that.
His human masters are foreigners as well, though, (in fact the only other foreigners on the cast) as opposed to the good guys who are all English or (fake) American.
I think we’ve addressed on the podcast before that the mere presence of a minority on the cast is already a step in the right direction. What still bothers me a little with regard to Toberman, though, and what I imagine you’ve heard in other reviews, is that when we get a minority representative in Classic Who, so far, they’ve not been given proper speaking parts or any degree of intellectual agency, unless it’s acted out with malice, e.g. Kaftan. Toberman proves himself to be a good guy in the end, but I’m still looking forward to seeing an ethnic minority represented with both EQ and IQ.
You’ve provided a total eye-opener! Thank you! Next time we encounter this phenomenon in a classic serial – I’m assuming there’ll be a next time – I will bear your comment in mind.
Long may you keep provoking thoughts. Excelsior!
…oh, and it is a fair point you make in response! cheers again.
This is a brilliant story that sees the “base under assault” theme approached from the opposite point of view. The Doctor is written brilliantly here, almost foreshadowing Sylvester McCoy’s Dr. in that he’s always one step ahead of everyone else.
As I’ve just listened to [most of] the podcast, I’d like to comment on 3 points: 1) the Dr opens the doors because first, he knows that one way or the other, sooner or later, the humans will get in. He would rather it happen while he is there than when he is not. Second, he also does it to deflect the accusations that he was involved in the death at the front door. Third, he just can’t help himself. He’s curious and adventurous, that’s all there is to it. 2) The Dr knows Kaftan is playing everyone for a fool. He’s just not going to show his hand too early. He also knows he came down on the other scientist hard. To pick him back up he triggers the one button that will finish the sequence to make him feel better about…himself. Like I said, he’s always one step ahead of everyone else. 3) there is a tremendous amount of time passage here that is not seen on screen. Remember them sleeping and scenes like it? Maybe it didn’t take 72 hours to fix the ship, but it didn’t take 3 hours either.
Victoria is interesting here. She definitely plays the damsel. However she’s an intelligent and resourceful one. Remember this is her first adventure and she’s in way over her head. The fact that she’s not going “what’s [insert everything invented after the Victorian era here]” is an astounding leap of faith and trust in Jamie and the Dr. She should be cowering in the corner and/or examining every last pencil in the room as if it’s a wonder of technology.
Jamie is both humbled and shining in this series. Not much to say as he is just brilliant in most episodes of every series.
There are some very beautiful quotes in this episode, including D n V talking about families. A little icon heavy but the set is brilliant. I agree though that a huge sense of dread is lost because we only hear discussions of how big the tombs are, we never see the long shot of them. That’s a shame. Remember that shot from “The Daleks”? Still the cybermen are ominous here (if not a little inept at times).
The cybermats didn’t really do anything in this episode, although I love the concept of them. Because they are living metal, we see the tiny “baby” cybermat (Cybermite?) which foreshadows the larger one’s later. Perhaps the little ones grow up. However the little one presumably bites the Kaftan and nothing at all comes of it. Sad. What happened to that virus from “The Moonbase”? Not at all what we see them do in later series. Thus this series script revisions would be to take out the “cybermats aren’t working” scene and replace with a scene of them injecting Toberman with the cybervirus (or at least stunning him and the Kaftan). Play up the low power aspect of the cybermen a little more so it accounts for their inability to do much here, and show that long shot of the thousands of tombs…and lose the reverse shots for going back into stasis.
The Doctor wearing a cloak which the podcast refers to as a cape demonstrates how prepared he was during this serial, in which his curiosity consigns most of this expedition on an alien world to heinous death. Jamie, or someone, in fact, remarks upon his preparedness. Anyway, the podcsast remarks on the cape asking when the Doctor had a cape before. William Hartnell’s doctor wore it on occasion. In fact, you have a picture captioned ‘Badass Doctor stares down a War Machine in the podcast about, you guessed it, “The War Machines”.
The Doctor and Jamie welcomed Victoria aboard the TARDIS and arrived on the planet Telos as an explosion revealed a pair of enormous double doors. The first person to try opening them died. Despite the archaeologists’ unwelcoming, suspicious reception, the revelation they had come to study Cybermen compelled the time travelers to stay . The Doctor determined the charge electrifying the doors had dissipated and maneuvered Toberman, a servant of the expedition’s financiers, Kleig and Kaftan, into opening them. Beyond the doors, the archaeologists overlooked two separate doors the Doctor pointed out and explained how to open. After the explorers split up, Kaftan trapped Victoria in a large cabinet where projectors could revitalize a single Cyberman. The Doctor freed and calmed her before hurrying to Jamie. He was operating a hypnotic device as a Cyberman entered and the archaeologist with him was shot.
The Doctor noted the dead man was shot in the back and discovered the emerging Cyberman was a mock up target for testing weapons as he safely recreated the incident. Jamie found a Cybermat Victoria put it in her handbag after the Doctor used his 500 year diary to identify it. In the central chamber, Toberman told Kaftan he had completed a task before the lead archaeologist announced his decision to return to Earth. Their pilot, though, revealed the rocket had been sabotaged, necessitating extensive repairs. The Doctor prompted the Captain to reveal he would keep his passengers off the rocket, in part, because he didn’t know who caused the damage before helping Klieg, both openly and surreptitiously, to raise the hatch dominating one wall of the central chamber. All the men not repairing the rocket explored the Cybermen’s frozen tombs. Kaftan drugged Victoria’s coffee and lowered the hatch as her victim slept. Below, Klieg raised the temperature and shot an archaeologist, who panicked as reviving Cybermen began moving. When Victoria recovered, Kaftan covered her with a gun until the Cybermat in her handbag emerged and attacked Kaftan. Victoria snatched the gun and shot the Cybermat. Fully revived, Cybermen retrieved their Cybercontroller, who announced humans belonged to Cybermen and would be like them.
Victoria hurried to bring the Captain and a crewman into the central chamber in order to raise the hatch. Both men went down with smoke bombs and rescued everyone except Toberman. The inevitable Scooby Dooing ended as the Cyberman pursued the Doctor couldn’t both grasp him and hold up the hatch and retreated. Kaftan and Klieg were locked in the test range and acquired the Cybergun. Meanwhile, Cybermen attacked with Cybermats and the Doctor defeated them with an electric cable. Subsequently, the prisoners emerged from their prison and Klieg shot at the Doctor.
The shot missed the Doctor, but killed someone else before Klieg armed Kaftan, opening the hatch, and summoning the Cybercontroller. Believing the Cybergun, gave him bargaining power, Klieg revealed he represented logicians and offered the Cybercontroller an alliance as well as the chance to revitalize in exchange for Toberman, whom the Cyberman controlled, and the promise of technology. The Doctor imprisoned the Cybercontroller in the revitalization machine, and convinced Toberman to fight the metal monster after it literally broke out. Kaftan died before their battle began because Cybermen don’t honor bargains, but Jamie fought the Cybermen back, making them retreat to their tombs. The battle ended when the big man lifted the Cybercontroller overhead and hurled him into the hatch controls. The Doctor decided to take Toberman to help seal the Cybermen in their tombs. Jamie trailed Klieg, who followed them and objected to the Doctor freezing the Cybermen into their tombs forever. The Doctor extolled the virtues of an alliance between Klieg and the Cybermen. Klieg decided he would leave the Doctor, despite his understanding of the logicians’ objectives; his companions; and the archaeologists to the Cybermen instead of killing them. Before a Cyberman killed Klieg, the Doctor said he was undoubtedly mad. Toberman attacked and destroyed Klieg’s killer as the remaining Cybermen were frozen in their tombs. Above them, the rocket was ready and the Doctor electrified the controls and the hatch as well as the doors to prevent anyone else from walking into the Cybermen’s trap. Closing the doors would complete the circuit, but the Cybercontroller returned to life. Separating, the Doctor and Jamie ran outside, where the Doctor realized an insulator would be needed to safely close the doors. Toberman, though, refused to allow the Cybercontroller to pass and died closing the doors. The group, except perhaps the Doctor, felt they wouldn’t see Cybermen again, but there was a Cybermat outside the tomb.
DOCTOR WHO put “Revenge of the Cybermen” out when they did because no episodes from the classic “The Tomb of the Cyberman,” which fans selected for their first videocassette release, where then in BBC archives. When all four of the missing story’s episodes were returned from Hong Kong in 1992, they comprised the only story from the show’s fifth season featuring companion Victoria Waterfield to be intact until “Enemy of the World” was recovered in 2013. This third Cybermen story was a variation of the base under siege plot the first two employed. The Cybermen’s creator, Kit Pedler, and Writer Gerry Davis let their monsters set a clever trap for intelligent people on the planet Telos, which Cybermen adopted after their home planet, Mondas, “The Tenth Planet,” and Earth’s twin, was destroyed. Cybermen used Cybermats for the first time here, though the Doctor looked them up in his 500 year diary, suggesting he had encountered them before. His research was useful, enabling him to describe and defeat the creatures later in the story. Once again, as in the Cybermen’s last appearance, the Doctor decided to stay and combat his enemies, who remembered him from both their previous confrontations, at the Moonbase and on Earth, when Mondas was destroyed. Upon learning of the archaeological expedition’s purpose, the Doctor’s curiosity was insatiable. Deterred by neither the archaeologist who perished as he arrived nor the professional expedition’s ineptness, he pointed out and opened two doors the searchers didn’t realize existed and surreptitiously threw a switch to help them raise the hatch and admit them to the tombs. Thus, the Doctor is at least partially responsible for the deaths of Klieg, Kaften, Toberman and a archaeologists. Victoria, the Doctor’s newest companion, was curious and a deadly shot with a pistol, but evidently knew her limitations. She screamed at Cybermen and knew to fetch the rocket crew to help raise the hatch after Kaften lowered it and held a gun on her. Jamie played his usual role as the Doctor’s loyal protector, which amounted to little more than tagging along. Actors Patrick Troughton and Frazier Hines, portraying the Doctor and Jamie respectively, deliberately and covertly slipped humor into the serials of their era. For example, flanking Victoria, each reached for her hands in the initial scene, but gripped one another instead. Their antics likely didn’t please Director Morris Barry, who famously had the entire, impressive tomb set moved to align properly with the cameras he believed were set up correctly. Gerry Davis novelized his story for Target Books and actor Michael Kilgarriff, the Cybercontroller, read it for audio. It’s script appeared as a separate volume from Titan Books and the soundtrack exists with narration around the dialogue provided by Frazier Hines on CDs and Jon Pertwee on a previously released cassette. | 2019-04-18T23:16:06Z | https://whobackwhen.com/c037-tomb-of-the-cybermen/ |
The message of Christmas is one of peace, joy and hope. It is a message much needed in our ravaged and torn world. It speaks of peace with God through a child born to bring us forgiveness, it speaks of joy through the release within us of a new, godly and wholesome life, and it speaks of hope in the knowledge and experience of God’s strength and support throughout this life and on into eternity. There is nothing automatic about this message, however; it demands a response. It calls us very simply and bluntly to come to Jesus and follow Him with heart and mind.
The Christmas story is largely a mix of Luke’s account of Jesus’ birth and Matthew’s account. Both leave us in no doubt that the birth was miraculous in nature and of the Holy Spirit and that Jesus was Son of God. While Luke has a deeply touching side to the story, focussing much on Mary’s part in the birth, Matthew, however, by contrast presents us with a rather darker aspect of the event. Matthew mostly directs our attention to the Magi from the East – kings coming to worship “The King”.
It is through the Magi we also meet Herod the king of the Jews, and it is Herod who casts the dark shadow on the narrative. Jealous for his power, brooking no possible rivals and cheated by the magi from finding Jesus, he orders a whole massacre of children in order to kill the one child who threatens his power. Matthew goes on to record the divine warning to Joseph to flee. As a result he takes Mary and the baby into Egypt as refugees and remains there until Herod dies. Even then it is safe only to return to the remoteness of Nazareth since Herod’s son is not to be trusted.
This is a very different story from the picturesque idyll of the star shining on the manger. But why focus on the dark side of the story? Why not settle for the more comforting side of Christmas? After all, historically Matthew’s events happened sometime after Christmas. Very simply one reason is that the traditional presentation of the birth of Jesus, rightly or wrongly, has always included the “three kings” at the stable tableau. Christmas is not Christmas without the “three kings”! A much more serious reason is that, whether chronologically later or not, it represents a very important aspect of the full birth story. This darker side to the story gets more and more relevant to the world in which we are living, and we need to take note of it. Matthew himself clearly did not feel that what he wrote spoilt the story; on the contrary he felt it very important to record it. The fact is that the birth of Jesus was bitterly contested, and still is! Herod, of course, typifies the ruthless, autocratic power-seeking ruler who, having established his kingdom is prepared to hold on to it no matter how many people have to suffer or die to secure it, children included.
This is by no means an unknown scenario in our modern world. We have seen this process unfolding in not a few nations in the early years of this millennium. Syria is perhaps the most blatant example where the early hopes of the present ruler and his wife of reform have shattered on the rock of an intransigent deeper family grip on power. It has cost thousands of lives, produced thousands of refugees and destroyed many cities. Further east Myanmar (Burma) is another example which stands out. And Africa seems to have more than its fair share of despots. The “Herods” are still numerous in this world, unfortunately.
The story of the biblical Herod has, however, a specific dimension. His wrath was directed at Jesus. It was of no consequence to Herod that this Jesus might be the Messiah promised to the Jews. Herod was not racially a true Jew and was very conscious of being an “outsider”. He was not of a religious bent, and would have had little concern for the moral commandments of the Jewish religion. He had built the Jews a magnificent Temple but that was simply in order simply to gain favour with them and protect his power. The prospect of a Jewish Messianic King was something very different; such a rival was politically extremely dangerous for Herod, and was something to be prevented at all cost, something to be literally stifled at birth.
Herod has not been the only despot who has sought to stifle Jesus (and His genuine Christian followers). It has been a feature of autocracy throughout history, and it remains so today in a marked fashion. The reason is not difficult to see. The lust for naked personal power has no place in the heart of Jesus or in his teaching. Whilst on earth He never sought such power for himself. Among the temptations Satan put to Him was the offer of “all the kingdoms of the earth”. Resisting it, Jesus “took the form of a servant”, for His objective was not self-centred greatness but the dire needs of humanity. Had He succumbed to the temptation He would have found Himself inevitably bound to follow Satan’s method of holding power, namely fear and force.
Jesus’ “kingdom”, however, has a totally different method of control: it is a Kingdom of Righteousness and Love. Its characteristics are humility, not pride; peace, not war; generous giving, not accumulation of riches; forgiveness, not revenge. It is small wonder that self-seeking despots have no time for Christians who seek to walk like Jesus. Their emphasis on the value of each human person makes them inevitably a part of the opposition. They were much under threat from both Stalin and Hitler whose malign social engineering cost innumerable lives. To them Christians were dangerous. It is very much the same with the despots of our own generation. We read a great deal about Christians imprisoned for their faith in a considerable number of countries where fear, force and brutality is the only cement holding despotic rulers in power. The lust for power will always be in contention with the Christ child and those who worship him. Such contention must be a continuing focus for prayer.
The Revelation of St. John is rarely associated with Christmas. It contains, however, an extraordinary apocalyptic vision of the birth of Jesus (Rev. 12). In this vision a woman “clothed with the sun” is seen about to give birth to a child. This child was to rule all nations (clearly a picture of Jesus). A Dragon awaits the birth to devour the child but the child is caught up to God and to His throne. The Dragon, enraged, made war, therefore, on those who followed the child and kept his commandments. This takes Matthew’s perspective to a deeper level, depicting the spiritual forces underlying the actions of Herod. The symbolism of the vision is lurid and seemingly grotesque, but the application is clear. The Christ was born to redeem the nations, indeed to redeem along with the nations the whole of creation, over which he would rule. Satan’s rule in this world was to be broken by Him. The attempt to devour Him failed. The child was swept up to heaven and will return to rule. What an extraordinary HOPE this is. It is the Christian hope of a new and redeemed world in which Christ rules in love and righteousness, and in which those who believe will live in the light of the presence of God. This is not a hope which might happen, but a hope that is sure and will happen. Herod failed, Christ won; the Jewish priests failed, Christ rose again; gross darkness covers the earth, but the Light of Christ will come in all its fullness. Thus even the darker side of the Christmas story is really pointing to a much greater light and hope. If our Christian hope is smaller than total redemption of the world as we know it then it is falling short of the glory to be revealed.
“IT IS INCOMPETENCE ON A MONUMENTAL SCALE”.
Mervyn King, former Governor of the Bank of England; on the planning and process of Brexit.
“DARK FORCES CAN BE UNLEASHED WHEN PARLIAMENTARY POLITICS BREAK DOWN”.
This week Theresa May brought her Brexit “Deal” into the Commons to be debated and hopefully to be accepted. On the first day before the debate had really begun the Prime Minister and the government were found in breach of contempt of the House on three separate issues. This was totally unparalleled in the history of the Commons: three in the five year life of one parliament was not unusual, but three in one day bordered on the absurd. This was a very ominous start to the week-long debate. It was the first cannonade of uproar that continued to resound in the Commons.
One act of contempt stood out in particular; the Prime Minister had refused a full publication for the House of a report on the legal basis of her “Deal”. This had proved to be at the very least a misjudgement on Theresa May’s part. It was a failure to play her political cards correctly, and seemingly a result of an intransigence which would not take advice. True, it was not to her advantage in the debate to have the report published, but to have refused to publish simply made matters far worse in the event. It heightened the huge storm of protest (equally unparalleled) as she went on to outline and commend her “Deal”.
By day three of the debate, the rancour and heated division had reached a point where she found herself isolated and pleading with some emotion that she had put everything she had into making the “Deal” the best she could; she had worked hard and long and withstood any amount of abuse in her efforts to do her duty. She begged for support for her plan. Not surprisingly, it seems to have had little effect – the issues were too deep and important for that sort of personal appeal. This illustrates the tragedy of Theresa May. Without any question there has been widespread recognition of her sense of duty and commitment to the best for the country and there has been recognition of her refusal to get embroiled in any kind of political mud-slinging. She has maintained great and exemplary integrity. Unhappily, however, severe misjudgements have clearly dogged her path. A readiness to get on with the job and “go it alone” in the face of the confusion of ideas may have seemed in one sense laudable, but unfortunately her decision to “go it alone” proved to be one of her worst misjudgements. Losing all semblance of support, she tended to lean over into a disposition toward autocracy, and, not listening to advisors she came up with a plan that was so unworkable it pleased nobody.
“Incompetence” is a hard and derogatory word, and I have refrained from using out of respect for Theresa May’s integrity, but taking the Brexit process as a whole I think Mervyn King’s description of that process as being a demonstration of “incompetence on a monumental scale” has to stand as very accurate. What I am anxious to underline about this comment is something I stressed in the last blog, namely that it is the classic description of what happens to decision making in government when a nation disowns its Maker. Even if there is a degree of courtesy and genuine selfless concern in any particular politician for what is right it is not sufficient to stem any process of judgement. Misjudgements, and devastating misjudgements with dire consequences, are bound to be made when the fear of God remains as ignored as it is in our nation, whoever might lead. Such misjudgements are quickly seen as incompetence.
The second quotation above, from the Press article, spoke of “dark forces” being released when normal “parliamentary politics break down”. Such a statement reflects with very great accuracy what can happen when political incompetence reaches such a degree that orderly government by due procedure and consensus starts to collapse. We can actually see this happening today in numerous places in our world where the dark forces of autocracy, violence and repression have begun to take over from disorderly democratic rule. Turkey is sadly perhaps the nearest country (being in Europe) to witness something of this downward spiral. The author of the article is not suggesting we have arrived at such a point, but he is certainly sounding a warning that we are moving in that direction. He noted that things become “problematic when there is a clash between the Executive and Parliament of the sort we are potentially seeing at the moment”. He warns against complacency about civil upheaval. Historically we can never overlook the collapse of the Weimar Republic and the consequent rise of Hitler’s dark forces in what was a highly civilised Germany. The fact is that the road ahead of us with Brexit is highly fractious and dangerous. Almost any direction we take will be divisive, and the chaos of bitter division is the point of entry for dark forces. What we need to recognise is that division and bitterness is again something that humanity walks into (whether in Parliament or anywhere else) when we move away from God’s pathway of righteousness.
As a nation we have been under the growing judgement of God for some years. Rather than getting back to God we have as a nation rather increased the speed at which we are rejecting the moral behaviour which he requires. We have increasing lost any semblance of being a “God” culture, and we have reached a crisis point in His dealings with us.
The greatest gift God could give us as a nation at the moment in His mercy would be that of sound competent and godly leadership, but to be sure of that the greater need is for the nation to find its way back to the God of its forefathers.
Everybody apparently is bored with BREXIT; at least this is what the headlines have told us this week. Unfortunately we can’t afford to be bored! It is far too serious a matter. A huge amount depends upon the outcome. A well-known reputable weekly journal put the situation perfectly when one of its columnists wrote, “One thing increasingly clear in the fog of Brexit is that it is the most serious domestic crisis Britain has faced in the modern democratic era”. He went on to quote the transport minister’s remark that in its Brexit dealings the government was responsible for “a failure of British statecraft on a scale unseen since the Suez crisis in 1976”. He noted that others had compared “the current debacle” of Brexit to the IMF’s bail out of Britain in 1976 and the gold standard crisis of 1931. He continued, “In fact it is worse than anything else Britain has experienced in peacetime. The political system is all but paralysed, the country is divided into warring ideological tribes, the civil service is overwhelmed, and in the event of no deal, Britain would be staring into the abyss”.
These are very serious comments. The Press is not averse to “building up” a crisis, of course – crises sell newspapers and journals! But these comments do not strike me as being in that category. Despite the “fog” of the Brexit process, it is patently obvious that we have a government in confusion and crisis, following a leader with whom very few agree and with whom most strongly disagree, and consequently utterly unable to come to any kind of real consensus at a time when the nation faces one of the most critical decisions of its history. The possibility of much greater chaos when the House of Commons debate the Prime Minister’s plans is all too real. The fall-out could be extremely serious, with political collapse leading even to dangerous autocratic political take-overs.
No! We cannot afford to be bored – certainly Christians cannot – we have a responsibility.
Serious as this massive political issue is, however, there is a much more serious issue surrounding it than just finding the right political solution. Irrespective of the issue being a complex Brexit, the sheer incompetence of the process, the appalling and aggressive nature of the in-fighting, the confused chaos of the process are all pointing to something deeper, something spiritual. This “something” needs to be stated bluntly, and it is that God is indicating his displeasure against the nation. This is the sort of thing that happens when nations do not walk in the “fear of the Lord”, and have no regard for Him and his moral requirements. They degenerate.
To make this sort of remark is, of course, to invite from most people an immediate disdainful response. Such comment belongs, they reckon, to the “loony fringe”. The biblical prophets knew all about that kind of reaction! Such reaction is only to be expected, however, for this world has little time for God and its Maker as it blindly battles on in its own supposed “wisdom”. But those who have come to know the reality of a holy God have come to know that God is utterly central to our life and our well-being. They realise that He is not indifferent to the way we live but expects godliness and righteousness, and that if we do not walk that way we can meet with trouble in our lives! Furthermore our God is the God of the nations; he created them and expects of them what he expects of individuals. When they honour Him, he blesses them; when they arrogantly reject Him and his ways they meet with trouble – trouble of all kinds, and incompetent and chaotic government is frequently one such kind of trouble.
This is not an obscure or extreme or “fringe” idea. It is written on page after page of the biblical record, and we meet with it in most of the books of the Bible. The Old Testament in particular is essentially a story about a nation – the Jewish nation. But it also the story of many other nations alongside Israel. As the biblical history of those nations unfolds, it is constantly commenting on the well-being or demise of those nations and demonstrating one essential theme; that those nations and their leaders who walk in God’s ways experience wisdom and blessing, and those who do not walk in his ways experience distress of every kind. This is no “fringe” idea; it is an utterly central idea, culminating in clear and definitive fashion with all the main biblical prophets. It is “fringe” only to those who have no time for God, though, sadly, it may also be “fringe” to those whose faith in God is only “personal” and does not grasp God’s deep concern for the nations.
The lesson from the biblical record is that our “troubles” as a nation will continue (and get worse) as long as we insist on living the way we live. Violence is on the increase, sexual immorality and confusion abounds, greed, covetousness and corruption are very much with us even at the highest levels of society and seemingly know no bounds; and our children are more and more tainted with what is not good, but destructive.
No, Brexit is not really the main national problem; it is only an ugly symptom of the main problem. The real problem is the systematic way we have strayed away from the fundamental requirements of God – “You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, and your neighbour as yourself”. The second of those two requirements (love your neighbour) is totally dependent on the dynamic provided by the first (love the Lord your God). The nation has chosen a liberal secular belief system, opening the way for an increasingly self-indulgent life style, and the movement away from God has been swift. We have lost the anchor to which we have held (albeit often with lip service) for centuries. It is no longer woven into the national fabric. We have reverted to paganism. In all our praying for the nation (so desperately needed at this time) the confession of this must be paramount.
We are left literally to the mercy of God. He is ready to judge, but he is able to have mercy and restore. There is no other positive platform for our prayer other than that of pleading his mercy. “It is of his mercies that we are not consumed“.
https://understandingthetimes.org.uk/wp/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Polical-Mayhem.jpg 600 900 Bob Dunnett https://understandingthetimes.org.uk/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/logo2.png Bob Dunnett2018-11-29 17:43:312018-11-29 19:26:13POLITICAL MAYHEM!
I have been listening in to some of the proceedings of the World Economic Forum’s annual conference in Davos, Switzerland. The conference brings together some 2,500 top business leaders, international political leaders, economists, celebrities and journalists for up to four days to discuss the most pressing issues facing the world. Over the years it has had bitter criticism as well as rough handling at the hands of protesters; it has been inevitably branded by conspiracy theorists as a world “take-over” group, and it has been maligned as the spearhead of globalization activists etc. Nonetheless it continues to be a place where international contact can be made between leading world politicians and those who are heading up the vast new business empires and the technological revolutions that are rapidly re-shaping our age At the same time the fundamental intention of the forum still remains the resolution of the tensions and difficulties in the world. To have such a forum is important. The subjects under discussion are wide, impressive and relevant. Theresa May, for example, has spoken at the Conference (very ably) on AI (Artificial Intelligence) – a massive issue for the future. Of course we have to acknowledge that in such a forum different interest groups (whether business or political) will inevitably watch carefully over their own interests, but there never has been in this world any kind of forum on any aspect of life where that has not been the case. Despite such divergent interests it remains a fact that such forums have done good and can still do some good. Finally it is worth noting that it is the brain child of a Business Professor of the University of Geneva, not a politician; the politicians are invited because the resolving of our the problems in our future society will require business and politics to operate together more than ever before.
Watching all this as a sort of “layman” in a hideously technical and complex debate I am struck once again by the fact that the new modern world requires a huge amount of wisdom from those steering the vast changes that are taking place. I am alarmed by how little grasp even the best informed economists have on the vast fluctuations in the world economic processes. It’s not just economic wisdom we need, however. At another level the technological changes promise great gain, but at the same time are fraught with appalling social dangers: Face Book, for example, has brought great social gain and yet at the same time grave social dangers. We need wisdom for that.
The problem in the modern world is not so much what we know as what we do with what we know. Knowledge is what we know; wisdom is what we do and how we handle what we know. It is wisdom we need. We know how to split the atom, but we need to understand what to do with that knowledge; we now know how to cram an infinity of knowledge on to a very small “chip”, but we need to know what we should and should not do with that chip! The world has excelled in knowledge over the last decades; it now needs to excel in wisdom!
This wisdom, however, is not just scientific or economic or business wisdom. The wisdom that is called for is a wisdom that will restrain irresponsibility and evil self-aggrandizement; we do not want the “wisdom” that creates greater and greater profits for just a few, or that puts a few on higher and higher pedestals. That, unfortunately, is the horizon of too many powerful people. It’s a “selfish” wisdom. Rather the need is for a wisdom that creates a much wider and greater social benefit. In other words the wisdom required must have a strong underlying moral aspect. We want a wisdom that leads us away from the jungle of the “survival of the fittest”; we want a wisdom based thoroughly on responsibilities to people. That, of course, is a huge challenge to our self-centred humanity. The best of the Davos thinking would not disagree with that desire, I’m sure: indeed many of the discussions centre on human social needs. But the problem is to keep focused on such a desire! I do not think any algorithm will find the way to such wisdom; at best it would only affirm the intransigence of humanity in its propensity to do the wrong thing!
It is precisely such wisdom that our Christian faith offers. That is fundamentally because it offers the strongest of moral bases. It constitutes a call to a deep personal rejection of pride, power, unlimited possessions, and an embracing of responsibilities for other people. The billionaires who make up the guest list of Davos are in grave danger of missing this call simply because of their worldly success, though some have clearly acknowledged the need of a moral basis for their discussions. The wisdom that the Bible offers is summed up in the simplest of terms: “The fear of the Lord (an awesome respect for his commandments) is the beginning of wisdom” in the Old Testament, and “Love your neighbour as yourself” on the lips of Jesus. A Holy God calls us to a personal rejection of all evil and to a simple trust in Him and his Christ. The world lacks wisdom simply because it does not walk with its Maker as it should, even though his “wisdom” has been conveyed to us it such simple terms.
How wonderful and intriguing is the Christmas story! And not least is that dramatic part of it which tells of the visit of the wise men (or Magi). This visit of the “wise men” is in actual fact probably a little post-Christmas; Matthew’s Gospel alone records the incident and there is no mention of a “stable” or a manger, and Mary and her baby appear to have been found by the magi in a “house”. Reflecting this, their visit is celebrated in the Anglican Church calendar two weeks after Christmas day. Hence this post-Christmas blog. I hasten to add, however, that it is a very happy act of traditional license which puts the whole narrative together, since none of the meaning of the story is lost and, providentially (it seems to me), the traditional story ministers beautifully to the faith and imagination of children. That is important because the Christmas story indelibly underlines the value of children to God. Jesus, in being “made man”, lived in a womb, was born a baby and grew up as a child. Bringing up a child, therefore, is a great and important calling; no child should be an “afterthought”, much less an intrusion! They deserve an introduction to Jesus in such a beautiful and appropriate way.
But there are, however, profound lessons for adults in the visit of the Magi. The main lesson stems from the fact that we have Magi (the number of them is not specified in Matthew, and neither is their precise status) who come “from the East” in order to worship this King who is to be born to the Jews. These men are not Jews; very clearly and significantly they are Gentiles. All the other participants in the Christmas story are Jews, even Jesus himself, and he is to be King of the Jews. The Magi have come to do homage to the king and to worship him. The true significance of this is that they are the forerunners of those who through the coming ages were to fulfil the great prophecy of Isaiah concerning his Messiah in which God said, “I will also make you a light for the Gentiles, that you may bring my salvation to the ends of the earth” (Isaiah 49:6). It resonates well with the remarkable account in Luke in which Jesus was brought into the Temple a month or so after his birth, and Simeon, full of the Holy Spirit and led by the Spirit, spoke prophetically over the child with very similar words, “my eyes have seen your salvation which you have prepared in the presence of all peoples, a light to lighten the Gentiles and for the glory of your people Israel” (Lk. 2:29-32). There is no doubt that this is exactly as Matthew understood the coming of the Magi; it was not just a gratuitous wonder story for the ignorant and illiterate, but a real event of great prophetic importance. These Magi were both fulfilling prophecy and also pointing prophetically to what the future would hold. He is saying to us in this story “Jesus is not simply Saviour to the Jews but to all mankind”. It is worth noting in this connection that Matthew not only begins his gospel with a focus on the Saviour and the “world”, but in his concluding chapter he leaves us with Jesus saying, “All authority in heaven and on earth has been given to me. Go therefore and make disciples of all nations” (Matt28:18).
We are all familiar with the theme of the nativity of Jesus being attended by poverty and identification with the poor. Jesus was indeed a king but was not born in a palace, and his angelic heralds spoke to working shepherds not to royalty. But the Magi do not fit into this theme. Whether we can legitimately call them “kings” may be in doubt, but they were clearly men of very considerable substance, standing and wisdom, and professionally as astrologers would at the very least stand close to kings. They were important enough to stir the whole city when they arrived in Jerusalem asking where the King of the Jews was to be born, and Herod took them very seriously (Matt 1:3). Their exalted positon gives a further prophetic dimension; as they knelt before the child Jesus they represented the wisdom of the world submitting to the Christ of God, and they pointed to a fulfilment of Isaiah prophecy, “many nations will be amazed at Him, and kings will shut their mouths because of him” (Isaiah 52:15).
We need to recognise that we are very much in our own times a witness to the prophetic truth of this story. Some of us, for example, have lived long enough to see tens of millions of people from all over the world becoming Christians and kneeling before Jesus. We have, for example, seen China not only drawing level with the U.S.A. economically and militarily, but also in terms of its Christian population. A century ago that would have seemed an impossible development on all those fronts, and least of all in the spiritual dimension. More recently, despite all the carnage revolution and war in the Middle East we have seen thousands upon thousands of Arabs coming to Jesus. The striking feature of these huge waves of conversions has been that they have taken place not for political or economic gain (producing “rice Christians”), but against the strongest political and religious persecution. They have been the result of the “power of the Holy Spirit”. Looking at the world from our place in the West it is almost as though we are hearing those words coming across the globe saying again, “We have seen his star in the East and have come to worship him”! In addition the miraculous manifestations of visions and healings by which many of these modern “Gentiles” have come to Jesus are equally reminiscent of the manifestation of the star of the Magi. I have listened to such testimony at source and their authenticity is not in doubt.
There is one great difference between the story of the Magi and the story of Gentiles coming to faith in our own generation. The Magi were at the beginning of the process. We are at a point where the end seems to be coming into sight. As Christians, amid all the chaos and troubles of our time, we need to keep a clear grasp of the fact that the fulfilment of God’s purpose in bringing in the fullness of the Gentiles is moving at a pace we have never seen before. The world is currently a great harvest field and the reapers are very busy. Whatever else this year may bring forth, it will certainly bring widespread additions into God’s harvest. This is a fact which makes it possible to respond to the call to “Rejoice in the Lord!” whatever the outward circumstances. It should stimulate us to look for His Coming – the real Epiphany!
What about “Herod’s Men”, and the dark shadow they cast over the story of the “Wise Men”? It is certainly not something appropriate for children to linger over with its gruesome description of the destruction of children. None the less, it puts a focus on one of the most disturbing features of reality that we are all too often seeing on our screens and reading in the news. Commonly described in art and literature as the “Massacre of the Innocents” the murderous work of Herod’s men is disturbingly prophetic. It is as much a part of our modern world as is the ingathering of the Gentiles. Indeed it is part and parcel of the story of that ingathering throughout history. Herod’s men have always been around and are still very much with us!
Herod the Great was the archetypal autocrat; paranoiac and intensely jealous for his position, power and wealth. He was vicious, cruel, scheming, clever and utterly ruthless, and he had gained his power and maintained it by those means. Hearing of this new birth of a king from the magi, he immediately perceived a serious threat and so the child must be removed. If the child could not be identified every suspect child must go. But unhappily Herod is not just found in history. We can find a very considerable number of “Herods” in our modern world. Every day one or another of them is in the news. Some are petty tyrants, some rule very large countries. Like Herod of old they tangle with anything and anyone which has the true flavour of Jesus about them. Christians are an immediate threat to their pride and position, and to the reign of fear that alone keeps them in power. As creatures of darkness they hate the light of Christ. The sword is quickly out and the men that wield them move ruthlessly about their business of suppression. It was precisely in this way that Jesus himself died; though in his death the wrath of men was seen to work out the purposes of God, for no tyrant can suppress the Living God.
So today we see not only a world in which the Gentiles are coming to Jesus in their multitudes, but a world in which the “powers that be” are all too ready to respond with the sword. The story of the Wise Men is no fairyland fable. It is a hugely prophetic paradigm for our times. Our eyes need to be keenly focussed on working for the light to shine more and more on the Gentiles, and focussed on those who in our generation live and suffer under the shadow of Herod’s sword.
Christmas is close upon us, and this year no doubt, as with previous years, our Christmas cards will bring the word “PEACE” to our attention. Many cards will simply have on the front just this word “PEACE” in large letters against a suitable and richly coloured background. It should strike a deep chord. Peace is the deep longing and need of innumerable people all over the world. Everywhere, from needy individual hearts right up to the whole world of the nations, the cry is the same, a longing cry for peace. But it constantly escapes us. Yet this is the great promise of Christmas. This is what the angels sang about in the Christmas story, “peace on earth”; this is what was being offered; this peace is at the heart of Christmas. This is a very great gift; peace of heart and the deep serenity that surrounds it are worth more than a mountain of riches. Peace is a facet of “the pearl of great price”.
For most people Christmas brings a temporary respite of parties, presents and festivities of different kinds. But “peace on earth”, where does that fit in? That seems like wishful thinking. It seems to belong to the “fairy story” bit of Christmas. The great traditional carol which starts off with the verse, “It came across the midnight clear that glorious song of old……..peace on earth, good will to men” continues, however, with the verse quoted above which speaks of the “world suffering through the woes of sin and strife”, of “two thousand years of wrong” and “man at war with man”. We can relate to that sentiment. It is certainly not wishful thinking, nor a fairy story. Violence, wrong-doing and strife make up the stark reality of life.
The author was right to bring into his carol the sober reality of the strife of human existence. The Christmas story is not just a blind or ineffectual wishing of peace upon people. It goes much deeper than that. It recognises the fact that the world (that is people everywhere) has lost real peace and needs to know how to reach peace. It not only proclaims peace but shows the way to find it. The heart of the story is in the birth of a child, who is named by the angel as “Jesus”. Biblical names mean something, and “Jesus” means “Saviour” or “God saves”. His life’s work was enshrined in that name. He came to save people from their inherent propensity to selfishness and strife. In other words he came to challenge the fundamental problem of humanity, which is human “nature” as we know it. People have an inbuilt tendency to do the very things that destroy peace in their lives, and in Jesus God wants to do something about that problem.
Running through the bible there is one very simple proposition concerning our human living, and that is that righteousness of life and peace are inextricably linked together. We are told quite bluntly that “there is no peace for the wicked” (Is. 48:22) but “the end of the upright man is peace” (Ps 37:37), and (more poetically), “righteousness and peace have kissed each other” (Ps 85:10), that is to say righteousness and peace “belong” to each other, they are united in the most intimate of ways. Peace cannot be dis-associated from character and godliness. So the Christmas story comes not simply with a vague wish for peace but with a clear challenge to live righteously and uprightly.
The Christ child has a fundamental role to play in this. It is not simply that he was born to live a model life of righteousness himself, something for us to copy. Our problem of living uprightly is much deeper than that, for we do not have within us the resources to live a truly upright life. He was born first to bring forgiveness to each one of us, since each one of us has failed in the walk of righteousness, and second to impart to us his own Spirit by Whom we may receive the inner resources and motivation to live uprightly. Both of these can come to us, not so much by his life as by his death. The Cross saw him bear the punishment of our sins, and his resurrection led to him securing the gift of the Spirit of God to infuse us with both a longing for godliness and with the power to be godly.
Christmas, then, is not just a party time! It’s a time of challenge. The challenge is to acknowledge our need of peace, our need to live in a godly manner in order to obtain it, our need to find the resources for godliness in Jesus and our need to come to him in faith and commitment. Where this is done peace will come, where this is rejected “Woe and strife will continue to prevail.
The Christmas message is not peripheral sentimentality, but a fundamental need everywhere in our world.
There are many who will find great peace by simply going into their own room and “kneeling at the manger” in commitment.
God is interested and concerned for the small things (he made the atoms) and for the big things (he made the universe). He is concerned for everything he has made simply because he is the Creator and takes pleasure in what he has made. He is very concerned for the least noticed of individuals and equally concerned for the largest of nations. So he watches the nations and he weighs their actions; he watches their rulers and their people. He has never “switched off” from that concern and he has never put the world on “auto pilot”.
But it was not just the Jews that were privileged to hear the “word of the Lord” from the Israelite prophets. It is quite clear that all the surrounding nations were given words of warning by those same prophets. They, too, were hearing of the expectations of justice and righteousness that God required from all nations. They were hearing of the judgements that would come if those expectations were not met.
In the providence of God these prophetic pronouncements to the Jews and to the nations have come down to us in our generation in written form from several of these prophets, forming as they do a very significant part of the Old Testament scripture. These writings cover the best part of two centuries of prophetic activity. Together they form one large, continuous and united flow of the mind and heart of God as he dealt with the nations of that era. They all bear witness to a God who loves and requires righteousness and who brings about severe correction and judgement where they are where those requirements. They are not just of historical interest, though a knowledge of their history is essential in order to fully grasp their message. They are essentially a collection of the timeless principles on which God deals with nations, why they prosper and why they fail. They underline very clearly that God has dealings with the nations and that no nation can afford to neglect his laws. It is this that makes them intensely relevant to any real understanding of our own times. The prophetic warnings given more than 2500 years ago are as applicable as much today as they were then. God has not changed, people have not essentially changed, and nations have not changed despite the passage of time. In fact the similarities in behaviour from then and now are very striking. God is still at work among the nations today, he is still weighing them on the same scales of righteousness and justice and he remains a god who judges evil. How very sad, then, that the prophets remain a closed book for many of God’s people to-day; how very mistaken and foolish that we should think we have matured and those principles no longer apply.
Jeremiah was born to be a person who would hear God speaking to the nations and would be required to speak out what he heard to the nations. He was hearing the “word of the Lord”! The words he spoke had a divine stamp on them; they were beyond human wisdom and human assessments. They were not just relevant to one generation but were valid for all other generations. God does not change – his principles abide. God’s commission to Jeremiah was very strong: “I have put My words in your mouth. See, I have set you this day over the nations and over the kingdoms, to root out and to pull down, to destroy and to throw down, to build and to plant”. Jer. 1: 9-10. Even as Jeremiah was commissioned with these words God emphasized what he was saying by touching his prophet’s mouth. Whatever the nature of that touch was, it utterly confirmed to Jeremiah that he was indeed speaking God’s word, not his own. He was to be God’s mouthpiece, God’s spokesman, God’s messenger.
In a very real sense, however, this word to Jeremiah was even stronger than endorsing his credentials as a speaker of divine truth. The expression “I have set you this day over nations … to destroy … and to build” almost seems to convey on Jeremiah a power to bring about on the nations what he is pronouncing over them. It is as though Jeremiah himself is destroying or building. The phrasing is quite astounding. What it means is that by simply speaking out prophetically God’s word for a nation Jeremiah would also actually bring about the enactment of the word. By simply speaking judgment as God’s mouthpiece, he would cause judgement to happen. This is understandable if we keep in mind the fact that in principle when God declares something will happen then his very declaration is the first step in making it happen; God speaks and what he speaks comes into being. This is fundamentally how creation itself came into being – “God said let there be light, and there was light”. God in fact underlines for Jeremiah the importance of his speaking out by giving him a vision. It is a very simple but unusual and enigmatic vision of an almond tree (1:11-12). God asks Jeremiah what he sees. Jeremiah replies, “An almond tree”. The Hebrew word for “almond tree” is almost exactly the same as the word “watching”, and it’s as though Jeremiah had said “watching”. God’s interpretation of the vision to Jeremiah was “I am watching over my word to make it happen”. In this way God was making sure that he understood that he was not prophesying mere words but words which God had every intention of making happen. It is indeed astonishing that God should require his word to be spoken out as crucial for it happening. For Jeremiah it was sharp reminder that he was not just playing with words but that his prophesying was integral to what God was going to do. It was a ministry of power, not just words.
Jeremiah was also warned by God of the opposition he would receive as he declared the “word of the Lord”. He was told that the kings of Judah, the princes, the priests and the people would all “fight against him” (Jer.1:18-19. In the main the thrust of the prophecies would be of judgement on nations bent on idolatry and self-indulgent behaviour. It would not be well received, but would be met by self-justification and even hatred and violence. That fact in itself was also ultimately to be enshrined in our Scriptures, that those who spoke up for righteousness would be hated and rejected in a nation that was bent on godless ways.
God opened the eyes of his prophet Jeremiah as he looked hard at the people of Judah, and amongst the many revelations that both impressed and hurt him was the realization that everywhere he looked there was dishonesty and deceit. When the word of the LORD came to him about this matter it was very sharp and jolting, “Truth has perished!” Doubtless there were people in Judah who were honest and trustworthy but the prevailing characteristic of the nation was an embedded dishonesty. The apple, so to speak, had one or two green patches but on the whole it was rotten. And the rot was growing – it was virtually impossible to stop it. I wonder how we in our own country and in the West generally might score in God’s sight on this issue; how rotten is our own apple?
The fact is that lying, deceiving, dissimulating, insinuating, accusing, backbiting and the like are constantly being exposed in the business world, the political world, the financial world, and the professional world as well as the world of work generally. Ironically most of the exposure comes largely through the world of media which itself becomes more and more hypocritical and deceitful. The emergence of “fake news” has added a whole new and dangerous dimension to all this.
Perhaps the most disturbing feature, however, is the fact that in all these areas many of the very highest echelons of leaders seem to be involved in this deceit and lying. It was, for example, something of a shock that in the motor world the deliberate falsification of the readings of the emission level of diesel engines was not something that came about through dishonest activity in back street garages, but was programmed into the original instruments of the cars during manufacture with the connivance of the people at the highest management level of the most “reputable” of car makers. Likewise the revelation that numbers of M.P.s were grossly falsifying their expenses accounts equally brought shock waves. It seemed that in precisely the places that you would expect honesty and integrity the opposite was to be found. The scam of “injury compensation” touted by unscrupulous lawyers brought defamation to a profession where one would certainly have expected integrity. The notion that those who have the most responsibility should show the greatest honesty is not now a sentiment that is commonly held. When the leaders, makers and shakers, and the role models of society behave without integrity and truth the cancer soon spreads throughout society. A society that cannot look up to its leaders for good examples of living is a society that is in decline.
Lies and deceit are, of course, really the offspring and consorts of other and worse behaviour. Those whose lives are bent at all costs on securing positions of power and influence find that their ambitions are frequently to be gained and kept by false accusations and deceits; it is very difficult for them not to undermine rivals with slander and gossip, and more difficult still to maintain integrity in an atmosphere where it is lacking. For those whose main aim is riches in abundance deceit, lying, falsification all too often become an easy tempting road to success. Adultery or “having an affair” inevitably leads to a destructive web of deceit and denials. What we may conclude from this fact is that a society which can be characterized as dishonest will be invariably a society in which much deeper evils are to be found. Lying is the fungus growing on the deeper decay.
The important question is whether we are looking at something in our nation that has always been there and not exposed, or whether we are witnessing something of a real and serious moral decline. People have always lied, but has it ever been quite so rampant? The answer to the question has been coming from a number of different directions and there seems little doubt there is a consensus that we are in fact seeing a moral decline. The sanctions which kept control over our behaviour have now either gone or been severely weakened. The area of sexual behaviour probably provides the clearest evidence of this. Certainly what was viewed as pornographic only a decade or so ago is now mainstream in all kinds of publications and not just tabloids. Two or three decades ago such publications would have produced an outcry. But in an increasingly self- indulgent money-obsessed society we have seen the loss of sanctions in all directions, and particularly the sanctions which are a crucial aspect of a Christian culture and which have lapsed with the retreat from Christian faith. The Ten Commandments no longer stand tall in the background of life and warn of danger.
When the word of the LORD, “Truth has perished” came to Jeremiah it did not mean that only speaking honestly and with integrity had died among his generation. It also meant that the truth about God has also perished in their midst. Their understanding of God, their fear of God, their trust in Him and their keeping of his ways had all been lost in preference to a clinging to idols of their own creation. People were worshipping what they had made rather than the Creator who had made everything. Their idols were in every way more convenient for their life-style, particularly since they called for no sanctions on their behaviour. On the contrary their idols encouraged loose sexual behaviour along with riotous living. In our own day man himself, the human being, has become the great idol and put centre stage. The human rational intellect is seen as the fountain of wisdom and to be lauded above all else. But man, like other idols, does not in himself bar the way to easy access to sexual looseness and riotous living. The call is now to trust our enlightened grasp of science and technology – this will give us the answer to everything. Philosophy (the love of wisdom) has replaced theology (the study and understanding of God), even though philosophers themselves have made it clear that philosophy is not likely to change behaviour. Ours is a generation which has lost the “Truth”. Pilate asked Jesus, What is truth?” He did not receive an answer, but Jesus had already made the answer very clear in his teaching with the words, “I am the way, the truth and the life”. God, and God alone, is truth at the deepest level. It is because we have lost the TRUTH Himself that we have inevitably become a people who cannot speak the truth. It is God who hates lies and deceit and demands utter integrity. Without his Spirit we inevitably fall from the grace of honesty.
Remember, Jeremiah is not carrying out an historical survey of Judah; he is a prophet with a message from God, and the message is one of judgement on societies which are too blind or clever to acknowledge their Maker and his ways. | 2019-04-18T23:03:59Z | https://understandingthetimes.org.uk/category/recent/ |
The star of 'ER' is runs for the charity Shoe4Africa, to build a pediatric teaching hospital in Kenya.
So have you run today?
No. I did eight yesterday, nine tomorrow.
My typical routine is a six-miler in Central Park three days a week. But now we're in full marathon training mode, so I'm getting into the long runs. We're in and out of Connecticut. I do my hill work here.
Do you do a long run every weekend?
Um, I kind of do whatever I'm told. The commander says, do this, I do it. Toby Tanser is our commander. I don't want to know too much in advance, I just want to know what the week's mission is.
What has your longest run been?
I ran Chicago three times.
I saw your name in the results in 2003 and 2001.
I ran my first marathon in 1999, under a pseudonym. I ran under Blake Stanton, who was my assistant at the time. ER was huge then. Before I started training, I had never run more than two miles. I was just like, "Oh god." I had no idea. At 37, it was like a whole new world.
I think I was like 4:13.
Yeah, I was at about mile 14, some guy runs next to me and he goes, "Hey, you're Anthony Edwards, you're Dr. Greene." And I said, "Yeah." "Oh, that's great, can we take a picture together?" I'm like, "Sure, I'm not stopping." So his buddy had their camera and he got next to me and took the picture and he wanted to take a picture of his buddy so he turned around he's running backward, we're jogging slowly, and right after he took it he went, "Aah," and grabbed his hamstring. I think he pulled something there. Lesson: Don't run backward in the middle of a marathon.
So it's been six years since your last marathon?
Yeah, I had no intention of doing it again, but the work I'm doing for [the charity] Shoe4Africa to build a pediatric teaching hospital in Kenya and our ties with the New York City Marathon, we thought, well, we've got these charitable entries. I made the first phone call to a friend, going, "Hey, you want to run the New York City Marathon for Shoe4Africa?" And halfway through the conversation I went, How can I ask people to run the marathon if I'm not doing it. So I went, Oh god, you know what? Yes, it's true, I've got to go do it again. The light went on. Gotta go do it now. It has made it fun to ask people now.
I guess we've got about 20 right now. We've got people running for us who are already entered. That are just raising money on their own, we'll kit 'em out in our shirts and run as a team. We've got a wonderfully eclectic group of people, myself and Sarah Jones and Tegla Loroupe and Richard Whitehead [the English runner who is a double amputee]. So he's like, "Yeah, that would be a fun slow run for me." The doctor who I based Mark Greene loosely on, one of my oldest friends, my sister's first boyfriend growing up, Paul Castillo, he's a doctor, he's coming out from L.A. to run.
Are you trying to run together?
No one's going for personal bests. We're running for a cause. We want to spread the word. This hospital will be the first of its kind in all of Africa. There's a couple of different ways to build it. Six foundations come together and each put in a million dollars each or get a million people to give $10 and we're done. We're going to really do a social network, viral spread—what is it, more than 30 million runners in the United States? Running is a great, selfish thing to do. I think by nature, runners love to give back. It's a perfect thing—I'll give anybody $50 so I don't have to run the marathon. I just love the spirit of it, a group of people, the idea of it, we'll put in our four months of training and do this in the spirit of building something that has never existed before, and will have a huge impact on the health of Africa. It's just so cool.
So if someone wants to give $26.20, they can do that?
Exactly, and the thing that we're most proud of is it's 100 percent donation; there's no fee going to any kind of administrative costs. Anyone who donates to Shoe4Africa will get their name on the hospital's wall. If we have to put a million names up, we will. It will be awesome to have it be built by runners.
No. Our goal is to get to a million dollars by November and then we'll break ground. We have $400,000 now. It's a $15 million total, but it's $4.5 to $5 bricks and mortar. Which is the unsexy part of fund-raising, the building. But that's a four-story building. The $11 million is beds and equipment. That's much easier to do once you have the building. Because there are lots of wonderful organizations that import used equipment. You've got to have that house to put it in first.
How did you get roped into it?
Through a friend. We had moved to New York after I left *ER.* I was still running for a friend. A guy I was training with said, there's this crazy tall skinny guy who used to be a professional athlete, he has just become a 501(c)(3), it has to do with Africa and health and shoes. We just hit it off. It was like long lost brothers. We're kind of like Frick and Frack. My wife refers to him as my boyfriend. Your boyfriend is here, she says. He's come to drink all our coffee.
Was the mission to get shoes?
He didn't really have a mission. He just saw a need. There he is, a professional runner, at the starting line of a race in Africa, in new shoes and new clothes and realizing he could put new shoes on everybody at the starting line just from what was under his table in Sweden, given the excess of shoes he had. So he started bringing them down. He saw the power they had in motivating people. And then it turned into health. Now that's where we are at with it—the ability to use sport as a foundation to then bring in health and educational initiatives. Because a lot of people want to do things in Africa. But it's difficult to get a big group of people together. But if you put on a running race and give away used shoes and T-shirts, you get a lot of people showing up, especially women.
So it is about getting people to run.
Exactly. It's about inspiring through empowerment. The empowerment that happens, as every runner will say, when they started to get exercise into their life, their life changed. This Shoe4Africa and this hospital are about giving people opportunity; it's the only thing missing in Africa. For women to have the opportunity to come together and run together, it inspires other things. All of a sudden where we've had running races, there's a weekly soccer game. It works on a lot of levels besides the shoe. The shoe is really a metaphor for movement.
Even though Kenyans have been so successful as runners? People don't have enough shoes?
Yeah. When you get into the slums, there's the health aspect. Like, we brought 12,000 pairs of shoes into Kibera last December, which was specifically about a health issue because hookworm is a huge issue there. It's the largest slum in Africa, it's more than a million people living in a space the size of Central Park with no running water.
Was that the worst you've ever seen?
It's certainly the most dense, impoverished population I've ever seen. There's tremendous spirit and survival among the women in the communities, but lacking opportunity, 50 cents a day to feed a family of four. They don't have access to shoes, and the shoes they do have they need for school. So there is the health component to that, and that leads to other dreams, to have a Kenyan-run shoe factory. It also works in a way of education, running as a way to promote education.
Did you collect shoes at the end of the marathon?
Yeah, on Central Park West, illegal. The New York Road Runners wouldn't let us be in the park. We got the word out, and we collected a ton of shoes. We did it the day after the marathon. People coming by with their shoes. That's what's interesting about shoes, the idea of excess. Every pair has a story behind it, people are like, "I ran whatever in this," or "This is my first training shoe." We like people to think about that in relation to the excess we live in in this country. It's so out of balance. The health statistics are so insane, they're so fixable. That's why people like to work in Africa, a little goes so far.
We have an address in Kenya to send to. But we're really not soliciting for them. The real priority—you can recycle them with someone else—put $10 and know that 10 dollars is going to the hospital. We would love that image of 500,000 or however many thousands of people come together and micro-donate and change the health of millions of people in Sub-Saharan Africa. That's what's exciting, there's no voice or action for pediatric health in that part of the world.
It will be 10 years this summer, I started when I was 37, and I'll be 47. I had never really run before. I met someone on a plane who said, "I lost 80 pounds and it changed my life, and all I did was follow this simple Hal Higdon training program." It was online and you download it for free, it's 16 weeks. It was like, there's something I never thought I could do, let me try. I think that's the way everyone approaches it, there's no way they could do it.
It seemed like an impossible thing, and as an actor, it's a funny thing. You spend your whole life pretending. Completing a marathon was the first time in my adult life I had done something that had a huge physical attachment to it. It required everything, not just my imagination, and that connection of your body and your imagination working together is, I think, why people go out in the morning and get their 40 minutes in.
Did you find it painful?
I still find it painful. That's why I like Toby Tanser so much, his whole idea of train hard, win easy. Trying to find a way that the pain is okay, that's a good part, your body knowing that you're pushing it. And not to kill yourself, to balance that.
Have you ever had to go to the ER after a run?
No. I have too much survival instinct for that.
Are you setting a goal for yourself in New York?
I think we're in the 3:45 to 4:00 range. We'll do whatever it is.
When you go out for your six-milers, do you go in the morning?
I'm definitely a morning runner. When I do the long stuff, I go at 5:30 so I'm not awake for the first six miles. Last Sunday I did 15.
Do people recognize you out and about in the park?
Yeah, people do, but New York is friendly that way—used to people they recognize running around. It's summertime, we travel a lot. That's what I love most about running, running in places I've never been before, kind of getting lost a little bit, and discovering new places.
Yeah, we do some, but his [Tanser's] philosophy is that that's not the most important thing in marathon training. Getting your body used to that time and distance is.
No, never. I think that's dangerous.
Other people you meet to run?
Sometimes. Plan a week ahead and get a run in. I have four kids and kind of a crazy life. I like that I'm-off-on-my-own zone-out time. If I run with somebody once every two weeks, that's good, but I also like that zone-out time.
How did you fit it in around "ER"?
The same as anyone with a schedule, you get your runs in when you can, and don't kill yourself if you miss something.
Did you have downtime during the day?
Sometimes I'd run at lunch. The problem of course is heat—always try to avoid the heat.
Was the character Mark Greene a runner?
A little. They kind of dabbled in it a little, but they never really—I would joke that it would be great if he ran the marathon and because it's Chicago, but those are really complicated logistics. To jump into 30,000 people.
There might have been a couple of scenes?
I think there were. But he was dealing with so much heaviness in his life all the time; it was always a distraction. People liked Dr. Greene because they knew their lives were never going to be that bad.
His was good right up until the end.
He wasn't much of a runner I'm thinking.
Maybe just to get through basic.
Are you competitive at all? Do you track your times?
I do a bit with myself. I'm certainly not a racer. But I have that, I think that everybody has, where you come in, if you think you did really well, and you check your GPS—I have a Forerunner—and it's like, Oh, it wasn't quite as fast as I thought. And then those great surprising things, Oh, that felt awful, and then you're like, Ohmigod, I was faster than I thought.
Do you keep a comfortable pace?
it for the last mile or two. It's gotta be fun.
Which direction do you run in Central Park?
I alternate—I try to run on the bridle path. I cut across the top, because from my house to the park and across is six miles. But I do try to stay off the pavement. In Connecticut there are great trails. Everything I've ever read about, it's so good not to be on the same surface for your foot strength. It slows you down, but it doesn't all have to be about speed.
Yeah, usually about mile three. Usually I'm going, Ugh, there's no way I could run a marathon. And then all of a sudden—there's this point in a run when it doesn't feel good.
But that's what's fun about it, you know no matter how hard it is or how awful part of it is, when you're done you will never regret having gone for that run. Toby and I pride ourselves on running through the winter in New York. And we're like, rain, snow, sleet, ice. When you're done, it always feels good.
Do you have a postrace reward?
Where's your favorite burger joint?
I actually love to cook; it's got to be homemade.
Do you ever hop in the weekend races in Central Park?
I got enough stress in the rest of my life, this is the fun part. This is the part that's for me, that makes me feel good. It has never been a part of me.
I think I like running because it isn't about winning or losing, but the experience of it. That's one reason I like it. I also love to eat. And as long as I'm running, I can eat pretty much anything. There is that simple vanity of being an actor; it's a good way to stay trim.
I've become really good friends with Sarah Jones. We talk about it.
I ran into her in the park, the day after the Mini. I didn't recognize her. She's from the Pokwot area, which is near where the hospital will reach. She has come on board with us. I love reading about it. When we were in Nairobi, Robert Cheruiyot and Martin Lel took us to the top of the Ngong Hills and showed us where they train. It's insane what they do, the hills where they run. Besides being beautiful. It's amazing where they train.
Do you watch the Olympics and the Boston Marathon and things like that?
Yeah, and I've gone to Boston just to watch. Toby is such an incredible dictionary of running. When we do our events in Kenya, we'll have 30 great ex Kenyan champions show up for the event, because they want to support and help. Running has changed their lives, these people have come back and built schools and health centers.
Martin Lel drives around in a beat-up old truck, because he's always giving his cars away for people to use.
You're bringing the whole family?
Yeah. 7-, 8-, 12-year-old girls and a 15-year-old boy. We took a year off and traveled around the world. Saw one of Toby's big events. It was intoxicating. You could see the change happening.
What's the weirdest thing anyone has ever yelled to you while you were running?
I get the back and forth between Goose and Dr. Greene.
So people feel compelled to say something?
Yeah. Mostly it's just to say hello. People don't generally yell out, "You're the worst actor I ever met!"
Were you ever late to filming because you were running?
No, but I did have to work the Monday after the first time I ran Chicago. People thought I had been hit by a truck. It was a little difficult to go up and down any stairs.
Did that help you as a marathoner?
I think it's all so psychological. That's what's so good about it. You have to combine that experience of the long run with your mindset of it. Its like bungee jumping, your body is like, Don't do this, don't do this. Stop.
What's the hardest part for you?
The hardest part, once you hit 21 or 22, the mantra in my mind was, Okay, I promise, I'll never do this again, if you just do these next five, next four. Just two more and we'll never do this again. This bizarre reasoning you're having with your legs.
I did it every other year. The second time, I really wanted to break four hours. Then I did something wrong with my watch. Set my watch wrong, I did 4:04. I don't know how I did it. I thought I ran 3:57.
The third one, I ran with a friend. It was really fun. It was a blast, had that experience at the end. My knees were killing me, but I didn't want to slow down. So we powered each other through.
The whole spirit of this is about the hospital. We're doing this for a reason, the idea I really want to convey is that we're all runners, we all contribute in different ways. I can do it this way and work on the foundations, but their $10 will go really far, their name will be on the wall of that hospital. There's lots of wall space and we will put every name on that wall. | 2019-04-23T00:54:26Z | https://www.runnersworld.com/runners-stories/a20837406/im-a-runner-anthony-edwards/ |
Arsenal midfielder Granit Xhaka believes Unai Emery has already improved him as a player.
The Switzerland international came in for criticism during Arsene Wenger’s final season in charge, but has made steady improvement this campaign under former Paris Saint-Germain boss Emery.
Xhaka is often singled out for his rash decision-making in the middle of the park but believes the new Arsenal boss has already improved his game.
The midfielder, who played in Switzerland’s 2-1 defeat to Belgium on Saturday, is in no doubt that Emery is to thank for his revival, telling the Daily Mail: “On a tactical level, the manager has really helped me.
He started the season alongside 19-year-old summer signing Matteo Guendouzi, but in recent weeks, Uruguay midfielder Lucas Torreira has been Xhaka’s midfield partner, with many of the opinion that this combination is Arsenal’s strongest as it stands.
The Welshman has this week claimed that he won’t leave the club in January, meaning he is likely to be available on a free transfer next summer.
The Gunners return to Premier League action on Monday, October 22 as they host Claude Puel’s Leicester City.
Napoli have rejected Manchester United’s €45m offer for left-back Faouzi Ghoulam, according Radio Kiss Kiss via Calciomercato.
The reports claimed that the Serie A side are keen on keeping the player who moved from Saint-Etienne to Italy in 2014.
The Algeria international just returned from a lengthy spell on the sidelines after he tore his ACL in a Uefa Champions League clash against Manchester City last year.
Arsenal are plotting a move for Rennes star Ismaila Sarr as they plan for the future at the Emirates Stadium, Mirror claims.
The Senegalese winger has scored three goals across all competitions this term and the French Ligue 1 side are set to cash in on him next summer.
Barcelona are among the clubs interested in the 20-year-old.
West Ham United midfielder Issa Diop has revealed that he is ready to play for only France at the international level.
The 20-year-old who switched to the Premier League in the summer, was in Toulouse to a Senegalese father and a Morrocan mother.
Sunderland have announced reaching ‘amicable terms’ with Didier Ndong as he departs the club.
The 24-year-old’s contract was terminated last month despite returning to the Stadium of Light after going AWOL.
Read the club’s statement on Goal !
Galatasaray are set to offer Oumar Niasse an escape route after a torrid time at Everton this season, according to Fanatik via Talksport.
The Senegalese striker could bid the Premier League farewell in January after falling down the pecking order in Marcos Silva’s attacking options.
The 28-year-old has been limited to just one start and five substitute appearances this season and Galatasaray are ready to bid again for him after the Toffees turned down a loan move in the summer.
Tottenham are interested in signing Beijing Guoan star Cedric Bakambu in the ‘very near future’, L’est Republican claims.
Spurs are said to see the DR Congo international as a backup striker for Harry Kane who spearheads the club’s attack.
Bakambu moved to China from Villarreal in January and he has been a key player in Roger Schmidt’s squad who are placed fourth in the Chinese Super League.
The 27-year-old has scored 19 goals in 23 appearances for the Imperial Guards so far in his debut season.
Newcastle United scouts monitored Olympiakos midfielder Mady Camara in action during Sunday’s Greek league game against AEK Athens, Sport in a Storm reports.
The 21-year-old who has featured in 11 games for the Karaiskakis Stadium outfit across all competitions this season, caught the eye of the Magpies with his impressive display in Olympiakos’ Europa League match against Burnley back in August.
The Red and Whites are close to tying Camara to a new five-year deal, that will hike his wages in an attempt to snub interest from the Premier League club.
Roma are still interested in signing Ajax star Hakim Ziyech, according to Calciomercato .
The Serie A side were heavily linked with the Morocco playmaker in the summer but could not finalise a five-year deal with the Dutch Footballer of the Year before the close of the transfer window.
Ziyech has had an impressive start to the 2018-19 campaign with four goals and three assists in eight league games.
Tottenham Hotspur and Arsenal are monitoring Manchester United defender Eric Bailly who has struggled for playing time this season, Daily Star reports.
Mauricio Pochettino is reportedly an admirer of the 24-year-old while Unai Emery has known the former Villarreal centre-back from his stint in the Spanish La Liga as Sevilla boss.
Bailly has been restricted to just three Premier League starts this season and was replaced after 19 minutes of Saturday’s 3-2 comeback win over Newcastle United.
Crystal Palace are set to make a bid for ADO Den Haag and Ivorian defender Wilfried Kanon in January, the Sun reports.
The 24-year-old centre-back tops the Eagles’ shopping list as they look to strengthen their defence during the winter transfer window.
Kanon is still under contract with the Eredivisie club until 2022 but could be tempted to link up with compatriot Wilfried Zaha at Selhurst Park.
Barcelona are set to move for Napoli defender Kalidou Koulibaly if a deal for Ajax’s Matthijs De Ligt falls through, Fussball claims via Mundo Deportivo .
Ernesto Valverde’s side are ready to cash in on De Ligt as a long-term replacement for Gerard Pique but still have their eyes fixed on the Senegalese defender, RB Leipzig’s Dayot Upamecano and Inter Milan’s Milan Skriniar as alternatives.
The representatives of the La Liga club were said to be in the Stadio San Paolo specifically to watch Koulibaly in action in Napoli’s 1-0 victory over Liverpool in their last Champions League game.
Chelsea are set to turn down Derby County’s request to play Fikayo Tomori when both teams in the Carabao Cup later this month,according to Standard Sport .
Tomori and Mason Mount are Chelsea loanees who played crucial roles in helping Derby knockout Manchester United from the Cup competition last month.
The Rams will visit the Stamford Bridge on October 31 for the round of 16 fixture and the the Anglo-Nigerian who is on a season-long loan with Frank Lampard’s side, could miss the encounter if his parent club do not permit him.
Bayern Munich have Arsenal and Manchester United in the pursuit of highly-rated Lille star Nicolas Pepe, according to Sport Bild .
The Ivorian forward has been in sensational form in the Ligue 1 this season with six goals in nine appearances.
The German champions are set to hold talks with the £30m-rated winger in the coming weeks ahead of the winter transfer window.
Napoli are demanding for over €100million for Senegal’s Kalidou Koulibaly, Corriere dello Sport claims.
Despite rejecting an offer of €100million from a Premier League club in the summer , the Serie A are reportedly opened to offers for the 27-year-old who recently signed a new five-year contract with the club.
Several European clubs have monitored Koulibaly over the years including Barcelona who travelled to Italy to see the defender in action against Liverpool on Wednesday.
The Blues winger has long been linked with a switch to Real Madrid but, despite strong rumours he could make the move in the summer, he remained at Stamford Bridge.
But speaking to Telefoot, Hazard has insisted that will not happen and that he will not look to force a move away from the club.
Fresh from their 4-1 friendly win over Sri Lanka on Friday, Malaysia (FIFA ranking 171) will now head into their next friendly match, this time at home against a more formidable opponent.
On Tuesday, they will face Kyrgyz Republic (FIFA ranking 91), who are set to make an appearance in the 2019 AFC Asian Cup, the first time in the two team’s history that they will be playing each other at the senior level.
The encounter is part of the two sides’ preparations; with the hosts set to take part in the 2018 AFF Championship later this year, while the visitors are fine-tuning their squad ahead of the continental tournament.
The five most recent matches of Tan Cheng Hoe’s charges have all been friendly encounters, almost all against similar or lower-ranked teams, and they won four of them. Their only match against a higher-ranked side, away to Chinese Taipei in September, ended in a 2-0 defeat.
Aleksandr Krestinin’s side meanwhile have not been playing in as many friendly matches, and two of their five most recent matches were Asian Cup qualification encounters. They won both qualifiers, against Myanmar and India, while the three friendlies ended in one win, one draw and one defeat.
Interestingly, since 2017 the White Falcons have played four times against Southeast Asian sides; and never lost in a single encounter. They were held to a 2-2 away draw against Myanmar in October last year, but later beat Indonesia, Brunei and Myanmar.
Since he took over as head coach, Tan’s Malaysia have recorded four wins, one draw and two defeats, but his attacking and midfield options are likely to be limited on Tuesday, due to recent injuries and other concerns. Midfielders Akram Mahinan, Rawilson Batuil and Nor Hakim Hassan had been injured and left out of the Sri Lanka encounter, while the sole foreign-based squad member, Shahrel Fikri Fauzi was revealed to have been seriously injured after the match.
Malaysia U-19’s Akhyar Rashid and Nik Akif Nik Mat are in Tan’s squad, but he may be reluctant to hand them key roles in the match, out of fear of risking the junior side’s chances in the 2018 AFC U-19 Championship, which kicks off in Indonesia later this week.
Thankfully, debutant forward Mohamadou Sumareh hit the ground running against Sri Lanka with his brace, while his club teammate Norshahrul Idlan Talaha found his first international goal in four years, and the forward may trouble the visitors’ defence.
One got the sense that the defenders fielded on Friday were not the best combination, considering that Shahrul Saad was not even fielded, and this Tuesday Tan may field the best available combination that he has.
Krestinin has held his post since 2014 and knows his pool of players very well. His success of taking the Central Asian side to their first ever Asian Cup has further cemented his reputation in the country.
He should be set to field his best side, judging by the call-up list, save for a few changes. His squad for Tuesday feature mostly players from Kyrgyz champions FC Dordoi, where he is also head coach.
Kyrgyzstani-German midfielder Edgar Bernhardt should captain the team on Tuesday, although another player with a similar heritage; star forward Vitalij Lux has not joined the squad due to an injury.
The home fans would be glad to also know that two of their regular international goal scorers this year; Anton Zemlianukhin and Mirlan Murzaev have not been called up for this encounter. However, forward Bekzhan Sagynbaev has scored two international goals this year, and should be guarded closely by Tan’s defenders.
Kyrgyz Republic also feature one naturalised player on their squad; 32-year old centre back Daniel Tagoe.
More interestingly, they have one player; Bakhtiyar Duishobekov who play in the Malaysia Super League, for Kelantan, and his knowledge on Malaysian players will most likely be used to brief their coaching staff.
19-year old centre back Aizar Akmatov meanwhile has played against Malaysia U-23 in the recent Asian Games, a match won by the Malaysians.
Malaysia will play in their last pre-AFF Championship friendly match, at home to Maldives on November 3, while Kyrgyz Republic have lined up an away friendly encounter against Japan on November 20.
The match will likely end in a draw, or a win to the visitors, who sit 80 places above the hosts in the FIFA rankings. Tan is still tinkering with his best starting eleven and beset by injuries, while Kyrgyz Republic are still buoyed by their success at the continental level, and not to mention the presence of foreign player-turned-spy Bakhtiyar.
Also follow Goal Malaysia ‘s new Instagram account!
Manchester United midfielder Fred has revealed that Thierry Henry and Gilberto Silva were among his Premier League heroes in his younger years.
The Brazil international joined the Old Trafford club in the close season from Shakhtar Donetsk, scoring one goal in his first seven appearances.
The 25-year-old has been left out of the starting XI in each of United’s last four matches, however, as Jose Mourinho’s side struggle for consistency at the start of the season.
And Fred admits that he was always keeping a close eye on developments in England’s top flight as a youngster, revealing that two former Arsenal stars were players he particularly admired.
“I always watched a lot of English football. It has always been really strong,” he told United’s official club website .
Fred spent five years in Ukraine with Shakhtar before his switch to United, and although his new surroundings are vastly different, he is adapting to the language and is happy to have Portuguese and Spanish-speaking team-mates.
“I managed to do some classes in Ukraine but people there didn’t really speak English,” he added. “They spoke Russian so that’s what I learned there.
“I didn’t get to practice much English but now I’m here and I’m going to classes. I want to learn as quickly as possible because I know it will help me to integrate and adapt here.
“I already know a lot of sentences, many words – ‘How are you?’ – I know how to communicate. I’m studying, so hopefully I will be better in no time.
“My wife talks a lot with Fernandinho and Ederson’s wives. For the players, the fixtures and training schedules are very different so we end up not having time.
Joint-top of the Premier League heading into the second international break of the campaign, on paper Liverpool’s season is progressing just as their fans would have hoped.
There is, however, a potential cloud on the horizon and, unthinkably really given last season’s heroics, it concerns a relative lack of cohesion from the Reds’ front three.
Last season Mohamed Salah (32), Roberto Firmino (15) and Sadio Mane (10) accounted for 68% of Liverpool’s league goals, as well as adding a barely credible 30 between them in the Champions League (more goals than 74 of the other 76 Champions League campaigns by English clubs).
Such productivity is not only unlikely to be sustainable, but points to the fact that Liverpool do not have a midfield stocked with reliable goalscorers who can chip in when the forwards are labouring.
Jamie Carragher added heft to the debate recently, suggesting that Liverpool are yet to replace Philippe Coutinho.
“We need a bit more quality in midfield, I think. That’s all. Maybe he’ll revisit that in January,” he told This is Anfield.
“I just look at that midfield and I think we’re missing that Coutinho type of player. We went in for [Nabil] Fekir, so we’re obviously looking for someone like that.
And when you look down a list of Liverpool’s top goalscorers in the Premier League last season, after the industrial hauls of the celebrated front three, the next highest scorer was Coutinho himself with seven, even though he started the season in mid-September and played his final match for the club in December.
It’s not that 10-goal-a-season midfielders are common (Liverpool have had only four such players in the Premier League era: Steven Gerrard four times, Steve McManaman in 1997-98, plus Maxi Rodriguez and the transformative Dirk Kuyt in 2010-11), it’s just that having one could be the factor that tilts the title towards Anfield rather than the Etihad Stadium or Stamford Bridge.
Think of the great title-winning sides of the last 30 years and a steady supply of goals from midfield is a key ingredient – from the 45 scored by Chelsea in 2009-10 (34 of them from Frank Lampard and the lesser-celebrated Florent Malouda) to the 42 from Manchester United in 1993-94 when Ryan Giggs, Andrei Kanchelskis, Lee Sharpe, Roy Keane and Paul Ince all contributed at least five goals each.
Marc Overmars offered 12 for Arsenal in 1997-98, Robert Pires 14 in 2003-04, Manchester City’s eventual hunting down of Liverpool in 2013-14 would not have happened without Yaya Toure’s 20 goals, while Riyad Mahrez’s 17 for Leicester in 2015-16 was only seven fewer than Jamie Vardy’s famous total.
Even among Liverpool’s long-past league wins you can find John Barnes scoring 22 in 1989-90, along with 11 from Steve Nicol and Steve McMahon. Two years earlier Barnes had scored 15 in his first league campaign with the Reds, with the trio of McMahon, Ray Houghton and Craig Johnston adding 19 between them.
There is an exception to the rule, however, with the most notable example in the Premier League era being Blackburn in 1994-95, where Kenny Dalglish guided his side to the title with a midfield contribution of less than 20 goals – the only team to achieve that feat.
Of course, that Rovers side were understandably reliant on Alan Shearer and Chris Sutton, who scored 49 between them, 61% of their total, and were one of the first set of forwards to have their own acronym.
So from the SAS to MSN and BBC and whatever you want to call Liverpool’s trio; it’s all well and good having a blue-chip frontline, but sometimes you really do need your pals behind to help out. | 2019-04-21T10:43:13Z | https://gbpsports.com/blog/2018/10/14/ |
Dontcha really miss the old Soviet Union?
When the Berlin Wall came down back in 1989, we all breathed a big sigh of relief. At last the evil Soviet Union had finally been defeated and destroyed. But perhaps now, deep down inside, a lot of us are starting to wish that we could get it all back again — back to the good old days when our enemies would stand still in just one place so that we could take potshots at the old USSR with impunity and not constantly be afraid of shooting our own selves in the foot!
So the big cheeses on Wall Street and K Street and in the Pentagon all looked around and decided that Islam should be our next major foe.
But it coulda been anyone.
“Pentagon & Friends” could have declared war on just about anyone after the Soviet Union fell. Liberals, for instance. Or Mexicans. Or gays. Or unions. Or medical cannabis users. Or women. Or cancer patients. Or families. Oops, they’ve already done that. But “Pentagon Incorporated” picked Muslims as their first choice — because a lot of them had access to oil.
And now K Street and Wall Street and the Pentagon have inadvertently created yet another big problem. Their ill-conceived plan to stage “Wars” on medical cannabis users and working people and cancer patients and women and (add a very long, long list here) has clearly backfired because now the “Pentagon Mafia” has added at least three to five billion more potential enemies to its list — both elsewhere in the world and right here at home; enemies who are now starting to get their ducks in a row in order to ready, willing and able to fight back.
“Pentagon & Friends” is now in big trouble because instead of having just a small self-contained “enemy” virus like the USSR to contend with, it now has to deal with a huge free-floating viral epidemic of “enemies,” an unstoppable deadly contagion that “Pentagon Unplugged” itself has created; one that has spread and spread and spread all over the world and here at home too.
I bet that the Pentagon and its allies are now probably starting to truly, sincerely wish that they could magically return to the good old days when all they had to fight was the old Soviet Union!
Further, instead of only having to fight a few Islamic fundamentalists in far-away places that nobody has even heard of, “Pentagon United” has now managed to piss off over one billion middle-of-the-road and even modern Muslims. That was a trick that was really hard to pull off — but “PentagonCon” somehow managed to do even that.
And then, of course, there are the additional three billion women, millions of liberals, a whole wide world of gays, all of Latin America and probably two billion Chinese and approximately 853,566,225 Africans that they managed to piss off as well. And also some Greeks.
That really took some doing but “Pentagon Incorporated” has managed to do it.
And now, instead of just doing some old-skool hatin’ on the Soviets who were all safely isolated in one spot east of the Danube and hemmed in by an Iron Curtain and a seemingly endless supply of vodka, the Pentagon, K Street, Wall Street, etc. now have to go around suspecting almost four-fifths of the world’s population and peeking into EVERYBODY’S shorts.
Wasn’t life a lot easier when no wars were being declared on most of the world’s tighty-whities — only on Khrushchev’s? Weren’t things far less confusing back in the day, when only the Kremlin was bad?
PS: Of course, nowadays Russia still does have all kinds to evil oligarchs for us to be hatin’ on — but now America also has all kinds of evil oligarchs to be hatin’ on too.
Bring back the old USSR? Please!
PPS: I just finished reading the spring issue of “Critical Muslim,” a nicely-bound periodical put out by some of the top modern Islamic thinkers in the world today. Wanna know what Muslims are really thinking? Check out the latest issue of CM at http://www.musliminstitute.org/critical-muslim. You’ll be pleasantly surprised. Unlike so many American hack journalists these days, a lot of Muslim writers really are actually thinking.
Don’t Eat the GOP Ice Cream Promise!
The Golden Gate Bridge turns 75 this weekend.
The Oakland Bay Bridge is the other San Francisco Bridge.
Tough times in the land of endless opportunities.
Barroom brawls used to be an integral part of the cinematic formula for a Western movie, but the one and only time the World’s Laziest Journalist witnessed a real life mêlée in a tavern occurred just about fifty years ago. The long dormant memories were quickly revived this past week during an effort to assess the trend spotting potential for connecting several business news stories from the San Francisco Bay area.
The Golden State Warriors (née Philadelphia Warriors) announced that since they have gotten a sweetheart real estate deal in Frisco, it was time to say adios to Oakland. It seems that the team owners will be gifted with some prime property on the waterfront and will provide their own funding for the construction of a new sports stadium entertainment complex in the postcard perfect setting.
The dramatic business news development occurred in “sucker punch” quick fashion this week. On Monday, the sports reporters were saying that something was developing. On Tuesday, a press conference on a pier on the bayside of fog city was being held.
The Sacramento Kings are scrambling to get a development deal from their hometown. In Los Angeles, efforts to get the L. A. City Council to build a football stadium in the downtown area and make offers to lure a new tenant into it, are a recurring political refrain. The Forty-niners football team has announced plans to split from San Francisco.
On Tuesday morning, John Madden, on his daily radio commentary show on KCBS radio, noted that Oakland had been there for professional sports in the past and that some reciprocal loyalty seemed to be conspicuous by its absence.
Meanwhile the business news seemed to be obsessing on the Facebook stock imbroglio. It seems that one particular company advised their best clients to sit on the bench while the suckers took a bath. The good ole boys take care of their own; the rest can fend for themselves. Business has adopted W. C. Field’s advice, “Never Give a Sucker and even break,” as the new code of ethics.
Jamie Diamon (Jamie Diamond sounds like a good name for a go-go dancer, eh?) and his merry band of pranksters seem to be positioning their company for a new rendition of the ever popular “Too Big to Fail” song and dance routine that precedes a bid for a government bail-out.
Legally the paper work for home foreclosures (at least in California) seems questionable at best and possibly unlawful, but the foreclosures roll on like a bad dream.
President Obama led supporters to believe that he was sympathetic to the needs of people who derived medicinal value from cannabis. Now, the government efforts to shut down the sites where pot can be sold as a remedy for a variety of medical conditions are occurring much more frequently.
What politician was the first to use the philosophy: “Don’t listen to what I say; watch what I do!”?
During the Vietnam War, the clergy of the Catholic Church was more concerned with the birth control issue than with the morality of using Agent Orange. Now Notre Dame is drawing a line in the sand over the inclusion of contraceptives in health programs rather than worrying about any possible similarities between America’s drone strikes and the Condor Legion’s bombing of Guernica.
The paradigm for all this is that capitalists use the barroom brawl ethics of a motorcycle gang to content with any opposition. If you pick a fight with a motorcycle gang member other members of that club who are there will respond en masse. If you take on a one percenter, he and the politicians, the police, the press, and the clergy will form a line of defense that will wear out any attacker.
A one percenter sports team owner realizes that sports fans are just like the motor oil used to lubricate an engine. A complete change is recommended for maximum efficiency or to increase profit margin.
Isn’t it rather poignant to note that immediately after the Facebook debacle, President Obama showed up in Silicone Valley to solicit campaign donations and the folks who bought the stock without the benefit of the brokers’ warning for high rollers have to hope some long drawn out law suit helps them recover their losses?
The good ole boys network survives! Wasn’t there a Johnny Paycheck song that noted “the big man plays while the little man pays”?
Is there one TV network that is becoming synonymous with sports?
Is there one TV network that is synonymous with politics?
Is there one TV network that has the audience with the lowest “well informed” ratings?
Wouldn’t it be a co-inky-dink if one name was the correct answer to all three of those questions? You know; the network with the motto: “We deceive; you pick up the check.” What was the country song with the line: “Six rounds were bought, and I bought five!”?
This columnist has heard that the police in Berkeley have started a program of waking up sleeping vagrants in the middle of the night. (Who else got the sleep deprivation treatment?) One source indicated that tickets were being issued but our efforts to fact check that aspect of the story have been inconclusive.
How many politicians talk to the homeless? We have seen one member of the Berkeley City council talking to a homeless man recently, but when was the last time that President Obama talked to a homeless person? When was the last time the governor of California talked to a homeless person?
In the movie “Charlie Wilson’s War,” a turning point came when the congressman got some fellow politicians to visit a refugee camp and talk with some of the victims of the Russian Invasion of Afghanistan.
Wait! There is a subtle difference here. The one percenters can make a profit on a war in a foreign country and feel good about helping the poor wretches who live near the battlefield, but they are also making scads of money on the foreclosure trend so why change that?
If the owners of the Golden State Warriors can turn a profit on the valuable real estate, could any subsequent sizable campaign contributions they might make to the politicians who helped expedite the change of venue be misconstrued as being “commission checks”?
[Note from the Photo Desk: Reportedly the Golden State Warriors will use the Bay Bridge in their new logo. The Golden Gate Bridge will celebrate its 75 birthday this weekend.
Now, the disk jockey will play “Ballroom Blitz,” Roger Miller’s “Dang me!,” and the Sir Douglas Quintet song “I’m Just Tired of Getting’ Burned.” We have to go donate some of our used satin sheets to the local shelter for the homeless. Have a “posh soiree at Wayne Manor” type week.
Last week I attended a very interesting debate between Green Party presidential candidates Jill Stein and Roseanne Barr, held at the Victoria Theater in San Francisco’s historic Mission District (watch the entire debate here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nGo6wg9TuH8).
Both Stein and Barr clearly supported single-payer healthcare — and this is a good thing for everyone over age 35 because, under America’s current healthcare system which only seems to benefit insurance companies and Congressmen, older employees are less likely to be hired because potential employers know that they will probably have to pay for more healthcare benefits to us old guys because we are more likely to get sick.
However, there is a far more important reason for voting in a Green president this year other than just to assuage healthcare and unemployment fears. The Green Party is also offering us a much better overall cultural myth to live by than the same old tired and ineffective cultural myth being forced down our throats by DemoPublican hacks.
According to economist Howard Richards, cultural myths perform the highly-important function of designing and fueling our society — and the most crucial myth currently holding our big blue marble together is this: Accumulating excessive amounts of individual profit is the best thing we can do, creating more profit than we can ever use is the most important thing in the world, and aiding the world’s top dogs in their race to make exaggerated profits justifies every other human act — no matter how profane or obscene.
But what if this current “huge profit at any cost” myth that both Republicans and Democrats seem so fond of isn’t true after all — or has become sadly outdated since it was first invented back in Adam Smith’s time, way back in the eighteenth century, back when folks were just starting to come off the farm. What if it is finally time to update and modernize our most major myth?
And what if there are other myths out there right now that would serve us even much better? Consider, for instance, one alternative myth that comes highly recommended by Jesus, Buddha, Mohammad, Abraham, Rama and good old-fashioned common sense: That cooperation is the lodestone of human society — not huge individual profit at the cost of everything else.
Richards maintains that early human beings only survived because they learned how to form a supportive community that worked together for the good of the whole — not just so that a few people on top can make a killing. “For the good of the whole.” Got that?
And now that everyone in the world seems to be placing huge individual profits for the top dogs above every other human value, we are rapidly slipping back into those very early days of the human race before communal activity was invented — and our lack of community now, like our lack of community back then, is still endangering us. Profits won’t raise or protect our young. Profits won’t bring food to our tables. And profits won’t keep our world safe.
Wars create more huge individual profits than any other activity that humans can perform — even more profitable than owning a WalMart or stealing homes and jobs from the more gullible of us or fracking for oil. But wars also greatly lessen any chances that our human race will survive.
At the Green Party debate last week, Stein and Barr each talked about the programs that they would run if they were elected to the White House. And either one of these candidates would do an infinitely better job with regard to protecting and preserving the human race than did Bush I & II, Clinton, Romney, Reagan, Nixon and Obama did — all combined.
Both Barr and Stein talked about the insanely urgent imperative for us all to work together to cut greenhouse gases down to zero — using community-based solutions for these problems, solutions that would also offer us all meaningful jobs while we are in the process of saving the world.
Working together to save the human race? Now there’s a myth I can live with. Plus it’s so much tastier than the myth that profit for the few at the expense of the many is our eternal God.
Both candidates offered programs that will not only save our own lives but those of our children and grandchildren. And the idea that anyone with even half a brain in his or her head would chose Romney or Obama, slaves to an outmoded myth, over either of these two excellent candidates is just totally incomprehensible to me. Why chose bad over good? Why choose an 18th-century broken-down system over one that has been repeatedly proven effective over the last 250,000 years? It’s a complete mystery to me. Yet in 2012 you just know that we are gonna be stuck with either Romney or Obama (or yet another Bush). That just doesn’t make sense.
Are Americans currently suffering from the Stockholm syndrome or what? Yeah I guess.
Also please note that the debate between Stein and Barr took place at the Victoria Theater, a rather appropriate location considering that we now live in a world that completely embraces and supports the for-individual-top-dog-profit-only myth, one that wasn’t even working way back in Victorian times.
“Please, sir. I want some more…” young Oliver Twist asked of his betters way back then http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sZrgxHvNNUc. And if this current myth of the Material God of Profit continues to reign supreme, then America in the future is going to make Dickensian England look like a walk in the park. And it will be you and me who will be bleating out, “Can I have more, sir?” to our betters, frequently and with fervor.
And what makes us think that our betters will ever let any of their ill-gotten wealth trickle down to the likes of us mere wretched drudges? Never gonna happen.
Under our current anything-for-profit mythology, America is definitely on a fast track back to Victorian times. “Fast times in Victorian England.” And 99% of us won’t be the ones that will be living Upstairs either. We’ll all be huddling together precariously in the cold, damp Downstairs instead — if we are lucky.
At the Victoria Theater last week, Stein and Barr both proved that they know something that both Democrats and Republicans clearly do not — that it is love and community that makes the world go around, that protects us and our families and that will save our future. Not profits for the rich.
PS: I will be going off to the Netroots Nation http://www.netrootsnation.org/ convention on June 7-11 in Providence, Rhode Island — featuring speakers like Krugman, Trunkpa, McKibben, Warren, Schneiderman, etc. So. Can anyone out there recommend a cheap hotel in downtown Providence where I can stay? Hopefully, near the convention center or at least on a bus route that runs past it on weekends?
PPS: I’ll be going up to Berkeley’s Tuolumne Camp near Yosemite over Memorial Day weekend, to stare at trees for a change instead of computers. But I will still be remembering our troops — remembering how they are sadly being used and abused by America’s wealthy top dogs. American soldiers should be heroically fighting to keep Americans safe, not profits of the unpatriotic neo-Victorian rich.
I’m currently reading a rather good book entitled “The Nurturing of Time Future,” by Howard Richards http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/the-nurturing-of-time-future-howard-richards/1109407001. Although the author’s love affair with run-on paragraphs causes eye-stain at times, he does make several very important points — including that whenever a country loses its true moral compass, it soon becomes vulnerable to having pseudo-morality imposed upon it from above.
And then of course, there is the morality of Endless War http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=30875 that seems to be catching everybody’s eye right now — wars paid for by monies taken from America’s veterans, little old ladies and our working class.
Every time you hear a bell ring, and angel gets his wings. | 2019-04-23T12:51:37Z | http://bartblog.bartcop.com/?m=201205 |
Is the CD Deshmukh Memorial Lecture a political event?
Going by Dr Subbarao’s contribution this year, it certainly seems to be. This speech, if one were to take it at face value, exhibited a complete lack of awareness regarding monetary matters which drew a sharp & detailed rebuttal from Ila Patnaik.
However, I believe that the speech was made with a very specific intention. While a large chunk of the speech was dedicated to it directly, with the RBI Governor detailing the reasons why he believes that the RBI should be the coordinating regulator, the rest of the speech dealt with the proposed environment in which this should happen, albeit indirectly.
Discussions concerning the RBI’s role in the economy came to a head recently with the government replacing the ULIP Ordinance with The Securities and Insurance Laws (Amendment and Validation) Bill, 2010 [PDF]. This Act provides for the establishment of a joint body to reconcile and rationalise jurisdiction disputes between the four regulators (RBI, Sebi, Irda and PFRDA) by a joint committee which apart from representation from these regulators, will have the Union Finance Minister, The Finance Secretary and The Secretary (Financial Services) in the Ministry of Finance as members with the Union Finance Minister chairing it. In a concession to the RBI, The RBI Governor will not just be an “ex-officio member”, as stated in the ordinance, but the “ex-officio Vice-Chairperson” of the Joint Committee. The Committee will then follow any procedure it considers suitable and inform the Central Government of its decision within three months. The decision will be binding on all regulators.
The RBI has always believed that it is far more important than any of the other financial regulators, and with good reason. After all, RBI decisions touch far more lives, and exert greater influence over the economy, than those of other regulators. However, in expressing the underlying reason for this “seniority” the RBI often, intentionally, mixes its up. This was evident in Dr. Subbarao’s speech as well.
He takes the RBI’s current responsibilities and builds a case for such seniority being formalized by law at a time when the scope of the RBI’s responsibilities is being intensely contested. To say that the monetary authority should also be the prudential regulator for banks as they are the primary channel for transmission of monetary policy is denying current reality. Financial system risk is no longer restricted to banks and non-banks, including Mutual Funds, play an important role as well. The monetary authority, therefore, needs to have authority over all forms of financial risk in the system. The RBI tries to achieve this by making a case for increased power. I think it is better achieved by reducing it. Let me explain.
RBI’s role as a monetary authority would be enhanced if it were to delegate all prudential regulation, including that of banks, to other regulators, specializing in various types of financial risk. As a monetary authority, its role can then be strengthened by giving it the power to supervise the functioning of all regulators without undue favoritism. Currently, with bank & NBFC prudential regulation entrusted to the RBI, it has a tendency to favor these over other financial intermediaries, which in reality, works against efficient transmission of monetary policy as was evident in the events of late 2008. In this case, the RBI was very willing to look at the problems faced by banks, but agreed to assist the mutual fund industry only after intense discussion and convincing. The result was financial mayhem. The suspicion RBI harbors about the intentions & regulatory framework surrounding other financial intermediaries is an outcome of its regulatory ownership of banks & NBFCs. It believes other regulators to be deficient not because it knows them to be so, but because it believes that it does a far better job than them. If we take this competitive ego out of the picture, the monetary authority will be far better placed to manage systemic financial risk.
But for such a monetary authority to be empowered to this extent would need it to be accountable for its actions. After all, we cannot have an unaccountable body overseeing all prudential financial regulations and this is where the rest of the speech fits in. Dr Subbarao, using archaic arguments, goes to great lengths to avoid any form of accountability for the RBI. He maligns the concept of inflation targeting as detrimental to the RBI’s other aims, namely development and financial stability, without defining a target for either. If the RBI wishes to support growth and control inflation in a financially stable environment, it can specify the target and relative priority for each and justify every action on this basis. If it believes that inflation in India comprises mostly of factors exogenous to monetary policy, as Dr Subbarao states in the speech, let it define the inflation it is willing to target. Many central banks do the same by ignoring food & energy prices (both exogenous factors) and focusing on managing core inflation But it needs to come forth and say what it wants to manage, define a target and justify all actions on that basis. This would also lend greater discipline to RBI’s decision making and reduce the scope of personality driven monetary policy which is common under the present system.
By avoiding any form of quantification, the RBI wants to gain control over all financial regulations without any form of accountability. Without the increased power it strives for as well, it is evident that the RBI needs to be more accountable in its role of monetary authority. With increased power, it would be critical. As mentioned earlier, its a two step process. We need to create a Monetary Policy & Financial Stability Board in which the current RBI Governor and two relevant Deputy Governors assume the role of Chairperson and Members of the Board respectively. Chairpersons of other regulatory bodies like Sebi, Irda and PFRDA should also be inducted on this board. The RBI, or what is left of it, should be headed by the senior-most remaining Dy. Governor. Similarly, other regulators can be led by the senior-most of their second line. However, this arrangement is only to ease transition, after which all members and the Chairperson of this board will be appointed by the Central Government. All regulatory bodies should then function under the supervision of the Board which takes ownership for monetary policy and financial stability with measurable targets and complete accountability.
The RBI’s current stance is working against the emergence of a cohesive regulatory framework for the financial market as a whole. To designate a particular regulator as senior increases the risk of financial market development being skewed towards the industry it regulates. It’s not a risk India can afford to take.
But the speech was disappointing at another level as well. The CD Deshmukh Memorial Lecture is an event many look forward to, anticipating words of genuine wisdom. Well, this year, we got a political statement in the garb of wisdom. Extremely convenient wisdom.
Just what kind of money is this?
Just what kind of money is this, when the only way to preserve its value is to lend it? If you hold it idle, it loses value. If you invest it in anything other than debt you may beat inflation, but then again, you may not. So the only way to preserve its purchasing power with any certainty is to lend it, and lend it to someone who you’re certain will pay you back. Which in most cases is the government, because regardless of how badly they mess up, they can always create more money to pay you back. But this means modern currency serves only as a “medium of exchange” outsourcing the “store of value” function to debt. And if one of money’s primary functions is assigned to debt, is it any surprise that debt has become the foundation for our economies?
But is that all our money is meant to be? Something that has “value in exchange” but no “value in use”? And if it doesn’t have value in use, how can it have value in exchange and/or be an effective store of value? On the hope that this mysterious “value in exchange” would persist tomorrow, next month and next year?
From the time Richard Nixon decided to default on the US Dollar’s obligatory link to gold, mankind has wondered what money had become. But Milton Freidman, with glib tongue and circular reasoning, convinced all who needed to be convinced that this was everything money was ever meant to be. I believe he exhausted people into accepting his theories, though the only proof I can offer for this belief is experiential. Argue with a modern monetary theorist, and I can guarantee you a headache, even if you are Arnold Kling. Politicians in the 1970s didn’t stand a chance. It was either accept or suffer. They, being politicians, chose to accept.
Me: Modern money has no value in use, so how can it have value in exchange?
Demented Chartalist (DC): As long as it can be exchanged for something valuable, it has value.
Me: But how can something without value be exchanged for something valuable?
DC: I never said it didn’t have value. In fact, I remember telling you that it did.
Me: So tell me once again, why does it have value?
DC (rolling his eyes): Because it can be exchanged for valuable things!
Me: But how can it be exchanged for valuable things when it doesn’t have value?
DC (smiling benignly): But it can be, so it does.
Me: So if it can’t be, then it won’t?
DC: Precisely! But that’s not going to happen. The government won’t allow it.
Me: Aah! So it has value because the government says so?
DC: Don’t be obtuse. It has value because it does, and the government likes it that way.
Me: But why does the government like it?
DC: Well, because the government can make all it needs without spending any of it to do so. And even if it did have to spend some of it, it could always make more.
Me (kneading my temples): But if the government can make all it wants without spending any of it, then how does it have value?
DC (smiling tolerantly): Didn’t we get past that?
Me (in pain): No, we did not! If the government can get it without exchanging anything valuable for it, then how can it have value?
DC (slowly): Because the government can exchange it for valuable things.
Me (with quivering lower lip): But how can the government not exchange anything valuable for money and then exchange money for something valuable? How?
DC (pityingly): You still don’t get it, do you? Because it can… That’s the beauty of the system. It can.
DC (gently): I think you’re too overwrought to have understood. Do you want me to start over, a bit slower this time?
Living in a world with modern currency is like being imprisoned in a Joseph Heller book.
Over the last few days, apart from the regular newspaper columns and opinions, many readers have emailed saying the RBI is either confused about what its doing, or is acting under political influence. This feeling was compounded when an unnamed “senior official”, in comments soon after the recent policy announcement said that the current inflationary environment needed “aggressive policy action” and current policy wouldn’t tame inflation.
I agree with the official partly. Current monetary policy will not tame inflation, but that’s where my agreement with the unnamed official ends. It won’t do so, not because more needs to be done, but because current inflation has less to do with monetary policy and more with supply side shocks and international market movements. Inflation will reduce, but purely due to statistical reasons I have outlined earlier. Also, if any form of monetary policy can have a meaningful impact on current inflation, it will have to be the exchange rate policy and not the interest rate policy. Granted that there are signs of inflation getting broad-based, but isn’t that expected after a sharp increase in fuel costs. After all, transportation is an significant part of final cost in virtually every product today.
Though comments of this nature confuse the market and observers about RBI’s real thoughts, this isn’t a new phenomenon. Dr Y V Reddy, when he was Dy Governor, frequently & publicly disagreed with his Governor, Dr Bimal Jalan. And it was always caused by his angst of Dr Jalan’s refusal to combat everything through interest rate hikes.
In reality, the formative years for most of the RBI’s middle & top brass were simpler times. Times when the exchange rate was decided by the RBI and obeyed by the market. Times when the possibility of attracting capital flows in excess of our requirements was unimaginable. Times when inflation was largely a domestic phenomenon (remember oil prices remained stable for a long long time before going through the roof only in the 21st century, and when they did spike we had ourselves a crisis) and India was still a nation where individuals could only save, and not borrow. Times when the government did not have to borrow from the market to fund its deficit and wasn’t affected by interest rate changes significantly.
In these times when inflation rose, interest rates were hiked regardless of what constituted inflation. And it wasn’t because that was the right thing to do. It was the only thing they could do. As an added benefit, the purchasing power of savings was protected, at least partly, due to such higher rates which imparted moral underpinning to actions devoid of any other kind. To a section of these people, every step of the liberalization process has been accompanied by a growing feeling of inadequacy, driven by their inability to deal with the consequences. Consequences like excessive capital flows and their impact on the exchange rate, like domestic prices which are increasingly connected to global prices and the fact that inflation can now exist without any domestic reason whatsoever.
Some of them (a minority) faced by their own inadequacy and the lack of an incentive to change with the times, turned increasingly dogmatic and defended their beliefs with quasi-religious zeal. They oppose and object to anything that reduces the power they had over markets, like capital flows and flexible exchange rates. But more than anything else, they object when the only policy instrument they are familiar with is not used to impose sacrifice and austerity on an increasingly indulgent population.
Another minority, however, chose to adapt. Excited by liberalization and the opportunities it offered, they updated their knowledge and enhanced their skills. It is this minority that stood by Dr Jalan in his efforts to forge a new path for Indian monetary policy. One that was characterized by transparency and an open minded analysis of the suitability of traditional policies, parameters and goal posts. It was at this time when the foundation for India’s best economic years was cast. Monetary policy then was an eclectic mix of the traditional and the unconventional. But it wasn’t always so. In his initial years as governor, Dr Jalan was fairly tentative in his attempts to break the mold. He spent the first couple of years identifying and manning key positions with the right people. It was in his third year as governor, in 2000 when he eventually succeeded, aided by the team he had painstakingly built.
But this divide doesn’t exist just within the RBI. Outside as well, we see a clear divide between those who look at headline inflation and demand hikes and those who analyze the components and request patience, realizing that there is nothing, absolutely nothing to be gained by hiking rates in the current environment. This divide existed during Dr Jalan’s time and exists now.
While I have, and continue to, oppose rate hikes, I sense light at the end of the tunnel. This isn’t a governor who is confused or tentative. This is a governor finding his feet and preparing to make a difference, allowing his detractors small victories that don’t cause much harm; gaining strength with each passing month.
I take the comments of the anonymous senior official as a sign that interest rate hawks are playing a smaller role in policy making. So now, all they can do is speak. | 2019-04-19T14:55:22Z | http://blogs.business-standard.com/rajiv-shastri/2010/08/ |
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One of the greatest things in life is to know who you are.
Finding your purpose doesn’t have to be difficult. When I was going through my awakening, which was very jarring (read here), I had no idea I would come out of it sane. I worried that “my enemy” would die. It took years for me to be able to talk about it. This blog helped heal me, because while I taught you through my writings and musings, I also learned and day by day it got easier.
I fight daily to stay awake in this chaotic world. At that time, I had no idea that apart of “them” waking me up was because I had to know my purpose. I came in as a volunteer. This has a very heavy meaning and can perhaps fly over the heads of many who will read this post today, but I have been taking baby steps with you for a very long time, it is time to step it up a little so that the ice cold water that was thrown with force onto me to wake me up can splash out and also jar you all awake.
I have always told people whenever they ask me about my spirituality that I am a volunteer. Somewhere deep inside my mind, I knew that I came into the world to assist through teaching in the way that I am doing here and in my day to day life. I woke up to this realization and I know that I am correct in what I know of myself. Being a volunteer tells me even more about myself and really why I have a toxic relationship with my family and why I cannot have friends.
The parents assisted with my being here of course and friends cause for distraction from the mission I am here to do. Those who are on a path need to shun outside distractions, so if the world denies you or shun you, if human beings betray or hurt you, know that you are spiritually high and are here on a great mission. People who experience bad things, bad experiences, disappointments are here from a higher world and are very high light beings, some of you are even volunteers like me. When you are ready I will do a post on volunteers so that I could expound on this subject.
If you are here on this blog or have anything to do with spirituality, even in an obsessive nature like I was, just know that you are not an ordinary person and are set apart from the rest, finding your self may be among these writings that I do, so look out.
Christians are fixed upon the rapture, there will be no rapture. Muslims dream of the 72 virgins after Jhihad, nothing like that. This world will never end. It is a rough and complicated place, but it will never cease to exist. There are “watchers” here with us and out some there within the Universe who directs the affairs of mankind. The thing that humans have not figured out as yet, however, is how to use their fullest potential and one of those is that we do not have to die, or at least we go when we feel like leaving.
The trick here though is that we can sustain our life here for as long as we want to, but we have to raise our vibrations together as a species, collectively and this may be impossible because of race relations, discrimination, religious separation, hate, and more. Religion promotes fear and division. Imagery projects reality and so the mind is easily fooled by what it sees. This post is not about religion, but I tend to veer off because I have so much to share and as I write, my mind travels to all sort of places and dwell on all type of things. This comes out in my writings, yes I muse as I write. I see and understand the world differently from others, and yes I often have the answers for many questions, especially if they have to do with our world and our spirituality.
There was a time (when I was Christian) that I would worship and venerate God, not realizing that my veneration should be devoted to knowledge of a higher self and truth, because the God that I worshiped was already fragmented within me (there was no ego attributed to the divine being or any divine being, they lacked emotion, emotion was a human concept so was ego). I needed to pay attention to my inner world, because there lies my God. God is not external but internal, but then again this for when you are ready we will discuss this.
Oh and be ready for this: God is not always good. Lol. Somebody please go and resuscitate evangelist Shirley ova deh so please, she passed out!
Finding ones self and purpose is through veneration, truth, knowledge.
God very much exists, (I do not fight the non believers or atheists, I actually admire some of them. Those who are on a path where they are able to think for themselves without restrictions, if they wake up to the possibility of a God so be it, if not, then they evolve as they journey through) but what is it really and how can we access it?
We here are given the greatest of all tools (nature and free will) so that we can “walk good” through out this earth realm, accomplishing what we came here for. Yet still there are many distractions, and for some the distractions are forever making them have a difficult time at life. A great distraction is free will, it’s like locking a kid in a room full of sweets and toys, we cannot handle it and (although great) it is like a time bomb in our hands.
Live the life that you are comfortable with, be confident.
Break rules. Release mental restrictions/confinements imposed upon you through religion or society if it does not allow you to be yourself.
Read, read, read! Meditate, speak or better yet listen to elders, know that wisdom comes from odd places and that even a lunatic or a child can set you on your path. Therefore do not judge!
Awakening is crucial into finding your purpose, again visions and dreams are the doorway to this, pay attention to them, they will assist you greatly. A spiritual awakening is initiation into the world of spirits or higher consciousness.
This world and all within is an encumbrance to those awake or on becoming awake, take slow steps, but walk steadily, stay awake, but confident that you have evolved pass others and as such have been set apart. Avoid distractions.
Get used to listening to you, the inner you. There are multiple yous. The external, which you cannot see but everyone does. The internal, which others cannot see and will never know but you. The spiritual, which is braided with the internal, but way greater than you can possibly believe. And the YOU which lives in the astral realm but directs your movements here. This needs to be a post by itself, but in time I will do it. Listening/hearing is one of the greatest gifts God gave to humans. The ones who cannot hear in this physical world, hears the best, because their internal audio is so well tuned.
The only way you can stay on your course and identify your purpose is if you are comfortable with who you are. If you are not comfortable with how you look or who you are, how you think or your abilities, believing that you are inadequate or lacking, these are encumbrances that will distract finding your purpose and set you back. You must be confident.
Everyone has their own purpose to fulfill, so accept who you are. You can admire others, but love you.
This is extremely important, so important that I made a page for this and doing classes to fill you in on what you don’t know. It was my visions and dreams that woke me up to becoming me. Pay close attention to them. There are some of you who are not ordinary people, the only way you are able to access the realms is through the dream world, in the dream state or to visit the spiritual earth, (and other realms) the Kaballist call this “Malkuth”.
I still visit my dream journals from years ago of my awakening and things are still playing out. Record everything, it’s also a legacy to leave for your children. This is very important!
Meditation is the key to unlocking many doors. Reflections allows you to see your mistakes and correct them, it allows you to be truthful to yourself, humans often lie to themselves or qualifies things for their acceptance, self deceit is a set back. This is hard, as I am still working to perfect my own.
You have a rule book innate within. A compliance that suits your journey, to stifle it will take you off course, so if you feel like dong something which may be against your religious upbringing, or how society sees you, but is not harmful to mankind or nature. do it. If you are a lawyer and have always wanted to sell tomatoes, go ahead and do it. Cuss a bad wud if yuh feel like it, but do as you will along your journey. Mi nah tell yuh fi guh rob and kill.
Here we go back to self realization, many times we realize who we are, we just cannot accept it, and so we continue the search.
Acceptance is a great key. Accept yourself and finding your purpose will be clear.
Everyone needs another to shine the way for them. Always remember, when the student is ready, the master will appear.
Bonus # 14: Know that whatever you are interested in, even if you have no idea of the topic or field, but you have a deep interest and possibly an odd curiosity in it, go ahead and delve into it, because there is a door within that needs to be opened and a teacher (a non-physical or physical) will appear to help you, teach you, and show you the way. But you must take the first step removing doubt and fear and embracing the knowledge you seek to acquire – and this you will get.
For example, if you have a deep interest in palmistry, but have never done it before, begin your research on it. Take the interest seriously, and you will be surprised the people you will meet, both in this world and in the dream world who will come and teach you, so that eventually you will become a master. Unlock your doors, your internal doors. Curiosity does not always kill the cat, sometimes it sets him free.
Revisiting for refreshing my soul. Thanks for sharing this piece of invaluable insight into finding oneself/purpose.
Some of whats been mentioned I’ve come to realise the truth to it. The journal part I never really saw the purpose of it but when oladayo noted we should start writing it down, that’s when I realise the importance of it.
The part about God can be bad sometime is always true. I’m curious to know why you indicate teach we are in the fifth dimension?
A pandit that I usually go to always told me to meditate but I never knew how to go about it. I feel so lost at times and I think the fact that a mentor was suggested, it’s a good idea!
I love this post, it reminds me that in order to be more incline with my spirituality, it takes effort. (Like exercising to lost weight.) lol You can’t just wait on it!
Dis a mus sign! I like it when you talk di tings dem. Please don’t be reluctant as some of us are ready to receive.
As I began the journey to Embracing my Spirituality I was readily described as being rebellious – I started reading about the power of the subconscious mind. The new knowledge was liberating and then the piercings & tattoos started- these made me feel free, expressive and different. I was now able to pay attention to my thoughts and think critically – I was waking up! I took nothing at face value – questions were plentiful. When I look back at the journal entries from 1999…2009 I can see the transition. I am happy with the progress that I have made.
It is satisfying to find truth and accept it freely. I’m unsure of many things but once I search, the answers appear and life becomes clearer – caus mi cya deal wid di canfusion.
This post is deep and lovely.
Thank you so much Obara for this post! I will print it and carry it with me as a friendly and constant reminder. At one point, I questioned why I was not able to cultivate meaningful relationships/friendships not matter how hard I tried, feeling like an only child although I’m the youngest of 5, being a loner. I did not like it. But I have grown to accept and appreciate it very much so now. I like my peace of mind, less distractions so I can focus on growing spiritually. I also am growing to accept the many hardballs life has thrown me. I must say each obstacle I have faced in life have given me wisdom, stronger, and closer to my spirituality. I know all these circumstance are for a reason and that its to help prepare me for my purpose in life (although still trying to figure out what that is…) It has introduced me to Vedic Astrology (a deep passion I have), Reflexology and other healing arts, Transcendental Meditation, but most importantly finding Obara. As I know I have a ways to go on my spiritual journey, these 12 steps will be of great help to me as well as my overall self-esteem. Thank you again Obara.
Obara , shake mi hand!!
” going through an experience if we learn from that experience then we evolve, but greater than that our spiritual families evolve to light and a continuum of light, again I will expound on this one on one someday with you. ” This answers my “what’s the point” question perfectly!!
Going forward, I will be armed with a pencil and notepad jotting down notes from the posts because I’m going to start picking your brain Ms. O 🙂 so that we can foster a good disucssion.
Switch up time now : p Because I keep seeing we are not ready for such and such topics and you have sooooooo many that you have to come back to. I keep track enuh. I feel the best way that we can all we get what Obara is saying is keep asking questions and add to the answers we receive. I hope others join me.
agree.. but most bloggers seem to just read and accept.. questions are important… for example I saw the 16 Ways to Know When Bad Energy is Passing Through Your Home post on Facebook and in the comments people had discussions but no one actually thought to ask the author for more insight….
Obara I love when you do the application type of posts. The one thing I struggle with is getting into a meditative state. You have already written about this subject and talked about it numerous times. It’s important so I’ll persist until I can 🙂 Anyway….
There’s a reoccurent theme that you keep drilling into our heads. It is that we all come here to learn but I can’t see the point (I want to and will continue to be open to receive it :)) . Learn what and how / why does it benefit our soul group?
So I’m a being in another realm and I want to reincarnate. I chose my parents, the enivornment (let’s say it’s rough and tough) and I don’t get a lot of love from the people around me. Resources are scarce and as a human life is $hitty. I cry everyday and feel like I have no purpose. I end up dying this way.
In this scenario, what can be taken from this and how does it help me or my group to evolve exactly? What’s the point of CHOSING to suffer? Then you have others who chose a blissful life (well almost).
What about kids who get molested or are malnutiruted,battle illnesses like cancer etc. What is it that they take back to the astral family??? What is it about pain in human form that’s attractive????
Great Questions Sa-Fo. How we think here or perceive things here in this real is not so when we are light beings existing in the realm of time and space. the closet to this is when the light being resides on the lower astral level. Yea, we have our astral families or soul group within the realm of spirit. And there are many realms, many dimensions through out time and space, the earth realm being among them.
Great Questions Sa-Fo. How we think here or perceive things here in this realm is not so when we are light beings existing in the realm of time and space. The closest to this is when the light being resides on the lower astral level. Yes, we have our astral families or soul group within the realm of spirit. And there are many realms, many dimensions through out time and space, the earth realm being among them. On this realm, there are many things that do not exist on others, coming into a physical body is the only way we can live or travel through this world, we are here to experience things such as emotions and more. Now, within in the realms, all light beings continues to travel and elevate, so it is a continuum to light. We are conscious beings that as energy exists through the dimensions for many purpose, but the ultimate goal is light, this is a deep topic which I will not go into here, only if you are my student and have gone deep will I share certain things which are sacred and true. Now to let you understand this, you must go into the world of imagination. As a human being, you have limitation of the mind, and would not be able to understand fully what I really want to tell you and how. Let’s use me for example. I am here as a volunteer. I perhaps have never been to this realm( just a story, keep this in mind, the volunteer part is true) but I see that among the realms the earth realm needs to elevate, they are lagging behind all the galaxies within the solar or planetary systems. It has been concluded by lets say congress (spiritual beings with authority) that the earth needs help. As a teacher (me), who knows how to assist in helping people wake up and become attuned,which will allow for them to elevate ( the inhabitants here may have been found to be war-some, materialistic, blind to the spirituality of the world and more, and in the third dimension for two long) I volunteer to come in and contribute my part for the upliftment or the enlightenment of you all. In preparation for my coming, I have to choose a life, a story, create a journey i other words write a script for myself, Remember I am a conscious being living in an advanced realm. The life that I choose, will have to be such that when I arrive here I will be able to find out who I am and my purpose, because I know the moment I exit the womb, all memory of my life else where will be erased. So I choose my parents, from my same soul group, she and I make a contract that at a certain age she would drive me from the house to go and get friends and I would become pregnant and then she would throw me out. I chose my father, the contract with hi was that he would support her in what she did to me. The wicked baby father and the obeah sent me into depression and while seeking comfort I turned to God, to church which led me to my spirituality, which led me to my work (spiritual work) which let me to Africa, and here I am Obara Meji. Suffering to anyone even a child, is applicable to their journey. A child just born and dies, may have to do so to be able to move on to the next phase of his spiritual life. He may have to pass through this plane in order to go on. If and when you wake up fully Sa-Fo you will begin to understand. Right now you are seeing things literal, and not spiritual, and that is ok, you are where you are supposed to be, you will continue to grow in this life, I pray.
Plenty typo, but mi cyaan badda.
“How we think here or perceive things here in this real is not so when we are light beings existing in the realm of time and space.” Consequently, the way that I view suffering is not necessarily the way my other self sees it before deciding to make the journey to earth?
Aah, fair enough! I understand the limitation. Yea, I am seeing it in a literal sense because I do well with examples – like the story you just illustrated. It’s perfect!
So, if one has a smooth, problem free journey on this earth, he/she is more likely to miss out on their true calling? Just like you mentioned, if you did not go through all that you did – starting with becoming a mother at a young age and the chain of events that followed after, you probably would not be where you are today. Am I connecting a bit or no? The chain of events is key to our elevation and it’s only when we are awake/recognize the cues from our guides are we able to grow?
Great post am loving it.
Truly like this post. One thing in particular caught my attention, Malkuth. Steering well among rough waters.
I love this post. Thank you so much Obara. You would be proud of me. I am on my journey and LOVING it….ALL of it. Its fascinating, its exciting, it can be scary, it can be frustrating but it is a beautiful journey. I feel like I know so little about this IFA tradition and that I’m doing things wrong and there are days I know that I was lead to a gossip blog to find you….and I found this website and I am so thankful for it all.
There is more than just one road to spirituality.
For an old soul, my journeys are many and for the most part some would say “he’s a mad man ” for often times I would be speaking of things that I myself wasn’t aware off… and ever too often I would hear, “you are right or you are ahead of your time or knows too much “…..
Then I found this blog. .. #sorry for no comments.
I do try my best to read all your post but this morning’s one about the 12 steps towards spiritual awakening really convinced me that I my self is a volunteer.
Thank you Obara for accepting me and I will try my best to keep up with my comments.
I have plenty to share but a lot more to learn.
lol, Thanks Lincoln, mek yuh sey suh??!! | 2019-04-19T20:43:23Z | https://www.embracingspirituality.com/2017/02/01/twelve-steps-to-finding-purpose/ |
BT: We need consensus, as this comes up with decorators and other new language features.
BT: [slide ES6 Class Evaluation order] Mostly not observable.
YK: TODO: provide gist link. When should static field initialization be evaluated? Seems like it would be nice to have the class not in TDZ and fully initialized when static initializers run. Glimmer actually uses this.
MM: This is really bad, like Java; we shouldn't have the class defined until all of the statics are there.
DH: This is one of the most common, natural use cases of statics.
YK: What should be done instead?
WH: In C++, you can do this, statics are defined later. Worked fine until constexpr, which exposed badness with phases. Now it exposes lots of badness that no one understands — can't even call constexpr functions statically and textually defined earlier in the same class.
YK: Here's an @integrity decorator. It freezes all the things. If we want to have statics evaluated later, outside of TDZ, but it had ordinary imperative semantics, then we couldn't do it in conjunction with the @integrity decorator, because the freezing should happen later.
YK: You're assuming this is imperative. We'll see in the proposal. We'll come back to further example later.
WH: I was talking about static.
WH: Is the order purely syntactically defined, or does it vary depending on what's in the values being defined?
BT: There is actually an intuitive order, which runs in non-textual order, found in other languages. You may think it's good or bad (Java example); there are ES supersets which are very popular which have this sort of semantics.
BT: These are not edge cases; they are core features. Instance and static initializers are very very popular features and we in TypeScript have not received any bug reports of users being confused about the evaluation order.
BT: [slide Class.next Evaluation Order Strawman] Aligns what is implemented in Babel and TypeScript (modulo a TS bug that they are on-board to fix).
BT: Evaluate decorator expressions (to find out which decorator it is, not to call the decorators) and computed property names.
WH: What scope are decorators evaluated in?
BT: In the same scope as computed property names.
WH; So they cannot see any of the class properties?
EF: What happens when decorators are not in the picture? Seems like it just means that statics happen at the end. Let's tweeze these two things apart.
YK: It will be clarifying to think through the complete picture with decorators, but you are right. A lot of this is spec factoring, but this is very important to expose to decorators.
MM just now gave an example of a decorator that freezes the class. If one of the static initializers in step 10 throws and someone catches it, the class will be defined but never be frozen.
DE: E.g., what if the initializer saves the constructor somewhere and then an exception is thrown? Then you'll see that the decorators have not run and the integrity is not inserted.
DH: There is a distinction between the ability to write something silly that doesn't work and a full argument against a proposal. It's more important that you should be able to meet important user cases. It might not be so important that you could leak a class that hasn't fully been initialized.
YK: FWIW I think it's good to reduce the number of bad cases. We should try to figure out the actual cases and what the issues look like.
DH: There is imperativeness inherent in the space.
YK: I think we can make it declarative modulo static initializers.
MM: To clarify, do these steps (sub-steps of 4) run member-by-member in textual order through a few of them, or does it run across all members in order?
YK: In textual order, each member will do those four steps, though we could consider another way.
EF: You can decorate the getters and setters separately?
YK: Run textually bottom-up per get/set.
WH: Seems like the order in which decorator functions are evaluated in step 6 is not statically decidable because of getters and setters that use computed property names. One can't statically tell which getters will match up with which setters if they use computed property names, and the pattern of these matches will change the order in which decorator functions are evaluated in step 6.
KS: Could this be factored a bit differently?
KS: Seems like no changes to current class semantics, right?
YK: Right, maybe a small amount of changes to class literals, but otherwise the same.
KS: So mostly a constraint on future additions?
JHD: What is the division exactly between step 6/7 and step 11?
YK: Decorators should not be able to see the in-progress class, so they will get access to some sort of representation to something instead. Step 6 produces modifications, and step 11 actually applies them.
JHD: So 6/7 produces property descriptors and 11 applies them?
YK: Basically, though we need more power than just property descriptors; for ES2015 property descriptors are everything.
WH: Why don't the decorator functions in step 6 get evaluated in textual order?
YK: Wouldn't be opposed to running them in textual order.
MM: What is the difference between this and TS?
BT: TS does step 10 and 11 in reverse. So if you have a static initializer referring to the class, you get an instance which isn't decorated. You need to make a tradeoff: does the decorator see the static fields of the class, or switched?
DH: It's important for a class integrity decorator to be able to apply to the statics and make them affected as well.
BT: Babel with the decorators plugin aligns entirely with this.
JHD: If you have a static initializer which creates a class instance, don't you see the partially constructed class?
static B = Foo.A; // is B 3 or 4?
MM: Can a decorator on a property see the class?
EF: Sounds like people are swayed that we want out-of-order evaluation. What else besides decorators is up for discussion here? Maybe we could come back to these things in the decorators proposal.
YK: There's also something with computed property names, but I want to come to consensus on the basics here.
YK: You shouldn't have access to the class in a dangerous case.
MM: For the sake of concreteness, the overall picture you have in mind is that step 11 only applies to class decoration, right?
DE: Do we have consensus on a staged order?
MM: It needs to be clearly and unambiguously defined, and follow least surprise; this seems pretty good to me.
WH: One comment: for step 6, I would suggest textual order.
EF: At the last meeting, people had a lot of trouble with class initializers. Has this concern been resolved?
EF: what is the concern with object literals?
BT: Because the right hand side of object literals are evaluated in order with computed properties, it is basically impossible to apply the same scheme to objects, unfortunately.
YK: Today, object literals are still used a lot as partial classes. Because that's a thing people do, you may want to use decorators (e.g., @nonconfigurable) as part of objects. The issue is that computed property name evaluation is interleaved with the property values. Seems like specifying a different ordering would create subtle bugs, so it's very hard to define well.
DH: I want to be able to have a @nonenumerable decorator for all property definitions, and it seems like a huge loss otherwise.
YK: Why did we get rid of duplicate property names anyway?
MM: rest and spread properties (FB proposal) became more useful if textually later properties could override earlier properties.
YK: I don't think that was the reason.
MM: That was the reason. I was insistent that the dynamic error parallel the static error, so we got rid of the static error as well.
ARB: You could have arbitrary side effects in computed property names or property values!
MM: If the feature was recently deployed, then the code that's using the feature is generally code that's still being maintained.
YK: I think web developers assume that new features are still in flux to some degree.
JHD: Cases 1) Babel 2) Web but not caring about compat 3) Node, and then v8 changes in a major version bump. None should be a problem.
ARB: I don't like this change because I think left-to-right is a good thing to have.
DE: Domenic has mentioned a use case for this where people may even refer to properties of objects as computed property names.
DE: But doesn't Object.assign only refer to own properties, so making it enumerable wouldn't fix rest/spread properties?
YK: But a getter on the prototype is not an own property.
YK: It's urgent to reconsider this because people have implemented it.
JHD: Sounds like this is unrelated to the topic at hand.
YK: Just mentioning all potential breaking changes.
EF: Seems like coalescing get/set was better in the old world than the new world. Should we explore alternate syntax so that it's grouped?
DH: Syntax is very expensive to add. It would be unfortunate to add new syntax that doesn't "pay for itself" and flattening is very ergonomic. Coalescing is nicer for the metaprogrammer.
YK: Linters should enforce get/set being adjacent.
MM/YK/EF/DH: All agree, better than decorating them separately.
Do we have consensus on everything?
Consensus that decorating getters and setters separately should be a dynamic error; you are decorating the pair, not individually.
Do we have consensus on adopting the minutes of the March meeting?
Besides Github notes and ES discuss notes we need to prepare the official Ecma version of the minutes that annexes the "Technical Notes". This is needed not so much for TC39 as for the other Ecma Membership on what is going on in Tc39, and this goes also into the long-term archive of Ecma.
Consensus. TC39 approved TC39/2016/019 Rev1 minutes of the March 2016 San Francisco meeting.
ECMAScript Suite (ECMA-414) for ISO fast track up for approval, going to be presented to ECMA GA. The ECMA Management are all very impressed with the ability to release ECMAScript 2016 so quickly. To avoid getting out of date with frequent updates, we will not submit future ECMAScript "components" (like ECMA-402, ECMA-262) updates for ISO fast track and just submit the one suite standard as the new Edition of IS 16262. Unclear whether this will work practically (actually ISO secretariat suggested this, but some national bodies may object to it - one never knows), but it is very important to ECMA that the annual version be standardized and published.
ECMA-404 (JSON) will be up for ISO fast track from the 2013 version, aligned with IETF standard, unlikely to change in the future. Actually we have a go ahead from the Ecma GA this from 2014, but only now we are submitting the fast track. The only reason for the JTC1 fast-track of JSON to demonstrate the world that JSON is stable and there is no intention to change it. When there will be a similar IETF Standard (not FRC) we will issue a new ECMA-404 Edition when we will take up that and get it synchronized with ECMA-404.
Brian Terlson and Rick Waldron has been proposed to the Ecma Management and the CC by István for the GA ECMA award of recognition at their June 2016 meeting. Caridy Patiño (as ECMA-402) Editor may also be proposed for an award (this was seconded by TC39). We are also open to nominating other TC39 committee members for ECMA recognition awards for any outstanding TC39 related contribution. This occurs twice a year at the GA. E.g. Allen W-B. or Waldemar H. has received this award in the past.
NOTE: The ECMAScript standards currently contribute to about 2/3 of all Ecma downloads of standards. Constantly we have about 5000-7000 downloads of ECMA-262 per month. That is the record holder standard. The HTML version has about 100000 visits in 2016 so far.
Another point only mentioned here but not in the verbal report: He gets a great external interest for ECMAScript Security Projects and how to speed up ECMAScript performance (e.g. by parallel processing) for Media Codecs running in ECMAScript.
BT: Leading discussion on this proposal. This would help write tests to see if resources are exhausted for stacks.
WH: This seems like a special case of out-of-memory. How could you even signal such an out-of-memory failure? You could make the same case about writing tests to make sure weak maps garbage collect.
DE: It is not possible to detect memory exhaustion on Linux reliably.
DE: On Linux it just picks a process and kills it, not necessarily the one that exhausted memory.
BT: yes, for this reason I oppose this proposal. It does not seem possible for us to reliably detect the out of stack condition and recover with a RangeError.
MM: The ECMAScript spec can only "correctly" be implemented on an infinite memory machine. We don't acknowledge failure. Java preallocates VM errors. Erlang OTOH terminates the process. Let's do that in ES.
BT: Although that would be ideal, it sounds web-incompatible.
DE: Sounds like we need more web compatibility evidence. Maybe we should recommend to browsers to collect data on how often out of resource exceptions are caught and handled.
General discussion about the unimplementability of throwing correctly all the time.
DH: We have to do good science here.
DH: Recommendation to Test262: write a routine to experimentally determine the maximum stack size, and run this at the beginning, rather than starting at 100k.
BT: Isn't it possible for this to come to a variable outcome?
LBR: After a lot of research, this was the best we found. It is not the happiest solution, but we couldn't find anything better. We just wanted to offer some form of tests on Test262 for each feature of the spec, and that's what we did for tail call optimization. You already have to have a $PRINT function that implementations support, and this is similarly parameterized.
WH: This is the exact same problem that I solved in ES3 by adding the prohibition to case-canonicalization of non-ASCII Unicode characters into ASCII characters. Without that, the same \W weirdness would have appeared in ES3.
MS: Recap of very strange semantics caused by Unicode case folding (MS please insert link to slides). \W includes K because the kevin symbol case-folds to something in \w, so K is case-insensitive in the set of things that aren't a letter.
MS: Proposal: make \W be the inverse of \w, and change \b and \B to be consistent. An alternate proposal would be to stick to ASCII-only as Waldemar did for ES3.
WH: [explaining the rationale for how ES3 regexps were specified]. Character classes evaluate into sets of allowed characters and an invert flag. Used an invert flag to make [^...] be an exact negative of [...]. It would have been tempting to use an invert flag to make \W into an exact negative of \w, but that wouldn't work when combining \W or \w with other things in a character set: [abc\w], etc. That's why \W inverts the set manually instead of using the invert flag.
YK: Would it be web-compatible to do a change?
WH: Having k and s match \W is clearly a spec bug.
YG: Chrome shipped this in 50, with the spec's semantics.
DE: It should still be web-compatible, though, as it is very recently shipped. The bug reporter was someone who was writing a conformance test, rather than finding this in actual usage.
BT: Edge actually ships MS's proposal, so we don't need to worry about web compat.
MS: Should we change \b as well?
YG: Yes, they should change together?
WH: Isn't it strange that what's contained in the class is dependent on the i flag?
YG: But they should change together and be consistent.
MS: Or, we could make it not cross the ASCII boundary, and not do Unicode case folding with respect to the evaluation of this character class.
JHD: But seems like we should be aligned with Unicode.
YG: It seems rather ad-hoc to not follow UnicodeCaseFolding.txt, so let's keep it if possible. This all applies only with /ui, right?
DH: What Unicode changes affect this?
WH: Unicode defining new characters which case-convert into ASCII letters.
discussion: Good to follow Unicode going forward, as it has changed over time, both in adding new characters and revisions to existing characters.
Consensus on MS's pull request, and working out \b and \B as he indicated.
MS: Proposal: When the inferred name is a reserved word, use "" rather than the current name. The problem is that the .name property won't eval.
MM: What is the problem with the .name property being not an identifier?
MS: The problem is that math.js puts type decorations in the name when they put the property of the function into the object.
MM: That's what broke in Chrome 50 on SES, which was wrong due to bound functions and getters/setters.
DD: the issue is how should we balance compatibility with the clean semantics of the current spec.
DE: There are a lot of ways that we could handle compatibility issues. Collect qualitative or quantitive information, contact large users, etc. Where does this sit when comparing to TypedArray methods (Microsoft contacted Turbulenz; it was fixed and we all managed to ship the methods) and RegExp feature testing (too widespread; made a spec workaround)?
MS: Seems like this is probably not as bad as the RegExp issue.
MM: What does n/a mean?
JHD: Seems like some of these have multiple browsers throwing, but your PR makes it not throw, in alignment with only V8. Why?
MM: When there's no hard rule applicable, about intersection semantics, then we can rely on soft factors. Another factor here is consistency among approaches.
LBR: Some of the real motivation is also web compatibility. For example, throwing errors for things which are not integers, or some other things, which did not throw in any browser but throws in the spec.
MM: Is a particular -0 value correct?
BT: We have had some -0-related bugs in the past; not sure if this is that.
LBR: What I have here is a new abstract operation, ToIndex, to uniformly treat all of these arguments.
LBR: The new semantics for ToIndex are ToInteger, then check that it equals toLength of that (which asserts the range basically), allowing -0.
YK: Point of hesitation that in some cases, almost all browsers throw, but one browser does not throw and the resulting semantics do not throw.
LBR: Sometimes, it represents an offset index, e.g., the TypedArray byteOffset argument has ToIndex applied to it. I've bikeshedded a lot of different names!
CM: Question: How does ToIndex differ from ToLength? Are there places where ToLength is used which don't go through this?
LBR: Many cases use ToLength that I cannot apply this check for ToIndex to.
MM: Why not just use ToLength?
JHD: Because then it wouldn't throw a RangeError.
MM: Although I prefer errors to no errors, I prefer smaller specs to larger specs. Why not just use ToLength?
DE: I think Allen wanted to make TypedArrays as strict as possible. This PR seems like a good compromise.
LBR: It's also nice that we have stricter infinity behavior.
LBR: From TC39 philosophy, we could change later for throwing to not throwing, right?
YK: But we could go from throwing to not throwing, right?
MM: We can, but let's get a good decision here.
CM: Some of these things seem like weird cases that should throw an error, and some browsers do throw errors for some of these cases. Part of that is using a consistent rule everywhere, which i like, but if it's gonna be sloppy, I'm in favor of being more particular on edge cases.
LBR: I'm not totally stuck one way on NaN. Maybe we could throw. But I believe this proposal is the most consistent way. One historical reason Allen mentioned was to make it compatible with WebIDL. It's true that this is not exactly the same as WebIDL, but I also consulted with developers who use TypedArrays every day, and they liked this proposal.
MM: there are cases where it's an error to make a 0-length array?
LBR: I found all kinds of cases of inconsistencies here. This PR makes things more regular.
MM: If the PR is adopted, then for all kinds of arrays, can you make zero-length arrays?
LBR: You will be able to create empty ArrayBuffers. TypedArrays may have additional checks.
MS: Were you concerned about compat, DE?
DE: No, I was concerned about compat for other proposals. I think this will probably work.
SG: Should our Annex B 3.3 legacy duplicate function in sloppy block behavior do an assignment for each function declaration, or just the last one?
DE: I thought we were executing the assignment for each one. This is observable if you break out of the block in the middle. I'm fine with only doing the last one.
DE: This PR makes writes of a new NaN value to an existing writable property in an ordinary object take effect. That way, a non-canonicalizing implementation like V8 does not have to do a check on ordinary property sets to meet correctness. It continues to prevent information leaks on nonwritable properties by making those writes not change which NaN is there, though return success. Seems like a great change towards web reality while keeping both implementation constraints and desirable language properties in mind.
DE: The spec text is weirdly written; it warrants a refactoring.
BT: Didn't you promise to do that at your first meeting?
DE: Sorry I haven't done this yet; it's something that I was planning on doing if/when SIMD.js reaches Stage 4.
DH: I'm not sure if your refactoring makes sense either.
Discuss more later. Agreement between DH and DE that this is lower priority than many other items on the agenda. | 2019-04-18T17:21:44Z | https://esdiscuss.org/notes/2016-05-23 |
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When I knew about the assignment I felt terrified. I had not done before something like that. But, One I saw the pictures, I felt enough inspired and motivated to do something and communicate a massage which touch people. To begin I selected lot of images which impressed me. Then I try to organize the way I wanted to see the video. For me, was clear since the beginning: I wanted to follow a process. So I designed my video in that way. For me, was easy learned how to make a video with images and how to add music to it. I think that one of the most difficult think was think in the proper sound for the video, because in my case, the video needed three different sounds to emphasis the specific message of the pictures. But then, that as well was easy, because I realized the kind of music I felt was appropriate for each part. For me was important to show the different stages of the consumerism. It was not about to exaggerate, It is the reality, all of us are in a moment when we cannot wait any more and we have to react now. So, I wanted to demonstrate people that when they buy goods something could be happening behind the extraction, production or distribution line, and then how all our waste is contaminating the water, sea, our cities and forest. However, I feel that is significantly important give the responsibility to people. It is true, that most of the contamination of the planet is because of the companies, but our irresponsible behaviour, demanding cheap and unnecessary good and then generating amount of waste is making thing worst. People should know that we have alternatives: We can recycle and separate the waste, reuse goods and create new ones, refuse or say No to bad behaviour which are not environmental friendly and of course rethink the way we are making decisions.
This learning process was really practical and deep. I think that the best way to encourage people to do or change something is involving them. I felt involved in this assignment, it was like a project for me. I want people to understand the consequences of consumerism and find their own way to do things better. I think I used many important details to capture the attention of the people, such as images, not many text and powerful music. Also, this is a useful exercise to learn a good way to manage the time, because the huge message should be delivered in 59 seconds. At the end of doing my video, this was sent to friends that do not know about my assignment, so they could do critical comments about them. Actually, they thought it was a real viral, some of them found the video interesting, of course I tried to make improvements when people make some suggestion, and now I feel proud of the result.
I have to say that this assignment taught me more that I thought. It was not only the way to learn how to use Movie Maker. It was my way to communicate my feeling and thoughts about a real situation. This was related to the coming season: Christmas. Black Friday or Boxing Day, are making people feel that they need take advantage of these discounts and the offers. So, I am thinking to share the video with people. Now I can see clearly how consumerism play with our minds and make us selfish. I have to say, that know I think twice before to buy something, because I ask if I really need that I want to buy and if this product will bring me any benefit. I think this is becoming a critical issue for me. We are being consumed of the idea of having everything someone offer to us. The current economic system are exploiting the resources and polluting them, to supply the needs others create for us. We are becoming so demanding and this has social, environmental and economic effects. But the worst part is that we are being neglected with this issues, we should be aware of the consequences in a long term control and take care more about our behaviour. My video wants to show the reality, but at the same time, show alternatives and solution to avoid a real crisis in the future.
Let’s continue with this amazing tradition. But this time, Friday was the day to try a new food, to listen new music and dance!!
Then we ate a soup with vegetables. This was perfect because the weather here is getting colder and colder every day. I have to say that this soup remembered me to my hometown, because my father use to make a delicious vegetable soup in the cold day to get warm.
The next dish was polenta, eggs, cheese and pork.Until that day I didn’t know what polenta was, so I’m going to explain: It is a porridge made out yellow maize flour. It is soft and perfect to mix with different kind of food.
so funny. Also, two of our friends made braids for us, they are very talented.
…we are doing a good decision going to this international nights!!..next one: Brazil!!
As the last week, this one, we try Vietnamese cuisine.
I have to say, that was my fist time eating this kind of food, but I found it really delicious. And, apart for some specific vegetables, the rest of the food is easy to find.
The start of the night was peanuts, but, we had to eat them with chopsticks, it was really funny. Some of us didn’t know how to use them.
One the dishes we ate was pork with sweet and sour sauce. The other, was omelette with onion. Then salad and hot meat soup with tomatoes, and the end salad rolls.
Everything was so nice! We share the food sitting on the floor. I felt that moment so comfortable, because it was like being with my friends of a lifetime.
I really like these nights. It’s a perfect time to share different experiences, beliefs and ways to live in the rest of the world.
As you can image, my course is full of amazing people. The most wonderful about all of us is our different backgrounds and cultures. This is why, we can share, discuss, learn and understand other ways of think and live. So, taking account, all these positive things, we decided share the most delicious part of our cultures with the rest of our classmates, and we created ‘ The International Wednesday’.
My classmates and me are from different parts of the world, and some of them far from each other, so we find this activity as a big chance to learn and try different dishes. It is, also, a good way of interaction and know better each other.
Our first night was hosted by English people. What kind of food do you think our friends would cook for us? If you are thinking in Fish & Chips, I have to say, definitely NO!
Pimm’s is a gin-based liquor made in England from dry gin, liqueur, fruit juices and spices. Mix Lemonade and Pimm’s, stir and add a slice of lemon and a few mint leaves.
Delicious crackers with cream cheese and a slices of smoked scottish salmon.
This is a traditional British recipe for a classic dish of minced beef with vegetables that’s placed in a dish, covered with gravy and topped with mashed potatoes before being baked.
Strawberries with cream!! This is the sweetest and more delicate way to finish our British night.
I am so happy after that day. Now, I know more dishes and all are delicious!
But, don’t worry…wait for more…our next country is……..Vietnam!
Student Switch Off is a campaign to encourage student who lives in residences at Universities to be part of energy-saving and recycling competition.
The hall that saves the most energy and recycles the best wins an End of Year Party and we give out lots of Ben and Jerry’s in the photo competitions! and kitchens that are using their recycling facilities properly will get chocolate.
You can join the group on Facebook and be part of this amazing competition…and WIN WIN WIN!!!
Almost one month ago I am living in this great city. I have to say that it is very different to London, and of course my home town. But, even though it is different, it doesn’t mean it’s bad. I have found really nice things, places and people in this city. I am really happy to be here. It is a beautiful and quiet city. It’s not only because Aston is based here. But their places are amazing.
I already mentioned Aston before, because it was the first place which receives me. It’s a central University, so is very close to the city centre, so you can have a nice walk.
I have seen the beautiful architecture like the Library of Birmingham. However, I found The Canal the most astonishing place. I don’t have word to describe it. But, I can say that this place make me feel peace and free like the wind and water! and even in the crowd in the night…The lights and all people there make it seems like a romantic and the perfect place to share and spend the whole time.
As you know, staying in the UK means travel around all its countries, not just in England. So this time, I decided to go to Cardiff, the capital of Wales.
Cardiff is a beautiful city, so it is a significant tourist centre and the most popular visitor destination in Wales. But, a really interesting thing about this place is that the people there speak mainly two languages: English and Welsh. Welsh is a member of the Celtic languages spoken natively in Wales. So, Can you imagine the signs on the streets written in Welsh? For me that is really amazing!
The interesting thing with the Welsh language is that this has been spoken continuously in Wales throughout recorded history but by 1911 it had become a minority language. While this decline continued over the following decades, the language did not die out!! and now it has enjoyed a strong revival in recent years and has an equal status with English in the public sector in Wales. The teaching of Welsh is now compulsory in all schools in Wales up to the age of 16, and this has had a major effect in stabilising and reversing the decline of the language. So, the Welsh language is the oldest language in Europe.
All these facts make me think how important are our traditions, culture and our inheritance, but, the most important is our role in our own countries to preserve and conserve that things that make us unique!
One of the best things of being here in the UK is travelling. I want to share with you my experience in two particular places: Manchester and Liverpool. These cities are very well known around the world and obviously I had to go there. Both Manchester and Liverpool are close to Birmingham, almost 2 hours.
These are the things that I really enjoy when I was there!
Manchester is well known for being a city of sport, specially football. For that reason, as a mandatory visit there, you must go to Manchester United stadium, this team based in Old Trafford, plays in the Premier League. The stadium is call ‘The theatre of dreams’. Do you know that Old Trafford is the second-largest football stadium in the United Kingdom after Wembley Stadium?. But if you don’t find interesting these facts, you must know that the best thing of Manchester United is one of their football players: Radamel Falcao, The tiger. He is one of the best in the whole world and he is Colombian, so all Colombians are very proud of him.
Manchester and Liverpool are known for their football, but Liverpool has another story to tell. Liverpool is internationally known for music and is recognised by Guinness World Records as the World Capital City of Pop. Liverpool is most famous as the birthplace of The Beatles, so the first stop has to be the Beatles Story in the Albert Dock. The Beatles Exhibition follows John, Paul, George and Ringo from their early beginnings to global Beatlemania.
I really recommend these places to visit during this time in the UK, you just can’t miss the opportunity to be part of the most unique and amazing places around the world.
Enjoy and make you best of your time in the UK!
Finally, I’m here. This is my first week in Aston University and I feel so happy and expectant. I even changed my look in order to begin my new life in Birmingham.
You can’t believe all my journey to come here. I left London at 7.30am on Saturday, in the middle of the rain with my luggage. Of course, as you can imagine I had a lot of thing to bring with me (How many things can you collect in one year!!?). So, my boyfriend had to come with me because I couldn’t bring all my things by myself. But I had to say good bye to London and come to Birmingham to start my dream to study my master. Even that day was raining in Birmingham when we arrived, but I was excited to see my new accommodation and transform that simple room in my new home!
This week, we have many activities to attend, both social and ‘academic’ are very interesting. Maybe people will think that the academic ones are boring but, I really have to say that it’s not like that. I have been so impressed how enjoyable can be these activities. Of course, we have the opportunity to have tours around the city and the campus, parties every night, and others…but take a look, and you will agree with me. If making origami in a Leadership session is to boring for you…you are in the wrong place!
We still have a week before starting our courses, and we already have work to do!
Hi, my name is Lina. I studied Industrial Engineering in Colombia and I am specialized in Process and Quality Management. When I decided to come to the UK to improve my English, I thought that was the most important thing I had made. But this year, something really amazing happened. I realised that in the UK I could study the course that I have dreamed all my life. When I knew Aston University, I knew there would be my place.
Aston University/Banco Santander Scholarship gave me the opportunity to start my dream. I can not describe what I felt when I received the positive notification about my scholarship. For me is an honour. For me it was unbelievable to be part of such a prestigious University. But then I realized that now I could be part of something big and important. I am satisfied, I feel fortunate and proud of start my Master in Social Responsibility and Sustainability in Aston University.
I am from Bogotá, Colombia in South America. I am interested in films and I like go to the theatre. I love sunny days to walk and eat an ice cream. I find fascinating know new places and thing: landscapes, buildings, museums, monuments. I really love travelling. That is the reason why I am here. For me it is thrilling to be in another country that allows me to learn about new cultures, places and people. I hope to be a motivating person, full of projects to fulfill and enjoying my life.
In the future, I would like to help people to achieve their goals, companies to be successful and societies to achieve sustainable environments. For that reason I chose to study MSc Social Responsibility and Sustainability. Aston University is known for its world-class teaching quality and strong links to industry, government and commerce, and this could help me to get a huge benefit to my career and it will broaden my horizons. I am sure the University has the tools for me to learn and expand my knowledge.
Now I am really pleased to show other how is my life in Birmingham, In Aston University! | 2019-04-23T21:51:27Z | http://lina.astonwordpress.co.uk/page/2/ |
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Today I want us to focus on “How we should relate to one another” in our congregation.
For these reasons and more to be a Christian means to be a part of the church. It means to be plugged into and active in a local congregation.
But it is also true that being in community with one another can be challenging. Misunderstandings, different personalities and points of view can lead to conflict and pain. But God uses this. This is a part of God’s purpose for having us be together, and not just off all by ourselves serving God independently. As Proverbs 27:17 says, “As iron sharpens iron, so one person sharpens another.” Our interactions with each other are meant to make us better.
God puts us together, as different as we are to stretch us and to teach us what love is really all about. And you can’t learn this unless you are in relationships with others. And I dare say in relationship with people who are different than you are. And like all love, this can be painful.
The problem is that when we experience relationship difficulties we too often respond in inappropriate ways, which compounds the situation. We do what comes naturally to us – in our human weakness and self-centeredness. Things like gossip, slander, always thinking we are right, always wanting our way, holding on to resentments and negative attitudes, being mean, being cliquish, being impatient, being hard-hearted. The list could go on and on.
We have all seen or experienced or even practiced these kinds of things. (It’s amazing what can happen in churches.) And because of this and the pain it brings, many draw back and don’t want to be a part. And thus God’s purpose is defeated.
And so we need to be reminded, not of what comes naturally to us in the flesh; we need to be reminded of what comes supernaturally to us by the Word of God and the Spirit of God working in our hearts – to care for each other in our relationships with one another.
I have arranged them into several categories. As we go through these I want you to think about how these might apply to you, and how you relate to others in our fellowship. Where might God be challenging you this morning? Who might you need to make things right with?
Jesus said, “A new commandment I give to you, that you love one another: just as I have loved you, you also are to love one another.” – John 13:34. Love means acting for the well-being of another. And in this verse Jesus gives us himself as an example. We are to love one another just as Jesus loved us. That is, we are to lay down our lives for one another. We are to sacrifice for the good of one another.
Do we love one another? It’s not about just words or feeling, but about how we treat one another.
“Welcome one another as Christ has welcomed you.” – Romans 15:7. The context here is that of Jews and Gentiles getting along in the church at Rome. Although from very different backgrounds they are to accept each other as fellow believers.
Closely related to this is “Show hospitality to one another.” – 1 Peter 4:9. Hospitality means to be warm and friendly, to make room for someone, to include that person, even if they are different.
Do we welcome one another? Are we warm and friendly with one another?
Jesus said, “Be at peace with one another.” – Mark 9:50. The context here is in part that Jesus’ disciples were arguing with each other about who was the greatest. Not only does he tell them that to be great you must be the servant of all, he tells them to be at peace with one another.
Other verses that speak to this: “Live in harmony with one another.” – Romans 12:16. “Be at peace *with each other.”– 1 Thessalonians 5:13 (own translation).
Are we living in peace with one another? Do we work through our disagreements and conflicts? Being at peace doesn’t mean pretending that we get along. It means working through things with love and respect for one another, so that our relationships are whole and life-giving.
A similar verse applies this to using our spiritual gifts to serve each other – “As each has received a gift, use it to serve *one another, as good stewards of God’s varied grace.” – 1 Peter 4:10.
“. . . with all humility and gentleness, with patience, bearing with one another in love . . ..” – Ephesians 4:2. This means to put up with, to tolerate or to endure. If you are married you know that even those couples that love each other the most still have to do this in areas. Here it has to do with the weaknesses in another believer or the things they say and do that might rub you the wrong way.
“Be kind to one another, tenderhearted.” – Ephesians 4:32. That is, don’t be hard hearted, but rather mild, generous or considerate.
Our previous verse goes on to say, “. . . forgiving *one another, as God in Christ forgave you.” – Ephesians 4:32. When someone has wronged you, choose to love them, and seek to work through it, and when they make things right, restore the relationship.
Peter says, “Clothe yourselves, all of you, with humility toward one another.” – 1 Peter 5:5.
A specific example of this comes from Paul, “Outdo one another in showing honor.” – Romans 12:10. Lift up your brother and sisters in the Lord. It’s like a competition, not for praise, but to give honor and praise to others.
“Let the word of Christ dwell in you richly, teaching and admonishing *one another in all wisdom.” – Colossians 3:16. We are to share with one another of what God has taught us. To admonish is to teach in a way that warns and corrects.
Along these lines the writer of Hebrews says, “But exhort *one another every day, as long as it is called ‘today,’ that none of you may be hardened by the deceitfulness of sin.” – Hebrews 3:13.
James says, “Pray for one another.” – James 5:16. We are to care for each other by lifting lift up each other’s concerns before the Lord that he might give grace and help in their time of need.
Do you pray for others among us during the week?
Our previous verse in its entirety says, “Confess your sins to one another pray for one another, that you may be healed.” – James 5:16. Certainly this means that we confess our sins to the one we have wronged. And it could, when appropriate, mean confessing our sins more broadly than this. This all requires vulnerability before others and honesty.
And then we pray for healing for the person from any discipline the Lord may have allowed them to go through, because of their sin. Once the sin is dealt with, the discipline can be lifted.
Paul says, “Always seek to do good to one another.” – 1 Thessalonians 5:15. He says just before this that we are certainly not to repay evil for evil, or harm for harm to one another. You know, “I’m going to get them back!” Rather we are always to do good to each other.
Paul says, “Encourage one another and build one another up.” – 1 Thessalonians 5:11. To encourage means to instill someone with courage; to cheer them up, to comfort them. Close in meaning to this is the word “build up,” which means to strengthen or to make more able.
Similarly, “And let us consider how to stir up one another to love and good works.” – Hebrews 10:24. The idea is that we can become complacent or lazy and so we are to act to get each other focused and moving forward.
How are you doing? Do you need to make some changes?
Let the power of God’s Word work in your heart and mind to show you the way. And ask the Spirit to come in power to change your heart in any way that might be needed, so that our relationships with each other will be strong and pleasing to God in every way. And so that we can work here together in unity to do God’s work.
May our relationships be so full of Christian love that people can sense it when they come in to worship with us. May God make this so.
Well, in the same way, a good part of my job in standing up here Sunday after Sunday is not to teach you new things, but to remind you of what you already know and to encourage you and to stir you up to do what you already know. Can you imagine what the church worldwide would be like if we all did what we already know! If you want revival, if you want spiritual renewal this is the place to start. Put into practice what you already know – the Spirit is waiting for us to get on board.
We see from this passage that love acts for the good of another. God acted “so that we might live.” God acted, not to tear down or harm us, but to help and bless us; to give us life. We also learn that love does this even at great cost. These verses tell us that God “sent his Son to be the atoning sacrifice” for us; his “only Son” – v. 9. God sacrificed for us. He gave up what was most precious to him. It cost him. And finally, love takes the initiative. God didn’t wait for us to love him first. That wasn’t going to happen. Despite our lack of love for him, “God sent his Son” – v. 9, v. 10.
And we are to emulate this love that God displays toward us in our love for one another. As v. 11 says, “Beloved, if God so loved us, we also ought to love one another.” We also are to act for the good of one another – not to tear down or harm each other, but to build each other up and to pour life into each other. We also are to love each other sacrificially, and not hold back when it requires our time, our patience and our commitment. And we also are to take the initiative to love even if our brother and sister doesn’t seem to love us. To cross boundaries and to reach out to them. We are to love other just as God has loved us.
Not because we don’t have love, we do. I see it in how we care for each other in difficult times. And I see it in how so many give of their time and talents to serve so that our congregation works and even thrives. I encourage you this morning, because we all need to grow in our love. And perhaps, if any have set love aside so that your heart is cold and hard towards another, I encourage you to allow God to come in and give you a new heart full of love for one another; a heart that is warm; a heart that is soft and sensitive.
Let us love one another when we have disagreements or fail each other. This means going to the person we have a problem with, as Jesus teaches us in Matthew 18:15. Now judging by our practice this is not a popular teaching, because hardly anyone practices it. But it is still God’s will and his servants choose to follow him. “If your brother sins against you, go and tell him his fault, between you and him alone.” And we are to do this not to blast the other person, but to work things out and be reconciled; the goal is restored relationships.
This means not going to other people instead, in order to slander or gossip or tear each other down. Rather as Paul says in Ephesians 4:29, “Let no corrupting talk come out of your mouths, but only such as is good for building up, as fits the occasion, that it may give grace to those who hear.” Do your words give grace?
This is what love means when we have disagreements and fail each other.
Let us love one another in bearing with each other. We all have weaknesses, personality traits that can rub someone the wrong way, differences of opinion and so forth. And these can all lead us away from each other. Love, however, binds us together despite our differences. Paul says in Colossians 3:14, “And above all . . . put on love, which binds everything together in perfect harmony.” And remember 1 Corinthians 13:4, 7 – “Love is patient and kind . . . Love bears all things.” Love puts up with a lot because we care about each other and want the best for each other.
This is what love means in the midst of our differences.
Let us love one another by welcoming each other. Paul says in Romans 15:7, “Welcome one another as Christ has welcomed you . . ..” Paul says this to Jews and Gentiles, two groups that were very different and had a history of animosity and hatred in many cases. In the same way, whatever different groups we come from or different backgrounds we have – Christ has welcomed us all to come to him. And if he has done this for us, we are to do it for each other – even if they are from a different race or are poor or rich, or are rural or urban, or if their politics are different. Just as Christ has welcomed us so we are to welcome them and embrace them as brothers and sisters in the Lord.
This is what love means when we come from different backgrounds and different places in life.
Live a faithful Christian life. Let your light shine so that others can see God’s work in your life and give glory to God.
Share what God has done for you. Look for ways to share your story and how God has blessed you. Not just when you first became a Christian but also what God is doing in your life today.
Pray for the lost. Ask God to put specific people on your heart that you can regularly pray for.
Pray for outreach workers,that God will raise people up to minister to the lost, even from our congregation.
Support those that are called to reach out. Give financially so they can fulfill their calling and encourage and pray for them.
Now this comes to us in part as a complaint from his critics, but it is true. Jesus was around the lost, and while he was with them in genuine relationship with them, he engaged them with the gospel. It says, they wanted to hear him. Are you open to this? The lost are all around us, but are you open to being in relationship? It’s easier to just hang out with fellow believers. But as Jesus said, “those who are well have no need of a physician, but those who are sick” (Matthew 9:12).
In my former church we began a ministry to the homeless in our area. And I met tons of people, both Christian and non-Christian. And we would eat together and get to know each other and talk about needs and spiritual things. And my family and I formed relationships with some that last to this day.
But you don’t have to do this. Just be open to whoever God brings across your path. And even take the initiative.
Paul says in Colossians 4:5, “Be wise in the way you act toward outsiders; make the most of every opportunity.” (NIV) This verse obviously applies very broadly. But it certainly applies to the point that one of the easiest ways to share your faith is by inviting people to church. This isn’t the end goal, of course, but it can lead to the goal of someone discovering new life in Jesus.This is using wisdom to take advantage of opportunities in relation to outsiders.
Come to VBS follow-up and meet the families of the children.
Come to events like our recent block party and invite others to come.
Come to our upcoming Christmas activities – wreath making, Christmas caroling, and invite others.
*Think for a moment, who might you invite? Maybe it’s the same person or persons whom God has put on your heart to pray for.
Did you know that 66% of the people that come to church come because a friend has invited them or brought them along with them. This is by far the highest percentage. For instance only 8% come from a pastor’s efforts; only ¼% from evangelistic crusades.
Along these same lines . . .
The writer of the book of Hebrews tells the church he addresses in chapter 13:2, “Do not neglect to show hospitality to strangers.” We are to be loving, warm and welcoming to every single person who comes to our church, whatever their background might be.
Now we have a hospitality ministry team that works at this and I am grateful for them, but everyone needs to be involved.
According to the experts a person decides if they like a church and will come back within their first 11 minutes. So take the initiative, get to know people, learn their names, find out some things about them, connect them with other people in the congregation, invite them over for dinner.
*Are there people here today, or maybe who have been coming for a while that you still don’t know their names? This is something to work on so that we can be a more hospitable congregation.
Jesus said in John 12:24 – “Truly, truly, I say to you, unless a grain of wheat falls into the earth and dies, it remains alone; but if it dies, it bears much fruit.” He is talking about laying down his life for others on the cross. And when he did this it bore much fruit in that so many have come to salvation based on seeing the love of Jesus on the cross for them.
And we are to take up our cross and serve others. Give of your time, your talents to serve and bless others. Lay down your lives to help others. And when we do this it too will bear much fruit. People respond when they see such love.
*Some of you have been working at this and I am so thankful. But we still have opportunities to serve here in SW Chambersburg. Denise has put together some action cards, some of which have to do with serving and others with sharing. You can look at these after the service. What might God lead you to do?
It’s not common to see real love for others – especially beyond family or friends. But we are to love each other deeply from the heart. We are to give our lives for each other by ministering to each other’s needs, sacrificing for each other, encouraging each other, and forgiving each other.
This kind of love is supernatural. It is fruit of the Spirit of God working in our hearts. I would like for us to be a congregation that is known for our deep love for one another; so that when people come they sense it and know that God is at work. And will be drawn themselves to be a follower of Jesus.
* In your bulletin you have the handout: 21 Traits of Love – A Test. Most of you have seen it before, but look it over again. Take it home with you and see how you are doing loving others – especially your brothers and sisters in the Lord. | 2019-04-25T06:31:35Z | https://williamshiggins.net/tag/love/ |
Embu County is located in the Eastern region of Kenya, it borders Tharaka Nithi County to the North, Kitui County to the East, Machakos County to the South, Muranga County to the South West, Kirinyaga County to the West, and Meru county to the North West.
Embu County is a geopolitical-administrative region in Kenya. It is one of the 47 Counties established under the First Schedule of the Constitution of Kenya 2010. The headquarters of the County are in Embu town which is 130 km north-east of Nairobi.
The County has a population of 516,212 people and covers an area of 2,818 Sq km. The major ethnic communities in the County are the Embu, Mbeere and the Kamba. There are also found other cosmopolitan ethnic communities especially in the urban centres of the County.
The County comprises of 4 constituencies; Manyatta, Runyenjes, Mbeere North and Mbeere South. The current leadership of the county as elected in the 2013 general elections comprises of Senator Lenny Kivuti, Governor Martin Wambora and the County Assembly members under Speaker Justus Kariuki.
Embu County is home to Mwea National Reserve and 3 of the 7 Kenya famed hydroelectric water dams (the 7 forks) along the river Tana i.e. Kamburu, Kindaruma and Kiambeere dams. The main economic activities in the region include Tea, Coffee, Macadamia and dairy farming in the upper zones of the county (Manyatta and Runyenjes) and livestock and bee keeping in the lower zones (Mbeere and Mwea).
The current governor of Embu County is Hon. Martin Nyaga Wambora and the deputy governor is Hon. Dorothy Nditi Muchungu.
Embu County Jobs opportunities for all qualified personnel and those who would wish to work with Embu County government. Jobs in Embu County are posted on the county website.
Jobs in Embu County are awarded in a free, fair and transparency manner in the need to fight corruption in the country.
To access these Embu county jobs advertisement click the link: Embu County Jobs for the latest job opportunities in the county.
Embu county tenders are awarded in a free, fair and transparency manner in the need to fight corruption in the country.
To access tenders in Embu county click the link: http://www.embu.go.ke/ for the latest tender opportunities in the county.
Embu County is renowned for its numerous learning institutions. As of 2013, there are 468 primary schools serving 125,420 students and 163 secondary schools serving about 27,000 students. The ratio of pupil to teacher in public schools stands at 1:35 while that of student to teacher in public secondary schools is 1:25.
The county has 24 insitutions of higher learning including; Government training Institute (GTI), Embu University College formerly E.A.S.T College which plays host to satellite campuses of leading public universities such as Nairobi and Kenyatta Universities. There are also privately owned colleges that are located in the major towns which include Kenya institute of Management, Embu College and Achievers College that offer business and information technology courses.
Embu County has a wide range of sights, both endearing to local and foreign visitors.
Some places of interest include Mwea National Reserve near Makima town, Mount Kenya climbing expeditions and National Reserve and Karue Hill picnic site off Embu-Runyenjes road and 7 folk hydroelectric power plants near Kiritiri town.
Mwea National Reserve is a game reserve covering 42 sq.km, situated in Makima sub-location of Mwea in Mbeere, Embu County. The reserve is located north-west of Kamburu dam at the confluence of Tana and Thiba rivers.
The 2800km square Mt. Kenya National Park is to the east of the Great Rift Valley, about 175km north-east of Nairobi. The ecosystem lies in Central and Eastern provinces. At 5,199m, the mountain is the second highest peak in Africa.
Also the favorable altitude around the mountain makes Embu one of the preferred locations for sports training, prompting the Athletics Association of Kenya to set up a training camp at St. Mark’s Kigari Teachers’ college.
Embu town offers accommodation of different style and budgets. Izaak Walton Inn is among the popular hotels with standard accommodation. Other facilities include Slopes Villa, Panesic Hotel, Scouts Centre and Kryptonite Hotel located within Embu town. Other places with good accommodation outside Embu town include Country View Hotel in Mutunduri, Thuchi River Lodge near Runyenjes town, Mountain Breeze Hotel in Gakwegori and Masinga resort near Kiritiri town among others.
You can travel to Embu County from Nairobi, through Makutano – Mwea route, and access the county through Embu town. You may also use the Thika-Garissa highway and gain access through Kiritiri. Public transport plying these routes is found at Tea-room station or Machakos country bus terminus in Nairobi. Embu County can also be accessed privately by air, using Embu airstrip, now being upgraded to public airport status or Masinga airstrip near Mwea National Reserve.
Embu – Embu Town is the most developed urban center and administrative capital of Embu County. It is primarily a civil servants’ city. The population of the town has drastically risen over the last decade attracting a real estate boom.
Runyenjes – Runyenjes town is an important trading center between Embu and Tharaka Nithi counties as it is located towards the border of the two counties . It lies some 30 kilometers from Embu town, and is a significant marketplace for small-scale farmers drawn from the surrounding townships.
Siakago – Siakago town is a key trading center for agricultural and livestock products, mostly serving Mbeere people. It is located just below Kiang’ombe hills some 25 kilometers south of Embu town.
Kiritiri – Kiritiri town is located some 30 kilometers south of Embu town along Matuu-Mwingi road. The town has been rapidly growing, owing to its close proximity to the 7 forks hydroelectric power dams. The regions surrounding the town are also popular with livestock, especially goat keeping, making the town a significant marketplace.
Among the most prominent health facilities include Embu Provincial General Hospital (Embu town), Runyenjes District Hospital, (Runyenjes town) Siakago District Hospital (Siakago), Consolata Hospital, Kyeni (near Runyenjes), Liberty nursing Home (Embu town), Ishiara sub-District Hospital, Kibugu Health Center and Joy Kim Nursing Home in the outskirts of Embu town that all serve the needs of the residents.
Embu town has 8 banks and over 10 microfinance institutions. These include Barclays, Bank of Africa, Faulu , Diamond Trust Bank, K.C.B, Equity, Cooperative Bank, National Bank, Family Bank, Jitegemea, Jamii Bora, Bimas among others. Banking services are also available in other major towns within the county. Equity bank is available in Runyenjes and Cooperative bank in Siakago.
Electronics and other consumer products.
The corporate sector includes banks and other companies that generate profit through investment and management of capital. There are many retailers and distributors in the county who act as middle-men, getting manufactured goods to intended consumers.
There are several cooperative societies that engage in various businesses from transport, banking to input and output supplies.
In addition, there are many shops and business outlets stocking a wide range of consumer items. These range from textile, shoes, basic commodities, airtime for mobile phones available daily in all the urban centres and in shops and kiosks found in almost every village.
Embu lies on the windward slopes of Mt. Kenya. It remarkably occupies the most prime fertile lands of the Kenya highlands. The forest cover hosts a great number of flora and fauna. There are two seasons enjoyed each year and the weather is quite favourable for diverse agricultural activities. Instances of drought or famine are extremely rare.
With sufficient water resources, agriculture is prevalent owing to existence of several rivers that flow through the county. Considering the conservation measures that are in place, the county is projected to become water secure with the consequent rise in both agricultural production and household incomes.
Embu County temperatures are estimated at an average of between 9°C – 28°C due to the county’s location at the foothill of Mount Kenya. The county receives substantial rainfall with average annual precipitation of 1206mm. The wettest season is experienced between March and July while the hottest comes between January and mid-March. Much of the land is largely arable and is well watered by a number of rivers and streams.
The County is also host to one airstrip located at Don Bosco in Embu town and is currently being refurbished.
Agriculture is the centerpiece of the economy in Embu County with over 70% of the residents being small scale farmers. Small percentages are business people and civil servants working in government institutions.
Tea, coffee and cotton have been the main cash crops. However, due to their falling prices, many farmers have in the recent years started growing other crops. Mango farming has become a robust economic activity, finding market as far as Nairobi.
Owing to county’s vibrant real estate, sand harvesting has lately become a lucrative business. One of the key up-and-coming economic incentives is the upgrading of Embu airstrip to airport status, which is expected to link up the county’s agribusiness to external market.
Rukuriri, Mungania and Kathangariri Tea factories.
Construction factories and several posho mills available in towns, market centres and in most villages.
The informal (Jua Kali) sector is outstanding in Embu town and other urban areas producing timber and wood products, sheet metal works and various garages for repair of motor vehicles.
With recent rural electrification, these services are currently available in small towns and markets. The industrial potential of the county has remained largely unexploited.
Brick making is very common in Embu county. The building of houses using fired clay bricks and brick making technologies constitute a recent adaptation in the county. Due to their relatively low cost, burnt bricks have become popular building materials. They have been used to build houses, commercial buildings, schools and all other types of houses. The soils in most parts of the county have high clay content suited for brick making. Bricks are made at commercial scales for sale to local residents while on the other hand some make their own bricks for constructing houses.
The local bricks are usually produced in bulk quantities and in standard sizes (measuring 5 inches wide, 5 inches thick and approximately 9 -12 inches long). The bricks are stacked together or laid as brickwork using various kinds of mortar to hold the bricks together and make a permanent structure. They provide long lasting and strong building materials, which have been used throughout the history.
There is sufficient evidence of iron ore deposits in Mbeere particularly within river beds that emanate from Kiang’ombe hill. A number of streams in this location still contain the dark deposits of iron in the sand. In earlier days, there were special sites where larger deposits were found and collected. Most of the traditional iron ore mining sites cannot be easily traced due to environmental degradation caused by overgrazing and trampling.
There are several sites in the county that contain deposits of iron ore and await exploration and development.
It is on Thura River just below the confluence of three streams (Thura, Ganjai and Kauni) at the ridge on the Kirie-Kiritiri road. There is iron ore and most of the deposits appear to emanate from the Kauni stream.
It is on Marivwe stream in Ngoce sub-location of Mbeere. Iron ore deposits are in the stream bed.
This is on Thura River in Mbeere North where dark sand for smelting iron is found.
It is in Kirie in Mbeere where the dark sand containing iron ore was collected and is still discernible.
This is a tributary of Ena River and a seasonal stream that flows through Kigwambiti in Evurori, Mbeere. It contains iron ore deposits too.
Sand which occurs naturally in the stream beds or rivers in dry areas is found mostly in Mbeere, Embu County. It is manually scooped from the dry riverbeds mainly on the seasonal rivers such as Marivwe, Njauri, Thura and the lower reaches of Ena river. Other sites where sand scooping is done include: Kithagana seasonal stream near Siakago, Nguu stream around Mecca and Kwamiti areas along Kiritiri-Gachoka road. Also near Kanyariri and on road sides especially on drifts along Siakago-Kiritiri road and other road drifts in Mbeere.
Sand scooping increases during the dry season as an income generating activity. There is a huge potential for investment in this area and requires some coordinated mechanism to ensure sand is harvested sustainably and the benefits trickle back to the local people.
Gemstones are found in various parts of Embu County. There are several abandoned mines in the lower Mbeere zones of Evurori and Kiambere. The precious stones are scattered around Kamuthara, Kairiri, Kanthumbi and Mata hill in Kirie. They have also been found in Ngoce and Kirigo hill in Evurori as well as Kavaci near Kiang’ombe in Nthawa. A few old mines can be found in Kiangunguru near Kiambere.
Kirigo hill is said to contain graphite and some diamonds. There are also magnesites, graphites and pegmites in other areas. Apparently, mining of gemstones in this area is primarily done by hand by the local artisans. It has been difficult to gather information regarding the existence of these precious stones since the entire process is done informally. It is not easy to establish the quantities of gemstones mined, their value, sales, clientele etc. There is therefore need to develop exploration and mining of gemstones in the County.
Quartz is transparent or translucent rock that has many variants and covers a large area of the County particularly in the rocky areas. The most common types of quartz found in Mbeere include; smoky quartz, amethyst, milky quartz and rose quartz. It can be used for decorating buildings or for hard stone carvings.
Granite is a light-coloured igneous rock with large grains and is composed mainly of quartz and feldspar with minor amounts of micas, amphiboles and other minerals. This mineral composition gives granite its characteristic red, pink, white or gray colour with dark mineral grains visible throughout the rock. Granite is usually massive, tough, hard and thus one of the most popular building materials. It was used in antiquity for construction of both interior and exterior applications and is very durable.
Granite dimension stone is used in buildings, bridges, paving, monuments and other exterior projects. Polished granite slabs and tiles are used for kitchen countertops, tile floors, stair treads and other design elements. Granite is a prestige material used in projects to produce impressions of elegance and quality. Despite this immense commercial value, the two rocks (Quartz and Granite) in Embu County remain largely untapped.
Gravel (Kagoto) are small stone aggregates or rock fragments that have a general particle size ranging from granular gravel which is about 2 mm – 4 mm, pebble gravel which ranges 4mm – 64mm mean diameter. Gravel is an important commercial product with a number of applications. Construction of buildings, roads and other infrastructure require large quantities of gravel. There are abundant deposits of naturally occurring gravel in most parts of Embu County thus, a great potential to commercialize gravel in this area to boost construction industry and generate revenue.
Pebbles (ngengecu) can be found in almost all river beds in Embu County. They are naturally occurring, smooth, rounded stones measuring about 4mm – 64mm in size. They come in various colours and texture and can have streaks of quartz and different coloured sedimentary rocks. The most common colours of river pebbles include: Grey, black, brown, white and green. Owing to their beauty, they are mainly used to decorate buildings, gardens, landscaping and paved surfaces. They can also be polished and sold in curio shops or used to make items such as office paper weights.
Ballast processing has a lot of potential in Embu County as extensive patches of volcanic rocks that weather easily are found in many places. They include: phonolites and basalts which are exploited for aggregates in areas around Rwika. Tuffs are found in Kamutungi, Munyori, Nganduri and Ngiori in Gachoka while in Siakago they are found at Kwamuguku quarries.
Stone chips processing (ballast) is also commercially done at Riamikuyu near Ishiara and Makengi areas in Embu,and Makutano in Mwea. Most of the areas in the county have stones which could be crashed for construction industry but this potential has not been fully exploited.
Embu County has a population of 516,212 (49% – male and 51% – female), according to the 2009 National census. Although the county is named after the indigenous Aembu people, other tribes call it home; Mbeere, Kamba and Kikuyu.
Aembu – The Aembu people, who share key cultural and traditional values with the Kikuyu and Meru are mainly farmers. Many of them live in the well-watered northern side around Runyenjes, Embu and Manyatta towns. Tea and coffee are the community’s main cash crops. They also grow food crops such as maize, beans, sorghum, cassava, millet, horticultural crops and substantial dairy keeping.
Mbeere – Mbeere people are to be found around Siakago, Ishiara, Kanyuambora and Kiritiri towns. They mostly practice small scale farming, bee keeping and livestock rearing. Ishiara market is in particular popular for being the largest goat market in the region. Living on the lower side with relatively low rainfall, Mbeeres grows cash crops such as cotton and food crops such as maize, cow peas, beans, pigeon peas and green grams.
Kamba – The Akamba people live in lower parts of Embu County around Makima. While they are natively known for their carving and basketry skills, Kambas also do a lot of subsistence farming, bee keeping and goat rearing in Embu. Some of the crops growing in the area include cowpeas, green grams, sorghum, millet among others.
Kikuyu – The Kikuyu people living in Embu County are mainly traders, business people and civil servants working in government corporations and institutions. Apart from being skillful in entrepreneurship, the Kikuyus also like farming and a number of them have bought land and settled in the peripheries of Embu town.
The Aembu believed that their god, ‘Ngai’, lived on the top of Mount Kenya. Prayers and sacrifices were traditionally made to this god. However, today, majority of Embu and Mbeere people are Christians.
Christianity entered Embu around the same time the British jurisdiction was established in 1906.
The year 1912, Church Missionary Society (Anglican Church) built the first church at Kigari in Embu County. This mission served the entire Embu and Mbeere later opening other missions such as Karungu in Embu, Kiritiri and Kanyuambora in Mbeere.
In 1922, the Catholic Church was founded when the “White Fathers” as they were then called, set up the first Catholic mission in Ngoire near Makengi in Embu. They later opened Catholic missions in Kyeni, Kevote in Embu and Siakago in Mbeere. Since then, both the Anglican and Catholic Churches have dominated in Embu and Mbeere. Similarly, other Christian denominations were set up hence various Christian churches have a presence in Embu County.
In Embu and Mbeere, there are Cathedrals and various Christian churches having the largest as St. Peter and Paul Cathedral based at Karurina near Embu town. It is the headquarters of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Embu. The cathedral displays a unique African-inspired design through its rooftop modeled in the shape of the peaks of Mt. Kenya. The Anglican Diocese of Embu has its headquarters at St. Paul’s Cathedral in Embu town. Furthermore, another Anglican cathedral is based at Siakago and is the headquarters of Mbeere diocese.
The Presbyterian Church of East Africa (P.C.E.A) has its central cathedral in Blue Valley, a suburb in Embu town. Other main stream churches such as the Salvation Army and African Independent Pentecostal Church of Africa (A.I.P.C.A) also have their headquarters in Embu town. There are also numerous evangelical churches such as Winners Chapel, Deliverance Church, Pentecostal Church, Full Gospel church and many others. .
The Embu and Mbeere tribes share many common customs and rituals. Traditionally, they had jointly owned sacred places called Matiiri. Circumcision is an important rite of passage for boys in Embu County just like most other bantu tribes.
Despite the inherent potential, there are only three cultural centres developed in Embu County.
This is a Government institution set up by the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage that was started in the 1990s. The centre coordinates cultural activities in the entire county. It has buildings that host meeting halls and offices.
The staff are involved mostly in promotion of herbal medicine and the centre coordinates a network of herbal medicine stakeholders. The centre has plans to develop a botanical garden, build an amphitheatre, a herbal clinic, museum, art gallery and a curio shop.
This cultural village is located at the home of Simon Njururi near Kibugu market in Embu. It can be accessed from Kibugu-Nguviu road. Mr. Njururi is an artist, collector, sculptor and a curator and his quite passionate about his rare collection of art and cultural artifacts.
He has won several national awards and has also exhibited internationally. He has built some Embu traditional huts and continues to improve on the cultural aspects of his museum.
spear (itumu), bow (uta), shield (ngo) and arrows (migwi).
Similarly, there are several musical instruments and play items. It is such an ideal centre for tourism and fine art.
This centre is based at Njarange village near Ishiara market in Mbeere, Embu. The centre was started by an individual by name, Joseph Kabiero Ndwiga, a retired teacher who has a great enthusiasm for preserving culture.
The centre is registered as a group by the Registrar of Societies.
a rare left handed snail shell (ng’ari) which is traditionally believed to bring long life to those who hold it.
there are also nests of young and small birds (ntiro or ndiro) as well as weaver bird nest (kiamba kia nthoonjo).
a traditional metal trap (gitengu) used to trap hyenas.
musical instruments including traditional mbeere drums (ngutha), dancing bells (ciigamba), blowing horns (coro), black smith pipes (ngerwa na muugua), head gears worn during dances (ngovia cia ngoroi) and also traditional clothing (turithi) among others.
The centre boasts of a garden where traditional crops such as cowpeas, sorghum, millet, medicinal shrubs and herbs are grown.
The centre has opened a liaison office at Ishiara market to boost tourism and educational roles as it upholds conservation of traditional artefacts, social ideals and music.
Some of the famous people from Embu county include, Governor Martin Wambora, Head of Catholic Church in Kenya Archbishop Cardinal John Njue, former long serving cabinet minister Jeremiah Nyagah, Safari Rally champion Patrick Njiru and the current Speaker of the National Assembly Justin Muturi.
Climate/Weather: The temperature ranges from a minimum of 12 °C to a maximum of 27.0 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1495mm. | 2019-04-20T20:28:21Z | https://informationcradle.com/kenya/embu-county/ |
Context. The first long-term in-situ observation of the plasma environment in the vicinity of a comet, as provided by the European Rosetta spacecraft.
Aims. Here we offer characterisation of the solar wind flow near 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P) and its long term evolution during low nucleus activity. We also aim to quantify and interpret the deflection and deceleration of the flow expected from ionization of neutral cometary particles within the undisturbed solar wind.
Methods. We have analysed in situ ion and magnetic field data and combined this with hybrid modeling of the interaction between the solar wind and the comet atmosphere.
Results. The solar wind deflection is increasing with decreasing heliocentric distances, and exhibits very little deceleration. This is seen both in observations and in modeled solar wind protons. According to our model, energy and momentum are transferred from the solar wind to the coma in a single region, centered on the nucleus, with a size in the order of 1000 km. This interaction affects, over larger scales, the downstream modeled solar wind flow. The energy gained by the cometary ions is a small fraction of the energy available in the solar wind.
Conclusions. The deflection of the solar wind is the strongest and clearest signature of the mass-loading for a small, low-activity comet, whereas there is little deceleration of the solar wind.
Comets show large changes in their appearance as their distance from the Sun varies. Closer to the Sun, volatile materials on the comet nucleus start to sublimate, forming a neutral cloud that becomes partially ionized by solar UV radiation and charge exchange processes. When the comet activity evolves, the complexity of its interaction with the solar wind also changes. At large distances from the Sun the solar wind directly impacts the surface of an atmosphereless nucleus in an asteroid-like interaction, while at smaller heliospheric distances the solar wind permeates a thin, partially ionized, unstructured coma. When the comet activity is even higher (or the comet is closer to the Sun), the coma is much denser and plasma boundaries form, creating a cometary magnetosphere (Szegö et al. 2000, Sect. 4.1; Koenders et al. 2015).
In situ investigations of the interaction between active comets and the solar wind started in the mid-80s with the International Cometary Explorer (ICE) visiting P/Giacobini-Zinner in 1985, and Giotto, Vega-1 and -2, Suisei and Sakigake examining P/Halley in 1986. Giotto went on to probe P/Grigg-Skjellerup in 1992. Although these missions provided valuable information about the structure of a cometary magnetosphere and its interaction with the solar wind at a given time, the fly-by nature of these missions did not enable the study of the evolution of this interaction as the heliocentric distance changes. The Rosetta spacecraft spends most of its time close to the nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P), scanning the cometary environment out to a maximum of 1500 km only. However, Rosetta has stayed in the vicinity of 67P for two years giving us the unique opportunity to monitor and study in situ how the interaction evolves as the comet transforms from an almost atmosphereless object into an active nucleus (Glassmeier et al. 2007a).
The Rosetta spacecraft completed its long voyage to comet 67P in early August 2014 and recorded the first traces of cometary ions upon rendezvous. The first results from the plasma measurements made at 67P describe the early phase of the comet’s transformation. The first observations of cometary water ions and solar wind deflection were reported by Nilsson et al. (2015b), with the subsequent enhancement of comet water ion fluxes around comet 67P down to a heliocentric distance of 2 au described in Nilsson et al. (2015a). The local cold ion environment and its relation to the outgassing from the nucleus is described in Goldstein et al. (2015) and Edberg et al. (2015). First reports on the magnetic field environment showed strong wave activity in the vicinity of the comet (Richter et al. 2015).
At low activity, the solar wind is lightly mass-loaded with freshly ionized cometary particles. As these new-born ions are accelerated by the solar wind electric field, energy and momentum are transferred from the solar wind to the coma. Considering the complete system (i.e. the entire coma), the solar wind loses the energy gained by the cometary ions (often referred to as “pick up” ions, as they are picked up by the solar wind).
A simplistic view of light mass-loading: energy and momentum are transferred from the solar wind (red streamlines) to the cometary ions (blue dots) in a pick up process. Conservation of energy and momentum leads to a deceleration and deflection of the local solar wind.
The most basic expectations are illustrated in Fig. 1: the solar wind flow is deflected from the comet-sun line and slowed down, as new born cometary ions are accelerated. The gyroradius of the new born ions is much larger than the ion source, so these ions move essentially along the solar wind electric field within the ion source region. The newly created electrons on the other hand have a gyro-radius smaller than the source region, and can be expected to E × B drift. This might lead to charge separation and, in turn, to new dynamical effects (Nilsson et al. 2015a; Behar et al. 2016). Coates et al. (2015) have discussed how such a situation near a low activity comet with a small coma may be more similar to barium release experiments than to higher activity comets.
The first observations at comet 67P indeed showed solar wind deflection and water ion acceleration approximately orthogonal to the solar wind flow direction (Nilsson et al. 2015b). The plasma dynamics of solar wind deflection at 67P at low activity were further studied in Broiles et al. (2015) and Behar et al. (2016). In these two studies, it was shown how the solar wind deflection direction and the direction of the acceleration of newborn cometary ions are both correlated with the local magnetic field direction, consistent with the transfer of momentum described here-above.
Once the comet activity has increased above the very low level of the initial observations, the cometary ion flow direction has a main anti-sunward component (Nilsson et al. 2015a; Behar et al. 2016). Behar et al. (2016) discuss this in terms of a polarisation electric field developing in the coma as electrons and ions respond differently to the solar wind electric field on scales below the ion gyroradius.
We limit our study of the evolution of the interaction to the solar wind protons. This population reflects the interaction with the cometary ions experienced all along its trajectory through the coma. We expect the solar wind protons to exhibit both deflection and deceleration and we compare our expectations to the measured deflection and speed. In addition to the ion measurements, we consider the local magnetic field, which is highlighted as one of the major drivers in the solar wind-comet interaction by Broiles et al. (2015) and Behar et al. (2016).
The in situ data recorded onboard Rosetta represent a single-point probe of the whole system, with little spatial coverage over time. Energy and momentum are transferred, via the electromagnetic field, over a larger volume. In order to get a large-scale view, we use a hybrid model of the coma-solar wind interaction. This model provides a global picture of the interaction, allowing us to get an estimate of the size of the region involved in energy and momentum transfer.
Considering the simplicity of our theoretical approach, we choose to define and use a fairly simple model as well, involving only the major components in the system. Cometary water ions are added to the solar wind flow through ionization of an isotropic neutral outflow. The model thus does not have a solid obstacle for the solar wind, nor does it have gravity or momentum transfer by collisions. By proceeding in this manner, we hope to isolate and identify the main drivers of the plasma dynamics at a comet, at low activity.
We focus the study on the early period of the Rosetta mission, from the arrival at the nucleus (3.6 au) to a chosen distance of 2.2 au from the Sun. Closer to the Sun, a larger mass-loading of the solar wind results in a different dynamical regime in which, based on preliminary observations, either more radical or new effects occur. To mark this separation, we refer in this study to the phenomenon of light mass-loading, in opposition with a heavier mass-loading regime occurring later on.
Particle data used in this work were produced by the Ion Composition Analyzer, part of the Rosetta Plasma Consortium (RPC-ICA). This instrument is an ion mass-energy spectrometer aimed at studying the interaction between the solar wind and positive cometary ions at comet 67P (Nilsson et al. 2007). RPC-ICA data consist of count rates given in five dimensions, namely time, energy per charge, mass per charge, and incoming direction (two angles). Full energy scans are produced every 12 s and full angular scans are produced every 192 s. The energy spans from 10 eV up to 40 keV in 96 steps with a resolution . The instrument field of view is 360° × 90° (azimuth × elevation), with a resolution of 22.5° × 5.0°. Mass is determined through a position detection system with 32 anodes, which we will refer to as mass channels. The radial position of ions on the detector plate is a function of both mass and energy.
The magnetometer (RPC-MAG, Glassmeier et al. 2007b) measures the three components of the magnetic field vector, with a frequency of 20 vectors per second. The measurement range is ±16 384 nT with an accuracy of 31 pT. RPC-MAG is mounted on a 1.5 m long boom in order to minimise the impact of spacecraft-generated disturbance fields.
In this work, the magnetic field amplitude was averaged over 10 h of data.
In order to characterise the protons detected by the instrument, the very first step was to identify and separate them from the rest of the observed ions. On the left panel of Fig. 2, counts integrated over one day are given as function of mass channel and energy, and different species are identified on this energy-mass matrix. The strongest signal was acquired for protons, and over 90% of proton counts were detected in mass channels 26 and 27 (surrounded by dead mass channels). During the period covered by the study, protons were always separated from other species in the energy dimension, at the daily time scale. In the left panel of Fig. 2, protons (the lightest particles) form the rightmost population, at highest mass channels. At about twice the energy and shifted to the left He2 + particles are found, followed by He+ particles at about four times the proton energy and further to the left (lower mass channels). Cometary ions are found in the lower left corner, corresponding to lower energy and higher mass.
We have manually selected the proton energy, one selection per day. This selection was then used for all full angular scans (of 192 s) during each day. The selection window which identifies proton counts and rules out the rest of the counts is defined for one day in energy-mass space, as follows: only mass channels 26 and 27 were considered, and we use an energy interval manually selected. This resulted in the red rectangle window over-plotted on the left panel (Fig. 2).
One example of an energy-mass matrix (left panel) and the corresponding proton fit (right panel).
To determine the average direction of the proton flow, we computed full angular distributions (azimuth-elevation) with all counts in the selection window included. We calculated the direction of the bulk velocity in the body-Centered Solar EQuatorial (CSEQ) reference frame. The xCSEQ axis is along the sun-comet line, pointing to the Sun. We computed the solar wind deflection as the angle between − xCSEQ and the flow direction. The same method is presented with more details in Behar et al. (2016).
This resulted in one series of deflection angles per day. The time resolution is 192 s. Later on, we calculated the median of each series. In Sect. 3 we work with the time series of median deflection values, one median value per day.
On the right panel of Fig. 2, a normal distribution (solid red line) is fitted to the selected protons (solid blue line), along the energy dimension. In this example, the distribution is integrated over one day. To capture fast variations of the proton energy distribution, the fit parameters were calculated at the full angular scan time resolution (192 s). We collected the central energy value, the height and the Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM). This resulted in a time series of fit parameters, one series per day. The time resolution was 192 s. Later on, we also calculate the median of each daily series, and work in Sect. 3 with a series of median fit parameters.
To model the interaction between the comet 67P and the solar wind plasma, we used a self-consistent hybrid plasma model where we included a production of cometary ions. In the hybrid approximation, ions are treated as particles, and electrons as a massless fluid. Below we present the governing equations for the solver and the comet model. See Holmström (2010, 2013) for more information about the solver.
The trajectory of a particle, and , with charge q and mass m, is given by the solution of the equation of motion with the Lorentz force, F: (1)with E′ = E−ηJ to conserve momentum since electrons are massless (Bagdonat & Motschmann 2002), where E = E(r,t) is the electric field, B = B(r,t) is the magnetic field, and is the current density.
The electric field is not unknown, and is calculated by (2)where ρi is the ion charge density, Ji is the ion current density, pe is the electron pressure, and η is the resistivity.
The gradient of the electron pressure is calculated by imposing quasi-neutrality and a polytropic index, γe. In this study we chose an adiabatic index, corresponding to γe = 5/3.
Faraday’s law is used to advance the magnetic field in time, (3)In vacuum regions, that are defined by the number density of ions being less than a given value, n<nmin, we set 1 /ρi = 0 in Eq. (2), and Faraday’s law is reduced to solving the magnetic diffusion equation, (4)A constraint on the time step has been inferred since the field cannot diffuse more than one cell per timestep, (5)where Δt is the time step and Δx is the cell size. The time step is for moving the particles (ions). The electromagnetic fields can be updated more frequently (subcycled) since it is usually computationally cheaper to update the fields compared to moving all the particles.
The number density of water vapor, n, as a function of the distance, r, from the comet nucleus is (6)where Q is the production rate of water vapor, and u is the mean velocity of water vapor in the radial direction. However, if one accounts for losses (mainly due to photodissociation), the flux will decrease exponentially with time, t = r/u, as the molecules move outwards from the nucleus, and one gets (7)where νd is the photodestruction rate of water vapor.
The water vapor ionizes with a certain ionization rate, νi, and creates water ions, H2O+. The water ion production rate as a function of distance becomes (8)where, in the implementation, the number density of water, nH2O, is taken at the center of each grid cell for each time step, generating the prescribed amount of ions at random positions in that cell.
Note that neglecting the neutral bi-products of water once they are created will barely change the density of neutral water if the mean-free-path due to photodissociation, u/νd, is much larger than the size of the simulation domain, which is true for all cases studied in this paper. Other models used by, for example, Hansen et al. (2007), Koenders et al. (2015), have similar first order approximations that instead neglect the creation of neutral bi-products.
The coordinate system we use in the hybrid model is a body-centered coordinate system. It is centered in the middle of 67P.
The x-axis is pointing towards the Sun, with solar wind flowing in the − x direction, making it the same x coordinate as in the CSEQ reference frame, which is the only coordinate addressed in the observations. The z-axis is pointing in the direction of the ambient convective electric field, and the y-axis completes the right-handed system. We assume that the IMF has a Parker spiral configuration, that is the IMF lies in the xy-plane.
The convective electric field is given by E0 = −v0 × B0, where v0 is the undisturbed solar wind bulk velocity, and B0 is the IMF which is initially homogeneous everywhere.
The simulation domain is given by | x | < 6 × 103 km, | y | < 12 × 103 km, | z | < 18 × 103 km, with a cellsize Δx = 125 km.
We set the plasma resistivity to ηp = 1.6 × 104 Ohm m, to dampen numerical oscillations. We assume a vacuum resistivity of ηv = 2.5 × 105 Ohm m, which is used when solving the diffusion equation of Faraday’s law (Eq. (4)) for regions of a number density less than the arbitrarily chosen nmin = n0/ 16, where n0 is the ambient solar wind proton number density. To summarize: (9)The electromagnetic fields were updated 20 times for each time step, Δt = 3.5 × 10-2. The simulations were run for a total of 120 s to reach steady-state.
The water production rate of a comet changes with distance from the sun. We used Q = 1.14 × 1029·R-7.06 [s-1], where R is the distance to the sun in au (Simon Wedlund et al. 2016). The neutral expansion velocity is observed to be relatively constant around u = 0.7 km s-1 (Simon Wedlund et al. 2016), so we used that value.
Water ions are produced in the simulation according to Eq. (8). We used scaled values, 1 /R2 with heliocentric distances, for photoionization and photodestruction from Crovisier (1989), where a mean value was taken between active and quiet Sun conditions. At 1 au this gives a photoionization rate of νi = 6.5 × 10-7 s-1 and a photodestruction rate of νd = 1.78 × 10-5 s-1 (Crovisier 1989).
In the model we used typical solar wind conditions at 1 au from Cravens (2004) scaled to the heliocentric distances of 67P. The undisturbed solar wind plasma parameters at 1 au are a bulk velocity of v0 = 400 km s-1 in (neglecting aberration), a number density of protons being n0 = 5 cm-3, and a temperature of ions and electrons being constant at Ti = 0.5 × 105 K and Te = 1 × 105 K, respectively. The interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) has a magnitude of 7 nT with a Parker spiral angle of χ = 45°.
To model the evolution of the solar wind interaction with the comet as the comet approaches the Sun, we chose six different heliocentric distances ranging from when Rosetta arrived at the comet at around R = 3.6 au, to R = 2.0 au. Six cases are summarized in Tables 1 and 2, that can be compared with similar cases modeled by Hansen et al. (2007).
Solar wind conditions used in the model.
Cometary parameters used in the model.
Time series for: deflection angle (first panel), speed (second panel), energy distribution width (third panel), peak centre variability (fourth panel) and magnetic field amplitude (last panel). RPC-ICA data are given by red dots – every dot is a daily median. Peak width and peak central value are given by the fit parameters. RPC-MAG magnetic field amplitude is averaged over 10 h. Blue lines are either results from the hybrid model (first and last panels) or results from the MEX solar wind speed propagation (second panel from top).
The evolution of the angle between the proton flow direction and the comet-sun line is given in Fig. 3 (top panel) for both the model and the observations. We assume the upstream solar wind is flowing radially from the Sun, and the presented proton deflection angle is then the deflection relative to this assumed initial radial flow.
Broiles et al. (2015) and Behar et al. (2016) previously reported a significant deflection of the solar wind for precise cases, and we now consider a much larger time scale. The observed deflection increases smoothly with decreasing heliocentric distances, reaching a median daily value in the range of 30 to 90°. The model displays the same trend, with a non-linear increase reaching a value of 40°.
One would expect the first observed deflection values in the time series to be very close to 0°, since the mass-loading at the time is extremely light. This is seen in the model results, but the deflection is larger in the observations. A closer look at the observed data reveals that the Sun, as seen in the instrument field of view, was just a few degrees away from the spacecraft body. This partial obstruction of the solar wind flow and the way the instrument software handles it (onboard computation) should have a significant influence on the computed deflection, until around mid-September 2014.
By comparing panels 1 and 2 of Fig. 3, one can see that the variability in deflection is anti-correlated with the measured proton velocity.
To estimate the upstream solar wind speed at 67P, we used solar wind speed measured by the Ion Mass Analyzer (IMA), which is one of the sensors in the ASPERA-3 instrument package (Barabash et al. 2006) onboard Mars Express. IMA is an ion spectrometer almost identical to RPC-ICA. We propagated the speed from Mars to 67P, with the assumption that solar wind conditions are identical along a Parker spiral, and remain unchanged over time. We calculate the delay for the Parker spiral to get from one body to the other. Thus delays can be positive as well as negative.
Over the period of the study, the propagation delay started at a high value of 12 days, meaning that what is measured at Mars at one time will be a good estimation at 67P 12 days later. This delay becomes shorter than 4 days after December, to end up at values around 0: the Parker spiral intersects both bodies simultaneously, as shown in Fig. 4. In other words, this propagated speed should be more reliable when getting closer to the end of the period.
Position of Earth (blue), Mars (red), and 67P (black) in J2000 coordinate system during 2015-02-26, with part of their orbits. The Parker spiral intersecting Mars for that day is also intersecting 67P (dotted).
The propagated solar wind speed is shown as a blue line in the second panel from the top in Fig. 3. Propagating large variations in the speed results in large time periods not being covered (gaps in the blue line): the propagation delay is a function of the solar wind speed, and two different events measured at Mars at two different times can arrive at the same time at the comet, or even in the opposite order of occurrence.
We get a very good agreement between the estimated upstream speed and the speed measured inside the coma. RPC-ICA data time coverage gets better with time during this period. Thus after January, we have better statistics, and more reliable solar wind upstream speed (as pointed out above). The average deceleration after January is about − 40 km s-1 from estimated upstream speed to the point of measurement, but no clear trend can be discerned. The uncertainty on this deceleration estimation is rather large, extremely difficult to quantify, and does not allow us to judge whether or not deceleration is systematically observed during the later period. Some features measured at Mars and propagated to the comet are in fact not observed at the comet. Even though the expected delay taken into account when propagating the observations from Mars to the comet is small during the second half of the time period, the absolute distance between the two bodies is never less than 1.7 au. We make the assumption that solar wind conditions are identical along a Parker spiral, but it is obvious that the larger the distance between the two bodies, the worse this assumption gets.
The hybrid model shows a constant deceleration over the period, with a maximum deceleration of 60 km s-1 at 2.2 au (cf. Fig. 5). This is consistent with the range estimated from the data for the deceleration.
Deceleration seen in the model between a point upstream and the nucleus. The maximum deceleration is 60 km s-1 at 2.2 au.
Number density of solar wind protons together with their bulk velocity as a vector field a), and the magnetic field magnitude b). Cuts through y = 0 for the comet at 2.35 au, case five. The ambient solar wind number density is 0.9 cm-3, and the ambient magnetic field is 2.3 nT with a Parker spiral angle of 67°. The location of the comet is marked by black cross-hairs.
It appears that with decreasing heliocentric distances, the variability of the proton speed (or energy) at the 192 s resolution increases, as seen in the 4th panel of Fig. 3. The variability is given as the difference between the 5th and 95th centiles of the proton peak central values (in energy) observed during one day. At the beginning of our period of study, this variability is about 50 to 100 eV (100 to 140 km s-1). It reaches values of several hundreds to a thousand electron-volts at the end of this period. By comparing panels 2 and 4 of Fig. 3 one can see that the variability of the proton speed in the coma correlates with the upstream proton speed.
The FWHM of the fitted proton spectra, (Fig. 3, 3rd panel) doesn’t appear to correlate with heliocentric distance, but correlates with the upstream proton velocity.
In the last panel of Fig. 3, the magnetic field amplitude increases with time and decreasing heliocentric distance, from 5 nT ± 2nT to around 20 nT. The peaks in the magnetic field amplitude correlate well with peaks in the proton speed. The model (solid blue line in the same panel) also results in a similar relative increase, from 1.5 to 6.6 nT, though the magnetic field magnitude is lower. The model shows a less dramatic increase compared to the observations.
Finally, the morphology of the interaction when the comet was at 2.35 au can be seen in the hybrid model results in Fig. 6.
The solar wind observed inside the coma, close to the nucleus, is a good tracer of the interaction between the solar wind and the coma. The spacecraft altitude did not change significantly during the investigated time period; the spacecraft spent 90% of the time below 100 km in altitude. Thus the variations we observe are to a large extent temporal, and not spatial, and the evolution of the proton flow parameters directly reflects the time evolution of the plasma environment. We expect the solar wind to be deflected and slowed down. Both the deflection and the deceleration should increase with increasing comet activity, or a decreasing heliocentric distance. Significant and increasing deflection is observed during the whole period of study, and data from the later part is consistent with deceleration, but we cannot observe a clear trend in this deceleration.
All of the aspects of the protons we have been studying over this period present detectable changes that can be correlated with either the heliocentric distance or the upstream solar wind velocity. The decreasing heliocentric distance gives the main trend in the evolution of the deflection, the magnetic field amplitude, the energy variability and, in the model, the deceleration. The variability around this main trend seems to be associated with the upstream proton velocity: the proton peak width together with the proton energy variability present the best correlation with the upstream speed, but an anti-correlation with deflection is also seen for intermediate heliocentric distances. The main peaks in the measured magnetic field amplitude are also aligned with peaks in upstream velocity.
With the resolution we get after data analysis, no physical aspect other than the heliocentric distance and the upstream solar wind speed is needed to describe the evolution of the deflection and the energy distribution of the solar wind protons.
Even though we noted that the degree of deceleration of the protons was difficult to assess from our data, we can clearly state that the protons are largely deflected, but not significantly slowed down. Thus the force applied on the observed protons must be near-orthogonal to their velocity, all along their trajectory to the instrument. The observed protons have not lost a significant amount of energy.
During the investigated time period from August 2014 to March 2015, the magnetic field amplitude | B | measured at the spacecraft increased to average values of approximately 20 nT. We therefore have an augmentation of | B | following the comet activity escalation, but also an augmentation of | B | along a proton trajectory, from upstream of the coma to the measurement point. In the undisturbed solar wind, the magnetic force qvH+ × B and the electric force qE are cancelling each other, the Lorentz force F = q(E + vH+ × B) is balanced and null.
It is of great interest to put this increase of | B | in opposition with the rather small deceleration of the solar wind. Without an opportune new configuration of the local electric field in both amplitude and direction, the Lorentz force applied on the protons is not equal to zero anymore. The solar wind protons are perturbed by this increase in | B | along their trajectory. A significant part of their motion can now be seen as gyrating rather than a true bulk drift. The fact that the magnetic field is enhanced without a corresponding deceleration of the protons indicates that the protons are no longer coupled to the magnetic field, or a significant part of their energy is now in a gyromotion, with a reduced bulk drift.
Lorentz force per charge acting on the bulk of the solar wind protons of a cut through y = 0 for the comet at 2.35 au, case 5. The solar wind proton bulk velocity is given as a vector field a). The force acting perpendicular to the solar wind bulk velocity, vH+, deflects the solar wind protons a), where a positive value is taken as counter-clockwise gyration by convention. The force parallel to the solar wind bulk velocity changes the solar wind speed b), where a positive value results in a deceleration. The ambient convective electric field is 0.85 V/km. The location of the comet nucleus is marked by black cross-hairs.
We observe a force applied on the solar wind protons in the coma, a force mainly orthogonal to their bulk velocity. This force is therefore efficient in changing their momentum, but acts less efficiently on their energy, that is, their speed. Both momentum and energy are transferred to the water ions through electromagnetic fields. Haerendel (1982) and Brenning et al. (1991) for example, in the context of barium releases, depict a momentum transfer along Alfvén waves propagating from the cloud (artificial coma).
So the previous observation raises the question about the actual shape of the regions where energy and momentum exchange takes place. In particular, these regions are not necessarily identical.
Since we only have a one-point measurement to assess the situation, we must turn to the modeled interaction to see the larger picture.
In the hybrid model, we can separate the Lorentz force, F = q(E′ + vH+ × B) into two components: the force acting parallel to the solar wind proton bulk flow, , and the force acting perpendicular to the flow, F⊥ = F−F∥. The perpendicular component acts to make the bulk of the solar wind deflect, while the parallel component acts to change the solar wind speed.
Hybrid model results for the comet located at 2.35 au, case 5, show that the Lorentz force, F, is primarily making the bulk of the solar wind protons gyrate and thus deflect towards the direction opposite of the convective electric field (− ẑ). The perpendicular force, F⊥, deflects the protons in a counter-clockwise manner in the xz plane, seen in Fig. 7a, where the bulk velocity of the solar wind protons are given as a vector field.
The parallel force, F∥, which is slowing the solar wind down, is much weaker (see Fig. 7b, where a positive value corresponds to deceleration). This is in agreement with the in-situ observations.
The regions of deflection (perpendicular force) and deceleration (parallel force) are of comparable sizes and shape, but with different strengths. It is interesting to note that the gyroradius of a pick up ion in the undisturbed solar wind is 3 × 105 km, which is much larger than the interaction region of about 103 km. The interaction region leading to deflection and deceleration of the solar wind protons corresponds to the region where the newly ionized water is accelerating along the convective electric field, E0.
As the heliocentric distance decreases from 3.6 to 2.2 au, the observed solar wind is increasingly deflected, up to 90°. The modeled interaction results in the same evolution of the deflection angle, with a lower maximum value than observed.
In contrast with this strong deflection, the observed solar wind is not significantly slowed down, with an estimated deceleration of 40 km s-1 at heliocentric distances between 2.65 and 2.2 au. The modeled deceleration is consistent with the observations.
The strong proton deflection is the most obvious signature of mass-loading at a small comet, while little deceleration is observed. This may also have important implications for other objects where the interaction region is small compared to the gyro radii of pick up ions. The interplanetary magnetic field at the orbit of Pluto is very small and the pick up ion gyro radius correspondingly large, in the order of 1 million km. If there is significant mass-loading of the solar wind due to an extended atmosphere upstream of the bow shock at Pluto, this interaction is likely similar to that of a small scale comet. The New Horizons spacecraft observed very little deceleration of the solar wind at its flyby of Pluto (Bagenal et al. 2016; McComas et al. 2016), while no clear data on solar wind deflection has been published. McComas et al. (2016) reported a clear pressure-related plasma boundary forming between the ionosphere and the solar wind at Pluto, so in this respect Pluto behaves similarly to other unmagnetised planets such as Mars and Venus.
As contrast to the single-point limitation of the measurements, the model enables us to describe the complete picture of the interaction. In the model, the region where energy is transferred and the region where momentum is transferred are close to identical. The force acting on the solar wind protons has a main component orthogonal to their bulk velocity. This confirms and completes the picture we get from the observations, in which solar wind protons are seen as almost gyrating.
The region where momentum and energy are transferred from the solar wind to the coma is centered on the nucleus, with a dimension in the order of 103 km. But this localized interaction has significant effects on the downstream solar wind flow over much larger spatial scales. The solar wind is in fact seen piling up in the (− z, − x) quadrant, a region where neither momentum nor energy are significantly transferred. This happens where the deflected solar wind intersects the nearly undisturbed solar wind.
This research was conducted using resources provided by the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) at the High Performance Computing Center North (HPC2N), Umeå University, Sweden.
The software used in this work was in part developed by the DOE NNSA-ASC OASCR Flash Center at the University of Chicago.
The hybrid solver is part of the openly available FLASH code and can be downloaded from http://flash.uchicago.edu/.
The simulation results are available from the corresponding author on request.
This work was supported by the Swedish National Space Board (SNSB) through grants 108/12, 112/13, 96/15 and 94/11.
We acknowledge the staff of CDDP and IC for the use of AMDA and the RPC Quicklook database (provided by a collaboration between the Centre de Données de la Physique des Plasmas (CDPP) supported by CNRS, CNES, Observatoire de Paris and Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse and Imperial College London, supported by the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council). We are indebted to the whole Rosetta mission team, Science Ground Segment and Rosetta Mission Operation Control for their hard work making this mission possible. | 2019-04-23T20:09:38Z | https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2016/12/aa28797-16/aa28797-16.html |
Congregationalism is the idea that Christ has established local assemblies of believers and that He is directly Head over each. The idea has both internal and external application. Externally, congregationalism means there are no layers of ecclesiastical authority outside the local church between it and Christ. Internally, it means there is no individual or board between the congregation and Christ. Leaders serve the congregation.
History has proven that layers of control outside the local church are no guarantee against corruption, either in doctrine or practice. Roman Catholicism comes to mind. That’s why we had the Reformation.
But congregational government virtually guarantees that there will be sick congregations. Corinth and Laodicea come to mind. That’s why we have the epistles.
If both congregational and non-congregational structures are subject to error and failure, does it even matter what structure churches use? If we rely solely on results arguments — as we’re so fond of doing — maybe not.
But for Bible-believers, “What works best?” isn’t really the question, is it? The right question is “What do the Scriptures instruct us to do?” The results are God’s concern, not ours.
This understanding of where results fit in is so important in our times. The general public feels increasingly entitled to demand information from, and issue orders to, private organizations. Christians seem to also feel increasingly entitled to demand information from, and issue orders to, local churches that aren’t their own. In the early centuries A.D., churches were threatened by the authority coming down from the top of society. Today, churches are threatened both by the authority coming down and the authority rising up from the grass roots (also known as “the ignorant masses”)! And it’s all fueled by a thirst for what we think are better results.
So the ideological weather out there these days requires that we regularly re-fortify our thinking with unchanging, rock-solid, revealed truth (see Eph. 4:14).
1. Congregations are called to seek internal unity.
In the NT, local churches are called to strive for unity of belief and practice — to agree together about what should be done and how.
Each congregation is tasked with preserving sound teaching within its own fellowship. Though 1 Timothy 3:15 may sound like a mandate for all believers everywhere (what some of the confessions of faith call the “invisible church” or “universal” church, or small-c “catholic” church), the context is Timothy’s work with a particular congregation.
3. Congregation are called to safeguard the ordinances.
Given the importance of Baptism and the Lord’s Supper in Christian living and church life, the fact that God has assigned the responsibility of administering these activities to local congregations points, once again, to His intention that local churches be independent and self-governing.
4. Congregations are called to choose their own leadership and representatives.
Acts 6:1-6 — Deacons are chosen as “it pleased the whole gathering,” and “they” choose the seven men.
Acts 13:1-3 — The congregation at Antioch sends Paul and Barnabas on the first missionary journey. The will of the congregation is identified as the will of the Holy Spirit (Acts 13:4). Later, the team sent by the local church reports back to the local church (Acts 14:27).
1 Corinthians 16:3 — Paul plans to send a group to Jerusalem with the Corinthians’ offering, but the church is to select those who will go. He identifies them as “those whom you accredit by letter” (ESV).
2 Cor. 8:19, Acts 4:23, Titus 1:5 — Elders are appointed in the churches. Though apostles and their representatives are involved in the process, the wording doesn’t specify that these men acted unilaterally, and there is some evidence that the congregations themselves participated in the choosing as in Acts 6 (Strong, 906; McCune, 234, Grudem, 921).
Taken together, these passages reveal that the apostles — even with their unique authority (2 Cor. 10:8, 13:10) — had a profound respect for local churches’ responsibility over their own affairs.
5. Congregations are called to exercise discipline over their members.
Romans 13:1-7 and 1 Peter 2:13-17 establish the principle that government authority is instituted by God “for the punishment of evildoers and for the praise of those who do good” (1 Pet. 2:14). However, Scripture also reveals that government’s power is not all-encompassing. When the commands of men in authority directly contradicted the commands of Christ, Peter declared that “we must obey God rather than men” (Acts 5:29).
In God’s design, “the powers that be” are also categorically limited: “sin” and “repentance” are not their concern. Matters of individual relationship to God are not their concern.
In practical terms, this means government authority and church authority operate separately from one another in response to wrongdoing. Congregations must cooperate with the governing authorities, but must also pursue their own responsibilities in dealing with the sin and repentance of their members. Neither institution is a substitute for the other, and when sinful conduct is also illegal conduct, offenders must answer to both law and their local church. When sinful conduct is not illegal, the responsibility is assigned to the congregation alone.
Matthew 18:17-18 — The outlined process reaches its final audience when the victim “tell[s] it to the church [ekkelsia].” Verse 18 is clear that there is no higher authority on earth: “whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven.” Any appeal to another authority would be an appeal to a lower authority!
These passage exclude two sometimes-attractive alternatives: externally, taking misconduct to some authority other than the law and congregation; internally, handling misconduct exclusively by the pastor or a team of elders. It’s the work of the congregation.
The NT assigns clear responsibilities to local congregations and recognizes no higher authority for carrying out those responsibilities. So, what if churches fail to act as they should? In the area of discipline in particular, what about churches that fail to pronounce guilt and exclude the unrepentant?
We know that any process God instructs us to follow works exactly as God intends it to work. “His way is perfect” (Psalm 18:30). That doesn’t mean churches have an excuse when they fail to exercise their autonomy (i.e., responsibility) properly. What it means is that God has already thought of that. He has already prepared His own solutions. At times, it may be a challenge to our faith to believe that His solutions are sufficient, but when our faith becomes sight we’ll have no doubt that He knew best all along.
Grudem, Wayne A. Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine. Leicester, England; Grand Rapids, MI: Inter-Varsity Press; Zondervan Pub. House, 2004. Print.
McCune, Rolland. A Systematic Theology of Biblical Christianity: The Doctrines of Salvation, the Church, and Last Things. Vol. 3. Allen Park, MI: Detroit Baptist Theological Seminary, 2010. Print.
Strong, Augustus Hopkins. Systematic Theology. Philadelphia: American Baptist Publication Society, 1907. Print.
Aaron Blumer is a Michigan native and graduate of Bob Jones University and Central Baptist Theological Seminary (Plymouth, MN). He and his family live in small-town western Wisconsin, not far from where he pastored Grace Baptist Church for thirteen years. In his full time job, he is Information Coordinator for a law-enforcement digital library service.
Aaron, thanks for an excellent treatment of this important, though often neglected subject.
Every one of those passages you cite is an outsider telling the church what to do. Every.Last.One.
Let's be blunt here; I would agree that Scripture does not clearly set up an episcopacy. However, pretty much the entire New Testament is outsiders telling the church what to do. That has to factor into our ecclesiology somehow. The very setting of the New Testament does not give any aid and comfort to your notion of radical church autonomy.
I would be interested in your position since so far it seems to only be disagreement with the standard one. What exactly do you believe about church polity?
It would factor into my ecclesiology in that i would obey whatever an inspired outsider tells the church to do. Wouldn't the fact that the authors of Scripture were inspired make them different from any outsiders we would encounter today?
Aaron isn't advocating a "radical autonomy." His position reflects the standard view of congregational government you'd find in any standard Baptist systematic. Read Strong, for example. To be sure, there are good arguments against congregational government. Millard Erickson, for example, concludes the evidence for any single form of governmental structure (episcopal, presbyterian or congregational) is lacking in the NT, but he tepidly endorses congregational government.
There's nothing controversial about congregational church government. Read Strong for a more dogmatic take, then take a look at Erickson for a more tentative analysis. I think you'd like what Erickson has to say.
The question is whether the New Testament reader/listener knew that he was dealing with someone writing ex cathedra. Given that the Bereans were of "more noble character" than others inasmuch as they tested Paul's words with Scripture (presumably the entirety of the Tanach/ OT), I would have to presume that the ancients did exactly the same thing as we can do today. They would test the complaints against Scripture. So it's not so different as you suggest--and really, exactly how are we to claim that our path to holiness in these matters is to do things differently from the writers of Scripture?
the secular meaning of the word ekklesia in the 1st Century. Congregational government fits it the best. As for "outside" criticism. anybody can make an observation. The question is the outside comment binding on an individual congregation?
Hoping to shed more light than heat..
First, Paul was not inspired. The Scriptures he wrote were.
Second, Paul was not an outsider. He planted the churches.
My position is fairly simple; I do not believe that the Scriptures empower bishops in the Catholic or Anglican sense. I am open to both presbyterian and congregational structures, though with the caveat that each church has a congregational vote every Sunday; whose rear ends show up in pews. (part of why I'm open to presbyterian church government....it is kinda congregational at its root) That noted, the congregationalism and presbyterian polity with which I am comfortable also contains a strong notion of the universal church finding guidance from the most unexpected places--though tested with a Berean-like model. Given that God's people got guidance from unelected prophets, at least one donkey, slave girls, and a group of non-apostles--Luke, Mark, James, Jude, and the author of Hebrews--it's really the only conclusion we can come to.
Put differently, we can do our proof-texting to suggest congregational polity, but the origins of that guidance--outsiders to local churches--ought to matter to us as well. We ought to have a high, positive view of it.
When the instruction is "govern yourself," whether the origin of the instruction is "outside" or not has no relevance.
When a judge instructs a jury to render a verdict, for example, he is telling them it is their decision to make without him.
In the case of the NT, the instructions are actually from Christ. Does His 'insideness' or 'outsideness' in any way reduce His authority to assign these responsibilities to the church?
So it's not so different as you suggest--and really, exactly how are we to claim that our path to holiness in these matters is to do things differently from the writers of Scripture?
I'm NOT suggesting we do things differently from the writers. Aaron's article used the words of the writers to show autonomy of the church. You admit that those proof texts "suggest congregational polity," but since the writers were outsiders, you said the origin of the guidance "ought to matter to us as well." Are you suggesting the church ought to operate differently from what the Scriptures SAY because the outsider status of the authors show they themselves were doing things differently from the guidance they were giving? Do you believe they were acting differently than their own guidance, or do you see some guidance in Scripture that gives church authority to outsiders other than just the example of people writing inspired Scripture. I know you've mentioned I Timothy 3:7, but that is just describing the church getting a report from outsiders. It's not saying that the outsiders are having any authority over the church.
Yes, the Scriptures were the inspired things, but wouldn't Paul have been "carried along" or "moved" by the Holy Spirit (2 Peter 1:21)? That is the sense I meant when I used the imprecise wording of "inspired outsider." I totally agree with your second point. I was just using the word in the sense that Bert was for the sake of the discussion.
Yes, the inspiration of Scripture was a concursive process. Inspiration was not inherent with Paul or his other writings.
Regarding Bert's argument, it's not convincing to me to say that because the church recognized and followed apostolic teaching / inspired Scripture that the church allowed "outsiders" to rule the church.
Think about it. The apostolic church was a "mystery" that was birthed on Pentecost and had nothing really on which to base its polity, its ordinances, and its leadership other than the OT and a synagogue model. Many of the churches were planted by the apostles (or, at least, by the apostle Paul). To say that the apostles are "outsiders" to these apostolic era churches is a bit misguided given that Christ himself gave them direct authority over the churches. Doesn't Scripture tells us that the apostles and the prophets were the foundation of the church, with Christ being the chief cornerstone? Thus, to refer to the apostles and their delegates as "outsiders" is a bit convoluted.
That being said, I agree that the apostles and their delegates served a unique role in the founding of the church. But, to take their unique role as a reason to reject congregational polity is again convoluted.
This might be a good time to point out that there is no violation or even compromise of autonomy if a congregation chooses to consult with other congregations about problems it's facing, or even chooses to enlist the aid of an expert or team of experts of like faith and practice.
I have seen cases where this might have been a good option to pursue.
And, by the same token, there are ways believers outside the congregation, and other congregations as well, can seek to influence goings on in other congregations. I'm all for that, when the situation calls for it. But they have to do this in ways that recognize the congregation is in charge of itself and its members. If they really want to be effective (as in, "the test of time"), they have to do it in ways that respect the congregation's responsibility and ability to govern itself under Christ.
The apostles modeled this, focusing on teaching and persuasion and trying to avoid a coercive approach (even though, as Paul pointed out several times, they had that option).
Biblical evidence for congregational government. We cover this in my Baptist Polity course at Maranatha Baptist Seminary. Years ago Doug McLachlan published an outline titled "The Polity Issue." It is brief, and insightful. I'll be glad to furnish my polity notes on the government of the local church if anyone wants them. The evidence for congregational government is clear and convincing.
The congregation disciplines its own membership.
When personal offences occur and brethren cannot resolve them, the local church, not the elders or pastors, is to resolve the issue (Mt. 18:15-17).
When public sins plague the church, the church, when it comes together, is to discipline the sinning member (1 Cor. 5:1-5).
The congregation elects its own officers.
When the infant church in Jerusalem needed an apostle to replace Judas, the whole group of disciples met and elected Matthias (Acts 1:15-26).
When the church in Jerusalem needed men to assist the apostles with the material needs of the widows, the whole multitude of believers elected them (Acts 6:1-7).
“True, the apostles were going to ‘appoint’ these men to their office, but what procedure was this appointment to take? ‘Look ye out among you seven men of honest report.... And the saying pleased the whole multitude: and they (the whole multitude) chose...’” (6:3, 5).
Congregations apparently voted to elect their own pastors (Acts 14:23).
The congregation commissioned Barnabas and Saul as missionaries (Acts 13:1-3). Barnabas and Saul reported to the church, not just the pastoral staff, when they returned from their ministry (Acts 14:27).
The church at Antioch, not the leaders, sent men to Jerusalem to resolve a doctrinal dispute (Acts 15:1-3).
The whole church at Jerusalem responded with its advice (Acts 15:22, 23).
The churches chose the messengers who took the offering to Jerusalem (1 Cor. 16:3; 2 Cor. 8:19, 23). The churches gave the offering, and the churches chose their messengers to convey that offering to Jerusalem.
Though the biblical evidence is dispersed there is really is quite a bit of it.
4. 4th bulletpoint - I think you want Acts 14:23.
In my Bible, Titus 1:5 tells me that Titus was left in Crete to appoint elders, and in my Bible, Acts 14:23 tells me that Paul and Barnabas appointed the elders. If you're reading in the KJV, follow the pronouns--"they" clearly refers to Paul and Barnabas.
Those would be notable exceptions to the claim that the church uniformly elected its own leadership, no? Moreover, John promises to intervene with Diotrephes' refusal to host itinerant teachers in 3 John, and both Timothy and Titus are told to silence wayward teachers. Paul famously does the same thing in Galatians, most hilariously in chapter 5. Presumably some of those would have had the approval of local church bodies. So no, the authority of local churches to select and retain their own officers is not absolute. The Bible tells me so.
Add to that the fact that the histories of the prophets, the epistle writers, and such are of outsiders influencing local bodies of believers, and you have to posit that church autonomy is limited somehow. I'd argue it's limited by the interaction with the universal church, then as now.
And really, just like the FBFI is trying to do, just like T4G is trying to do, and the like. You do not need bishops to do this.
The key is understanding the office of the apostle and its unique relationship to founding the first churches. As men directly charged by Christ, who is the Head of the church (and each church), these men were not outsiders to any congregation... any more than Christ is.
Also, whatever one does with Titus 1:5 and Acts 14:23, it isn't enough to nullify the rest of the biblical case for autonomy.
Thirdly, as it turns out there are some good reasons to look at these passages more closely. Passages often don't mean what they seem to on a quick "first impressions" basis.There's a good bit of stuff in the notes I accumulated for this article but didn't use, due to length. Here's some relevant bits.
(1) In the New Testament, there are several examples where church officers were apparently chosen by the whole congregation. In Acts 6:3, the apostles do not themselves pick out the seven early deacons (if we see them as deacons), but say to the whole church, “Pick out from among you seven men of good repute, full of the Spirit and of wisdom, whom we may appoint to this duty.” The initial selection of these men was done by the whole congregation. When a replacement was chosen for Judas to be numbered among the apostles, the whole congregation of 120 persons (see Acts 1:15) made the initial selection of two, from whom the Lord himself indicated which one he would appoint: “And they put forward two, Joseph called Barsabbas, who was surnamed Justus, and Matthias” (Acts 1:23). At the end of the Jerusalem council, the whole church had a part with the apostles and elders in choosing representatives to convey the decisions to the other churches, for the choosing and sending was done by “the apostles and elders, with the whole church” (Acts 15:22; cf. “in assembly,” v. 25). Moreover, when some of the churches sent an offering with Paul to be taken to the Jerusalem church, the churches also sent a representative to accompany Paul, one who, according to Paul, “has been appointed by the churches to travel with us in this gracious work” (2 Cor. 8:19).
So the gist is that the references to appointing could mean they acted unilaterally, but don't have to mean that, and given what we have in Acts 6 and other passages, it seems unlikely that this was done without congregational approval. In any case, the apostles are not like anybody we have around today, so even if they did depart from the pattern of other passages in these cases, there is really not a whole lot we can infer about how us non-apostles should do things today.
Men like B. Myron Cedarholm (founder of MBU) were foursquare in favor of local church autonomy. The "A" in (MBBC Baptist polity expert) Richard Weeks' BRAPSIS2 acrostic of Baptist Distinictives stands for "Autonomy and Independence of the Local Church". Going further back, I would point out Francis Wayland's treatment of the topic in his Principles and Practices of Baptist Churches.
Aaron, if you've got a few verses suggesting the churches selected their elders, and another few verses suggesting that at times they did not, what you've got is ambiguity. Period.
And that's really the core of my objection to how you're presenting this. There is ambiguity about whether churches always elected their own leaders. There are clear examples of outsiders interfering with the process of church discipline and consistent examples of general outside interference with the affairs of the church.
Is this really no matter to us? Let's be honest; we make inferences from the practices of the ancients all the time, and really, that's a crucial test of whether we're analyzing our Scriptures correctly; does it make sense in light of how they actually did things?
So really, I don't care how "old" this is in fundamentalism, rather I care whether I can reconcile a hard doctrine of autonomy with the Scriptures--and the accompanying suspicion of outsiders. And quite frankly, I can not. It's simply not how things were done in the first century.
You need to read Millard Erickson's discussion of church government.
What if there is a little ambiguity about whether congregations *always* chose their own leaders?
* All the other evidence of congregational autonomy.
It's really simple. If there is doubt about whether something is uniformly true, you don't apply the principle dogmatically. And that is the core of my objection. I have no objection to a limited autonomy of the church, as that is compelled if I simply say that I don't believe Christ and the apostles set up bishops. In many cases, that means many churches will indeed select their own leadership. However, if we argue "always", we have a huge logical problem with the verses referenced. Basic Aristotelian categories and the non sequitur.
Same thing with the discussion of how the early church treated outside influences. If we are to follow Paul's example--he says to do exactly that no less than twice--I don't see how we get around the strong regard the early church had for the teaching/rebuke of outsiders.
And along those lines, I'm not really persuaded that reading anyone's book is going to add to the discussion. There are a couple of big sticking points, Scripturally speaking, that prevent me from accepting the hypothesis as presented here, and reading a bunch of circumlocutions "well this verse doesn't mean what it says" doesn't help.
I suggested you read Erickson because you'd like what he says.
Bert, your reply is vehement and tosses around some big words, but the following is still not ambiguous.
The volume is Christian Theology, Millard J. Erickson, Baker Bookhouse, the 1 volume 1990 edition, p.1085.
Even if it were clear that there is one exclusive pattern of organization in the New Testament, that pattern would not necessarily be normative for us today. It would be merely the pattern which was, not the pattern which must be. But as matters stand, there is so much variation in the descriptions of the New Testament churches that we cannot discover an authoritative pattern. We must therefore turn to the principles which we find in the New Testament, and attempt to construct our governmental system upon them.
We must ask two questions if we are to construct our system in this fashion. First, in what direction was church government moving within the New Testament period? Is there anything which would indicate the ultimate outcome? We can discern in the New Testament the beginnings of a movement to ameliorate the situation of women and slaves. Is there a similar movement to improve church government? If so, we might be able to infer the ideal at which the movement was aiming, although we might have difficulty ascertaining just how far it was intended to progress. Here unfortunately we have little to go on. We know that the church originally took over the pattern of the Jewish synagogue: a group of elders served as rulers. We also know that while the church was in its infancy, the apostle Paul sometimes had to take a directive approach. Other than that we know little. There is no indication that the church was moving toward a specific form of church government. The second question we must ask is, What are the reasons for church government? What values is it intended to promote and preserve? As has been our approach all along, we will look to the Bible for authoritative answers. Once we have determined what Scripture has to say on the matter, we will be able, in accordance with our guidelines for contemporizing the biblical message," to construct a model of church government suitable for today.
One principle that is evident in the New Testament, and particularly in 1 Corinthians, is the value of order. The situation at Corinth, where total individuality tended to take over, was not very desirable. At its worst it was downright destructive. It was necessary, then, to have some control over the highly individualized ways in which spirituality was being expressed (1 Cor. 14:40). It was also desirable to have certain persons responsible for specific ministries. We are reminded here of the situation in Acts 6, where we are told that seven men were appointed to be in charge of the ministry to widows.
So the gist of Erickson's argument is that (a) what we have are descriptive passages of what they did in beginning and this isn't necessarily normative for us today, and (b) by implication, we might know better than they did. OK, the latter is my skeptical take creeping in.
I like a good debate, and a debate doesn't even start until you have two sides understanding each other's positions accurately, characterizing them accurately, and responding to each other's arguments with actual counterarguments.
So I'll credit Erickson with devoting several pages on which he fairly and mostly accurately summarizes congregational government and its supporting arguments.
I can also concede that the "not necessarily normative" argument can't just be dismissed. Us non-charismatics (and cessationists) use a similar line of reasoning to argue against the continuation of the apostolic sign gifts (tongues, prophecy--properly defined, etc.).
But I do say similar line of reasoning. Things that are similar are not the same. (I sure have felt like shouting that lately!).
Here's what's different: in the case of the sign gifts continuing, there are strong reasons for believing the examples we see in Acts are not normative. We appeal to biblical evidence for drawing that conclusion.
In the case of setting aside the congregational pattern of the NT, we don't have very good biblical evidence for doing that. Specifically, even in the epistles, examples continue of apostles assigning responsibilities to congregations (discipline, delivery of gifts to other churches, etc.). In the case of sign gifts, they only occur a couple of times in Acts and in these cases, it's not hard to see special circumstances explaining why they occurred (including OT context).
Erickson's appeal to 1 Cor. and other examples of church failures don't really help his case because what they are is examples of disobedience. Examples of disobedience can't really serve as evidence against doing things properly. The problem in Corinth (and variants in most other churches that have epistles directed to them) was not congregational government, but poor character and disobedience to Christ. There isn't any approach that can prevent that. | 2019-04-23T06:42:25Z | https://sharperiron.org/comment/100548 |
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Now Dr. Lana spends her times as a natural fertility and pregnancy consultant using Bulletproof techniques, and this experience has helped evolve specific Bulletproof Diet tips for women. WE ARE ALL Different: No two women are the same, which is excatly why most cookie-cutter weight loss programs fail. I would wish to try out this diet.I am 60, am an artist on the road all the time and have elevated blood pressure. nutrition to the right areas while women are engaged in these activities.
Cold-water seafood like salmon are also excellent for ladies above 50, as these contain heart-healthy omega-3 essential fatty acids which may bring down degrees of triglyceride in the blood. On carb re-feed days, you should adhere to Bulletproof Diet ideas and eat up to 300 grams of Bulletproof carbs like special potatoes, carrots, and white rice, NOT gluten, corn syrup, glaciers cream, and cherry turnovers. These weight loss programs are effective for girls over 50 also. All you need to do is keep tabs on what you take in, exercise a little, and the rest shall fall set up.
Personally, i follow a ketogenic diet with 10% carbohydrate, and I have removed from very heavy, painful, two week long regular periods starting at age group 10 (yes, a decade old – that isn’t a typo, and I am currently 29) to extremely light, painless, 3 day long bloat-free intervals about every eight to nine weeks.
LOW CARB DIET: There’s a good reason the low-carb diet is so well-known and popular among women, it works! Vitamin D: The RDA for supplement D is 10mg/day for ladies aged 51-69 and 15p,g for women aged 70+. I have never heard about this diet but sounds like something I would love which could actually work for me.
While hormones are likely involved in weight gain for females over 50, so will lifestyle. Hormone replacement remedy (HRT)-Use of the female hormones estrogen and progestin (a synthetic form of progesterone) to displace those the body no longer produces after menopause. Don’t reproduce!” The female body responds much more to these signals for reasons that should be pretty apparent dramatically. The DASH diet seems to be a sustainable and practical way to alter our eating habits.
In addition, paying attention on the daily calories consumption is also one the weight loss program women over 50s should consider. Even though women as of this age are the most vulnerable to putting on weight and obesity-related problems, failing on one’s diet is not advised, as your body has its own daily requirements of nutrients. Based on the National Academy of Sciences, the suggested daily calorie consumption is 2,000 for girls. The thought is intriguing and she says goodbye to fruit and starches in her diet.
Good weight-loss programs with an emphasis on fruits and vegetables that might help women over 50 lose weight include the DASH diet, the Mediterranean diet and the Mayo Clinic diet. Current evidence suggests that a potential benefit exists with little risk, even at doses of 1 1,500 mg/day in nondiabetic, nonpregnant women. LOW CARB DIET: There’s a good reason the low-carb diet is so well-known and well-liked by women, it works! Eating at least 3 servings of iron-rich foods each day can help ensure that an sufficient amount of iron is present in the daily diet.
A 1,200-calorie meal plan, which can be an appropriate weight-loss diet for some women over age 50, includes a daily allotment of 4 ounces of grains, 1.5 cups of fruit and vegetables, 1 cup of fruits, 2.5 cups of dairy products, 3 ounces of protein foods, 4 teaspoons of oils and 121 extra calories from high-protein foods.
Here’s a glance at some of the most popular weight loss programs for women which have evidence to aid they actually work. In both men and women, caloric or healthy fat restriction sends environmental signals that can impact how our genes are expressed. A significant volume of women find that plain intermittent fasting causes problems including sleeplessness, anxiety, adrenal fatigue, and an irregular menstrual cycle, among a myriad of other hormone deregulation symptoms. These weight loss programs are effective for females over 50 also. All you need to do is keep tabs on what you eat, exercise somewhat, and the others will show up set up. Women in their 50s who aren’t eating a healthful diet may experience the symptoms of nutrient deficiencies, although they might be subtle, Sheth says. You could also consider the volume of preparation essential for the cleansing diet program of your decision.
It might take some time to see results, but the results may happen and they’ll bolster women over 50 to keep up the hard work and keep maintaining this new lifestyle they’ve adopted, living much longer and happier lives. To be able to appear and feel good, it’s important to add a multitude of food types in your diet. More specifically, if you have been carrying out a fat rich diet, it is time to change it out. As a woman above 50 years, you should be aware of certain well balanced meals that will allow you to lose weight and live a fulfilling life. The Bulletproof Diet is for folks who wish to be strong, powerful, slim, and toned; who run their own empires, raise healthy families, and will not allow their diets (or anything else) to destroy their performance.
Following studies showed that the dietary plan also recognized weight loss as well as a reduced incidence of breast cancer, diabetes, colorectal cancer, cardiovascular disease, and stroke. A diet plan with low fat content can make you feel sad because you are depriving the mind off the meals it requires to be able to operate in the right manner. The Institute of Medication recommends women aged 50 and older consume at least 21 grams of fiber every day.
Weight gain in ageing women is common because of decreases in muscle tissue, the accumulation of surplus fat and a lower resting metabolic process. Diane Sawyer, who at age group 68 looks trim and strong astonishingly, has worked out with Jim Karas, a trainer who, she’s said, got me personally in the best shape of my entire life.” Karas, like Stokes, encourages interval-based weight training; he discourages working and repetitive cardio, which can needlessly stress joints and increase appetite.
In addition to helping you burn up more calories for weight loss, HIIT helps you lose stomach fat while retaining muscle mass also, improves aerobic and anaerobic fitness and is good for heart health. Your best bet for slimming down after 50 is to go slowly – maintain a healthy diet that provides the most nutritional benefits for your calories, and remain physically active.
In his book TAKE IT!”, Tony recommends eliminating sugar, processed foods, gluten, caffeine, and alcohol, and dairy consumption. Staying fit and active can ensure that you will be able to continue your normal daily activities. I am taking my fitness pretty seriously in the last eight years, having ignored it for the prior 50. It has been a journey involving an enormous quantity of learning for me, and then putting what I’ve discovered into practice. If you are a female older than 60 and you intend to reduce abdominal fat, an assortment is had by you of exercises from which to choose. I gave birth to my second child immediately after my forty-first birthday, and my post-pregnancy body scared the hell away of me. I stepped up my video game, and I am healthier than I ever have been now.
At a higher-than-average surplus fat percentage, some exercises might be difficult and require modification especially, at least until you get more powerful and lose some physical body fat. Regular weight training strengthens the bones and helps offset osteopenia and osteoporosis. The Fun, Fit & Over Fifty Club (FFOFC) includes adults over 50 years of age and promotes their physical, intellectual, and social health. This focused work helps CrossFitters and athletes in other sports move better and more effectively – both during training and in their everyday lives – and maintain balance in their bodies. Having a dog is a great way to push you to do your daily cardio and if you haven’t established a good habit of daily cardio by age 50 then you NEED to be forced and a dog is an ideal way. Just a few minutes of balance training exercises every full week might help maintain balance and agility.
And according to a 2014 research published in the journal BMC Public Health, you’re more likely to take pleasure from a high-intensity workout and stay with it. In the study, individuals who engaged in group-structured, high-intensity functional training like CrossFit reported higher pleasure, and more of them said they planned to continue the program compared with individuals who involved in a moderate-intensity training curriculum.
We have recently been awarded Lottery Funding to supply a chaperon service that provides 4 free 2 hour outings to all or any those over the age of 50 living in Tameside, to aid people to get on trips within their community, for example shopping, visiting friends or perhaps a visit to the recreation area or pub.
Women over 50 may also find retirement and financial planning advice on Next Avenue’s website Those who have the time and funds may possibly also enroll in a personal finance course at their neighborhood university or consider hiring a financial adviser.
5 EASY Ways A Treadmill Can Help You Lose Weight & GET A LEAN BODY!
Interviews with community members who have are taking antipsychotic medicine for mental health problems have added to growing concerns about how exactly the medications are administered, their performance against placebo and the severity of their side-effects. Only use a weight you can manage, which is challenging but without causing you to strain, and only raise the amount of weight used by 5 to ten percent increments at the most every time. Your best bet for losing weight at 50 is to ditch the processed and junk food and to shift into a whole foods-based diet filled with fruits and vegetables, whole grains, beans, nuts, healthy fats and oils, and lean protein. Exercising at higher intensity is among the most effective methods to lose weight after age 50, provided your physician approves. The effectiveness of the natural remedies depends are your actual age, how long your skin was stretched and the quantity of weight lost. When 12 repetitions is easy to complete, add more weight and perhaps additional sets.
A report published in The American Journal of Clinical Nourishment in 2005 found that individuals on a diet who concentrated on eating more foods that were low in energy density were more successful in losing weight than those that tried to eat smaller food portion sizes and reduce their fat consumption.
While you might have been in a position to eat whatever you wanted in your teens and 20s without gaining an ounce, days past are often long-gone by the time you hit 35. Aging slowly depletes your body’s muscle tissue, which slows your fat burning capacity, and, in turn, causes that all-too-familiar weight gain as you improvement through adulthood.
That doesn’t mean reducing your weight is impossible, though, or that you need a fundamentally different approach to weight loss than a man – it just might take a little longer to attain your goals. Unless you consume enough nutrients to gas your own body’s increased activity levels, the body might actually reduce its metabolism, making weight loss more difficult.
Aging decreases the number of calories burned at rest, which decreases the true number of calories that you should consume to maintain your weight. Federal health regulators about Tuesday authorized an inflatable medical balloon that aids weight loss by filling up space in the stomach. The reason being as you age, your metabolism slows down, and you begin to lose muscle mass also. For excess weight maintenance, sedentary men over 50 require 2,000 calories a day, while active men need 2 moderately,200 to 2,400 calorie consumption, and incredibly active men should ingest 2,400 to 2,800 calories.
The decrease, says the American Council on Workout, becomes most dramatic for women if they hit 50. That means if you easily burned 2, 000 calories a complete day when you were an energetic 20 year old, at 50 you may only be burning about 1,550 calories daily.
Weight gain anytime, including menopause, can result in health problems, such as high blood type and pressure 2 diabetes, but weight gained during menopause might boost the risk of developing breast cancer, while losing weight during menopause might reduce your risk of developing the disease.
US regulators on Wednesday approved a fresh kind of pacemaker-like device that aims to greatly help people lose fat by stimulating a nerve that runs from the brain to the stomach. For safe weight loss, at the rate of just one 1 pound a complete week, women and men have to create a calorie deficit of 500 calories daily, either by eating less, ramping up their physical activity, or doing a mixture of both. Where your metabolism is concerned, 50 is not the brand new 30. Resting metabolic rate – the amount of calories your body burns while at rest – decreases as both men and women get older, which means you need fewer daily calories as you age. The American College of Sports activities Medicine advocates at least 250 minutes weekly of moderate-intensity cardio exercise to achieve substantial weight loss. Follow the recommendations from your nutritionist and be patient diligently, as healthy weight loss comes slow but steadily.
For a better, secure browsing experience, we’ve produced the tough decision to no longer support early versions of WEB BROWSER (8 and below) and Firefox (22 and below). The best solution is what most of us already know: -exercise three times weekly; -eat good food (an excellent stability on carbs proteins and excess fat like 50% 35% 15%); DONT skip meals that will trigger your body in starvation mode; eat smaller meals every 4 hours.
There will be days when healthy eating is out the window, and there will be weeks where you might not lose any weight – or put a little back on. I wanted to share this because I am reading community forums for oodones, and barely find any information that reducing fat and increasing good carbs (to around 75-100g) can in fact help women lose weight. You can also join a excess weight loss boot camp to be able to reduce extra fat from body.
Unless you have so very much weigh to lose that your doctor prescribes a very-low-calorie diet, you can safely lose excess weight on your own by reducing your daily calorie consumption by 500 to at least one 1,000, which will make you lose about 1 to 2 2 pounds per week.
A 2013 study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition established that women are additionally emotional eaters than men. Most women need no more than six servings per day or only two per meal, perhaps much less if you’re petite or less active. And over the next couple of weeks, a woman may also be prepared to lose the excess weight of the extra liquid in her body that built up during pregnancy.
Individualized total daily calorie needs for weight reduction vary predicated on weight but are usually around 1,200 calorie consumption for women. Going into another pregnancy at a higher weight can put both mom and the developing baby in risk for medical complications, such as gestational diabetes and hypertension. Women who exclusively breast-feed burn about 500 extra calories a day time, compared with women who aren’t breast-feeding, Lovelady said. Seeing the pounds coming off and your clothes fitting better each week will really help you stay motivated to stick to your diet and workout plan. Certainly, the calorie requirements for breast-feeding women are higher than those for females who are not breast-feeding. May not be as great in taste, but it helps rid the excess pounds fast certainly.
If you want to lose excess weight and get lean fast, you must create a large enough calorie deficit that’s sustainable, that allows you to lose only fat (not muscle tissue), keeps your fat burning capacity humming, and energy levels high to ensure that you can burn fat fast.
Men do actually have a tendency to lose fat easier than women – especially stomach fat in the midsection, notes the University of NEW YORK. Naturally women have low muscle mass compared to the form of body if they are overweight when compared with similar conditions with men. There is the paper from 2010 showing that among middle-aged obese females , those who lost weight the fastest were the most likely to keep it all off after 18 months. Steroid cycles for women are one of the most effective ways for women to gain muscle quickly.
Even when I’m not really exercising for stretches at the same time, my excess weight holds steady at 185, and it has been that real way for 4.5 years now. Strength training helps preserve muscle and aids weight loss in older women following a reduced-calorie diet, according to a 2015 study published in The American Journal of Clinical Nourishment. Eating 300 to 500 calorie consumption less per day ought to lead to a lack of between one and two pounds weekly. Eating too little calories to prompt quick weight loss is contrary to your goal of toning up.
The ESR blood test is an important tool that helps doctors diagnose conditions that can cause inflammation, pain and various other symptoms. You can get a rough idea of your daily caloric needs with a straightforward mathematical formula: redouble your goal weight by 12 to 15 calories. Weight loss is significantly lower with reversible banding procedures, in which a small saline-filled band is wrapped about the stomach to reduce its size. Walking offers a convenient way to lose excess weight if you are over age 50. Without the specialized equipment, you can burn calories and reduce tension by walking in your neighborhood or at a park. As you feel more motivated, add more times and vary your types of training to burn more calories and accelerate weight loss. If your fingers just touch, a medium is had by you frame, and the calculated weight is correct for you.
potentially cause fat loss include human immunodeficiency virus or tuberculosis and HIV, the Mayo Clinic says. Among obese adults, the percentage rises to 66 percent, with 50 percent of obese children having a fatty liver, according to the American College of Gastroenterology website. Weight training after age 50 is effective in maintaining or improving muscle mass. It’s the latest option for an incredible number of obese Americans who’ve been unable to lose pounds via more traditional methods. If you start exercising in your weight-loss plan, you’ll significantly reduce your risk of heart disease, even if you don’t lose a lot of weight.
After age 30, physiological functions begin to decline, but it doesn’t become obvious until after age 50. There are declines in the number of cells in each organ that decrease metabolic rates. Adding 4 pounds of muscle mass can help you burn an extra 50 calories a complete day, according to the University of New Mexico. For example, if you are a 55-year-old woman who is mildly active and wants to weigh 140 pounds, you would multiply this goal excess weight by 12 for a daily caloric need of 1680 calorie consumption.
I was 160lbs and 4 months later I’m an extremely health toned 127lbs and also have found my perfect weight. For better safety and to make sure you use the proper technique, choose machine pounds exercises over using dumbells. The key to losing weight is eating fewer calories than you consume via food and drinks. For weight loss, you might benefit from obtaining a higher percentage of your calories from protein. It’s convienet for me personally and I’m feeling more energised and have been losing weight it’s a great thing to have inside your home. Working out your muscles in addition to following a low-calorie diet could be helpful at shedding the belly fat. I have already been using my fitness treadmill for 2 months now and have lost weight it is so easy. That in comparison to 3.6 percent weight reduction for patients who didn’t have the device.
For most people, the cheapest calorie level that should be followed for weight loss is 1,200 calories for women and 1,800 calories for men. THE MEALS and Drug Administration approved the device on Tuesday for adults who are obese, with a physical body mass index of 35 to 55, and have not been able to lose excess weight with other methods.
Any illness that impacts your stomach, intestines and digestive tract can make you lose fat by interfering together with your body’s absorption of necessary nutrients. Like the low-carb vegetables, lower-carb fruits are abundant with nutrients, making them a wholesome part of your weight-loss diet.
A six-month diet plan doesn’t have to involve strict calorie-counting and drastic actions taken all at once. Researchers determined that the exercise prevented weight gain and lack of lean muscle mass, compared to participants who did not practice resistance training. If you’re finding yourself spending additional time on the couch, upping your activity levels can help with weight gain. Women and older individuals generally have higher body fat percentages than men or younger people, so body mass index shouldn’t be used by itself to determine whether a woman over 60 is at a healthy weight. If you’re on an extremely low-carb diet – less than 50 grams a day – these veggies might help fill you without exceeding your carb limit. Focus on making broad sustainable changes in what you eat and exercise habits so you can keep weight off over an extended period of time.
The scariest thing about the weight gain after menopause is it seems to happen to even active and fit women. Women fall victims to difficulty concentrating and remembering points also, irregular periods, night sweats, hot flashes, brittle nails and a plethora of uncomfortable, embarrassing, and relentless symptoms. What I’ve learned since losing even more weight is these workouts are pretty important if you want to lose weight fast. Women can lose belly fat by make several key changes to their diet, such as smaller portions and reduced daily calorie consumption. The Cleveland Clinic suggests 20 to 30 minutes of exercise at least four to five times a week to encourage weight loss for women coping with PCOS. A thorough weight- loss program for ladies involves both cardio exercise and weight training. Studies show that the more junk food you eat each week, the greater the risk of gaining extra weight.
Salmon and liver organ are so pricey along with fresh produce :/ if you could help me out in a eating routine that is cheap but still works I’d enjoy it. I’ve dropped ten pounds from owning a lot and some lifting weights. The U.S. Section of Human and Health Solutions reviews that for weight loss, diets containing 1,000 to 1 1,600 calories per day are usually appropriate for overweight and obese women, depending on their current body weight and activity level. Well, if your objective is to lose excess weight I suggest following all the tips above, including consuming an LCHF diet.
Instead, drinking wine or any additional alcohol with your meal makes you much more likely to passively increase in your total caloric intake, which, when done habitually, may set you up for weight gain. This is the true number one reason women over 40 have an edge with losing weight. Lose weight at a gradual, sustainable rate, and your breasts will experience less impact. Now I have to reduce it but I am unable to do it. 10 days according to you seems quiet impossible if you ask me because I have already been taking alot of care since a month but there is absolutely no change in weight at all. Young people can usually achieve this, but also for some middle-aged or old women it may be a significant victory to get completely to decent”. Hi Ashley, I have lost weight using a very similar diet to the reduced carb one mentioned here.
Focusing only on weight and stepping on the scale every day might be misleading, cause unnecessary stress and anxiety and undermine your motivation intended for no good reason. To gain lean muscle and lose weight, take part in a comprehensive exercise program that consists of both weight training exercise and cardiovascular exercise. Growing children, women that are pregnant and breastfeeding women should not do fasting periods longer, as they have an increased need of nutrients. The supplied calculations assist you to estimate how many calories you burn daily and how much you can eat to maintain your weight. The odd diet soda isn’t too bad as far as weight loss goes, but I wouldn’t start making a huge habit of them.
After four years, 57 percent of the postmenopausal women motivated to make changes in lifestyle maintained at least a 5-pound weight loss weighed against 29 percent of the controls. I use this diet when my fitness and training goals include weight reduction and cutting fat.
Note that your bodyweight can fluctuate and down several pounds from day to day up, based on fluid balance and belly contents: Don’t worry about short-term changes, instead follow the long-term trend. She could be dropped by her calorie intake to about 2, 000 calories daily and lose one pound a week, or drop her calorie intake to 1,500 calories a full day to lose two pounds each week. Hi my name is David I’m extremely embarrassed to say it but I’m about to be 15 in two months and I’m 5’6 tall and I weight…..well I weight 236 pounds. Poor sleep is among the strongest risk factors for weight gain , so looking after your sleep is important ( 35 , 36 ).
Plus, you should hone in on your own diet really, since weight loss may happen most effectively by eating clean (no junk food/limited processed meals) and abstaining from alcohol as much as possible and eliminating excess calories. Some of them did not hesitate to buy health supplements, reduce their diet by following diet plans for weight loss or fat loss tips for women. Try not to eat straight from a large package of food – it’s easy to lose track that way. Remember that losing excess weight is about making healthy changes in your daily life that you can stick with – and not only a one-time diet.
Because many believe PCOS is linked to insulin resistance, a low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet may be the most successful for weight loss. Women who carried a few extra pounds entering menopause now have an uphill battle just to maintain their old weight. All sorts of prescription medicines could cause fat gain, including steroids, which are used to treat asthma and additional inflammatory conditions commonly, and certain antidepressants.
The struggle to lose weight is very real, so you'll completely relate to Wendy Mehaffey's story. A BMI between 18.5 and 24.9 is considered normal weight, whereas a BMI between 25 and 29.9 is overweight; and over 30 is obese. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommends drinking 3.7 litres (15 cups) of water daily for an average male and 2.7 litres (11 cups) for an average female. So if a Hack is shooting very low scores, chances are their account will soon be shut down. To lose up to one pound of fat per week, you will need to lose 3,500 calories from your diet. | 2019-04-21T02:42:27Z | http://startthriving.weebly.com/ |
This application is related to U.S. application Ser. No. 08/942,309, entitled “HOT ADD OF DEVICES SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE”, U.S. application Ser. No. 08/942,306, entitled “METHOD FOR THE HOT ADD OF DEVICES”, U.S. application Ser. No. 08/942,311, entitled “HOT SWAP OF DEVICES SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE”, U.S. application Ser. No. 08/942,457, entitled “METHOD FOR THE HOT SWAP OF DEVICES”, U.S. application Ser. No. 08/943,072, U.S. Pat. No. 5,892,298, entitled “METHOD FOR THE HOT ADD OF A NETWORK ADAPTER ON A SYSTEM INCLUDING A DYNAMICALLY LOADED ADAPTER DRIVER”, U.S. application Ser. No. 08/942,069, entitled “METHOD FOR THE HOT ADD OF A MASS STORAGE ADAPTER ON A SYSTEM INCLUDING A STATICALLY LOADED ADAPTER DRIVER”, U.S. application Ser. No. 08/962,963, entitled “METHOD FOR THE HOT ADD OF A MASS STORAGE ADAPTER ON A SYSTEM INCLUDING A DYNAMICALLY LOADED ADAPTER DRIVER”, U.S. application Ser. No. 08/943,078, U.S. Pat. No. 5,889,965, entitled “METHOD FOR THE HOT SWAP OF A NETWORK ADAPTER ON A SYSTEM INCLUDING A DYNAMICALLY LOADED ADAPTER DRIVER”, U.S. application Ser. No. 08/942,336, entitled “METHOD FOR THE HOT SWAP OF A MASS STORAGE ADAPTER ON A SYSTEM INCLUDING A STATICALLY LOADED ADAPTER DRIVER”, U.S. application Ser. No. 08/942,459, entitled “METHOD FOR THE HOT SWAP OF A NETWORK ADAPTER ON A SYSTEM INCLUDING A STATICALLY LOADED ADAPTER DRIVER”, U.S. application Ser. No. 08/942,458, entitled “METHOD FOR THE HOT SWAP OF A MASS STORAGE ADAPTER ON A SYSTEM INCLUDING A DYNAMICALLY LOADED ADAPTER DRIVER”, U.S. application Ser. No. 08/942,282, entitled “Apparatus For Computer Implemented Hot-Swap And Hot-Add,” and U.S. application Ser. No. 08/941,970, entitled “Method For Computer Implemented Hot-Swap And Hot-Add”, which are being filed concurrently herewith on Oct. 1, 1997.
One embodiment of the invention includes a method of hot adding a network adapter to an operational computer including a plurality of bus slots, comprising: executing a statically loaded adapter driver which accepts a request packet to initialize a network adapter adding a programmable network adapter, which is connected to a plurality of I/O devices, to one of the bus slots, executing a configuration manager which configures the configuration space of the programmable network and initializing the programmable network adapter so that I/O is communicated between the added programmable network adapter and the operational computer.
Another embodiment of the invention includes a method of hot adding a network adapter to an operational computer including a plurality of bus slots, comprising: executing a statically loaded adapter driver which accepts a request packet to initialize a new network adapter, adding a network adapter to one of the bus slots having a non-powered state, executing a configuration manager which configures the adapter space of the network adapter, enabling power to the bus slot and initiating communications between the computer and the new network adapter.
Yet another embodiment of the invention includes a method of hot adding a network adapter to an operational computer including at least one canister, wherein the canister contains one or more existing network adapters, comprising: executing a statically loaded network adapter driver which accepts a suspend and a restart packet suspending all communication to the existing network adapters on a selected one of the canisters, disabling power to the selected canister, while still maintaining power to the computer, adding a new network storage adapter to the canister, enabling power to the canister, restarting communications to the existing network adapters and initiating communications between the computer and the new network adapter.
FIG. 2 shows one embodiment of the bus structure of the fault tolerant computer system 100. A number ‘n’ of central processing units (CPUs) 200 are connected through a host bus 202 to a memory controller 204, which allows for access to memory by the other system components. In one embodiment, there are four CPUs 200, each being an Intel Pentium Pro microprocessor. However, many other general purpose or special purpose parts and circuits could be used. A number of bridges 206, 208 and 209 connect the host bus to, respectively, three high speed I/O bus systems 212, 214, and 216. The bus systems 212, 214 and 216, referred to as PC buses, may be any standards-based bus system such as PCI, ISA, EISA and Microchannel. In one embodiment of the invention, the bus system 212 is PCI. Alternative embodiments of the invention employ a proprietary bus. An ISA Bridge 218 is connected to the bus system 212 to support legacy devices such as a keyboard, one or more floppy disk drives and a mouse. A network of microcontrollers 225 is also interfaced to the ISA bus 226 to monitor and diagnose the environmental health of the fault tolerant system. A more detailed description of the microcontroller network 225 is contained in the U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/942,402, “Diagnostic and Managing Distributed Processor System” to Johnson.
In the second architectural embodiment, the I/O platform can be any industry standard I/O board such as, for example, the 1Q80960RP Evaluation Board which is executing the Ix Works operating system by WindRiver Systems, Inc. In the second architectural embodiment, a hardware device module (HDM) or adapter driver executes on the motherboard. The HDM is designed to communicate via messages with any type of operating system executing on the computer. These messages correspond to primitives which allow hot add and hot swap of adapters plugged into the motherboard.
Starting in state 600, a user inserts an adapter 310 into one of the PC bus slots, such as the slot 241. At this point, the hot plug hardware 312 has not turned on the power to the adapter's slot, although the fault tolerant computer system 100 is operational. Since the adapter's slot is not powered and is physically isolated from any other devices which are attached to the bus 234, the adapter will not be damaged by a short circuit during the insertion process, and will not create problems for the normal operation of the fault tolerant computer system 100. Moving to state 602, the configuration manager 500 is notified that the adapter is now in the slot, and requests the hot plug hardware 312 to supply power to the adapter's slot. In one embodiment of the invention, the hot plug hardware automatically detects the presence of the newly added adapter 310 and informs the configuration manager 500. In another embodiment of the invention, the user notifies the hot plug hardware 312 that the adapter 310 is connected to one of the PC slots 241. The process by which a slot 241 and adapter 238 are powered on and attached to a shared bus 234 is described in the United States application Ser. No. 08/942,402, “Diagnostic and Managing Distributed Processor System”to Johnson.
Traditionally, an adapter's resources are allocated by the Basic Input Output Services (BIOS). The BIOS are service routines which are invoked during the fault tolerant computers system's 100 start up phase. The BIOS programs the I/O ports, or memory locations of each adapter on the fault tolerant computer system 100. However, since any newly added adapter was not present during the execution of the BIOS initialization routines, the configuration manager 500 must configure the new adapter in the same manner that another like adapter is programmed by the BIOS. The process by which the configuration space of an a newly added adapter 310 is configured is described in the United States application Ser. No. 08/941,268, “Configuration Management Method for Hot Adding and Hot Replacing Devices” to Mahalingam.
If the BAR has a value equal to IOPortO or IOPort1, the current configuration table describes the requested adapter and the process proceeds to state 922. The configuration manager 500 has at this point identified the logical board number of the adapter that the configuration manager 500 needs to shut down (state 922). The configuration manager 500 makes the NetWare Operating System call LSLGetMLIDControlEntry( ) to find an entry point into the adapter driver 308. As part of the system call, the configuration manager 500 passes the logical board number as a parameter. The LSLGetMLIDControlEntry( ) system call returns a pointer to the DriverControl( ) entry point for the requested board. The DriverControl( ) entry to the HSM provides a means to quiesce or remove an instance of the driver. At a decision state 924, the configuration manager 500 determines whether the user has requested a driver suspend or resume. If the user has requested driver suspend, the configuration manager 500 calls the DriverControl( ) entry point with the operation code ‘5’ (shutdown) requesting a temporary shutdown. The MSM 504 does not remove the adapter driver 308 from the memory, but leaves it in place and preserves its current state. The HSM 508 receives this call and shuts down all communication to the adapter. Otherwise, if the user has requested a driver resume, the configuration manager 500 calls DriverControl( ) entry point with the operation code ‘6’ (reset) state 928. The HSM 508 receives this call and resets the adapter 310. For both suspend and restart, the driver then proceeds to state 930 which returns a success message to the SNMP agent or NetWare user interface.
At state 1306, the adapter driver such as driver 308 sets an asynchronous I/O Request Packet (IRP) for rescanning. The I/O Request Packet is a data structure defined by the Windows NT Operating System. The adapter driver 308 allocates and registers an IRP with the Windows NT operating system. The rescan IRP contains a pointer to completion routine within the adapter driver 308. The adapter driver 308 sets the completion routine to a procedure which scans for and initializes an adapter 310. During a hot add of an adapter, the initialization routine is called by the configuration manager 1100 to configure the adapter state. Still at state 1306, the adapter driver 308 calls to the SCSI port 1104 to finish the adapter's initialization Next, the SCSI port 1104 searches the bus for an adapter 310 (decision state 1308). If the SCSI port 1104 finds an adapter 310, the SCSI port 1104 calls each driver's FindAdapter( ) routine (state 1312). In addition to performing the traditional functions of the FindAdapter( ) routine, FindAdapter( ) registers each found adapter 310 with the configuration manager 1100. The configuration manager 1100 then retrieves the configuration information of the adapter 310. The configuration manager 1100 saves the configuration information for each adapter 310 in a linked list of data. The configuration manager 1100 maintains this linked list of data in case an adapter 310 fails. Upon the failure of an adapter 310, the configuration manager 1100 reprograms a replacement adapter's configuration space.
Once the configuration space of the adapter 310 is initialized, the configuration manager 1100 completes the adapter initialization (state 1408). Although the configuration space of the adapter 310 is finished, the adapter driver 308 completes the initialization process by configuring any adapter specific requirements. For example, SCSI adapters often contain a microcontroller for controlling an SCSI bus. The adapter driver 308 initializes this microcontroller (state 1408). The process by which the configuration manager 1100 returns control to the adapter driver 308 is by calling the completion routine of the rescan IRP that the adapter driver 308 created during the adapter driver's initialization.
FIG. 15 is a flowchart illustrating one embodiment of the process by which the adapter driver such as the driver 308 finishes initializing a hotly added adapter such as the adapter 310. The configuration manager 1100 calls the adapter driver through the rescan completion routine that the adapter driver 308 created during its initialization (state 1508). The adapter driver 308 then calls the SCSI port's initialize routine, SCSIportInitalize( ). The SCSI port locates the new adapter 310 (state 1502). The SCSI port 1104 calls the FindAdapter( ) routine for each adapter driver 308 in the 1106 (state 1504). The adapter driver 308 then creates a new asynchronous rescan IRP for the next occurrence of a hot add of an adapter (state 1506).
FIG. 16 is a flowchart showing one embodiment of the process by which the FindAdapter( ) routine for an adapter handles a hot add request. FIG. 16 provides a more detailed explanation of the state 1504 shown in FIG. 15. Starting in state 1600, the FindAdapter( ) routine performs the traditional initialization functions that are associated with the routine. For example, in a Qlogic PCI SCSI adapter the FindAdapter( ) routine reads the configuration information, maps the I/O registers for the adapter, resets the microcontroller on the adapter, checks the SCSI ID, and initializes the virtual and physical queue addresses.
Moving to state 1602, the FindAdapter( ) routine performs some optional adapter diagnostics. If the adapter 310 performs the diagnostics and the adapter 310 finds an error, the FindAdapter( ) routine proceeds to state 1604. Otherwise, if no error was found, the FindAdapter( ) routine sends an IRP to the configuration manager 1100 creating a Device Instance for the newly hot added card (1606). The configuration manager 1100 sends an asynchronous device state IRP (state 1608). The configuration manager 1100 calls the completion routine of the device state IRP when the user has requested a hot swap.
initializing the programmable network adapter so that I/O is communicated between the added programmable network adapter and the operational computer.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein initializing the programmable network adapter includes reading a vendor identification and an adapter identification from a memory in the programmable network adapter so as to determine the type of the programmable network adapter, and identifying a statically loaded adapter driver associated with the programmable network adapter.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein initializing the programmable network adapter includes checking for the presence of a statically loaded adapter driver associated with the programmable network adapter.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein initializing the programmable network adapter includes reading a template containing configuration information associated with the programmable network adapter.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the programmable network adapter is adapted to communicate with a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus.
6. The method of claim 1, additionally comprising creating a device instance object associated with the programmable network adapter, wherein executing the configuration manager includes using the device instance object to communicate with the programmable network adapter.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein executing the configuration manager includes storing the configuration information of the programmable network adapter in a linked list.
initiating communications between the computer and the new network adapter.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein initiating communications includes reading a vendor identification and an adapter identification from a memory in the network adapter so as to determine the type of the programmable network adapter, and identifying a statically loaded adapter driver associated with the programmable network adapter.
10. The method of claim 8, wherein initiating communications includes checking for the presence of a statically loaded adapter driver associated with the network adapter.
11. The method of claim 8, wherein initiating communications includes reading a template containing information associated with the network adapter.
12. The method of claim 8, wherein the programmable network adapter is adapted to communicate with a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus.
13. The method of claim 8, additionally comprising creating a device instance object associated with the network adapter, wherein executing the configuration manager includes using the device instance object to communicate with the network adapter.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein executing the configuration manager includes storing the configuration information of the new adapter in a linked list.
16. The method of claim 14, wherein initiating communications includes checking for the presence of a statically loaded network adapter driver associated with the new network adapter.
17. The method of claim 14, wherein initiating communications includes reading a template containing configuration information associated with new network adapter.
18. The method of claim 14, wherein the new network adapter is adapted to communicate with a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus.
19. The method of claim 14, additionally comprising creating a device instance object associated with the new network adapter, wherein executing the configuration manager includes using the device instance object to communicate with the new network adapter.
20. The method of claim 14, wherein executing the configuration manager includes storing the configuration information of the new network adapter in a linked list.
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Herr, et al., Linear Technology Magazine, Design Features, pp. 21-23, Jun. 1997, "Hot Swapping the PCI Bus."
NetFrame Systems Incorporated, Doc. No. 78-1000226-01, pp. 1-2, 5-8, 359-404, and 471-512, Apr. 1996, "NetFrame Clustered Multiprocessing Software: NW0496 DC-ROM for Novell(R)NetWare(R) 4.1 SMP, 4.1 and 3.12."
NetFrame Systems Incorporated, Doc. No. 78-1000226-01, pp. 1-2, 5-8, 359-404, and 471-512, Apr. 1996, "NetFrame Clustered Multiprocessing Software: NW0496 DC-ROM for Novell®NetWare® 4.1 SMP, 4.1 and 3.12."
NetFRAME Systems Incorporated, News Release, 3 pages, referring to May 9 , 1994, "NetFRAME's New High-Availibility ClusterServer Systems Avoid Scheduled as well as Unscheduled Downtime."
Netframe, http://www.netframe-support.com/technology/datasheets/data.htm, before Mar. 1997, "Netframe ClusterSystem 9008 Data Sheet."
Simos, M., Usenet post to comp.os.msdoc.misc, Apr. 1997, "Re: Auto FDISK and Format."
Wood, M.H., Usenet post to comp.os.netware.misc, Aug. 1996, "Re: Workstation duplication method for WIN95." | 2019-04-25T07:16:28Z | https://patents.google.com/patent/US6202111B1/en |
Hummingbird is doing a school project on Louisiana, and she was asking me how to spell Lake Ponchartrain. Bumble Bee piped up, "Mom whenever I see a train, I'm going to punch it like the lake... Lake. Punch. A. Train. Hahahaha! I could punch the train in the lake."
Anyway, I had some leftover sour cream a couple of weeks ago, and no idea what to do with it. So, I did a search for entrees with sour cream. Of those I found I decided to try a recipe for "gyro burgers" with a sour cream based sauce (I can't find my source now!).
Well, DH, who is always honest about what he likes and doesn't like, informed me that this was a miss, but could be a hit with some tweaks. The first step was to break up the burger patty and simply use ground beef (we're not really big lamb eaters). So, I searched all over the internet for recipes to make an American-style Gyro with ground beef and a truly Greek sauce.
Here's what I came up with by pulling ingredient ideas from several sources. I've linked the main ones I used for the base.
The meat, pita, and onions were a hit with DH (the girls preferred cucumbers over onions). The sauce was okay, but still seemed to be lacking. I had run out of time to try pureeing and juicing a cucumber to add to the sauce. This may be my only failing it, but I wouldn't doubt if there are more things lacking. So, does anyone have suggestions for an authentic sauce to add to my gyro burgers? We definitely want to try this again.
When I wrote Josiah and Julia Go to Church, I had NO idea I was writing a scandalous book. I certainly had no intention of doing so. However, it has come to my attention over the last couple of weeks that there is a campaign against it. The prickly point is Josiah squirming at Communion. It is the opinion of those who are upset by it that I am giving children bad ideas and being disrespectful of the Eucharist.
However, I did not think up this idea. No, this is behavior that I have seen -- that my daughters have seen -- on several occasions over the years. Largely, the children whom we've seen squirming, flailing, and indeed, spitting out Communion have been visitors or infrequent attendees. So, early on my girls questioned why those children were acting that way. I had to explain to them that some children don't attend church often enough to be accustomed to receiving Communion, and perhaps some don't like the taste of wine. I also explained to them what Communion is and why it is important to be calm when receiving it and not only not to spit it out, but not to put fingers in their mouth or chew on teddy bears right after Communion. Having had this conversation with my own children, I thought it might just be one that other parents were having, too, and that J&J might be a tool to broaching the topic.
Since respect for the Eucharist was a large factor in my conversion to Orthodoxy (After months of fighting to defend Catholic doctrine, I knew I couldn't keep up the fight when I saw a Catholic priest tell parishioners at a midday Mass to let those who had to return to work receive communion first, so they could leave right away.), I am hurt that people think my book is disrespectful. The entire purpose of this book is to show children how to behave respectfully in church. I have seen children doing all of the "bad" behaviors in church, and I find it hard to believe that others haven't seen them all, too.
Of course, I've read this book hundreds of times to my own children and neither of them has ever tried to squirm or spit out Communion after reading it. So, unless a child is just deliberately trying to be bad, I don't think my book is going to have them spitting out the Eucharist.
Deep breath! I guess I'll have to learn to ignore all reviews like celebrities say they do if I'm going to keep writing for public consumption.
In other news... if you're a fan (or if you're not but want to give me a second chance), I started a Facebook page not so long ago. Check it out for a special offer.
I think after a decade he's happy that I thought he was, though. On our first anniversary he put on a tuxedo and met me at the door after work with a red rose and a bottle of champagne. I think we may have gone out to dinner a little later. He would remember better than I. My best memory of the evening was my first sight of him as I came home, though.
We spent the day together today. Nothing big... kids off to school (thank you teachers for returning to work for my anniversary!). The first was early and easy; the second one was more difficult -- lots of "I don't want to go to school." Then, we had a couple of hours to ourselves, including a walk to pick up Thai food for dinner (love that tofu!). We spent the evening at home, but after 10 years it was time to try the wedding clothes. I'm sad to say I don't quite fit in my dress anymore... Pregnancy caused me to lose some much needed fat in certain places.
The lighting is bad in the current one, but we may try again in the daylight tomorrow. The shrug I wore at the wedding began to yellow a few years ago, so I had to throw it out to protect the dress. Hummingbird has asked to wear it at her wedding, so I definitely need to keep it nice.
I'm sure you've all heard Republican candidate Mitt Romney's remarks that "There are 47 percent of the people who will vote for the president no matter what. There are 47 percent who are with him, who are dependent upon government, who believe that they are victims, who believe that government has a responsibility to care for them, who believe that they are entitled to health care, to food, to housing, to you name it."
More shocking than the fact that he apparently doesn't believe that all people are entitled to food and housing, is the fact that he thinks his remarks are offensive simply because he didn't phrase it well. He actually said, "It's not elegantly stated, let me put it that way. I was speaking off the cuff in response to a question." I pay income taxes, unlike the people Mr. Romney disdains, but I still think everyone is entitled to food and housing. Our Lord commanded us to care for the poor, the sick, those in prisons. The Lord cares for all Americans. Mr. Romney professes to, but he clearly doesn't. The rich man in the Bible was unwilling to give up his possessions to help those less fortunate and follow the Lord, and it seems Mr. Romney is the same type of rich man. If those who have more are not going to help those less fortunate as the Lord commanded, then government has to fill that need. Should 47% of Americans live on the streets? Starve?
I can't even begin to express how disgusted I am with this man, and how scared I am that he just may get elected.
...and I am most annoyed with the CTU. They have a contract that seems quite reasonable, and in some cases more than reasonable. I understand wanting to "mull it over" before signing it, but at this point get the kids back into class while you mull it over. I spent last night and this morning reading the Summary of Terms sheet posted on CTU's website. They summarize the things they like and don't like.
Two things they don't like is the longer day and longer school year. It seems to me if schools around the nation have days longer than 5.45 hours and 180 day school years, then CPS can and should, too. Not to mention, of the now 7 hour day, teachers will only about 6.25 hours working. They will be getting a 45 minute duty-free lunch. That's a shorter day than most professionals work. I do recognize they teachers are spending some time at home doing things like grading, so I think this is perfectly fair, but it's certainly not unreasonable as CTU seems to think.
Anyway, I've marked up the Terms sheet with my opinions on the big issues. I'm neutral about many things in it, so those parts are simply unmarked. I've underlined in green things I like and struck out in red things I don't like, and I've added a few comments along the way. The evaluation process seems more than fair, and overall this contract seems quite reasonable.
My last little point to note is that I'm happy to see that CTU agrees to make up the days that have been lost to their strike. Now, I want to make my opinion known that those days should be made up on single day holidays (Columbus day, Presidents day, etc) throughout the year, and not with an extra 1.5 weeks at the end of school. Without our Labor Day start to school the kids already get out 2-3 weeks later than all of the school districts I know (suburban and Louisiana). Adding time at the end will keep them in school pretty much until July, which really isn't fair to them or parents!
Well, homeschooling crumbled today. We're hearing rumors that this will be resolved in time for students to return to school on Monday. Three quarters of our household will be thrilled if that happens. Bumble Bee is the only one who still wants the teachers to strike so she doesn't have go to school. I told her teacher last week it would set her back if they went on strike, and it will.
The city has 145 schools open and staffed by principals and other non-CTU staff. One of those is within 2 seconds of us. So, we may send Hummingbird tomorrow, and perhaps, Bumble Bee. They won't be holding classes, but it will be like a day camp with including independent reading and writing, arts and journaling, sports activities, and computer-based programming.
Even though today didn't work out the week certainly wasn't a total loss. Hummingbird did complete a nice project on the history of the American Flag. She also learned some new grammar and practice a bunch of math. And we've done two cool science projects, one of which I recorded and used to practice video editing.
One thing I do like about this strike is that we can all sleep until 7:00 AM. We usually have to be up by about 6:30 to get Hummingbird on the school bus. So, we've just had breakfast, and I'll be printing out worksheets in a minute. I just did an email check before we get going. There was an "update" from Hummingbird's principal. The update was there's no news on when this will be settled. Mr. Netterstrom is a pretty high profile principal in the city because his school is a new classical school with accelerated learning, and he is taking it to the forefront of many of the changes the mayor wants. They did a longer school day last year, which was even longer than this year. He has had full choice in hiring teachers with no requirements to draw from a laid off pool. The staff at the school are fabulous, and I really think it is a great model for others to imitate. Here's a what Mr. Netterstrom thinks about principals' right to choose their own teachers without restrictions.
Here's to a good day of learning and hoping for a return to school!
Today went pretty well for us, but we all wish the teachers would go back to work. I'm definitely on the fence about the strike. I think it's terrible because it impedes the education of our children. I understand that they want a fair contract, but I also think that they need to make some concessions, too. I am generally pro-union; I've even belonged to a union in the past. However, everything I'm reading reports that CPS has conceded on this point or that, but nowhere has the CTU given an inch.
As a parent it is even more frustrating when union president Karin Lewis says things like "I've got to go back to the silly part of my day [referring to the negotiations]. . .Y'all continue to have fun. Show each other some love." (Read more on today's happenings) Never mind, that kids are missing out on their rights to an education, or that parents are having to find and pay for ways to take care of their kids while they're not in school; y'all just have fun! (I do like that the Tribune reporter spelled "y'all" correctly).
Okay, I'm done ranting. We actually had a pretty good day, and if I lived somewhere where my girls weren't going to a really good school, I think I could get the hang of homeschooling. We were a little more laid back today, but we still did some good work.
I let them start the day with playtime because I need some time to prepare tutoring lessons for this evening. Best to get that out of the way first. Next, we took a walk to the library where everyone picked out chapter books, and we had an impromptu photography class along the way (pictures below). Then, we had a brief lunch and started the real work.
I found some grammar sheets for Hummingbird to do, and I helped Bumble Bee practice writing her name (she's great at tracing, not so much at freehand). Her goal is to be able to write her name and get a library card of her own, so this may not take too long.
Next came math, Hummingbird worked on the computer with Math Trainer. She answered 100 of 102 multiplication facts (from 1x1 to 5x5) correctly! Tomorrow we push her up a notch... Bumble Bee and I worked on a pre-K workbook -- counting & circling objects, tracing numbers, and determining sets.
After math came social studies. Hummingbird suggested on our way home from the library that she would like to learn more about the Star-Spangled Banner. So, I found some color sheets and informational sheets online that she worked on. I also wrote down 7 questions for her to research online with Daddy while I was out this evening. They completed all but one of those. Tomorrow she'll finish that, and we'll add some state flags (Illinois, Georgia, Louisiana, & Indiana).
We didn't get to the science experiment today, so tomorrow we'll learn about air pressure and crush a can. I'll probably post a video of that one.
Karen Lewis says the union is in this strike "for the long haul." I worry that with their utter refusal to compromise, like the Tea Party, we may indeed miss a large chunk of school time.
As we started out we met a striking teacher and her daughter.
As it happens they are neighbors to Hummingbird's best friend from school.
Despite my frustrations with the current day, I am reminded each time I look at the calendar that things could be so much worse. As I go to sleep tonight, I will be praying for those whose lives were so devastated eleven years ago.
I'm exhausted. Summer vacation is over, so we're not really willing to let the girls sit idly wasting brain cells while the teachers strike. So, we had our first day of homeschooling today. It actually went well, but I managed to catch a severe cold, so I am now wiped out.
We started the day with breakfast and cleaning the bedroom, especially the desk area. I knew we would need a good spot for Hummingbird to work. Then around 8:30 we did an hour long French immersion lesson. I've started teaching part-time with Multilingual Chicago, so the kids are good practice for my classes. We read La Chenille Qui Fait des Trous, and sang a song about the days of the week & ducks. We also talked about the weather and numbers, ending the hour with a game of Bingo in French.
Next, we had a short art class. First, we made sun catchers. The girls came back from their summer adventures with this craft, but we never got around to it. The paint was dried out, so we improvised with sharpies and glitter glue. Upon finishing that, we took a walk for a photography lesson. The girls each took pictures of the strike in progress. We had to see it for ourselves, as the teachers were shouting outside our windows by 6:30 this morning.
Hummingbird was interested in practicing the zoom feature. Thus, most of her photographs were from behind the teachers, and half a block away.
Bumble Bee, on the other hand was up close and personal. She spotted the kids and was curious to know why they were striking. The teachers started marching to another nearby school while she was taking pictures, and we even saw her teacher. I was worried they wouldn't like us taking pictures, but most of them smiled at us. Her teacher even paused to say hello, and let Bumble Bee snap a quick shot. We do like Bumble Bee's teacher, and I can't wait for her to return to class & relieve me.
Back to our schedule, we had P.E. & recess at the school playground after art class. Then, we came home for lunch followed by spelling work for Hummingbird and puzzles for Bumble Bee and Grace (she's 2 and she's with us two days a week). After puzzles, we put Grace down for a nap, and Bumble Bee took a bath and learned about what floats & sinks in water. She really like this, and was very quick to grasp why the different objects floated or sank. Math work followed spelling for Hummingbird while Bumble Bee finished her bath.
Next came reading time. After 6 books, I was ready to collapse, so Bumble Bee got about 40 minutes of TV time, while Hummingbird continued her reading of Socks by Beverly Cleary. Our day was almost to the end. Hummingbird had to do a little social studies. She played games on the Little Passports website and read up on the various countries visited by Sam & Sophia. I made her name each country and its capital. I even learned something new. I never knew the capital of Australia is Canberra. I guess I always assumed it was Sidney. Bumble Bee had free play with Grace.
By this time it was late afternoon, and we had a science lesson. Daddy made it rain in the kitchen! He questioned Hummingbird about the water cycle & why it rains. Then, he heated water in a tea kettle to steaming. He held a pan of ice over it, and as the steam hit the pan, the water condensed. The girls loved this and wanted it to rain on them. Daddy was obliging and moved the pan over their heads so little bits of "rain" could fall on them. This brought many giggles and squeals.
So, we got through one day. I don't quite know what to do tomorrow. Daddy has agreed to do another late day science experiment. He's going to crush a can under atmospheric pressure... I'll let you know how it goes.
The girls had fun today, but after years of wishing she could be homeschooled, Hummingbird decided today that she'd rather leave for school. I know many of you out there homeschool, so if you have any suggestions, I'm all ears.
I'm am a very disappointed parent right now. I am especially disappointed in the Chicago Teachers' Union.
CPS offered many concessions giving the CTU what it wanted on some big issues. School board President David Vitale said the district changed its proposal 20 times over the course of talks and didn't have much more to offer. Here's a link to the current CPS offer. This includes a 16% pay increase over 4 years. Chicago teachers' salaries are nothing to sneeze at. According to a CPS spokesperson, the average pay for teachers, without benefits, is currently $76,000/year (the highest in the nation). And these increases will occur at a time when CPS really doesn't have the money for them.
Despite major concessions on the big issues, which apparently were agreed upon, CTU has decided to strike. Some of the factors stated for the decision to strike include job security, dissatisfaction with Health Benefits, and a new evaluation process.
What doesn't CTU like about the Health benefits? They reject a wellness program, which seems to me a great option to improve health and lower overall health care costs. The wellness program even includes an option for opting out of it. They also dislike a slight premium increase for families (as opposed to single and couple teachers).
Another "big" thing CTU mentioned in the strike announcement was the new evaluation proposal which would mean that approximately 30% of their members would be discharged in 1 to 2 years. I don't know exactly what the new evaluation process would look like, but it seems to me that if 30% of your members can't pass evaluation, they probably shouldn't be teaching our children. I certainly want my children's teachers to be good enough to pass their evaluations. And as they spoke out against this new process, I couldn't help but notice that one CTU representative (or teacher) couldn't even speak properly. Speaking of the evaluation process, he said, "Us educators have a real stake in that." If you don't know when to use a direct object pronoun versus a subject pronoun, what are you teaching our children?! Don't get me wrong, my girls have had some great teachers over the past few years. However, let's keep good teachers and compensate them fairly, while getting rid of teachers who can't do their job effectively.
First Week of School & Teacher Strike?!
The girls started school this week. Hummingbird has always liked getting away from Mommy since the first day of preschool. This year she didn't even want me to drive her on the first day. She was adamant that she wanted to ride the bus. She's already reaching the point of being embarrassed by Mom... Dad waited for the bus with her, and got her off to school successfully. Her biggest disappointment was being late for what we call "second breakfast."
Bumble Bee's first day of preschool was a mixture of excitement, tears, and fun. She woke up excited about school, probably sensing some of Hummingbird's excitement. When it was time to go, though, she got nervous. I think the crowds of kids and parents started the nerves. By the time we got into her classroom, she was clinging and begging to go home. When I finally extricated myself, half of the kids in her class were in tears. The teacher, her aide, and another staffer were trying to calm them. And eventually they did. She had fun reading, playing, and singing.
The second day, she was moved to the afternoon with a new teacher. The PM schedule was much more manageable. That first day we had to get Hummingbird to the bus at the same time that Bumble Bee was supposed to be dropped off at school. Well, the second day was rough at first, too. And so was the third. Today was the worst of all. She started crying to stay home before we even go out the door. Again, as all week, she had fun at school once she calmed down. And she has made friends with the other little girl in class who cries, Solilie. This class has fewer children (about 6 boys and 4 girls from what I can tell), and they're not as nervous about school.
All that effort to get her accustomed to going to school may be wasted... The Chicago Teachers Union (CTU) is considering a strike. That is just what Bumble Bee doesn't need. More on that later if it materializes; for now, I'm just hoping it doesn't.
Thank you to both of you who participated.
A dozen children turned out for today's launch party and had a grand time. We started with coloring sheets and food as everyone arrived.
After everyone arrived, we played a game of Father Says. The kids really loved this despite the fact that they kept forgetting they shouldn't do the things Father didn't say.
Next, I read the book followed by a rendition from Hummingbird and Maggie.
We ended the structured activities playing "Hot Book."
Congratulations to Caroline who won a copy of Josiah and Julia Go to Church and agreed to donate it to her church!
1. When you see "children's book", what comes to mind first?
Josiah and Julia Go To Church (shameless plug: if you don't own it yet, run out and buy it)! I also think Kevin Henkes, and Kiss Goodnight (awesome illustrations). Okay, before I end up with a long, long list, I'll admit I am a children's literature junky. I definitely read more children's lit than adult lit these days, and while there are a few books that I'd rather never read again, there are tons that I could read a million more times.
I promise the rest of my answers will be shorter.
2. Who is funnier: Buggs Bunny or Moe, Larry and Curly?
3. Name a form of music or artist you can't believe you ever used to like.
All I can think of is New Kids on the Block, but I still have a certain fondness for them actually.
4. Name a fashion fad you fell for in middle school.
5. What do you call a car that sweeps past you on the interstate?
6. Have you ever been anywhere with two different shoes on?
This could go under number 4, too. In middle school I intentionally wore one black & one white tennis shoe. Hummingbird and Bumble Bee like mix and match shoes, too.
7. Do you have a local accent? Does it match your current location?
Only when I'm upset or talking really fast, and no it doesn't match Chicago. Definitely not.
By way of explaining his opening remarks, we had a severe thunderstorm roll in just in time for the procession, which, of course, had to be modified.
Painted Easter Egg instructions are now here. | 2019-04-22T10:16:40Z | http://a-days-journey.blogspot.com/2012/ |
David was born with only half a soul, but nobody noticed for years. He was a twin, not conjoined, but still half of a whole. The doctor said that they were identical, but he and his brother thought otherwise. To their eyes, they looked only as similar as brothers do, nothing unusual or special. They also didn’t have the same interests or tendencies as most identical twins did, and would point these facts out to their mother when she would bring up their connection when one would bring a new girlfriend over for dinner. Because the doctor said so, she was convinced they were identical and no amount of fact would make her budge.
She was long dead before there was any suspicion that one of her sons had suffered any ill effect from his natal experience. You can get by with half a soul, but only if you get the correct half. Daniel was lucky. As the one who was on the left side of his mother’s womb, closer to her heart, when the quickening happened at 18 weeks of gestation, he got the good half, while David, on the right side, got the bad half. Now the bad half wasn’t evil per se, it just wasn’t quite up to snuff. It made him less compassionate, less caring. He was a bit self-centered, a little selfish, even.
Daniel was usually picked first for group projects in class because he simply worked well with others, while David was usually picked first for any sport that required ruthlessness, like rugby or dodgeball. Compassion never won a sporting match, after all.
Neither one felt left out by this arrangement, which had developed quietly and surely over the years. Neither one realized that the repetition of this pattern, determined by their divergent natures from their half souls, over the many years shaped them into the people they had become. They were truly identical, as the doctor who delivered them had said, but they were as different as the two sides of the coin – one thing but with two halves, both different. Just like with a coin, with one side you won, and the other, well, you didn’t.
David wasn’t bad, he just wasn’t good. Some people thought he was shy, and that was part of it. He wasn’t shy out of actual bashfulness or a desire to be polite, whether they were friends, family, or coworkers. He kept to himself because deep down, he didn’t like other people. He thought they were lesser than him.
In school, he blamed his average and never exceptional grades on his belief that the teachers were jealous of him and gave him lower marks than he deserved out of a desire to put him in his place. He was convinced they had a coordinated plan to subtly remind him every report card day that they were in charge and he wasn’t. He was sure that they did this to him and only him out of a mistaken desire to keep him from getting uppity. He was sure that they were operating on the premise that too much praise early on and the child wouldn’t get along well with others – they’d either lord their status over their classmates or they would shun them. They were doing it for his own good, he told himself, so he said nothing to anyone, not even to his brother.
When they moved three states away after his father’s job transfer, the low grades continued and he just knew that the teachers at his old school had sent a letter explaining their plan along with the transcript to the new school. Never once did he think that his lackluster grades were due to a lackluster performance. He maintained his fecklessness throughout his life, never quite amounting to much in whatever he did.
He wasn’t a schmuck, but he certainly wasn’t a mensch either. He had married well, with a patient wife who usually made up for his social gaffes. Their son, an apple from the tree, was possibly even more socially inept than his father and even with a graduate degree still lived at home and waited tables for a living. Members of their church gossiped that David’s wife, Jane, had married him as either a favor to him (she was forever taking in strays and rehabilitating them) or as someone who wouldn’t have the spine to challenge her whenever she wanted to do her own thing. Headstrong men were challenged by strong women. They felt threatened by a woman calling the shots, so some nontraditional girls chose to stay single, ally with other women, or marry a man who acted tough but really was a wimp. The latter was most certainly the case here.
He was all show and no go. At work, where he was a manager solely out of attrition, he would bluster about schedules and vacation requests from his employees, but clam up when they would confront him with the unfairness or duplicity of his newly minted rules, which never seemed to apply to him. He had become a manager because of budget cuts. His job as a designer was being eliminated, so he had a choice: become a manager or go find another job. He was already counting the months until retirement (it was under 100) so it made more sense to take what they were offering, distasteful as it was, than get a cut in his pension and have to start all over at the bottom of the pile somewhere else.
Fortunately upper management put him at a location where he could do the least amount of damage – one with little business. They were few customers and enough staff to cover his ineptitude. This worked well until further budget cuts and staff complaints forced him out of his office and at the service desk, assisting customers. It didn’t matter that he didn’t know how to use the software to look up auto parts or how to use the cash register to sell them. He had glided by on ignorance and feigned helplessness for too long. It simply wasn’t fair to force his subordinates (in position only, not a know-how or aptitude) to do all the work while he spent his 40 hours a week reading a book, chatting with friends from his previous office, or writing his latest novel on work time.
The CEO was aware of how much he shirked. Everyone knew. The only person who was fooled was David, he thought he was doing a fine job. He thought he’d coast right on for another year until it was time to retire. Little did he know that his invisible handicap was soon to catch up with him. Little did he know that going through life with only half a soul would have negative repercussions very soon.
Melissa knew it was time to leave her job when her boss sent her that email. Nearly 20 years with the same firm and it all came down to one thing – trust. She simply didn’t trust him to be honest. Or fair. Or rational. He was her third boss, but they were all the same. All toed the party line, all had degrees in “CYA”. Normally, she would have put her head down, not drawn any attention, and soon things would blow over or the manager would retire or get transferred.
It took her six years to realize that her job, while saying that it cared for its employees, didn’t back that up with real action. The bullies and incompetents got the management positions. They wrote the performance reviews too, and they were all one-way. All the reviews were top-down, so the subordinates never had a say in how they were being managed. This was the norm all over, so it never occurred to her that it was wrong, never occurred to her that it was possible to change it.
Her friend Bobby had died because of it. He’d drunk himself to death over anxiety and fear, too much stress and a job he had to have to pay his mortgage and his alimony. He managed to work up the momentum to leave the sinking ship of his marriage, but his job was another matter. He was dead three days before he was found. In many ways it was three years.
Melissa wasn’t going to go out like that. She wasn’t going to give her boss the pleasure of knowing he’d won with his squirrely ways. She ran over Paul Simon’s song in her head for options. Hop on the bus? Make a new plan? Drop off the keys? Well, she wasn’t leaving a lover, but it still sounded like a good exit strategy. And, after all, she had been screwed.
The email that morning said it all without saying anything. She’d asked for some time off. Her only joy now was looking forward to vacations, yet she was told, in writing, that her request did not meet his guidelines. There was also a mention that this was her second attempt to violate this policy. The only problem was that it wasn’t written policy. It certainly wasn’t corporate policy. And he did not say at the time that it was his policy, but just a guideline. She had no way of knowing that she’d stepped over some line into dangerous territory.
He told her more with that email than simply “no”. By putting it in writing, his not-so-veiled threat was made clear. Two violations, without the first one even being intentional, meant that three and you’re out. What nonsense. How could she have known she broke a rule the first time she did it when he hadn’t told her the guidelines? Heck, he hadn’t even given her a list of her job duties. Suddenly she was one step away from trouble. It was like driving on a road that had dangerous curves and no guard rails and no warning signs.
He was a squirrel. That was certain. Everybody knew that he was a manager in title only. The problem was that nobody bothered to tell him. So he sent passive aggressive emails rather than confronting people directly. He didn’t manage. There was no plan or direction. He didn’t lead. Well, he led by negatives. Don’t do what he does. He didn’t even know what people did for their jobs, so how could he manage them?
Melissa took a breath in and reminded herself that Jesus said only God is above us. Don’t follow people. If you do, you are saying that they are more important than God is. To follow a person, no matter who they are – brother, father, aunt, boss, teacher, minister, spouse, governor, president, – anybody – was to make them into an idol.
She often wondered why she had so many bad bosses, so many who let the power go to their heads and quit working. It wasn’t fair that they got paid four times what so she did yet did a fourth of the work. It’s like they forgot what it was like to be a subordinate.
Perhaps that was the problem. Where could she work with there were no was no hierarchy? She left the social group she was in because of that kind of bullying. She left the church too for the very same reason, among many others. Over and over again she kept hitting that wall. The lesson wasn’t learned yet, apparently.
She’d waited out bad bosses before. How long until he retired? But deep down, she knew that if she didn’t learn the lesson with this one, it would resurface with another one.
Back to Jesus. What does he say? First, give thanks for the situation because it reminded her to pray and seek his help. Sometimes that was as far she got in her prayer, but now she knew there was more.
Jesus said that before you take your offerings to the Temple that if you have issue with anyone, you must leave your offering and go make things right. But how was she to do that? She was starting out in the negative. And she wasn’t even the one who had caused the problem. Her boss was in the wrong. This was backwards.
She remembered that story in the Bible when David was small and had no armor. With God’s power he killed Goliath with just one stone. Not even a sword. Anything was possible with God on your side.
Would talking with him make him feel threatened and thus worsen her standing? She knew she’d get no backup from higher up in the corporation. She’s gone that route before with an even worse manager. She still had unresolved trauma from that time. There’d be no help from her husband, either. He was even more bullied in his past. He couldn’t be objective.
So she was alone, again. Sure she had Jesus, and God, and the Holy Spirit. That had to count for something, right? But they weren’t physically here. They couldn’t go talk to him for her, or find her another job, or kill him off, or magically change everything. Perhaps that was the point too.
Perhaps Jesus came and said all that he did to tell her to not even have him above her, but within her, to give her the strength to do it herself. She wasn’t alone, then. She was doubled. Enhanced. There was a synergy, more than the sum of the parts.
But she still didn’t know what to do. Wait, and seem passive? Or wait until there is a clear path, a plan, and instruction from God? In the past, she always found herself doing the right thing, like a puppet, motivated by God. This current problem was a jigsaw puzzle and she didn’t have all the pieces yet, but God always does.
Was this event shifting her away from this job? Was it right to stay in a place, work 40 hours, and not feel like she fit? Had she outgrown it? It isn’t like she married this job. It wasn’t “till death do you part”. It certainly wasn’t for richer.
She prayed some more, and then she knew what to do. She was grateful that even though God doesn’t provide a map for life, God most certainly provided a compass. With her heart focused on God, she knew she could walk through any situation, knowing that it would come out the way it was supposed to be.
It was a big yard, and somebody had to mow it. 82° in the shade, and there wasn’t much of that to be had, but the grass still needed mowing.
Tilly was pleased with herself. All 7 acres in one day! Maurice said it couldn’t be done, but she did it. All week long he doubted her and it only egged her on. It was years later before she suspected that was his plan – to fire her up to do it by saying she couldn’t.
He was forever getting out of doing things one way or another. He thought he was so clever, but she was the real winner. He spent his whole life making others do everything for him and had never learned how to do anything for himself. Now he was a manager at a forgotten branch office of a small appliance outlet. Upper management had been fooled for years, thinking he did all the work.
When employee after employee quit, the house of cards tumbled down. They’d held it together for a very long time, but there was only so much they could take, watching him get the praise, the bonuses, the requests for motivational speeches. They couldn’t get why nobody else could see through his lies. Finally they left, one by one, and he was left by himself to run the shop. He didn’t even know how to run the cash register. It took the corporate office a week to suspect something was wrong. It took them a month to find an out-of-the-way office where he couldn’t do the company a lot of damage.
They couldn’t fire him, no, that wouldn’t do. Nobody really knew why. It wasn’t like he had tenure, not officially. This wasn’t a college after all. Plenty of half-rate incompetents had slid under the wire in that field. He was likable, in an odd kind of way. Perhaps that was how he could cajole everyone – employees, family, neighbors, into doing things for him.
He wasn’t pushy in an obvious kind of way. He just knew how to put a little pressure here and a little finesse there and before you knew it you’d agree to give up your one day off to work his shift. Somehow, at the time, you forgot you had plans you made weeks ago with friends you’d not seen since September. Somehow, it took several hours into your shift – his shift – to remember, and get angry and even a little resentful.
He was far away by then, and maybe that was part of his magic. The closer he was to you, the more you couldn’t resist, the more you couldn’t say no. Even 30-some-odd feet away at the other end of the building, his influence could still be felt. When he was at home he didn’t have the same power over them. But he sure had it over his wife.
Tilly made less than Maurice, always had. She was fine with that, because she had something he’d never have, something more than money. She had respect. She was respected by her coworkers and her family – people who had to be around her. Her friends didn’t just respect her – they adored her. They were drawn to her charm like a child is drawn to fireflies. They all did what she asked joyfully because she rarely asked – asked only when absolutely necessary, and even then she always said “You can say no”. They never did. Doing for her was like doing for a saint. You felt better after doing it, whatever the task.
Years later Tilly saw the picture of her standing on the front porch and laughed. If she’d only known just a few years later there’d be gas powered motors to speed things up. Just a few years later and there’d be tennis shoes, not loafers, for better grip. Just a few years later and she could have worn a T-shirt and shorts to do this chore, free to choose to wear a dress rather then it be the only option. All these advancements made her mowing accomplishment at the time all the more impressive because she did it without them.
She’d always thought that handicaps were advantages in disguise. They made you work harder, not take anything for granted. They handicapped the athletes who were stronger, didn’t they? Or was it horses? Something about making it a fair match. So being handicapped meant something good to her, meant that she secretly was better, stronger, more capable. Like she had secret powers and had to figure out what they were, hidden under that handicap. She always said that the more you focus on what you don’t have, the more you miss what you do.
Maurice was her handicap, so he was her blessing. Because of him she learned how not to treat others. He gave her so many examples of how not to act that she had a clear road in front of her showing her the way. It was like he’d gone through the test book of life and crossed out all the wrong answers, leaving her with all the right ones. It was an odd way of learning but it was learning nonetheless. It took her years to understand the gift that he given her by teaching her backwards.
In the third chapter of the Gospel according to Luke, we read about John the Baptist chastising some people who came to be baptized by him. He felt that they weren’t repentant – that they were not turning away from their lives of self-serving behavior. They were selfish and self-centered – they didn’t care about other people or about God. He felt that they shouldn’t be baptized because to them it was just something that everybody else was doing. Essentially, they wanted to get baptized by him because it was fashionable, like the latest dress style.
What does this mean? If you are truly repentant, if you’ve really changed your ways, your actions change as well. You don’t continue to live in a selfish and self-serving way. Not being repentant is like an alcoholic saying that he’s going to get clean, and right after he goes to his first AA meeting, he goes to the liquor store. This is a sure sign he isn’t changing his ways – he just says he is. John wants people to really change. He won’t go through the motions of baptizing them unless they really are ready to live in a changed manner.
Ok, so the first part is easy – share what you have. If you have extra, share it with someone who has nothing. But then the next two kinds of people who ask, what do with do with that? How does their situation apply to us?
Probably the most easily understood example is with the soldier. Say you are at a job where you feel that you are doing all the work and the manager is getting away with doing nothing. You get paid less than she does, but she gets to sit in her office all day and play games on the internet and works on her book she’s writing. You might be mad about this. Maybe you’ve thought about reporting her to upper management. Maybe you’ve thought about sneaking in some of your personal chores while on the clock. She does it – why not you?
The difference is that you can’t fight fire with fire, and because of the covenant you have made with God, you shouldn’t act like this. You have to act better than she does. Goofing off on the clock isn’t the right thing to do – and even though she is doing it, that doesn’t mean you should. Reporting her will only make you look like a snitch, and might get you in trouble. But more importantly, it isn’t in line with what God expects of you.
We aren’t expected to mirror the world – we are expected to be better than it. When bad things happen to us, we aren’t to be lowered by them, but to rise above them.
Yesterday was the icing on the cake. I don’t know where the cherry is. And if yesterday was the icing, then I don’t know if that means the cherry is good or bad.
The cake is a multi layer cake.
One layer is made up of a car dying and having to buy new car. I’d paid it off and become very fond of it. It was cute and familiar. I wasn’t planning on buying a new car. For a while we had two car payments, and I was grateful to not have any. I was using the extra money to pay off the mortgage sooner. But I have to have a reliable car, and one that won’t start isn’t acceptable, especially when the dealership can’t even tell me what was causing the problem. Since they didn’t know, they couldn’t fix it. They got it running, for another day, and then it wouldn’t start. I’m grateful that it failed to start while I was at home – so I wasn’t stranded doing errands or at work.
Another layer is finding out that I’m being transferred to another branch a week later. I’ve worked at the same place for almost 15 years. That’s a third of my life. I created the order and routine of the branch I came from. It’s a huge loss to have to go somewhere else. I’m grateful it is close to my home and in a safe neighborhood.
Another layer is the loss of my normal schedule. Because this other library is on an opposite schedule of opening and closing I can’t go to my exercise class like I used to. All the people that I knew at work and at working out are gone to me.
I might as well have moved to another country for the amount of loss that I am experiencing. It would’ve helped if the other branch had even welcomed me. But there was no welcoming note, no welcoming words, not even my desk was cleaned off. It was like it was a catchall for debris. I hate being the only person who is sensitive to other people’s feelings who thinks about how hard things are and is considerate so that they feel welcome and included. I hate feeling so deeply.
Adding to that is that I’m at a place that has three people, and only two do the work. The manager sits in his office and types at his computer, only coming out of his office to go to lunch or yell at the kids when they are loud. I’d love to have a job where I could get paid, yet do my own work (like write books) for 8 hours a day, like he has. But then I’d feel that I’d feel guilty about it, because I know that I’m not doing my real job.
To me, this means that I don’t need to worry about this. To rely upon my own understanding is to say that I’m wiser than God. Ultimately it would mean that I’m setting myself up as an idol. The height of idolatry is to worship yourself. Sadly, a lot of today’s new religious leaders are saying just that. I’ll go further into that another day.
I’m taking this to mean more than just violent. I’m taking it to mean someone who shirks his responsibility. I should do my job and not follow the way of someone who isn’t doing his, as I know it to be bad. However, I won’t do extra or wipe myself out to get it all done, either. If I do more than my share, it will not be obvious that he’s not doing his. Upper management knows what is happening but they aren’t doing anything about it. I don’t know why, but I have to trust that God is in charge.
And then I read this, and it confirmed my feelings.
It doesn’t make it a lot easier. I still have to figure out how to live with this situation. I’ve spent a lot of my life with similar bosses.
Jesus teaches us that the best boss is also a worker. When he washed the feet of his disciples, he was teaching them that they needed to lower themselves from thinking they were above everybody. He was teaching them that they had to see themselves as equals. Everybody has to do “the dirty work”.
Sadly, many managers, even ones that are Christian, don’t seem to get this. It draws resentment upon them. Even if they are paid more, they aren’t respected more. I knew a lady who retired after 40 years of “work” and not one of her employees attended her retirement party. There were a lot of people there, but they were her friends – nobody she had worked with or “managed”. Sure, she got paid more than her employees, but she was overdrawn in the respect department.
I’d rather be paid in respect. I’d rather be paid in knowing that I did my best, rather than cheating the system. I’d rather know that the money I make I made honestly. | 2019-04-22T06:28:47Z | https://betsybeadhead.com/tag/bad-manager/ |
The vast majority of cereal-based food matrices are systems resulting from cooking starch in excess water. Therefore, the study of the rheology during heating-cooling cycles could be interesting with a view to elucidating many useful indicators for quality assessment of final products and raw materials. The Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) has been widely used and is well known for assessing the pasting properties of flour or starch. However, it is important to highlight its versatility due to its capability of analyzing the viscosity in heating-cooling cycles. These features also make it suitable for simulating step processes on a small scale under controlled conditions, as well as monitoring changes in the viscosity as the manufacturing process progresses. Therefore, the RVA can serve as a useful tool for elucidating multiple quality indicators which could help to optimize many different food step processes.
• to attempt to predict final product quality.
Controlled tests on well-defined small samples of food in the laboratory can be related to the larger, more complex multi-component situations found in practical processing conditions.
The main techniques used for measuring cereal properties have traditionally been divided into descriptive empirical techniques and fundamental measurements. In fundamental rheological tests the sample geometry is constant and well defined, the stress and strain states are controlled and uniform, and it is therefore possible to define any rheological parameters such as stress, strain, strain rate, modulus or viscosity. However, such fundamental tests require complex instrumentation (which is expensive), which is time consuming, difficult to maintain in an industrial environment and requires high levels of technical skill. In addition, often inappropriate deformation conditions and slip and edge effects during testing might hinder the interpretation of results. Meanwhile, empirical tests are easy to perform and are often used in practical factory situations, providing data that is useful in evaluating performance during processing and for quality control. The instruments are often robust and capable of withstanding demanding factory environments, and do not require highly skilled or technically trained personnel.
The vast majority of cereal-based food matrices are systems resulting from cooking starch in excess water. Moreover, they could also be composed of hydrocolloids, fibers and proteins. Therefore, the study of the rheology during heating-cooling cycles could be interesting. In order to analyze the rheology in such conditions, the combination of a container capable of stirring the ingredients under controlled temperature, the possibility of controlling the temperature and the heating-cooling rate as well as the applied shear stress could turn a viscometer into a powerful and versatile tool to elucidate viscosity indicators. Several specific examples of elucidating and characterizing viscosity indicators in heating-cooling cycles will be described in this paper. However, it is important to highlight that there are infinite applications of these devices regarding industrial processes and the type of product.
• amylose content: waxy rice (0–5% amylose), very low (5–12%), low (12–20%), intermediate (20–25%), and high (25–33%) (Juliano, 1992). Added to that, amylose extended mutants known as ‘amylotype starches’ contains from 50 to 70% amylose (Kahraman & Köksel, 2013).
The different grains will show different functional properties specially related to their different amylose content, and therefore to their degree of retrogradation. Moreover, retrogradation is related to the degree of stickiness of cooked grains, a crucial parameter in the culinary quality of the different grains. Typically, long grains show high Pasting Temperature (PT) and low Peak Viscosity (PV) as a consequence of their high amylose content. Nevertheless, some short grains present long grain properties. Therefore the length of the grain itself cannot be used to represent the functional properties of rice. Several analytical methods, such as amylose/amylopectin (AM/AP) ratio, hydration properties, damaged starch, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and crystalline polymorphism among others, have been used with the aim of characterizing the functional properties of rice. However, they are time consuming (AM/AP ratio), expensive (crystalline polymorphism, DSC), or do not provide enough information. Taking into account that the compounds of milled rice flour are the same as those of rice grains, the measurement of the pasting properties (PP) of rice flour could be a quick and easy method for elucidating rice grain properties. Thus, the determination of the PP of rice with the RVA has been made an official method (61-02.01) by the American Association of Cereal Chemists International (AACCI). de la Hera, et al. (2013) characterized the PP of rice flours of different particle sizes from long and short rice grain varieties appreciating important differences among them.
Cake batters can be considered a complex food system in which air is mechanically dispersed in a continuous liquid phase containing dissolved or suspended dry ingredients, such as sugar and flour. The incorporation of air cells during mixing generates a wet foam that is converted by baking into a solid foam (cake). The quality of cakes depends on the balanced formulae, aeration of cake batters, stability of fluid batters in the early stage of baking and thermal-setting stage. Starch represents the main ingredient acting in two ways: during batter mixing, starch with the other components of flour hinders fat coalescence by increasing the viscosity of the aqueous phase, while during baking starch is responsible for the transformation of an aqueous, fluid batter into a solid, porous cake structure. Therefore, the measurement of the apparent viscosity of the batter after mixing all the ingredients by the RVA can be an interesting indicator related to the quality of the final product. Apparent viscosity has been correlated with some quality attributes of cakes, such as volume and texture (Edoura-Gaena, et al., 2007, Turabi, et al., 2008).
One of the most crucial parameters in flour for cake making is the temperature of starch gelatinization, which has a strong influence on the expansion of air bubbles during the baking stage before the cake sets. In many cases, starch gelatinization is related to the PT assessed by the standard RVA method (mixing 3 g of flour into 25 mL of water). Kweon, et al. (2010) observed a better correlation between the pasting properties of flour dispersed in 50% sucrose solution with the final product than dispersed only in water. Therefore, it is important to note that, depending on the ingredients, the process and especially the desired indicators for the quality of the final product, optimizing the conditions of the RVA analysis could be an easy and effective way to improve the relevance of the data.
Starch and flour are among the most widely used ingredients in the food industry. Besides being the key ingredients in bread and other bakery products, they are used as thickening agents in numerous dishes. These thickening properties are based on the capacity of starch granules to absorb water and swell. These events constitute the basis for the use of starch and flour in the preparation of fillings, sauces, creams and dairy desserts, and other products. However, occasionally the properties of native flours/starches are not suitable for their use in certain products and they must be modified or supplemented with other ingredients or additives, such as hydrocolloids, sugars and polyols, proteins or lipids.
The assessment of the viscosity over heating-cooling cycles by the RVA provided valuable information on the interactions between starch and hydrocolloids (Martínez, Macias, et al., 2015), sugar and polyols (Martínez, Pico, et al., 2015a) and fatty acids (Blazek, et al., 2011). The knowledge of these interactions could be the basis for optimizing food industrial processes and achieving final products with desired properties.
1. Left section. This is the cold viscosity. Swelling starch granules or products of high shear systems display elevated viscosities.
2. Middle section (transition products). The transition from the cold viscosity section to the middle section reflects raw features or less-cooked characteristics in a product.
3. Final viscosity (setback). This is the gel set of the cooked RVA sample and is the recombination of the starch in the sample.
These results could provide valuable viscosity indicators with a view to optimizing the extrusion process as well as the extrusion conditions as a function of the final utility of these flours. In fact, Martínez, Calviño, et al. (2014) and Martínez, Rosell, et al. (2014) characterized the cooking degree of wheat- and rice-extruded flours respectively. In addition, the quality or the cooking degree of final extruded products, such as textured vegetable proteins, ready-to-eat breakfast cereals and direct expanded and third generation snacks, could also be assessed by measuring the PP of their milled counterpart (Whalen, 2007). Therefore, the RVA could serve as a useful tool to characterize extruded products and their degree of cook.
Figure 1: Wheat flours subjected to different extrusion conditions. Discontinuous black line depicts fully gelatinized wheat flour (the most severe extrusion conditions). Temperature profile (discontinuous points).
Hydrocolloids are water soluble macromolecules of high molecular weight which, by binding a large quantity of water, modify the rheology of aqueous systems to which they are added. Their functionality depends on their molecular weight, monosaccharide distribution, degree of acetylation, substitution or esterification, and process conditions among others. Hydrocolloids such as agar have strong gelling properties, great water holding capacity and their gels are thermo-reversible. Two key quality parameters of agar are the gelling and melting temperatures, usually analyzed by traditional time-consuming methods (Freile-Pelegrín & Robledo, 1997). However, the proper selection of the RVA setting parameters, such as heating and cooling rate, could serve as a tool to analyze the gelling and melting temperature by assessing changes in the viscosity profile (Figure 2).
Figure 2: RVA heating-cooling cycle displaying the gelling and melting temperatures of agar.
Many food products are subjected to multi-step processes whose control will be crucial not only for improving the quality of the final product, but also for optimizing process efficiency by increasing yield or diminishing costs. Simulation of these processes on a small scale can be a great way of testing without wasting large amounts of raw materials or energy. In this way, Trivedi, et al. (2008) used the RVA to manufacture rennet-casein-based processed cheese spreads studying the effect of different starches. The RVA was also used to cook pudding mix and to monitor the viscosity by assessing its pasting properties in the step process (Alamri, et al., 2014). In addition, Krasaekoopt, et al. (2004) measured the viscosity of yogurt during fermentation at 45°C and observed clearly the onset of gelation. Therefore, the RVA could be interesting both as a tool to simulate and monitor step processes at a small scale where variables such as mixing rate and the temperature profiles would be well controlled all through the step.
The enzymatic hydrolysis of starch is one of the most important enzymatic reactions. Liquefaction is a key step in the starch hydrolysis process used to produce syrups, including those used in the industrial production of microbial fermentation products such as alcohol, organic acids, amino acids and antibiotics. Liquefaction is commonly achieved through the dispersion of insoluble starch granules in an aqueous solution, followed by partial hydrolysis at a relatively high temperature using thermostable α-amylases, which are endoglucanases that catalyze the hydrolysis of internal a-1,4-glycosidic linkages in starch. These reactions must be controlled and with that purpose several methods have been used. The degree of liquefaction is usually monitored by measuring the amount of reducing sugars of the starch hydrolysate and expressed as dextrose equivalent (DE), which is defined as the total reducing sugars expressed as dextrose and calculated as a percentage of the dry substance. However DE determination requires the use of chemical reagents and can be time consuming, thus alternative ways of process monitoring could be very useful.
Morphological and structural changes in starch granules during liquefaction give rise to variations in the viscosity of starch slurries as the reaction progresses. Changes in the viscosity as a function of time is an important indicator to monitor the enzymatic reactions (Li, et al., 2015). Besides assessing the viscosity, the RVA can also be used as a container in which enzymatic reactions can be carried out under controlled conditions of temperature and shear. In addition, the measurement of the pasting properties of flours modified by enzymatic amylolysis can provide useful indicators of not only flour functionality but also the degree of starch amylolysis (Martínez, Pico, et al., 2015b).
The RVA has been widely used and is well known for assessing the pasting properties of flour or starch. It is important to highlight its versatility taking into account that the measure of the viscosity in heating-cooling cycles can provide many useful indicators for quality assessment of final products and raw materials. In addition, its features make it suitable for simulating step processes at a small scale under controlled conditions, as well as monitoring changes in the viscosity as the manufacturing process progresses. Therefore, the RVA can serve as a versatile tool for elucidating multiple quality indicators which could help to optimize many different food processes.
Alamri, M. S., Mohamed, A. A., & Hussain, S. (2014). High-fiber date pits pudding formulation, processing, and textural properties. European Foods Research and Technology, 239:(755-763).
Blazek, J., Gilbert, E. P., & Copeland, L. (2011). Effects of monoglycerides on pasting properties of wheat starch after repeated heating and cooling. Journal of Cereal Science, 54(1):(151-159).
de la Hera, E., Martinez, M., Oliete, B., & Gómez, M. (2013). Influence of flour particle size on quality of gluten-free rice cakes. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 6:(2280-2288).
Edoura-Gaena, R.-B., Allais, I., Trystram, G., & Gros, J.-B. (2007). Influence of aeration conditions on physical and sensory properties of aerated cake batter and biscuits. Journal of Food Engineering, 79(3):(1020-1032).
Freile-Pelegrín, Y., & Robledo, D. (1997). Influence of alkali treatment on agar from Gracilaria cornea from Yucatán, México. Journal of Applied Phycology, 9(6):(533-539).
Juliano, B. O. (1992). Structure chemistry and function of the rice grain and its fraction. Cereal Foods World, 37:(772-774).
Kahraman, K., & Köksel, H. (2013). Formation of resistant starch from amylotype corn starch and determination of the functional properties. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods, 5(4):(295-302).
Krasaekoopt, W., Bhandari, B., & Deeth, H. (2004). Comparison of Texture of Yogurt Made from Conventionally Treated Milk and UHT Milk Fortified with Low-heat Skim Milk Powder. Journal of Food Science, 69(6):(E276-E280).
Kweon, M., Slade, L., Levine, H., & Souza, E. (2010). Application of RVA and Time-Lapse Photography to Explore Effects of Extent of Chlorination, Milling Extraction Rate, and Particle-Size Reduction of Flour on Cake-Baking Functionality. Cereal Chemistry, 87(5):(409-414).
Li, Z., Liu, W., Gu, Z., Li, C., & Hong, Y. (2015). The effect of starch concentration on the gelatinization and liquefaction of corn starch. Food Hydrocolloids, 48:(189-196).
Martínez, M. M., Calviño, A., Rosell, C. M., & Gómez, M. (2014). Effect of Different Extrusion Treatments and Particle Size Distribution on the Physicochemical Properties of Rice Flour. Food Bioprocess technology, 7(9):(2657-2665).
Martínez, M. M., Macias, A. K., Belorio, M. L., & Gómez, M. (2015). Influence of marine hydrocolloids on extruded and native wheat flour pastes and gels. Food Hydrocolloids, 43:(172-179).
Martínez, M. M., Pico, J., & Gómez, M. (2015a). Effect of different polyols on wheat and maize starches paste and gel properties. Food Hydrocolloids, 44:(81-85).
Martínez, M. M., Pico, J., & Gómez, M. (2015b). Physicochemical modification of native and extruded wheat flours by enzymatic amylolysis. Food Chemistry, 167(1):(447-453).
Martínez, M. M., Rosell, C. M., & Gómez, M. (2014). Modification of wheat flour functionality and digestibility through different extrusion conditions. Journal of Food Engineering, 143(1):(74-79).
Trivedi, D., Bennett, R. J., Hemar, Y., Reid, D. C. W., Lee, S. K., & Illingworth, D. (2008). Effect of different starches on rheological and microstructural properties of (I) model processed cheese. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 43:(2191-2196).
Turabi, E., Sumnu, G., & Sahin, S. (2008). Rheological properties and quality of rice cakes formulated with different gums and an emulsifier blend. Food Hydrocolloids, 22(2):(305-312).
Whalen, P. J. (2007). Extruded Products and Degree of Cook. In G. B. Crosbie and A. S. Ross (Eds.), The RVA Handbook): AACC International Press. | 2019-04-25T02:06:32Z | https://perten.com/Publications/Articles/Applications-of-the-Rapid-Visco-Analyser-RVA-in-the-Food-Industry-a-broader-view/ |
I wanted to take a moment to thank everyone for reading my blog post on Tuesday. The response and outpouring of support was amazing! I have received messages from family, old friends, new friends and complete strangers. I did not expect that. I am actually not sure what I expected. I kind of just jumped in and wrote. I hoped that people would read it and it would spark a conversation. I hoped, for some, that they would hear me and know that they are not alone. I believe that is exactly what happened.
So today my card is perfect to show my gratitude ... Sending Good Thoughts Your Way. And that is what I want to do! I want to send warm, loving, healthy and happy thoughts to each of you!
My 2014 stamp clubs kicked off the year with this card. Can you believe that I have 5 monthly stamp clubs again this year! I made many new stampin' friends and reconnected with old ones! I feel like we had not stamped together in ages! It was a great month!!
I wanted to focus on some of the fab new products in our recently launched Occasions Catalogue. It was hard to pick just a few to focus on ... I must say that I love it all.
Two huge trends this year are Gold and Geometrics. The gold chevron embellishments and the gold sequence are the perfect finishing touches on this card. The greeting is framed with our new On Film die for the big shot. So retro, right?
Thank-you for visiting today! Hope you have a creative day!
Today, January 28 is Bell Let's Talk day. It is a metal health initiative to raise awareness, end the stigma and raise money for many mental health organisations. Did you know that only 1/3 of people suffering with metal health issues in Canada will seek treatment? Sadly so many people suffer in silence due to the stigma attached with metal health.
Being that this is an issue that has personally effected me, I thought today I would share some personal stories with you. Settle in friends. I have a lot to say.
From the outside looking in, many people suffering from some mental health struggles appear to be happy, successful ... and well, normal. I am one of those people. When I was in high school I was diagnosed with my first bout of depression. Although I was active, well liked, and had good grades my personal emotions did not match the perception of my life. The chemical imbalances in my brain made me sad, tired and worst of all gave me thoughts of suicide. Through the help of my mom and close friends I sought out help. With anti-depressants and this support I came out from the dark cloud in under a year. To say that you simply get prescribed anti-depressants is an understatement. There is a long process of trying different medications and dosages, working through side effects and getting the perfect balance. On a high school cheerleading trip to Orlando for a competition I was even hospitalized. I blacked out and fainted after right after our performance. I had oxygen level and heart rate issues that got me rushed to the hospital in an ambulance. I do not remember all the medical complications but I remember the stress of my secret being exposed. The hardest part about this was that most of my cheer friends did not know I was suffering with depression. They were so concerned about me when I was taken away. I remember coming back to the hotel with the coach and my mom (she traveled with us on this trip) and I had decided to tell them my secret. I remember who was there. What the room looked like. Where I sat. How scared I was. When I told my truth, their support and love was overwhelming. I am not sure what I expected. But they did not judge. They understood.
Years passed. I went to NAIT (a technical collage), started my Architecture career, met my husband, bought our first house, got engaged, got married and took a couple of vacations. Even with some of these events being high stress situations my metal health was ... well, healthy! I was happy and outgoing. I was myself.
When we started to talk about having a family depression was the furthest thing from my mind. After all, it had been years since I suffered. I may have even thought it was a one time thing. When we started to try to have children we quickly conceived. We were so excited! We knew right away because we were tracking the "calendar". We shared our excitement with close friends and immediate family. When I was about 6 weeks pregnant we lost that baby. It was so early and everyone will tell you that it happens to most women and they do not even know. It doesn't make it easier. Thankfully we had each other and lots of support and love from family and friends. Again ... my metal health stayed strong! I thought if I can survive this, I will never be depressed again.
About six months after that we conceived our oldest "J". We were so happy and life was wonderful. When she was about 9 months old we lost my Papa Harry. It was the first experience that I had with the loss of a family member. Papa had lived a long, full life and lost his battle with kidney failure. It was a very sad time for our family but his peace gave us peace. My strength confirmed ... I will never be depressed again. Right?
Well ... you can all guess what happened next. After the birth of my second daughter "S" the big D reared his ugly head. To say that it was simply postpartum depression may not be entirely true. Circumstances in my extended family were quickly becoming more than I could handle with a 21 month old and a baby. Sigh. This is probably one of the ugliest times of my life. Depression weighed heavy on me. My outward spirit was reflecting my internal emotions. I shut down. I wanted to be alone. I wanted to sleep. Suicide was not a thought this time around, thankfully with two little babies. I did fantasise about hurting myself though. Or wishing that something terrible would happen to me. I think I thought I wanted to be alone, but I was actually feeling lonely. I wanted to be loved and worried about. Not that I wasn't, don't get me wrong. That was just my metal state at that time.
Again I started antidepressants. It had been so long so we had to experiment with treatment again. Again I had a reaction to one dosage that left me nauseous, and on the verge of blacking out. I literally could not move. My husband knew of my depression but I was keeping it a secret from the rest of the world. When this episode happened my husband was at work. I had to get my two year old to get me the phone. I called my mom and mother-in-law. They rushed over. Arturo came home from work. I had to share my truth ... again.
The antidepressants helped. They relieved my negative thoughts about getting hurt. They calmed me so I did not yell at my children. They granted me more patience. My overall emotion went from extreme sadness to numb. Things with my extended family went from bad to worse. I was not coping. At this point the doctor recommended a psychiatrist.
My father is an alcoholic. My entire life he has been. It is nothing new. Just something that is not discussed. By the time "S" was born I struggled with his roll in my life. I did not want my children to know this side of him. During her first year his drinking intensified and became more of an issue ... or maybe it was just that the secret was getting harder to hind. It was difficult for us to attend family functions. We just simply did not want to be a part of the show. My anxiety on these days was very high. The anticipation of the circus that we were walking into made me moody, on edge, and not very pleasant. When "S" was about 10 months old my mom left my dad. Within a week he was threatening suicide. We staged an intervention. He promised sobriety and change. My mom moved home we watched him go through withdrawal. Lets just say that the frequency of my therapy sessions increased! I sought help from local organisations for families of addicts. I worked extra hard to have a strong mental health. Therapy taught me coping strategies and helped me talk through my depression and anxiety. One of my decisions was to lay a ground rule with my father. He had once chance for change.
Over the next six months things slowly went back to the way they have always been ... and not for the better. It blew up on Christmas day when "S" was just over a year and "J" was 3. He showed up drunk to Christmas dinner and I did not want him near my children. We exchanged words. He drove home drunk. I pulled it together and we carried on with Christmas. Sounds too simple right? It was, in this moment, that I realized my metal health had regained its strength. I was armed with strategies to cope and move on. And that is what I did. For the sake of my husband and my children. The very next day my mom left him for good.
By the end of January I finishing up with therapy and weaning off of my medication. The drama with my father did not end on December 26 ... not by a long shot. But my journey with depression and anxiety was over. I could write a novel about my father. Rolling his truck on the highway driving drunk, the divorce, his DUI and the weekend in the drunk tank, loosing his career, his hospital visits, loosing his home ... I could go on. This all has happened since that Christmas 4 years ago. But I have remained strong. I have not spoken to him since that day and will not. Like I said ... I made a rule. For the sake of my metal health and my family.
During all that time we also welcomed a little boy, "A". He is now three! When I was pregnant I was so worried I would slip back into depression. I had just "graduated" from my last bought of depression. I did not want to go back to that place. When he was born there were days I would lay in bed at night and do a check list ... how am I feeling, what am I thinking, am I okay? And I would listen for a voice that I thought would tell me I was depressed. No voice came. I would sigh relief and realise I was okay.
This fall that voice came back to tell me that I needed help. It was not the depression that I knew so well. This time it was different. I was not sad or tired. I was mad. Just plane grumpy. At everything and everyone. I started to withdraw. I felt that if I was around people I could not control my mouth. My negative thoughts and attitude were bound to come out. Even worse, my poor family. I was a screaming, raving lunatic. Well not really, but you get the picture. I yelled all the time. My fuse was short and my patience were wore. I went back on antidepressants to calm my anxiety. Thankfully the dosage from a few years before worked wonderfully and I did not have any complications. Quickly I returned back to myself. I am still on the medication and plan to be for a while yet. Things are hectic with three little kids and both of us running small businesses.
Most importantly we are parenting a child with mental health issues and I want to lead my example. Our oldest daughter is in grade 2. In Kindergarten we started to notice differences between her and her piers. We have faced a great deal of struggles with her. This fall she attended the Glenrose Hospital School program for assessment and diagnosis. The outcome ... generalised anxiety disorder, ADHD and sensory processing disorder. She is in the process of trying medications and finding the perfect match. We have yet to accomplish that.
This may be my motivation to share my own truth. So that people can be more compassionate of others. So that my daughter can grow up and not be judged.
Our metal health is so fragile. People that are seeking help are doing everything they can to improve their lives. They may not behave the way you want them to. But they are trying and it can be a very difficult process. Those that are not seeking help are suffering in silence. Your patience means even more to them. We all need to treat each other with love and kindness. We do not know what is happening in their homes and in their private thoughts. A little love can go a long way.
If you are in Canada, today you can tweet #bellletstalk and $0.05 will be donated to metal health organisations. If you are a Bell or Bell Aliant client, $0.05 will be donated for every call you make and every text message you send today.
Most importantly though .... talk. Just talk.
Thanks for reading today friends.
Stampin' Up!'s biggest promotion of the year!!!
Join ~ Get an extra $35 free with your starter kit!
So what are my favorite Stampin' Up! Sale-a-bration products for 2014??
KITS! Over the last year I have become a huge fan of Stampin' Up! kits. They have been making appearances in many Stampin' Up! publications. They are perfectly packaged with all the goodies you need to make beautiful professionally designed projects ... complete with instructions! I say professionally designed because the pro's at Stampin' Up! designed these just for us! If you lack the kick start, creativity or time ... these kits make crafting simple.
This week I used the below kit to decorate a mini album cover for my downline meeting on Tuesday night. My team is going to love this project. I will share this project later this week.
My other loves .. Take a peek!
There are 13 products in our 2014 Sale-a-bration brochure. All are only available as a free gift from Stampin' Up! with a $60 product purchase. Want to see the products in person and play with a few? Join me for my open house on February 3, 2014 at 7:00pm. This event is free and I would love to have you join us! Contact me to register.
Thanks for reading! Have a creative day!
For a few months I have been involved in a secret sister swap. I have read on Facebook many stampers participate in these. I had never given them a thought until my downline group proposed doing one together.
The idea is that you draw a secret sisters name at the beginning of the cycle. We are going for a six month run, I believe. Each month you send a card to that sister anonymously. It really is a small commitment ... one card. Just one card!!! At the end you will reveal yourself to your sister.
My cards have been great! It is so exciting to tear open that card that comes in the mail. This month my secret sister blew it out of the water. I wish I could give her credit for this card ... but I have no idea who it is!!!
It made my day bright and cheery! Do you love it? Do you love this song? Loath it?
Have you thought about doing a secret sister swap? I could arrange one for my Stampin' Dolce fans!!!
Have a creative day! And remember .... what did the fox say?!
Greeting was printed on a computer. Stamps were not used.
My Stampin' journey ... 7 years and counting!
Next week marks my 7th Anniversary with Stampin' Up! To celebrate Stampin' Up! Canada sent me a congratulatory card! It was so nice to receive it in the mail and be recognised!
I remember the day I purchased the Starter Kit and said YES! to the Stampin' Up! experience. I was on maternity leave with our first daughter. She was born in October 2006 and it was January 2007. I was tired of being home with her allllllll day. Often referring to each day as groundhogs day. The same thing day in and day out. I just wanted a little bit of socialisation.
... the start of my Stampin' career!
The other large contributing factor was that maternity leave left me on a fixed income and my husband put me on a tight crafting budget! I had been a loyal Stampin' Up! customer for some time. Our decision was a $25 purchase each month ... WAY below my regular spending habits!
I went o my up-lines Sale-a-bration open house just for a night out. When she explained the extra bonus for becoming a demonstrator during Sale-a-bration, I listened a little bit closer. When she then told me that my first purchase was 30% off (or income), I sat a little closer to the edge of my seat. When she said she was going to draw for free product as a gift for signing up, I jumped at the chance to join.
When I came home I hold my husband it was just for a deal ... I was not going to be a demonstrating demonstrator. Well you all know how that worked out for me!! That week I joined a new moms group. When we did introductions and said a little bit about ourselves I learnt that almost everyone in the group liked scrapbooking, crafting or making cards. A total ah-ha moment! Between that moment and the next meeting the following week, I gathered some project samples and made flyers for an open house. I invited all of my new mom friends, family and dropped invites in all of my neighbors mail boxes.
My open house was a huge success! I made enough to pay for my starter kit! (and back then the kit was way more money!!). I also had enough interest to start my first Stampin' monthly club! So much for not being a demonstrating demonstrator, right?
Over the first few years I did one or two clubs, a few classes and the odd party. I am not sure if I made any money. I was in it for the fun and to make time for myself to work on projects I loved. When we welcomed our third child in 2010 my Stampin' business was growing and growing. That year I achieved my first incentive trip to Disney World! It was so exciting for us!
By the fall of 2011 my husband and I had decided that my place was best at home with the kids. I did not return to my career as an Architectural Project Manager. I increased my events and put more effort into my Stampin' business.
Now here we are, in 2014! Stampin' is a huge part of my life! My daughter wants to be a Stampin' Upper when she grows up. I have a groove with my business and have found a great balance. I love being the Mom that gets to drive the kids to and from school and be here in the afternoons for snacks and snuggles.
working on a blog post with my littlest babe by my side!
with my second & third born!
My oldest babe ... less pictures of this princess.
She does not like getting her picture taken!
I am one of the lucky ones that gets to do what they love! Thanks for reading about my Stampin' Story! It was a fun walk down memory lane for me!
Want to learn more about being a demonstrator? CLICK HERE!
Leadership 2014 - Managers' Reception adventure!
I got home to Edmonton on Sunday night. I was so excited to get hugs and kisses from my family. I missed them so much over the short five days I spent in Houston at Stampin' Up!'s 2014 Leadership Conference.
I took Monday to be a Mom and spend lots of time snuggling my babes. Tuesday I was right back at work with an event Tuesday night. It has been a month since my last event and I was so happy to get back to Stampin'! I met some great new Stampin' friends this week as my Stamp Clubs started up. It reminds me how much I love to share Stampin' Up!. I still have two spots open in my Wednesday Stamp Club if you are looking for a night out once a month to create cards or scrapbook layouts.
Last night after Zumba I sorted through all my photos from Houston. We had so much fun! I loaded some to my Facebook Business Page. I blogged through out the event but missed sharing the Managers' Reception. That was a late night and I was simply just too tired! If you want to check out my other three blog posts just keep reading below in the feed.
Managers' Reception is an evening of eats, treats, excitement and the royal treatment! Based on my sales and team leadership I earned my way into this event. I am happy to say that I have attended Managers' Reception for four years now! Each year it just gets better and better. Stampin' Up! spoils us and the attention to details are amazing.
This year we loaded on buses to Houston's Downtown Aquarium. The venue was closed down for our private event. We walked off the buses to Stampin' Up! staff cheering and congratulating us. At the entrance to the Aquarium they had dancers on stilts greeting us.
Walking through the doors wait staff offered us "themed" appetizers and beverages (yes that means sea food!). We went to watch the white tigers get fed. They were behind a wall of glass but I could not help the thought that I wanted to hug them. They sure looked cute and snugly!
The event was unscheduled and we were free to wander the venue and take it in. My roomie Kelly is a ride girl. You may remember me telling stories of last years Managers' Reception in Harry Potter world when she got me on two rides! (I am so not a ride girl). I like to be in control (if you know me, that does not surprise you). We did the farris wheel ... that I can handle because I know what to expect. It was so beautiful to see downtown Houston.
We stumbled across more beverages and tent with sliders and dessert! Yum! You could choose a beef, chicken or lobster slider ... plus all the fixin's. My favorite food is a cheeseburger so I was in heaven!
A ride on the carousal had me sitting next to Shelli Gardner and her husband Sterling! I made it into the Stampin' Up! highlight video here! Check it out!
After watching Kelly ride the "drop ride thing" a few times I had a moment of bravery ... and got on myself. Not gonna lie. I was a wee bit scared getting strapped in. We started to climb and I realised I am not afraid of heights. It was a beautiful view! The dropping was nothing. I had so much fun! In fact, when the ride ended I would not take my seat belt off and I rode three times back to back!
My bravery did not stop there. Next we wandered into the Sting Ray pool. They offered us a tray of bait to feed them. I felt like it was a once in a lifetime experience and I did not want to miss it. I had to take a few deep breaths just to touch the bait. I was sweating and my adrenaline was pumping. Don't laugh at me!!
To finish the experience we were allowed to pet them. And I did! It was exciting to do something out of my comfort zone. My cheeks hurt from laughing and screaming at the sting rays. It was an event highlight.
The train at the Aquarium tours the property and then parks under the shark tank. There is a 5" thick glass arch above you and you can see all the sharks swimming. They taught us about the sharks. It was so cool!
Late in the night we found a restaurant upstairs with piles food. Kelly was happy to find the oyster bar! I was happy to find the dessert table! Karolina enjoyed the mashed potato bar. They had white and sweet potatoes and everything you could imagine to add to them (even somethings that you could not imagine!). On a hot skillet they added your toppings and mixed them. Like Marble Slab but for potatoes!
Stampin' Up! had divers in the tanks holding Stampin' Up! signs for a perfect photo op!
As the park closed and we left for the night, Stampin' Up! gave us a stamp set and a t-shirt to remember our exciting adventure!
It was a night to remember and I am so grateful to work for a company that appreciates us and celebrates us. Thank-you Stampin' Up!
Hope you enjoyed the details .. There are a lot more photographs on my Facebook business page. You should hop over there and check them out!
Have a creative day friends!
It's a wrap. Today we finished our 2014 Stampin' Up! Leadership conference. What an amazing experience we have had in Houston over the last three days. I have more photos to share and will get another blog post up when I'm home in Edmonton.
This morning was a late start with general session at 10:30am. What a refreshing schedule change! During this session we watched Stampin' Up staff play a Stampin' game show! It was so funny and down right Stampin' nerdy! I loved it! An all attendee give away gave us a free sneak peek stamp set from the new catalogue that will be released in June!
After lunch we had a closing session that did not disappoint!! It started with Pam Morgan telling us that Convention will be in Salt Lake on July 17-19, 2014! It will be called "Inspire. Create. Share." The city of Salt Lake is always so excited to host us that they sent us salt water taffy!
A major announcement followed. Are you sitting down!?!?!?! Anyone who signs up to join my team from July 1, 2013 until registration closes for convention in July of 2014 will get their conference registration FREE!! Yes, free!! It is so fun and inspiring to attend this event! You just have to come with me!
Last, Shelli Gardner stamped on stage and shared some great projects and techniques. The final treat was another all attendee give away! I have so many stamp sets to bring home!!!!
To wrap up the day we went with great friends for dinner. We sat for hours eating, talking, laughing and celebrating. It's always hard to say good-bye to everyone. But we know we will be together again in July!
I can say this was my favorite trip so far! We have cried, laughed until we cried, stamped, shared and relaxed! It was perfect. Thank-you to Stampin' Up! for loving us so much and spoiling us. We are so lucky to have each other and to work for a company like this. Kelly Olson (my roomie and Stampin' bestie) said it best tonight ... "I wish the real world was like Stampin' Up!".
I am so excited to travel home tomorrow to hug my husband and my kids. I facetimed them tonight and my heart ached to kiss them all. I always get home sick on the last day!!
Goodnight Houston!! Have a creative day friends!! | 2019-04-25T23:54:44Z | http://www.stampindolce.com/2014/01/ |
Steel Toe Boots are essential for people working in any industry in which there is a need to lift or move around heavy equipment. To ensure the safety of the employees, many companies have made it mandatory for their workers that the wear safety boots when in the workplace. As per https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development/services/health-safety/reports/feet.html, the feet have to be taken proper care of any injury whether minute or fatal can cause a lasting impact on the work life of an employee. Here is a comparison between the composite toe and steel toe shoes, both of which are essential safety shoes in a work environment.
· Composite Toe shoes are lighter in weight when compared to that of a steel toe shoe that is of a similar size. As the name indicates, the steel toe shoes use steel as a protective layer over the toe, and this is the reason why they are more substantial than the former.
· Steel toe shoes like New Balance Mens are much stronger due to the presence of steel. Composite toe shoes look more like a bulb in the front because of the additional layers of protective material that are used to compensate for the absence of any durable material like steel.
· Due to the point mentioned above, the composite toe shoes look more significant than that of steel toe shoes.
· Steel toe shoes come in a variety of designs and patterns whereas this is restricted in the case of composite toe shoes due to the bulbous nature of it. More the layers of material that go into the composite toe shoes, safer it can be for the wearer, but the design aspect has to be compromised.
· Composite toe shoes have been proven to be safe for a workplace where there is a need for the workers to move around or lift heavy objects. But, it has been observed that these types of shoes become a little more flexible after any first instance of falling of heavy object. This simply means that composite toe shoes lose their purpose with regular use. Hence these are not as effective as steel toe shoes when it comes to the safety aspect.
· There is a wide belief that composite toe boots are most suited for environments in which there are electrical hazards, but this is not true. In reality, both Steel Toe Boots and composite toe boots have the same benefits when it comes to a work environment that has electrical hazards.
· Keen Utility Mens steel toe shoes are a lot thinner than composite toe shoes due to the small layer of steel that is being used inside it for protecting the toe.
Both these type of shoes have been tested as per the standards that are set for safety shoes. If you are working in an environment in which you have to deal with a lot of heavy equipment where there is a possibility of frequent slips and falls in your feet, steel toe shoes will be ideal for you.
Trees add to the aesthetics as well as elegance to your home. However, if not maintained properly it looks ugly and apart from that the trees can die due to poor maintenance. When the trees are not looked after well, they can cause damage to your property as well. Perth Arbor services recommend that trees should be trimmed or pruned at least once a year primarily if it is situated close to pavements, power poles or neighboring properties. It is tough for a house owner to know when to trim a tree and also the need for pruning. To create awareness in owners, many initiatives like https://www.vogue.com/article/snl-president-donald-trump-christmas-open is organized. Aside from augmenting the appearance of your property, there are many other benefits of trimming a tree. Listed below are a few of them.
Great for the health of the tree: If you are keen on retaining the tree for a long time then pruning or trimming can enhance the life of a tree. By removing the dead or diseased with insects branches before it spreads to the entire tree you are giving the tree a fresh lease on life. Moreover, trimming it provides the tree with a better appearance as you remove the unwanted and overhanging branches, so the other parts of the tree thrive. Eliminating unwanted or infected branches also increases the production of flowers, fruits, and leaves.
Property protection: When the trees have overhanging branches or limbs, and they are weak, they can fall into your home and damage your property. In case of a strong wind or heavy rain, the chances of it landing on the roof and breaking the shingles and damage the roof. If they are left to grow, they may develop over the power lines and is a significant risk to your property as well as the lines. In some states, t is the homeowner’s responsibility to trim trees that are growing out of a private property. The chances of a tree branch breaking and crashing into the windows of your home or car is also great.
Injury to people: It is important to regularly trim trees as it can potentially cause injury to your family in case the tree branch falls on someone in your family. There are also chances of infested limbs falling if bumped into accidentally. Trimming trees regularly, you will be able to reduce the dead weight of a tree, and hence the chances of falling due to heavy wind or snow are less. Moreover, if the tree limb is over a pavement, there is a risk of it falling on pedestrians and cause a lot of complications to you.
Better for the landscape of your property: Trees can tend to hog all the sunlight and water and not allow other plants in their vicinity to grow. Also, trees with large limbs can block sunlight and hence the other plants have stunted growth. Trimming trees will provide better sunshine and air and also improves the overall health of the tree.
By regularly inspecting your landscape you will be able to figure out of the trees you have need trimming.
People have started to grow their own food as they love to eat healthy vegetables and fruits which are free from harmful chemicals and pesticides. People who do not have sufficient space in their backyard can think of alternative ways to grow plants in their house. Tower gardening is an excellent way to grow your food when space is the major constraint. It is a functional garden where you can grow organic vegetables and fruits in a small space. You can learn about the reviews of a garden tower on various online resources. Click on the link lacrossetribune.com/couleecourier/news/local/rotary-club-donation-helping-grow-tower-of-food-in-onalaska/article_7af0e24c-32b4-5c11-a561-6af17cf8c2c0.html to know about vertical planting tower.
The article below introduces the basics of tower gardening and its potential benefits.
It is nothing but a vertical garden which makes use of a tower to grow plants. You can grow plants without soil and just with the help of air and water. You can place this vertical tower on a roof, balcony, terrace or patio. People who have a small garden space in their backyard can also make use of tower garden and save space. It looks attractive and makes your garden space beautiful. It is ideal for people who are interested in organic farming.
There are various benefits of choosing a tower garden to grow your food. One of the primary advantages is space. It is feasible to grow vegetables of your own in a small area. As there is no need of soil for the growth of the plants, there are fewer chances of pests attacking your garden. You may not burden with the job of removing weeds from your garden as there is no soil present in the tower garden. Traditional gardening demands that you bend your entire body for watering or maintaining the garden bed. But as the tower gardens are vertical you need no bend or work hard to take care of the garden. Thus people who suffer from back pain or knee problems can opt for tower garden in their use. Another significant benefit of growing a tower garden is that it is cost-effective. Just an initial investment will do. You need not spend more on maintenance. Also, you can see that plants that grow in tower garden mature soon than the plants that grow on soil. So you can enjoy the fruits of your labor soon.
Tower garden is made up of a plastic vertical column which contains hydroponic net plots throughout. A pump is installed internally to pump water inside the tower so that the roots get sufficient amount of water. The tower also contains a reservoir containing liquid fertilizer which offers essential nutrients for the plants. Ensure that proper sunlight is offered to the tower garden. Installing a tower garden take only a few hours. Transplant the matured seedling in the tower and carry out your regular garden maintenance.
The cost of a tower to grow your own food starts from $500. It may sound expensive, but it is worth the money as you can grow twenty different plants in a single tower. There are tower garden family packages available by which you can save a lot of money.
The above are the basic things that you should be aware of before establishing a tower garden in your house.
You would have a dream of building your own house. But it is not an easy job. It involves planning and hard work of several people. You need to hire a builder who can help you transform your dreams into reality. Choosing a builder is crucial as he would be in a relationship with you for several months. You need to hire a builder who can understand your needs and interacts with you without any hesitation. Aveling Homes range of house and land packages can help you to hire a perfect builder for your project. You can find the right professionals for building your house by visiting the site www.houzz.com.
Hiring a builder is not an easy task.
You need to look out for various factors before hiring them as you invest a considerable amount of money for your dream house. You need to perform various home works and research to know about the reputation and the credibility of the builder. The article below talks about the different aspects you need to look for before hiring a builder.
You can inquire among your friends, colleagues and your relatives about some famous builders known to them. They can inform you about the builders with whom they have worked with. You can also seek the help of the local building association of your locality who can provide you with the list of builders in your area. You need to check for the reputation of the builders before you hire them. Check if the builder completes his project without any delay.
You need to perform some research and know about the credibility of the local builders in your locality. This can be done by checking their ratings on various websites. You can also talk with their current clients to know about their quality of work. You need to be aware of the record of the builder before you hire them for your work.
Building a dream house is nothing but transforming your visions and ideas into reality. You need to check if the builder you choose is interactive and who can explain you with the process of the project. He should be ready to listen to your requirements and acknowledge the same. He should interact with the clients in a friendly way so that he can understand their needs. Also inquire if the builder responds to their clients through phone, text or email.
Before you decide on a particular builder, he should prepare the contract documents specifying the services offered by him. You should read them carefully and check for the scope of work and the completion date. Check for any legal issues before you sign the document.
You need to be careful when your builder asks for the huge amount of money as a deposit for the work. You need to consider when the builder specifies a low bid for your work. This may be due to the use of inferior quality materials being used for your work.
The above are the valuable tips which would help you to choose the right builder for building your dream house.
Why You Should Hire An Excavator?
Equipment such as excavators proves really usefull during a construction. These machines are used to move or dig big objects. It helps to keep the land prepared before the construction starts. The excavator has got two parts. Once is the driving base and the other being the boom arm which is used for digging. Excavators are quite expensive, and you can check out for details in company construction sites. Reliable Mechanical & Earthworks bobcat hire Perth has got excavators which are in good condition. The construction company does not buy an excavator for their use, they usually hire them, says www.howstuffworks.com/. There are also mini excavators which people use for normal construction like building house or landscaping. You can hire the excavators because it has got a lot of benefits when it comes to digging, moving, demolishing etc.
An excavator can make the work easy if you want to do small tasks such as garden construction, digging, agricultural preparation etc. Excavators can make these things easier for you. You can go to the local equipment companies and ask about hiring the excavators. You are allowed to select one as per your need. Some companies give free delivery of the equipment, and after the use, they take the machine back. That is a great help for you if you are planning something according to your budget.
These machines are quite expensive, and so is their maintenance. So, people always prefer to rent one rather than buying one. If the use is for a short period, then you can also hire them. The hiring cost will be dependent upon the size, the number of days you want to use the machine, the model of the machines etc. Location is also an important factor that decides the hiring cost. If your working area is quite away from the excavator renting company, you might have to give extra more money as hiring cost. For efficient completion of the task you have taken, you will have to take the help of an excavator. If you go to the renting company, who has got the excavators, you will see that there will be skilled technicians who know how to maintain the excavator. You can ask help from them if you face any issues.
Most companies, who are in the business of renting out these machines, usually gives good training on how the machine is used. This is quite useful for you as you will get to study about the machine and avoid any issues that can happen due to lack of knowledge about the machine. Once you understand the working of the machine, you will be able to handle it efficiently. Sometimes, it may incur issues, and you will have to wait for a technician to come over and rectify it. Getting the understanding of the working process of the equipment can make you efficient enough to handle small issues.
It is good to hire an excavator, if you want, your job to be completed efficiently and on time. If it is a house related work, such as landscaping, mini excavators will be of great help for you.
If you are planning for your home renovation in Perth, Australia, choosing a right Renovation Expert is vital. home renovations perth, like any other place will not only enhance your lifestyle buy also will give you additional value on a resale. There are plenty of renovation ideas; you can checkout home www.home-ideas.in to grab a few and make your home the haven you want it to be. Given below are a few tips that will help you choose the right renovation expert in Perth.
Buying a second home for a living is considered an expensive option in these times as the cost of real estate is beyond reach at times. Besides the cost, it is also a daunting task for the home owners. In this context, it is right to select an affordable option, which is – renovation or extension of your existing home. You can still make your existing abode your dream home by altering, changing and removing a few things that will make your house more spacious and looks good as new. All this without emptying your pockets and savings, paying high mortgages, more importantly, you can enjoy a new home without changing your old location. However, things will happen only when you choose the right expert for a home extension.
It is no doubt that a well-planned home renovation will surely increase the appearance of your loving home. By selecting the right home extension expert, it is possible for you to effectively modernize the look of your existing house. More importantly, the renovation work can be done within your budget and as per your personal taste. Professionals will always be particular while undertaking the renovation project by keeping your planned budget in mind. At the same time, they will not compromise the quality of work and offer you a new-look in the given space.
While choosing a renovation expert for your home renovation project, search for the one who has the right expertise in home extensions. Such a specialist can able to work with you in accordance to your planned budget unlike usual homebuilder who builds only new homes. Remember the fact, doing home renovation or extension needs some special skills as this task is considered to be a bit more difficult than building a home from the scratch.
Besides looking for the expertise, it is your responsibility to hire the right renovator, who has a license from the appropriate authorities. This is a mandatory requirement in order to safeguard your property as well as your investment. Hiring a freelancer without a proper license is risky and expensive and you might end up losing money, time and your dear home.
By hiring the right renovation company or a renovation contractor of repute, you can enjoy peace of mind as they can manage the renovation in a professional manner. Hence, select the right person or company for any type of renovation activity you have planned for your home. Spend your valuable time while selecting a right and professional Renovation Expert who can offer a professional solution for your home extension needs.
Dreaming Of An Instant Garden? Read On!
Every householder in possession of considerable space outside their house has one very colourful dream- To own a beautiful garden that is the envy of the entire neighborhood! Imagine the pride and joy one would feel, as visitors to the home pause a while to take in the breathtaking beauty of the landscape that adorns the front of the home. The “oohs” and “aahs” are simply music to the proud homeowner’s ears! It makes one almost wish for the emergence of Instant Gardens, straight from the earth, without much hardship and hassle. What if you were told that this fantastic dream could actually become a reality?
Say “Hello” To A Spectacular Garden!
According to www.bhg.com, many people today are depending on the services of expert professionals who are adept in all aspects of creating the perfect landscape garden. Indeed, it has become an absolute necessity to hire them, as they take care of all the difficulties that may arise while planning and growing the garden. Imagine growing the wrong plants at the wrong time of the year, or toiling away for days and yet never seeing even a single flower blossom? Sounds pretty dismal, does it not?
However, such problems and more can be bid goodbye forever by hiring skilled landscape designers and consultants. Today, these professionals can be found almost everywhere. One just needs to take a quick look at the local business directory or even the Internet, to find a dozen or more landscapers at the location you desire.
However, this plethora of choices does present a very perplexing dilemma- Just how can we decide on the best landscaper most suited for the project in hand?
Getting help to plan a wonderful garden is a must. However, it must be borne in mind that not all landscape designers and developers are equally proficient in the work that they perform. Some are more adept and have more experience and skill than others. Also, remember that maintaining a garden is not a one-off affair. It requires constant and regular upkeep, often throughout the year, especially if the landscape/garden consists of large and mature trees and bushes that require regular trims. Such activities are labour-intensive, and not all landscape design companies will have the skilled workforce that is necessary for undertaking such work.
Thus, though the task of selecting a landscape company may sound easy, it actually does require considerable thought before making the final decision. Given below are three important tips that could help weed out the worthy landscapers from those that are just a waste of time and money.
Never shy away from asking the company you wish to hire, for references of their previous work. This will give you an idea as to the levels of quality you can expect from these guys.
Examine the contract so as to understand the services that the company promises to perform, as well as the the duration.
Landscaping activities could be wrought with problems. At times, injuries or damages may occur, and you need to be sure that you will not be held liable. | 2019-04-24T05:01:36Z | http://www.enderleingardenroses.com/ |
2008-09-18 Assigned to REBELVOX LLC reassignment REBELVOX LLC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KATIS, THOMAS E., PANTTAJA, JAMES T., PANTTAJA, MARY G., RANNEY, MATTHEW J.
A communication device for gracefully extending the range and/or capacity of voice communication systems. The communication device includes a persistent storage device configured persistently store the voice media either generated when using the communication device or received over the network at the communication device. When the usable bit rate on the network is poor and below that necessary for conducting a live conversation, the communication device transmits voice media from persistent storage and stores received voice media in persistent storage at the available usable bit rate on the network. Although latency may be introduced during the back and forth transmissions of a conversation, the persistent storage of both transmitted and received media of a conversation provides the ability to extend the useful range of wireless networks beyond what is required for live conversations. In addition, the capacity and robustness in not being affected by external interferences for both wired and wireless communications is improved.
This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/089,417 filed Aug. 15, 2008, entitled “Graceful Degradation for Wireless Voice Communication Services,” and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/999,619, filed on Oct. 19, 2007, entitled “Telecommunication and Multimedia Management System and Method.” This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/028,400, filed Feb. 8, 2008, entitled “Telecommunication and Multimedia Management Method and Apparatus.” This application is also a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/192,890, filed Aug. 15, 2008, entitled “Telecommunication and Multimedia Management Method and Apparatus.” All of the foregoing applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes.
This invention relates to voice communication, and more particularly, to the graceful degradation of voice communication services when network conditions prevent live or real-time communication.
Current wireless voice communications, such as mobile phones or radios, support only live communications. For communication to take place with existing wireless communication systems, a wireless network connection with a sufficient usable bit rate to support a live conversation must exist between the two wireless devices in communication with each other. If such a connection does not exist, then no communication can take place.
When a person is engaged in a conversation using their mobile phone, for example, a network connection between the phone and the local radio transceiver (i.e., a cell tower) of sufficient usable bit rate to support a live conversation must exist before any communication can take place. As long the mobile phone is within the range of the radio transceiver, the signal strength or usable bit rate is typically more than adequate for conducting phone conversations.
As the person using the mobile phone travels away from the radio transceiver, or they enter an area of poor coverage, such as in a tunnel or canyon, the usable bit rate or signal strength on the wireless network connection is typically reduced. If the distance becomes so great, or the reception so poor, the usable bit rate may be reduced beyond the range where communication may take place. Beyond this range, the user may no longer be able to continue an ongoing call or make a new call. Similarly, when too many users are conducting calls on the network at the same time, the total aggregate usable bit rate for all the calls may exceed the usable bit rate capacity of the radio transceiver. In such situations, certain calls may be dropped in an effort to preserve the usable bit rate or capacity for other calls. As the number of calls on the network decreases, or usable bit rate conditions on the wireless network improve, dropped users may again rejoin the network and make new calls as capacity on the network improves. In yet another example, in situations where there is severe radio interference, such as electrical or electromagnetic disturbances, intentional jamming of the wireless network, the antenna on a communication device or the radio transmitter is broken or not working properly, or the communication device and/or the radio transceiver have been improperly configured, the usable bit rate on the network connection may be insufficient for users to make calls or conduct live voice communications.
With current wireless voice communication systems, there is no persistent storage of the voice media of conversations. When a person engages in a conversation using either mobile phones or radios, there is no storage of the voice media of the conversations other than possibly what is necessary for transmission and rendering. Without persistent storage, the voice media of a conversation is irretrievably lost after transmission and rendering. There is no way to retrieve that voice media subsequent transmission or review. Consequently, wireless voice communication systems are reliant on network connections. If at any point the usable bit rate on the network is insufficient for a live conversation, regardless of the reason, there can be no communication. Mobile phones and radios are essentially unusable until the usable bit rate on the network improves to the point where live communications can commence again.
Wired communication networks may also have capacity problems when too many users are attempting to use the network at the same time or there are external interferences degrading the performance of the network. In these situations, calls are typically dropped and/or no new calls can be made in order to preserve usable bandwidth for other users. With wired voice communication systems, there is also typically no persistent storage of the voice media of a conversation. As a result, there is no way to transmit voice media from persistent storage at times when the usable bit rate on the wired network connection falls below what is necessary for maintaining a live conversation.
With most voice mail systems used with mobile or land-line phones, a network with sufficient usable bit rate to support a live conversation is needed before the voicemail system can be used. When a person is leaving a voice mail, a live connection is needed before a message can be left. Alternatively, the recipient must have a live connection before the message can be accessed and reviewed. With certain types of more advanced email systems, such as Visual voice mail, a recipient may download a received message and store it on their mobile phone for later review. With Visual voice mail, however, one can review a previously downloaded message when disconnected from the network or network conditions are poor. However, there is no way to generate and transmit messages when network conditions are inadequate to support a live connection. A network connection with a usable bit rate sufficient for maintaining a live conversation is still needed before a message can be generated and transmitted to another person.
A method and communication device for the graceful degradation of wireless and wired voice networks, which extend the range and/or capacity of these networks, is therefore needed.
A communication device for gracefully extending the range and/or capacity of voice communication systems is disclosed. The communication device includes a persistent storage device configured persistently store the voice media either generated when using the communication device or received over the network at the communication device. When the usable bit rate on the network is poor and below that necessary for conducting a live conversation, the communication device transmits voice media from persistent storage and stores received voice media in persistent storage at the available usable bit rate on the network. Although latency may be introduced during the back and forth transmissions of a conversation, the persistent storage of both transmitted and received media of a conversation provides the ability to extend the useful range of wireless networks beyond what is required for live conversations. In addition, the capacity and robustness in not being affected by external interferences for both wired and wireless communications is improved.
FIG. 1A is a diagram illustrating an exemplary wireless communication system of the present invention.
FIG. 1B is a diagram of an exemplary wired communication device of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a diagram of a communication device with persistent storage in accordance with the present invention.
In U.S. application Ser. No. 12/028,400 filed on Feb. 8, 2008, and U.S. application Ser. No. 12/192,890 filed on Aug. 15, 2008, both entitled “Telecommunication and Multimedia Management Method and Apparatus,” an improved voice and other media communication and management system and method is disclosed. The system and method provides one or more of the following features and functions: (i) enabling users to participate in multiple conversation types (MCMS), including live phone calls, conference calls, voice messaging, consecutive (MCMS-C) or simultaneous (MCMS-S) communications; (ii) enabling users to review the messages of conversations in either a live mode or a time-shifted mode (voice messaging); (iii) enabling users to seamlessly transition a conversation between a synchronous “live” near real-time mode and a time shifted mode; (iv) enabling users to participate in conversations without waiting for a connection to be established with another participant or the network. This attribute allows users to begin conversations, participate in conversations, and review previously received time-shifted messages of conversations even when there is no network available, when the network is of poor quality, or other participants are unavailable; (v) enabling the system to save media payload data at the sender and, after network transmission, saving the media payload data at all receivers; (vi) enabling the system to organize messages by threading them sequentially into semantically meaningful conversations in which each message can be identified and tied to a given participant in a given conversation; (vii) enabling users to manage each conversation with a set of user controlled functions, such as reviewing “live”, pausing or time shifting the conversation until it is convenient to review, replaying in a variety of modes (e.g., playing faster, catching up to live, jump to the head of the conversation) and methods for managing conversations (archiving, tagging, searching, and retrieving from archives); (viii) enabling the system to manage and share presence data with all conversation participants, including online status, intentions with respect to reviewing any given message in either the live or time-shifted mode, current attention to messages, rendering methods, and network conditions between the sender and receiver; (iix) enabling users to manage multiple conversations at the same time, where either (a) one conversation is current and all others are paused (MCMS); (b) multiple conversations are rendered consecutively (MCMS-C), such as but not limited to tactical communications; or (c) multiple conversations are active and simultaneously rendered (MCMS-S), such as in a stock exchange or trading floor environment; and (ix) enabling users to store all conversations, and if desired, persistently archive them in a tangible medium, providing an asset that can be organized, indexed, searched, transcribed, translated and/or reviewed as needed. For more details on the Telecommunication and Multimedia Management Method and Apparatus, see the above-mentioned U.S. application Ser. Nos. 12/028,400 and 12/192,890, both incorporated by reference herein for all purposes.
The salient feature of the above-described communication system with regard to the graceful degradation of voice communication services is the persistent storage of the voice media of conversations. As noted above with prior art or legacy voice wired and wireless communication systems, no voice transmissions can take place when the usable bit rate on the network connection is insufficient to support live communications. With the persistent storage, however, voice transmissions may occur from storage. Voice transmissions therefore do not have to occur as the voice media is being generated. Instead, at times when the usable bit rate is insufficient for live transmissions, the voice media may be transmitted from persistent storage as network conditions permit. When transmitting from persistent storage, a certain amount of latency may be introduced during the back and forth transmissions of the conversation. The ability to transmit out of persistent storage, however, effectively extends the usability of the network beyond the range and/or capacity where conventional wireless or wired networks would otherwise fail. As a result, communications can still take place, even when usable bit rate conditions on the network are poor or constrained beyond where previously no communication could take place.
Referring to FIG. 1A, a diagram illustrating an exemplary wireless voice communication system of the present invention is shown. The exemplary communication system 10 includes a communication network 12 and a wireless network 14 for enabling voice communication between a wireless device A within the wireless network 14 and a second communication device B connected to the network 12. A gateway connection 13 connects the communication network 12 and the wireless network 14. The communication network 12 may include one or more hops 16 between the wireless network 14 and the second communication device B. Each hop includes a storage element 18 for the persistent storage of media. The communication device A, which is a wireless device, such as either a mobile phone or a radio, connects through a wireless network connection with the wireless network 14 through a radio transceiver 20. The communication devices A and B each include a storage element 22 for the persistent storage of media respectively.
When a conversation takes place between device A and device B, a network connection is made between the two devices through the communication network 12 and the wireless network 14. All voice media of the conversation, regardless if it was transmitted or received, is persistently stored in the storage elements 22 of devices A and B as well as in the storage element 18 of each hop on the network 12 between the two devices. For more details on the persistent storage of the media at each communication device and on the network, see the above-mentioned U.S. application Ser. Nos. 12/028,400 and 12/192,890, both incorporated by reference herein.
Referring to FIG. 1B, a diagram illustrating another exemplary voice communication system of the present invention is shown. In this embodiment, both devices A and B are connected to communication network 12. In this embodiment, device A is connected to the network 12 through a wired connection 15. When a conversation takes place between device A and device B, a network connection is established between the two devices across network 12. One or more hops 16, each with persistent storage 18, may be required in establishing the network connection between the devices.
It should be noted that the specific network configuration and the communication devices illustrated in FIGS. 1A and 1B are exemplary. In no way, however, should either particular configuration be construed as limiting. In various embodiments, networks 12 and 14 can both be wireless, wired, or any combination thereof. Also, either communication device A or device B can each be either wired or wireless devices. The communication devices A and B can also be two nodes in the same wireless or wired networks or two nodes in different networks. If nodes in different networks, the two networks can communicate directly with one another, or they may communicate through any number gateways or hops in intermediate wired or wireless communication networks. In addition, the capability of each communication device to persistently store voice media of a conversation may vary. For the sake of simplicity, the network connection illustrated in FIGS. 1A and 1B is between just two communication devices. The present invention, however, may be used with voice conversations involving any number of wireless or wired communication devices. In the embodiment illustrated in both FIGS. 1A and 1B, both devices A and B locally and persistently store the media of the conversation. Alternatively, device A may locally and persistently store media, while device B does not. In yet another embodiment, the media for either device A or device B can be persistently stored on a storage device 18 of a hop 16 on the network 12 on behalf either device A or device B respectively. Regardless of the actual configuration, the only requirement for implementing the graceful degradation for device A is at device A and at least one other location, which may be at device B or at any intermediate hop 16 between the two devices.
Referring to FIG. 2, a plot illustrating the graceful degradation of wireless services versus range in according to the present invention is illustrated. The diagram plots available usable bit rate on the network on the vertical axis verses the distance the communication device A is from the radio transceiver 20 on the horizontal axis. When the communication device A is relatively close, the available usable bit rate on the network is high. But as the communication device A travels away from the radio transceiver 20, or enters a region of reduced signal strength such as a tunnel or canyon, the usable bit rate on the network connection is reduced, as represented by the downward slope of the usable bit rate curve on the plot.
As the signal strength decreases, the amount of bit rate loss experienced on the network connection will also typically increase. At a certain point, a bit rate threshold is exceeded. Below this point, the bit rate loss typically becomes too large to maintain a live conversation with conventional wireless networks. In other words, the bit rate defines a minimum bit rate throughput sufficient for maintaining near real-time communication.
In one embodiment, the sending device A ascertains when the usable bit rate on the network connection falls below the bit rate threshold by: (i) receiving one or more reports each including a measured transfer rate at which bits transmitted over the network connection safely arrive at a recipient over a predetermined period of time; (ii) computing the usable bit rate on the network connection based on the received one or more reports; and (iii) comparing the computed usable bit rate with the bit rate threshold. The reports are generated by the recipient and sent to device A over the network connection. The receipt reports may include a notation of missing, corrupted or reduced bit rate representations of voice media as well as other network parameters such jitter.
In one embodiment, the bit rate throughput threshold is set at eighty percent (80%) of the bit rate throughput needed to transmit and decode the full bit rate representation of the voice media at the same rate the voice media was originally encoded. It should be noted that this percentage may vary and should not be construed as limiting. The throughput percentage rate may be higher or lower.
The portion of the usable bit rate curve below the bit rate threshold is defined as the adaptive transmission range. When the usable bit rate on the network is in the adaptive transmission range, device A transmits the media from persistent storage. As a result, the usable bit rate below the threshold becomes usable.
The amount of latency associated with transmission below the throughput threshold will vary, typically depending on the range between the communication device A and the radio transceiver 20. If the communication device A is at a range where the bit rate loss is just below the threshold, the amount of latency may be inconsequential. As signal strength decreases, however, latency will typically become progressively greater. As latency increases, the practicality of conducting a voice conversation in the live or real-time mode decreases. Beyond the point where a live voice conversation is no longer practical, voice communication can still take place, but in a time-shifted mode. A user may generate a voice message, which is persistently stored. As usable bit rate conditions on the network permit, transmissions of the media occur from persistent storage. Alternatively, when receiving messages, the voice media may trickle in over the network, also as usable bit rate conditions permit. When the quality or completeness of the received voice media becomes sufficiently good as transmissions are received, they may be retrieved from persistent storage and reviewed or rendered at the receiving communication device. Communication can therefore still take place when signal strength is poor, due to either device A being a relatively far distance from a transceiver 20 or in a location of poor coverage, such as in a tunnel or canyon.
As illustrated in the plot, the available usable bit rate gets progressively smaller as the range from the radio transceiver 20 increases. Eventually the usable bit rate is reduced to nothing, meaning the communication device A is effectively disconnected from the wireless network 14. The persistent storage of media on the communication device A still allows limited communication capabilities even when disconnected from the network. Messages can be generated and stored on communication device A while disconnected from the network. As the device moves within the adaptive transmission range, the usable bit rate range is used for the transmission of the messages. Alternatively, the user of communication device A may review previously received messages while disconnected from the network and receive new messages as usable bit rate on the network permits.
Referring to FIG. 3, a plot illustrating the graceful degradation of wireless services versus the number of users (i.e., capacity) is shown. As illustrated in the Figure, the available usable bit rate per user increases as the number of users or capacity decreases and vice-versa. As capacity increases, the usable bit rate decreases. Eventually, the bit rate threshold is crossed. Below this threshold, all users of the network are forced to operate in the adaptive transmission range when sending and receiving voice messages. In an alternative embodiment, only certain users may be forced into the adaptive transmission range to preserve the usable bit rate of the system for other users who will continue to operate with a usable bit rate above the throughput threshold. The system may decide which users are provided either full or reduced service based on one or more priority schemes, such different levels of subscription services, those first on the network have higher priority than those that have recently joined the network, or any other mechanism to select certain users over other users.
Referring to FIG. 4, a plot illustrating the graceful degradation of services in the presence of an external interference is shown. In this diagram, as the severity of the external interference increases, usable bit rate decreases and vice versa. In situations where the available usable bit rate falls below the bit rate threshold, the user of communication device A may continue communicating in the adaptive transmission range in the same manner as described above. The use of persistent storage of media and the managing of transmissions to meet available usable bit rate therefore increases system robustness and gracefully extends the effective range and capacity of services in situations where external interference would otherwise prevent communication.
Referring to FIG. 5, a plot illustrating adaptive live optimization for further extending the graceful degradation of wired and wireless services according to another embodiment is shown. In the plot, the usable bit rate curve includes an adaptive optimization threshold and the bit rate threshold. In the above-mentioned U.S. application Ser. Nos. 12/028,400 and 12/192,890, adaptive live optimization techniques for maintaining a conversation in the live or real-time mode when usable bit rate on the network falls below the adaptive optimization threshold are described. These adaptive live optimization techniques have the net effect of pushing the bit rate threshold down the usable bit rate curve. In other words, by applying the adaptive live optimization techniques, the amount of available usable bit rate needed on the network for conducting a live conversation is reduced. This is evident in the FIG. 5, which shows the bit rate threshold pushed further down the usable bit rate curve relative to the plots illustrated in FIGS. 2, 3 and 4.
With adaptive live optimization, media is sent from the sending device (e.g., device A) to the receiving device in successive transmission loops. Within each transmission loop, the sending node ascertains if the instantaneous usable bit rate is sufficient to transmit both time-sensitive and the not time sensitive media available for transmission. If there is sufficient usable bit rate on the network, then both types of media are transmitted. The time sensitive media is sent using first packets with a first packetization interval and a first payload size at a rate sufficient for a full bit rate representation of the media to be reviewed upon receipt by the recipient. The non time-sensitive media on the other hand is transmitted using second packets with a second interval set for network efficiency, where the second packet interval is typically larger than the first packetization interval.
The time-sensitivity of the media is determined by either a declared or inferred intent of a recipient to review the media immediately upon receipt. The full bit rate representation of the media is derived from when the media was originally encoded. Typically this means when a person speaks into their phone or radio, the received analog media is encoded and digitized. This encoded media is referred to herein as the full bit rate representation of the media. The sending node ascertains usable bit rate on the network based on receipt reports from the receiving node. The receipt reports include measured network parameters, such the corrupted or missing packets (i.e., media loss) as well as possibly other parameters, including jitter for example.
If the usable bit rate is inadequate for transmitting both types of available media, then the sending node ascertains if there is enough usable bit rate on the network connection for transmitting just the time-sensitive media. If so, the time-sensitive media is transmitted at the first packetization interval and first payload size and at the rate sufficient for the full bit rate representation to be reviewed upon receipt. The transmission of the not time-sensitive media is deferred until usable bit rate in excess of what is needed for time-sensitive transmissions becomes available.
If the usable bit rate on the network connection is not sufficient for sending just the time-sensitive media, then several techniques to reduce the number of bits used to represent the time-sensitive media is applied. In a first technique, the number of bits included in the first payloads is reduced and the reduced payload sized packets are then transmitted at the first packetization interval. In other words, the number of bits used to represent each unit of time (i.e., time-slice) of voice media is reduced relative to the full bit rate representation of the voice media. The reduction of the bits per payload may be accomplished by adjusting codec settings, using different codecs, applying a compression algorithm, or any combination thereof.
If there still is not sufficient bandwidth, then the packetization interval used to transmit the packets with the reduced bit payloads is progressively increased. By increasing the packetization interval, latency is introduced. Eventually, if the packetization interval is increased too much, then it becomes impractical to maintain the conversation in the live or real-time mode.
Lastly, the adaptive live optimization controls the rate of transmitted and received voice transmissions to meet the usable available bit rate on the network connection. As bit rate becomes available, available voice media is either sent or received at a rate determined by usable bit rate conditions on the network. Consequently, communication can still take place. The adaptive live optimization therefore enables conversations to continue when network conditions would otherwise prevent live communications.
Referring to FIG. 6, a diagram of device A is illustrated. The device A includes an encoder 60 configured to receive analog voice signals from a microphone 62, the persistent storage device 22, a transmitter 66, a receiver 68, a rendering/control device 70 and a speaker 72. During voice communications, the user of device A will periodically generate voice media by speaking into the microphone 62. The encoder 60 encodes or digitizes the voice media, generating a full bit rate representation of the voice media, which is persistently stored in device 22. The transmitter 66 is responsible for (i) receiving receipt reports from a recipient, (ii) calculating the usable bit rate on the network connection, (iii) ascertaining if the usable bit rate exceeds or is below the bit rate threshold sufficient for live communication, and (iv) either (a) transmits the full bit rate representation of the voice media when the threshold is exceeded or (b) generates and transmits only time-sensitive and/or a reduced bit rate version of the voice media, commensurate with the usable bit rate, when the usable bit rate is less than the threshold. Alternatively, the receiver 68 stores the voice media received over the network connection in persistent storage device 64. When the received media is of sufficient completeness, it may be retrieved from persistent storage by rendering/control device 70 and played through speaker 72 for listening or review by the user. The review of media may occur in either a near real-time mode or in a time-shifted mode. When in the time-shifted mode, the media is retrieved from the persistent storage device 22 and rendered. For more details on the operation of device A, see the above-mentioned U.S. application Ser. Nos. 12/028,400 and 12/192,890.
A data quality store (DQS) and manager 74 is coupled between the receiver 68 and the persistent storage device 22. The data quality store and manager 74 is responsible for noting any missing, corrupted or reduced bit rate versions of the voice media received over the network connection in the data quality store. The DQS and manager 74 are also responsible for transmitting requests for retransmission of any voice media (or other types of received media) noted in the data quality store. When the requested media is received after the request for retransmission is satisfied, the notation corresponding to the media is removed from the DQS. This process is repeated until a complete copy of the media is received and persistently stored, wherein the complete copy is a full bit rate representation of the media as originally encoded by the originating device. In this manner, both the sending and receiving communication devices are able to maintain synchronous copies of the voice (and other types) of media of a conversation.
In one embodiment of device A, the transmitter 66 may transmit voice or other media directly from encoder 60 in parallel with the persistent storage in device 22 when the user of the device A is communicating in the real-time mode. Alternatively, the media can first be written in persistent storage 22 and then transmitted from storage. With the latter embodiment, any delay associated with the storage occurs so fast that it is typically imperceptible to users and does not interfere or impede with the real-time communication experience of the user. Similarly, received media can be rendered by device 70 in parallel with persistent storage or serially after persistent storage when in the real-time mode.
The aforementioned description is described in relation to a wired or wireless communication devices. It should be understood that the same techniques and principles of the present invention also apply to the hops between a sending and a receiving pair in either a wireless or wired voice network. In the case of a hop 16, voice media is typically not generated on these devices. Rather these devices receive voice media from another source, such as a phone, radio or another hop on the network, and are responsible for optionally persistently storing the received voice media and forwarding the voice media on to the next hop or the recipient as described above.
It should also be understood that the present invention may be applied to any voice communication system, including mobile or cellular phone networks, police, fire, military taxi, and first responder type communication systems, legacy circuit-based networks, VoIP networks, the Internet, or any combination thereof.
Device A may be one of the following: land-line phone, wireless phone, cellular phone, satellite phone, computer, radio, server, satellite radio, tactical radio or tactical phone The types of media besides voice that may be generated on device A and transmitted may further include video, text, sensor data, position or GPS information, radio signals, or a combination thereof.
The present invention provides a number of advantages. The range of wireless voice networks is effectively extended as communication may continue beyond the throughput threshold. In addition, the present invention may increase the number of effective users or capacity that may use either a wireless or wired voice communication system. Rather than dropping users when system usable bit rate is overwhelmed, the present invention may lower the usable bit rate below the throughput threshold for some or all users until usable bit rate conditions improve. Lastly, the present invention increases the robustness of a both wireless and wired communication system in dealing with external interferences.
a rendering device configured to render the voice media stored in the storage device, the rendering device configured to provide the ability to render the voice media received over the network connection when the voice media received over the network connection is of sufficient completeness that it will be decipherable when rendered.
comparing the computed usable bit rate with the bit rate threshold.
3. The communication device of claim 1, wherein the minimum bit rate throughput sufficient for maintaining near real-time communication is at least 80% of the bit rate throughput needed to transmit and decode the full bit rate representation of the voice media at the same rate the voice media was originally encoded.
transmit the full bit rate representation of the voice media generated using the communication device without introducing latency when the ascertained usable bit rate exceeds the bit rate threshold.
(iii) transmitting the full bit rate representation of the available voice media generated using the communication device during the transmission loop.
6. The communication device of claim 5, wherein the transmitter is further configured to define successive transmission loops and repeat (i) through (iii) for each transmission loop.
7. The communication device of claim 1, wherein the transmitter transmits the voice media generated while using the communication device from storage by varying the amount of latency during the transmission as needed so that the transmission bit rate substantially meets the usable bit rate on the network connection when the ascertained usable bit rate falls below the bit rate threshold.
transmitting only the available time-sensitive voice media if the ascertained usable bit rate is sufficient to transmit only the available time-sensitive voice media.
transmitting the reduced bit rate representation of the available time-sensitive voice media.
10. The communication device of claim 9, wherein the transmitter is further configured to generate the reduced bit rate representation by using fewer bits per unit of time when packetizing the available time-sensitive voice media.
11. The communication device of claim 9, wherein the transmitter is further configured to generate the reduced bit rate representation by using (a) one or more different codec settings, (b) one or more different codecs, (c) a compression algorithm; or (d) any combination of (a) through (c) when packetizing the media for transmission.
12. The communication device of claim 9, wherein the transmitter is further configured to generate the reduced bit rate representation by increasing the packetization interval used to transmit the available time-sensitive voice media.
13. The communication device of claim 9, wherein the transmitter is further configured to generate the reduced bit rate representation by adjusting the transmission rate at which packets containing the available time-sensitive voice media are transmitted.
(iv) any combination of (i) through (iii).
performing the functions provided in claims 8, 9 and 14 as needed for each of the successive transmission loops.
16. The communication device of claim 1, further comprising a data quality store configured to note any missing, corrupted or reduced bit rate versions of the voice media received over the network connection and a data store management element configured to transmit from the communication device over the network connection requests for retransmission of any voice media noted in the data quality store.
17. The communication device of claim 16, wherein the data store management element is further configured to remove the notation from the data quality store as the requests for retransmission are satisfied.
18. The communication device of claim 1, wherein the storage device and the transmitter cooperate to effectively extend the usable range of the network connection when the ascertained usable bit rate falls below the bit rate threshold to just above the point before the usable bit rate on the network connection is substantially reduced to nothing.
transmit the voice media from storage after the delay as the usable bit rate on the network connection increases.
20. The communication device of claim 1, further comprising a conversation management element configured to define a conversation and to ascertain the voice media generated using the communication device and the voice media received over the network connection associated with the conversation.
21. The communication device of claim 1, wherein the storage device is further configured to persistently store the voice media generated using the communication device and the voice media received over the network connection in a time-based format.
22. The communication device of claim 1, further comprising a rendering control element configured to provide the ability to render the voice media stored in the storage device in a time-shifted mode by retrieving the media from the storage device and rendering the retrieved media on the communication device.
23. The communication device of claim 1, further comprising a rendering control element configured to provide the ability to render the voice media received over the network connection as it is received over the network connection in a near real-time mode.
24. The communication device of claim 1, wherein the storage device is further configured to persistently store a full bit rate representation of the voice media received over the network connection at the communication device.
25. The communication device of claim 1, wherein the network connection is a wireless network connection and the transmitter transmits the voice media generated using the communication device from the storage device at the bit rate below the bit rate threshold, thereby effectively extending the usable range and/or capacity of the wireless network connection.
26. The communication device of claim 1, wherein the network connection is a wired network connection and the transmitter transmits the voice media generated using the communication device from storage at the bit rate below the bit rate threshold to effectively extends the usable capacity of the wired network connection.
27. The communication device of claim 1, wherein the communication device comprises one of the following: land-line phone, wireless phone, cellular phone, satellite phone, computer, radio, server, satellite radio, tactical radio or tactical phone.
28. The communication device claim 1, wherein the transmitter is further configured to transmit, in addition to the voice media, one or more of the following types of media: video, text, sensor data, position or GPS information, radio signals, or a combination thereof. | 2019-04-22T07:29:48Z | https://patents.google.com/patent/US20090103477A1/en |
So you’ve developed an excellent idea and also a vision to create a nonprofit organization. Yet where do you start? Here we’ve given your guidebook to obtain a brand-new nonprofit off the ground with sustainability always in mind northwest registered agent new york 900 state street northwest registered agent new york 900 state street.
The procedure of developing and also integrating a nonprofit resembles a firm, with the exception of a few differences. northwest registered agent new york 900 state street A nonprofit could not be created from any of the adhering to entities: Sole Proprietorship, Limited Responsibility Corporation or a Corporation “C” or “S”.
A nonprofit, like a company, is a legal entity separate from the creator( s); it could endure the life of its founder( s) as well as could exist definitely. Unlike a company that is had northwest registered agent new york 900 state street by its shareholders, a nonprofit does not have investors as well as is not possessed by any individual, but is managed by the board of directors. The other distinctive difference between a corporation and also a nonprofit is exactly how the income is taxed. Now, allow’s take you through the process.
Step One: Employee a Board of Supervisors. A board needs to consist of varied depiction from the following: finance, legal, a person who represents or is taken into consideration an expert when it come to your goal, someone who stands for individuals you exist to offer, local business executive( s) – northwest registered agent new york 900 state street particularly from a firm that has the tendency to money organizations like yours, community/professional volunteer( s) – individuals with a network of riches, as well as an additional nonprofit exec. Make sure that you work description in place which plainly indicates board member expectations, including all info pertaining to your nonprofit. Expectations northwest registered agent new york 900 state street need to include administration, financial backing, and also hands-on management. You do not desire a board of directors that really feels “simply showing up” meets their obligation. Lastly, you never stop looking for great board members. Your board needs to have a collection period to make sure there is constantly area for fresh faces, suggestions, as well as links.
Tip Two: Development Meeting. The formation conference is a conference of the initial board of supervisors to vote on including as well as going after the tax obligation exception condition in addition to to develop the objective of the nonprofit. Throughout this meeting as well as all succeeding board meetings, make sure to take conference minutes to reveal a consentaneous arrangement by the board before moving forward northwest registered agent new york 900 state street.
Step 3: Naming Your Nonprofit. Name selection is very important since it identifies your function and also creates your identification and identification and brand. Choose your company name like you pick your youngster’s name-repeat it typically, pretend to address the phone making use of the name to hear if it has a good ring to it. You can select virtually northwest registered agent new york 900 state street any type of name you desire for your organization as long as it is not currently being used. You can examine name availability on your state’s regulating website to see if it is readily available prior to you file it. Generally, this is the assistant of state’s office.
Step Four: Integrate. The consolidation procedure resembles that of a firm. The Articles of Unification are ready as well as filed with the state’s governing body; once more, commonly the Assistant of State’s workplace. Some states have sample short articles which you could acquire and also use in drafting your write-ups, however, satisfying the state’s minimum declaring requirement does not necessarily imply you satisfy the IRS’s requirements. northwest registered agent new york 900 state street Make certain you appropriately as well as thoroughly draft articles of unification that fulfill the requirements of the IRS if you plan to obtain government tax exception; which you will. There is a declaring cost associated with this procedure paid to the state. The charge for the state is generally around $100; the declaring cost for your tax-exempt status is around $850.
Tip 5: The Bylaws. You are needed to prepare bylaws for your nonprofit. Laws are the policies made use of by the board to govern your nonprofit. Most states do not need a duplicate of the laws to be submitted with the state. Regardless of filing requirements, it is a state law requires that a bundled entity have composed bylaws. The IRS will need a copy of the laws to be filed with your application for tax-exemption.
Step Six: Get your Federal Company Identification Number (EIN). As soon as you’ve completed your documentation, you will should obtain a Company Recognition Number (EIN) additionally called a government tax obligation ID from the IRS. You can do this promptly as well as easily online. Always remember to print out a duplicate for your irreversible records. You will certainly additionally require a duplicate to submit to the Internal Revenue Service with your tax exemption application. To look for your EIN check out the Internal Revenue Service’s web site. It is essential to note that merely holding an EIN number does not suggest you are accepted as a 501( c) 3 by your state or the IRS. You could elevate loan for your company prior to approval. northwest registered agent new york 900 state street Nonetheless, be mindful that most of the time, giving organizations call for an authorized 501( c) 3 and will ask for a copy of your approved status letter.
Step 7: Application for tax obligation exemption to the Internal Revenue Service. After you have actually incorporated your nonprofit and also obtained your EIN, after that you could start your tax exception application to the Internal Revenue Service using IRS Form 1023. The form could be gotten at the IRS internet site. This is a detailed application. You have to meticulously review the directions, find out about the regulations of conformity, finish the application, as well as collect & assemble the add-ons. Hiring a specialist to assist you is highly recommended. If you are trying to do this on your own, the IRS approximates a couple of hundred hrs are required to complete this application. After your initial testimonial, complete the application to the ‘letter’ of their direction. If your application is unclear or missing out on important info, it will be sent back to you for more details. If it does not fit within the tax exemption policies, it will be denied. As mentioned over, there is a charge related to this application; around $850. The cost modifications occasionally, so be sure to inspect the declaring cost prior to you send the application. The Internal Revenue Service is presently taking in between 6-8 months to appoint the application to an exempt company professional. If your application is authorized, you will certainly get a “Letter of Decision” that classifies your organization as tax obligation excluded. The good feature of this long process is that the day of your exemption is retroactive to the date that the Internal Revenue Service first received your application. This indicates that if you did get a donation requiring 501( c) 3 standing before your approval, you will ultimately remain in conformity with the funding organization as well as the Internal Revenue Service. Yet, it is not advised to elevate funds externally till you get your Letter of Resolution.
State Tax Obligation Exception. The majority of states recognize as well as accept the government tax obligation exemption “Letter of Determination.” Nevertheless, there is a handful of states that have extra state needs to be earnings tax obligation excluded for state purposes. You will need to consult your state’s regulating body to see if there are additional state requirements.
Ongoing Compliance. After you are formally integrated as a nonprofit organization, there are a handful of things that you have to do to preserve conformity with state and also government demands. Some states need an annual report. The majority of states call for a yearly corporate revival, as well as some states do not call for state revenue tax obligations to be filed unless the nonprofit gets a certain threshold revenue. As you can see, each state runs differently. The secret is to maintain yourself educated as well as up-to-date with the needs of your specific state. On the federal side, Internal Revenue Service Kind 990 or a variation of Form 990 is required to be filed every year. This is the yearly income tax return kind for nonprofit organizations despite earnings. Presently, the regulation states that if you fail to submit Kind 990 for 3 consecutive years, the IRS will immediately withdraw your nonprofit status. If this takes place, after that the nonprofit can no more obtain tax-deductible contributions. In addition, you will certainly need to reapply for tax obligation exception again. You have made the effort to develop your nonprofit, so put in the time to deal with it as well as continue to be certified.
Next month seek a detailed process to raise those first dollars for your recently included nonprofit.
ML Wagner Fundraising Team is a tiny company based in Minneapolis, Minnesota concentrated on assisting you raise cash without spending it. We are dedicated to mentor and also training those that have recently incorporated non revenues to produce a facilities to increase cash and continue to be sustainable over the long run. Whether your objective is in order to help maintain the natural world for future generations or to make sure that the generation of kids right here, today, have the best possibilities available to them, we could aid. With almost twenty years of experience in all elements of fundraising, interactions and task monitoring, we are experts in increasing money with little expense attached– as it must be northwest registered agent new york 900 state street.
You prepare to begin a nonprofit as well as make a favorable effect on the planet as well as currently you should know the very best means to set about creating your organization. There is a whole lot that enters into a nonprofit, however not a lot that a lot of anybody could do it. There are, nevertheless, important actions to take as you begin. Comply with along below and I will certainly help you get going in the best instructions with 7 essential suggestions. These tips, when made use of right, will aid develop success in your nonprofit.
Develop The Nonprofit Entity northwest registered agent new york 900 state street.
Producing the real lawful organization could be accomplished in a number of various methods. The initial and also most recognized method is by producing an independent 501( c)( 3) through the Internal Revenue Service. This can be a lengthy procedure and consists of incorporating a firm in the state that you desire to do company, as well as declare tax-exempt condition with the IRS utilizing type 1024.
The 2nd, fastest expanding method to develop a nonprofit company is via financial sponsorship. This is where an already existing 501( c)( 3) company approves your nonprofit task within its business structure. This permits a company to carry out nonprofit jobs without the need for setting up an independent 501( c)( 3) via the Internal Revenue Service. Setting up a monetary sponsorship could be very quick, simple, and inexpensive. One of the most vital part of establishing a financial sponsorship is finding an enroller that is reputable as well as enduring in the nonprofit field. If the enroller is hollow, they can adversely influence your nonprofit task. Discover a 3rd party who is proficient as well as educated regarding monetary enrollers to get recommendations from.
When beginning a nonprofit it is necessary to extensively look into the cause you will be aiding. This will certainly assist you comprehend just what companies are already in existence doing comparable job. This will certainly assist your organization in determining areas that still need assistance and also companies you could work together with of in far better achieving the job. Regular research will certainly help your company remain focused on its goal.
When doing nonprofit job filing for tax-exempt status is essential. Numerous nonprofits skip this action since it can be costly, just to need to return to the action years later on. By having tax-exempt status, your nonprofit could give contributors tax-deductible receipts for their donations. Tax-exempt status is necessary when obtaining contributions from many corporations and when looking for grant loan. Do not place on your own in a bind without tax-exempt status. You do not intend to be clambering to obtain tax-exempt status with a large contribution pending.
Create A Good Fundraising Strategy northwest registered agent new york 900 state street.
Fundraising is the lifeline of a nonprofit company. Hardly any can be achieved without funds to invest. Developing an excellent fund elevating plan and proceeded economic security is important to the success of your nonprofit. Find excellent info on the best ways to money raising and also placed the plan in action from the very start. It is not essential to work with a fundraiser or grant writer but rather consider and also purchase resources that help you learn how to do these tasks on your own. No person is going to care as much concerning the economic security of your company as you.
Creating a critical plan on exactly how your nonprofit will operate, complete its mission, employ staff, and expand will certainly be essential. Without a tactical strategy in place it will certainly be extremely hard making certain your nonprofit is successful. Strategic plans are plans that you could reference back to continually, making certain your nonprofit is on track for success. Locate an excellent source or manual that clarifies ways to put together a good critical plan for your nonprofit.
With any luck your nonprofit will continue to run effectively for your life time and also past. While developing the nonprofit, keep this long-range vision in mind. There is knowledge in developing a strong structure in the beginning instead of haphazardly tossing your organization together. Think about taking 6 months to a year in the starting to develop stable fund raising, northwest registered agent new york 900 state street terrific programs, as well as excellent practices. As an example, use the very first year to money raising and increase recognition of your nonprofit to ensure that you could you’re your spending plan. After that with secure financing you could start paying incomes, workplace costs, and fund programs with less stress. Once your programs start, it will be harder to concentrate 100% of your initiatives on fundraising.
Aiding others must be enjoyable. Starting and also running an effective nonprofit could be fun. If at any type of factor you discover you have shed the “enjoyable variable,” regroup as well as identify how you can put the fun back right into your efforts. If enjoyable and enjoyment is not a consistent component of your nonprofit efforts, it will be challenging to continue. Ensure those you assist, those that volunteer, and on your own are having a blast and also your nonprofit undertaking will certainly constantly live.
Nonprofits provide important solutions and sustain numerous essential objectives both locally and also globally. Yet it could be tough to develop and build a nonprofit that will certainly offer its mission as well as make a difference. There are numerous differences between a commercial corporation and also a nonprofit. The good news is, Nolo, a firm that makes the legislation easily accessible to any person, has an exceptional guide to help you get started or to help you proceed along if you are started however having trouble building it to where you want it to go. northwest registered agent new york 900 state street The 4th Version of “Beginning & Structure a Nonprofit A Practical Overview” by Peri H. Pakroo, J.D., is a vital guide to aid you obtain your nonprofit working as well as, most significantly, keep it going.
Like a lot of Nolo publications, it is arranged in a simple way to allow the reader to acquire one of the most information in a functional fashion. The brief introduction provides some nonprofit basics and a couple of words on running a nonprofit.
After the introduction, there are chapters that focus on calling and also structuring your nonprofit, developing your tactical strategy, creating your first budget plan, your board of directors, your workforce of personnel and volunteers, fundraising, risk management as well as insurance coverage, recognizing contracts as well as contracts, marketing your nonprofit, publishing informational materials, getting the word out online concerning your nonprofit, handling your financial resources, and also obtaining expert assistance.
These phases give good basic info. They give the essentials. Nonetheless, you will certainly intend to find out more concerning a few of these subjects. Take fundraising as an example. This is a very important location for nonprofits, and also Nolo really has a number of various other books that concentrate just on this set subject. So while the chapter in this publication offers some basic advice, you might want to enhance your reading in this field with extra sources. I additionally appreciate the phase on getting professional assistance, due to the fact that while this book readies with general information, there are some locations where you truly should look for the suggestions of a specialist and also dealing with attorneys and accountants will certainly be necessary for the nonprofit that wishes to be successful.
The book features a CD-Rom which contains a number of forms and checklists to assist you with your organization. These kinds and also checklists go along with the numerous phases in guide. There are also hard copies in the rear of guide.
This is an easy book to read with a lot of excellent info to help you with beginning a nonprofit or if you are operating at building a nonprofit, to develop a reliable organization that will certainly make a difference. It is not the only referral you will certainly need, and as a matter of fact the book recommends other Nolo titles to help with creating a nonprofit company and fundraising. I do recommend this book as a starting northwest registered agent new york 900 state street location to anybody collaborating with a nonprofit, specifically board of directors, executive supervisors, or someone would like to know exactly what it takes to begin one. As well as it is a good reference for an Exec Supervisor or Board member to read and also carry the rack.
Answer yourself Why, why you wanted to a non profit company. If you got a clear, vibrant solution, you finished very first step.
Locate your What, a casue to collaborate with your non profits, either education and learning, environmental, Social trigger any kind of thing you thing will be your non earnings USP and has need to function. If you obtained a clear, vibrant answer, you finished 2nd action.
Just how are you mosting likely to survive/sustain your non earnings company, exactly how are you located fuel its funding. Are you having various other person revenue source? Just how are you mosting likely to manange sources( staff/volunteers)? If you got a clear, bold response, you finished 3rd action.
As you specifically point out that you are considering a philanthropic organization/NGO, legitimately there is no commitment to register your company unless & until they intend to raise funds, assert tax obligation exception for their donors & in this instance every company is legally required to document a depend on deed/ Memorandum of Understandings which contain the name and also address of the company & its objective as well as purposes, regulating body members & their details, administrative laws and treatments, personnel and also staffing details, regulations and also guidelines through which it will be operational.Before you really register you organization, you need your controling body who will be in charge of all the company decisions, method/ modus operandi & all financial management/plans of the organization.
Application for Enrollment: Your Application needs to be submitted to authorities of jurisdiction in the location where the depend on wish to operate or in the region where it is to be registered.Application form properly submitted with full information of regulating body members (minimal 2 members are required as in governing body (in your case trustee members) & registered trust fund’s office address with an enrollment cost & court cost which could differ according to state/region where the trust is registering itself.Application must be singed before the registrar and main authorities of charity commissioner with an approval letter by the regulating body when all lawful documents are cost is paid by the participants.
Keep in mind: Though there might be mild distinction in the registration process/fees/documents needed as regulations and acts are different in each state while taking into consideration depend on registration in India.Make certain to be prepared with listed below some factors prior to you lawfully register your organization to maintain in long-term.
You could utilize several resources at start I would certainly suggest you to have mouth advertising your NGO with the help of your pals, family, relatives etc as well as their circle, when you start obtaining good quantity of donation/funding, you might use some to promote your organization.The fundamental one is to have your own website and also promote your NGO with your work summary, there are numerous choices readily available in order to help you gain excellent site visitors numbers to your website.You could have sponsored Facebook articles where you could publish your NGO’s images, posts, and endorsements of volunteer or recipient of your NGO which then will order even more focus of people.You can prepare for some occasions in public locations like railway station, bus-stop, shopping malls, yards, hospitals where a short engaging video, drama, flash-mob dancing from your volunteer will certainly work to gather people tourist attraction and then you could advertise your NGO to them, which consequently could help you gain some funding also, so try to plan as long as public activities as you can.Keep your website/ Social presence up-to-date & maintain it s material updating on a regular basis that will certainly also aid you to boost your on the internet visibility.
Lots of public minded entrepreneurs may take into consideration beginning a nonprofit organization for the betterment of their community. Sadly, a lot of company people correspond running a nonprofit with volunteer work. You might be a specific with the independent spirit as well as company acumen essential to start a successful nonprofit; you could additionally be questioning if you can make a respectable living doing so. While there are constraints on if the organization itself can reveal a revenue, there are lots of possibilities for you to personally make money with a nonprofit organization.
1. Study and also obtain federal government, foundation and also business grants that enable a section of the provided funds to be designated towards management costs. Within the classification of management expenditures exists the income as well as benefits package of the Chief Executive Officer, supervisor or whatever title you choose to lead your nonprofit organization under northwest registered agent new york 900 state street.
2. Hold charity events for your reason( s) that are arranged to allot a part of the funds elevated to operational expenditures– the cost of putting on the fundraiser– and management expenses. Most individuals who participate in fundraising comprehend that there are costs connected with the activity; these will certainly additionally include the prices associated with your income and those of the business management.
3. Budget your salary, advantages as well as benefit plans in proportion to the amount of income your organization will certainly generate during the year. Due to the fact that your leadership efforts will directly impact the volume of funds elevated over the year, you can develop a settlement plan that will sufficiently pay you according to how efficient your efforts are.
4. Produce income for your organization through passive sources, including rents, aristocracies, investments, or passion payments. If your organization is a 501( c) 3– a tax-exempt organization– you will certainly should recognize any federal government limitations on this type of income. Nonetheless, any type of additional funding for the organization can contribute to the complete quantity of your personal profit once you have actually addressed the objective of the nonprofit.
5. It is possible to achieve individual value running a nonprofit without obtaining any cash money. As an example, several nonprofits have the ability to give vehicles, owned by the organization, for the individual use of the business management. Additionally, gas cards, meal gratuities, and travel expenditures are all locations where the nonprofit can conserve you loan by selecting up the bill as well as increasing your disposable earnings because of this northwest registered agent new york 900 state street.
So you’ve thought of a wonderful idea and also a vision to create a nonprofit company. However where do you begin? Below we’ve supplied your road map to get a new nonprofit off the ground with sustainability always in mind northwest registered agent new york 900 state street northwest registered agent new york 900 state street.
The procedure of developing and incorporating a nonprofit is similar to a corporation, with the exception of a couple of distinctions. northwest registered agent new york 900 state street A nonprofit can not be developed from any of the complying with entities: Sole Proprietorship, Limited Responsibility Corporation or a Firm “C” or “S”.
A nonprofit, like a company, is a legal entity separate from the founder( s); it could make it through the life of its founder( s) and can exist definitely. Unlike a company that is owned northwest registered agent new york 900 state street by its shareholders, a nonprofit does not have investors and also is not had by anybody, but is taken care of by the board of supervisors. The other distinct distinction between a company as well as a nonprofit is just how the income is taxed. Currently, let’s take you with the process.
Tip One: Employee a Board of Supervisors. A board ought to include diverse representation from the following: money, lawful, somebody who represents or is considered an expert when it come to your mission, a person who stands for individuals you exist to serve, neighborhood corporate exec( s) – northwest registered agent new york 900 state street specifically from a business that has the tendency to money companies like your own, community/professional volunteer( s) – individuals with a network of riches, and also an additional nonprofit exec. Make certain that you being employed summary in position which clearly suggests board member expectations, consisting of all info pertaining to your nonprofit. Expectations northwest registered agent new york 900 state street must consist of administration, financial backing, and also hands-on leadership. You do not desire a board of directors that feels “simply appearing” satisfies their task. Finally, you never stop trying to find excellent board participants. Your board should have a set tenure to make certain there is always area for fresh faces, ideas, and connections.
Step Two: Development Meeting. The development conference is a conference of the first board of supervisors to elect on incorporating and going after the tax exemption standing along with to develop the function of the nonprofit. Throughout this conference as well as all succeeding board meetings, see to it to take meeting minutes to show an unanimous arrangement by the board before moving on northwest registered agent new york 900 state street.
Step 3: Naming Your Nonprofit. Call choice is necessary because it recognizes your function and develops your identification and also identification as well as brand. Pick your company name like you select your child’s name-repeat it often, pretend to answer the phone utilizing the name to hear if it has a wonderful ring to it. You could pick almost northwest registered agent new york 900 state street any kind of name you desire for your organization as long as it is not currently in use. You could check name accessibility on your state’s controling site to see if it is readily available prior to you file it. Usually, this is the secretary of state’s workplace.
Tip 4: Incorporate. The consolidation process resembles that of a company. The Articles of Unification are ready as well as filed with the state’s controling body; once again, usually the Assistant of State’s workplace. Some states have example short articles which you can acquire and utilize in drafting your short articles, however, meeting the state’s minimum declaring requirement does not always indicate you satisfy the IRS’s demands. northwest registered agent new york 900 state street Make sure you appropriately and also thoroughly draft posts of consolidation that fulfill the needs of the IRS if you intend to make an application for federal tax exemption; which you will. There is a filing cost connected with this process paid to the state. The fee for the state is usually around $100; the declaring cost for your tax-exempt condition is around $850.
Step Five: The Bylaws. You are called for to prepare bylaws for your nonprofit. Laws are the guidelines used by the board to regulate your nonprofit. Many states do not call for a duplicate of the laws to be filed with the state. Despite declaring demands, it is a state regulation calls for that an incorporated entity have written bylaws. The IRS will call for a duplicate of the bylaws to be filed with your application for tax-exemption.
Tip Six: Acquire your Federal Company Identification Number (EIN). When you’ve completed your documentation, you will certainly need to request a Company Identification Number (EIN) also referred to as a federal tax obligation ID from the Internal Revenue Service. You can do this promptly as well as easily online. Remember to publish out a duplicate for your permanent records. You will additionally need a duplicate to submit to the Internal Revenue Service with your tax obligation exception application. To request your EIN go to the IRS’s website. It is important to note that merely holding an EIN number does not imply you are approved as a 501( c) 3 by your state or the IRS. You could elevate loan for your company prior to authorization. northwest registered agent new york 900 state street Nevertheless, be conscious that usually, approving organizations require an approved 501( c) 3 as well as will request for a copy of your authorized standing letter.
Tip Seven: Application for tax exception to the IRS. After you have integrated your nonprofit as well as acquired your EIN, after that you could start your tax obligation exemption application to the IRS making use of IRS Form 1023. The type can be acquired at the Internal Revenue Service site. This is a detailed application. You must meticulously check out the instructions, find out about the laws of conformity, complete the application, as well as collect & assemble the add-ons. Employing an expert in order to help you is very recommended. If you are trying to do this on your own, the Internal Revenue Service estimates a few hundred hours are essential to complete this application. After your first evaluation, finish the application to the ‘letter’ of their guideline. If your application is unclear or missing out on essential info, it will be returned to you to find out more. If it does not fit within the tax obligation exception regulations, it will be denied. As discussed over, there is a fee connected with this application; about $850. The fee changes regularly, so make certain to examine the filing charge before you send the application. The Internal Revenue Service is currently taking in between 6-8 months to assign the application to an exempt company professional. If your application is accepted, you will get a “Letter of Resolution” that categorizes your company as tax obligation excluded. The great feature of this long process is that the day of your exception is retroactive to the date that the IRS first got your application. This means that if you did get a donation calling for 501( c) 3 standing before your authorization, you will inevitably remain in conformity with the funding organization and also the Internal Revenue Service. Yet, it is not recommended to raise funds externally up until you get your Letter of Decision.
State Tax Obligation Exemption. Most states acknowledge as well as accept the government tax obligation exception “Letter of Determination.” Nevertheless, there is a handful of states that have added state requirements to be revenue tax obligation excluded for state functions. You will have to consult your state’s governing body to see if there are added state needs.
Continuous Conformity. After you are formally included as a nonprofit organization, there are a handful of points that you should do to keep compliance with state as well as government requirements. Some states call for an annual record. A lot of states require an annual business renewal, as well as some states do not require state revenue tax obligations to be submitted unless the nonprofit obtains a particular threshold earnings. As you can see, each state runs in different ways. The secret is to maintain on your own informed and also up-to-date with the requirements of your certain state. On the government side, IRS Form 990 or a variation of Form 990 is called for to be filed each year. This is the yearly tax return kind for nonprofit organizations no matter income. Presently, the law specifies that if you cannot submit Type 990 for three successive years, the Internal Revenue Service will instantly withdraw your nonprofit condition. If this takes place, then the nonprofit can no more receive tax-deductible payments. In addition, you will certainly need to reapply for tax obligation exception again. You have taken the time to build your nonprofit, so put in the time to take care of it as well as stay compliant.
Next month search for a detailed process to increase those first dollars for your freshly integrated nonprofit.
ML Wagner Fundraising Group is a small business based in Minneapolis, Minnesota concentrated on helping you increase money without investing it. We are committed to teaching and also training those that have actually recently incorporated non revenues to create a facilities to increase cash and remain lasting over the long run. Whether your mission is to help maintain the environment for future generations or to make sure that the generation of children right here, today, have the very best chances available to them, we could help. With nearly twenty years of experience in all aspects of fundraising, communications as well as task management, we are specialists in raising money with little expenditure attached– as it ought to be northwest registered agent new york 900 state street.
You’re ready to begin a nonprofit and make a positive effect in the world and now you should understand the most effective means to set about developing your organization. There is a great deal that goes into a nonprofit, yet not a lot that many any individual can do it. There are, nonetheless, essential steps to take as you start out. Comply with along below and I will certainly aid you start in the best direction with seven crucial pointers. These ideas, when utilized right, will certainly aid develop success in your nonprofit.
Create The Nonprofit Entity northwest registered agent new york 900 state street.
Creating the actual legal organization could be completed in a number of various methods. The initial as well as most well-known method is by producing an independent 501( c)( 3) with the IRS. This can be an extensive procedure and includes incorporating a business in the state that you want to do business, and also declare tax-exempt standing via the IRS using type 1024.
The second, fastest expanding means to form a nonprofit company is via monetary sponsorship. This is where a currently existing 501( c)( 3) organization approves your nonprofit task within its business structure. This allows a company to accomplish nonprofit jobs without the demand for establishing an independent 501( c)( 3) through the Internal Revenue Service. Setting up a monetary sponsorship can be very quick, simple, as well as inexpensive. The most important part of establishing a monetary sponsorship is finding a sponsor who is respectable and also enduring in the nonprofit sector. If the sponsor is not solid, they can negatively influence your nonprofit task. Locate a third party who is skilled and experienced concerning fiscal sponsors to get recommendations from.
When starting a nonprofit it is important to thoroughly look into the reason you will be aiding. This will certainly aid you recognize exactly what organizations are currently in existence doing similar work. This will certainly assist your organization in identifying areas that still need help and also companies you can function along with of in much better completing the task. Continual study will certainly assist your organization remain focused on its mission.
When doing nonprofit work filing for tax-exempt condition is very important. Several nonprofits miss this step since it could be expensive, just to have to return to the action years down the road. By having tax-exempt condition, your nonprofit can provide donors tax-deductible receipts for their donations. Tax-exempt condition is required when receiving donations from a lot of companies when seeking grant money. Do not put yourself in a bind without tax-exempt standing. You do not want to be clambering to obtain tax-exempt standing with a huge donation pending.
Develop An Excellent Fundraising Plan northwest registered agent new york 900 state street.
Fundraising is the lifeline of a nonprofit organization. Very little can be achieved without funds to invest. Creating a great fund elevating strategy as well as proceeded monetary security is important to the success of your nonprofit. Locate excellent information on how you can money raise and placed the plan at work from the very beginning. It is not required to employ a fundraising event or give author but rather consider and invest in sources that help you discover how to do these jobs on your own. Nobody is mosting likely to care as much about the financial security of your company as you.
Creating a critical strategy on just how your nonprofit will certainly run, accomplish its objective, employ team, and expand will be necessary. Without a critical strategy in position it will certainly be very difficult making sure your nonprofit succeeds. Strategic strategies are blueprints that you can reference back to constantly, making sure your nonprofit gets on track for success. Find an excellent resource or guidebook that explains ways to assemble a good strategic plan for your nonprofit.
Ideally your nonprofit will continue to operate successfully for your life time as well as past. While establishing the nonprofit, keep this long-range vision in mind. There is knowledge in developing a solid structure initially as opposed to haphazardly tossing your company together. Take into consideration taking six months to a year in the starting to develop steady fund raising, northwest registered agent new york 900 state street excellent programs, and also great techniques. As an example, use the first year to money raising and raise understanding of your nonprofit so that you can you’re your spending plan. Then with stable financing you can begin paying incomes, workplace expenditures, and fund programs with less stress. Once your programs begin, it will certainly be harder to focus 100% of your initiatives on fundraising.
Helping others should be fun. Starting as well as running an effective nonprofit could be fun. If at any kind of factor you locate you have actually shed the “enjoyable factor,” regroup as well as find out how to put the fun back right into your efforts. If fun and enjoyment is not a constant component of your nonprofit initiatives, it will certainly be challenging to proceed. See to it those you help, those that volunteer, and also yourself are having a blast as well as your nonprofit venture will certainly constantly live.
Nonprofits give essential services and also support lots of essential objectives both in your area as well as worldwide. Yet it can be hard to create and build a nonprofit that will serve its goal as well as make a distinction. There are many distinctions between a for profit firm as well as a nonprofit. Luckily, Nolo, a company that makes the legislation obtainable to anybody, has a superb guide to assist you get started or to help you continue along if you are begun however having trouble building it to where you desire it to go. northwest registered agent new york 900 state street The 4th Edition of “Starting & Structure a Nonprofit A Practical Guide” by Peri H. Pakroo, J.D., is a necessary overview of help you obtain your nonprofit working as well as, most significantly, keep it going.
Like a lot of Nolo books, it is arranged in a very easy manner to enable the reader to gain one of the most details in a functional fashion. The brief intro offers some nonprofit essentials and also a couple of words on running a nonprofit.
After the introduction, there are chapters that focus on calling and also structuring your nonprofit, creating your critical plan, creating your preliminary budget, your board of supervisors, your labor force of personnel and also volunteers, fundraising, danger management and also insurance, recognizing contracts as well as arrangements, marketing your nonprofit, publishing educational materials, spreading the word online regarding your nonprofit, handling your funds, and obtaining professional aid.
These chapters supply good general details. They give the essentials. Nevertheless, you will certainly want to find out more about a few of these topics. Take fundraising as an example. This is a very important location for nonprofits, and Nolo in fact has a couple of various other books that focus just on this subject. So while the chapter in this book supplies some basic advice, you may wish to further your reading in this field with added resources. I also appreciate the chapter on obtaining professional assistance, since while this publication excels with general information, there are some locations where you actually must seek the suggestions of a professional as well as dealing with attorneys and accountants will be necessary for the nonprofit that wants to prosper.
The book comes with a CD-Rom that contains a variety of types and also lists to aid you with your company. These kinds as well as checklists go along with the numerous phases in the book. There are likewise paper copies in the back of the book.
This is a simple book to review with a great deal of good information to aid you with starting a nonprofit or if you are operating at developing a nonprofit, to produce a reliable organization that will make a distinction. It is not the only referral you will certainly need, and also as a matter of fact the book advises other Nolo titles to help with developing a nonprofit company and fundraising. I do recommend this book as a starting northwest registered agent new york 900 state street place to any individual collaborating with a nonprofit, especially board of directors, executive supervisors, or somebody needing to know just what it requires to start one. And also it is a good reference for an Executive Director or Board member to read and also carry the shelf.
Solution on your own Why, why you wished to a non profit company. If you got a clear, bold solution, you completed very first step.
Discover your Exactly what, a casue to collaborate with your non revenues, either education, environmental, Social cause any kind of thing you thing will be your non profits USP as well as requires to function. If you got a clear, strong answer, you completed second step.
Exactly how are you mosting likely to survive/sustain your non profits organization, exactly how are you discovered fuel its funding. Are you having other individual earnings resource? How are you going to manange sources( staff/volunteers)? If you got a clear, bold answer, you completed third action.
As you specifically discuss that you are thinking about a philanthropic organization/NGO, legitimately there is no commitment to register your organization unless & until they wish to raise funds, declare tax exception for their contributors & in this situation every organization is legally called for to document a trust deed/ Memorandum of Understandings which contain the name and also address of the organization & its objective as well as objectives, regulating body participants & their details, administrative laws as well as treatments, personnel and also staffing information, policies and laws whereby it will certainly be operational.Before you actually register you organization, you need your governing body that will certainly be responsible for all the organization choices, method/ modus operandi & all economic management/plans of the company.
Application for Enrollment: Your Application ought to be submitted to authorities of jurisdiction in the location where the count on want to run or in the region where it is to be registered.Application type appropriately sent with complete information of regulating body members (minimum two members are called for as in controling body (in your instance trustee participants) & signed up trust fund’s office address with an enrollment cost & court fee which could differ based on state/region where the count on is registering itself.Application should be singed prior to the registrar as well as main authorities of charity commissioner with an approval letter by the regulating body when all legal documentations are charge is paid by the members.
Keep in mind: Though there could be slight distinction in the enrollment process/fees/documents needed as guidelines and acts are different in each state while considering depend on registration in India.Make certain to be prepared with listed below some factors before you lawfully register your company to sustain in long term.
You can use several resources at beginning I would certainly suggest you to have mouth advertising your NGO with the help of your buddies, family members, relatives etc as well as their circle, when you begin obtaining excellent amount of donation/funding, you might make use of some to advertise your organization.The basic one is to have your own web site and also advertise your NGO with your job summary, there are numerous alternatives offered to assist you get great site visitors numbers to your website.You can have sponsored Facebook posts where you can post your NGO’s pictures, articles, and testimonials of volunteer or beneficiary of your NGO which consequently will order even more attention of people.You can prepare for some occasions in public areas like train station, bus-stop, shopping centers, yards, medical facilities where a short interesting video, dramatization, flash-mob dance from your volunteer will certainly function to gather people attraction and after that you could advertise your NGO to them, which then can assist you acquire some funding as well, so attempt to intend as high as public activities as you can.Keep your website/ Social visibility up-to-date & maintain it s content upgrading on a regular basis that will certainly also aid you to enhance your on the internet presence.
Several public minded entrepreneurs could consider starting a nonprofit organization for the improvement of their area. Regrettably, most service people correspond running a nonprofit with volunteer work. You could be an individual with the independent spirit and also service acumen needed to begin a successful nonprofit; you may also be wondering if you could make a good living doing so. While there are restrictions on if the organization itself could show a profit, there are several opportunities for you to directly generate income with a nonprofit organization.
1. Study and also make an application for government, foundation as well as business grants that enable a part of the approved funds to be designated towards administrative expenses. Within the classification of management expenses lies the income and also benefits bundle of the CEO, supervisor or whatever title you make a decision to lead your nonprofit company under northwest registered agent new york 900 state street.
2. Hold charity events for your cause( s) that are organized to allocate a part of the funds raised to functional expenditures– the cost of placing on the fundraising event– as well as management expenses. Most individuals who take part in fundraising comprehend that there are expenses associated with the activity; these will certainly additionally include the costs related to your salary and those of the organizational leadership.
3. Budget plan your salary, advantages and reward bundles in proportion to the amount of profits your company will produce throughout the year. Due to the fact that your leadership efforts will straight influence the quantity of funds increased for many years, you could formulate a payment bundle that will effectively pay you inning accordance with how effective your efforts are.
4. Create profits for your organization through passive sources, including leas, royalties, investments, or rate of interest settlements. If your company is a 501( c) 3– a tax-exempt company– you will have to recognize any type of federal government constraints on this kind of income. However, any extra funding for the company can contribute to the complete amount of your personal revenue when you have attended to the goal of the nonprofit.
5. It is possible to obtain personal value running a nonprofit without getting any kind of cash. For example, lots of nonprofits are able to give lorries, possessed by the company, for the personal use the business management. In addition, gas cards, meal gratuities, as well as traveling costs are all areas where the nonprofit can save you loan by selecting up the bill and increasing your disposable revenue as a result northwest registered agent new york 900 state street.
So you have actually thought of a fantastic suggestion and a vision to create a nonprofit company. Yet where do you begin? Below we’ve given your road map to get a brand-new nonprofit off the ground with sustainability always in mind northwest registered agent new york 900 state street northwest registered agent new york 900 state street.
The process of developing and integrating a nonprofit is similar to a firm, except for a few distinctions. northwest registered agent new york 900 state street A nonprofit can not be developed from any one of the adhering to entities: Sole Proprietorship, Limited Obligation Company or a Corporation “C” or “S”.
A nonprofit, like a firm, is a legal entity different from the founder( s); it could endure the life of its founder( s) and can exist infinitely. Unlike a firm that is owned northwest registered agent new york 900 state street by its shareholders, a nonprofit does not have shareholders as well as is not owned by any individual, but is managed by the board of supervisors. The various other distinctive distinction in between a firm and a nonprofit is how the revenue is exhausted. Now, allow’s take you through the procedure.
Tip One: Recruit a Board of Directors. A board needs to consist of diverse depiction from the following: financing, lawful, someone that stands for or is considered a specialist when it come to your objective, somebody that stands for the people you exist to serve, local company exec( s) – northwest registered agent new york 900 state street specifically from a firm who tends to fund organizations like your own, community/professional volunteer( s) – individuals with a network of riches, and also an additional nonprofit executive. Make certain that you work description in position which plainly indicates board participant assumptions, including all details pertaining to your nonprofit. Expectations northwest registered agent new york 900 state street must include administration, financial backing, as well as hands-on management. You do not desire a board of directors that really feels “just turning up” satisfies their obligation. Finally, you never quit trying to find great board participants. Your board should have a set period to make certain there is constantly space for fresh faces, suggestions, and also links.
Tip 2: Development Satisfying. The development conference is a meeting of the initial board of directors to vote on integrating and going after the tax obligation exemption standing as well as to establish the objective of the nonprofit. Throughout this meeting and all subsequent board conferences, make sure to take meeting mins to reveal an unanimous contract by the board before progressing northwest registered agent new york 900 state street.
Tip Three: Naming Your Nonprofit. Name choice is important since it identifies your function and also produces your identity and also identification and also brand name. Select your company name like you select your kid’s name-repeat it often, pretend to address the phone using the name to hear if it has a wonderful ring to it. You could choose practically northwest registered agent new york 900 state street any name you desire for your company as long as it is not currently in operation. You could check name schedule on your state’s governing website to see if it is readily available before you submit it. Normally, this is the secretary of state’s office.
Step Four: Integrate. The incorporation process resembles that of a company. The Articles of Consolidation are prepared and submitted with the state’s regulating body; again, commonly the Secretary of State’s office. Some states have example write-ups which you could get as well as use in preparing your articles, nonetheless, satisfying the state’s minimum declaring requirement does not necessarily mean you meet the Internal Revenue Service’s needs. northwest registered agent new york 900 state street Ensure you correctly and carefully draft articles of incorporation that satisfy the requirements of the IRS if you plan to get government tax exemption; which you will. There is a filing cost connected with this procedure paid to the state. The cost for the state is normally around $100; the filing fee for your tax-exempt condition is around $850.
Tip 5: The Laws. You are required to prepare bylaws for your nonprofit. Bylaws are the guidelines utilized by the board to govern your nonprofit. Many states do not require a duplicate of the laws to be submitted with the state. Despite filing requirements, it is a state law calls for that a bundled entity have actually created bylaws. The Internal Revenue Service will certainly need a copy of the laws to be submitted with your application for tax-exemption.
Step 6: Get your Federal Company Identification Number (EIN). Once you have actually completed your paperwork, you will should make an application for a Company Identification Number (EIN) likewise known as a government tax ID from the IRS. You could do this quickly and conveniently online. Don’t forget to print out a duplicate for your irreversible documents. You will certainly additionally need a duplicate to submit to the IRS with your tax obligation exemption application. To look for your EIN go to the Internal Revenue Service’s internet site. It is important to keep in mind that just holding an EIN number does not mean you are approved as a 501( c) 3 by your state or the IRS. You could increase loan for your company before approval. northwest registered agent new york 900 state street Nonetheless, be conscious that typically, giving organizations call for an authorized 501( c) 3 and also will ask for a duplicate of your approved condition letter.
Step 7: Application for tax exception to the Internal Revenue Service. After you have integrated your nonprofit as well as gotten your EIN, after that you can start your tax obligation exception application to the Internal Revenue Service utilizing Internal Revenue Service Type 1023. The form could be obtained at the IRS site. This is an extensive application. You must carefully review the guidelines, find out about the legislations of compliance, complete the application, as well as collect & assemble the add-ons. Working with a specialist to help you is very recommended. If you are attempting to do this by yourself, the IRS approximates a few hundred hours are needed to complete this application. After your first evaluation, complete the application to the ‘letter’ of their direction. If your application is not clear or missing vital details, it will be returned to you to learn more. If it does not fit within the tax obligation exemption guidelines, it will be rejected. As pointed out above, there is a charge associated with this application; roughly $850. The charge adjustments occasionally, so make certain to check the filing charge prior to you send the application. The Internal Revenue Service is currently taking in between 6-8 months to designate the application to an exempt organization expert. If your application is accepted, you will certainly get a “Letter of Decision” that categorizes your organization as tax obligation excluded. The nice aspect of this long process is that the date of your exception is retroactive to the day that the Internal Revenue Service first received your application. This means that if you did receive a donation needing 501( c) 3 status prior to your authorization, you will eventually remain in compliance with the financing organization and the IRS. Yet, it is not advised to increase funds externally up until you receive your Letter of Resolution.
State Tax Exception. Most states recognize and accept the government tax obligation exemption “Letter of Decision.” Nevertheless, there is a handful of states that have extra state requirements to be revenue tax obligation exempt for state functions. You will certainly have to consult your state’s governing body to see if there are additional state requirements.
Continuous Conformity. After you are formally integrated as a nonprofit organization, there are a handful of things that you should do to preserve conformity with state as well as government needs. Some states require an annual record. The majority of states need an annual company revival, and also some states do not require state income tax obligations to be submitted unless the nonprofit obtains a particular limit earnings. As you can see, each state runs differently. The secret is to maintain on your own notified and also updated with the needs of your certain state. On the government side, IRS Type 990 or a variant of Form 990 is called for to be submitted annually. This is the yearly income tax return kind for nonprofit organizations no matter earnings. Currently, the legislation states that if you cannot submit Type 990 for 3 successive years, the IRS will automatically revoke your nonprofit condition. If this happens, then the nonprofit can not obtain tax-deductible contributions. Additionally, you will have to reapply for tax obligation exemption once again. You have actually put in the time to build your nonprofit, so put in the time to take care of it as well as stay compliant.
Next month look for a detailed procedure to raise those initial bucks for your recently integrated nonprofit.
ML Wagner Fundraising Group is a small business based in Minneapolis, Minnesota concentrated on helping you increase cash without investing it. We are committed to mentor and training those who have actually just recently integrated non earnings to create an infrastructure to raise money and remain lasting over the long haul. Whether your goal is to assist maintain the natural world for future generations or to guarantee that the generation of kids here, today, have the best opportunities readily available to them, we could assist. With virtually twenty years of experience in all facets of fundraising, interactions and task management, we are professionals in increasing money with little expense attached– as it ought to be northwest registered agent new york 900 state street.
You prepare to begin a nonprofit and also make a favorable impact worldwide as well as now you have to recognize the best way to set about producing your company. There is a lot that enters into a nonprofit, however not so much that most anyone can do it. There are, nonetheless, important actions to take as you begin. Comply with along listed below and I will help you get going in the ideal instructions with 7 necessary pointers. These suggestions, when utilized right, will certainly assist develop success in your nonprofit.
Produce The Nonprofit Entity northwest registered agent new york 900 state street.
Developing the real legal organization could be completed in several various ways. The initial and also most recognized way is by developing an independent 501( c)( 3) with the Internal Revenue Service. This can be a prolonged process as well as includes including a firm in the state that you wish to do business, and filing for tax-exempt condition through the IRS making use of kind 1024.
The 2nd, fastest expanding way to develop a nonprofit organization is with fiscal sponsorship. This is where a currently existing 501( c)( 3) company approves your nonprofit job within its organizational framework. This allows a company to carry out nonprofit tasks without the need for establishing an independent 501( c)( 3) through the Internal Revenue Service. Establishing a financial sponsorship could be really quick, easy, and also low-cost. One of the most vital part of establishing a fiscal sponsorship is discovering an enroller that is trustworthy and also long-lasting in the nonprofit field. If the sponsor is not solid, they could negatively affect your nonprofit job. Find a 3rd party who is knowledgeable and also educated concerning financial sponsors to obtain referrals from.
When starting a nonprofit it is very important to thoroughly investigate the reason you will certainly be aiding. This will aid you comprehend what companies are currently around doing similar work. This will help your organization in figuring out areas that still need help and companies you could work along with of in far better accomplishing the job. Continuous study will aid your company remain focused on its objective.
When doing nonprofit work declare tax-exempt standing is very important. Lots of nonprofits skip this step since it could be costly, just to should return to the step years later on. By having tax-exempt standing, your nonprofit can offer benefactors tax-deductible invoices for their contributions. Tax-exempt standing is needed when obtaining donations from a lot of corporations and when looking for give cash. Don’t place yourself in a bind without tax-exempt standing. You do not intend to be clambering to get tax-exempt status with a huge donation pending.
Establish A Good Fundraising Plan northwest registered agent new york 900 state street.
Fundraising is the lifeline of a nonprofit organization. Very little could be completed without funds to invest. Creating a great fund increasing plan and also proceeded economic stability is essential to the success of your nonprofit. Find great information on how to fund raise as well as placed the strategy at work from the very start. It is not needed to work with a charity event or give writer however rather look at as well as buy resources that aid you learn to do these tasks on your own. No one is going to care as much about the economic stability of your company as you.
Establishing a calculated strategy on exactly how your nonprofit will certainly operate, complete its goal, employ staff, and also grow will be needed. Without a tactical plan in position it will be really difficult to earn sure your nonprofit achieves success. Strategic plans are plans that you could reference back to constantly, making certain your nonprofit is on track for success. Locate a great resource or guidebook that explains how to create an excellent tactical strategy for your nonprofit.
With any luck your nonprofit will continue to run effectively for your lifetime and past. While establishing the nonprofit, maintain this long-range vision in mind. There is knowledge in developing a strong foundation at first as opposed to carelessly throwing your company with each other. Think about taking 6 months to a year in the starting to establish steady fund raising, northwest registered agent new york 900 state street great programs, and also excellent methods. For example, make use of the first year to money raising as well as increase awareness of your nonprofit to ensure that you can you’re your budget. After that with steady funding you can start paying salaries, workplace expenditures, and fund programs with much less tension. When your programs start, it will certainly be harder to concentrate 100% of your initiatives on fundraising.
Helping others ought to be fun. Starting as well as running an effective nonprofit could be enjoyable. If at any type of factor you find you have shed the “enjoyable aspect,” collect yourself and figure out how to put the enjoyable back right into your initiatives. If fun and also pleasure is not a constant part of your nonprofit efforts, it will certainly be challenging to proceed. Ensure those you help, those that volunteer, as well as yourself are having a blast and your nonprofit undertaking will always live.
Nonprofits offer crucial solutions as well as support several vital objectives both locally as well as internationally. However it could be tough to develop and develop a nonprofit that will serve its mission and make a distinction. There are numerous distinctions between a commercial corporation and a nonprofit. Luckily, Nolo, a company that makes the law easily accessible to any individual, has an excellent overview of aid you get going or in order to help you continue along if you are begun yet having problem constructing it to where you desire it to go. northwest registered agent new york 900 state street The 4th Edition of “Starting & Structure a Nonprofit A Practical Guide” by Peri H. Pakroo, J.D., is an essential overview of aid you get your nonprofit operating and, most notably, maintain it going.
Like the majority of Nolo publications, it is organized in a very easy fashion to permit the viewers to acquire the most info in a usable fashion. The short intro supplies some nonprofit fundamentals and a couple of words on running a nonprofit.
After the introduction, there are phases that focus on naming and also structuring your nonprofit, establishing your strategic plan, creating your initial spending plan, your board of supervisors, your workforce of staff and volunteers, fundraising, risk monitoring and also insurance policy, understanding agreements and contracts, marketing your nonprofit, publishing informational products, spreading the word online about your nonprofit, managing your funds, as well as obtaining professional help.
These phases offer good basic details. They supply the essentials. Nevertheless, you will certainly wish to find out more regarding a few of these subjects. Take fundraising for example. This is a very important area for nonprofits, and also Nolo actually has a few various other books that concentrate just on this topic. So while the phase in this publication provides some basic guidance, you might wish to further your reading in this area with extra resources. I likewise value the chapter on getting expert help, due to the fact that while this book is good with general details, there are some areas where you really must look for the guidance of a specialist and also working with attorneys and also accountants will certainly be important for the nonprofit that intends to do well.
The book has a CD-Rom that contains a variety of kinds and also checklists to assist you with your organization. These kinds and also checklists go along with the numerous phases in the book. There are additionally hard copies in the back of guide.
This is a very easy book to check out with a great deal of good information to assist you with starting a nonprofit or if you are working from constructing a nonprofit, to develop a reliable company that will certainly make a distinction. It is not the only recommendation you will need, and as a matter of fact guide advises various other Nolo titles in order to help with forming a nonprofit firm and also fundraising. I do advise this publication as a beginning northwest registered agent new york 900 state street area to anyone collaborating with a nonprofit, especially board of supervisors, executive supervisors, or somebody would like to know what it takes to begin one. As well as it is a great reference for an Exec Supervisor or Board member to read and also have on the rack.
Solution on your own Why, why you intended to a non profit organization. If you got a clear, bold response, you completed primary step.
Find your Just what, a casue to deal with your non profits, either education, ecological, Social cause any type of point you thing will certainly be your non earnings USP as well as requires to function. If you obtained a clear, bold response, you completed second step.
Exactly how are you going to survive/sustain your non profits company, exactly how are you discovered gas its funding. Are you having other individual earnings resource? How are you going to manange resources( staff/volunteers)? If you obtained a clear, vibrant answer, you finished third step.
As you especially state that you are taking into consideration a philanthropic organization/NGO, legitimately there is no commitment to register your company unless & till they want to elevate funds, claim tax exemption for their contributors & in this instance every company is legitimately needed to document a count on deed/ Memorandum of Understandings which contain the name and also address of the organization & its mission and objectives, controling body participants & their details, administrative laws as well as treatments, human resource and staffing details, rules as well as guidelines whereby it will be operational.Before you really register you organization, you require your regulating body who will be accountable for all the company decisions, approach/ modus operandi & all monetary management/plans of the company.
Application for Enrollment: Your Application should be sent to authorities of territory in the area where the count on wish to operate or in the area where it is to be registered.Application kind properly submitted with complete information of controling body members (minimum 2 participants are called for as in regulating body (in your instance trustee participants) & registered trust’s office address with an enrollment charge & court cost which could differ according to state/region where the trust is registering itself.Application needs to be singed prior to the registrar and also official authorities of charity commissioner with a consent letter by the regulating body when all lawful paperworks are cost is paid by the members.
Keep in mind: Though there may be minor distinction in the registration process/fees/documents needed as policies and also acts are different in each state while thinking about trust registration in India.Make sure to be all set with below some points prior to you legally register your organization to maintain in long-term.
You can use several sources at start I would certainly recommend you to have mouth promoting your NGO with the assistance of your pals, household, relatives etc and also their circle, when you start getting excellent amount of donation/funding, you can use some to advertise your organization.The basic one is to have your very own website as well as promote your NGO with your job summary, there are multiple alternatives available to assist you get good site visitors numbers to your website.You could have sponsored Facebook blog posts where you can upload your NGO’s pictures, messages, and testimonials of volunteer or recipient of your NGO which in turn will get even more focus of people.You can prepare for some occasions in public areas like railway station, bus-stop, shopping centers, yards, health centers where a short appealing video, drama, flash-mob dancing from your volunteer will function to collect individuals destination and afterwards you could promote your NGO to them, which subsequently can aid you gain some funding also, so aim to plan as much as public tasks as you can.Keep your site/ Social presence up-to-date & keep it s content updating on a regular basis that will certainly also help you to enhance your on the internet visibility.
Lots of civic minded entrepreneurs may take into consideration starting a nonprofit organization for the improvement of their community. However, the majority of business individuals correspond running a nonprofit with volunteer job. You could be a specific with the independent spirit and business acumen required to begin an effective nonprofit; you may likewise be wondering if you could make a suitable living doing so. While there are limitations on if the company itself can reveal a revenue, there are many opportunities for you to directly earn money with a nonprofit organization.
1. Research and also make an application for government, foundation and also corporate gives that permit a portion of the approved funds to be assigned towards administrative costs. Within the category of administrative expenses exists the wage as well as advantages package of the CEO, director or whatever title you decide to lead your nonprofit company under northwest registered agent new york 900 state street.
2. Hold charity events for your cause( s) that are organized to allot a portion of the funds elevated to operational costs– the cost of putting on the fundraiser– and administrative expenses. Lots of people that join fundraising comprehend that there are expenses associated with the activity; these will certainly additionally consist of the costs associated with your income as well as those of the organizational leadership.
3. Spending plan your wage, advantages as well as bonus offer plans symmetrical to the amount of profits your company will produce during the year. Due to the fact that your management initiatives will straight impact the volume of funds increased for many years, you could create a compensation bundle that will properly pay you inning accordance with just how efficient your efforts are.
4. Create revenue for your organization with passive resources, including rental fees, aristocracies, investments, or rate of interest settlements. If your company is a 501( c) 3– a tax-exempt organization– you will certainly should recognize any kind of government constraints on this type of earnings. Nonetheless, any kind of additional financing for the organization can add to the total amount of your individual revenue as soon as you have addressed the objective of the nonprofit.
5. It is feasible to attain individual value running a nonprofit without receiving any kind of cash. As an example, lots of nonprofits are able to supply lorries, owned by the organization, for the individual use the business leadership. On top of that, gas cards, dish gratuities, as well as travel costs are all locations where the nonprofit could save you cash by choosing up the bill and increasing your non reusable revenue therefore northwest registered agent new york 900 state street.
So you’ve developed a great concept as well as a vision to develop a nonprofit organization. However where do you begin? Here we have actually given your road map to obtain a brand-new nonprofit off the ground with sustainability constantly in mind northwest registered agent new york 900 state street northwest registered agent new york 900 state street.
The procedure of developing and also including a nonprofit resembles a corporation, except for a couple of distinctions. northwest registered agent new york 900 state street A nonprofit can not be developed from any of the complying with entities: Sole Proprietorship, Limited Responsibility Company or a Company “C” or “S”.
A nonprofit, like a company, is a legal entity separate from the founder( s); it can survive the life of its owner( s) and can exist infinitely. Unlike a corporation that is possessed northwest registered agent new york 900 state street by its investors, a nonprofit does not have shareholders and also is not owned by any person, yet is handled by the board of supervisors. The various other unique difference in between a company and also a nonprofit is how the revenue is exhausted. Currently, allow’s take you through the process.
Step One: Recruit a Board of Directors. A board must include diverse depiction from the following: finance, lawful, somebody that represents or is taken into consideration a specialist when it come to your objective, somebody who stands for individuals you exist to offer, neighborhood company exec( s) – northwest registered agent new york 900 state street specifically from a firm that has the tendency to money organizations like your own, community/professional volunteer( s) – individuals with a network of wide range, as well as one more nonprofit exec. Ensure that you being employed description in position which plainly shows board member expectations, including all details related to your nonprofit. Assumptions northwest registered agent new york 900 state street should consist of governance, financial backing, and hands-on management. You do not want a board of directors that feels “just appearing” satisfies their responsibility. Lastly, you never stop seeking excellent board participants. Your board must have a collection period to guarantee there is constantly area for fresh faces, ideas, and also connections.
Tip 2: Development Meeting. The development conference is a meeting of the preliminary board of directors to vote on integrating and going after the tax obligation exception status as well as to establish the function of the nonprofit. During this meeting as well as all succeeding board conferences, make certain to take conference minutes to show a consentaneous contract by the board before moving on northwest registered agent new york 900 state street.
Tip Three: Calling Your Nonprofit. Call selection is essential due to the fact that it recognizes your function as well as creates your identification as well as identity and brand name. Select your company name like you choose your kid’s name-repeat it commonly, pretend to respond to the phone using the name to hear if it has a nice ring to it. You can pick almost northwest registered agent new york 900 state street any type of name you want for your company as long as it is not already being used. You could inspect name availability on your state’s regulating website to see if it is readily available before you submit it. Usually, this is the assistant of state’s workplace.
Tip 4: Include. The incorporation process is similar to that of a company. The Articles of Consolidation are ready and submitted with the state’s governing body; once more, typically the Assistant of State’s workplace. Some states have example posts which you could obtain as well as make use of in preparing your posts, nonetheless, meeting the state’s minimum filing demand does not always imply you fulfill the Internal Revenue Service’s demands. northwest registered agent new york 900 state street See to it you correctly and also carefully draft write-ups of consolidation that satisfy the needs of the Internal Revenue Service if you plan to apply for government tax obligation exception; which you will. There is a filing cost related to this procedure paid to the state. The cost for the state is generally around $100; the filing charge for your tax-exempt condition is around $850.
Step 5: The Bylaws. You are needed to prepare bylaws for your nonprofit. Laws are the regulations used by the board to control your nonprofit. Most states do not call for a duplicate of the laws to be submitted with the state. Despite filing needs, it is a state regulation requires that a bundled entity have actually written bylaws. The IRS will certainly call for a copy of the laws to be submitted with your application for tax-exemption.
Tip 6: Acquire your Federal Employer Recognition Number (EIN). Once you’ve completed your documents, you will have to apply for a Company Identification Number (EIN) likewise called a government tax ID from the Internal Revenue Service. You can do this quickly and quickly online. Don’t forget to print out a duplicate for your permanent documents. You will certainly additionally need a duplicate to send to the IRS with your tax exception application. To make an application for your EIN see the IRS’s site. It is necessary to note that just holding an EIN number does not indicate you are accepted as a 501( c) 3 by your state or the Internal Revenue Service. You could increase loan for your company before authorization. northwest registered agent new york 900 state street Nonetheless, be conscious that generally, approving companies need an approved 501( c) 3 as well as will certainly ask for a duplicate of your authorized standing letter.
Tip 7: Application for tax exemption to the IRS. After you have integrated your nonprofit and obtained your EIN, then you could start your tax obligation exception application to the IRS making use of IRS Type 1023. The type could be acquired at the IRS web site. This is a comprehensive application. You must carefully check out the directions, learn about the laws of conformity, finish the application, and accumulate & put together the accessories. Working with a specialist to help you is extremely recommended. If you are attempting to do this on your own, the Internal Revenue Service estimates a few hundred hrs are necessary to complete this application. After your first evaluation, finish the application to the ‘letter’ of their guideline. If your application is not clear or missing vital details, it will certainly be sent back to you for more details. If it does not fit within the tax exemption guidelines, it will be refuted. As discussed above, there is a fee related to this application; roughly $850. The charge modifications occasionally, so make sure to inspect the declaring cost before you submit the application. The Internal Revenue Service is currently taking between 6-8 months to designate the application to an exempt company expert. If your application is accepted, you will get a “Letter of Resolution” that identifies your company as tax excluded. The great aspect of this lengthy process is that the day of your exception is retroactive to the date that the IRS initially received your application. This suggests that if you did receive a donation needing 501( c) 3 condition before your approval, you will ultimately be in conformity with the funding company and also the IRS. Yet, it is not recommended to elevate funds on the surface up until you receive your Letter of Decision.
State Tax Obligation Exception. A lot of states recognize as well as approve the government tax exception “Letter of Decision.” Nevertheless, there is a handful of states that have additional state requirements to be earnings tax exempt for state purposes. You will have to consult your state’s governing body to see if there are additional state requirements.
Recurring Compliance. After you are formally included as a nonprofit company, there are a handful of points that you have to do to maintain compliance with state as well as government requirements. Some states require a yearly report. Many states require an annual corporate renewal, and also some states do not call for state revenue tax obligations to be filed unless the nonprofit obtains a certain threshold earnings. As you could see, each state runs in a different way. The secret is to keep yourself informed and also up-to-date with the needs of your certain state. On the government side, IRS Type 990 or a variant of Type 990 is required to be filed each year. This is the annual tax return type for nonprofit organizations despite income. Presently, the legislation states that if you fail to file Kind 990 for three successive years, the IRS will automatically withdraw your nonprofit status. If this takes place, then the nonprofit could no more get tax-deductible payments. In addition, you will certainly need to reapply for tax exemption once more. You have taken the time to build your nonprofit, so put in the time to deal with it and also stay certified.
ML Wagner Fundraising Team is a small company based in Minneapolis, Minnesota focused on aiding you elevate cash without investing it. We are committed to mentor and training those that have lately included non profits to develop an infrastructure to elevate loan and also stay lasting over the long run. Whether your goal is to help preserve the environment for future generations or to make sure that the generation of children right here, today, have the best opportunities offered to them, we can assist. With virtually twenty years of experience in all facets of fundraising, communications as well as project administration, we are specialists in increasing loan with little expenditure affixed– as it ought to be northwest registered agent new york 900 state street.
You prepare to start a nonprofit as well as make a favorable influence in the world and now you need to understand the very best way to tackle producing your company. There is a lot that goes into a nonprofit, yet not so much that many anybody could do it. There are, nevertheless, essential steps to take as you start. Comply with along below as well as I will assist you get going in the ideal instructions with 7 important suggestions. These tips, when made use of right, will aid produce success in your nonprofit.
Producing the real legal company can be achieved in numerous various ways. The very first and also most known way is by creating an independent 501( c)( 3) with the IRS. This could be an extensive procedure and consists of including a company in the state that you want to do service, as well as filing for tax-exempt standing with the Internal Revenue Service making use of form 1024.
The second, fastest expanding way to form a nonprofit organization is via fiscal sponsorship. This is where an already existing 501( c)( 3) organization approves your nonprofit job within its business framework. This allows a company to execute nonprofit jobs without the need for establishing an independent 501( c)( 3) through the IRS. Establishing a monetary sponsorship could be really fast, simple, and also economical. One of the most vital part of setting up a financial sponsorship is finding an enroller who is trustworthy and also enduring in the nonprofit sector. If the sponsor is not solid, they could negatively impact your nonprofit task. Discover a 3rd party who is experienced and knowledgeable about monetary sponsors to obtain referrals from.
When beginning a nonprofit it is important to extensively investigate the reason you will be assisting. This will aid you comprehend what organizations are currently out there doing similar job. This will certainly aid your organization in determining areas that still need assistance and also companies you can work alongside of in much better completing the task. Continuous research study will help your organization remain focused on its objective.
When doing nonprofit work filing for tax-exempt standing is important. Many nonprofits skip this step since it can be expensive, just to need to come back to the step years in the future. By having tax-exempt standing, your nonprofit could give donors tax-deductible invoices for their donations. Tax-exempt status is necessary when getting contributions from most firms when looking for give money. Do not put yourself in a bind without tax-exempt standing. You do not want to be clambering to obtain tax-exempt status with a big donation pending.
Create A Great Fundraising Plan northwest registered agent new york 900 state street.
Fundraising is the lifeline of a nonprofit organization. Very little can be achieved without funds to spend. Creating a good fund raising strategy and continued monetary stability is essential to the success of your nonprofit. Discover excellent info on how to fund raising as well as put the strategy in action from the very beginning. It is not required to employ a fundraiser or grant writer but instead consider and also buy sources that help you discover how to do these tasks yourself. No one is going to care as much concerning the monetary security of your organization as you.
Establishing a critical strategy on how your nonprofit will run, achieve its mission, work with team, and expand will be necessary. Without a tactical plan in place it will certainly be very hard making sure your nonprofit achieves success. Strategic plans are blueprints that you could reference back to continually, seeing to it your nonprofit is on track for success. Locate a good source or manual that discusses ways to put together a great calculated plan for your nonprofit.
Hopefully your nonprofit will certainly continuously operate effectively for your lifetime and also past. While establishing the nonprofit, keep this long-range vision in mind. There is wisdom in developing a solid structure at first rather than carelessly throwing your company together. Think about taking 6 months to a year in the beginning to develop stable fund raising, northwest registered agent new york 900 state street fantastic programs, and great techniques. For instance, use the initial year to money raising and increase understanding of your nonprofit so that you can you’re your budget. Then with stable funding you can begin paying incomes, office expenditures, as well as fund programs with less stress and anxiety. When your programs start, it will be harder to focus 100% of your initiatives on fundraising.
Helping others need to be fun. Beginning and also running a successful nonprofit could be fun. If at any kind of point you locate you have shed the “enjoyable aspect,” regroup and figure out how to place the enjoyable back right into your initiatives. If enjoyable and pleasure is not a constant part of your nonprofit initiatives, it will certainly be tough to continue. Make sure those you help, those that volunteer, as well as on your own are having a blast as well as your nonprofit undertaking will certainly constantly live.
Nonprofits offer essential services and also sustain several important objectives both in your area as well as globally. But it can be tough to create as well as construct a nonprofit that will certainly offer its mission as well as make a difference. There are numerous distinctions between a for profit firm and also a nonprofit. Thankfully, Nolo, a business that makes the law obtainable to any individual, has an exceptional guide to aid you begin or in order to help you proceed along if you are started but having problem building it to where you desire it to go. northwest registered agent new york 900 state street The Fourth Edition of “Beginning & Structure a Nonprofit A Practical Guide” by Peri H. Pakroo, J.D., is a crucial overview of aid you obtain your nonprofit working and also, most importantly, maintain it going.
Like many Nolo books, it is organized in an easy fashion to allow the visitor to get one of the most information in a functional manner. The short introduction offers some nonprofit fundamentals and a couple of words on running a nonprofit.
After the introduction, there are phases that focus on naming and structuring your nonprofit, creating your critical strategy, establishing your first budget plan, your board of directors, your workforce of staff as well as volunteers, fundraising, threat management and insurance, understanding agreements as well as arrangements, marketing your nonprofit, releasing educational materials, getting the word out online concerning your nonprofit, handling your funds, and obtaining expert assistance.
These chapters offer excellent basic information. They supply the essentials. Nonetheless, you will certainly intend to learn more concerning some of these topics. Take fundraising as an example. This is an extremely important location for nonprofits, and also Nolo in fact has a couple of other books that focus just on this subject. So while the phase in this book offers some basic guidance, you may want to advance your analysis in this area with extra resources. I also appreciate the phase on getting professional aid, since while this publication excels with general details, there are some locations where you truly must seek the advice of a professional as well as dealing with attorneys as well as accountants will be essential for the nonprofit that wants to do well.
Guide has a CD-Rom which contains a number of kinds and checklists to assist you with your organization. These forms as well as checklists support the different chapters in guide. There are also paper copies in the rear of guide.
This is a simple publication to check out with a great deal of good details to help you with starting a nonprofit or if you are working at building a nonprofit, to create an effective organization that will make a difference. It is not the only reference you will certainly need, and actually guide suggests various other Nolo titles in order to help with forming a nonprofit firm as well as fundraising. I do advise this book as a starting northwest registered agent new york 900 state street place to any person working with a nonprofit, particularly board of directors, executive directors, or somebody wanting to know exactly what it requires to start one. As well as it is an excellent reference for an Executive Director or Board participant to read as well as have on the rack.
Answer on your own Why, why you wished to a non profit company. If you got a clear, vibrant solution, you finished first step.
Locate your What, a casue to work with your non earnings, either education and learning, ecological, Social create any kind of point you thing will certainly be your non revenues USP and requires to function. If you got a clear, vibrant answer, you finished 2nd step.
Exactly how are you going to survive/sustain your non profits company, exactly how are you discovered fuel its funding. Are you having various other person earnings resource? How are you going to manange sources( staff/volunteers)? If you obtained a clear, bold answer, you completed 3rd step.
As you specifically mention that you are taking into consideration a philanthropic organization/NGO, legally there is no commitment to register your organization unless & until they want to elevate funds, declare tax exception for their contributors & in this case every company is legally required to document a count on deed/ Memorandum of Understandings that contain the name as well as address of the company & its mission and also objectives, governing body members & their details, management laws as well as treatments, personnel and staffing information, regulations and guidelines by which it will be operational.Before you in fact register you company, you require your controling body that will certainly be accountable for all the company choices, method/ modus operandi & all financial management/plans of the organization.
Application for Enrollment: Your Application ought to be sent to official of territory in the area where the count on want to operate or in the region where it is to be registered.Application kind properly submitted with full information of governing body participants (minimum two members are called for as in regulating body (in your instance trustee members) & signed up count on’s office address with a registration charge & court cost which might vary as per state/region where the depend on is registering itself.Application should be singed before the registrar as well as main authorities of charity commissioner with an approval letter by the controling body when all legal paperworks are cost is paid by the participants.
Keep in mind: Though there may be minor distinction in the enrollment process/fees/documents needed as policies and also acts are various in each state while taking into consideration depend on registration in India.Make certain to be all set with below some points before you legally register your company to maintain in long-term.
You could make use of numerous resources at begin I would suggest you to have mouth promoting your NGO with the assistance of your pals, household, relatives etc and also their circle, when you begin getting good quantity of donation/funding, you might make use of some to promote your organization.The standard one is to have your own web site as well as promote your NGO with your job summary, there are multiple choices offered in order to help you gain excellent visitors numbers to your website.You could have funded Facebook blog posts where you could publish your NGO’s photos, blog posts, as well as reviews of volunteer or beneficiary of your NGO which in turn will certainly get even more attention of people.You can plan for some events in public areas like train terminal, bus-stop, malls, yards, healthcare facilities where a short appealing video clip, dramatization, flash-mob dance from your volunteer will certainly work to collect individuals tourist attraction as well as then you could promote your NGO to them, which in turn can help you get some financing also, so try to plan as long as public tasks as you can.Keep your site/ Social presence up-to-date & maintain it s content upgrading on a regular basis that will certainly likewise help you to boost your online existence.
Numerous civic minded business owners could think about beginning a nonprofit organization for the improvement of their community. Unfortunately, many company individuals equate running a nonprofit with volunteer job. You might be a private with the independent spirit as well as company acumen required to begin an effective nonprofit; you may also be wondering if you could make a respectable living doing so. While there are limitations on if the organization itself could reveal a profit, there are lots of chances for you to directly generate income with a nonprofit organization.
1. Research study and get government, foundation as well as business grants that enable a section of the provided funds to be assigned toward management expenses. Within the group of management expenditures lies the salary as well as benefits plan of the Chief Executive Officer, director or whatever title you choose to lead your nonprofit company under northwest registered agent new york 900 state street.
2. Hold charity events for your reason( s) that are organized to allot a portion of the funds elevated to functional costs– the expense of placing on the charity event– as well as administrative prices. Many people that join fundraising recognize that there are expenses associated with the activity; these will certainly also include the costs connected with your income and those of the business leadership.
3. Budget your income, benefits and also bonus packages symmetrical to the amount of earnings your organization will produce throughout the year. Because your management initiatives will straight affect the volume of funds raised over the year, you can create a payment plan that will appropriately pay you inning accordance with how efficient your initiatives are.
4. Produce income for your company through easy sources, including rents, royalties, investments, or rate of interest repayments. If your company is a 501( c) 3– a tax-exempt organization– you will certainly need to understand any government limitations on this type of earnings. Nonetheless, any kind of added financing for the organization could contribute to the complete quantity of your individual profit when you have actually resolved the objective of the nonprofit.
5. It is feasible to achieve personal worth running a nonprofit without receiving any cash money. For instance, numerous nonprofits have the ability to supply cars, had by the organization, for the individual use of the organizational management. Additionally, gas cards, meal gratuities, and traveling costs are all areas where the nonprofit could save you loan by choosing up the expense and increasing your disposable revenue because of this northwest registered agent new york 900 state street. | 2019-04-20T17:14:16Z | http://camentoucheunesansfairebougerlautre.com/northwest-registered-agent-new-york-900-state-street/ |
At last week’s Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in Las Vegas, I had the opportunity to host a podcast that is part of GMDC’s ongoing Retail Tomorrow initiative, which also has created a series of “immersion” conferences - in Silicon Valley, Toronto, Seattle and New York, with upcoming events scheduled for Los Angeles and Boston - at which people can do a deep dive into not just best practices, but next practices.
Our podcast at CES - the first in a new series that will run throughout 2019 - was designed to not just consider some of the themes and products on display at CES, but the larger issue of how retail and brands think about innovation and develop cultures that embrace disruption.
• Morri Chowaiki, Head of Sales and Retail for Daymond John at The Shark Group.
• Seraj Bharwani, Chief Strategy Officer at AcuityAds.
• Tom Furphy, CEO and Managing Partner at Consumer Equity Partners.
• Benjamin Winters, Vice President, Marketing Services & Automation at Ideoclick.
The podcast is available below, as well as on iTunes and Google Play.
I hope you find it as fascinating as I did. Enjoy.
Amazon-owned Whole Foods reportedly has decided to end its experiment with the “365 by Whole Foods” format, which was designed to offer lower prices, use more technology, and appeal more to younger customers.
Yahoo Finance says that an internal memo from Whole Foods CEO John Mackey says that the dozen 365 stores currently operating will remain in business, but that no new stores will open.
The story notes that “Amazon has been rolling out discounts and weekly deals for Prime members who shop at Whole Foods stores. But in August, 40% of more than 2,000 Whole Food shoppers surveyed by Yahoo Finance said they believe the prices of products in stores aren’t really lower.” At the same time, “The discontinuation of the 365 stores comes at a time when Whole Foods is planning a national expansion. With support from Amazon, Whole Foods is looking to open more stores in locations with more than 45,000 square feet and eyeing sites that used to host retailers like Sears.
KC's View: Pretty much from the beginning, I argued that the 365 format didn’t achieve any of the goals that Whole Foods set out for it … it seemed more cosmetic than tangible, and not nearly enough to make a real difference in how the company was perceived. Some of the locations were better than others, but in general, what I saw was disappointing.
I thought when Amazon bought Whole Foods that it was possible that it would inject needed energy and vitality into the format. When Amazon opened Amazon Go, I thought that maybe they’d try to test out the checkout-free technology in a 365 store.
But in the end, I suppose, the 365 format was just a distraction … and Amazon seems to have bigger fish to fry.
The US Supreme Court has agreed to hear a case that pits the Food Marketing Institute (FMI) against the Argus Leader, a Gannett-owned South Dakota newspaper that has argued that it - and, by extension, its readers - have a right to know how much federal food stamp money goes to the nation’s retailers.
The Argus Leader won its case last year in the , the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals, but FMI successfully persuaded the Supreme Court to hear a final appeal. The case is Food Marketing Institute v. Argus Leader Media.
KC's View: I’m afraid I part ways with FMI on this. As a taxpayer, I think I’d like to know which retailers are the greatest beneficiaries of the food stamp system … and, quite frankly, I’d kind of like to know what the retailers and their trade association would rather not be a matter of public record.
Sources tell MNB that it is likely that the acquisition by Emart, South Korea’s largest retailer, of Good Food Holdings - which owns Bristol Farms, Lazy Acres Market, and Metropolitan Market - is expected to close soon.
Emart is buying Good Food Holdings, which has been owned by Endeavour Capital, for a reported $275 million. It is Emart’s first move into the US.
The deal does not include New Seasons Market, which also is owned by Endeavour but is part of a different fund.
KC's View: These are three of the best independent operators on the west coast, and I’m glad that they’re going to have access to the kind of capital that will allow them to continue to grow and excel. I’d certainly prefer this deal to a sale of these companies piecemeal to some entity that doesn’t understand them and the kind of special stores they operate.
The North Bay Business Journal reports that the California legislature will consider a bill that would ban the issuance of paper receipts by retailers unless consumers ask for them.
The story notes that Assemblyman Phil Ting (D-San Francisco), the bill’s sponsor, argues that many businesses already are moving in the direction of e-receipts and away from paper.
But, he said, “a law is needed because many consumers don’t realize most paper receipts are coated with chemicals prohibited in baby bottles, can’t be recycled and can contaminate other recycled paper because of the chemicals known as Bisphenol-A (BPA) and Bisphenol-S (BPS).
KC's View: I’m sure that there will be those who will say that this is an “only in California” story, but this actually sort of makes sense … I’m not sure how much paper and chemicals it’ll actually save, but some is better than none, and it seems to be pretty much in synch with where technology and most customers are anyway.
Yahoo Finance reports that Amazon-owned Whole Foods is considering former and closing Sears and Kmart stores as possible locations as it expands its physical footprint in the US.
KC's View: It would be retailing malpractice if Whole Foods didn’t look at all these available spaces. But that doesn’t mean, as some seem to be suggesting, that suddenly there are going to be all these Whole Foods stores in all these locations where Sears and Kmart failed. I suspect that this is a fiction - or, at best, a fantasy - drummed up by real estate people who would like nothing better. But Whole Foods only is going to go into locations that make sense demographically and financially, and a lot of distressed real estate isn’t going to make the cut.
For one thing, “one in three goods” were bought online.
KC's View: I love that FT refers to the current state of British retailing by paraphrasing TS Eliot’s “The Wasteland,” suggesting that January, not April, may in fact be the cruelest month of all - since that’s when legacy retailers are able to calculate all the damage done to them by disruptive competition.
• Digiday reports that as Target reported 5.7 percent same-store sales growth for November and December, up from 3.4 percent growth for the same period a year ago, it also said that its click-and-collect service handled 60 percent more items than a year ago during the holiday season.
• The Associated Press reports that “more than four months after Missouri became the first U.S. state to regulate the term ‘meat’ on product labels, Nebraska’s powerful farm groups are pushing for similar protection from veggie burgers, tofu dogs and other items that look and taste like real meat.
I noticed this story because Shelley Broader is one my favorite people in retail … plus, this is a good example of how the retail world is changing and how traditional bricks-and-mortar businesses have to adjust. If anyone can do it, Shelley can.
Stephanie Lundquist, its chief human resources officer, has been promoted to the role of president of food and beverage.
Melissa Kremer, Target's senior vice president of human resources, will take over as chief human resources officer.
Katie Boylan, senior vice president of communications, was named chief communications officer.
Rick Gomez, currently chief marketing officer, is Target’s new chief marketing and digital officer.
Mike McNamara, Target’s chief information officer, has been named to also lead its enterprise data analytics and business intelligence teams.
And Target also announced that Chief Financial Officer Cathy Smith will retire after a successor is named.
Richard A. Coulter, who has been written about here on MNB from time to time, passed away yesterday. He was 84 and the cause was cardiac arrest - which is ironic, since to the people who loved him, his was an enormous heart that never stopped enveloping everyone he touched.
I’ve mentioned Richard here on MNB because, when I was just a young teenager, he hired me to work in his clothing store - County Boys’ and Men’s Shop, in the suburbs of New York City.
At County Boys’, Richard was an indomitable presence, outfitting young men and their fathers in suits and sports jackets, jeans and khakis, shirts and sweaters - always focusing on high levels of customer service and affordable prices that kept generations of families returning. Richard also employed many of his customers’ kids, teaching them about business as well as larger lessons about life. I was one of them, and I worked at the stores to pay my way through high school and part of college, and then on weekends when I was a newspaper reporter making under $7,000 a year and needed a second job to pay the bills. He taught me much about business, and much about life.
There is a lot to say about Richard, and I haven’t processed it all yet. I’ve been asked to do a eulogy at his funeral - this was Richard’s request, with instructions that I am to make it funny - but the memorial service won’t be for a while, and so I have time.
I do want to say one thing here that speaks volumes about Richard (and his wife, Linda). The County Boys’ and Men’s story did not end well; the stores were not able to keep up with changing customer preferences, and eventually they went bankrupt. There were creditors to whom money was owned, and Richard and Linda made sure that every debt was paid, in full. They even moved to Chicago to run a camp outfitting business, which allowed them to not just pay off all their debts, but also enjoy what ended up being a great adventure.
In the early days on MNB, when FMI had its annual convention in Chicago, I used to host little parties at a place called Bin 36, just mentioning it on the site and hoping people would show up. Somehow, they always did … and so did the Coulters, who enjoyed seeing what that young kid who used to work in their stores had turned into. I remember that Neil and Jane Golub used to come as well, and the Coulters enjoying hanging out with them, sharing retail war stories. And it gave me enormous pleasure to see the confluence of people from different parts of my life.
I saw Richard just a few weeks ago, before Christmas. While he was physically challenged, his spirt was there. And his smile - infectious and boisterous - remained, undimmed. That’s how I’ll remember him.
Many years ago, after working at Wild Oats and while consulting at Whole Foods, there was zero company culture to manage retails. "Watch costs, but the margin is what it is" was legend. Early core consumers, and employees believed the purity of the mission was enough. Fast forward to the tipping point reached and Amazon knows what Costco knows: sell quality (or organic) at parity with conventional ... and the real tipping point is evident. Eureka moment for WF! Blending of cultures will make WF formidable.
Kevin, I’m surprised you are surprised by this. When making your rounds and visiting business you should include a stop by the business restrooms to see what they are dealing with as well as a detailed walk of parking lots and surrounding landscape and evaluate the debris you find. This is a direct result of Starbucks opening its restrooms for anyone and everyone to use! I’m sure after doing this your shock will turn to sadness.
Not good for patrons and employees!
I actually make it a practice to check out retailers’ restrooms. But hypodermic needles are not something I’ve noticed. Sorry.
Retailers seem to be falling over each other to attract on-line grocery ordering. Can we agree that the "expense" of a Kroger, Walmart etc. employee roaming the store (or warehouse) and assembling the items ordered by on-line customers is far more than the retailer expense associated with shoppers who go to the store and spend their time picking their own selections off the shelf and proceed to check out at the front of the store, often waiting in long lines? And worse yet, also expecting traditional shoppers to use self checkout?
In my view, the traditional shopper is subsidizing the added cost to serve on-line shoppers. Adding insult to injury is my local Kroger offering special “clicklist" savings not available to "traditional" shoppers. In my view, ultimately the retailers who avoid these costly accommodations to online customers and thus don't have to pass such costs to traditional shoppers will win out. This free service is not really "free". The costs have to be recovered somewhere. It is not reasonable to burden traditional in-store shoppers with that expense. Just my three cents (inflation you know).
I wrote last week about a terrible experience I had at a White Castle eating one of the new meatless Impossible Burgers that it is serving.
Sorry to hear about your White Castle experience – it seems that maybe it is the opposite of Irving Street Kitchen’s ability to make anything taste good. (I’ve only eaten there once and instantly regretted it, even at 3 AM after more happy times).
I am not a burger lover by any stretch but I did try the Impossible Burger at a NYC’s Bareburger, and have to say that it was really quite eye opening. Something I even re-ordered, as it is a highly passable veggie burger.
Come down to NYC and try it sometime.
Right there with you on In & Out burgers—it’s my go to place to eat a burger whenever I visit the West Coast or Dallas area. But growing up in St Louis, White Castle was the place to go for a bag of sliders. It was my kids first burger because they are so mushy and soft. Nothing better than 4 or 5 White Castles after a few cold beverages late at night. Not sure I would be a fan of the veggie burger either, but still every visit to the St Louis area always includes a stop at the Porcelain Palace. Just wish In & Out would make it to the Midwest.
Kevin, have you considered talking to someone who actually goes to White Castle and that WC might be targeting with the impossible burger? You are admittedly in neither of these categories.
For the record, I am a loyal reader but this really irritated me. In part because I know vegetarians and vegans who really enjoy this option. Other parts because your commentary reads annoying and self-righteous.
This reminds me of a time when I was at a retailer and working with a CM who managed pickles/olives. As part of our normal engagement we would regularly sample products. We would invite other folks to the cutting to provide feedback. When the CM walks into a room and proclaims ‘ugh, I hate olives and pickles disgust me’… how do you think the CM responded?! How then do you think everyone else responded?
I hope you don’t talk like this to your children. That would be a real shame if you SHAMED every attempt at something new or different. Since when does a new experience that doesn’t blow you away have to be described as the worst experience of your day? Quite frankly it makes you look like you lack objectivity. Not a good look.
I take your point, but in my defense, I wasn’t actually trying to be objective … the whole point of a review is that it is subjective … I was stating my opinion having had the experience, and I’m perfectly willing to air opposing views.
Also, to be clear, I like burgers, and I have no problem with a good veggie burger. While I’m not a big fast food consumer, that’s because I don’t think it is very good. I love In-N-Out, for example, because I appreciate the quality and the company’s defining culture. So I’m not exactly a pickle category manager who hates pickles. I just one who loves a good pickle, and hates it when I have a substandard pickle … and loves the opportunity to try a new pickle.
We spent the new Year’s weekend at the MGM Park and were frequent visitors to the Eataly. I would agree with you that it is a Food Court on steroids but oh what a Food Court it is. Everything was stellar and so clean despite the crowds. Aside from the early morning and the very late night, Eataly was packed. I give it an A Plus for concept, relevance and quality. We were there daily for coffee, a snack or dinner. Of course we have spent the last week trying to recover from the food coma it put us in.
The NFL Conference Championships are scheduled for next Sunday, with the Patriots traveling to Kansas City to play the Chiefs, and the Rams going to New Orleans to play the Saints … with the winners of those two games to meet on Sunday, February 3, in the Super Bowl. | 2019-04-25T02:41:04Z | https://www.morningnewsbeat.com/Home/Home_S.las?Date=2019-01-14 |
If you have seen the futuristic movie Minority Report, you most likely have an idea of how many factors and decisions go into crime prevention. Yes, Pre-crime is an aspect of the future but even today it is clear that many social, economic, psychological, racial, and geographical circumstances must be thoroughly considered in order to make crime prediction even partially possible and accurate. The predictive analytics made possible with Apache Hadoop can significantly benefit this area of government security.
The essence of crime prevention is to understand and narrow down thousands of “what if” cases to a manageable and plausible handful of scenarios. Crime can happen anywhere and can be categorized as anything from cyber fraud to kidnapping, which provides a lot of combinations for possible misdemeanors or felonies. With the help of big data analytics, government agencies can zone in on certain areas, demographics, and age groups to pick out specific types of crimes and move towards decreasing the one trillion dollar annual cost of crime in the United States.
Zach Friend, a crime analyst for the Santa Cruz Police Department, explained that there aren’t enough cops on the streets due to insufficient funds. Not only that, but many police departments are still technologically behind in the crime-monitoring field, so big data analytics tools could be a huge step forward for police all over the country. Evidence and information about cases could be stored much more efficiently, police action could be more proactive, and crime awareness could be much more prevalent.
The Crime and Corruption Observatory (created by the European company, FuturICT) is pushing for this kind of development and aims to predict the dynamics of criminal phenomena by running massive data mining and large-scale computer simulations. The Observatory is structured as a network that involves scientists from varying fields – “from cognitive and social science to criminology, from artificial intelligence to complexity science, from statistics to economics and psychology”.
This Observatory will be used through the framework of the developing Living Earth Simulator project – “a big data and supercomputing project that will attempt to uncover the underlying sociological and psychological laws that underpin human civilization.” The project, funded by the European Union, is an impressive advancement in technology, which will not only aid in pin pointing crime but will also effectively utilize the big data of today’s world.
PredPol has made predictive crime analytics available to police departments so that “pre-crime”, in a sense, could be put into action. Zach Friend explains, “We’re facing a situation where we have 30 percent more calls for service but 20 percent less staff than in the year 2000, and that is going to continue to be our reality. So we have to deploy our resources in a more effective way. This model does that.” PredPol allows law enforcement agencies to collect and organize data about crimes that have already happened and to use this data to predict future incidents in certain areas at a radius of 500 square foot blocks. It may not be the same as knowing the exact perpetrator, victim, and cause of the crime ahead of time as was possible in Minority Report but it is an impressive step towards perfecting crime prediction.
The Santa Cruz Police Department, which is using PredPol’s software, has already seen significant improvements in police work. SCPD began by locating areas of possible burglaries, battery, and assault and handing out maps of these areas to officers so they could patrol them. Since then, the department has seen a 19% decrease in these types of crimes.
PredPol software is able to make calculations about crimes based on previous times and locations of other incidents while cross-referencing these with criminal behavior and patterns. Here is an example of how large-scale this could get: George Mohler, a UCLA mathematician who was testing the effectiveness of PredPol, looked at 5,000 crimes which required 5,000! comparisons (i.e. 5,000 x 4,999 x 4,998…). With impressive results already materializing from calculations like these, it is exciting to think how much more accurate predictive crime analytics could become.
With Apache Hadoop, perfecting crime prevention becomes an attainable goal. CTOlabs presented some very important points in a recent white paper about big data and law enforcement, showing how Hadoop could be beneficial to smaller police departments that don’t have very much financial leeway. The LAPD for example, is very well-funded and can afford to work with companies such as IBM to develop crime predicting techniques.
Smaller or less advanced departments, however, do not have the financial advantage to use supercomputers or extensive command centers and will use less efficient techniques (such as simple spreadsheets and homegrown databases) to keep track of all of the information involved in law enforcement. “Nationwide, agencies and departments have to reduce their resources and even their manpower but are expected to continue the trend of a decreasing crime rate. To do so requires better service with fewer resources.” Open source presents an extremely effective and less expensive option – Apache Hadoop is the super hero that can save the day, one cluster at a time.
With Hadoop’s capability to store and organize data, police departments can filter through unnecessary information in order to focus on the aspects of crime that are more important. By applying advanced analytics to historical crime patterns, weather trends, traffic sensor data, and a wealth of other sources, police can place patrol cops in areas with higher crime probability instead of evenly distributing man power throughout quiet anddangerous neighborhoods. This conserves money, effort, and time. Hadoop can also help organize a number of other factors such as police back up, calls for service, or screening for biases and confounding variables. Phone calls, videos, historical records, suspect profiles, or any other important information that is necessary for law agencies to keep for a long time can be systematized and referenced whenever need be.
Increasing public safety through effective use of technology is not a panacea but it is here and is an effective tool in combating crime. Apache Hadoop serves as a foundation for this new approach and, most importantly, it is accessible to a wider range of police departments all over the country and the world. Yes, predictive policing and crime prevention still have a lot of room for development and have yet to tackle issues like specific crimes that depend on interpersonal relationships or random events. However, it is all very possible, especially with the use of Hadoop as a predictive analytics platform. Crime can be stopped. No PreCogs necessary.
The Boston Marathon bombing, subsequent manhunt and current investigation are unprecedented – not only due to the nature of the attack but because of how much information has been available to law enforcement, the public and the suspects. Unlike any previous large-scale attack, data came in at a staggering velocity within seconds of the twin explosions, yielding constant changes and misreporting, but also the timely apprehension of the suspects.
For all its evident successes, however, this “big data” event exposed many limitations in existing technologies, demonstrating the need for new capabilities and providing new collaborative opportunities for law enforcement and technology developers. This article is about the technological capabilities Boston demonstrated we need, rather than about the victims, the heroism of the Boston responders or cooperation among the agencies involved. Some of the technologies discussed below may already exist in some form, but still are not ideally suited to the needs of this kind of event.
Avid for Intel: The FBI and Boston Police Department (BPD) requested and received video and photos from witnesses to the blast and from private security cameras in the vicinity. Capabilities in this area are not ready for “prime time”. To my knowledge there is no image and video management system that can operate at scale to quickly to stitch together the various images in both space and time. The best seem to be in the entertainment industry – something akin to the Avid video editing and production suite – than the intelligence community. Each image from a smart phone carries telemetry data that can be used to orient it in space and time. Add hundreds or even thousands of those images together, taken from different vantage points and different times, and you have an amazingly detailed mosaic of the environment. Being able to ‘play it back’ to particular time stamps, say to see who put a package where, is an enormous challenge and opportunity. I suspect that Boston pulled off this feat with brute force but a technology solution to this type of image management capability seems to be in order. Similar ideas can be seen in movies, but these haven’t yet made the trip from the big screen to the real world. No matter how many video cameras a city installs, we should expect that there will be increasing amounts of consumer imagery and video available and we must develop the technology to harness it.
Complex Event Processing (CEP): It’s difficult to imagine the barrage of information flying at the Boston law enforcement team on April 15th: citizen tips, social media posts, 911 calls and forensic evidence to name a few. But I could imagine that the primary information management system was email, and that it wouldn’t take long in a rapidly evolving event such as this to be drowned in message traffic and miss key pieces of information. CEP is an idea typically found in machine automation, but automating alerts based on key events could ensure that the right message gets to the right people automatically. That might mean any small event in a key location (or a certain type of activity anywhere) generates an alert. In order for CEP to be effective for a rapidly evolving situation, it would require a very simple configuration interface and easy integration into data streams and messaging systems. In the next Boston-type event there will be no time to call a support contractor for help configuring rules; this has to be almost consumer-friendly out of the box.
Link Analysis: There is a critical need in rapidly unfolding situations to organize the information you have and tie it together in a way that allows you to tell a story or build a case. As the Boston authorities tried to figure out who the suspects were, little pieces of information came in all the time, answering critical questions like: How many suspects are there? Where do they live? Where do they work? How are they tied together? This is certainly the promise of link analysis software from vendors like Palantir, IBM/i2, Visual Analytics, Centrifuge and others. Unfortunately, without a room full of engineers from the vendor, customers don’t have the capability to use these tools rapidly enough and with the level of sophistication this type of event requires, and most agencies end up using these tools for a few simple activities and as basic drawing packages. The products, business models and capabilities destined for use in crises must evolve in order to make the kind of headway needed during a fast-moving event. Even a city the size of Boston doesn’t have the budget or the day-to-day need for the level of investment that would be required to have those capabilities using today’s solutions.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS): Every law enforcement and homeland security agency has GIS tools. But let’s face it: nobody can use them at the pace and level of complexity that Boston required. And that’s not Boston’s fault; it’s the tools’. Modern GIS systems are built on old software architectures to support geographers. But they need to be rebuilt for the velocity of social media data, for easy and rapid data entry, for simple analysis, and for quick information sharing and reporting. The needs of law enforcement to see the locations of detonations, devices that were discovered, suspect homes and other parts of the crime scenes and then correlate that data with reporting from social media, random tips and their own personnel was just out of reach. They had the tools and they knew how to use them, but the tools are not up to the task. Given the revolution in geo-enabled consumer apps such as Foursquare, Google Maps, Yelp and Find My iPhone, it’s disappointing that the professional tools are so lacking in capability.
Crowd Analytics: From the DARPA Challenge to the recent Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA) crowd forecasting program, this has been a pretty hot topic for research. The FBI’s release of suspect photos proved that the crowd was able to identify the suspects better than facial recognition algorithms were apparently able to do against their drivers’ licenses and other publicly available photos. In addition to allowing witnesses who saw or knew the suspects to identify them, the crowd presents a massive computational reasoning capability with the entire Internet at its disposal. The crowd was able to find the suspects’ Russian-language social network VKontakte (VK), Twitter and other social media accounts faster than the government. Leveraging the crowd for search, translation, information dissemination and such bears much promise and much peril. More will be written, I’m sure, about the ill-fated reddit community attempt to analyze crime scene imagery, but make no mistake: a well-organized crowd can be a powerful tool.
Social Identity: Identity resolution and identity management capabilities are used every day by law enforcement and intelligence agencies. But these capabilities struggle with low-quality data sources. It’s one thing to find an identity match with a name, date of birth and social security number; it’s something else entirely when the name has multiple spellings and there’s no other good information. It’s particularly hard to find that person’s social media identity, perhaps the first place you’ll see their extreme views or other information that may provide additional leads or explanations of motives. And, in this case like many others, fraudulent websites are created as quickly as the event unfolds, further confusing the search for suspect identities. High quality but rapid social identity solutions are needed to understand a person’s identity when their official government identity is either unknown or insufficient. And these tools must not only be timely in order to have any value to law enforcement, they must also be accurate.
Social TTL: The concept of tagging, tracking, and locating (TTL) is well known in the intel and special operations communities. But, as we could see that one of the suspects was logging into his VK and Twitter accounts from his smart phone during the event, it exposed the need for a different kind of TTL. All of the technology capabilities to identify the user and track the location of his mobile phone exist, but were not readily available in a timely manner in Boston.
Phone Neutralization/Intercept: The explosive devices used during the marathon were apparently triggered with controllers from a radio-operated toy, but they first appeared to have been detonated by mobile calls or messages, as with many other attacks of this nature. After the suspects were identified there was concern that they possessed additional devices and that those devices could be remotely detonated using mobile phones as well. Along with the Social TTL idea, there is a need to either neutralize, intercept or exploit the mobile phones of the suspects. This would have been even more essential with more assailants or a protracted standoff. Products exist that would allow law enforcement to disable a phone from communicating on the network, track it precisely and even send it direct messages.
Digital Canvassing: Digital cameras and video were not the only sources of information available at the time of, or leading up to, the explosions. There was also a high volume of Tweets, Facebook updates, Yelp check-ins, Instagram posts and even YouTube uploads. One idea for identifying potential witnesses or suspects is to play back all of those time-stamped posts to determine who was in the vicinity, and when. Similar to deploying policemen to canvass a neighborhood, a digital canvass would allow investigators to review what was in the public social space that might yield clues.
Behavioral Markers: Every friend of the suspects interviewed by the media said that they were shocked by the attack. That their friends had been normal Americans but that something must have triggered a fundamental change. Each time there’s an event like Boston or Sandy Hook or the Gabrielle Giffords attack or the Aurora movie theater shooting, we seem surprised that these acts occurred, that we could only see the evidence after the fact. In reality, the behavioral ‘markers’ were there more often than not. But any attempt at analytical prevention or detection approaches quickly encroaches on the privacy and civil liberties of people with psychological disorders or those of a given race or chosen religion. In light of the potential to save many lives, we must have the courage to do responsible research on the behavioral markers of people who are mentally or ideologically capable of committing mass murder. We must address the root causes and find signals that we can detect in advance so that we can prevent these events from happening.
Smart Phones for Law Enforcement: Government, from the Pentagon to local police departments, have been slow to embrace smart phones. This mainly stems from a legitimate concern for protecting sensitive information, determining acceptable use, limiting the high cost of migrating to a new device – even from the uncertainty of choosing the right vendor. But it seems obvious that the Boston suspects had a real-time information advantage over those responsible for tracking them down. The smart phones the suspects carried would have allowed them to listen to the police scanners (I’m not sure they did, but I did – so they could have), tweet to their growing list of followers, monitor the news and call their mother. This “net centric warfare” provided a time and information advantage over the chain-of-command information flow to radios and outmoded Blackberry email devices. Equipping cops with smart phones, connected to some of the information sources described above, would tip the playing field back in favor of law enforcement.
Information Security: The International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) and others have reported recently that law enforcement’s use of social media is primarily to disseminate information rather than to monitor or engage. As former Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff wrote in The Wall Street Journal recently, BPD did a fantastic job of using Twitter as an authoritative information source to quell rumors and enlist the public’s help. However, this event also showed the need to be able to control publicly available information that may be used by the adversary. I suspect BPD had forgotten or didn’t know that its police scanners with detailed operational information were being streamed over the Internet. The rapid flow of information that is easily accessed by even the simplest smart phone raises the stakes for information- and cyber-security during events like Boston.
To close, I welcome your ideas, your comments, your additions, and your opposing viewpoints. In such a dialogue lies a tremendous opportunity for refinement and innovation of the tools and products that support our public safety and intelligence agencies.
Disclaimer: These observations are made from a distance; I was not part of the Boston response nor do I have input on these technologies from anyone who was. Moreover, this is being written while the event is still unfolding and nothing has yet been published about the tools and technologies that were actually used during the event. These observations and opinions, and any errors, are my own.
Bryan Ware is the CTO of Haystax Technology, a new analytics company focused on the defense and intelligence sector. Mr. Ware was the co-Founder and chief technology strategist for Digital Sandbox until its acquisition by Haystax. His current work is focused on intelligence, law enforcement, and financial industry applications particularly in real-time analytics, social media intelligence, and mobility.
미제로 남을 뻔한 강력 사건들이 검찰과 경찰의 유전자(DNA) 정보 공유로 잇따라 해결되고 있다.
서울 광진경찰서는 2003년 4월 서울 화양동 주택가에서 20대 여성 2명을 성폭행하고 귀금속 등을 빼앗아 달아났던 송모(44)씨를 13일 붙잡았다. 10년의 공소시효 만료를 불과 66일 앞두고서였다.
경찰은 사건 직후 용의자의 DNA를 국립과학수사연구원(국과수)에 보냈지만 일치하는 자료가 없어 추적에 실패했다. 그러나 이후 마약 복용으로 복역했다 출소한 범인의 DNA 자료가 검찰에 남아 있어 이를 대조한 결과 10년 전 사건의 범인을 특정할 수 있었다.
검찰과 경찰은 미제 강력 사건의 해결을 위해 이처럼 DNA 정보 공유를 활성화하고, 조각지문 감식법 개발 등 과학수사 역량 확대에 총력을 기울이고 있지만 넘어야 할 산 또한 많다. 대표적인 게 검찰 따로, 국과수 따로인 유전자 분석자료 관리의 일원화다.
지난해 8월 20일 서울 중곡동에서 30대 주부를 성폭행하려다 실패하자 살해한 서진환(43)은 성폭행 전과자다. 사건 13일 전에도 인근 면목동에서 또 다른 성폭행 범죄를 저질렀다. 경찰은 면목동 사건을 수사하면서 피해자의 몸에서 범인의 DNA를 확보해 국과수에 분석을 의뢰했다. 그러나 국과수가 보유한 DNA 정보 데이터베이스엔 범인의 DNA 자료가 없었다. 반면 검찰은 그의 DNA 정보를 갖고 있었다. 다른 성폭행 사건으로 수감 중인 그의 DNA 자료를 검찰이 확보해뒀지만 경찰과의 정보 공유가 되지 않아 미리 범인을 잡을 기회를 놓쳤던 것이다.
성범죄는 특성상 상습적인 경우가 많다. 따라서 성폭행 사건이 일어나면 동종 범죄 전과자를 조회하는 것이 수사의 기본이다. 그런데도 성범죄자의 DNA 정보를 검찰과 경찰이 따로 관리한 탓에 애꿎은 희생자를 만든 셈이 됐다.
DNA 분석정보의 ‘따로 보관’에 따른 폐해는 더 있다.
서울 강서경찰서는 2005년 8월 부녀자를 성폭행한 혐의로 A씨(57)를 지난해 10월 구속했다. 경찰이 범행 현장에서 채취한 A씨의 DNA는 국과수에서 보관해 왔다.
A씨는 2008년 7월 절도 혐의로 검찰에 구속됐다가 2011년 7월 여주교도소에서 출소했다. 이때까지 그의 성폭행 전력은 노출되지 않았지만 출소하면서 채취한 그의 DNA 자료가 검찰에 등록되면서 7년 전 성범죄 사실이 드러났다. 그러나 A씨는 이미 출소해서 자유의 몸이 된 상태. 그를 다시 붙잡느라 1년3개월의 시일이 또 소요됐다.
2010년 7월 DNA법(DNA 신원확인정보의 이용 및 보호에 관한 법률)이 시행되면서 검찰과 경찰은 살인, 강도, 강간 등 11개의 강력 범죄를 저지른 자에 대해 DNA 자료를 채취, 보관할 수 있게 됐다. 이 법 시행 이전에는 특정 사건 관련자나 용의자의 DNA를 채집해 관리했지만 데이터베이스로 구축해 체계적으로 관리하지는 않았다. 결국 DNA법 이후 검·경이 따로 DNA 채취를 하게 됐는데, 수형자의 DNA 자료는 대검찰청에서, 범죄 현장에서 채집한 경찰 수사 DNA 자료는 국과수에서 각각 보관 중이다. 검찰 관계자는 “검·경이 각자 보유한 용의자들의 DNA 자료는 풍부하다. 최근 경찰과 검찰이 서로의 DNA 자료를 교차 검색할 수 있게 되면서 성폭력 등 장기 미제사건 해결에 기여하고 있다”고 설명했다.
하지만 국과수 측 설명은 다르다. “서진환 사건 이후 검찰과 경찰은 DNA 정보 교류를 위해 노력하고 있지만 아무래도 각자 보관·관리하다 보니 효율성이 많이 떨어지는 것은 부인할 수 없다”고 말했다.
지난 1월 박영선(민주통합당) 의원과 김희정(새누리당) 의원이 각각 DNA법 개정안을 대표발의했다. 현재의 이원화된 관리에서 파생되는 비효율을 제거하자는 뜻에서다. 박 의원은 “2010년 7월 법무부가 DNA법을 제정하면서 국과수에서 하던 DNA 신원확인 정보의 사무 관장을 검찰과 국과수로 나눴다. 그 결과 효율성이 떨어지고, 비용만 증가해 예산 낭비를 초래하고 있다”며 “관련 업무를 과학수사 연구기관인 국과수로 일원화해야 한다”고 주장했다. 아울러 “DNA 신원확인 정보가 체계적이고 통일적으로 관리되지 못해 인권 침해의 소지도 크다”고 지적했다.
김희정 의원의 개정안 내용은 좀 다르다. 김 의원은 “현재 범행 현장에서 확보한 용의자의 DNA는 경찰이 관리하고, 수형자들로부터 채취한 정보는 검찰이 보관하고 있다”면서 “이로 인해 유력한 용의자를 놓치거나 뒤늦게 검거하는 사례가 많았다. 따라서 효율적이고 신속한 범인 검거를 위해 검·경 간 DNA 정보를 연계 운용토록 개선해야 한다”고 밝혔다. 즉 검찰과 경찰이 용의자 DNA와 수형자 DNA를 따로 관리하되, 정보를 연계 운용할 수 있도록 하자는 내용이다.
국과수 사람들은 관리체계 일원화를 강조하면서도 무척 신중하고 조심스럽다. 검찰, 경찰의 눈치를 꽤 보는 기색이다. 업무 처리상 검찰의 협조가 절실하고 경찰은 예산을 지원하고 있기 때문이다. 그러나 대한민국 국과수가 자랑하는 게 있다. 무척 손이 빠르다는 점이다. 혈액이든 정액이든 증거물이 채집돼 오면 이를 분류해 DB화하는 데 전광석화 같다고 한다. 한 간부는 “업무의 신속성은 수많은 사건을 통해 단련된 덕분”이라고 했다. 분석 수준도 세계적으로 명성을 얻고 있다. 2006년 서울 반포동 서래마을 프랑스 영아 유기 사건을 명쾌하게 해결하면서 국제적 명성을 얻었지만, 이후에도 이런 전통을 이어가고 있다.
가령 얼마 전 동남아인이 연루된 살인 사건에서 DNA 자료만으로도 피의자의 국적을 정확히 맞혀 사건 해결의 결정적 역할을 했다. 혈흔만 가지고도 용의자의 연령을 추정해 내는 기술도 세계적으로 손꼽힌다. 분석방법의 다양화가 이뤄낸 쾌거다.
유전자 분석을 통해 용의자의 종족이나 피부색 등을 맞히는 것은 물론 동식물의 구체적인 개체 식별도 가능하다고 한다. 과거 분석에선 그냥 소나무 정도만 맞혔지만 최근엔 분석 기술의 발달로 어떤 유의 소나무인지, 고양이도 단순히 고양이가 아닌 어떤 형태의 고양이인지 정확히 집어낸다고 한다.
그런 국과수가 조심스러워하는 분야가 있다. 유전자를 통해 용의자의 성(姓)씨를 거의 맞힐 수 있는 능력을 보유하고 있지만 사회 분위기상 이를 공개적으로 활용하지 못하고 있는 점이 그것이다. 부계 염색체인 y유전자를 조사하면 성씨마다 독특한 패턴이 나타난다고 한다. “이는 축적된 데이터로 분석이 가능한데 에러가 거의 없다. 하지만 우리 사회에 하도 금기가 많고 편견이 심해 조심스럽다”고 국과수 한 간부는 전했다.
지문을 입력하고 저장·검색할 수 있는 지문자동식별시스템(AFIS). 10분 내에 지문으로 신원 확인이 가능하다. 국내 AFIS에는 4600만여 명의 지문 정보가 담겨 있다.
2005년 5월 어느 날 저녁 서울 공릉동 A씨(26·여)의 집 앞. 갑자기 한 남자가 귀가하던 A씨에게 달려들었다. A씨를 협박해 집 안까지 끌고 들어간 남자는 성폭행한 뒤 현금을 훔쳐 달아났다. 당시 범인이 현장에 남긴 건 손톱 크기도 안 되는 조각지문(일부만 남은 지문) 3개. A씨를 묶기 위해 콘센트에서 뽑았던 전선에 남은 지문이었다. 경찰은 범인의 신원을 밝혀내지 못했고 사건은 그렇게 미제로 남게 됐다. 그로부터 7년 뒤인 지난해 중반, 전과 8범 구모(33)씨가 용의선상에 올랐다. 성능이 향상된 지문자동식별시스템(AFIS)이 당시 밝혀내지 못했던 조각지문 3개의 주인공을 밝혀낸 것이다. 범인임이 확인된 구씨는 결국 구속됐다.
조각지문만 남겨 사건을 미궁에 빠뜨렸던 범인들이 속속 붙잡히고 있다. 지문 감식 기술이 나날이 향상되고 있기 때문이다. 경찰은 향상된 지문 감식 시스템을 바탕으로 2010년부터 지난해까지 살인 5건을 포함해 총 138건의 미제 사건을 해결했다.
지문 감식은 일제 조선총독부가 1911년 국내에 처음 도입했다. 하지만 초기엔 활용도가 그리 높지 않았다. 채취한 지문을 일일이 수작업으로 확인해야 했기 때문이다. 지문 감식 수사가 날개를 단 건 AFIS를 도입한 1990년 이후다. AFIS는 지문을 입력·저장·검색하는 시스템으로 10분 안에 범인의 신원을 확인할 수 있다. AFIS 도입 후 지문 데이터베이스를 구축하고 활용도가 높아지면서 1985년 6건에 불과했던 지문 신원 확인이 지난해에는 4200여 건으로 늘었다. 여기에 경찰청은 2007년부터 2010년까지 AFIS에 지문을 재입력해 선명도를 높이고 검색 시스템을 개선했다. 이를 통해 지문에 나타나는 특징점들을 선으로 연결한 부분의 면적, 융선(지문의 선)의 각도, 위치·방향 등을 활용해 지문 검색의 정확도를 높였다. AFIS에는 외국인, 국내 성인 등 4600만 명(일부 범죄자 중복 입력)의 지문 정보가 입력돼 있다.
지문 채취 기술도 향상됐다. 1948년 경찰부 감식과로 시작해 경찰청 내 감식계, 감식과로 이어져오던 것이 1999년 과학수사과로 확대 개편되면서 체계적으로 연구됐다. 기존에는 채취 도구가 흑연과 같은 분말과 백색 광원이 전부였다. 하지만 지금은 인체에 무해하고 흡착력이 높아 거친 표면에서도 지문을 채취할 수 있는 압축분말이 보편화됐다. 검체(지문이 묻은 물건)에 따라 다양한 파장의 빛을 활용하도록 광원도 다양화됐다. 현재는 미라처럼 건조된 시신과 물에 불은 익사자의 지문도 채취가 가능할 정도로 향상됐다.
경찰은 올해 초부터 손가락 지문뿐 아니라 손바닥 지문인 장문(掌紋)도 수사 단계에서 확보해 활용 중이다. 손금을 기준으로 손바닥 어느 부위의 지문인지 확인해 그 부분을 용의자의 지문과 비교해보는 것이다. 국제법과학감정연구소 이희일 소장은 “지문 데이터베이스가 확보돼 있기 때문에 대한민국의 지문 감식 기술은 세계 최고”라며 “DNA 분석이 비용과 시간이 많이 들기 때문에 지문 감식은 과학수사의 시작과 끝”이라고 말했다.
경찰청 장철환 감정관은 “현재는 보조적인 역할이지만 앞으로 중요성이 높아질 것”이라며 “예산·인력 보충이 필요하고 관련연구 또한 계속 돼야 할 것이다”라고 말했다.
Dr. Jennifer Bachner is Program Coordinator for the MA in Government program. Her work on predictive policing is supported by the IBM Center for the Business of Government.The rise of big data is shifting decision-making practices in all sectors of society. Journalists like David Brooks observe that “data-ism” is the “rising philosophy of the day” and businesses like McKinsey and IBM have focused their efforts on developing products and services that harness the power of big data. The big data revolution means that organizations of all types will need to collect, clean, analyze and act upon increasingly massive amounts of quantitative information to remain competitive.
Among those on the frontier of this paradigm shift are law enforcement agencies. Through what is often referred to as “predictive policing,” police departments are experiencing unprecedented success using data and analytics. Intelligence-led policing (i.e. the adoption of CompStat) emerged in the 1990s and greatly improved accountability by tracking information such as crime and arrest rates. Predictive policing builds upon this foundation. By examining patterns in past crime data, in conjunction with environmental characteristics, analysts can generate amazingly accurate forecasts about where crime is likely to occur. Officers are then deployed according to these forecasts.
The Santa Cruz Police Department, for example, partnered with social scientists at UCLA and Santa Clara University to develop software that assigns the probability of crime occurring to 150 by 150 meter cells on a map. Prior to their shifts, officers are notified of the 15 cells with the highest probabilities, and during their shifts, they can log into a web-based system to access updated, real-time probabilities. While officers are encouraged to view the maps as one of many tools in their crime prevention kits, many of those who integrate the information into their on-the-ground decision making have experienced marked declines in crime rates on their beats.
The applications of predictive policing extend well beyond mapping locations with increased likelihoods of crime (“hot spots”). The Baltimore Police Department, for example, has used predictive methods to inform its offender interdiction tactics. With a serial robber, analysts can use analytics to pinpoint the likely location of the suspect. To accomplish this, analysts first employ an iterative algorithm to calculate the center of minimum distance (CMD) between crime scenes, which is assumed to be the offender’s residence. An analysis of all possible routes from the CMD to the crime scenes and back again frequently reveals a limited number streets and times the offender uses. Police can then conduct an efficient stakeout and apprehend the suspect.
Social network analysis has proven to be another effective prediction tool. Analysts with the Richmond Police Department recently used this type of analysis to identify central (mathematically speaking) members in a homicide suspect’s social network. Police had been searching for the suspect for over a month. A few days after police notified key members in the network of their search, the suspect turned himself in. The police had successfully shut down the suspect’s social resources and, with no safe haven, he submitted himself to the authorities.
More and more police departments across the country are implementing predictive policing programs as the technology and training become more accessible. Further, the increasing computing power and data storage capacities available to police departments allow analysts to integrate more information into predictive analyses. Over the past few decades, criminologists have identified numerous characteristics associated with heightened criminal activity, including the availability of escape routes (e.g. highways and bridges), presence of adult retail establishments, weather patterns, payday schedules, times of day, days of the week and even moon phases. Through collaborative efforts, social scientists, crime analysts and police officers are discovering new ways to leverage this information and translate it into actionable recommendations that prevent crime.
We can also expect predictive policing to improve as information sharing becomes easier. Serial criminals often cross jurisdictional boundaries. This presents a problem for crime analysts, as the accuracy of predictions is positively correlated with information completeness. Recognizing this challenge, the federal government has supported the development of the Law Enforcement Information Exchange (LInX), which serves as a data warehouse for all participating police agencies. Individual agencies populate the database with their crime data, which can then be accessed by other agencies. Other information-sharing systems, such as Digital Information Gateway (DIG), is likewise making data analysis, visualization and interpretation easier and more accurate.
Law enforcement agencies are certainly not the only organizations benefiting from predictive analytics. Retail companies, intelligence agencies, financial institutions and marketing firms are just a few of the organizations using predictive methods and big data to improve their efficiency and success rates. And this trend is likely to continue. IBM estimates that “90% of the data in the world today has been created in the last two years.” This is a great time for undergraduate and graduate students to focus their academic careers in the field of data and analytics. | 2019-04-19T22:57:18Z | https://ditapps.wordpress.com/tag/crime/ |
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Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
Department of Internal Medicine, Oncology/Hematology Fellowship, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
Center for Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
Department of Neurological Surgery, Dardinger Laboratory for Neuro-oncology and Neurosciences, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio.
Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
Multiple myeloma remains incurable and the majority of patients die within 5 years of diagnosis. Reolysin, the infusible form of human reovirus (RV), is a novel viral oncolytic therapy associated with antitumor activity likely resulting from direct oncolysis and a virus-mediated antitumor immune response. Results from our phase I clinical trial investigating single agent Reolysin in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma confirmed tolerability, but no objective responses were evident, likely because the virus selectively entered the multiple myeloma cells but did not actively replicate. To date, the precise mechanisms underlying the RV infectious life cycle and its ability to induce oncolysis in patients with multiple myeloma remain unknown. Here, we report that junctional adhesion molecule 1 (JAM-1), the cellular receptor for RV, is epigenetically regulated in multiple myeloma cells. Treatment of multiple myeloma cells with clinically relevant histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) results in increased JAM-1 expression as well as increased histone acetylation and RNA polymerase II recruitment to its promoter. Furthermore, our data indicate that the combination of Reolysin with HDACi, potentiates RV killing activity of multiple myeloma cells in vitro and in vivo. This study provides the molecular basis to use these agents as therapeutic tools to increase the efficacy of RV therapy in multiple myeloma. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(5); 830–41. ©2016 AACR.
Reovirus (RV) Serotype 3–Dearing Strain is a nonenveloped double-stranded RNA oncolytic virus (OV) that is widespread in nature (1). RV is capable of selectively replicating in transformed cells leading to selective antitumor activity without harming normal tissues (2, 3). The surface protein junctional adhesion molecule 1 (JAM-1) and in the central nervous system negative growth regulatory protein 1 (NGR1) are the cellular receptors responsible for RV entry in human cells (4, 5). The virus mediates its antitumor activity via induction of direct cytolysis and activation of a tumor-directed immune response (6–8).
Multiple myeloma is an incurable blood cancer affecting approximately 83,000 people in the United States. Over 50% of these patients die within 5 years of diagnosis (9), and those with high-risk disease (1p deletion, 1q amplification, 17p deletion) have more dismal prognoses associated with an estimated 24-month survival (10). In most patients, relapse remains inevitable due to the presence of resistant residual disease (9).
Preclinical evidence has demonstrated that Reolysin induces multiple myeloma cell oncolysis alone, but that it is more effective in combination with the proteasome inhibitor (PI) by increasing the expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related genes (11–13).
We recently reported that single agent Reolysin is safe and well tolerated in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma (14). Our correlative analyses revealed that viral RNA, but not active viral replication, was evident in the patient's multiple myeloma cells approximately one week after initial RV treatment.
Correlative studies from our phase I trial revealed that patient's multiple myeloma cells displayed minimal, or no expression of the RV receptor JAM-1 (4); findings consistent with RV resistance and with the importance of viral cell entry to affect RV-mediated tumor cell killing in cancer cells (15).
Histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases (HDAC) affect a broad array of genes involved in cell cycle, apoptosis, and protein folding by regulating the acetylation status of their promoters, or through posttranslational modifications (16).
In multiple myeloma, HDACis have shown only minimal activity as a single agent (17). That being said, two phase IB trials showed that some patients were able to be salvaged by a combination of the HDACi, vorinostat (SAHA), or panobinostat (LBH) with proteasome inhibitor (18, 19). On the basis of the recent FDA approval for the use of LBH in the treatment of multiple myeloma patients (20), HDACi are now relevant therapeutic options that require further investigation to identify ways to best optimize their clinical use.
Here we show that clinically relevant pan-HDACi upregulate the expression of the RV receptor JAM-1 (4), an effect that increases the sensitivity of multiple myeloma cells to the oncolytic effects of RV in vitro and in vivo. These data support that combining RV with HDACi is a promising therapeutic strategy in patients with multiple myeloma.
RPMI-8226 (CRM-CCL-155), U266 (TIB-196), NCI-H929 (CRL-9068), and MM.1S (CRL-2974) multiple myeloma cell lines were purchased from ATCC. L363 (ACC-49) multiple myeloma cells were purchased from DSMZ German Collection of Microrganisms and Cell Cultures. Cell lines were cultured in RPMI1640 medium supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FBS and penicillin and streptomycin antibiotics. Karyotype analysis was used to validate multiple myeloma cell lines used. Primary multiple myeloma patient cells were obtained from bone marrow aspirates, following informed consent according to an Institutional Review Board (IRB)-approved protocol, and CD138-positive cells were isolated using EasySep CD138 positive selection kit (Stem Cell Technologies, cat# 18357).
Reolysin used for preclinical studies was a gift from Dr. Matt Coffey (Oncolytics Biotech Inc.). AR-42 was provided by Arno Therapeutics, JQ12 was a gift from the laboratory of Dr. Baiocchi (The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH), and 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine was obtained from Sigma Aldrich (cat# A3656). SAHA (cat# S1047), LBH-589 (cat# S1030), RGFP966 (cat# S7229), and entinostat (cat# S1053) were purchased from Selleckchem.
Multiple myeloma cells were plated in triplicate on 96-well plates with DMSO and treated with RV alone, or in combination with different HDACi at the concentrations indicated. To calculate the effectiveness of the different HDACi (IC50) at 48 hours, the drugs were added every 24 hours for a total of two times. For RV+HDACi combination experiments, multiple myeloma cells were treated with RV and HDACi in combination or as single agents for 48 hours, without addition of extra drug (HDACi) at 24 hours. To exclude different HDACi half-lives could affect the read out of our experiments, multiple myeloma cells were pretreated for 10 hours with HDACi, and following drug washout, were infected for 48 hours with RV. BD Pharmingen FITC Annexin V (BD Biosciences, cat# 556419) staining kit was used to assess multiple myeloma cell viability. We examined the ability of HDACi to synergize with RV using the Chou–Talalay synergy analysis, a mathematical way of evaluating interactions between two drugs (21–24). This analysis is frequently utilized to investigate synergy between anticancer agents (24). Data shown are a standard synergy analysis. Briefly, the 50% effective dose (ED50) of HDACi and RV were each defined as the dosage yielding 50% cell viability 48 hours after treatment, as compared with untreated controls (RV MOI5, AR-42 0.2 μmol/L, SAHA 1.00 μmol/L, LBH 0.01 μmol/L, and entinostat 2 μmol/L). To evaluate if the combination resulted in synergistic cell killing, the cells were treated with each HDACi alone, RV alone, or HDACi+RV in combination. Concentrations of HDACi and RV were serially diluted at fixed ratios of 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 times their ED50.
The viability data were utilized to calculate the combination index (CI) via the Compusyn program in which CI < 1 indicates synergistic interaction, CI > 1 is antagonistic, and CI = 1 is additive. Cell proliferation was assessed with Aqueous Non-radioactive Cell Proliferation Assay (CellTiter 96, Promega, cat# G3582) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
To determine whether the combination of HDACi and RV resulted in enhanced productive infection and generation of new functional viral particles, H929 and L363 cells were treated with DMSO, RV at multiplicity of infection (MOI) 5 alone, or RV with 0.2 μmol/L AR-42, and 1.2 × 106 cells were seeded in 3 mL per well on 24-well plates. After 48 hours, cells were collected, washed three times in cold PBS, and then viral RNA and viral capsid protein (σ3) was analyzed using qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. Supernatants were also harvested and used to treat additional multiple myeloma cells at a 1:100 dilution, the effect of which was determined after 24 hours using a cell proliferation assay (CellTiter 96, Promega) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
The following antibodies were used in this study: antibody to RVRV capsid protein (compliments of Dr. Matt Coffey of Oncolytics Biotech, Inc.), caspase-3 (1:33, antigen retrieval, cat# Ab4051, Abcam), p38 (1:250, antigen retrieval, cat# Ab7952, Abcam), p-p38 (phospho-T180/Y180; cat# Ab38238, Abcam), and JAM-1 (1:150 with antigen retrieval; cat# Ab52647, Abcam), as described previously (14). Heat-mediated antigen retrieval was performed using solution antigen retrieval pH 6.0 (cat# ab973, Abcam). The viral RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) protocol has also been published previously (14). In brief, after digestion with protease, the tissue and reoviral RNA probes (locked nucleic acid modified 5′ digoxigenin tagged, Exiqon) were coincubated at 60°C for 5 minutes, then hybridized from 2 to 15 hours at 37°C. After a wash in 0.1% of saline sodium citrate buffer pH 7.0 (20X stock solution: 3 mol/L NaCl/0.3 mol/L sodium citrate) and 2% bovine serum albumin (BSA) at 50°C for 10 minutes, the reoviral RNA–probe complexes were visualized via NBT/BCIP (La Roche Inc) by alkaline phosphatase conjugation to anti-digoxigenin antibody. Negative controls included myeloma cells not exposed to RV and omission of the probe.
Total RNA was extracted with the TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, cat# 15596018), according to the manufacturer's protocol. For the detection of RV genome, reverse transcription reactions were done using 100 ng of RNA in a 10-μL reaction using the iScript cDNA Synthesis Kit (Bio-Rad, cat# 1708891). For F11R, cDNA synthesis was performed using 500 ng of RNA in a 20-μL reaction with the High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Applied Biosystems, cat# 4368814). Reverse transcription reactions were run using a Mastercycler pro. For the quantification of RV genome, qRT-PCR reactions were conducted using the iQ SYBR Green Super Mix (Bio-Rad, cat# 1708880) and the following primers: Reo9: 5′-TGCGCAAGAGGCAGCAATCG-3′ and Reo10: 5′-TTCGCGGGCCTCGCACATTC-3′. F11R qRT-PCR reactions were performed using TaqMan gene expression assay (Applied Biosystems, cat# 4331182). RV genome and F11R expression were normalized against GAPDH expression using the GAPDH PrimePCR SYBR Green assay (Bio-Rad, cat# qHsaCED0038674) and GAPDH TaqMan gene expression assay (Applied Biosystems, cat# 4331182), respectively. All qRT-PCR reactions were run on the Eppendorf Realplex4.
Cells were washed in PBS and lysed in RIPA buffer (cat# R0278) supplemented with 10% phosphatase (Thermo Fisher, cat# 1862495) and protease inhibitors (Thermo Fisher, cat# 186178). Lysates were then clarified by spinning at 14,000 rpm at 4°C and protein concentration quantified by Bradford assay. Fifty micrograms of protein was boiled in loading buffer for three minutes, electrophoresed in Criterion TGX 4%–20% gels (Bio-Rad, cat# 5671095), and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. Blots were blocked in 5% milk/TBST (20 mmol/L Tris pH 7.5, 150 mmol/L NaCl, 0.5% Tween 20) solution and stained at 4°C overnight with primary antibodies diluted in 2% BSA/TBST. The antibodies used were anti-JAM-1 (1:1,000; cat# Ab52647, Abcam), GAPDH (1:1,000; cat# Ab9485, Abcam), acetylated histone 3 lysine 27 (Ac-H3-K27; 1:1,000; cat# Ab729, Abcam), and anti-RV σ-NS (1:1,000; provided by Oncolytics Biotech Inc.). Blots were washed three times for 15 minutes with TBST and stained with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibodies (diluted 1:4,000) for 2 hours at room temperature. Following two 10-minute washes in TBST, signals were detected with Super Signal HRP substrate (Thermo Fisher, cat# 34080).
Cells were stained with PE-conjugated mouse anti-JAM-1 (cat# bs-3651R-PE, BD Biosciences), or PE-conjugated mouse IgG1/λ isotype control (cat# 550339; BD Biosciences). Data were collected using either a Beckman-Coulter Fc500, or Beckman Coulter Gallios Flow Cytometer and analyzed using the Beckman-Coulter Kaluza software package. In addition, Near-IR Live/Dead Cell Staining Kit (Invitrogen, cat# L10119) was used to ensure data were collected from live cells.
Cell lines were treated with RV at a MOI of 500, for either 10, 20, or 45 minutes. Cells were then rinsed three times using cold PBS, incubated for 5 minutes in Trypsin-EDTA (0.25%) to remove uninternalized virus, and washed in PBS again. RV genome was then quantified as described above. To determine if HDACi mediated increased JAM-1 expression resulted in increased association of RV with multiple myeloma cells, H929 and L-363 cell lines were first treated with DMSO (0.001%) or 0.2 μmol/L AR-42 for 24 hours. Cells were then treated with RV at MOI of 500 for 10, 20, or 30 minutes. Cells were collected and RV genome quantified as indicated.
Commercially available FlexiTube siRNA (FlexiTube GeneSolution cat# GS50848 for F11R, Qiagen) was used to target mRNA from the F11R gene that encodes the JAM-1 protein. Cells were transfected using a Lonza Nucleofector 4D electroporation system, according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Briefly, 5 × 106 cells were suspended in 100-μL solution SF containing 300 nmol/L siRNA from the FlexiTube kit. H929 and L363 cells were then electroporated using the DS150 and CM138 programs, respectively, and then allowed to rest for 12 hours prior to treatment.
L-363 cells were incubated with DMSO or 0.2 μmol/L AR-42 for 24 hours. ChIP experiments were then performed using the EZ ChIP kit (Millipore, cat# 17371) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Anti-acetylated H3K27 (cat# Ab4729, Abcam), anti-total acetylated histone 3 (cat# 06-599, Millipore), anti-acetylated histone 4 (cat# 06-866, Millipore), and anti-RNA polymerase II (cat# 05-623, Millipore) antibodies were used for immunoprecipitation. Chromatin antibody complexes were captured with salmon sperm DNA/protein G agarose. After washes, the DNA–protein crosslinks were reversed at 65°C overnight. Immunoprecipitated DNA was then treated with RNase A and proteinase K, and purified by phenol-chloroform extraction and ethanol precipitation. Input and immunoprecipitated DNA were then analyzed by qRT-PCR using SYBR green, as indicated above. The following primers for the F11R promoter region were used: F11RproF: 5′-GAGGTTGGAGGAAGGCTCTC-3′; and F11RproR: 5′- CCAGTGAGGACGAGGAGTGT-3′. Negative control forward primer: 5′-GGTGTGGGATTTACGGAGAC-3′ and negative control reverse primer 5′-CCCAGCGTAGCTCATCTCTC-3′, were designed away of the promoter region (exon 3 in JAM-1 gene).
All animal experiments were performed in compliance with federal laws and in strict accordance with the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) policies and guidelines of the Ohio State University (Columbus, OH). A total of 5 × 106 MM.1S GFP+/Luc+ cells (25) were injected into 30 NOD-SCID mice (Foxn1nu/Fox1nu; Charles River). Two weeks later, mice with similar levels of tumor burden, as determined by bio-luminescence using the In Vivo Imaging System (IVIS), were divided into four groups containing 5 mice per group. The groups were treated with AR-42 (25 mg/kg) alone, RV alone (5 × 108 TCID50), AR-42 combined with RV, and vehicle controls (8% DMSO in PBS for AR-42 control, or PBS for RV control). The AR-42 treatment schedule was Monday-Tuesday-Wednesday, 25 mg/kg via intraperitoneal injection, and RV or PBS (for control) were delivered by single tail vein injections. AR-42 treatments continued for 3 weeks. At the end of treatment, bone marrow cells were isolated from the femurs of mice and infiltration of multiple myeloma cells was analyzed by detection of GFP+ cells by flow cytometry.
Two-sample t-test were used to analyze the experiment with two groups involved. For experiments with multiple groups, data were analyzed by ANOVA. Trend analysis was used to evaluate the correlation between the cell viability and intracellular level of RV genome. We classified cells into five groups based on the levels of virus genome, calculated as 2e−DCT: control (<10), low (< 5,000), median (<100,000), high (<2,000,000), and super high (>2,000,000). As we classified the cells into groups, we used slope test to analyze the association between cell viability and viral genome levels instead of using the Pearson correlation test (for continuous variables). Negative slope and significant P value indicated an inverse correlation.
To investigate the molecular mechanism(s) responsible for the lack of RV replication in our phase I study (14), we initially infected multiple multiple myeloma cell lines with a clinically achievable multiplicity of infection (MOI 1–6) of RV. Cell proliferation assays at 48 hours showed that some cell lines, such as RPMI-8226 (RPMI) and U226 were highly sensitive to RV, while others, including H929, L-363, and MM.1S, were inherently less susceptible to RV-induced growth arrest (Fig. 1A). As it has been previously reported that the selective replication of RV in cancer cells relies on the presence of an activated Ras/RalGEF/p38 pathway (3, 26), we initially screened for the presence of phospho-p38 MAPK (p-p38) by IHC. We found that over 98% of cells in all cell lines were p-P38 positive upon RV infection (Fig. 1B), and thus, no correlations were found to explain the differential sensitivity of the cell lines to RV infection. The lower sensitivity of semiadherent MM.1S cells to RV infection compared with the more sensitive suspension cells (RPMI, U266) could be explained by the fact that these cells require trypsinization that may affect the viral entry, but it could not explain why suspension H929 and L363 cells displayed increased RV resistance (27, 28). Hence, our comparisons focused only on suspension cells, including those that were sensitive (RPMI and U266) and resistant (H929 and L363) to RV. Cell lines were treated with RV and analyzed for the presence of RV genome using RNA ISH, and sigma nonstructural viral capsid protein (σ-NS), as well as activated caspase-3 by immunohistochemical analysis (Fig. 1C). We saw increased caspase-3 activation (A-Casp-3) in the sensitive cell lines (RPMI and U266), which also displayed higher levels of σ-NS capsid protein expression (Fig. 1D) compared with the resistant cell lines, findings that were further supported by viability assay at 24 hours after treatment with RV.
Multiple myeloma cell lines display differential sensitivities to RV. A, multiple myeloma cell lines were treated for 48 hours with RV at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1, 2, 4, and 6, or PBS as a control (0). Proliferation was assessed by MTS assay. Graph represents results from three independent experiments with each treatment performed in triplicate. B, p-p38 MAPK expression in multiple myeloma cell lines was determined by IHC. Images of H929 and RPMI are representative of other cell lines, which all have equivalent p-p38 activation upon RV infection as evaluated by the p-p38 staining index shown in the graph. C, multiple myeloma cell lines were treated with RV at MOI 10 for 24 hours. The presence of the RV genome was detected by ISH (bottom), while the levels of the RV protein σ-NS (middle) and activated caspase-3 (Act-Casp-3; top) were measured by IHC. Images of H929 and RPMI are representative for all multiple myeloma cell lines tested. D, caspase-3 activation RV σ-NS protein expression and RV genome following treatment of multiple myeloma cell lines with RV at MOI 10 for 24 hours, as detected by IHC and ISH analysis. Right, activated caspase-3 after 9 and 24 hours of RV infection. RPMI xenograft tumors treated (+Ctrl) with proteasome inhibitor (Velcade) or stained with nonselective IgG (−Ctrl) were used as positive and negative control, respectively. E, multiple myeloma cell lines (RPMI, U266, H929, and L-363) were treated for 3 and 9 hours with RV at MOI10. Untreated cells were used as control (Ctrl). RV genome expression levels were assessed by qRT-PCR and correlated with cell viability as assessed by Annexin V and propidium iodide staining after 48 hours of RV treatment. RV-untreated multiple myeloma cells are defined as all cells. Data were divided into 5 groups based on the virus genome levels detected by qRT-PCR (2−DCT): low (<5000 2−DCT); median (<100,000 2−DCT); high (<2,000,000 2−DCT); high-plus (>2,000,000 2−DCT). Data are presented by dots with 95% CI of mean for each group, and each dot represents an observation. Slope analysis shows as the virus genome decreases, the percent alive cells decreases (slope = −2.26, P < 0.0001).
In addition, based on AnnexinV-PI staining following 48 hours of infection, viability of the different multiple myeloma cell lines was inversely correlated with the amount of virus genome present during the first hours of infection (3–9 hours) as detected by qRT-PCR (P < 0.0001, trend analysis; Fig. 1E).
Investigation of the RV receptor expression (JAM-1) in multiple myeloma cell lines by Western blot analysis (Fig. 2A) and flow cytometry (Fig. 2B) showed that RV sensitive cell lines have higher JAM-1 expression levels compared with the resistant ones. We also found higher levels of RV genome in those cell lines that had higher surface JAM-1 expression (RPMI and U266), than those with lower surface JAM-1 expression (H929 and L-363; Fig. 2C). To assess whether differences in viral genome levels among the cell lines were associated with different tropism and replication of the virus, we treated multiple myeloma cell lines with RV at a high MOI (500). Cells were collected at early time points (10, 20, and 45 minutes after infection), washed with trypsin to remove noninternalized virus from the cell surface, and the RV genome was then quantified. qRT-PCR indicated that even at early time points, sensitive multiple myeloma cells had greater intracellular viral genome levels when compared with the resistant cell lines (Fig. 2D). Correlations between JAM-1 surface expression and RV infection (Pearson correlation coefficient = −0.68, P = 0.002) were also identified in mantle cell lymphoma cells (MCL; Supplementary Fig. S1B), another B-cell malignancy. In conclusion, our data support the idea that RV tropism correlates with JAM-1 receptor expression, and this may play a role in affecting RV tropism in B-cell malignancies.
Multiple myeloma cell lines variably express the high affinity RV protein receptor JAM-1. A, Western blot analysis showing total protein expression of JAM-1 in multiple myeloma cell lines L-363, RPMI, H929, and U266. GAPDH expression was used as a loading control. The data presented are representative of 3 biologic replicates. B, cell surface expression of the RV receptor JAM-1 in multiple myeloma cell lines H929, L-363, U266, and RPMI was determined by flow cytometry using PE-conjugated JAM-1 antibody. C, JAM-1 mRNA expression affects the efficiency of RV infection. L363 cells were treated with RV at MOI of 10 for 9 hours and viral genome expression was determined by qRT-PCR and normalized to GAPDH. Data are expressed in relative fold change (f.c.) compared with the controls. D, multiple myeloma cell lines more susceptible to RV infection (RPMI and U266) show higher levels of the RV genome at early time-points of infection (10, 20, and 45 minutes), compared with more resistant L-363 and H929 cells. Cells were washed in PBS to remove unbound virus and in trypsin to remove bound uninternalized virus. RV genome expression was determined by qRT-PCR and normalized against GAPDH.
The JAM-1 gene (also known as F11R) is located at 1q21.1–1q21.3, a chromosomal region frequently amplified and epigenetically regulated in multiple myeloma (29). The reported 1q21 copy number in the cell lines used in this study had no correlation with the observed level of JAM-1 protein expression (29), which led us to hypothesize that JAM-1 expression could be epigenetically regulated in multiple myeloma. We then tested whether treatment with various HDACis in clinical use such as AR-42, SAHA, and LBH changed JAM-1 protein expression in multiple myeloma cells that were less sensitive to RV infection. The drugs were used at comparable IC50 concentrations (AR-42 0.2 μmol/L, SAHA 1.0 μmol/L and LBH 0.01 μmol/L), and their effect was assessed at 48 hours (Supplementary Fig. S2A). We observed a massive dose-dependent increase of JAM-1 protein and mRNA levels after 24 hours of treatment with all 3 HDACis (Fig. 3A–C). An increase in JAM-1 mRNA and surface expression upon HDACi treatment was also evident in MM.1S cells (Supplementary Fig. S2B) and to a lesser extend in U266 and RPMI that already display high surface JAM-1 expression levels (data not shown). Importantly, we show that treatment with HDACi increased surface JAM-1 expression in primary multiple myeloma patient samples (Fig. 3D). We analyzed RNA samples isolated from the CD138+ cell fractions of the bone marrow aspirates obtained from refractory multiple myeloma patients enrolled in our single-agent AR-42 trial (NCT 01798901). RNA was isolated before and 24 hours after the second cycle of AR-42 treatment (15 days), and qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated increased JAM-1 mRNA expression in 4 of 6 patients (Fig. 3E; P = 0.03). Collectively, our data supports that JAM-1 expression is regulated by HDACi in vitro and in multiple myeloma patients.
HDACi increase JAM-1 expression in multiple myeloma cells. A, L363 and H929 cell lines were treated with 0.01% DMSO as control, 0.1 μmol/L AR-42, or 0.2 μmol/L AR-42 for 24 hours and JAM-1 protein was measured by immunoblot with GAPDH as a loading control. Immunoblots displayed are representative of three independent experiments. B, L363 and H929 cells were treated as in A and JAM-1 mRNA expression was measured by qRT-PCR, using GAPDH for normalization. C, increased cell surface expression of JAM-1 in H929 (top) and L-363 (bottom) multiple myeloma cell lines following 24-hour treatments with 0.2 μmol/L AR-42, 1 μmol/L SAHA, or 0.01 μmol/L LBH, as compared with control (0.5% DMSO), measured by flow cytometry using PE-conjugated anti-JAM-1 antibody. The LIVE/DEAD Fixable Near-IR Dead Cell Stain Kit was used to ensure data were collected from live cells. D, HDACi treatment of primary plasma cells isolated from multiple myeloma (MM) patients increases JAM-1 cell surface expression. CD138+ cells were isolated by positive selection from bone marrow aspirates of 2 multiple myeloma patients (MM Pt1 and MM Pt2) and treated for 24 hours with 1 μmol/L SAHA, 0.01 μmol/L LBH, or control (0.01% DMSO). Cell surface JAM-1 expression was then determined by flow cytometry with PE-conjugated anti-JAM-1 antibody. E, AR-42 increases JAM-1 mRNA expression in CD138+ cells from multiple myeloma patients. As part of a phase I clinical trial, patients received 40 mg AR-42 orally Monday-Wednesday-Friday, in cycles of 28 days, followed by a 7-day break. RNA was isolated from CD138+ cells purified by positive selection from bone marrow aspirates before AR-42 treatment and 15 days after receiving the last dose of AR-42. JAM-1 mRNA expression was determined by qRT-PCR and normalized for GAPDH.
To determine whether increased promoter acetylation could be associated with JAM-1 upregulation upon nonselective HDACi treatment, we assessed whether the selective inhibition of class 1 histone deacetylase enzymes (HDAC1, 2, and 3), which are found primarily in the nucleus and play an important role in the regulation of gene expression through direct histone deacetylation (30), could also modulate JAM-1 expression in multiple myeloma cells. Hence, we compared the effects of the HDAC1- and 2-selective JQ12, HDAC3-selective RGFP966, HDAC1- and 3-selective entinostat, and the pan-HDACis AR-42, LBH, and SAHA on JAM-1 expression upon 24-hour treatment. The efficacy of the treatments was assessed using lysine acetylation of histone 3 (H3AcK; Fig. 4A) and for drugs in clinical use by using comparable IC50 (Supplementary Fig. S2A). Our data show that AR-42 and entinostat increased JAM-1 protein expression to higher degree than the other selective and nonselective HDACi we tested (Fig. 4A and B). Furthermore, using a ChIP experiment incorporating the JAM-1 promoter before and after 24 hours of treatment of RV-refractory L363 cells with pan-HDACi, we found increased acetylation of lysine 27 on histone 3 (H3AcK27) and increased association of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) with the JAM-1 promoter (Fig. 4C and D), supporting the idea that increased in promoter acetylation is one of the primary mechanisms underlying the upregulation of JAM-1 following HDACi treatments.
JAM-1 expression is epigenetically regulated in multiple myeloma cells. A, L363 cells were treated for 24 hours with indicated concentrations of JQ-12, RGFP966, entinostat, AR-42, SAHA, and LBH or DMSO as control. Whole-cell extracts were analyzed by Western blot analysis using JAM-1 antibody (top). Staining with anti-acetylated histone 3-antibody (H3AcK; middle) was used to confirm activity of all drugs and GAPDH (bottom) served as a loading control. B, JAM-1 mRNA fold change ±SD in L363 cells after treatment with HDACi. GAPDH was used for normalization proposes. C, L363 cells were treated with 0.01 μmol/L LBH or 0.01% DMSO for 24 hours and analyzed by ChIP assay using H3AcK27, anti-RNA polymerase II (PolII), anti-H3AcK, and anti-H4AcK antibodies. The association between acetylated histones and RNA polymerase II with the JAM-1 promoter were visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis. D, immunoprecipitated chromatin obtained in the ChIP experiment in C was also tested by qRT-PCR and demonstrated increased levels of the JAM-1 promoter in association with acetylated H3AcK27 and Pol II. Control primers for JAM-1 exon 3 and for GAPDH were used for normalization purposes.
On the basis of our observations that multiple myeloma cell RV sensitivity is associated with expression of the RV receptor JAM-1 and that treatment with HDACi increases JAM-1 expression, we hypothesized that combining HDACi with RV would enhance viral induced oncolysis. To test this, we treated RV-refractory L-363 and H929 cells with single-agent RV and RV in combination with AR-42. qRT-PCR showed that the amount of intracellular RV viral genome increased after AR-42 was added (Fig. 5A). In addition, Western blot analysis indicated that the combination treatment increased σ-NS viral capsid protein production (Fig. 5B). To this end, we found that there was a greater than 3-fold increase in viral particles evident in the supernatant obtained from multiple myeloma cells incubated for 24 hours with both RV and AR-42 when compared with either single agent alone (Fig. 5C).
Combination treatment of multiple myeloma cells with RV and HDACis results in increased levels of RV genome, RV protein production, and enhanced multiple myeloma cell death compared with single-agent treatments. A, L-363 and H929 multiple myeloma cell lines were treated with RV at MOI of 10 (+) in combination with 0.01% DMSO (0), 0.1 μmol/L AR-42 (0.1), or 0.2 μmol/L AR-42 (0.2) for 48 hours. RNA was isolated and expression of the RV genome was determined by qRT-PCR and normalized to GAPDH. B, L-363 and H929 cells were treated with 0.01% DMSO and PBS for controls (−), or where indicated by “+”, with RV at MOI of 5, 0.2 μmol/L AR-42, or the combinations of RV and AR-42 for 48 hours. Protein lysates were probed for expression of the viral σ-NS capsid protein. GAPDH antibody staining served as a loading control. C, supernatants of H929 cells harvested after 48 hours from the treatments outlined in B were used to treat additional multiple myeloma cells at a 1:100 dilution. Cell proliferation was then assessed by MTS assay 48 hours after cells were exposed to the supernatants. D, L-363 (top), MM.1S (middle), and H929 (bottom) cell lines were treated for 48 hours with 0.5% DMSO and PBS as controls, or HDACi: 0.2 μmol/L AR-42, 0.01 μmol/L LBH, 1 μmol/L SAHA, RV at MOI of 5, or the combinations of pan-HDACis and RV. Cells were then stained with Annexin V and PI to detect apoptosis by flow cytometry. Flow cytometry plots are representative of each cell line and for each drug combination. E, siRNA targeting JAM-1 reduces JAM-1 protein expression upon AR-42 treatment. H929 and L363 cells were transfected with siRNA targeting JAM-1 (si-JAM-1), or scramble oligo (si-Scr) for control and allowed to rest for 12 hours. Cells were then treated with 0.5% DMSO (−), or where indicated by “+” with 0.2 μmol/L AR-42 for 24 hours. JAM-1 protein expression was determined by Western blot analysis. F, twelve hours after transfection with si-JAM-1 or si-Scr H929 and L363 cells were treated with vehicle control (Ctrl; 0.01% DMSO and PBS), 0.2 μmol/L AR-42, or 1 μmol/L SAHA in the absence, or presence of RV at MOI of 5. G, cell viability was determined by flow cytometry using AnnexinV/PI staining 48 hours later ±SD. Each experiment was performed in triplicate.
Furthermore, after 48 hours, increased cell killing activity was observed in all multiple myeloma cells (L-363, H929, MM.1S) treated for 48 hours with the combination of RV+HDACi compared with the single agents (Fig. 5D and data not shown).
As different HDACis have different half-lives and because by qRT-PCR JAM-1 mRNA upregulation is already evident after 1 hour of treatment reaching the highest level at 8 hours (data not shown), multiple myeloma cells were pretreated for 10 hours with the different HDACi (SAHA, LBH, AR-42, entinostat, and JQ12) followed by drug washout and then treatment with RV for 48 hours. As shown in Supplementary Fig. S3A, reduced drug exposure did not affect the increased anti-multiple myeloma activity of the different HDACi in combination with RV. Using Chou–Talalay synergy analyses, we examined the ability of each HDACi (LBH, SAHA, AR-42, and entinostat) to synergize with RV (21–24). Viability data after 48 hours of treatment were utilized to calculate the combination index (CI) via the Compusyn program, in which CI < 1 indicates synergistic interaction, CI > 1 is antagonistic, and CI = 1 is additive. Our data show that the combination of all HDACi and RV synergistically killed the tumor cells, even at the lowest drug concentrations (Supplementary Fig. S3B). Increased cell killing was also observed in MCL cell lines when RV was used in combination with AR-42 compared with the single agents (Supplementary Fig. S4A and S4B).
To further support the functional role of JAM-1 in promoting RV-induced multiple myeloma cell death, we performed knockdown of JAM-1 expression using siRNA followed by treatment with HDACis (AR-42, SAHA), or vehicle control in both H929 and L363 cells (Fig. 5E). JAM-1 knockdown in multiple myeloma cells was able to prevent the majority of the apoptotic effect of cells treated with single agent RV and more than 60% of the apoptotic rate of cells those treated with combination RV+HDACi (Fig. 5F).
We used our previously described human multiple myeloma cell homing model to investigate whether the combination of RV and HDACi could be a successful therapeutic strategy for treating multiple myeloma (25, 31). Forty NOD-SCID mice were injected intravenously with 5 × 106 GFP+/Luc+ MM.1S cells. Three weeks later, mice with similar tumor burden, as calculated by luminescence, were divided into 4 treatment groups (6 mice per group): AR-42 alone plus RV control vehicle (PBS), RV plus AR-42 control vehicle (8% DMSO in PBS), AR-42 plus RV, and the combination of both vehicle controls. We used the combination of intraperitoneal injection of AR-42 (25 mg/kg on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday), single intravenous treatment of Reolysin (5 × 108 TCID50), and vehicle controls for a total of 3 weeks (Fig. 6A). At the end of the treatment, the extent of bone marrow engraftment was determined by detecting GFP+ cells using flow cytometry. We found that neither single agents AR-42 nor RV showed significant effects on tumor burden (Fig. 6B). However, the combination of AR-42 and RV significantly decreased multiple myeloma cell bone marrow infiltration when compared with either RV (P = 0.05) or AR-42 (P = 0.003) alone (Fig. 6B). In addition, immunohistochemical staining showed increased expression of JAM-1 by multiple myeloma cells in the bone marrow of mice treated with AR-42 or the combination of AR-42 and RV compared with control and RV-treated mice (Fig. 6C and data not shown). Using RNA ISH and IHC, we also observed increased levels of RV genome (green) in the multiple myeloma cells (red, CD138+) in the bone marrow of mice treated with the combination (Fig. 6D). These findings collectively support that treatment with HDACi increases RV replication in multiple myeloma cells.
The combination of RV and AR-42 reduces tumor burden in vivo. Forty male NOD-SCID mice were injected with 5 × 106 MM.1S GFP+/Luc+ cells, and two weeks later, 5 mice with similar tumor burden determined by IVIS bioluminescent imaging were allocated to each treatment group: control (8% DMSO in PBS; Ctrl), AR-42 (25 mg/kg, i.p. Monday-Wednesday-Friday), single intravenous injection of RV (RV; 5 × 108 TCID50), or the combination of AR-42 and RV (AR-42+RV). A, representative IVIS bioluminescent images of mice from each experimental group at the conclusion of three weeks of the treatments are shown. Of note, the same Ctrl mice were used to generate the data reported in Canella and colleagues (34), as the experiments for both projects were conducted simultaneously, hence the Ctrl mice figure has been represented here. B, after 3 weeks of treatments mice were sacrificed and bone marrow cells were harvested from both femurs of each mouse. The degree of multiple myeloma cell bone marrow infiltration was then determined by flow cytometry to detect GFP+ cells (n = at least 4 mice per group). C, IHC detection of JAM-1 expression in bone marrow sections from mice in different treatment groups (pink staining indicates JAM-1–positive cells). Representative images show increased JAM-1 expression with the addition of AR-42, compared with the treatment with RV alone. D, bar graph of index staining scores for JAM-1 expression in mice treated with AR-42+RV and RV alone. Each bar represents the mean ± SD. E, immunofluorescence staining for CD138+ multiple myeloma cells (CD138; red) and capsid σ-NS (green) protein expression. In merged images, multiple myeloma cells with active RV protein production are indicated by yellow fluorescence, showing colocalization of CD138 and the σ-NS protein. Nuclei of cells are stained with DAPI blue (blue). F, quantification of the immunofluorescent staining shows that the addition of AR-42 resulted in increased RV protein production within the bone marrow of treated mice. Each bar represents the mean ± SD.
Our group is the first to investigate the use of RV in patients with hematologic malignancies. Our single-agent RV phase I trial confirmed tolerability of the virus in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma, but the best response was a stable disease in 3 different patients for 4, 5, and 8 cycles (14). Correlative analyses from this study revealed only minimal RV proliferation associated with the lack of expression of the RV receptor JAM-1 in multiple myeloma cells, and indicated that further exploration of the basic mechanisms underlying RV infection in myeloma cells was needed.
The current study aimed at defining the role of the RV receptor, JAM-1, on viral cell entry, induction of productive infection, and multiple myeloma cell killing, but we also set out to define strategies to exploit the oncolytic potential of RV in myeloma cells. To begin to address these questions, we treated multiple myeloma cells with clinically achievable doses of virus and found that RV-resistant multiple myeloma cell lines have lower expression of JAM-1 compared with sensitive cell lines. We then showed that JAM-1 expression is epigenetically regulated in multiple myeloma cells and can thus be modulated by HDACi. Furthermore, we report that HDACis are capable of increasing the expression of JAM-1 by epigenetically regulating its promoter through histone acetylation, and that the combination of HDACi and RV synergistically increases multiple myeloma cell killing. The role of increased JAM-1 expression in producing this effect was evaluated by siRNA experiments to knockdown JAM-1 expression. While decreased JAM-1 expression by siRNA greatly reduced the amount of cell death produced by RV alone, JAM-1 knockdown could not completely rescue the killing effect of the HDACi and RV combination. Several possible explanations exist for this effect. First, siRNA significantly reduced JAM-1 levels, but did not completely silence its expression. Second, it has been reported that activity levels of the cysteine proteases cathepsins B and L are correlated with the efficiency of RV-mediated cell killing of cancer cells (15) and because HDACis can increase the activity of cytoplasmic cathepsin B in multiple myeloma cells (32), we cannot exclude that this alternative mechanism also supports RV replication following combination treatment. Further investigations are needed to clarify the contribution of HDACis in supporting RV replication in multiple myeloma cells.
HDACi strongly enhance the killing ability of RV in multiple myeloma cells and this treatment combination could potentially play an important role in improving the clinical therapeutic efficacy of systemic RV treatment in patients with multiple myeloma. Here we show that entinostat and AR-42 display a greater ability to upregulate JAM-1 protein expression and greater synergistic activity compared with other selective and nonselective HDACis, although, in general, synergistic activity was observed with all HDACis tested. That being said, further preclinical analyses are necessary to assess the tolerability and efficacy of RV in combination with clinically relevant HDACi. In fact, although AR-42 as a single agent in our trial (NCT 01798901) was well tolerated in 26 patients with hematopoietic diseases, including multiple myeloma, it displayed a shorter half-life (4–56 hours, Cmax 0.3–1.2 μmol/L) compared with entinostat (33). On the other hand, LBH has been recently approved for the treatment of multiple myeloma and may result in the most valuable companion drug for RV therapy in relapse patients.
Our data also show that HDACi strongly enhances the killing ability of RV not only in multiple myeloma cells, but also in MCL cells, and this seems to be dependent on JAM-1 expression, supporting the idea that the use of HDACi to potentiate the RV killing activity could be used not only in multiple myeloma but also in other B-cell malignancies.
In conclusion, HDACis strongly enhance the killing ability of RV in multiple myeloma cells via upregulation of the RV receptor, JAM-1, and this treatment combination could potentially play an important role in enhancing the clinical therapeutic efficacy of systemic RV in patients with multiple myeloma. Collectively, our data provides the scientific foundation for future phase II combination treatment studies.
The authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict.
A. Stiff was supported by The Ohio State University Pelotonia research fellowship and D.W. Sborov was supported under Award Number T32CA165998. C.C. Hofmeister and F. Pichiorri were supported by NIH R21CA156222. This research was also supported by grants from the Multiple Myeloma Opportunities for Research & Education (MMORE) and NIH R21CA156222 (to C.C. Hofmeister).
The authors thank Deborah Parris for her scientific advice, Laura Hanley for her administrative support, and Nita Williams and Desirée Jones for collecting clinical trials samples and clinical trial data. The authors also thank Dr. Hanna S. Radomska for the scientific editing of the manuscript and Robert Weingart and Joseph Liu for the technical support.
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HDAC inhibitor AR-42 decreases CD44 expression and sensitizes myeloma cells to lenalidomide. Oncotarget 2015;6:31134–50. | 2019-04-18T14:22:53Z | http://mct.aacrjournals.org/content/15/5/830?ijkey=8fc90ae372fb3dac3bb668e76c11e951d2b1c206&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha |
As I predicted in my last post, there is plenty of Monday-morning quarterbacking (for lack of a better term) going on in the wake of Mr. Dunn's death (notably by those who are in favor of TADA (the Texas Advance Directives Act) and otherwise uninvolved in helping the victims of this draconian law). A number of people have contacted me about what they are seeing, hearing, and reading and are quite concerned.
Let me set some things straight and provide information for those who truly want to understand what is at stake here. This post got a bit lengthy, but the implications are serious. If you are to work through this issues, it will take some time and effort on your part. Also feel free to read my other posts on TADA and go over to abyssum.org as there is a vast library of information there to help you along to understanding TADA as well as the bigger ethical and moral considerations related to it and the push to normalize (and mandate) euthanasia.
I know many are desperate for others to understand TADA, come to a pro-life view of it, and understand the larger end-of-life/denial-of-care issues. Information is the key to everything. You need solid information to make any decision in life. I have always sought to bring information and analysis to the topics I take up on this blog. Many others do the same. As always, some will be convinced by this. Some will take issue with it. Some will begin working through the issues only to arrive at an opinion later. Some will continue to miss the forest for the trees. Then there are some who believe they are "100% pro-life but..." have fallen victim to supporting a form of euthanasia apparently without realizing it. The latter ones are also seemingly unreachable. I am not sure how this happens, but I have seen it happen repeatedly.
As St. Bernadette said, "My job is to inform, not to convince." (That is a big reason I do not allow comments on this blog.) For my friends who are working hard to spread the pro-life message, keep this in mind. Do not become discouraged. The truth shall prevail. Just keep getting the information out there. And keep praying.
In my prior posts about Mr. Dunn, I provided links to plenty of sources from those who had firsthand knowledge of what was going on at the time. The first post about Mr. Dunn was here. The second post about him was here. The Monday-morning quarterbacks do not have firsthand knowledge and were not involved in helping Mr. Dunn, nor have they been involved in helping any victim of TADA to my knowledge. You can also go to Texas Right to Life's various posts about it on their website and pull the documents from the court's website if you wish. I have tried to distill this down as much as possible, but there is vastly more information out there that you can access about Mr. Dunn specifically and about these moral issues in general. In my posts about legislation, I have always encouraged you to read the source documents yourself, rather than the pro/con talking points that various sides will put out. Do your own analysis and homework beyond talking points provided by advocates. I can provide sources and analysis, but ultimately, this is really on you.
As a starting point, please note that among the biggest concerns about this law overall is the lack of due process for the patient and his or her family when TADA is invoked, and that TADA imposes a death sentence on a patient against their will and by means that are inhumane or in opposition to their faith. Do not lose sight of that. A patient has no right to have the underlying decision of the doctor or panel reviewed under this law. Once the medical professionals determine that care will be terminated for any reason, there is nothing more to do but to try to find another facility - and fast. Sometimes a judge will grant some additional time. But that is the only recourse to court a victim of TADA has, begging for more time. The underlying decision cannot be challenged. Also, there is total immunity for a facility and doctor as long as they operate under TADA. This is a problematic law. There is simply no question about that.
The particulars of this case or that case changes absolutely nothing about the lack of due process in this law. We give more due process rights to a convicted murderer than an ill person in the hospital. That is a fact.
Those supporting TADA will not discuss the denial of due process. In this instance, they focus on Mr. Dunn's alleged condition or prognosis as a justification for what the hospital wanted to do, that is, remove his life-sustaining treatment to hasten his death. They will focus on forcing a doctor to continue treatment against the doctor's conscience. They will make accusations against those trying to help Mr. Dunn. None of these justify this law, but it does avoid the real issues and muddies the water. If the real issue can be avoided, perhaps then, there will not be enough support to overturn the law or substantially reform it. I want you to be informed because I think if one is truly informed and truly pro-life, one cannot support TADA in any intellectually honest way. I will take each pro-TADA argument (whether related specifically to Chris Dunn's case or not) I've seen or heard in turn.
Next, you should be aware that proponents of what the hospital did to Chris Dunn and who support TADA are looking almost exclusively to the self-serving affidavit that the doctor at the hospital filed as part of the court records. That affidavit cites to no tests and references no exhibits or documentation. Please note that there was no independent medical examination conducted. What is being called a "diagnosis" was done without certain tests being performed. This was addressed in my prior posts about Mr. Dunn. Any doctor who has admitting privileges with the hospital is bound by the determination of the ethics panel. Mr. Dunn's mother requested an IME (independent medical examination), but that determination was not to be made until January 6, 2016, when the court would have heard the motion. The judge refused to hear the case in an expedited manner, although that was requested.
And what about when there is a dispute among the family and there are no documents providing for the patient's wishes?
We err, if we err at all, on the side of life. Always.
In addition, TADA proponents say that Mr. Dunn had "high quality health care" and that the hospital did everything it could to treat him the entire time he was there. This is absurd given that a proper diagnosis was never made, as discussed above, and the fact that the hospital would have withdrawn his life-sustaining care (his ventilator) if a court challenge had not been lodged.
Contrary to what pro-TADA people say, the hospital only agreed to continue providing care after legal proceedings were started and the media got involved. This was not entirely voluntary on the hospital's part. Had the hospital not been challenged, Mr. Dunn's life-sustaining care would have been removed a month ago. The hospital had to be sued to keep them from taking Mr. Dunn off of life-sustaining care. The hospital agreed to a TRO (temporary restraining order) which says that Mr. Dunn had a likelihood of success on the merits of his case in challenging the hospital in that it, the hospital, violated the statute because the hospital did not follow proper procedures for finding a transfer hospital.
Also, contrary to what is being disseminated by TADA proponents, the hospital did in fact seek custodial guardianship of Mr. Dunn. I covered this in the first blog post.
Note also, as I have written in the past, that the only legal proceedings one is entitled to under the Act is to beg for more time from a court to try to find another facility. In Mr. Dunn's case, a challenge was also made to the constitutionality of TADA itself, something that has never been done before. TADA was challenged under the 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, as being in violation of the due course of law provision of the Texas Constitution, and a Section 1983 (federal statute) claim under color of state law.
As Texas Right to Life noted in its announcement of Mr. Dunn's death: "Although the hospital refused to treat Chris’s illness based on a discriminatory 'quality of life' judgement, Evelyn and Chris’s family take solace in the fact that Houston Methodist continued life-sustaining treatment and cared for him in his final days." It should not be a legal fight for basic care to be administered. Decisions to deny treatment should not be based on "quality of life" determinations made by medical professionals who do not even bother to consult with the patient or family.
Again, TADA can be invoked whenever a doctor decides that further care, in his opinion, is futile. It is not only when the family disagrees, as TADA proponents are claiming. It can be invoked for basically any reason at all. We often see it invoked when the medical staff decides that there is no "quality of life" for the patient in their opinion, which is what was the case with Mr. Dunn. This is a nebulous, subjective reason that would differ for each person. But it is not for a doctor, nurse, or medical ethics panel to decide. It is not a moral reason to withdraw ordinary care either, certainly not against someone's will with no due process.
Some TADA proponents claim that it is only invoked when a doctor has an objection based on conscience that continuing care is harming the patient. Meanwhile, they also say it is only invoked when the family is in dispute. It cannot "only" be both of these and neither is true. I have been in attendance at a medical ethics panel hearing where an entire family - unanimously - wanted care to continue and had doctors tell that family no. I have never heard a doctor invoke his conscience. I have never heard of such a case where that was the basis for invoking TADA. In fact, the neurologist in the hearing I attended told the family that "Man was not meant to be sedentary this long; if he were an animal in the wild and had been still this long, he would have been eaten." That is the attitude and philosophy of too many that are in the position of making these life and death decisions. It is unfortunate; perhaps a result of the Hippocratic oath not being taken anymore.
But even assuming a doctor has a conscientious objection, it would be a simple matter to transfer care to another doctor. Doctors' consciences are differently formed. The most obvious example is that some perform abortions and many do not. We can expect the same difference in opinion on these matters. Why must it be either Dr. A treats or death in the event Dr. A's conscience tells him not to treat? That question has never been answered when I've raised it. It has always been ignored.
So I contend that conscience is not the reason invoked for TADA, and, in my experience even "a" reason. And it wasn't invoked as a reason for the hospital using TADA in Chris Dunn's case. Had it been, it would be a simple matter to address it.
Rather, it seems to me that a quieter, slightly subtler path to euthanasia is at issue in the matter of TADA and similar laws worldwide.
Now, some will say that money was a concern and such is a justification for the imposition of TADA, in this case and others. The hospital here used concern over resources as a justification. More troubling, some "pro-lifers" will say that anyone with an illness and no insurance should have the good grace to just die and not be a drain on the system. To that I respond simply: that is not a pro-life position. Money should not come before ethics and morality. That should go without saying. I'm pretty sure the Bible has something to say about that. And, there is a social safety net that can kick in, but it does take time to get approved for benefits.
Further, efforts were being (or would have been) made to transfer Mr. Dunn from the hospital. Thus, in the long term he would not have been a "drain" on their resources. He needed a procedure to help him be transferable. That was not done allegedly because his father objected. Rather, the hospital's focus was withdrawing his vent and administering medication. Recall what his mother said in a news report: "'They want to come in and unplug life support [the term the hospital used] and administer a comfort drug, or comfort care,' she says, 'And he will pass within 3 to 4 minutes.'" This is not addressed by the pro-TADA forces. But this is euthanasia. Administering a drug to purposely hasten death cannot logically be called anything else.
Now we get to some of the arguments flying around that seek to place blame for the situation not on TADA, but on those seeking to help victims of the law! Baffling, I know. Somehow, the pro-TADA pro-lifers will always eventually say that Texas Right to Life is: the reason we have TADA, "supported" it, will not work to reform it, and that Texas Right to Life is otherwise the real issue here, not TADA or its supporters. Somehow this will be used as a justification for what was done to Chris Dunn by those who think the law is just fine. Yes, it's illogical. Yes, it's a sort of red herring so as to avoid the real uncomfortable issues surrounding TADA (such as the denial of due process) and the manner in which TADA came to be. But it is where the arguments eventually all go and then TADA proponents can avoid addressing the real issues. Thus, I must set that straight as well, as I was once also ill-informed about the history of TADA.
One argument I saw just today - as a justification for what happened to Chris Dunn and the short amount of time one has under the statute to find another facility - is that other pro-life organizations have tried to get more time, but Texas Right to Life has refused more time because they want treatment until transfer or nothing at all. Texas Right to Life does want treatment until transfer, as do I. But the rest of this is false.
I do not and cannot speak for Texas Right to Life, but I feel pretty certain it would accept longer periods of time if such was part of a bill that was truly an incremental improvement. Why do I believe this? There are at least two pieces of such evidence: 1) the actions taken by Texas Right to Life when TADA was first enacted; and 2) that Texas Right to Life has accepted other incremental improvements to TADA.
We have 10 days to transfer now only because Texas Right to Life fought for that morsel when the first version of this bill was signed into law. That is the most they could get. Read more here. Not only does this indicate that but for the efforts of Texas Right to Life, there would be NO grace period, but that Texas Right to Life would have accepted a longer grace period short of treatment until transfer had that been on the table. It most assuredly was not.
I will also say that while I support Texas Right to Life on TADA, I am critical of George Bush's involvement in this, whereas it is not. In my opinion, he forced this to be done and in so doing, gave the medical establishment the greater bargaining power which was to the detriment of patient's rights and a truly pro-life law. This may have been an incremental improvement over what was going on prior to this law's enactment, but that is only an indictment of the practice in hospitals at that time, not proof that this was a huge pro-life victory.
You can also see by reading the words of Elizabeth Graham that Texas Right to Life did not fully support TADA. The existing situation was actually worse with no grace period, but the medical establishment would not budge on anything but a nominal grace period. Having seen this law in action, having seen the lobbyists do what they do, and proponents testify as they testify, I wholeheartedly believe this account of what happened during negotiations. But even if Texas Right to Life had supported TADA then (and there is no evidence that it did), how would that in any way diminish the efforts made to help families victimized by TADA now or efforts to repeal or make the law more pro-life? There is a reason that red herrings and straw men arguments are logical fallacies.
It is also untrue that but for Texas Right to Life the grace period would be longer, or that other organizations are trying to increase it but are stymied by Texas Right to Life. In 2013 when SB 303 was proposed and pushed by a certain pro-life organization, the Texas Catholic Conference of Bishops, and the Texas Medical Association, among others, it would have increased the grace period to 14 days. For a brief period of time, a substitute version increased it to 21 days (still not enough time to get a transfer completed, but better than 10), but the final substitute version took it back to 10 days. The rest of the bill was a due process disaster, as the current law is. It would not have been worth four more days, or even 11 more days, only to have the law be worse in implementation than it is now. No due process gains would have been experienced under that bill. It lost support and died in committee. Those that came to testify against it were legion, vastly outnumbering proponents of the bill, and were not merely lobbyists which was the case for most supporters of the bill. Many had been personally affected by the current law which would have been made worse by that proposal. Many traveled great distances to testify well into the wee hours of the morning.
The minor reform passed in 2015, HB 3074, avoided addressing many of the big problems with the law and end result has loopholes in it. (You can read my take on HB 3074 which became law here.) It also kept the 10 day grace period, (but at least it does not start until the medical records the patient or his family need to try to transfer are provided). Again, note that the 10 days was not touched, including by the groups proposing the bill. Note also that it was accepted by all groups ultimately, after the language was changed a good bit by the suggestion of Texas Right to Life. This also undermines the allegation that Texas Right to Life is somehow singularly responsible for the 10 day grace period and that but for Texas Right to Life's absurd (according to the pro-TADA crowd) insistence that there be treatment until transfer, Chris Dunn might have had more time. The evidence is no more supportive of this claim than any of the others.
Pro-TADA people will claim that it is almost never invoked. Only rarely, they'll say. This is not true. It is invoked very often. I know of four cases in addition to Mr. Dunn's that are ongoing right now. And this is not an unusual situation. Sometimes TADA is invoked when a patient actually can (and does) recover. Here is just one example. Let me be clear, I post this for the purpose of showing how often TADA is invoked when the circumstances do not warrant it. This patient was declared hopeless, futile, and yet he fully recovered. I post this to emphasize that arrangements were already being made to donate this man's organs even as the family was begging for his life. Sometimes people need more time to heal with proper treatment. Sometimes the body is not going to heal, but the person needs to be treated with the utmost care and undertaking actions to hasten the death against the person's will - removing a vent, withdrawing nutrition and hydration - is not moral, ethical, and should not be legal.
Finally, I see some accuse Texas Right to Life, myself, and others, of advocating that treatment go on forever even when the treatment is ineffective. We have been accused of not accepting that people do die and that some treatments do not work. This is another logical fallacy implemented. (Also beware of the appeal to authority fallacy. Several have MDs or PhDs and rely on that more than than facts or logic.) Call it a straw man argument or a red herring (both definitions fit), but do not call it anything but a fallacy. I am unaware of anyone that has ever advocated that.
There is a huge difference, however, between someone dying of a terminal disease even as they have artificially administered air, nutrition, and/or hydration as they die versus the patient who dies, not of the underlying illness, but of suffocation, starvation, and/or dehydration, because those treatments have been withdrawn.
The term "natural" death is often used. When I use it, I mean that nothing was done to hasten the person's death and that ordinary, basic care was continued. For example, in the case of one actually diagnosed with terminal cancer, perhaps a feeding tube would be used because they can no longer take in food by mouth, but chemotherapy (extraordinary care) is stopped because it is not helping anymore. The cancer is taking over the person's body and killing them. But they are not dying from starvation or dehydration.
If an otherwise ill person is denied food, water, and/or air, that denial of life's basic necessities will often kill the person faster than the underlying illness. Thus, this was not a natural death, but a hastened death through the denial of ordinary care. Hastening a death through administering medication to do so is also euthanasia and wrong. It is not allowed under Texas law at this time. So-called physician assisted suicide is allowed in some states and in some countries and is being expanded to where it is not so voluntary. Abyssum covers this a great deal.
We should in no way - especially under the guise of being pro-life - support a law that allows a doctor and hospital to decide to withdraw ordinary or basic care against a patient's or his family's wishes and certainly not without due process of law(!) and certainly not based on someone else's view of what that person's "quality of life" will or will not be.
We can NEVER support any sort of euthanasia (passive, active, doctor-assisted, etc.) in law or theory and call ourselves consistently or 100% pro-life.
I hope this helps you work through not only Mr. Dunn's situation, but the tremendous problems with TADA as well as end-of-life and denial-of-care issues in general. These are not issues that are going away. I have read that efforts are being made to model a federal law after Texas' law. Please work through this in a detailed, independent, and meaningful way. It has far-reaching implications.
*I am not a theologian, but I have had long conversations with those who are well-versed on these matters and I have done my own reading. It is my understanding that ventilators may be a bit of a gray area in Catholic bioethics. As one studies the issue more, one sees that the use of ventilators indicates that the process of breathing is partially working. Ventilators move air. But the body has to be functioning for respiration (the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide) to occur. When nutrition and hydration are artificially administered, the body still must be able to digest and assimilate the nutrients. It seems to me that ventilators might be considered ordinary care as artificially administered nutrition and hydration are. See, e.g., this post. Note also that Stephen Hawking has had breathing support for 30 years, including a ventilator. At one point in the 1980s (!), he was so ill the hospital wanted to turn off his ventilator to hasten his death. It would be hard to argue that he has had anything less than a full life (even if that were an appropriate metric to determine whether care is continued or not). He would not argue otherwise given that he said in that article: "For the last three years I have been on full-time ventilation but this has not prevented me from leading a full and active life." As I have said, if we are to err at all, we err on the side of life.
**Now, there are some that will talk about when artificially administered nutrition and hydration is actually more harmful than not for the patient. That is a rare occurrence. That was not an issue here. Proponents of TADA will claim this is the only reason why such care would be removed, that it happens more often than we realize, etc. They are wrong. In those rare instances when the body cannot assimilate nutrition and hydration, then, yes, I would not advocate for that. However, when the removal of such life-sustaining measures is just to hasten death for a patient the "experts" have determined is futile or the quality of life is not as the medical professional believes it should be to keep one alive, it is not moral or ethical, and should not be legal. | 2019-04-26T12:13:08Z | http://kassiblog.blogspot.com/2015/12/chris-dunn-tada-euthanasia-working.html |
When was NuScale Power formed?
Who provides the financial backing for NuScale Power?
The NuScale design includes many innovations—is this intellectual property being protected?
Is NuScale Power pursuing international customers and investors?
Where do you expect the first NuScale plant to be built?
How has safety been enhanced?
How do you know it will be safe?
What is the significance of your “triple crown” announcement and how do you achieve it?
Does the small containment structure of a NuScale module decrease safety?
Didn’t Fukushima demonstrate that multi-module plants are too risky?
How active has NuScale Power been in engaging the NRC?
Will you be requesting the NRC relax safety for your design?
How will your plant’s staffing requirements compare to current plants?
Why do you think that the Emergency Planning Zone can be reduced?
Doesn’t having SMRs at more sites create a higher security and proliferation risk?
Given the well-known economy-of-scale principle, why do you think a NuScale plant can be competitive with large plants?
Won’t investors see your new design as too big of a financial risk?
What are the “economies of small” that you advertise?
You advertise factory fabrication—so what?
Won’t the complexities of many modules in a plant cause high operating and maintenance costs?
Won’t the compact size and integral design make routine maintenance more difficult?
Why do you only advertise a 12-module plant?
Does the elimination of primary pumps cause the NuScale plant to be less efficient and increase the cost of generated electricity?
What about the nuclear waste problem—won’t NuScale make it worse?
Can NuScale’s SMR technology be complementary to Renewables?
How does NuScale’s SMR fit into the existing infrastructure?
1. When was NuScale Power formed?
NuScale Power, LLC was officially incorporated in 2007. However, development of the original reactor concept was initiated in 2000 as a collaborative project with Oregon State University, the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, and Nexant. The original concept, designated as the “Multi-Application Small Light-Water Reactor” (MASLWR), was refined by OSU after the conclusion of the initial 3-year project and became the basis for the NuScale design.
2. Who provides the financial backing for NuScale Power?
Since becoming NuScale’s majority investor and a key strategic partner for engineering, procurement and construction services in October 2011, it has provided most of the private financial backing for NuScale. As of the end of 2017, Fluor has invested over $475 million in NuScale. Several other key strategic partners also provide a small portion of NuScale’s financial backing. In December 2013, the U.S. Department of Energy announced their selection of NuScale Power under a competitive funding opportunity as the sole recipient of up to $226M in a financial assistance cost share award for the purpose of accelerating NuScale’s design development and certification by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission enabling potential deployment of the first plant by 2026.
3. The NuScale design includes many innovations—is this intellectual property being protected?
NuScale has been very active in its pursuit of patent protection for the many innovations contained within our design. With over 400 patents granted or pending in 19 countries, the number of patent filings continues to increase as innovative engineering solutions are developed throughout the plant design.
4. Is NuScale Power pursuing international customers and investors?
There is substantial international interest in small modular reactors and in the NuScale design specifically. We are actively pursuing this global market opportunity estimated by some to be as much as $550B.
5. Where do you expect the first NuScale plant to be built?
The first commercial 12-module NuScale power plant is planned to be built on a site at the Idaho National Laboratory. It will be owned by the Utah Associated Municipal Power Systems (UAMPS).
1. How has safety been enhanced?
Safety is enhanced by deliberate design choices that eliminate as many potential risks as possible, reduce the likelihood of accidents, and ensure that if an accident does occur, the consequences are minimal. In addition to several new design innovations that further enhance safety, NuScale builds on lessons learned from the existing fleet of commercial power reactors and incorporates those lessons into the fundamental design of the NuScale plant.
As examples, the NuScale design eliminates many vulnerable pipes, pumps and valves from the design and replaces many engineered backup systems with features that operate automatically relying on natural phenomena such as gravity, convection and conduction. The small size of the reactor and the assured passive heat removal mechanisms effectively guarantee that no fuel will be damaged even after an extreme event, and therefore, no radioactivity will be released. The NuScale design also adds multiple additional design features that can reduce or delay the release of radiation in the unlikely event that fuel is damaged.
2. How do you know it will be safe?
First, by basing the NuScale design on light-water reactor technology, we are able to build on the vast global experience with this technology learned from over 60 years of operation, including material performance, water chemistry, transient behaviors, etc. Secondly, we are conducting an extensive test program that spans the gamut from physics-based separate effects tests to full integral performance tests. Thirdly, our design is being thoroughly reviewed and will be certified by one of the world's leading regulators, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC).
3. What is the significance of your “triple crown” announcement and how do you achieve it?
In the spring of 2013, NuScale announced a major leap forward in nuclear safety by developing a novel engineering solution that will provide an unparalleled level of safety, security, and asset protection. Specifically, the design provides for an unlimited period of cooling of the nuclear fuel without the need for: (1) operator action, (2) AC or DC power, or (3) the resupply of cooling water. It provides stable long-term nuclear core cooling and plant recovery under all design basis accident conditions and also provides severe accident mitigation for low probability beyond design basis accidents. This safety breakthrough is enabled by the incorporation of fail-safe valves into the simple, assured emergency core cooling system. Key features of this system include a high-pressure containment vessel immersed in a large pool of water and a passive emergency core cooling system that relies only on gravity-driven convection of the coolant and conduction of heat to the containment vessel surface.
4. Does the small containment structure of a NuScale module decrease safety?
Actually, the unique containment design enhances the safety of a NuScale module in several ways. First, the pressure tolerance of a vessel is inversely proportional to its diameter, so making the containment vessel physically smaller allows it to withstand a higher pressure pulse than a large vessel. The NuScale containment vessel has a design pressure that is 10 times higher than currently operating nuclear units. Secondly, the volume inside the containment is under vacuum conditions, which provides effective thermal insulation to the reactor vessel. This eliminates the need for insulation material on the reactor vessel, which has been the subject of sump clogging in existing plants. The vacuum also enhances steam condensation rates on the inside surface of the submerged containment in situations where steam is released from the reactor vessel, which in turn provides for very effective removal of heat from the primary system. Finally, the lack of oxygen inside containment while under vacuum conditions greatly reduces the likelihood of forming a combustible mixture of oxygen and hydrogen during accident situations.
5. Didn’t Fukushima demonstrate that multi-module plants are too risky?
Quite the contrary. Many of the systems that failed resulting in the damage to several of the Fukushima Daiichi reactor units do not exist in the NuScale design, and the level of resilience for a NuScale plant is substantially higher than that of the Fukushima plants. Regarding the implications of multi-unit sites, had the Fukushima Daiichi been a single plant of 4550 MWe plant rather than six separate and independent smaller units with power levels ranging from 440 to 1070 MWe, the consequences of the tsunami would likely have been more severe. The fact that the plant was subdivided into six smaller units with lower power levels limited the total consequences; in fact, two of the six units are still operable.
The NuScale plant is designed from the outset as a multi-unit plant with careful consideration of all multi-module impacts, including common-cause failures and accident propagation. Analysis shows that in all cases, the subdividing of the total plant capacity into smaller units reduces the potential consequences from a severe event such as experienced in Fukushima.
1. How active has NuScale Power been in engaging the NRC?
On December 31, 2016, NuScale presented the first ever Small Modular Reactor (SMR) Design Certification Application (DCA) to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). NuScale’s application consisted of 12,000 pages of technical information. In March 2017, the regulatory agency announced it had accepted NuScale's DCA for review. By doing this, the NRC staff confirmed that NuScale's submission addressed all necessary requirements and contained sufficient technical information to conduct the review. The NRC's final report approving NuScale's SMR design is expected to be complete by January 2021.
NuScale was a pioneer in the advanced reactor community in pre-application engagement with the NRC, having begun the process in July 2008. NuScale met with the regulatory agency more than 250 times and submitted 15 topical reports - engaging them on topics such as safety analysis, nuclear fuel, test programs, seismic analysis, and control room staffing.
2. Will you be requesting the NRC relax safety for your design?
No. NuScale's design will be the safest design ever approved by the NRC. The NRC's regulations were developed to address a particular type of reactor technology. For example, regulations assume safety-related electrical power is necessary. In the NuScale design, safety is assured without the need for these safety-related power supplies. The NRC regulations include a process by which applicants can propose an alternative to existing requirements, known as exemptions. This process ensures that the alternative approach protects public health and safety. NuScale includes some exemption requests in its design certification application. These exemption requests are necessary to properly address the passive safety approach inherent in NuScale’s design. The design certification application provides the justification for the safety of each alternative sought by NuScale.
3. How will your plant’s staffing requirements compare to current plants?
Staffing levels for operations and security will be subject to review by the NRC and will be appropriate for safe and secure operations. The elimination of many systems due to the simplicity of the design and automation in the control and monitoring of the reactors will significantly reduce operator workload. The number of operators will be evaluated based on workload requirements and will be sufficient to achieve the same level of plant safety as for large, traditional designs. Similarly, integration of “security by design” principles, the below-grade placement and compact footprint of the NuScale plant adds intrinsic security; which will justify the use of a smaller security force than found in current large nuclear plants.
4. Why do you think that the Emergency Planning Zone can be reduced?
NuScale is working with other nuclear industry leaders through the Nuclear Energy Institute to develop a basis for quantitatively evaluating the extent of emergency planning and preparedness for a specific plant based on potential risk to the public. Risk can be reduced in several different ways; the traditional approach has been to define a large (10 mile radius) zone within which certain physical infrastructure and administrative procedures are applied as a precautionary measure. A more elegant approach, and the one adopted by NuScale, is to reduce risk through intrinsic design features that eliminate, reduce, or mitigate consequences of potential accidents. It is expected that the emergency management actions and the size of the emergency planning zone will be adjusted to be commensurate with the level of risk posed by the plant, resulting in a risk to the public that is equal to or below current plants. The methodologies and approach proposed by NEI to define the size of the EPZ are the same as those that originally were used to set the 10 mile zone for existing plants, thus reinforcing the principle that SMR plant safety levels will meet or exceed existing plants.
5. Doesn’t having SMRs at more sites create a higher security and proliferation risk?
The NuScale plant design builds in a number of intrinsic features that further reduce security and proliferation risks, even compared to traditional nuclear plants, which are already considered highly secure. The very resilient plant design, which is achieved through system simplification, reliance on natural phenomena for backup safety systems, and application of defense-in-depth principles reduces the plant’s vulnerability to the impacts from an external attack or internal sabotage. Additional design features ensure that control over the nuclear fuel elements is both secure and verifiable. All safety-related equipment resides inside a very robust reactor building, the majority of which is below ground and immersed in a common pool of water.
1. Given the well-known economy-of-scale principle, why do you think a NuScale plant can be competitive with large plants?
Economy-of-scale can reduce unit costs for systems that are fundamentally of the same design. NuScale has chosen a different economic principle, economy-of-small, to take advantage of design simplicity that can only be achieved in small system sizes. Recent studies by the Columbia University Business School, for example, have analyzed economies of size and confirmed significant advantages to modular approaches. Many traditional plant components are eliminated and many remaining components are standard “off-the-shelf” commodities. The economic efficiencies of replication also reduce costs by allowing the manufacturer and operator to move through traditional learning processes more quickly. Collectively, we feel that all of these economies-of-small factors will allow us to be highly competitive.
It should be noted, however, that the NuScale design, and SMRs in general, extend beyond traditional large-plant markets and provide a more affordable and flexible solution for non-traditional customers located in smaller grid regions. For these customers, large amounts of power are not needed and alternative energy options are generally priced very high. In other words, a NuScale plant offers many customers a nuclear energy option where none previously existed.
2. Won’t investors see your new design as too big of a financial risk?
A major goal for NuScale is increased affordability. This translates to lower upfront capital investment due to the smaller unit size of the modules and incremental capacity growth due to the multi-unit design of the plant. This will enable the owner to generate revenue earlier than with a single unit large plant. These same features make the plant more attractive to investors because of the lower initial commitment level and earlier return on investment. Initial discussions with the investment community support this claim—they are significantly interested in the SMR business model. In fact, the NuScale deployment model yields a total project cost that is less than the interest costs of some proposed large nuclear plant construction projects.
3. What are the “economies-of-small” that you advertise?
There are many contributors to the economies-of-small, most of which are not unique to NuScale and have been demonstrated in several other industries. Columbia University published an analysis titled “Small Modular Infrastructure” in July of 2012, highlighting many well-known industrial examples, which we expect to be captured in our deployments. For example, economy-of-small was successfully applied to the coal plant industry in the 1970-1980s, which experienced a move toward more standardized ~200 MW boilers, and the mainframe computing industry in the 1990s, which replaced large single-processor machines with arrays of small parallel processors. Some of the more significant factors include: design simplification due to smaller heat load per reactor, reduced materials due to eliminated systems and components, labor efficiencies due to the higher level of factory fabrication and replication, faster learning with respect to manufacture and operations, and higher capacity factors due to multiplicity of generating units.
4. You advertise factory fabrication—so what?
The value of modularization has been proven in several industries, including the construction of large nuclear plants. NuScale will be using this modular construction approach throughout the plant and uniquely extends this approach to modularization of the nuclear steam supply system. The entire nuclear module, including the containment vessel will be completely fabricated within a factory environment. This provides a number of advantages resulting from the favorable and controlled environment within the factory compared to on-site construction. These include: improved labor efficiency, which is estimated to result in an 8-fold decrease in labor cost compared to on-site construction labor; improved quality; improved reliability, ease of inspection, and a centralized and stable skilled workforce.
5. Won’t the complexities of many modules in a plant cause high operating and maintenance costs?
This would be true if the modules are small replicas of a large unit, but they are not. By designing each module with a capacity of only 160 MWt and with assured removal of the decay heat, the modules and auxiliary systems are significantly simplified with the elimination of many traditional components. For example, the NuScale design contains no reactor coolant pumps (RCP’s), which have traditionally been one of the more expensive, maintenance-intensive and sensitive components in current nuclear plants. RCP failure results in immediate plant shutdown and plant unavailability. At NuScale we eliminate the possibility of this event because our reactor coolant is naturally circulated – that is by the physically effects of change in density and buoyance of the primary water. This serves to lower capital cost, improve reliability and reduce maintenance.
6. Won’t the compact size and integral design make routine maintenance more difficult?
The compact arrangement of components in an integral reactor design does present inspection and maintenance challenges. However, standard inspection techniques are still applicable and achievable with reduced scale probes. Offsetting this challenge is the fact that the NuScale systems are significantly simplified, which will require less total maintenance effort. When maintenance is required, only the involved module will be taken off-line while the others continue to operate, thus dramatically reducing the economic impact of the maintenance. Key features such as the plant’s electrical systems have been designed to support on-line maintenance without jeopardizing worker safety and while maximizing power availability of the plant. Also, maintaining spare parts in inventory to quickly replace suspect or defective components becomes a more tractable option than for single unit large plants because of the multiplicity of modules within the plant, the standardization among modules and lower cost for module parts.
7. Why do you only advertise a 12-module plant?
This choice is driven by early customer preference, which favors a plant size of nominally 600 MWe — a very manageable size for grid stability considerations, but still not a small facility in terms of output, and well matched as a repowering option for the replacement of aging coal-fueled power plants, the majority of which are between 300 and 600 MWe. This facility sizes also presents favorable economics. While NuScale could easily design a facility to house fewer than 12 modules (i.e.: such as a “4-pack” or “6-pack”), we have limited our initial licensing activities to a 12-module design.
8. Does the elimination of primary pumps cause the NuScale plant to be less efficient and increase the cost of generated electricity?
In keeping with our objective of providing a design of unparalleled safety and simplicity, we decided to eliminate primary coolant pumps and supporting equipment by relying instead on gravity-driven natural circulation of the coolant. The potential loss of efficiency due to a lower coolant flow rate is compensated for by increasing tube surface area in the steam generator to achieve the same heat removal rate. We do this by using a compact helical coil steam generator with a very large surface area within a compact fluid volume.
Also, the NuScale steam generators produce significant steam superheat, which improves thermal efficiency and eliminates moisture separator, dryer and reheater equipment. Full scale testing in prototypical helical coils confirms both the heat transfer and superheat performance of our design. Hence, we expect a power conversion efficiency similar to existing plants and an overall cost savings from the elimination of several components and associated maintenance demands.
9. What about the nuclear waste problem—won’t NuScale make it worse?
The amount of used or spent nuclear fuel produced in a nuclear plant is dwarfed by the voluminous waste produced from most other energy technologies. The good news about nuclear waste produced in a NuScale plant is that it is exactly the same as most of the other 440 nuclear plants operating world-wide; hence, we know a lot about its characteristics and how to treat it. Specifically, we know very accurately the composition of the discharged fuel, the radiation hazard, the rate of decay of the self-generated heat, and its amenability to recycling, should the U.S. decided to embark on this path similar to other major nuclear energy countries.
10. Can NuScale’s SMR technology be complementary to renewables?
This capability, called NuFollow™, is unique to NuScale and holds the promise of expanding the deployment of renewables without backup from fossil-fired generating sources, such as natural gas-fueled, combined cycle gas turbines (CCGTs).
11. How does NuScale’s SMR fit into the existing infrastructure?
Each NuScale Power Module™ produces up to 60 MW of electricity, and up to 12 modules can be located at a single NuScale power plant, producing up to 720 MWe (gross) when all modules are in operation. The size and modularity of the NuScale SMR allow a high degree of flexibility to direct the heat output for either electricity production or for process head applications. The scalability feature makes the technology well-suited as a replacement for retiring coal-fired plants, most of which are less than 300 MWe. Relative to contemporary traditional nuclear plants, NuScale SMRs have more siting flexibility on existing transmission grids, especially when used as replacement for retiring coal plants. In addition, because only one SMR module is refueled at a time, 92% of the power from a 12-module plant can remain on-line during refueling, providing continuous power throughout the plant lifetime. We estimate that the plant’s capacity factor will exceed 95% – making it one of the most reliable electric generation systems available. | 2019-04-25T14:14:34Z | https://www.nuscalepower.com/about-us/faq |
Michael Oren is an eminent American historian and Zionist who became the Israeli emissary to the United States during Barack Obama’s presidency. An undergraduate at Columbia and a graduate student at Princeton, where he received his doctorate, he later held three distinguished visiting professorships, at Georgetown, Yale, and Harvard. He knows America well— very well. Oren is now a member of the centrist party Kulanu in the Knesset: He has been designated by Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu as deputy premier for diplomacy in a pointed effort to stem the flow of right-wing megadrama from the most disgusting big-mouthed, small-minded members of the cabinet, Avigdor Lieberman and Naftali Bennett.
Oren is a diplomat, both politically and psychologically. He veers away from hysteria, Jewish hysteria especially, about anti-Semitism in America or about Israel. But since the publication of his memoir in 2014, and a little before, he has come out as a fierce critic of the record of the most recent Democratic presidential administration on Israel, and, by extension, on the strongest single guarantor of the safety of the world’s Jews. What is most upsetting is that he is not wrong. Alas, I, who am a registered but not sworn Democrat and have been that for more than half a century, certainly cannot vouch that the party will long stand up for one of the few vigorous democracies on Earth.
More than 16 years ago, Ehud Barak, an authentic hero including at Entebbe, crafted a peace plan that won the approval of Bill Clinton and should have won, with the usual habits of give-and-take diplomacy, at least the assent of the Palestinians to further talks. Barak ultimately agreed to give up all of Gaza, which Ariel Sharon later did, as well as 95 percent of the rest of the disputed territory, with special geographical, political, and religious arrangements for Jerusalem. Eight years later, Ehud Olmert—now in jail—added another 3 percent to the Israeli offer and allowed for what would now be Arab Jerusalem to be the capital of Palestine. No takers. Those facts, if you want to look, tell you plenty.
Those facts didn’t tell President Obama much, or he didn’t look. I supported Obama in his first campaign for president … against Hillary Clinton and against George Bush. I even went south to Florida to campaign for him and stayed there a crowded week. My contact with the bigger effort was Dan Shapiro (later to become the candidate’s ambassador to Israel), who first asked me to go. I’d also met with Obama: once before he entered the race and once—this time in a group—at the beginning of the primaries.
Obama seemed at the time, and turned out to be, a reasonable, well-intentioned man. But he was a catastrophe on international affairs. His one triumph was something he didn’t have anything to do with: He won the Nobel Peace Prize, and, actually, maybe this ended up mattering more than anything else. The Peace Prize came less than a year into his first term: In desperate explanation for the choice, the prize committee’s PR fingered Obama’s opening to the Muslim world for special recognition. And so Obama was operating with what he thought was a promise to live up to—a promise no one could live up to against the fractured history of the Middle East. This added to what he’d felt he’d promised before, during that campaign, that he would make amends to the Muslim world. Between the recent history and the Prize, he had to be peacemaker, and damn whatever realities came up in the meantime.
He’d told us this in his speech in Cairo in June 2009, before the Prize was announced. For this speech, his speechwriters scavenged for Islamic allusions in American history and found two or three. Morocco was the first country to recognize the independence of America during the Revolutionary War. And, of course, that Jefferson had a Quran in his library. It was nice rhetoric—we all want peace, we all want good will with our Muslim brothers and sisters—but what about the realities of the region: a place where vicious, cynical dictators encourage the worst anti-Western, anti-liberal sentiments and impose unequal social customs on their people to maintain their own power; a place where Sunni and Shia are bitterly opposed?
One hundred years ago this year, James Balfour issued the famous declaration that re-inscribed the Jewish nation again into its ancient political history, but then the big powers went on to literally invent, really out of whole cloth, other states—Lebanon, Syria, Iraq—splitting up tribes and sects and communities and placing the people who lived in them in crazy arrangements under alien, authoritarian governments. Today, reaching out to these states in practice often means not helping their people but rewarding their leaders, and these are not people we want to reward. We heard nothing about that in the Cairo speech. Nor would we. And by December, when Obama went to Oslo, the signs were there that realities were getting ignored when it came to policy, too.
Obama’s first outreach had been to the Sunnis. He had made tight pals with Recep Tayyip Erdogan, a bad sign even then, before Erdogan completely abandoned the pretense of secular liberalism. Obama was close to the Saudis—to King Abdullah. He had also delivered his address at Cairo’s Al Azhar, both a Sunni university and a mosque. Over time, he turned away from the Sunnis and toward the Shia, to Iran—the counterweight to Egypt, to Saudi Arabia, to Turkey, in the region—a state most of its neighbors saw as an immediate threat. Then there was Syria, where, out of the same mind-changing dynamic, he countenanced a human disaster, grim beyond calculation.
And the victims of the president’s good intentions were not just these populations and the liberal secularists within them, which was bad enough. The victim was also the one state that the Great Powers created right, the fortunate state, but the state that’s lived up to its fortune by staying democratic, sometimes imperfectly democratic but democratic nonetheless, against constant external threat of annihilation: Israel.
Maybe we should have known this would happen. One’s spiritual counselors have meaning, and Obama chose over nearly a decade and a half perhaps the most anti-American, anti-Jewish, and viciously anti-Israel minister in Chicago. Being under the Rev. Jeremiah Wright’s guidance doesn’t mean Obama shared his views, but this was not a spiritual counselor who would show much sympathetic understanding, or even unsympathetic understanding, toward Israel.
Then in 2009, there was Obama’s selection of Chas Freeman as chairman of the National Intelligence Council. Maybe you remember him: He’d been ambassador to Saudi Arabia and exquisitely faithful to Riyadh, one of the old monarchy’s servants, Riyadh before its tentative but meaningful liberalizing steps. He’d worked with China, and been sympathetic to its autocratic ruling party. He, his son, and the authors of The Israel Lobby, which he first published before the commercial edition was conceived, attacked me and others who’d taken him on. But he was Obama’s choice—again, not someone with much sympathy for Israel’s struggle, or understanding of it. In fact, hostile.
To be sure, Obama knew about the Holocaust: In his Cairo address, the president mustered it as the essential—no, the only—rationale for a Jewish state. But the Jewish state is more than that! What about the nearly 1 million ardent and repatriating Jewish exiles who’d lived for two millennia—and some for almost three—in the lands of Islam? And what of the implications to his audience: the implications of assigning Israel’s rationale for existing solely to the Holocaust? Upon hearing this, that the Holocaust is the single reason for the Jewish state, is it any wonder Sunni and Shia say they are the other victims of Naziism?
It isn’t that the president hated Israel. It’s that, to those of us who feel for Israel in our bones and feel its closeness to America as a fellow beacon of liberalism, and who look for that feeling in our presidents, his words never said that he did, too. He had some nice words, sure, but he never gave evidence that he had a sense of the intense struggle it took Israel to become what it is and to maintain its ideals in face of immediate threat. By the end it seemed like Israel to him was Bibi Netanyahu, and it’s not fair to make Bibi or the right wing everything that Israel is, because it’s much, much more. Zionism includes and has always included people of every race, from every corner of the globe, with every belief about God.
The president never gave this its due. And in the pursuit of outreach, to Palestinians and to Iranians especially, he did worse: He created an impossible situation, a situation that would have been untenable on its face for anybody who truly understood Israel’s history and the dynamics of its neighbors.
In 2016, John Kerry indulged his obsessive fantasies of 30 years (I’ve known him 40) with a push for peace that ignored every Israeli reality. The secretary’s speech more than implied that Jerusalem’s ancient Jewish Quarter should be up for negotiations… and so maybe up for grabs. That’s because, like everything else in Jerusalem (save the indisputably Israeli “new city”), it was since 1948 in the possession of the king of Jordan who, with Egypt, Syria and, yes, the monarchy of Iraq started the 1967 war which he, they then lost. Tiens! According to Kerry’s agenda, the ancient cemetery on the Mount of Olives (itself mentioned a half dozen times in the Hebrew Bible), parts of Mount Scopus, Ammunition Hill, even the Western Wall and myriad other sites are open to negotiations.
When Israel resisted their moves, Kerry and his president, and the portentously sweet Samantha Power, lashed out, rhetorically and then in action, at the United Nations at the tail end of Obama’s term: The Security Council resolution passed because the United States did not veto. (On the morrow, more or less, the Brits apologized; and everyone grasped that the French socialist regime’s excuse was that it could not possibly win the next election without the Muslim vote … but will certainly not win even with it.) Of course, this move would find resonance in all the despot-led Muslim states at the United Nations… even those that were doing security business with Israel and, deeper yet, forming sotto voce alliances with the Jewish state that were operative on a day-to-day basis: Egypt; even Saudi Arabia; and Turkey, by now deep, deep under Erdogan.
Israel received aid from Obama, yes, but aid is worth only so much if legitimacy diminishes, and Israel ended his tenure with its international reputation pulled down by administration rhetoric, and by its inaction when members of the left attacked Israel. Never did we hear a word from our president condemning BDS. I wonder if the president (or Ben Rhodes, who was rewarded for his Jewish animus to Jewish concerns by a White House “midnight” appointment to the Holocaust Museum board), understand the deep betrayal experienced by those of us who don’t like the current Israeli government or its bunker mentality but who see Israel’s existence in the face of states whose leaders have stated their intention to put it in the ground, as the fact, the one that ends all the others.
Maybe this concern seems unnecessary, or overblown, or just myopic. After all, we see before all of our eyes anti-black sentiment; it is ugly, despite enormous social progress. We see anti-Arab, anti-Hispanic, anti-Asian sentiment. Next to the immediacy of these, it might seem like carping to talk about a group so well situated in America, and in the Democratic Party, as the Jews. But when you talk about the Jews you can’t forget Israel—at least those of us whose families had, and whose friends and families have, a stake in its existence can’t.
Liberal democratic states were supposed to save the Jews—many people of learning and seriousness saw a cosmopolitan universalist Enlightenment culture as a dream attainable in reality. But those dreams came up against the real realities of Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia, which were repeats on a bigger, more horrific scale of the persecution, the alienation, that have followed us for two millennia. How can we be safe without a state of our own? Now we have a state, and it’s a state that possesses many precepts of virtue, precepts that it has been able to mostly maintain through a long and bitter history and under fire of missiles and under menace of the ultimate menace. It has always welcomed people of all races. It is Jewish but tolerant, and self-critical when it isn’t. It remains the one state in the region that holds the flame of those normative ideals high and strong. And it is surrounded by states that don’t want it to exist. Sometimes a fact, a reality, is as basic and hard as that.
For those of us who care for Israel, we are in an old, sad, difficult dilemma. Our principles, our people’s experience of the diaspora, our belief in transcending difference, our dismay at Republican tribal politics leads us to the Democrats. But there comes a point at which the urge to transcend difference comes at the expense of hard realities. Michael Oren was right—the last president passed that point with Israel. How much will his successors in the party leadership follow his lead?
Martin Peretz was Editor-in-Chief of The New Republic for 36 years and taught social theory at Harvard University for nearly half a century.
I rarely comment here. But this was too much. So Obama was a member of Rev. Wright’s congregation and associated with other anti-Semites. And he appointed the publisher of the “Israel Lobby” to the national intelligence council. And in his Cairo speech he declared the Islamist view that Israel was solely a European imposition due to the Holocaust. Oh and he appointed Rhodes to the Holocaust museum in a midnight appointment. Yet he was “well-intentioned” according to Peretz.
And he sided with the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt and almost destroyed Israel’s peace with Egypt. And then he sided with Hamas, legitimizing it completely. When Hamas fired rockets at Isreal, he blamed Israel. And halted arms shipments to Israel. And halted US flights to Israel. And then solicited Turkey and Qatar to try to force Israel to make concessions to Hamas while Hamas was still shooting at them. And forced Israel to release murderers of children and watch as its enemies celebrated them like heroes.
As to peace he destroyed it, accepting the BDS narrative. Nothing Israel did was justified or good enough. And he never stopped trying to humiliate it.
He did the same to Jews. Nothing was as insincere as when Obama spoke of anti-Semitism, which saw the greatest resurgence in 50 years under his presidency, taking its cue from Obama himself. When they questioned the Iran deal he even accused them of dual loyalty.
Then there was the last betrayal at the UN, which is as insidious as the “Zionism is Racism” resolution.
And finally there is the Iran deal itself, bending heaven and erath to turn Iran into a nuclear power.
This is just off the top of my head. But by all means, what would a rabid anti-Semite do differently? The answer is nothing.
Sorry Mr. Peretz, but Obama was not “well-intentioned.” He was the most overtly anti-Semitic president we had in 70 years, and every detail of his life and associations and legacy supports this.
Astrodog – couldn’t have said it better. You are so right – Obama is a complete anti-Semite. His Jewish followers have given up their Judaism for leftism and can’t see beyond that.
Obama was the worst President I’ve ever experienced and I can remember back to Eisenhower.
As the years go by we will see again and again how he tried to bring this country down and how hostile he is and was to Jews here who support Israel and to Israel itself.
Thanks for your stunningly true words. While some mealy-mouth the truth, you have stated it with eloquence and clarity. | 2019-04-22T16:00:07Z | https://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/228258/obama-israel-democrats |
Barry Kirby: Quedgeley parish councillor, an active campaigner for Gloucester Labour Party and chairman of the Kingsway Residents’ Association.
This is the transcript of an article from Quedgeley People in 2012 – As that site seems to be in decline, I thought publishing it here would be useful as its the first in depth interview I have done.
A desire for good old-fashioned community spirit and caring about the place in which he and his wife Amanda are raising his young family are the driving force behind Barry Kirby.
Originally born and bred in Carlisle, Cumbria, Barry gravitated south several years ago, moving to Worcester initially, then spending two years living in Gloucester city itself. He, Amanda and daughters Eloise (now eight) and Holly (5) moved to Kingsway in 2007, just after those infamous floods, and their family has since grown with the arrival of little brother Leo (3).
Barry is a well-known figure and familiar face in and around the new and ever-growing village of Kingsway, near Quedgeley. His passion for getting the people of Kingsway aware, involved and proud of their community, through all manner of initiatives – from the recent ‘Kingsway – a Village in Bloom’ competition to building a community garden on the area of land behind the primary school – is renowned. If there’s something interesting going on in Kingsway, you can bet that Barry has a hand in it somewhere.
“I discovered after moving here five years ago that the reputation of Kingsway is not very good,” frowns a saddened Barry. “Which I just couldn’t understand. It was so frustrating because there was no correlation between the negative stories I was reading in the press about Kingsway, and what I was seeing when walking around the community. I used to think to myself, ‘Where are all the druggies and the muggings I keep reading about in the paper?’ I often take a walk around Kingsway of an evening and it is usually very quiet. It bears no resemblance to the Kingsway reported on in the local news.
“It was this discrepancy between what I was reading and what I was seeing that spurred my decision to form the residents’ association four-and-a-half years ago. I wanted to draw the community together. At that time there was no communal focal point. The Kingsway Local Centre [which now comprises the Barn Owl pub, Coco Coffee Lounge, Tesco Express, Taylors estate agents, Badham Pharmacy, Kingsway Veterinary Clinic and Ice hair and beauty salon] is all new, and it’s really satisfying to see the community starting to pull together.
This sense of community was certainly very evident when I met Barry at Coco Coffee Lounge – the place was buzzing and a hive of activity. There were a dozen or so mums with their babies, obviously using Coco as a meeting place for a newly-formed mother and baby group – something that couldn’t have happened before the Kingsway Local Centre was built. And a cheery sight for Barry, whose sole ambition is to turn Kingsway into a fully functioning community – not a “faceless housing estate with no community spirit, where nobody knows anybody else”.
“I am really proud of the residents’ association, and all that it has achieved over the past four-and-a-half years,” he smiles. “I am particularly proud of the public meetings which are held every quarter. They are attended by around 60 to 70 residents on average, making Kingsway’s one of the most successful residents’ associations in the area. Mind you, there are more than 2,000 houses here at Kingsway, which equates to roughly 4,000 adults, so even now, we could do a lot more.
It was Barry’s efforts to help build a better community through the residents’ association that led to his becoming involved with Quedgeley Parish Council earlier this year. “Quite a few local people and members of the residents’ association suggested that I get involved with the parish council,” he says. “Kingsway really needs a voice and, although in an ideal world it would have its own parish council, taking a seat on Quedgeley Parish Council seemed one way of giving Kingsway that voice. I hope to get residents’ views and needs heard and things actioned for the better of the community.
And it’s this desire to give Kingsway its own voice which sees him standing for county council next year. Already vice chairman and campaign manager for Gloucester Labour Party and a councillor on the planning committee for Quedgeley and Kingsway, Barry wants to have an involvement in the bigger decision-making process which directly affects his community – one such decision being the controversial waste incinerator proposed for nearby Javelin Park at Haresfield – a mere three miles down the road from Kingsway.
Asked what he thinks about the county council’s plans for the new incinerator, Barry – an engineer by trade who worked in the defence industry for more than 10 years – replied: “We do have to deal with the city’s waste issue – that’s a fact. And through many years of working in industry and engineering, I know that the most effective way of disposing of residual (black bag) waste (that which can’t be easily recycled) is through incineration. Even if we went down the route of using other technologies as suggested by the likes of GlosVAIN – such as mechanical and biological treatment (MBT), anaerobic digestion and the like – at some point, even in those processes, we would still have to incinerate.
“So my argument is not with the incinerator itself. My issue is with the county council’s consultation process and its proposed location. At risk of sounding like a NIMBY, I really don’t believe that Javelin Park is the best place for it – and that has nothing to do with its close proximity to Kingsway. It has more to do with the first impression it will create for visitors coming into Gloucester northbound from the M5.
“Gloucester has set itself up as a tourist destination, and many of those tourists travel into the city from the south of the country along the M5, getting off at Junction 12. This ‘gateway to Gloucester’ – a huge incinerator with a massive chimney belching out smoke – will be the first thing they see. What sort of a welcome is that?
“But I don’t hold with the objections being raised on health grounds – we already have two incinerators in Gloucester (one in Quedgeley and one at Gloucestershire Royal Hospital) – or with the argument that the county council will be bussing in waste from other counties (and even countries). I really don’t believe that is the case. I believe that the incinerator will serve only this area.
“Neither do I think that the incinerator will lead to an increase in HGVs on the county’s roads. They are already here on our roads, travelling in and around the city carrying our waste to landfill at Hempstead. What I am concerned about is that Junction 12 will not be able to cope with the concentration of traffic that will be directed to that one area.
“I do think that some of those campaigning against the incinerator are barking up the wrong tree with some of their objections. Any arguments should be based more on what we don’t know than what we do know. I’m a great believer of questioning things.
“I don’t see how it can be that the county council appears to be holding all the keys. People should have the right to consent and consult. The way the county council has handled this whole process is not objective. It has signed itself up to a £500 million contract (ahead of planning permission being obtained), in a manner that it knows to appear incestuous in terms of decision making. The fact that the planning decision sits with the county council too does not make for independent and well-balanced decision making. These types of decisions should lie with an independent, third-party body, so that the county council can be perceived to be objective by its electorate.
I ask Barry what local issues he would like to address if he is successful in his county council bid next year.
“Well firstly, I would like a complete review on the incinerator and the way the whole proposal has been handled,” he says.
“I would also like to address the issue of education in the county. I’d like to take a look at how the LEA is dealing with the new academies and free schools, and how they are being administered.
“And, being home educators ourselves, my wife Amanda and I know that a lot of people who, like us, have taken the decision to educate our children at home, feel let down by the Local Education Authority. When applying for schools, for example, there isn’t an option box for parents to tick that says they would like to home educate their children. Because of this, many think that it’s a legal requirement to send their children to school to be educated, but that isn’t the case at all. There’s a significant few who don’t realise that home education is there as an option, and I’d like to make that significant few aware that it is.
“I would also take a serious look at adult social care in the county. Last year the county council went over budget by £2.5 million on spending in this sector. They seriously underestimated the amount of money needed to fund the resources and services needed for adult social care and overspent by a huge amount. And while yes, the trimming and cutting down of county council services is sadly needed across all sectors, I want to ensure that it’s not at the cost of the most vulnerable in our society.
So that’s Barry Kirby – a very busy man who has his fingers in a lot of pies, including running his own business, K Sharp Ltd – providing human factors consultation – for which, among many things, he designs computer interfaces for aircraft and training simulators, as well as being a bit of a social media and web design specialist.
Is there no end to this man’s talents – or energy? Well, hopefully we’ll find out next year if he’s successful in his bid to make it into the corridors of power at Shire Hall. Watch this space!
Is the Joint Core Strategy model “bust”?
I read on This is Gloucestershire this morning that Cheltenham has decided that the numbers of houses they should cater for is unappealing and that they should lop 10,000 off their 28k quota. This has not been agreed with the other members of the Joint Core Strategy, and even their own planning officers were urging caution. So when you consider Stroud wouldn’t take part, Cheltenham is now shirking its responsibilities and there is NIMBY fighting all over the place about where new houses should go, is the Joint Core Strategy (JCS) working for Gloucestershire? At the moment it looks like another “Localism” idea gone bad.
The Joint Core Strategy was the County response to the Government taking away the national guidelines and telling local areas just to get on with it. And it seems that this “getting on with it” is not really working, especially when you consider the Sellars Farm decision, and many of the local areas are spending a lot of time saying why they shouldn’t get the houses. Don’t get me wrong, it was not all sweetness and light under national direction, the national guidance on Parking is still having huge ramifications on places like Kingsway, but where I worry more is around issues like the Social Housing provision and Affordable housing. Also, as we have already seen, Localim works both ways (for developers as well as residents) and it seems that the say of residents doesn’t carry the same weight as a developer (again look at Sellars Farm).
This decision by Cheltenham, using potentially dodgy figures and without consulting the JCS partners just shows how belligerent people are getting about it and starting to hunker down in their own area bunkers!
So should we be worried. Quite frankly yes, it seems to be going the way of who shouts loudest wins, with a splash of teddy throwing. I only hope that common sense will prevail and the JCS can be put back on track. But how much effort is being put into keeping everyone sweet with the plan,. rather than executing it, and therefore just how much money is it saving?
I read with interest in the Citizen that Community Leaders are celebrating the sod cutting of the new school in Kingsway. I’m sure many would be celebrating, but I’m struggling to find one that actually knew!
I’m not so arrogant to think that I have to be informed of everything that goes on in Kingsway, but I can’t find any other locals (at the moment) who were also invited or attended. Maybe it was just a special small ceremony!
On the plus side, it means they will now start building, which puts more opportunity to them hitting the September 2013 opening date, though the article does state it will be finished in July 2013.
Carnival Fever in Gloucester – Loved it!
Yesterday was the Gloucester Carnival and I was a bit nervous to see just how the changes to the format of the day would work out and also just how the Severn FM crew would be received. However I didn’t need to worry at all, it was brilliant. The weather was great, there was over 30 entries in the parade and the crowds came out in droves to see what the carnival had to offer.
I really enjoy the atmosphere of a carnival and that’s one of the reasons I was so pleased to be involved. When we got down to the Westgate Car park, it was bedlam with floats, dancers and other entries jostling for space to get prepared. There were some fantastic community entries, and the City Councillors float was a welcome break from the more staid approach they have taken in the past.
There is still room for improvement, I have had lots of comments back already, mostly good, but there is a common thread to the negative comments which I will pass on and see what we can do about it.
I hope people can see how easy it is to enter and have a great time and that next year they will get stuck in, already the Severn FM crew are talking about what they can do to improve next year.
Today we heard that, despite residents opposition, multiple Parish Councils opposition and the Stroud MPs opposition, the development of Sellars Farm has been approved on appeal. This brings up 2 questions, firstly what is the point in local council planning decisions when they are just overturned, and secondly what happened to the governments much acclaimed Localism putting power into the hands of local residents when such an opposed development is pushed through by the Government.
Quite frankly it shows just what a mockery the Localism agenda really is and that the Government don’t really give 2 hoots about what we, the residents, actually think.
This development is a bad idea on many fronts. This is building on the Stroud/Gloucester border where the infrastructure is already beyond breaking point. There are already not enough facilities, doctors places and the shopping amenities are scaled for the current population. The road network to Sellars farm is also nowhere near adequate, seeing an increase in traffic on Pound Lane is an accident waiting to happen.
This just proves the point about how Localism is a nice buzzword for the Government to use (remember Big Society), but when you get down to it, it’s another load of crap for the local groups and organisations to take on-board and sort out with no funding and no support.
It seems that the forests are now not for sale, the Tory Led Government has had to cower under the roar of outrage from the public and will backtrack on its plans to give up the forests to other groups.
In PMQs yesterday, David Cameron indicated that he was not happy with the forests policy, and it is expected that Environment Secretary Caroline Spellman will announce the withdrawal of the policy, and rumour has it that she will then be moved from her position to be replaced by Mark Harper.
It is a real embarrassment for those who have passionately supported it, including the Gloucester MP, Richard Graham, who has repeatedly emailed objectors within his constituency with the reassurance that it was a good policy and that the forests were not for sale and that all the issues were a result of “disinformation” given by the opposition. If that was the case, why would he stand up in the Commons and say “Save the Forest” and yet, in the same night, vote for a bill that his boss has now denounced.
Well done to all those who campaigned and made their voice heard. I just wish that this was the only shameful policy but there will be more campaigning on Youth Services and libraries, to name but two.
I bet you have never heard of the Gloucester Business and Community Awards, that’s because they only exist in my head and on the short paper I have written.
It came out of some of the reaction to my previous blog post about how Gloucester can “pull itself together”. There was a suggestion that we should have a Business awards that highlights small and big business within Gloucester. I spent some time thinking about this and I think there is something missing in this model and I realised it was the fact that a business gets established within a community and it is that interaction that is generally overlooked.
There is a view within the City Council that a small business is a factory with 100 employees, but as Eddie Eldridge points out, there are a vast number of start-up and small businesses that get little or no support. I don;t mean in terms of a hand out or anything like that, but perhaps some relief and the general support that could increase the PWin of the business which in turn helps the city of Gloucester. But also, any business could come here and utilise the cheaper land but not actually get involved with the city or not employ any locals, or put any local investment or support back into the community.
My long term aim is to study how we can do to encourage new business to Gloucester and to encourage existing Business to grow and invest locally in our fantastic city. The first step of this is to celebrate local business and particularly those which are successful and have a positive impact within the community that they exist. To my mind, this could be a large business with a social club which holds community days, or a local corner shop which is seen as a local community hub and vital to local residents.
This is where the idea of the Awards came in. However, there is now a lot of work to do, ideally it would be in place by the end of this financial year, but the first step is to contact business representatives that are based and/or have outlets within Gloucester to see if they would support the idea. It will also need sponsorship, so will be going cap in hand to see if people are willing to give financial support. It will also need support of the local press and media outlets, otherwise there is no point celebrating local business if no-one knows about it. But hopefully it will be attractive to them also.
In the grand scheme of things, it should not be that expensive, especially if I can encourage all businesses to put some sponsorship forward that is inline with their size of business (am thinking of 3 levels) as well as trying to find a main sponsor, it would be then to find a suitable venue and more importantly putting together a good judging panel and agreeing the awards themselves.
This is very vague and the category would need defined and there are probably more awards needed.
I am getting very motivated by this and really work will start next week to push it on, I have already had some support, and I need to now push it hard for others to voice their opinion.
Any suggestions/advice/criticism are most welcome too.
So this was our first proper rally as a family (Amanda and I attended a student rally in Oxford years ago, and I was around the Student protest last month, but that was more accident than design) and I was really inspired to see so many people turn out. There has to have been well over a 1000 people. There were so many that when we had finished the March part of it, there were still people as the back waiting to start. It was really well organised and everybody was talking about how they felt about this. One lady said “there should only be one person staying at home today, and that’s Harper”. I guess he would have been lynched if he had dared show his face.
CARDIFF, WALES - NOVEMBER 2018: Panoramic view of the inside of the Principality Stadium, formerly known as the Milennium stadium, in Cardiff city centre during a Wales vs Scotland rugby international.
There was a lot of local people there who are less than impressed with Mark Harper MP, they really do not feel like he is competently doing his job as their MP. One woman in the March was saying that she had been to his house the night before and tied HOOF ribbons on all the trees around his house.
Unfortunately we had to leave shortly after the march finished, but it was great to be involved in a small way. We get a lot out of the Forest, as an educational resource, a camping destination, a great day out and so as a family we feel it would be a tragedy if this sell off were to go ahead. | 2019-04-21T16:05:05Z | https://www.barrykirby.co.uk/england/ |
If I slept poorly the night prior to my check ride, the night following the ride was even worse. Exhausted, I dragged myself into work the next morning. A headache throbbed obstinately in my temple all day as my brain enacted a sit-down strike in protest of inadequate rest.
Tom called mid morning in full blown coach mode. "I just talked to Ken. He said you're an excellent pilot, your knowledge is good, and that you fly your airplane very well. He said your VOR approach into Le Roy was flawless, even while partial panel. You need to get right back on the horse and finish this up. Ken offered to fly with you tomorrow night to knock out those last two approaches. If we fly tonight, I will sign you off to take the test tomorrow and we'll have to submit a new application through IACRA. If we do that, you can call Ken in the morning and he'll meet with you tomorrow afternoon to wrap things up."
My head throbbed as I contemplated this. I was exhausted and knew from prior experience that flying without adequate rest was rarely worthwhile or confidence inspiring. But I appreciated the encouragement I was receiving from Tom and Ken. Also, Tom was right. I needed to get back on the horse and so I agreed to meet him at Le Roy that night.
En route to Le Roy, the Warrior bucked and shuddered in rough, clear air. The visibility was unlimited, but the winds were variable and I noticed my wind correction angle varying continuously since departing Williamson.
I called five miles out from Le Roy and advised that I would overfly the airport to peek at the windsock. This was answered by another aircraft orbiting nearby.
"We just flew over the field, but could not see the sock."
"We just installed a new one, it should be down there," I responded. It was funny how easily I slipped back into "we" when talking about my home of the previous seven years. The other aircraft abandoned its search for the windsock and simply chose to enter downwind for runway 10. Not wanting to fly against this traffic, I also entered downwind for 10 behind him.
From the pattern, I could see the windsock and it was clear to me that the wind favored runway 28. I shared this with my new friend and we both transitioned to a runway 28 pattern. While I was flying the base leg of the pattern, I provided the visitor with progressive taxi instructions to get where he needed to go on the ground.
I landed smoothly in less crosswind than I expected and taxied to the fuel pump. "Hey Cherokee," called the other pilot on the radio, "where's the fuel pump?"
"I'm parked right in front of it," I responded.
"Boy, that's some crosswind we had on final, huh?"
After I fueled Warrior 481, the other aircraft taxied over and took on fuel. The pilot was concerned that he did not have a Detroit sectional chart (which is where Le Roy and Rochester are charted), so I gave him one of mine. He eventually departed, pleased with his experience at the Le Roy Airport.
The experience bolstered my damaged confidence in myself as an aviator.
Tom arrived right on time and we talked through what had happened on my check ride the previous evening. He understood the logic that led to my Great Brain Fart O' Failure, but also made sure that I understood why it was wrong (believe me, I got it). Then we flew both approaches at Rochester from the previous night and I received a fresh check ride endorsement in my logbook.
I returned home around 10:00 pm, filled out a new IACRA application, and text-messaged Tom that it was ready for his approval. Just before 11:00, Tom responded that the he had signed the application and gave me marching orders to call Ken first thing in the morning.
I went to bed and proceeded to not sleep until sometime after 2:00 am.
I can only assume that Tom sent these messages in an order adhering to established English syntax and that they were scrambled somehow by the phone, but who knows?
Ken answered his phone immediately when I called him at 8:30. I opened with, "I hope this is a civilized hour to call..." Ken chuckled and affirmed that it was. We made plans to meet at four o' clock that afternoon.
I was back at the Rochester Air Center, having let down through turbulent air. Wind was gusting from the northeast at 10 to 19 knots. Conditions were certainly rougher than they had been on Tuesday.
In counterpoint to the turbulent atmosphere, I was finally calm inside. And this is how the experience of earning my instrument rating reminded me of graduate school. In the final weeks leading to my dissertation defense, I worked twenty hour days, seven days a week. As I adjusted to that lifestyle, I found myself in a curious zone of frosty mental acuity fueled by a significant amount of anxiety and determination that countered a very lean mixture of sleep. I realized that I felt much the same way as I waited for Ken.
And so it was that when Ken entered the lobby, I knew that I was ready for him.
Because the wind was out of the northeast, we decided that we would fly the RNAV runway 7 and the ILS runway 4 approaches. I had prior experience with the ILS, but had never flown the RNAV 7 before. Aloft, the Warrior was buffeted by both wind gusts and thermals, but I held my course and altitude like a pro. The RNAV 7 approach was flown as near to perfect as I could have ever hoped to have flown it.
After the low approach to runway 7, we were vectored around for the ILS approach to runway 4. I briefed the approach plate and set up my instruments, talking through what I planned to use as primary means for identifying fixes and what I was putting into place as a back-up. Heck, I even remembered the timer.
During this time, my right eye began to itch and burn. Initially, I forced it to stay open and tears rolled down my right cheek to an extent that Ken noticed them. I closed my right eye in an effort to soothe it, grateful that my gaze was inside the cockpit where depth perception was not needed.
Soon enough, we were established on the ILS for runway 4.
"Stay under the hood until we reach 200' above the threshold," Ken reminded.
"Warrior 481, we have a turbojet aircraft on final for runway 4 behind you. Break off your approach and circle to land runway 7." I glanced at the circling minimums shown on the approach plate and noted that we were 100' above them. I sidestepped the runway 4 approach course and arrested the airplane's descent at the circling minimum descent altitude.
At that point, Ken had me remove the Foggles and complete the landing on runway 7.
Someone had obviously greased that runway before our arrival; it was the smoothest landing I had made in weeks. "Really good," Ken commented, momentarily breaking from his stoic examiner's demeanor.
Taxiing back to the 300 ramp, my cheek still damp from an aggrieved eye, I noted to Ken that I had my right eye closed for much of the ILS approach. He smiled, "did it with one eye tied behind your back, eh?"
Once the prop shuddered to a stop and the landing checklist was complete, Ken asked, "the trip you want to take this weekend, that's in this airplane?"
When I acknowledged that it was, he extended his hand, "well then, you'll be able to do it as an instrument rated pilot."
Back inside Rochester Air Center, we completed the paperwork. Ken defaced my current pilot certificate and handed me a new temporary certificate while delivering the apparently mandatory decree that it was a license to learn.
I was grateful to both Ken and Tom for their support and encouragement to get right back on the horse after the brain fart that derailed my check ride two days earlier. I was also happy with myself that, after Tuesday's experience, I came back and flew those approaches not just competently, but truly to the best of my ability.
Afterward, Ken and I sat and talked for over an hour, swapping flying stories. I could not have asked for a better way to detox from my self-induced stress of the past week.
Friday night and Saturday morning, I pored over weather forecasts between Rochester, NY and Knoxville, TN in preparation for our vacation. Marginal VFR was expected, with 3000' foot ceilings forecast that would present relatively easy approaches for a newly minted instrument pilot. But the likelihood of thunderstorms ahead of an advancing cold front in addition to strong headwinds that would place us in the clouds for nearly six hours (versus a typical 4.5 hour en route time) reduced my enthusiasm for making the trip in the Warrior. When combined with a week of poor rest, I decided that it was not a good day to fly to Tennessee with Kristy and The Bear on board.
"That's OK, Daddy, we can fly in the clouds some other time," assured The Bear.
And so I did take the trip to Knoxville as an instrument rated pilot. I just did it in the Honda instead of the Piper. Technology and aviation prowess aside, making good decisions is ultimately what instrument flying is all about.
I have heard it said that pursuing an instrument rating is akin to graduate school for aviators.
I can say with some certainty that, at the end of the process, I felt much as I did after defending my doctorate in chemistry, though maybe not for the reasons that might be expected.
I counted the passage of time with each thump of an anxious heart as I waited in the Rochester Air Center's unfamiliar lobby for the examiner who would assess my petition to join the fraternity of cloud busters. Intellectually, I was ready. I had the knowledge, could fly the airplane, and it was Tom's expert opinion that the rating was easily within my reach.
However, in the previous two days, both scheduled instrument practice sessions with Darrell were undone by weather, first by a 2000' scattered layer that prevented flying practice approaches while VFR and then by a line of thunderstorms that threatened to overrun Le Roy. I was prepared for the check ride, but not emotionally ready for it.
Anxiety-induced lack of sleep detracted even further from my confidence.
Despite the nerves and uncertainty, I wanted to complete the check ride before a July 27 flying trip with the family to Tennessee, where expanded weather capability had the potential to reduce the risk of being stranded. Obviously, I was only interested in a slight expansion of my weather envelope; approaches down to minimums with the family on board as a low time instrument pilot do not fall into the "good idea" category for me at this time.
Ken arrived punctually, shook my hand politely, and we dove into "paperwork". Since my first check ride in 2002, the portion of that paperwork actually involving paper was largely eliminated in favor of the FAA's clunky IACRA (Integrated Airman Certification and Rating Application) website. Though I had meticulously organized the information that Ken would want to see (like marking important logbook pages with Post-It notes), I did not come prepared with my IACRA password.
"I'm going to phone a friend," I told Ken as I called Kristy to look up my password.
"Ok, but once you use that lifeline, you won't have it any more," Ken remarked. I smiled, envisioning a harried phone call placed to Kristy from the cockpit of the airplane while executing an approach.
With IACRA presenting a bland, satisfied facade, we jumped into the hypothetical cross country flight that I had planned for Ken.
As I researched the flight, I found that a preferred IFR route existed, though it contained an arrival procedure (STAR) at the destination involving a a minimum altitude of 11,000'. While possible to fly in my ship, this seemed like an unreasonable altitude for a Piper Warrior on a hot summer's day. Instead, I located a TEC (Terminal En Route Control) to my destination that made significantly more sense to fly. I suspected that a part of what Ken wanted to see was my recognition that these routes existed and some sound logic behind my ultimate selection.
Ken and I talked through my choice of route and looked at weather data together. Was there a legal requirement that I file an alternate airport? No, the terminal forecasts were not sufficiently poor for that. But there were Sigmets for thunderstorms as well as thunderstorm warnings in the terminal area forecast at the time of arrival. Would I make the flight IFR?
"No, the convective forecast is outside my comfort zone." Ken nodded and continued to use the scenario to further probe my book knowledge. Satisfied, he announced that it was time to fly.
The thumping in my chest resumed.
Darrell had already told me that I would like Ken, that he was reasonable and easy-going. Darrell was right; Ken was terrific, a seasoned aviator with a breadth of experience in professional and personal flying.
So why did I feel like David Gilmour's "earthbound misfit" every time I opened my mouth? The simple answer is lack of sleep and inadequate confidence.
Climbing away from Rochester while under the hood, I requested an ATC-assigned hold at the Geneseo VOR. I was assigned to hold southeast on Victor 147. After glancing at the en route chart and noting that this airway used Geneseo's 153° radial, I sketched the hold on my kneeboard and made the proper entry. At one point, Ken appeared to be concerned that I was leaning too much on the moving map of the Garmin 430W, so he "failed" it with Post-It notes. If anything, I tightened up my flying of the holding pattern.
When Ken announced that we would do unusual attitude recoveries next, I knew that I had performed a satisfactory holding maneuver. We did two recoveries. For the first one, a descending spiral, my airspeed indicated well into the yellow arc and was climbing rapidly when I resumed control of the airplane. I was thankful to Ray for always reinforcing the notion of looking at the airspeed indicator first in those situations. The recoveries went well and Ken asked for a steep turn course reversal with a return to the hold.
Next, we began a simulated VOR-A approach into Le Roy. While descending from the initial approach fix, Ken pointed to the vacuum gauge and asked what it would mean if the reading there suddenly went to zero.
"I would lose my attitude and directional gyros," I answered.
"Yup," he replied while covering those instruments with more of his ever-versatile Post-It notes. At this stage, my confidence was beginning to build and I nailed the approach, partial panel and all.
Next, we flew the RNAV 25 approach into Rochester. Rochester vectored us onto the approach just outside of the final approach fix, TUNLE. I was told "VFR altitude [my] discretion" and cleared for the approach. I even demonstrated a function on the Garmin 430W that Ken, an experienced user of the device, did not know about. I crossed TUNLE at the appropriate altitude, reduced power, and flew the approach magnificently. One of my greatest fears prior to the check ride was inadvertently going below a minimum altitude, but the approach went quite well despite the gusty conditions. I was proud of it and my confidence continued to grow.
Upon reaching the missed approach point, I added power and followed the missed approach instructions previously issued by Rochester.
"I can't count that approach," Ken commented as we climbed away.
This was code for "you just failed."
My heart fell as I processed the implications. Rochester provided vectors around the south side of the airport to set us up for the third planned approach, an ILS onto runway 28, as Ken explained what I had done wrong.
While Rochester was vectoring us to intercept the RNAV 25 approach just outside the final approach fix (FAF), I descended to the minimum crossing altitude altitude for the FAF before fully establishing myself on the approach. There was a logic behind what I did in the moment, but it was a false logic.
In other words, I had a brain fart. Lack of rest and a bad case of nerves were likely contributing factors. On the bright side, it was a mistake that I will never make again.
Ken had no choice but to fail me. After all, in actual instrument conditions, altitude is life.
As I processed that I had just busted my check ride, I lost enough focus that my performance on the ILS 28 approach was unacceptably sloppy. Rochester Approach barked at me when my distraction resulted in missing an assigned heading. I do not have a track record of failure, particularly in aviation, and did not manage this bad news well.
Somehow, I centered myself on the localizer at the decision altitude, pulled off the Foggles at Ken's prompting, and squeaked the airplane nicely onto runway 28.
Ken explained the next steps. I would need to go back to Tom for additional training, receive a fresh sign off from him in my logbook to finish the check ride, and go on another date with the always-exciting IACRA system to generate a new application. Then, of course, I would need to take Ken back into the sky and demonstrate that I really did know what I was doing. The good news was that I would only need to fly those two approaches - I passed every other area of emphasis Ken threw at me and would not be retested on those items.
We stood talking on the 300 ramp at Rochester while some magnificent thunderheads in the distance were highlighted in crimson by the setting sun. I took the menacingly lovely vista as a prompt to head home.
I landed at Williamson-Sodus after sunset. I was frustrated with myself and discouraged. As I gloomily pushed the Warrior back into her hangar, my neighbor Bob wandered over to check on me.
"You've been gone over seven hours! How did it go?"
"I have to go back and redo part of it," I told him glumly.
He made a face. "Oh...sorry to hear that."
Sunset over Sodus and Little Sodus Bays. And, an hour afterward, night currency restored after a week's lapse.
Eight thousand five hundred feet above seal level, Warrior 481 and I droned home above a bed of downy condensate, weaving languidly around the larger build ups.
After many hours of instrument training, looking out the window again scratched a deeply held itch.
My iPad now routinely goes along for the ride, serving up aeronautical data via ForeFlight.
In earlier posts, I reported a recurrent issue with the iPad overheating and protectively shutting itself down. I have since taken to placing the iPad on my left leg where it is less likely to experience direct sunlight. I have not had an issue since.
The Stratus continues to work well, riding along in the middle of the back seat and drawing in ADS-B weather and GPS position data without any heat issues whatsoever.
When I sold my beloved iFly 700 in lieu of the iPad / ForeFlight / Stratus combination, I had some initial remorse, but the set-up is serving me well. Now that ForeFlight has added "distance rings", a feature that the iFly incorporated that allowed for facile, at a glance, distance measurement, I no longer miss the iFly (though I wish that ForeFlight logged GPS tracks or that CloudAhoy would work with Stratus).
From some distance out, it was obvious that some heavy cells were popping up around Rochester. I appreciated the early warning provided by ADS-B. Syracuse approach warned of isolated cells as well and, as I drew closer to home, my eyes confirmed the cells depicted by ForeFlight. Crossing south of Sodus Bay, the large cell parked offshore was visibly discharging electrical energy into the surface of Lake Ontario. Despite its proximity, there was no precipitation or wind gust near Williamson (though I did detect a shift in wind direction as I monitored the AWOS inbound) and I landed without issue.
The large cell hovered just north of the Williamson-Sodus Airport as I tucked Warrior 481 back into her hangar.
I realize that the ADS-B weather data provided by Stratus is delayed, a look at the recent past that should not be used in an attempt to thread between closely spaced cells. But one of the greatest causes of anxiety (at least, for me) while airborne comes from uncertainty of what lies ahead and the situational awareness afforded by ForeFlight and Stratus has been invaluable on my last few flights.
The sense of community among aviators is an amazing thing. A love of airplanes and flight can create an instant bond between strangers, drawing them together to swap tales at any of the thousands of airports dotting the nation. It is a connection so strong that, within minutes of landing at a new-to-me airport, I can almost instantly engage in an enthusiastic conversation with complete strangers. This sense of community is one of my favorite aspects of flying.
What newcomer would feel welcome by a sight like this? I appreciate that fences help keep deer off the airport and protect airplanes from the criminal element, but they are deleterious to public relations.
Perhaps that is why, after her first trip to the airport with me, my mother remarked with surprise, "wow, airplane people are just like boat people!" This was my mother's way, in southeast Michigan vernacular, of saying, "wow, I had no idea that pilots were so open and friendly!" Boaters are notoriously friendly and it is not just because they get to drink beer while exercising their avocation (at least, I would like to think so).
Pilots are very friendly too, once you get past the intimidating fence.
Enter Amber Nolan, the self-styled "JetHiking Gypsy", a professional travel writer and non-aviator who had the audacity to challenge those fences with a big smile, a lot of enthusiasm, and an ambitious objective. Amber's goal is to "hitchhike" across all 50 states by general aviation while documenting her adventures. Along the way, she is learning that the pilot community is very welcoming of anyone interested in flying. As an "outsider", she is gaining unique insight into the aviation community.
In my opinion, the JetHiking Gypsy has a unique podium to create bridges between the flying community and the general public through her tales of general aviation adventure and camaraderie. From a public relations perspective, I think her mission is a positive one for general aviation, an opportunity for non-flyers to understand what aviators and general aviation are really about. Arguably, taking to the sky with the Gypsy is a better excuse to fly than the average $100 hamburger run.
When Ray from Le Roy told me that Amber was looking for a ride from Rochester, NY to Saratoga Springs, NY, I was more than willing to volunteer my time and ship for all the reasons cited above. And, selfishly, the destination was a new one for me and I was craving an excuse for a short excursion out of the immediate area. I emailed an offer to help that included a link to this blog and an open invitation to Internet-stalk me before accepting a ride.
Suitably vetted as a volunteer pilot, the biggest challenge was waiting out the spate of IFR weather and thunderstorms that has dominated Rochester skies for the past two weeks. On the morning of July 5, we met at the Williamson-Sodus Airport for departure. Coincidentally, it was the very place where she experienced her first general aviation flight. In fact, Amber's entire cross country odyssey began from the Rochester airport in July of 2012.
We did some aerial sightseeing over Chimney Bluffs before climbing over some scattered clouds for a direct flight to Saratoga Springs. Amber shared some of her stories of travelling the world as a writer and I shared some of my favorite flying destinations (we had Jekyll Island, GA in common).
The time passed quickly and, before long, we dropped back down through a hole in the clouds and approached Saratoga County Airport. After so much focus on instrument training and flying in circles, it was a treat to fly someplace new outside of the immediate Rochester area.
At Saratoga County, we met Mike, the pilot of a Cessna 180 who had previously offered to fly Amber across the state line into Vermont. Walking into the FBO, the Gypsy was greeted as a celebrity with a shout of "hey, it's the All Fifty States Girl!" While the line staff hung on her every word, I chatted a bit with Mike who had some interesting aviation experience beyond mine. It was a great morning of flying and aviation community. That afternoon, Amber reached state number twenty-nine by landing in Basin Harbor, VT.
I have always tried to do my part for aviation PR by giving rides to anyone willing to entertain the idea. That is most definitely a one person at a time approach. Through her writing, Amber stands to reach a much broader cross section of the general public than I ever could. When she is done, I think she will have an amazing story to tell, one that will be good for general aviation. I wish her the very best of luck in her quest and am looking forward to reading all about it.
Nearing the IFR check ride, a final hurdle remained in place: the dual (flown with an instructor) IFR cross country flight of 250+ nautical miles with different types of approaches flown at three airports. For me, the challenge of reaching this milestone lay neither in the planning nor the execution, but in finding an appropriate day to make the flight.
To my mind, the ideal day would feature a thick stratus layer starting at 800 feet above ground level allowing for some actual IFR flight in a relatively benign atmosphere. In other words, the ideal weather would be crummy, but not too crummy; thunderstorms need not apply. Unfortunately, like much of the country east of the Mississippi, Rochester has suffered a soaking from an abysmal weather pattern generating a near continuous threat of thunderstorms.
Our first scheduled attempt was Tuesday, June 25. I was worried about forecast thunderstorm activity, but we decided to re-assess closer to the planned departure time. I departed Williamson in Warrior 481 bound for Le Roy to meet Tom. On the way, I flew through a light rain shower that I first saw depicted on my moving map by Foreflight/Stratus before my eyeballs confirmed its presence. The let down into Le Roy was chock full of bumps and burbles, but this did not stand in the way of punctuality. I shut down at precisely the appointed 9:00 meeting time.
Plan A: 279 nautical miles.
My flight plan was meticulously crafted the previous Saturday while riding the train from Poughkeepsie to Grand Central in NYC. I was very proud of this plan, which had us flying from Le Roy to the Geneseo VOR, to Elmira for an ILS approach, to Jamestown via the Elmira and Wellsville VORs for an RNAV approach, then back to Geneseo via the LANGS intersection to fly the VOR-A back into Le Roy.
Because it was our first time together in nearly three months, Tom and I did some review and went over the plan in detail. We briefed and filed it. Forecast convective activity along the route inspired a go/no-go debate. We hemmed, we hawed. When the office shuddered in a sudden squall, Tom and I ran outside and tied down Warrior 481. We sought inspiration from the local sky, despite knowing that the view would not be relevant to our planned route of flight. In the end, we came to a consensus that the risk of embedded thunderstorms was simply too high for comfort. My IFR flight plan expired without any clearance granted.
It was a turbulent return to Williamson with a ground speed of 144 knots at 3000'. Had we gone, it would have been a rough ride and later viewing of the radar showed thunderstorm activity all along the planned route and, at times, right over the intended destinations. We made a good choice.
A second attempt, Sunday June 30, was foiled by a broken ceiling of 600 feet over Williamson, preventing me from departing VFR to meet Tom at Le Roy. I noted with irony that it was exactly the sort of weather I had in mind for getting my IFR ticket in the first place.
In lieu of flying, I washed and waxed the Warrior. It was exercise of a different sort.
Forecasts improved for the evening of July 2 in that thunderstorms were absent from the terminal area forecasts, though there was still an active convective outlook advisory. Low weather was nonetheless anticipated across the route of flight. We concluded that it just might meet my idealized "crummy, but not too crummy" criterion.
Moist air off of Lake Ontario was pushing south such that a 600' ceiling persisted over the shoreline and impacted the Williamson-Sodus airport. Tom, as keen to complete the cross country as I, offered to make the long drive from his house to Williamson.
As I waited for him, I realized that my beloved original plan no longer made sense if we were flying from Williamson rather than Le Roy. I hastily crafted a new plan: Williamson to the Geneseo VOR, to Buffalo for an ILS approach, to Jamestown for a VOR approach, back to the Geneseo VOR via LANGS intersection, and an RNAV approach (LPV!) into Williamson. When Tom arrived, we reviewed the plan, briefed it with Flight Service, and filed it.
Sitting in Warrior 481, the moment of truth came and I called clearance delivery on my cell phone. As the flight specialist put me on hold to contact Rochester Clearance, Tom looked me in the eye and warned, "if he comes back with anything other than 'cleared as filed', do not think - write." As it turned out, we were cleared as filed and received a release time ten minutes hence with a void time ten minutes after that. It was a perfect window with the airspace over Williamson owned by me for all of ten minutes.
We departed Williamson in four miles of visibility and entered the cloud base at 400'. We contacted Rochester departure who responded with, "November 21481, radar contact, 1.5 miles south of the Williamson-Sodus airport. There are no other aircraft within twenty miles of you."
I tuned the Geneseo VOR and intercepted the 060° radial while climbing to 4000'. At altitude, we were passing in and out of the clouds, but we were more in than out. Foreflight and Stratus showed some intense precipitation just to the left of our course and Rochester suggested a 20° course correction to the west.
It was the first deviation of many.
Rochester was juggling deviations for several commercial flights and one lone Warrior plowing through the cumulus.
"The area around Geneseo is developing some very heavy precipitation," Rochester reported, then provided a vector that would avoid Geneseo. I set up the #1 Nav to intercept the next airway that would take us to Buffalo while Tom monitored our bearing from Geneseo on the #2.
The world outside our windows varied from the absolute white of a blank canvas, to towering canyons of cotton candy, to neutral grey accompanied by streaks of moisture streaming over the windscreen. Through it all, my scan was solid and our heading and altitude remained true. I was amazed by my blase reaction to my first significant flight through real weather.
On initial contact with Buffalo, the controller warned us that our planned sojourn to Jamestown might be unwise as thunderstorms were beginning to pop just south of the field. We decided to re-assess the situation after flying the ILS at Buffalo, but I began to seek an alternative to Jamestown that would provide a VOR approach that met the required diversity in approaches. Dunkirk had a VOR approach for runway 24 that looked like it would meet the need. I was thankful for Foreflight, which made this process comparatively easy to accomplish because of the way it organized and presented a voluminous amount of aeronautical data.
Vectored onto the ILS by Buffalo, the cockpit of the airplane darkened as we descended deeper into the murk. I intercepted the glidslope, centered the needles, started the timer, and configured the airplane for a stable 500 foot/minute descent. Glancing outside, some fuzzy gray buildings could be just seen passing underneath, but no runway. Then, about two miles out, I got a visual on the runway. I returned my gaze to the instruments and flew the approach to the 200' decision altitude before breaking off on the missed approach.
Climbing back into the clouds, Buffalo departure advised that Jamestown still looked like an undesirable destination, so we amended our clearance to Dunkirk. As luck would have it, a direct run to Dunkirk from Buffalo put us right down the throat of the approach. My approach there was a bit sloppy because I had not briefed that particular plate until we were en route, but it was passable.
After the low approach, I was preparing to enter the published hold when Buffalo cleared us direct to Williamson-Sodus. "You do not want to go near Geneseo right now," the controller informed us as he eschewed the last vestiges of my original flight plan.
We enjoyed several minutes of clear air over a fluffy undercast while surrounded by cumulus gorgeously accented in golden highlights by the setting sun. Through it all, the Buffalo and Rochester controllers took excellent care of us as we worked as full partners in finding suitable deviations to get us home. Having the ADS-B weather displayed on Foreflight, even knowing that it was less current than what the controllers saw on their screens, provided an excellent visual representation of the very detailed reports of heavy precipitation given to us over the radio. I was glad to have it.
During the relatively calm flight back to Williamson from Dunkirk, Tom said, "you couldn't have asked for a better training experience than this." Indeed. It was no sterile, canned training experience, but an immersive lesson on managing real world weather deviations. I was reminded of a recent, excellent post by Frank Van Haste on this very topic. Unlike my prior actual instrument time in which we chose higher altitudes that deliberately put us in the clouds, this flight could not have been conducted any other way but IFR. And, it met the "crummy, but not too crummy" goal - even if conditions were actually crummier than we anticipated. At least the thunderstorms were in isolated pockets amenable to circumnavigation. We never experienced any significant rough air, which suggests that we never came particularly close to the convective activity dotting the airspace around us.
Closer to Rochester, more isolated buildups necessitated a deviation well north of the city toward Lake Ontario. Briefly, I saw the Port of Rochester pass below through a hole in the clouds. In the post-sunset gloom, we literally swam through a grey murk with water flowing over Warrior 481's recently waxed skin.
Williamson was still IFR, though the ceiling was higher than when we departed. The GPS-generated glideslope led us down through the grey until we broke out from the cloud base to see the runway lighting shining merrily from a dusky landscape as rain pelted the windscreen.
The landing was no greaser, but a solid, good landing that inspired Tom to quip, "and after all that, you just had to show off!"
Once the Warrior was put to bed for the night, Tom and I were walking back to the clubhouse in the light rain when he gave me a shove. "You did frikkin' awesome tonight!"
I count that as one of the best compliments on my flying that I have ever received.
We logged 3.0 hours total with 2.6 in actual IFR conditions. When I asked Tom what we needed to do next, his response was that I needed to take my check ride.
Over breakfast with my daughter the following morning, I asked, "do you know what I did last night, Little Bear?"
"I flew inside the clouds."
Her eyes grew large and she gaped for a moment. "Wow! Will you take me into the clouds with you?" | 2019-04-20T11:19:01Z | http://warrior481.blogspot.com/2013/07/ |
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I want to draw you back to our wonderful study of the twelve apostles. You can open your Bible again to the 6th chapter of Luke and we're going to take a look today at the next name in the list of the twelve, the fifth one, Philip. The twelve apostles are named here for us in verses 14 through 16 of Luke 6 as Simon, whom He also, being Jesus, named Peter, Andrew his brother, James and John and Philip and Bartholomew, sometimes called Nathanael, and Matthew and Thomas, James the son of Alphaeus and Simon who is called the Zealot, Judas the son of James, and Judas Iscariot, who became a traitor.
Here Luke introduces to us the twelve whom Jesus pulled close to Him for the remaining two years of His ministry in order that He might shape them into apostles, or sent ones, messengers, to carry on the preaching of the gospel and the establishing of the church after He had gone back to the Father in heaven. We are introduced to these men whom He now begins to formally train and prepare for their most auspicious and wonderful task.
The glorious gospel of salvation was the message which the apostles eventually preached. They preached the gospel. They were selected to be the formidable, the official preachers of the gospel and therefore the founders of the church of Jesus Christ.
To be an apostle, to be numbered among the twelve, was unquestionably the highest honor ever given to a human. The highest calling anyone could ever receive was to be selected by the Lord Jesus personally for this responsibility. The selection was remarkable. He had, no doubt, hundreds of followers out of which He chose these twelve. They were selected, of course, in response to a night of prayer in which the will of God was clearly affirmed in the mind of Jesus and after that the Lord the next day selected the twelve. He pulled them close to Him and spent the next couple of years in very, very intimate fellowship with them, twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week for the duration of His time on earth, including the forty days after the resurrection before His ascension.
They were then personally mentored by Jesus Himself to be His official representatives. We will find out in chapter 9 that He gave to them the ability to cast out demons and the ability to heal the sick and even raise the dead as a way to authenticate their preaching. The Bible had not been written and so when they preached, people needed some way to know that it was truly the message of God. They couldn't compare it with the New Testament since the New Testament hadn't been written, so they were given the ability to do signs and wonders and mighty deeds, evidence that God was working through them so that people would know God was also speaking through them.
As I said, this is the highest calling to which any human has ever been called. They will be honored to be the official preachers of the gospel, founders of the church. They will be honored to be responsible for much of the writing of the New Testament. And one later added to their number by the name of Paul will be particularly used by God to write at least thirteen books of the New Testament. They will be further honored by ruling over the twelve tribes of Israel in the Millennial Kingdom, and as well, they will have their names carved on the foundation stones under each of the twelve gates of the New Jerusalem, the capital city of the eternal heaven. No one in history has ever had higher honor than this.
And what is remarkable about it is they were such common people. One might think that for such an honorable role there was some level of education, there was some level of erudition, there was some level of accomplishment, or achievement, some demonstration of leadership, some equipment in terms of oratorical skill that certainly they would need to have been a priest, a rabbi, a Pharisee, a Sadducee, somebody important in the religion of Judaism, but none of them were any of those. They were not theologians. They were not religious leaders. They were not famous. They were not powerful. They were not honored. They were not noble. They were just common men. None of them was a professional, as we would identify a professional. They were common working men.
And that reminds us of the kinds of people that the Lord uses so that as 1 Corinthians 1:29 says, "No one should boast before God." And so that as 1 Corinthians 2:5 says, "Your faith should not rest on the wisdom of men, but on the power of God." In order that God's power be clear, in order that God's wisdom be clear, in order that God receive all the glory, He chooses to use the commonest of the common for His uncommon and supernatural purposes.
Now I want you to notice again in verse 13 that He named these twelve “apostles,” familiar name to any student of the New Testament studies. We understand that word, means a messenger, a delegate, an envoy from the verb apostellō, to send. But let me enrich that concept a little bit for you. As we go through these twelve names I'll build a little on the introductory side so you'll understand something of the character of being an apostle, something of the nature of apostleship.
Recent studies of Jewish history have revealed that in Judaism there was a particular title given to a unique set of individuals. The title is the word saliac or shaliac, probably be the better way to translate it, shaliac. A shaliac in Judaism was recognized by everyone. In the New Testament times, at the very time the story of Jesus is going on, the shaliac is an important part of Jewish life. Now what was a shaliac? A shaliac primarily had legal significance, not so much religious significance. To be a shaliac was to bear legal power. The best way to describe a shaliac in our contemporary terminology would be to say that a shaliac was someone who had power of attorney. We know the phrase "power of attorney." What that means is, you act in behalf of someone with full authority and full power. You act as if that person were there. That's how much authority and power you have. That was the shaliac, from the verb shalach, to send. They were sent as an envoy, as a delegate, as a messenger with full authorization to act in behalf of the person who sent them. They bore power of attorney. They could execute any task, they could sign any document. They could make any contract in the name of the person who sent them.
Shaliac was the authoritative representative, fully identified with the one whom he represented and acting with full power on behalf of his commissioner. And recent scholars believe that the concept of shaliac loads itself into the word “apostle” so that the Greek term “apostle” has connections with the Hebrew term shalach.
The apostles then are not just generic. They are men given power of attorney to act in behalf of Christ, to speak for Christ, to heal in His name, on occasion to raise the dead in His name and to cast out demons in His name. The twelve then were the shaliac of the Messiah.
To further illustrate this idea, look to the 13th chapter of John for a moment. There are a couple of verses that I think give the sense of this. Here in this 13th chapter is a critical time between Jesus and His apostles. They are in the upper room. Jesus is giving them final instruction here in this... what is known as the upper-room discourse, the night of the Passover, the night of His betrayal, preceding His death. And He gathers the disciples, and this is a time to clarify for the twelve who are both disciples and apostles, some matters.
One of them comes in verse 16. He says at the end of the verse, "Neither is one who is sent greater than the one who sent him." This is official language. This is Jesus saying, "You represent Me. You're not greater than Me, but you represent Me." In a sense He's saying, you're not lesser than Me, I'm not saying that, but know that you're not greater than Me. Expect to be treated the way I'm treated.
And then down in verse 20 He further adds...at the end of verse 20, "He who receives Me receives Him who sent Me." When you received Me, you were receiving the Father who sent Me. In a sense, I came as the official authorized shaliac of God and when you received Me, you received the Father. Backing up again in verse 20, "He who receives whomever I send, receives Me." Here is that same concept, that...that official sense, that authorized sense. I represent the Father, I speak for the Father, I act for the Father. In fact, Jesus said, "I only speak what the Father tells Me to speak, and I only do what the Father shows Me to do." Clearly He indicated that. And Jesus says, "When you received Me, you received Him and whomever receives you, receives Me because you bring My words and you do My works." This in the words of Jesus Himself seems to be defining apostleship in terms that were familiar to the Jews under the concept of a shaliac.
I think the apostle Paul very likely understood this as well because in Galatians chapter 4, even though he was added later on as an apostle late in time, but nonetheless bearing all of the rights of an apostle, even having seen the resurrected Christ on the road to Damascus, in verse 14 of Galatians 4, Paul at the end of the verse says, "You received me as an angel," says the NAS, it's aggelos, messenger, "as a messenger of God, as Christ Jesus Himself." So Paul understands this idea of official representation. You received me as a messenger of God, that is, as if it were Christ Himself.
Now this is a marvelous way to understand the apostleship. They literally had full power of attorney to speak for Christ, and act for Christ, to bring the message that was His message and to do the mighty miracles and the deeds that were His miracles and His deeds. They did not act on their own power. They did not bring their own message. They were not independent free-lancers, they functioned under Christ as authorized representatives, not singularly but as a group for the purposes of Christ.
Judas later was replaced because obviously he was a betrayer, a traitor, a defector, a devil from the beginning; was replaced in the first chapter of Acts by a man named Matthias. These were the foundation of the church as they spread the gospel and established the church by preaching attendant with signs and wonders. They came with the full power and message of Christ.
The most important function of an apostle was witness, witness. We mentioned that word last week in connection with John. It's the word marturia, from which we get “martyr” because so many witnesses were killed, the word marturia, or martyr, became associated with death. But the original meaning of the word is witness. And the primary responsibility of the apostles would be to witness to the gospel, to preach the gospel and to write the gospel so as to establish the church.
parkes ha akaamen, and on he goes to say, "The things which we have heard, the things which we have seen, the things that our hands have handled concerning the Word of life, these are the things we declare to you." What we saw, what we heard, what we touched concerning the Word of life, the living Christ, this is what we tell you. They were the official shaliac of the Messiah.
The witness of the shaliac, by the way, was binding. It had full authority from the Messiah and behind Him from God because he spoke with the power of Christ and the power of God behind him. Look at 1 Thessalonians 2:13. Again you'll see that Paul understood this and so did the Thessalonians who heard him. He says in verse 13 of 1 Thessalonians 2, "For this reason we also constantly thank God that when you received from us the Word of God's message,” when you heard God's message from us, “you accepted it not as the word of men, but for what it really is, the Word of God." Paul says I'm thankful that you understood that I was a shaliac, that I was an authorized official representative of God who spoke the Word of God with full power of attorney. And even in 1 Corinthians 11 verse 23, Paul says that what I'm giving you is what I received from Jesus Christ.
So we are meeting the apostles and we are meeting unique men, the highest calling that's ever been given to anybody in the history of the world. And what is so stunning about it is that they were so common. And this is the remarkable and wonderful, wonderful truth that gives hope to all of us, doesn't it? God uses the lowly people, very ordinary. In fact, I suppose they would say their personalities were to one degree or another flawed. But then, of course, the only explanation for what they did is not them, but the power of God through them. And God gets all the glory.
Now we've already met Peter, Andrew, James and John. Fascinating characters, they were. Two sets of brothers, Peter and Andrew were brothers, James and John were brothers. They came from the same place, little town of Bethsaida, ended up in Capernaum, partners in a fishing business, all four of them. They were longing for the coming of Messiah. They were true Jews, believed in the true God, looking for the Messiah. They had that in common. They knew each other not only from their fishing business; they knew each other probably from synagogue attendance. They knew each other because their hearts were set toward the Messiah. They were thrilled when John the Baptist showed up and announced the arrival of Messiah, pointed to the Lamb of God, takes away the sin of the world. And they had attached themselves to Jesus and were among His learners, His disciples.
And we've learned about the way they were different. Peter was that dynamic, bold, eager, take-charge guy, initiating, confronting, talking a better life than he ever could live, having undo confidence in himself. He acted too hastily, talked too much, failed miserably, was impulsive. He was always the leader, though, always in charge, always the first one, always the representative of the group. And eventually the Lord shaped him into a powerful, powerful, forgiven, restored preacher who literally preaches his way through the first twelve chapters of Acts in the establishment of the church among the Jews, and even the first Gentile converts.
And then there was Andrew, who lived his whole life in the shadow of his brother, Peter. Andrew, not boisterous like Peter, so different, humble, quiet, gentle, inconspicuous, never seeking prominence, a man who saw, not crowds but individuals; and every time we see him he's bringing somebody to Jesus.
Then there was James, passionate, zealous, ambitious, judgmental, narrow, sectarian, explosive, competitive whose ambition had to be redirected to the glory of Christ and whose passion had to be rechanneled to the building of the church, not tearing people down. And James eventually became such a stalwart that when Herod wanted to stop the growth of the church, he didn't kill Peter, he killed James.
And then there was the brother of James, John, also a son of thunder, boisterous, explosive, narrow, sectarian; but became known as the apostle of love because Jesus took on the project of teaching John how to love by loving John till John so much understood that that he always referred to himself the same way, "the apostle whom Jesus loved." And John is the great example in the New Testament of the balance between truth and love.
Well those are the first four clay pots. Now we come to group two. There are three groups, remember, of four. First four, second four, third four. Four lists, Matthew, Mark, Luke and Acts all have the lists of the apostles. They are always the same groups of four. Though the names mix in the group, the first name is always Peter and the first name in the second two groups is always the same. So when you come to the first name of group two, this little group had Philip as their leader. First names don't change, the other names do.
So we meet Philip. Philip is a fascinating person. Wish we knew more about him than we do. We don't know a lot but the word "Philip" is a Greek word, it's a Greek name, it means "lover of horses." Don't know why he got that name, where it came from, but that's what it means.
He must have had a Jewish name because all twelve apostles were Jewish. We don't know what his Jewish name is. We don't know what his Jewish parents named him. They wouldn't have named him with a Greek name, but maybe the equivalent in Hebrew, lover of horses, we don't know that. But he did have a Jewish name, we only know him, however, as Philip.
He lived in Bethsaida. That is he grew up in the same town with Peter and Andrew and must have been acquainted with James and John so that here is Jesus, amazing, you would think if He was going to choose twelve apostles for this formidable task, He would scour the earth to find the best guys. He finds one little group of fishermen, just some buddies who knew each other and said, "That will do, that will do."
Somebody said, "All He really needs is availability. That will be enough." So He went back into the same little village, same little non-descript place called Bethsaida up on the north end of the Galilee area. There was Philip.
He probably was a close friend of Peter and Andrew because in that small place they went to the same synagogue and because they were God-fearing Jews and looking for the Messiah, they probably had a lot in common. It's probably true that Philip was a fisherman because in the 21st chapter of John, second and third verse, when Peter takes the disciples back into the fishing enterprise after the resurrection, he gets a little discouraged, he doesn't think he can do what God wants him to do, what the Lord wants him to do so he goes fishing. And Philip and Andrew go along. So perhaps he was a fisherman too, like the rest.
What do we know about him? Matthew says nothing. Mark says nothing. And Luke says nothing. But John helps us. Let's turn to John 1. Let's at least know what we can know about Philip. He's an illustration of a completely different kind of person. He's not like Peter, he's not like Andrew, he's not like James, he's not like John. He's not at all like his buddy, Nathanael, or Bartholomew, same person. He's always pictured in the New Testament, always listed next to Nathanael-Bartholomew, always two... The two are together. But he's really not like any of those other five, he's just unique.
Let's see how we first meet him in John chapter 1. In the 43rd verse it says, "The next day..." Stop there for a moment. The next day after what? Well the next day after Jesus had called Peter and Andrew. Go back to verse 40. They heard John the Baptist preach. They followed John the Baptist. John the Baptist points them to the Messiah. They find the Messiah, they follow the Messiah. Jesus changes Peter's name and here they are. They're in the group of disciples, a large group of following Jesus.
"The next day He purposed to go forth into Galilee," that is Jesus, "and He found Philip." Now Peter and Andrew had kind of found Him, and even James and John sort of found Him. This is the first time we actually read "He found" somebody. He went after Philip. That is not to say He didn't sovereignly, before the foundation of the world predetermine all the rest, but it is language unique to Philip. He is the first one to whom Jesus actually said, "Follow Me." He did have to say that to Peter, but that was at the end of His ministry, at the end of the gospel of John, Peter still being a little recalcitrant in his following.
But from the outset, He found Philip. And Jesus said to him, "Follow Me,” I want you in My group, you follow Me.
But notice verse 44 tells us Philip was from Bethsaida, that small town where Andrew and Peter lived. Philip then found Nathanael, Nathanael-Bartholomew, with whom, as I said, he's always connected in the listings. "And he said to him, 'We have found Him.'" Isn't that interesting? People always ask, what's the resolution between sovereign election and human choice? How do we resolve those things? Well here's a perfect illustration that both exist. The Lord found Philip but Philip felt that he found the Lord. "We found Him." No, no, bad theology, Philip, He found you.
But from a human perspective this was the end of his search. He had been a true Jew. He had been a true seeker. He had been committed to the Old Testament. Look at verse 45, "We have found Him." Who are you talking about? "Of whom Moses and the law and also the prophets wrote." He was a student of the Old Testament. The law and the prophets is shorthand for the Old Testament. We've studied the Old Testament. We know who we're looking for. We're looking for the Messiah. And we found the Messiah and you'll never believe it, it is Jesus of Nazareth, the son of Joseph.
Now Bethsaida was north of Nazareth, up in that Galilee area, not very far away. Nathanael can't believe it. He said to him, "Can any good thing come out of Nazareth?" You've got to be kidding. That's a ridiculous thing for Nathanael to say because he came from Cana. That was worse than Nazareth. I've been to both places. Nazareth by all measures would have been a more significant place than Cana, a little local rivalry there.
But Philip had studied the Old Testament. We'll see more about Nathanael in the future. Philip had studied the Old Testament, studied Moses, the law, the prophets. And he was waiting for the Messiah and he was at the end of his search. "We found Him." No one brought Philip to Jesus. He was like Simeon. He was one looking for the consolation of Israel. He was waiting for the Messiah. No one had to bring him to Jesus. Jesus found him. And, of course, in truth He finds everybody who comes to Him, right? "No man comes unto the Me except the Father draws him." But the Old Testament had prepared Philip's heart.
He was a student of the Old Testament, the law and the prophets, looking for the Messiah. And when it came time in the sovereign purpose of God, Jesus, planning to go to Galilee, put His finger on Philip and said, "Follow Me." And Philip, so excited, found his buddy, Nathanael, and said, "We found Him."
What a great beginning, huh? No reluctance. No disbelief. He just was so elated, so thrilled that he just followed. He got caught up, I think, in the emotional fulfillment of the moment. I think his faith was real, but very weak, as the later passages about him tell us. But it was a good beginning. He didn't make any effort to find more information, to check things out. He just embraced the fact that the Messiah was Jesus of Nazareth, the son of Joseph. Just didn't...just didn't seem like that's the way it should be, but it was OK if that's the way it was. This was the end of the search. This is Philip. Please don't confuse him with Philip the deacon in Acts 6 and 8, later became an evangelist. Different Philip.
Turn to John 6. Let's look at little more at Philip. Now we're going to get from the spiritual side of things. We know he was an Old Testament student. We know he loved the Old Testament scripture. We know he interpreted it literally, believed in a Messiah. And when Messiah came up and said, "Follow Me," he gladly embraced Jesus as his Messiah and followed Him. So we know the spiritual side, his heart was right, he had a seeking heart and the Lord...the Lord never can call to follow Him one whose heart is not already opened. So we saw the spiritual side.
But here's his personality starting to show through. Jesus, verse 5, "lifts up His eyes and sees a great multitude," John 6:5, huge crowd. Well we know how large the crowd was, there were five thousand men, which means at least five thousand women and fifteen thousand kids, who knows? Huge crowd. He lifts up his eyes, sees this great multitude coming at Him. And He said to Philip, this is interesting, "Where are we to buy bread that these may eat?" Why does He ask Philip?
Well, you know, maybe Philip was the apostolic bean counter. You know? The administrator. Maybe...maybe Philip...this is speculation...but Philip was the guy who whether officially or unofficially was the guy who always worried about the possibility of everything. He was the guy who in every meeting said, "I don't think we can do that." He was the master of the impossible, and most everything fit into that category for him, maybe.
In verse 6, "Jesus said this, testing him." He wasn't testing him so that He could find out what he was like, He was testing him so that he would reveal to himself what he was like. He knew his thinking. All of a sudden He sees this massive crowd, He says, "Philip, you're usually in charge of arrangements, in charge of administrating things, could you tell us where we're going to get bread to feed this crowd?"
He knew exactly what he was thinking. He had already started counting heads. When the crowd started moving, he was, one, two... It's late in the day, this is a huge crowd. They're going to be hungry, you know. I mean, essentially life was eating, wasn't it? And eating in those days was not an easy thing. There wasn't any fast-food. And He says this right out of the blue, "Where we going to buy bread that these may eat?" Philip in verse 7 answered, "Two hundred denarii worth of bread is not sufficient for them, for everyone to receive a little."
You know, Jesus knew he had already calculated that. He had been thinking that the whole time. Here you are, Philip, standing there watching this huge crowd. Instead of thinking, oh what a glorious occasion, Jesus is going to teach the crowd, whoa what a tremendous opportunity for the Lord.
Now he had been there when the Lord created wine out of water, remember that, the water to wine. He had seen miracles of healing, casting out of demons, those kinds of things. And he sees this great crowd and he's already beginning to feel the impossible. Oh boy, it's dinner time and if we could collect 200 denarii, we couldn't feed this crowd a snack. We're in big trouble.
The supernatural escapes these kind of people. They're just material...material in their thinking. So Jesus wants to give him a test so he'll see what he's really like. And he responded with open unbelief. It can't be done. It can't be done. A denarius is one day's wages, 200 days’ wages, eight months’ work. That's a lot of money for this group of essentially meager apostles in terms of money. "Nah, if we could somehow collect, you know, eight months’ wages, we couldn't feed this crowd even a snack." It can't be done.
You know, his calculations would have gone like this, "One denarius would buy twelve wheat biscuits. One denarius would buy thirty-six barley biscuits. Barley's cheaper. If we get the biscuit the size of a hand and one and a half inches thick...nah, it can't be done. It can't be done." Pessimistic, analytical, pragmatic, sad isn't it? Who wants to live like that?
One of the supreme essentials of leadership is a sense of the possible, certainly if you're hanging around Christ. Philip had a great feeling for the impossible. He knew too much arithmetic to be adventurous. He should have said, "Lord, You want to feed them, feed them, I'm just going to stand back and watch how You do it. You can do it, Lord. Do it. We'll tell everybody to get in line. You just make the food." That would have been great, wouldn't it? Man...can't be done.
On the other hand, you have Andrew, verse 8, and every time we see Andrew, what's he doing? He's bringing someone to Jesus. Here comes Andrew. "Simon Peter's brother" always has to be added there. Poor Andrew, he lived in that shadow his whole life. I don't think it will say that on the foundation stone of his gate in the New Jerusalem. I think it will just be Andrew, big letters.
Anyway, "He said to Him, 'There's a lad here who has five barley loaves and two fish, but what are these for so many?'" Now Andrew had a glimmer of the possible. I couldn't find much but I found one guy. And he had already seen Jesus turn water into wine, who knows what He can do with two little...well essentially what he's got here is two pickled fish and five crackers. Boy, Andrew's little faith was honored. Philip lost the opportunity and a little boy brought by Andrew seized it.
You see, Philip was a materialist. He was the man of practical things. He was the common sense guy. He was the measurements guy. He was the methods guy. He was the mechanical guy with little understanding of the supernatural and he was more interested in facts and figures than faith.
Turn to John 12, this is confirmed for us again. John 12, now I'll give you a little background. Go down to verse 20. "Now there were certain Greeks, Gentiles, among those who were going to worship at the feast." There were some Gentiles who were coming to worship God at the Passover. This was the final Passover in Jesus' life. And so here were some Gentiles, there were many Gentiles, you know, who were proselytes to Judaism who worshiped the true God, God-fearing Gentiles. And they came to worship at the feast.
Well they, if they were converted to Judaism, would have been very interested in Jesus. So verse 21, "These therefore came to Philip." Now I don't know why they came to Philip except that maybe Philip was sort of the...he was sort of the administrator, he was sort of the arrangement guy, right? I mean, he was going to arrange for the food and maybe it was his deal to count the beans and figure out where you're going to go and who can do this, he was the guy who had the little manual and you know, he was in charge of operations.
And so, if you wanted to get to Jesus, you sort of went to the...he was the spearhead. "They came to Philip who was from Bethsaida of Galilee and they began to ask him, saying, 'Sir, we wish to see Jesus.'" Not a hard question, right? Not a hard question. "We want to see Jesus. We have heard about the Messiah, we've come into town from Gentile lands, we've come into town for the Passover here in Jerusalem. We would love to meet Jesus."
Hey, great! Well, Philip wasn't real sure about this, got to check the manual on Gentiles and Jesus. A little concerned. Now, Jesus said on occasion when He sent the disciples out, "Don't go to the Gentiles and don't go to the Samaritans," right? Matthew 10:5 and 6, "You just go to the lost sheep of the house of Israel." Now is that a...is that a fixed prohibition from ever introducing a Gentile to Jesus? No. It simply identifies the priority the Jew first and also the Greek. Jesus Himself first revealed that He was the Messiah to a Samaritan woman. But the general pattern is going to be to evangelize the Jews, but general patterns don't usually work very well for these kinds of people. They just go by rules. So, I don't know, it's not in the manual.
But, you know, he's got a good heart. So he goes to Andrew. Why? Because Andrew brings everybody to Jesus; that's what he does. And there's something in the heart of Philip that knows that's right. But he just...he's not decisive. He can only...he has what we call passive aggressive characteristics. He only gets aggressive to stop something. He will never lead the parade. He's not that kind of leader. He will just try to stop it. He only gets aggressive to prevent because he fears it can't be done. But there's a little something in his heart that says they should meet Jesus. He's so incredible. But it's not in the book, I'll take him to Andrew and then nobody can say to me, "You didn't go by the book." Andrew did it, and you know him, he's always bringing everybody to Jesus.
So Andrew and Philip came and told Jesus. "There's some Gentiles to see you, Lord." The text doesn't say but I think it's fair to assume He saw them. He said Himself, "Whoever comes to Me, I will in no wise cast out." But, you see, Andrew just...he was by the book, analytical, skeptical. He had...Philip, I should say, he was analytical, skeptical, by the book and if he was going to bring anybody to Jesus that didn't seem to be according to the rules, he had to get somebody else involved. He couldn't find any official precedent for letting the Gentiles see Jesus, couldn't get past the rules.
Well, finally we see him in the 14th chapter of John. This is kind of sad, honestly. It is sad. We would hope by the time you get to this point...this is two years after he's been chosen. This is two years after he's been in the process of being trained. This is two years of teaching by Jesus, two years of miracles by Jesus, two years of healings, two years of casting out demons, two years of intimate day in, day out, twenty-four hours a day seven days a week fellowship with Jesus has gone by and here we meet him and Jesus says in verse 6 of John 14, this is in the opening of the upper-room discourse, the night of His betrayal. "I am the way, the truth and the life, no man comes to the Father but through Me." You can't come to God except through Me, He says to the twelve that are with Him there. Actually Judas is still there, he leaves later that evening. "If you had known Me, you would have known My Father also, from now on you know Him and have seen Him."
Then Philip, here's Philip, he says, "Lord, show us the Father and it is enough for us." Oh brother, come on. What do you mean, show us the Father? Where have you been? "Jesus said to him, 'Have I been so long with you and yet you have not come to know Me, Philip? He who has seen Me has (what) seen the Father." How can you possibly be saying, show us the Father?” This is very discouraging. What do you think has been going on these years, three of them, three years? Two years of intimate association, what do you think has been going on? What do you think’s been going... What do you think's been going on with all of this?
Verse 10, "Do you not believe I'm in the Father and the Father's in Me?" Don't you believe there's no difference? "The words which I say to you I don't speak on My own initiative, but the Father abiding in Me does His works." The words that I say, they're from the Father, the works that I do, they're from the Father, I am to the Father what you are to Me, I am the Father's shaliac, I act with His full power of attorney.
More than that, I am the Father in essence. The Father is Me. We share the same divine being. He says in verse 10, "Do you not believe?" In verse 11: "Believe." I can tell you don't believe. Believe I'm the Messiah. Fine, you believe I'm a miracle worker, but somehow you're tendency toward skepticism has allowed you not to make the ultimate conclusion that you are in the presence of the living and eternal God Himself. So He goes from "Do you not believe," in verse 10, to "Believe.” “Believe Me that I am in the Father and the Father in Me. And please believe on account of the works." There's no other explanation. You don't need further miracles.
Show us the Father. What are you saying? What do you think I've been doing? For three years this man, Philip, had gazed into the only face of God that he would ever see, and it wasn't clear. His materialism, his skepticism, his small-mindedness that shut him off from a full apprehension of whose presence he had enjoyed; he was a man of limited ability. He was a man of limited faith. He was a man of imperfect understanding. He was skeptical, analytical, pessimistic, reluctant, unsure, wanted to go by the book all the time, facts and figures controlled his life, never got the big picture of divine power, person and grace. Slow to understand, show to trust, it seemed like his life was limited by circumstances, money, rules, proof. Yeah, I know it... If you were interviewing Philip and you looked at this you would say, he's out, can't make him one of the twelve most important people in the history of the world.
Well, Jesus said, exactly what I'm looking for, and I'll make him into a preacher and I'll make him into a founder of the church and I'll make him into a ruler in the kingdom and I'll give to him eternal reward in heaven for the work that he does.
The Lord uses people like him, lots of them. And by the way, tradition tells us that he was so faithful to Christ, so devout, so loyal that he wouldn't recant Christ under the Roman persecution. And because he wouldn't, they stripped him of his clothes, they put steel rods through his ankles and through his thighs and they hung him by those upside down. And he said, according to the tradition, that when he was dead he did not want to be wrapped in a linen garment, because he wasn't worthy to be treated the way his Lord was in His death. | 2019-04-26T10:20:01Z | https://www.gty.org/library/sermons-library/42-77/common-men-uncommon-calling-phillip |
The topic of our discussion is a research proposal, its purposes, peculiarities, and structure. This type of paper is similar to a social issues essay, as it presents the idea writer wishes to pursue. A good research proposal on motivation proves that the student has already thought out his or her project and has spent a lot of time on gathering and reading available information, analyzing, and organizing their ideas.
This type of academic writing is not a one night project, because you will not be able to present your ideas in the correct way. It is important to mention that writing your research proposal on motivation is the second step after choosing the appropriate topic. You have a subject to write about motivation. And now you have to create an analytical question to answer to the audience. The base of good research proposal is a good research question.
What is an analytical question? There is no common example of it – this can be presented in various forms and one is not necessarily better, than the other. No matter if you are writing a social issues essay or a research proposal, your analytical question should be descriptive, moving from “what” to “why” and “how”. Your aim is to use the “what” to answer the “why”.
The earlier you start your writing your paper the better the result will be. If you do not follow your instructor’s directions you will not succeed in your purpose.
A standard research proposal on motivation is should not be longer than 10% of the whole paper. For instance, if the total amount of words in your research paper is ten thousand words, the research proposal should be one thousand words.
Just as a social issues essay and motivation essay example has an annotated bibliography; the research proposal should present the same, proving the importance of all the sources used.
Motivation is one of the factors, which encourage the person to the commitment of some actions and play a crucial role as the psychological determinant. There is a plenty of different theories, which try to explain mechanisms of motivation and its affection on various aspects of life. The Self-determination theory (Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivation) consists of two points of a view on the psychological triggers. The essence of this theory is developed throughout the duality of the psychological determinants, which function as prompt for the further concernment of a person. This theory has wide applicability regarding an educational process and may serve as a model for the practical implementation. The variety of ways of an involvement of teaching methods based on the Self-determination theory (Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivation) have not had proper functional usage in the real paradigm of a current educational system. The evaluation of an influence of teaching according to principles of this theoretical approach suppose to show a considerable advancement of a student motivation. The specific testing and the student’s rate would provide the coherent results of the practical involvement of the Self-determination theory (Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivation) and create a space for the further investigation as well. The analysis of the data within the involvement of psychological approach to the evaluation of student’s results helps to understand the weakness of this particular research and in theory itself.
The motivation composes a critical aspect of the successful completion of any activity. And the importance of the proper application of methods which are aimed to advance the motivational level of students plays a key role in the entire pattern of an educational process. For the centuries professors and psychologists discussed the advantages and possible ways of realization of different theoretical approaches in the frames of a current educational system. Before the discussion of the influence of particular models of motivational advancement, it is necessary to understand the importance of motivation itself. Motivation composes a considerable significance to an individual as a psychological phenomenon. Exactly due to the motivation person can commit some action, such approach to the evaluation of motivation is called the self-determinative. The another important point here consists of the variety of theoretical approaches, which are aimed to describe and evaluate distinct motivational paradigms.
The matter here is that the appearance of motivation is a complicated process, which could be realized within external triggers and inner intentions of an individual. Each professor is able to find a personal approach to students and advance their motivational level by some other means. However, the Self-determination theory (Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivation) is one of the most applicable to the pattern of an educational process. As it was mentioned before, the motivation is possible to treat ambivalently, as an inner paradigm and as a suite of different outside influences. The application of such theory in the pattern of an educational process would help to understand its practical meaning and possible ways of further investigation. The analysis of results would show the functional significance of this approach and contributes to defining perspectives for the entire educational system.
Before the evaluation of the background knowledge about the Self-determination theory (Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivation) into the pattern of an education system, it is necessary to understand the entire scope of importance of this aspect into the attitude of students towards education. As it was mentioned before, the motivation is a very complicated phenomenon, which is necessary to analyze from two different sides at once. According to Ames “A qualitative approach to student motivation is concerned with how students think about themselves in relation to learning activities and to the process of learning itself. The salience of specific goals in classroom structures can orient students toward qualitatively different patterns.”(268) So to say, the motivation of students compose one of the most important aspects of a successful educational process.
Discussing self-determination as the main theory in the paradigm of a development of motivation. As it was mentioned before, the affection on the motivation could be caused by some internal or some external factors. The self-determination theory claims that Intrinsic and Extrinsic component together create the motivation in the form, which is appropriate to whatever activity. This concept is developed exactly from the different types of emotional and psychological triggers, which may appear during some activity. Ryan and Deci in their work underline the differences between two main types of motivation (55), which, as the result of their balance, help to develop the collective self-determination motivation of a person towards some particular activity or process. This conception has a critical importance regarding an involvement into the educational system. Frequently, self-determination could serve as the single argument for the student in the decision-making about school performance. That is why the proper pattern of a correlation and successful involvement of some models of teaching has a critical role in the motivation of students.
The discussion of practical importance of the self-determination theory implementation in a standard educational process paradigm should be based on the balanced corporation of Intrinsic (personal attitude towards the activity, the individualistic desire to active performance, etc.) and Extrinsic (the specific combination of incentives and triggers, which are aimed to affect the person and advance personal motivation) motivation. The investigation provided by Noels et al. has a practical character. It had more linguistic nature and was developed with the aim to describe the correlation between teacher’s working attitude and the further context of a student’s course performance. Even with a distinct principal purpose, this research could serve as the excellent theoretical base for the investigation of the Self-determination theory (Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivation) impact into the pattern of an education system. The matter here is that the motivation has a variation character and the result of the Extrinsic motivation affection on a student is possible to observe in different ways.
Also, the full description of possible perspectives of the Self-Determination theory concerning current educational system was discussed in work by Deci, Edward et al., where the authors described the method in different ways, discussing it as a factor of a behavioral regulator, aspects of some human needs, etc. Also, authors provide an evaluative analysis of various works based on the motivation and its impact on the educational process. According to the authors, there is a considerable difference between results of students, who possess proper amount of Intrinsic motivation and continually obtained the outside influence, which formed the stable Extrinsic motivation, comparing to students, who did not have such specific approach towards their motivation. Such paradigm of research, which had Deci, Edward et al. is based on the belief of several recent decades about the considerable impact of external motivation on the development of self-determination and formation of a concernment in some process as well. The authors underline, that the self-determinative theory “…supports for competence (e.g., optimal challenges and performance feedback) and for relatedness (e.g., parental involvement and peer acceptance) facilitate motivation. However, such supports will facilitate intrinsic motivation and integrated internalization only to the extent that they are accompanied by autonomy-supportive rather than controlling interpersonal contexts.”(333) On the other words, there is a close connection between Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivation. The matter here is that the previous paradigms of student’s inducement partly had a mistaken character.
The correlation between inside and outside triggers in very high, it is possible to trace the entire pattern of such connection in the experiments of different authors mentioned above. That is why the educational system should pay considerable attention to the various approaches of the personal involvement of students in the educational process. The problem of low rate and performance level among students is possible to fix within the means of particular changes in the theoretical approach of teaching itself. The studies by Deci, Edward et al. and Ryan and Deci could serve as the excellent example of the practical application of different approaches developed on the based of the Self-determination theory (Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivation).
Taking into the account the research question and the background information mentioned above, it is possible to suppose the most appropriate method of the investigation here as qualitative. Regarding current education system, there is a need to provide a practical evaluation of a self-determinative motivational theory affection on students performance in the result of particular outside triggers, which should stimulate the development of an individual concernment of a student in the rate and personal advancement as well.
Before the practical study itself, it is possible to apply The Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) developed by Duncan and McKeachie (119), which always provides a correct and coherent statistical information. The next step should consist of a division of student into two groups: one, which should obtain the additional motivational triggers from the outside (including a specific atmosphere during the classes, professor’s performance, etc.) and the second group should continue the stable pattern of courses teaching.
After the space of a year of the practical involvement of experiment paradigm, it is necessary to provide The Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) developed by Duncan and McKeachie (119) one again. The results of both tests should be compared and correlated with the rate of every particular student in each experimental group.
The results of this study would show a considerable difference between two groups participated in the study. According to the background information and the research question, discussed above, it is possible to suppose positive changes in the attitude of the first group of students towards their educational performance and considerable advancement of student’s rate, comparing to the second group of students. The analysis of tests, rate and the general level of well being of students would show a substantial practical effect of the Self-determination theory (Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivation) in the pattern of an educational system.
It is hard to deny the importance of motivation in the pattern of an educational process. But at the same time, the question of involvement of different motivational theories in reality of a current educational system is investigated poorly. This practical study would contribute to the general paradigm of changes, which should be realized in the further educational reforms. There is a plenty of different approaches for a motivation advancement in the frames of current education system. However, the importance of the Self-determination theory (Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivation) has not many practical pieces of evidence. The matter here is, that the great number of psychologists, for example, Deci and Ryan in their works underline the functional advantage of the Self-determination theory (Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivation) comparing to the other motivational theories. That is why it is possible to suppose this research as a significant contribution to the psychological view on the paradigm of a further development of an educational system.
The matter here is, that, as other practical investigations, this one contains some number of weaknesses, which is necessary to take into the account during the analysis of result and the evaluation of a practical importance of the study itself. The weaknesses might be caused by the limitations in participants number. Also, there is a chance of issues related to the time limitations. So to say, the time limit may appear as too short for the arriving of any results, which would satisfy requirements of the research question. These factors and some others require additional improvement in the further investigations, based on this research. That is why the following development of this study is obvious and should be provided with the necessary changes, which would be determined according to the weaknesses of this particular investigation.
Ames, Carole. “Classrooms: Goals, Structures, And Student Motivation..” Journal of Educational Psychology, vol 84, no. 3, 1992, pp. 261-271. American Psychological Association (APA), doi:10.1037/0022-0663.84.3.261.
Deci, Edward L. et al. “Motivation And Education: The Self-Determination Perspective.” Educational Psychologist, vol 26, no. 3-4, 1991, pp. 325-346. Informa UK Limited, doi:10.1080/00461520.1991.9653137.
Deci, Edward L., and Richard M. Ryan. “Self-Determination.” The Corsini Encyclopedia Of Psychology, 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., doi:10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy0834.
Duncan, Teresa Garcia, and Wilbert J. McKeachie. “The making of the motivated strategies for learning questionnaire.” Educational psychologist 40.2 (2005): 117-128.
Noels, Kimberly A. et al. “Perceptions Of Teachers’ Communicative Style And Students’ Intrinsic And Extrinsic Motivation.” The Modern Language Journal, vol 83, no. 1, 1999, pp. 23-34. Wiley-Blackwell, doi:10.1111/0026-7902.00003.
Ryan, Richard M., and Edward L. Deci. “Intrinsic And Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions And New Directions.” Contemporary Educational Psychology, vol 25, no. 1, 2000, pp. 54-67. Elsevier BV, doi:10.1006/ceps.1999.1020.
Writing a motivation essay example or research proposal on motivation is quite often an assigned task among college and university students. Of course, writing can be interesting and exciting, but if the submission deadlines are near, the situation changes. Students assigned to write a research proposal on motivation, for example, become nervous and helpless. We can help you. At EssayShark.com you will be able to purchase any kind of essay you require. Our writers will produce a high quality paper for you with a sound content. If you have to create a research proposal on motivation or need a motivation essay example, or any other kind of academic writing, just place an order on our site. You will be able to choose your own writer and have direct contact with him or her through our chat technology until the task is complete. We guarantee unlimited free revisions, professional assistance and support, a great number of free bonuses and complete satisfaction to our customers.
- Отпусти. - Чатрукьян был совсем мальчишка. Ради всего святого, зачем вы это сделали. Чтобы скрыть свою маленькую тайну. Стратмор сохранял спокойствие. | 2019-04-20T20:55:59Z | http://hbiyfb.web2001.cz/105-research-paper-on-students-motivation-theory.php |
Crisis is an advanced business game. Tycoons rob and restructure combines in a social market economy. The major topics are dubious stock market machinations, companies controlling others, and major business crises. Railroading is simulated for subways in a downtown megalopolis.
Levels of required skills: Tactics, Strategy: very high. Luck: none. Diplomacy: optional. Psychology: intermediate.
Crisis simulates some of the most complex aspects of business in the real world: crises resulting from overextended stock markets and tycoons depleting companies and restructuring combines. So the game is extremely tough even for advanced players that appreciate deep strategy. A tiny mistake can cause chaos. Concerning the topics, you should not only like business but particularly enjoy devious manipulations. On the other hand, it is immaterial that the surface is chosen to be railroading, although good construction of flexible networks cannot be neglected in practice. 18xx-lovers will see Crisis to prefer business to railroading, variability to restriction, and invention to tradition.
On the surface the game consists of business and railways. The business part is represented by a stock market, companies, shares, and money. The stock market regulates prices of shares in the twelve companies. The railway part is simulated by tiles, trains, company tokens, and signals. Tiles form subway tracks, stations, and parks in a city. Trains run on routes along tracks. Signals influence directions of routes. A company's tokens are used to control stations, to go beyond other companies' stations, or to stop opposing routes at signals. The network of tracks in the city becomes more and more complex and flexible signals or company tokens frequently alter routes.
Crisis has evolved from 18xx railroad business games and therefore uses some of their traditional concepts but it can be played independently of its origin. Everyone familiar with 18xx games knows that the share business is their crucial part while railways are an enjoyable means of simulating causes for the stock market prices. Each entity, whether player or company, has its own property. In the end only a player's personal cash and share values count. He is confronted with the conflict of financing his controlled companies well or profiting from paying dividends mercilessly. The shareholder holding a majority in a company is its director and solely acts on its behalf. The ruthless manager depletes companies just before disposing of his shares in them. Like in every 18xx, shareholders become optimistic if dividends are paid and the stock price increases; they become pessimistic if it decreases because income is paid to a company's treasury. If demand for shares is high, then a market price is raised, if shares are sold, then it drops quickly. Trains become more and more expensive but can visit an increasing number of stations. Early trains are scrapped while permanent electric trains double their revenue. A first train of a new generation triggers a phase change that eliminates old trains and makes available also a new generation of tiles showing more track or higher station values. Throughout the game prices and incomes inflate considerably increasing moving capital and thus unpredictability.
Compared to 18xx games Crisis uses innovative and flexible concepts for the flow of turns, the construction of networks, and the movement of shares.
A traditional separation of operating rounds for company turns from stock rounds for player turns is replaced by the deceiptively unspectacular concept of rounds for both companies and players. However, since players take turns after their immediately controlled companies, the order of all turns dynamically depends on the companies' variable stock market prices, the players can always try to influence the order, and thus trade with shares timely. Besides the stock market with its own interdependencies intensifies dynamics of turns. Predicting and controlling their order requires careful strategic and tactical planning.
Construction of subway networks does not take place on a board or map but square tiles are laid within an imagined 6x6 chess board, called the city. The tiles' shape and their colourful appearance represent a downtown area of an American megalopolis. At first a 6x6 city seems small but with six generations of tile upgrades the dense, highly interactive competiton for space is very demanding. The virtual board allows variants of the game easily: A smaller city leads to a quicker game, a bigger one to a more peaceful construction. Why is there no historical map? It would only provide terrain restrictions. Without them construction starts fairly balanced and at the same time built networks vary greatly from game to game. Neither is a single player expelled early nor is a group of players bored upon seeing the same strategies every game. Needless to say, certain company tokens can be removed and signals change, adding a lot of excitement in the fight for the best routes.
In every stock market game players may buy and sell shares. Letting companies trade shares in foreign companies is already rather uncommon in games. Here Crisis starts: Principally players and companies may buy as many shares as they like, companies are even forced to purchase foreign shares, thereby complex company hierarchies are frequently built, restructured, or destroyed, and shares may be traded within each hierarchy controlled by a player. Trading conditions depend on seller and buyer, company types, prices, volume, and distribution of shares, directorship, possibly receivership, and time and order of actions so that strategies must fit a great variety of circumstances. The real fun begins when an under-endowed company goes into receivership: Not only the director (like in any other 18xx game) but all shareholders are responsible and have to support the company. Cute shareholders are not affected while others might suffer from harsh supports repetitively! The experienced player can try to predict this tough and complex way of financing and intentionally let pay the other shareholders. There are two additional types of share movements: donations can also include foreign shares and if a company remains in receivership because supports may not be exceeded voluntarily, then this changes some directors and moves further shares.
The mechanisms for financing a company are tough and unforgiving: Normal trades of trains or foreign shares between it and another company (or a player) require one to be the director of the other. Supports to it, however, are a nightmare. The most valuable cash or assets must be spent first. Even worse, support amounts are prescribed so that expenses remain insufficient or can be much higher than expected.
The various ways of trading shares and restructuring combines make the game so complex that easily a company is not financed efficiently but unexpectedly remains under-endowed. Then it goes into receivership and all shareholders are responsible and have to support it. Since also other companies own foreign shares, the interdependence between all players and companies is great.
A company getting insufficient support remains in receivership and its director loses his shares in it to the bank while all remaining shareholders may not sell their shares but remain responsible. A company in receivership does not operate but lives mainly from their repetitive supports until a healthy shareholder dares to end receivership by buying the director certificate from the bank and then financing the company.
Supports per se, supports higher or tougher than expected, repetitive supports, the prohibition to sell shares in companies in receivership, or shares lost as a director all increase the likelihood that more and more companies become under-endowed, go into, and remain in receivership, too. This iterative process is sometimes so powerful that a major business crisis emerges naturally. Then an investor is faced with a decision of winning by controlling the last dying company, by selling all shares first, or by stopping the crisis by temporarily sacrificing personal wealth.
Unlike all other 18xx that always simulate a boom and rarely have any significant chaos, Crisis simulates stock markets of the world very convincingly without even mentioning the following in the rules. Needless to say, prices depend on market psychology. Like in a real market economy there are times with either some prices raising and others dropping, a boom, or a recession. The market is chaotical and hence hardly predictable; tiny changes can result in either a boom, a recession, or even a major business crisis.
The game starts peacefully balanced for all players and companies. The market economy has social elements that severely restrict the effect of negotiations. Only superior competitive skill gives an advantage, which may easily be lost during the dark and eventful middle game. In it players and companies must constantly struggle to survive as well as the market economy permits it. Succeeding allows reaching the endgame with a good position. The then highly inflated incomes lead to an exciting game end.
Finished design: Due to years of careful testing the players need not find and fix any flaws. Every number of players from 2 to 9 works well. The game does not require any add-ons.
Functional playing material: It is colourful, clear, abstract, and flexible. With it the players can easily concentrate on strategy.
Lasting value: After hundreds of games strategic exploration keeps its excitement. It is even possible to change the size of the imagined map, if desired.
Strategic variation: Deep, skillful thinking is rewarded. All strategic development is very flexible, whether created by construction of networks, trading shares, or game within a game procedures.
Creating thematic strategy: Although not described in the rules, pure strategy leads to themes like, e.g., washing money.
Creating strategic topics: On a high strategic level, the players will behave like tycoons and the game's own economy can create business crises.
Balance: At the game start all players get equal winning chances regardless of the initial order of turns. Excitement is provided until the game end. Even after heavily one-sided negotiations all players still take part in a fair mutual competition! Every game's strategic economy is seemingly balanced for some time so that already tiny financial changes can behave chaotically and either create or not create the strategic topic crisis.
1830 appeared as the first tough stock market game and is still a classic. Already 1830 included wheeling and dealing, presenting opponents with depleted complanies, and sudden game ends due to a player's bankruptcy. Crisis offers the same, however, sudden early game ends are very typical of 1830 and much less so in Crisis. Why? Now the responsibility for a bad company not only affects a single player but several players or even other companies. Furthermore, undesired expenses need not occur just once but can occur repetitively.
Only Crisis allows players and companies to own arbitrarily many shares. Frankly, companies are forced to purchase foreign shares! This results in small or complex company hierarchies, parts of which could easily change owners. Does buying arbitrarily many shares easily lead to unbalanced games? No, owning shares in foreign companies always includes the risk of having to support them! In Crisis the greater number of persons, whether players or companies, dealing in foreign shares results in more realistic market prices.
Unlike 1830, Crisis does not favour easy escapes of financial desasters. In 1830 the president pays off an under-endowed company once and that's it - in Crisis you pay, lose your shares in the company, and might still be forced to pay more to further companies in the future. Also other investors hardly do much better; they suffer from your doubtful politics as well. In 1830 you might buy a train from another player's company - in Crisis you may not even shift trains among just your own companies freely. In 1830 it is not too hard to become bankrupt because the director has to pay the full train - in Crisis a sudden game end cannot be forced so easily because the director may spend only partial supports.
1830 gets its balanced game start due to a combination of a tested historical map, where companies start at fixed places, and of an auction for privates. Since Crisis is too flexible and non-historical for a fixed underlying map and companies may start everywhere, balance is created by forcing the very early companies to connect to each other and by anti-syndicate laws for the stock market during the opening.
Crisis is also innovative about the player order - it is variable instead of fixed. Players take their turns in between all the operating companies. Hence you can forget about the rather unpredictable "priority deal" of 1830. It is unfair because a player is not guaranteed it even if he spends by far the most energy on receiving it. Besides a fixed player order in a stock round reduces the risk of share investments because it is less likely that a director is in a good selling position in the order of dealers. In Crisis he can influence the order of player turns.
Although the virtual Crisis map consists of 36 facets only, the 6 tile colour phases make route construction similarly demanding as in 1830 with its only 3 phases. Needless to say, Crisis offers a lot of more new features like square tiles, signals, and other company or train types. However, the game is not overloaded at all because some traditional concepts like off-board connections or terrain difficulties have been abandoned.
1830, 1841, 1898, and Crisis all lay particular emphasis on the stock market. While 1841 and 1898 still rely on a historical map and 1841 partially relies on historical companies, in Crisis the virtual map and all companies are non-historical. Historical playing material provides a certain flair while more abstract components allow the players to concentrate on complex strategies more easily.
Most of what can be said for 1830 applies to 1841 as well. The following concentrates on the 1841 specific aspects.
1841 is the variant with the quickest appearance of newer trains. The speed of technological development is frightening. Crisis is not that fast here to make sudden bankruptcies of players much less likely. Thereby the mechanism of companies repetitively suffering from lacking capital becomes the toughest because affected players stay in the game and continue to be responsible for their erroneous decisions. The speed in 1841 can eliminate some players - a frustrating experience.
In 1841 every turn of a company one is faced with a decision of merging, printing money, or doing neither. Either ruins the own stock market value, however, avoiding both risks under-endowment. These concepts and their inherent decision complexity make 1841 an attractive simulation of fusions and inflation. On the other hand, they both greatly ease the necessiety of acquiring capital. When merging only one instead of two trains must be bought; by printing money one can escape financial difficulties rather easily. Crisis does not know any such easy purchase of required capital. Instead strategic complexity lies in the great problem of financing it. Neither merging, printing money immediately, buying a train from most other companies, nor full payment at once is allowed. Furthermore, a company must also buy shares and an unworthy director might even lose the shares in his company if it remains under-endowed. To summarize, when trying to let your companies survive you are confronted with the following: a speedy boom in 1841 or tightened financial sources in Crisis. Either is very tough.
1841 allows a company to own up to 5 shares. Crisis is limitless and does not just allow such but mercilessly forces all companies to purchase shares! In consequence, company hierarchies grow much bigger, interdependencies are woven more complexly, and the risk of accidentally becoming director is greatly increased. Good shares are scarce and half the companies consist of 20% certificates only. Thus a single share can lead to directorship easily.
It follows some information in the style of the [Blackwater Station] of 18xx games. Also see the [18xx Difference List].
Crisis is not yet in print. The rules, testing and most of the graphical design are finished, except the banknotes. The game will be published by the author.
The game is played in rounds. Most players take turns after their immediately controlled companies. Companies must also own shares.
Anti-syndicate Laws apply. They restrict cross-control to 40%.
The bank has an unlimited supply of E6-trains.
Crisis is a modern game with many innovations like a virtual, generic map, no general certificate or money limits, rounds instead of operating rounds and stock rounds, structure purchases, and signals but without some traditional elements like off-board connections, terrain difficulties, small cities, empty big cities, or privates. This gives the game a new feeling already on the surface. Square tiles are used to simulate subways in a downtown megalopolis.
While once 1830 could be called the premier game of stock manipulation and 1841 is the game with the greatest speed of technological development, now Crisis is the toughest, most complex, and most unpredictable game of business strategy. Measuring complexity is hard but years of testing have produced counter-strategies for every strategy and not enabled me to foresee just one round, what is possible in 1830 or 1841.
So what makes Crisis so tough? First of all, companies can purchase unlimited numbers of foreign shares. This creates complex combines. Second, companies are forced to own more and more foreign shares, what makes good shares scarce. This is an extra duty besides buying a train. Third, foreign assets may only be bought from the or as a director. Fourth, all shareholders can be responsible for under-endowed companies while some might avoid supports and let the director lose his shares even though having supported. Fifth, other shares in such companies may not be given away and can cause more supports. Sixth, half the companies have only certificates that already allow a director change. Seventh, trading many old or new certificates quickly restructures combines, depletes companies, or inflates money. Eighth, the stock market and the round order, which involves players and companies, are particularly flexible. To conclude, dividends are paid only to owned foreign shares.
While the game has a balanced start and good route construction remains important, it becomes more and more essential to excel at wheeling and dealing. Clearly, Crisis is the game of devious business manipulations.
In the 19th century most early European and American stock companies were railroads because this financial system could efficiently provide the great amounts of risk capital that were required for these enterprises. Particularly in the USA the big investors were hardly interested in a healthy long-term development. Rather they let build railway tracks of poor quality along detours. Their influence on politics presented them with state supports per mile of laid tracks, permitted undue transportation fees, and allowed highly dubious stock market machinations. The great German tycoon Henry Strousberg was a victim of the 1873 stock market crisis because he could not raise cash quickly enough.
The general business crisis in 1929 hurt especially many small shareholders who could not react and sell quickly enough. Then the stock companies were in the hands of few conservative industrialists and bankers. Slowly after World War II some of them sold shares in their companies, which were led like inhereted property. Suddenly in Great Britain tycoons recognized their chance and started to take over companies and combines, split them, restructured them, forged balances, and sold their method to politicians and private shareholders as healthy reorganizations. As a consequence, many acquired shares in them and let stock market prices raise quickly. The tycoons sold their shares with incredible profit, took over further and bigger companies, depleted assets, and sold again while the general public continued to believe in a healthy boom. In reality employees lost their jobs and inflation grew. The oil crisis in 1973 burst the financial soap-bubble totally unexpectedly. Even most tycoons were caught in nets of liabilities, could not get sufficient cash, and soon were bankrupt.
In the 1980s losers among the British tycoons found scope for revenge when in the USA junk bonds financed a new era of company reorganizations. Pension funds became the crucial investors. The system was applied in Great Britain, too. Everything worked out well until the tycoons were sacrificed to calm down the excitements of massive illegal insider trades by the banks. Pension funds and banks have taken over their role, attract another generation of small shareholders, and dispel the next unforeseen crisis, which actually already occurred in 2000 when the severely overextended new market lost some two thirds during several months of an unusually slow crash. | 2019-04-20T13:05:00Z | http://home.snafu.de/jasiek/crisis.html |
The following is a list of some of the finest, most interesting, and most informative books that I have come across. I have generally limited this list to books that are not typically recommended on school and university reading lists.
The author was a Washington D.C. journalist with a close-up view of the failures of both the Clinton healthcare plan and the Gingrich revolution. He makes a compelling argument for why politics is actually broken: the small concentrated interest always wins over the general interest. Democracy is not really the rule by the majority – but rule by hundreds of small factions, each stealing from the public pie.
An entertaining overview of some of the inside stories and calculated politics that went on in Washington from the 1970s through the 90s. The lessons given are applicable far outside of politics. My favorite chapter: Don’t get mad, don’t get even, get ahead. Sage advice for the modern world.
An account of the political campaign of the 1988 election that reads like a novel.
A chronicle of schemes by those who wielded power to organize, categorize, and rationalize the entire society. For instance, we own our own names to the needs of state tax collectors. Some such schemes worked, but others ended in disaster, as they wrecked the organic fabric that makes society function.
In ethnically diverse countries, certain ethnic groups have a tendency to rise to the top economically. If the wealthier ethnic group is a minority, the majority ethnic group often uses their demographic power to launch pogroms, confiscate assets, or worse. World on Fire chronicles a long history of this pattern of attack on market minorities.
Humans have generally lived in either state-based societies or clan-based societies. This is an overview of how clan based societies function.
An enlightening set of essays, on topics such as the origin of money or the development of property rights.
A collection of essays from various authors on the subject of liberty. Have you heard the term “natural law” but wondered what it means, and if it still has relevance in a secular world? This collection contains a great explanation.
Traces the origins of human violence by studying our ape relatives. It turns out that explaining why males go to war against other males is not difficult: war happens because it works. This book describes how gangs of Chimpanzee systematically murder other tribes in order to take over territory and steal females. The book also examines other apes, such as Gorillas and Orangatangs, and theorizes about why Bonobos differ from Chimpanzees. Overall, this is essential reading for understand human violence.
A history of North America during the 1600s. An incredible tale of violence and bloodshed. Turns out, your grade school history was highly sanitized.
Traces the unique origins and culture of the four different Anglo groups that settled North America – the Puritans, the Cavaliers, the Scots-Irish, and the Quakers. Shows how the cultural divisions that exist in modern America trace their roots back to the various regions of England. There are hundreds of fascinating details and anecdotes about the early history of these American peoples.
Life of John Marshall by Albert Beveridge John Marshall was one of the most important early Americans, and he was in the midst of nearly every event in its early history: he fought in the early battles of the American revolution; survived Vally Forge; defended the new Constitutions when its approval was being debated in the Virginia legistlature; was a close ally of Washington; helped lead a militia to suppress revolts against the early federal government; and as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court handed down many important decisions for the early republic. Not only is this a biography, this is a complete history of early America, in which you see the lives and conflicts of the time in full color.
A French traveler’s account of the United States in the 1890s. This book is the closest thing possible to hopping in a time machine back to a century ago.
A masterful account of the rise of President Lyndon Johnson, covering his takeover of the Senate. The book reveals the machinations Lyndon used to obtain and manipulate the levers of power. It also provides a window to the politics and history of the time period.
The central political myth of our time is that politicians are in charge. In fact, unelected bureaucrats wield massive amounts of power. This book is the biography of one such bureaucrat, Robert Moses, who used his position to transform the roads and infrastructure of New York City during the middle of the 20th century.
The memoirs of an American communist agent, who was involved in conspiracies at the highest level. This is a riveting real-life spy tale. It tells a history that is often ignored – there was in fact a communist conspiracy, and it did touch the highest levels of American government.
A general history of the United States, giving a detailed overview of all the milestone events and people. If you find you have big gaps in your basic knowledge of American history, this book is a good one to give you the basics. This is history as it was written before recent progressive/liberal revisionism. It is a good book to use as a base, and then you can dig further and read both the more reactionary and more liberal critiques and revisions. But starting with liberal revisionism and only reading modern liberal revisionism, as is now common in high schools and colleges, will leave you with a very warped sense of American history.
The memoirs of a cosmopolitan traveler and writer, during the years of Europe’s great upheaval. Filled with first-hand accounts of the changes in England, Germany and Italy, going from before World War II up and through the 1970s.
A detailed portrayal of the culture, public life, and home life of the working-class in early 1900s England.
A first-hand account of the rise of the communist movement in Russia and the course of the Bolshevik revolution.
The fall of traditional religion during the enlightenment opened up a new world of radical idealists who wished to build utopias on Earth. This books tells the story of over a dozen revolutions that took place in the Western world from 1770 to 1870. The utter insanity of the time period shows the dark side of The Enlightenment and the Romantic Era.
You have probably read Jared Diamond’s Guns, Germs and Steel. At the very least you have been marinated in his ideas. Diamond uses pure geography to explain why some civilizations have beat out other civilizations. Michael Hart’s explanation is much more politically incorrect and thus you will never find his book in college book stores or your local library. You can read both Hart and Diamond, and come to your own decision about which scholar’s view seems more compelling.
A history of the world from the beginning of time until the end of World War I. If you have big gaps in your basic historical knowledge, reading the relevant chapters of this book is a quick way to fill them in. The prose and structure is a lot more engaging than a typical wikipedia article. It tells history as a story, rather than a set of facts.
A guide for single men on how to attract women. While the book incorporates insights from the “game” community, it puts an emphasis on genuine self-improvement rather than telling readers to simply perform a shtick.
A guide for men in relationships on how to both establish harmony at home and keep the spark the alive.
This is a broad introduction to all economic concepts, from a very pro-free-market perspective (a perspective I find to be largely correct). If you know nothing about economics, or have never read a proud defense of capitalism and free markets, then this is a good place to start.
Fictionalized memoir of trader Jesse Livermore from the 1920s. This book is an entertaining read and it contains timeless lessons about the psychology of markets. But keep in mind that Lefèvre ultimately lost his fortune – so do not use him as a how-to guide.
A collection of interviews with investors and traders who made boatloads of money. Great, informative stories.
A time machine that takes you to the rise of the financial industry in the 1980s. An entertaining read.
A time machine back to the years of the Great Depression.
Explains why trying to beat the market will most likely result in severe underperformance. Provides a simple investing strategy for the ordinary investor.
A book of incredible breadth, covering everything from economics to lifestyle choices to urban planning to technology. His central framework of trying to identify situations with convex outcomes (for good or bad) is extremely useful. Note that this is far from a perfect book. His tone can be annoying and smug and his advice sometimes seems more on the side of being self-serving, convenient, or simplistic rather than being completely truthful. But many things he say are both novel and true, and so the book is very much worth reading.
A grand tale of wars and power struggles in the desert planet of Arrakis. Fantastic and imaginative world building.
The great psychohistorian Hari Seldon has predicted that the empire will fall. A small foundation must be established to preserve and rebuild civilization. The book has a great premise and a fun, engaging story. It is more of a young adult fiction book, as the characters are simple, and the worldview is quite naive (I feel much harm has been done by academics that try to do psychohistory in real life). But overall, it has lots of interesting ideas, and is a fun, fast read.
An original tale, an intriguing and mysterious world, fascinating ideas, realistic and complex characters, and strong pacing that keeps you turning the page – this series is everything you could want from a work of fiction.
A Wall Street bond salesman in the go-go 1980s runs into trouble when he is involved in a hit-and-run with a black teenager. This fictional story explores the themes of many news stories of the last few years, ranging from the corruption in Wall Street finance to the eruptions over the shooting of Trayvon Martin. But this book gets all the more credit for being written decades before those events happened. Tom Wolfe is an author who does his homework. He sat alongside bond-traders as research for the novel. The result is a fictional story that provides a window into real world dynamics.
Two things to love about these books: First, when somebody does something stupid that should get themselves killed, they actually die. Second, the perils and pitfalls of leadership are portrayed in full. Unlike in most fantasy, a king does not have power simply by the fact of holding the scepter and having the title king. Maintaining the allegiance of vassals, building alliances, not being deceived by the courtiers – all these are part of the precarious and unending task of leadership. The books are also a good yarn of wars, magic, and dragons. Unfortunately, the novels lose steam after book three, at which point I stopped reading.
Explore the evolutionary and genetic logic that determines behavior in the animal kingdom. Animals face a wide array of choices: to fight, bluster, or run away; to cry to mom for food, or to stay silent so as to not alert predators; to fight with siblings or to share; to take care of a baby or to abandon it. All these behaviors can be understood better by understanding the logic of the selection of genes.
Robert Cialdini studied combined studies of modern marketing with lessons from history into a book on how people are influenced. The knowledge in this book can help you both advance your interests and avoid being manipulated.
JayMan’s blog focuses on a taboo subject: the role genes play in determining the differences in human behavior. His posts review the latest statistics and research about how genes impact everything from IQ gaps, to obesity, to child development, to political leanings. In my opinion, he can go a bit far in explaining everything with genes. But the topic is so under explored by mainstream sources, that reading his blog is a worthwhile corrective.
The modern world allows great wealth to be created by and captured by those who are experts at manipulating abstract concepts. But this ability is not distributed equally. Charles Murray surveys the research on how IQ is linked to both income and other life outcomes. He shows that disparities in cognitive traits are a central fact that underlie much social phenomena of our time. This book provoked a public outcry when it came out. You can read the most sophisticated counter-attacks via the book Scientists respond to the Bell Curve. You can read rejoinders to the rejoinders in this long article, The Bell Curve, 20 Years After. My own take is that critics of The Bell Curve mainly point out the statistical limits to our degree of certainty – limits which Murray mostly already acknowledged. The critiques do not prove the overall conclusions wrong, much less do they prove the opposite conclusions. Statistics are always imperfect, but I tend to agree with Murray’s conclusions since (a) the raw data so overwhelmingly supports his theses, and (b) his conclusions match what I have personally observed in life.
An assortment of fascinating articles, including: a theory of shooting spree killers, a discussion of the charisma of Lawrence of Arabia, and an analysis of why the Mona Lisa is so intriguing.
While the methods in the book can be overused, the general advice is sound. Every modern worker needs to know how to get points across without aggravating their boss, coworker, or client.
Just published recently, I found this to be a far more useful guide to writing than the more commonly recommended Elements of Style.
If you want to lose weight, get into shape, and build a body you are proud of, the Reddit Fitness FAQ has you covered. Fitness is made much more complicated than it needs to be, because people are always looking for shortcuts. Reddit Fitness tells you how it is, with knowledge based off of hundreds of people posting their personal transformations. Join the community and get inspired and motivated.
Slow cookers are an amazing life-upgrade. Prepare a week’s worth of delicious food with minimal effort and cost.
After building and selling his own startup, Paul Graham founded a startup accelerator that has funded hundreds of startups. He is the world expert in the startup business, and his essays are all worth reading. Be warned though – much of what he writes has now become conventional wisdom, which means it is no longer enough to give you an edge.
A list of worthy readings from the premier startup accelerator.
The president of the investment firm Y Combinator taught a class at Stanford covering every aspect of running a startup. He invited in dozens of speakers, who in turn covered areas ranging from management, to marketing, to finding investors, to product development.
A gritty account of being a startup CEO. Contains lots of nuts and bolts advice about problems that are not typically covered in the business literature, such as how to prevent politics in your company, or what to do when a star achiever stops working hard.
Based on a Stanford class that investor and former PayPal founder Peter Thiel taught about startups. Filled with insight and advice.
Compendium of dozens of techniques that startups have used to market themselves. Lays out a simple methodology for figuring out how to market your own product.
Not only is this one of the better books on sales, but it also contains great tips on management, productivity, and self-motivation. Be aware though, that some of the sales tactics may be outdated and off-putting when targeting more modern or sophisticated customers.
Andreessen founded Netscape and Opsware, and now runs a premier venture capital firm. This archive contains his best advice about startups and business.
A collection of interviews with founders of famous technology companies about what happened in the very earliest days.
Links to dozens of startup post-mortems in which founders and employees recount why their startup failed.
Comprehensive guide to the nuts and bolts of putting together a venture capital deal.
10,000 Greek warriors were hired by a Persian prince to help him fight a civil war. When the prince dies in battle, the Greeks must fight their way back through Persia to return to their homeland. Their leader, Xenophon, tries to hold the men together as they encounter challenge after challenge.
Story of the astronauts who participated in the early space program.
Inside look at the Lockheed-Martin division that built some of the finest planes ever, including the U2 spy plane and the SR-71 Blackbird (the first plane to go Mach 5). These planes have not been surpassed, even today.
Tales from the early days of Google.
How Microsoft created a new operating system from scratch – Windows NT – which ultimately became Windows XP and the basis for their operating systems going forward.
The memoirs of the world renown physicists. Filled with tips on being smarter and insights about life.
An L.A. Times journalist reports from the front-lines of crime-wracked Watts and Compton about interactions between the police and the neighborhood. The book contains a vivid portrayal of both the people committing the violence, and the police dealing with the aftermath.
A collection of articles from the Chicago Tribune in the 1980’s about the plight of the black underclass.
Fosdick extensively studied both the European and American police systems during the 1910s. His findings about the problems of crime and bad law enforcement are still relevant today. His critique of the American crime problem could, unfortunately, be applied to today without needing much updating. Chapter 2 and Chapter 10 are especially topical and interesting.
A writer born in Detroit returns to the city after being away for decades. A wrenching account of what the city once was, and what it has become.
An exposition of how the social policy of the 1950s and 60s broke up families and enabled the great rise in crime. A good statistical companion to read along with American Millstone. (I recommend American Millstone if you only have time to read just one).
A University of Chicago grad student walks into a dangerous housing project, starts following around a local gang leader, and writes about the experience.
We who live under the umbrella of the American hegemony, can benefit from reading of the decline and fall of one the great past empires.
The Peloponessian War by Thucydides One of the first real histories ever written. Written by a general who lived through the events, it covers the war between Athens and Sparta in the 400s BC.
The Rise of the Roman Empire by Polybius Learn about the rise of one of histories great empires from someone who was there and actively involved.
It has tales of our most ancient history, wisdom and moral codes that echo down through the ages, and is the base text of three of world’s great religions. This is essential reading for any educated person.
The earliest tales from our Western tradition.
One of the first great works of English literature, and also a window into that time period.
Hamlet, Macbeth, Richard II, King Lear by Shakespeare Great literature, chocked with insights about human nature, and an essential part of our Anglo-American heritage.
Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen A portal into the world of the 19th century.
A first-hand account of the terror and purges of early Soviet Russia.
Aristotle was one of the first great philosophers, he had hundreds of data-points to work with from observing Greek cities, and his ideas on virtue and politics still hold up today.
In America, we are heirs to Whig history. The Whig interpretation of history is a four hundred year narrative in which Western civilization progressed from the darkness of monarchy, aristocracy, stasis, inequality, bigotry, and anti-empiricism, toward a world of freedom, democracy, progress, equality, and scientific enlightenment. All mainstream history today is Whig history. Even conservative history, as interpreted by the National Review or Heritage Foundation, is 99% Whig history, with only dissent when it comes to the most recent events and revisionism. For instance, no mainstream conservative is openly on the side of the Tories or Loyalists on the question of the American Revolution.
Not only is Whig history the official narrative, we rarely even read the views of the non-Whigs. Whether we take a typical AP History class or endure the Yale Directed Studies survey course, we do not read what the losers and reactionaries had to say.
One hypothesis is that the Whigs were in fact the good guys, and good has consistently prevailed over evil. A second hypothesis is that the Whigs were almost always the bad guys, and that evil routinely triumphs over good, and then writes histories to make their faction not seem so evil. A third hypothesis is that sometimes the Whigs were the good guys, sometimes they were the bad guys. Sometimes they won, sometimes they did not. But whoever won wrote the history books, and painted themselves as good guys, painted themselves as the friends of liberty and equality, painted themselves as heirs to the Whig tradition, whether it was true or not.
If you genuinely love history, I encourage you to sample some readings from the other side, the losers, the non-Whigs. As you read, keep the all three hypotheses above in mind. On events ranging from the English Civil War, to the American Revolution, to World War I, to the Red Scare, it is time to hear the other side of the story, the side of the story that you never before read. You may end up eventually renewing your faith in Whig-history – but at least by reading the other side your views will now be in full color. You will have replaced the cartoon version of history’s bad guys with a three-dimensional version.
Our starting place for counter-whig history is the blog Unqualified Reservations, written by a pseudonymous character by the name of Mencius Moldbug. Moldbug grew up with inside knowledge of American government – his father worked in the foreign service, his mother was a high official in the energy department, his step-dad was a Capitol Hill staffer. After success at a startup, he took a multi-year sabbatical, during which he spent $500 a month on old books. During this period, he single-handedly created the field of counter-whig studies.
A Gentle Introduction to Unqualified Reservation.
Both are also available as ebooks (here and here).
A second tour guide is the blogger Foseti. The best way to sample him is by doing a google search for book reviews on his web site, and then picking through ones that seem interesting.
Written by a 19th century British jurist and historian, this book is an analysis and critique of democratic government. His view is that outside of Britain and America, democracy has been an unstable and ephemeral form of government.
Kuehnelt-Leddihn marshals the strongest possible case that democratic equality is the very basis not of liberty, as is commonly believed, but the total state. He uses national socialism as his prime example. He further argues the old notion of government by law is upheld in old monarchies, restrained by a noble elite. Aristocracy, not democracy, gave us liberty.
Walter Millis worked mainly as a newspaperman for the New York Herald Tribune, and wrote books about current affairs, especially world conflicts. In this book he looks at the United States from the time war was declared in Europe in 1914 up until the time the US got involved in the fighting herself. He doesn’t much like what he sees. Although America declared neutrality at the beginning of hostilities in Europe, she was actually supporting the side of the Entente (England, France, Italy) from the start. Thus, while most of the country didn’t want America in the war and President Wilson had promised to keep the country out of it, because the country had from the beginning “chosen one side over the other,” she was inextricably drawn in.
In the liberal view, Roosevelt is the greatest president. Flynn presents the complete opposite view, arguing that Roosevelt was closer to a mendacious, corrupt dictator who brought centralized, near tyrannical government to the United States. He sometimes goes overboard with argument, but his book is a necessary corrective to the usual hagiographies.
Muggeridge had a front row seat to the great events of the 20th Century. He hob nobbed in high places in British society, was a foreign correspondant in Stalin’s Russia, traveled through Nazi Germany, and fought in the British military during war. His story is one of continual disillusionment with his previous socialist ideals.
Horowitz went to Berkeley, published Ramparts and published other progressive works with Peter Collier. He also fell in with the Black Panthers and particularly with Huey Newton. Soon, his political transformation. As he tells it in the book, the transformation was essentially a realization that the New Left was no different than the Old Left. If there was one turning point for Horowitz, it came when the Panthers killed his friend (and Panther member) Betty Van Porter. Just as the Old Left protected horrible crimes, so was the New Left.
From the 1940s through the 1990s, many of the major cities in America lost half their population, and often 60-90% of their white population. What happened? Michael Jones writes an account of the minority WASP elite using urban renewal to break up white ethnic neighborhoods, and destroy Catholic ethnics as a political power.
Written in 1906, it presents the history of the American Revolution from a more even-handed perspective than I am used to reading. The resulting history is more believable than the classic story and, in many ways, more interesting. The most interesting aspect of the “true” history is that Mr Fisher paints the struggle which we commonly view as between England and America as a struggle between Whigs and Tories. Initially, the English troops were led by General Howe, while the navy was led by his brother, Admiral Howe. Both were committed Whigs. Whigs, at the time, were sympathetic to American independence. Chapter 8, on the American Reign of Terror, is also fascinating reading, as this part of history is normally left out of the civics class version.
There is a lot of myth-making about our great democratic traditions in America. This colorful account of democratic politics in the 19th century shows that the truth about democracy was very different than the civics class version.
Shall Cromwell have a statue? and Tis Sixty Years Since by Charles Francis Adams Jr.
Charles Francis Adams Jr.’s bio includes: being born the grandson of president John Quincy Adams; graduating from Harvard, fighting in the civil war on the side of the Union; earning the rank of colonel; running the Union Pacific Railroad; chairing the Massachusetts Park Commission; and serving as president of the American Historical Association. These two pieces describe his reflections and views on the Civil War, with the perspective of many decades gone by.
A southern view of reconstruction written in 1901. Chamberlain denounces reconstruction as being the act of partisans and selfish politicans, who wished to use corrupt means to buy the black vote, looted the state treasuries, and tried to ensure a permanent national Republican majority.
The Victorian era historian, James Froude, tours the British West Indies and gives his thoughts on British colonialism.
This book is the memoir of the American CIA station chief in the Congo during and after independence. He describes a country that instantly descends into chaos and farce, which is completely devoid of any type of leadership.
Ian Smith was the last president of Rhodesia, before it turned into Zimbabwe. Here he tells his own side of the story, of how his country was betrayed by the international community, with ultimately disastorous results.
The former dictator of Singapore tells his own account of how Singapore transformed into one of the richest and most orderly states in the world. | 2019-04-21T08:37:24Z | https://countersearch.net/books |
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Posted: 2018-06-22 09:55:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Brooklyn, NY) -- The Washington Wizards chose Oregon guard Tony Brown Junior in the first round with the 15th pick of the NBA draft. Brown averaged 11.3 points and 6.2 rebounds as a freshman. He is the first Duck selected in the first round since Aaron Brooks in 2007. Oregon State forward Drew Eubanks went undrafted, but landed a Summer League job with the San Antonio Spurs. He left school with a year of eligibility left to enter the NBA draft.
(Brooklyn, NY) -- The Trail Blazers selected 6-foot-4 guard Anfernee Simons in the first round of the NBA draft and 24th overall. The 19-year-old opted not to play in college, but enrolled at the IMG Academy for a year of development. The Blazers also acquired Duke guard Gary Trent Junior, who was the 37th overall pick, from the Sacramento Kings for two future second-round picks.
Posted: 2018-06-22 09:54:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Omaha, NE) -- Oregon State will meet Mississippi State today in the College World Series in Omaha. The Beavers will have to beat the Bulldogs twice to advance to the championship series next week. Oregon State staved off elimination with an 11-6 victory over North Carolina in an elimination game on Wednesday.
Posted: 2018-06-22 09:53:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Portland, OR) -- The Timbers visit Atlanta United for a Sunday match. The Timbers are sixth in the West with 22 points, while Atlanta United sits atop the MLS standings with 33 points. Portland has not suffered a loss in MLS play since a 3-2 defeat to Orlando City SC on April 8th.
Posted: 2018-06-22 09:52:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Boston, MA) -- The Mariners will open a weekend series tonight against the Red Sox in Fenway Park. Seattle southpaw Wade LeBlanc will start the opener. The Red Sox will start knuckleballer Steven Wright.
(Bronx, NY) -- James Paxton struck out nine in five innings, but gave up a pair of two-run homers in the first inning as the Mainers lost 4-3 to the Yankees in New York. Kyle Seager homered with Nelson Cruz aboard for Seattle. The M's were swept in the three-game series.
It may go down as one of the most amazing comeback wins in College World Series history as it’s been a crazy week in Omaha, the site of the NCAA championships, with lightning and rain delays, and games being reschedule.
And crazy it was last night for Oregon State, who faced North Carolina in a rematch from Saturday’s opening tournament-loss, and were staring at being eliminated in a ‘loser-out’ game.
Cadyn (grenn-yay) Grenier to lead 2-zip, then added a run in the top of the third owning a nice 3-to-nothing lead.
But, like the weather here and in Omaha, things changed, and in a bad way suddenly for the Beavs as once again Carolina knocked OSU pitching ace and record-holder Luke Heimlich out of the game in the bottom half of the third smacking him around for 3-runs on 6-hits, to tie it, 3-3.
Beaver 2-time champion Coach Pat Casey wasted little time and made a change on the mound. However, North Carolina pushed across 3-runs to own a 6-3 lead after six and things seemed terminal for OSU.
Then, in the 8th inning, Oregon State ignited for 4-runs to take the lead, and tacked on 4-more insurance runs in the top of the 9th just to make sure, and held on for an 11-6 win to live for another game.
The Beavs, 51-and-11, meet unranked Mississippi State in a one bracket semifinal tomorrow at Noon, and must beat the Bulldogs Friday, and again Saturday to play for the National Title on Monday.
Today, top-ranked & defending Champion Florida must win facing Texas Tech today at 5 in the other bracket Semi which is an elimination game for both teams. 5th ranked Arkansas awaits the winner tomorrow night.
Mike Riley is leaving Oregon State’s football coaching staff as an assistant and recruiting consultant to become head coach of the new ‘Alliance of American Football’ league’s San Antonio franchise which will be announced today.
Riley, who turns 65, next month joins other coaching notables in the fledgling league like Dennis Erickson, Salt Lake City…Rich Neuheisel, Phoenix, and Steve Spurrier in Orlando.
Nick Madrigal, 1st round recent draft pick of the Oregon State baseball team, was honored with the Oregon Sports Award for ‘Bill Hayward Amateur Athlete of the Year’ last night announced at a ceremony held a Nike Headquarters in Beaverton. Summit golfer Olivia Lorberg was a finalist for Prep Golfer of the Year, and Hawley Hair of Sisters for Prep Volleyball Player of the Year.
Posted: 2018-06-21 10:15:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Brooklyn, NY) -- The Trail Blazers will be looking to improve their roster tonight in the 2018 NBA Draft in Brooklyn, New York. Portland was awarded the 24th pick in the first round after finishing third in the Western Conference at 49-and-33. Oregon guard Troy Brown has a shot at hearing his name called in the first round after spending one season with the Ducks.
Posted: 2018-06-21 10:14:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Seattle, WA) -- The Seahawks have agreed to a four-year deal with rookie defensive lineman Rasheem Green. The USC product was selected by Seattle in the third round of this year's draft. The Seahawks will now head to training camp with all nine of their draft picks under contract.
(Portland, OR) -- The Timbers are visiting Atlanta United for a match on Sunday. The Timbers are sixth in the West with 22 points, while Atlanta United sits atop the MLS standings with 33 points. Portland has not suffered a loss in MLS play since a 3-2 defeat to Orlando City SC on April 8th.
Posted: 2018-06-21 10:13:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Bronx, NY) -- Dee Gordon drove in two runs for the Mariners as they were upended by the Yankees 7-5 in the Bronx. Seattle jumped out to a 5-0 lead, but New York responded with seven unanswered runs. Ryan Cook served up the walk-off homer to take the loss. The M's have dropped three in-a-row.
Posted: 2018-06-21 10:12:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Bronx, NY) -- The Mariners look to avoid a sweep today as they take on the Yankees in the Bronx. James Paxton will get the nod for Seattle, while Luis Severino is expected to take the mound for New York. The M's are second in the AL West at 46-and-28, three games behind the first-place Astros.
Posted: 2018-06-21 10:11:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Seattle, WA) -- The Storm are wrapping up their five-game homestand tomorrow against the Indiana Fever. Seattle has gone 3-and-3 in its last six games to fall to 8-and-4 on the season. Indiana currently has the worst record in the league at 1-and-11.
Today at 4, the Oregon State Beaver baseball team takes on North Carolina, again, in the College World Series in Omaha. It’s an elimination game for both the Beavs and the Tar Heels who yesterday were smashed by Mississippi State, 12-2.
Carolina beat OSU in the opening game of the Series Saturday downing the Beavs, 8-6. The winner meets Mississippi State Friday at noon in the bracket Quarterfinals. Oregon State would need to win today and tomorrow against the Bulldogs, and again on Saturday to make the Championship series which begins Monday.
Meantime, #1 Florida stays alive in bracket-2 as the Gators knock out Texas yesterday, 6-1, in an elimination game. Florida plays the loser of Arkansas and Texas Tech who meet this morning at 9.
The College World Series games can be seen on ESPN. Again, Oregon State and North Carolina tangle today at 4.
The Oregon State Beaver football team landed a local Tight End recruit who announced yesterday he would commit to helping build the dam in Corvallis. Luke Musgrave, the nephew of former record-setting Oregon Duck quarterback, Bill Musgrave, will join the OSU program in 2019.
The 6-foot-5, 230-pound, Bend High School standout tight end chose Oregon State over Oregon. He informed the Oregon State coaching staff of his decision late Monday evening during an unofficial trip to Corvallis.
Posted: 2018-06-20 09:29:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Portland, OR) -- The Timbers are headed to Atlanta to take on Atlanta United on Sunday. Portland has gone eight straight games without a loss in MLS play. The Timbers are sixth in the West with 22 points. Atlanta United sits atop the MLS standings with 33 points.
(Brooklyn, NY) -- The Trail Blazers are almost on the clock as the NBA Draft tips-off tomorrow in Brooklyn, New York. Portland owns the 24th pick in the first round. The Blazers selected Purdue big man Caleb Swanigan with the 26th pick in last year's draft and acquired Gonzaga big man Zach Collins, who was drafted 10th overall by the Kings.
Posted: 2018-06-20 09:28:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Bronx, NY) -- Nelson Cruz homered for Mariners as they were smashed by the Yankees 7-2 in the Bronx. Marco Gonzales gave up six runs in just over six frames to take the loss. Mitch Haniger also drove in a run for the M's, who have dropped two in-a-row.
Posted: 2018-06-20 09:27:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Bronx, NY) -- The Mariners are continuing their three-game series with the Yankees tonight in the Bronx. Seattle is expected to start Felix Hernandez, while New York counters with right-hander Jonathan Loaisiga. The M's are second in the AL West at 46-and-27, two games behind the first place Astros.
Posted: 2018-06-20 09:25:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Seattle, WA) -- Breanna Stewart poured in a game-high 27 points for the Storm in their 89-77 loss to the Las Vegas Aces in Seattle. The Aces outscored the Storm 25-13 in the fourth quarter. Seattle will wrap up its five-game homestand against the Indiana Fever on Friday. The Storm dropped to 8-and-4 on the season.
Posted: 2018-06-19 09:51:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Brooklyn, NY) -- The 2018 NBA Draft is rapidly approaching. The Trail Blazers have the 24th pick in the first round of Thursday's event from Brooklyn. Portland doesn't have a second round selection.
The Oregon State Beavers live for another day in Omaha at the NCAA College baseball World Series. OSU looked as though they were on the verge of being eliminated by their Pac-12 rival Washington trailing early in an elimination game, but the Beavers came back.
In the 6th inning with the Huskies leading 5-4, the game was delayed because of thunder and lightning. After a 4-1/2 hour delay, the game resumed with the bases loaded in the top of the 6th with OSU batting.
Senior outfielder Kyle Nobach belted a 3-run homer to help OSU’s comeback and Oregon State pushed on to a 14-to-5 win knocking Washington out of bracket play.
The Beavers will play tomorrow at 4pm and will face the loser of North Carolina vs. Mississippi State who play today at 3. Because of the long delay yesterday, the Tar Heel and Bulldogs game was pushed back to today.
Oregon State must win tomorrow to get a Friday bracket semifinal game, with a chance to play for the Championship of their bracket. The two bracket winners meet Monday for the Title best-of-3 game series.
The Beavers are 50-and-11 overall making their 7th appearance in school history in the College World Series.
In the other bracket, #1 Florida needs a win to stay alive facing Texas, and Arkansas meets Texas Tech. All the series games are on ESPN.
Posted: 2018-06-19 09:50:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(New York, NY) -- The Mariners open a three-game series with the Yankees tonight in New York. Marco Gonzales will get the nod for Seattle in the opener. New York counters with Domingo German. First pitch is set for 4:05 p.m. The Mariners are second in the AL West at 46-and-26, two games behind the first place Astros.
(Portland, OR) -- The Timbers resume MLS play on Sunday. They will put their eight-game MLS unbeaten streak on the line against Atlanta United in Atlanta. Portland picked up a win in U.S. Open Cup play, topping the L.A. Galaxy 1-0 on Saturday at Providence Park. They advance to the quarterfinals.
Posted: 2018-06-19 09:49:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Seattle, WA) -- The Mariners are getting back a bullpen arm as they begin their road trip. The M's activated right-handed reliever Juan Nicasio from the 10-day disabled list. Nicasio has appeared in 30 games and has a 5.34 ERA. Catcher Chris Herrmann was also added to the 25-man roster. The team optioned right-hander Rob Whalen and catcher David Freitas to Triple-A Tacoma.
Posted: 2018-06-19 09:48:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Renton, WA) -- With OTA's and mandatory minicamp in the rearview, the Seahawks now turn their sights to training camp. The dates were announced yesterday. Seattle kicks off camp on July 26th and 13 practices will be open to the public. The first preseason game is on August 9th against the Colts at CenturyLink Field.
Posted: 2018-06-18 10:06:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
tie atop the leaderboard with Daniel Berger.
Posted: 2018-06-18 10:04:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Corvallis, OR) -- Oregon State takes on Washington in a do-or-die elimination game at the College World Series today in Omaha. The Beavers lost their CWS opener, 8-6, to North Carolina on Saturday. With a win today, OSU would set up another elimination game with either UNC or Mississippi State on Wednesday.
Posted: 2018-06-18 10:03:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Seattle, WA) -- Rafael Devers broke the game open with a three-run homer in the third and the Red Sox cruised past the Mariners 9-3 in Seattle. Mariners' starter Mike Leake surrendered five runs across six innings to take the loss. Nelson Cruz homered as the M's wrapped up their seven-game homestand with five wins.
(Portland, OR) -- The Timbers resume MLS play this coming Sunday. They will put their eight-game MLS unbeaten streak on the line against Atlanta United in Atlanta. Portland picked up a win in U.S. Open Cup play over the weekend, topping the L.A. Galaxy 1-0 on Saturday at Providence Park. They advance to the quarterfinals.
Posted: 2018-06-18 10:02:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(New York, NY) -- The Mariners take their show on the road to kick off a 10-game road trip tomorrow. They open a three-game set against the Yankees in New York. Marco Gonzales will toe the rubber for the M's in the opener. The Yankees will counter with Domingo German. Seattle will also visit Boston for three and Baltimore for four on the trip.
Posted: 2018-06-15 10:19:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Eugene, OR) -- The Oregon Ducks have signed three-star defensive end Isaac Townsend. According to 247Sports, Townsend is the highest rated defensive player in his class out of Colorado. The Ralston Valley Senior High School standout chose Oregon over Boise State, Nebraska and Notre Dame. The Ducks have already gained 10 commitments for the class of 2019.
Posted: 2018-06-15 10:18:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Portland, OR) -- The Timbers are playing host to the LA Galaxy tonight in the U.S. Open Cup round of 16. If the Timbers win, they will face the winner of LAFC and Sacramento Republic in the quarterfinals on Monday. The MLS is on a temporary break as the World Cup continues in Russia. Team USA is not participating after failing to qualify.
Posted: 2018-06-15 10:17:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Seattle, WA) -- The Mariners held a moment of silence for Hall of Famer Anne Donovan at the start of last night's game against the Red Sox. The legendary player and coach passed away Wednesday from heart failure at age 56. Donovan coached the WNBA's Seattle Storm to their first league championship in 2004.
(Omaha, NE) -- Oregon State is squaring off with North Carolina in the College World Series tomorrow in Omaha. The Beavers won their Corvallis Super Regional to advance, while the Tar Heels won the Chapel Hill Super Regional. Oregon State will face either Mississippi State or Washington in their next matchup.
Posted: 2018-06-15 10:16:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Seattle, WA) -- Xander Bogaerts' go-ahead homer in the sixth inning was difference as the Red Sox upended the Mariners 2-1 at Safeco Field. Guillermo Heredia knotted the game at 1-1 with a sac-fly in the fifth inning. Felix Hernandez gave up two runs in seven frames to take the loss. The M's had their four-game winning streak snapped.
Posted: 2018-06-15 10:15:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Seattle, WA) -- The Mariners continue their four-game series with the Red Sox tonight at Safeco Field. James Paxton takes the mound for Seattle, while Rick Porcello gets the nod for Boston. The Mariners are second in the AL West at 44-and-25, a half-game behind the Astros.
Posted: 2018-06-15 10:14:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Seattle, WA) -- The Mariners are adding some depth to their bullpen by bringing in a pair of pitchers. Seattle has recalled right-handers Rob Whalen and Nick Rumbelow from Triple-A Tacoma. To make room on the roster, the M's optioned first baseman Dan Vogelbach and designated reliever Mike Morin for assignment.
Posted: 2018-06-15 10:13:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Seattle, WA) -- The Storm play host to the Connecticut Sun tonight as their five-game homestand continues. Seattle is third in the Western Conference at 7-and-3. Connecticut leads the East at 7-and-2.
Posted: 2018-06-14 08:59:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Brooklyn, NY) -- The 2018 NBA Draft is set to begin a week from today in Brooklyn, New York. The Trail Blazers own the 24th pick in the Draft. Portland drafted Purdue big man Caleb Swanigan with the 26th pick in last year's draft and acquired Gonzaga big man Zach Collins, who was selected 10th overall by the Kings.
Posted: 2018-06-14 08:58:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Omaha, NE) -- Oregon State is set to take on North Carolina in the College World Series on Saturday in Omaha. The Beavers won their Corvallis Super Regional to advance, while the Tar Heels won the Chapel Hill Super Regional.
Posted: 2018-06-14 08:56:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Portland, OR) -- The Timbers are welcoming the LA Galaxy to Portland to square off in the U.S. Open Cup tomorrow. The MLS is on a temporary break as the World Cup gets started in Russia today. Team USA is not participating after failing to qualify.
(Undated) -- The basketball world is mourning the loss of Hall of Famer Anne Donovan. The legendary player and coach passed away Wednesday from heart failure at age 56. Donovan played collegiately at Old Dominion before winning Olympic gold twice for the U.S. as a player and once as a head coach. She also coached the WNBA's Seattle Storm to their first league championship in 2004.
Posted: 2018-06-14 08:55:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Renton, WA) -- The Seahawks are back on the field today to wrap up their mandatory minicamp. Seattle will look ahead to training camp which is set to kick-off next month. Safety Earl Thomas is holding out as he seeks a new deal.
Posted: 2018-06-14 08:53:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Seattle, WA) -- The Seahawks are bringing in former Colts general manager Ryan Grigson as a consultant. Grigson's agent, Buddy Baker, made the announcement via Twitter. The 46-year-old Grigson won NFL Executive of the Year in 2012 with the Colts.
Posted: 2018-06-14 08:52:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Seattle, WA) -- Mitch Haniger drilled a two-run homer in the bottom of the ninth inning to give the Mariners an 8-6 win over the Angels at Safeco Field. Ryon Healy and Nelson Cruz also went deep as the M's completed a three-game sweep. Roenis Elias got credit for the win. Seattle is first in the AL West Division at 44-and-24.
Posted: 2018-06-14 08:51:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Seattle, WA) -- The Mariners are opening a four-game series with the Red Sox tonight in Seattle. Felix Hernandez will get the start for the M's. Boston plans to counter with lefty pitcher David Price. The Mariners have won 11 of their last 13.
Posted: 2018-06-14 08:49:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Seattle, WA) -- The Storm are returning to the hardwood tomorrow for a matchup with the Connecticut Sun at Key Arena. Seattle is third in the Western Conference at 7-and-3. Connecticut sits atop the East at 7-and-2.
Posted: 2018-06-13 09:20:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Las Vegas, NV) -- The schedule has been released for the 2018 NBA Summer League in Las Vegas. The Trail Blazers will tip-off summer play against the Utah Jazz on July 7th. Portland advanced to the championship game in last year's summer league tournament before losing to the Los Angeles Lakers. The Blazers own the 24th pick in next week's NBA Draft.
Posted: 2018-06-13 08:58:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Corvallis, OR) -- The Oregon State Beavers are headed to Omaha to battle North Carolina in the College World Series on Saturday. Oregon State swept Minnesota in the Corvallis Super Regional to advance. The Beavers will face either Mississippi State or Washington in their next matchup.
Posted: 2018-06-13 08:53:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Portland, OR) -- The Timbers are playing host to the LA Galaxy in the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup Round of 16 on Friday. Portland will return to MLS action on June 24th to visit Atlanta United. The Timbers are sixth in the Western Conference standings at 6-3-and-4.
Posted: 2018-06-13 08:52:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Renton, WA) -- Seattle Seahawks cornerback Dontae Johnson is going to miss some time with a broken bone in his foot. Johnson underwent surgery to repair the bone, which he injured over a week ago. Seattle signed the 26-year-old defensive back to a one-year deal after he spent four seasons with the 49ers.
Posted: 2018-06-13 08:51:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Renton, WA) -- The Seattle Seahawks are back in action today to continue their mandatory minicamp. They will conclude their three-day schedule tomorrow before shifting their attention to training camp, which will take place in July. The Seahawks will host the Colts on August 9th to kick-off their preseason opener.
Posted: 2018-06-13 08:47:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Seattle, WA) -- Mitch Haniger and Ryon Healy each homered twice as the Mariners took down the Angels 6-3 at Safeco Field. Mike Leake tossed six innings of one-run ball to grab the win and Edwin Diaz struck out two batters to earn his 25th save of the season. Jean Segura laced an RBI double for the M's, who have won three in-a-row.
Posted: 2018-06-13 08:46:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Seattle, WA) -- Marco Gonzales will get the nod for the Mariners today as they wrap up their three-game series with the Angels in Seattle. Los Angeles will counter with right-hander Garrett Richards. The M's are first in the AL West Division at 43-and-24.
Posted: 2018-06-13 08:45:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Seattle, WA) -- Breanna Stewart poured in a season-high 30 points to lead the Storm to a 96-85 win over the Sky at Key Arena. Natasha Howard and Jewell Loyd each chipped in with 15 points, to help Seattle overcome a 14-point deficit. The Storm improved to 7-and-3.
The College Baseball World Series is set as 4 more teams played their way in yesterday in elimination games in the Super Regional Playoffs. Joining Oregon State in Omaha this weekend is Texas who faces Arkansas, and top-ranked and #1 seed Florida meeting Texas Tech. Both those games are on Sunday.
Meantime, #3 Oregon State kicks off the World Series Saturday at Noon facing 6th ranked North Carolina. The Beavers are 49-and-10, the Heels sport a 43-and-18 mark.
A Beaver win puts them in the second round of the double-elimination bracket play with a Monday game at 4 against the winner of Washington and Mississippi State who face off after the Beavs on Saturday at 5pm.
All games are televised on ESPN.
The Beavers need 3 straight wins beginning Saturday to reach the best of 3 National Championship Series which starts a week from Monday.
You can find the bracket and College World Series information online at ‘NCAA dot Com…slash Baseball.
Oregon State is making its 7th appearance in Omaha and won the 2006 & 2007 National Titles beating North Carolina who the Beavs meet in the opening game Saturday.
The quartet of Oregon Ducks women's basketball players representing the United States at the 3-on-3 World Cup have played their way into another elite eight.
3 months after UO advanced to the Elite-8 in the NCAA tournament, guards Sabrina (eye-en-ess-cue) Ionescu and Erin Boley and forwards Ruthy (he-bird) Hebard and (oh-tee) Oti Gildon are now in position to claim a FIBA world title..
The U.S. team plays Italy in the quarterfinals tomorrow and with a win will face the winner of China and Hungary in the semifinals.
Posted: 2018-06-12 08:42:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Portland, OR) -- The Timbers will host the LA Galaxy in the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup Round of 16 on Friday. They don't play their next MLS match until June 24th at Atlanta United.
(Corvallis, OR) -- Oregon State will play North Carolina Saturday afternoon in the first game of the College World Series in Omaha. The Beavers won the Corvallis Super Regional by sweeping two games from Big Ten champion Minnesota. OSU is 49-10-and-1. The Tar Heels swept Stetson in the Chapel Hill Super Regionals to advance.
Posted: 2018-06-12 08:38:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Seattle, WA) -- Nelson Cruz blasted two homers and drove in three runs as the Mariners beat the Angels 5-3 in Seattle. Ryon Healy added a two-run blast, while Jean Segura went 3-for-5 to spike his average to .343. Wade LeBlanc allowed two runs in the first, but zilch after that to pick up the victory. Edwin Diaz struck out two in a flawless ninth to log his 24th save. The Mariners are 9-and-2 in the last 11 games.
Posted: 2018-06-12 08:36:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Seattle, WA) -- Mike Leake will be the Mariners starter tonight against the Angels at Safeco Field in the second game of this series. Leake is 3-and-0 with a 2.79 ERA in six starts since losing on May 4th to the Halos. Jaime Barria will be recalled from Triple-A Salt Lake and start for the Angels. He threw six scoreless innings on June 1st against the Rangers in his last big league start.
Posted: 2018-06-12 08:34:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Seattle, WA) -- Six-time Pro Bowl safety Earl Thomas announced on his Twitter account he would not participate in the Seahawks mandatory minicamp that begins today. It bears watching whether Frank Clark and Byron Maxwell will show up. Both skipped the voluntary OTA's. Clark is entering the final season of his four-year rookie contract. If Thomas is the only no-show, Seattle will have 89 players reporting.
Posted: 2018-06-11 07:25:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Portland, OR) -- The Timbers and Sporting Kansas City played to a scoreless draw on Saturday at Providence Park. Portland extended its MLS unbeaten streak to eight games. The Timbers will host the LA Galaxy in the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup Round 16 on Friday. They don't play their next MLS game until June 24th at Atlanta United.
(Corvallis, OR) -- Oregon State is going back to the College World Series, which begins this Saturday. The Beavers won their Super Regional by sweeping two games from Big Ten champion Minnesota. Oregon State is 49-10-and-1. The Beavers will play North Carolina in their opening game in Omaha.
Posted: 2018-06-11 07:24:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Seattle, WA) -- Left-hander Wade LeBlanc will start tonight for the Mariners against the Angels at Safeco Field. LeBlanc is facing the Angels for the first time in his 10-year career. LA will counter with left-hander Andrew Heaney, who threw a one-hit complete-game victory over the Royals in his last start. This is the opener of a seven-game homestand for Seattle.
(St. Petersburg, FL) -- James Paxton struck out 10 and walked none to pick up his sixth victory in beating the Rays 5-4 at Tropicana Field. Paxton has won six straight decisions since a March 31st loss. Kyle Seager and Mike Zunino hit two-run homers and Nelson Cruz added a slot shot in the victory. The Mariners are 12-and-4 in their last 16 games.
(Eugene, OR) -- Georgia captured the men's NCAA Track and Field championship with 52 points over the weekend in Eugene. USC won the women's title with 53 points, while Georgia was a point back. Oregon finished in a tie for 35th in the men's division with eight points. The Ducks women were seventh with 39 points.
Posted: 2018-06-11 07:23:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Seattle, WA) -- Six-time Pro Bowl safety Earl Thomas announced on his Twitter account he would not participate in the Seahawks mandatory minicamp this week or any future team activities because of a contract dispute. Thomas is in the final season for a four-year 40 million dollar contract. The maximum fine amounts for missing all three days of the minicamp total more than 84 thousand dollars.
Posted: 2018-06-08 08:22:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Corvallis, OR) -- Oregon State will host Big Ten champion Minnesota in a NCAA Super Regional series beginning at 2 p.m. today at Goss Stadium in Corvallis. The winner of the best-of-three will advance to the College World Series in Omaha. The second game will begin at 6:30 p.m. tomorrow. If necessary, the first pitch for the third game will be 6 p.m. Sunday. The Beavers are 47-10-and-1. The Gophers are 44-and-13. The Beavers have never lost a home Super Regional.
Posted: 2018-06-08 08:20:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Portland, OR) -- The Timbers will welcome MLS Western Conference leader Kansas City Sporting tomorrow to Providence Park. Portland is undefeated in five home games with four wins and a draw. KC has 28 points to top the West. The Timbers are tied for fourth with 21 points.
(Undated) -- There were 1,214 players picked over three days and 40 rounds of the MLB draft this week. Oregon State left-hander Luke Heimlich was not one of them, although he throws a 97 mile per hour fastball and compiled a 15-1 record with a 2.41 ERA as a senior. Heimlich pleaded guilty to molesting a six-year relative as a teenager as teams shied away from picking him.
Posted: 2018-06-08 08:19:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(St. Petersburg, FL) -- Mitch Haniger homered and drove in three runs for the Mariners as they held off the Rays 5-4 at Tropicana Field. Denard Span helped Seattle build an early 4-0 lead with a solo shot in the third inning. Mike Leake tossed eight-plus innings of two-run ball to get the win. The M's have won six of their last seven to improve to 39-and-23.
(Eugene, OR) -- Kentucky's Tim Duckworth won the men's decathlon at the NCAA Division One Men's and Women's Track and Field Championships at Hayward Field. Kansas' Sharon Lokedi set a meet record in winning the women's 10,000 meters. The meet resumes today with 14 men's champions to be determined. It will conclude tomorrow.
(St. Petersburg, FL) -- Left-hander Marco Gonzalez will start tonight against the Rays at Tropicana Field in the second game of the series. In his past four starts, Gonzalez has allowed one earned run and 16 hits over 26 innings. Tampa Bay will open with Wilmer Font the third straight game they will start a reliever.
Posted: 2018-06-07 07:40:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Corvallis, OR) -- Oregon State will host Big Ten champion Minnesota in a NCAA Super Regional series this weekend at Goss Stadium in Corvallis. The winner of the best-of-three will advance to the College World Series in Omaha. The first game will start at 2 p.m. tomorrow. The second game will begin at 6:30 p.m. Saturday. If necessary, the first pitch for the third game will be 6 p.m. Sunday. The Beavers are 47-10-and-1. The Gophers are 44-and-13. The Beavers have never lost a home Super Regional.
Posted: 2018-06-07 07:39:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Portland, OR) -- The Timbers topped the San Jose Earthquakes 2-0 at Providence Park to advance to the next round in the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup. Dairon Asprilla and Jeremy Ebobisse scored the Portland goals. The Timbers will return to MLS action Saturday, hosting Western Conference leader Sporting KC.
(Undated) -- The Cardinals picked Oregon right-handed pitcher Parker Kelly in the 20th round as Major League Baseball concluded its three-day draft. Ducks catcher Ray Soderman went in the 22nd round to the Braves, while the Royals chose Oregon shortstop Kyle Kasser in the 30th round.
Posted: 2018-06-07 07:38:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Houston, TX) -- The Mariners' five-game winning streak ended with a 7-5 loss to the Astros in Houston. Juan Nicasio yielded four runs in the seventh without retiring a batter. Nelson Cruz, Kyle Seager and Denard Span homered in the loss. The Mariners hold a game lead over the Astros in the AL West. Mike Leake will be the Seattle starter tonight to open a four-game series against the Rays at Tropicana Field. Leake has not walked a batter in his past four starts.
Posted: 2018-06-06 08:49:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Corvallis, OR) -- Oregon State will host Big Ten champion Minnesota in a NCAA Super Regional series this weekend at Goss Stadium in Corvallis. The winner of the best-of-three will advance to the College World Series in Omaha. The Beavers won two lopsided games over LSU to win the Corvallis regional and move on.
Posted: 2018-06-06 08:48:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Secaucus, NJ) -- Ducks pitcher Matt Mercer went in the third round to the Diamondbacks with the 159th overall selection in the MLB draft. Four picks later the Indians called the name of Beavers outfielder Steven Kwan. In the sixth round, the Brewers selected Oregon State right-hander Drew Rasmussen. The Pirates selected OSU third baseman Michael Gretler in the 10th round. The draft ends today with rounds 11 through 40.
Posted: 2018-06-06 08:47:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Houston, TX) -- Kyle Seager crushed a three-run homer for the Mariners in their 7-1 victory over the Astros in Houston. Mike Zunino and Jean Segura also went deep for the M's, who have won five in-a-row. James Paxton struck out six across seven-and-two-third innings to pick up the win. Seattle improved to 38-and-22, which leads the AL West.
(Portland, OR) -- The Timbers will host the San Jose Earthquakes tonight in a Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup match at Providence Park. They will return to MLS action on Saturday against Western Conference leader Sporting KC.
Posted: 2018-06-06 08:46:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Houston, TX) -- The Mariners are wrapping up their two-game set with the Astros tonight in Houston. Wade Leblanc will get the ball for Seattle, while Lance McCullers Junior starts for Houston. The M's have won five straight and hold a two-game lead over the 'Stros for first place in the AL West Division at 38-and-22.
Posted: 2018-06-06 08:45:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Seattle, WA) -- The Seahawks are preparing for minicamp as they begin to wrap up OTA's. Seattle only has one more OTA session remaining after today. Mandatory minicamp will begin on June 12th and end on June 14th.
Posted: 2018-06-05 07:42:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Corvallis, OR) -- Oregon State will host Big Ten champion Minnesota in a NCAA Super Regional series this weekend at Goss Stadium in Corvallis. The winner of the best-of-three will advance to the College World Series in Omaha. The Beavers won two lopsided games over LSU to win the Corvallis regional and move on. OSU clobbered the Tigers 14-1 on Saturday and 12-0 yesterday.
Posted: 2018-06-05 07:41:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Portland, OR) -- The Timbers will host the San Jose Earthquakes Wednesday in a U.S. Open Cup match at Providence Park. They will return to MLS action on Saturday against Western Conference leader Sporting KC.
(Secaucus, NJ) -- The White Sox selected Oregon State second baseman Nick Madrigal fourth overall in the MLB draft. He is the high drafted player in OSU history. The Twins picked Beavers outfielder Trevor Larnach also in the opening round with the 20th overall pick. The Orioles choose OSU shortstop Cadyn Grenier with the 37th pick.
Posted: 2018-06-05 07:40:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Seattle, WA) -- The Seahawks are back on the practice field for Organized Team Activities after a weekend off. Voluntary OTA's will resume throughout the week with the final session taking place on Thursday. Seattle will kick-off mandatory minicamp on June 12th.
(Houston, TX) -- The Mariners are headed to Houston to open a two-game series with the Astros tonight. James Paxton will get the start for Seattle, while Houston counters with Dallas Keuchel. The M's have won four in-a-row and are first in the AL West at 37-and-22.
LaPine Hawks are State Baseball Champions!
We start with prep Baseball and the La Pine Hawks who hadn’t been to even the state semifinals in 35 years, but Friday afternoon in Keizer managed to put it all together and win the class 3-A State Championship.
La Pine held off Horizon Christian, 10-5 to claim the first Title in school history under 4th year head coach Bo DeForest. The Hawks finished the year with a 24-and-4 record and the Blue title trophy.
Meantime, Crater won the 5A Title and Westview claimed the 6A trophy.
Posted: 2018-06-04 09:09:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Seattle, WA) -- Denard Span and Dee Gordon plated runs in the eighth inning to lift the Mariners to a 2-1 win over the Rays and a three-game sweep at Safeco Field. Felix Hernandez struck out seven over eight innings of one-run ball as he improved to 6-and-4. Edwin Diaz pitched a scoreless ninth for his 21st save. The M's wrapped up their homestand 8-and-2.
Posted: 2018-06-04 08:49:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Corvallis, OR) -- Oregon State will host a NCAA Super Regional series this weekend at Goss Stadium in Corvallis. The Beavers won two lopsided games over LSU to win the Corvallis regional and move on. OSU clobbered the Tigers 14-1 on Saturday and 12-0 yesterday. The Beavers will host Minnesota in the best-of-three Super Regional with a spot in Omaha on the line.
Posted: 2018-06-04 08:48:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Secaucus, NJ) -- The 2018 MLB First-Year Draft begins today in Secaucus, New Jersey. The first 43 selections will be announced today to open the three-day affair. Oregon State junior second baseman Nick Madrigal and Beavers junior right fielder Trevor Larnach are expected to be first-round selections. Madrigal is a consensus top 5 pick. OSU shortstop Cadyn Grenier and pitchers Matt Mercer and Drew Rasmussen are also expected to hear their names called in the later rounds.
Posted: 2018-06-04 08:47:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Portland, OR) -- Diego Valeri scored on a penalty in the 57th minute to pull the Timbers even and they held on for a 1-1 draw with the L.A. Galaxy on Saturday at Providence Park. The Timbers six game winning streak came to an end. They are in fifth place in the Western Conference with 21 points. They host a U.S. Open Cup game against the San Jose Earthquakes on Wednesday and return to MLS action on Saturday against Sporting KC.
Posted: 2018-06-04 08:09:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Seattle, WA) -- The Seahawks are back on the practice field today after a weekend off. Voluntary OTA's will resume throughout the week with the final session taking place on Thursday. Seattle will kick-off mandatory minicamp on June 12th.
(Houston, TX) -- The Mariners are headed to Houston to open a brief two-game series with the Astros tomorrow. James Paxton will get the start for Seattle, while Houston counters with Dallas Keuchel. The M's have won four in-a-row and are first in the AL West division at 37-and-22.
For the first time ever, LaPine will be playing for the Class 3A State Baseball Championship. LaPine won the Mountain Valley League regular season championship but lost the State seeding game to league rival Pleasant Hill; then a week later knocked the Billies out of the play-offs with a 5-4 Quarterfinal win. It was Pleasant Hill that bumped LaPine out in the Quarterfinals a year ago.
The Hawks will face Horizon Christian of Tualitin (20-7) who are coming into this game with a 6-game win streak. Horizon Christian makes its third appearance; having won the Championship in 2011 and finishing runner-up in 2013.
LaPine is have a record year at 23-and-4. The game is at Volcano Stadium in Keizer today at 1:30.
Posted: 2018-06-01 09:46:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Corvallis, OR) -- The Oregon State baseball team is gearing up to make a deep run in the postseason as it begins NCAA Tournament play today. The Beavers are a number-one seed and will host Northwestern State in the Corvallis regional. Oregon State ended its regular season at 44-10-and-1, while Northwestern State went 37-and-22.
Posted: 2018-06-01 09:45:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Portland, OR) -- The Timbers are welcoming the LA Galaxy to Providence Park for a match tomorrow. Portland has won six straight and is fourth in the Western Conference standings with 20 points. The Galaxy is eighth in the West with 16 points.
(Oklahoma City, OK) -- The Oregon Ducks erupted for 11 runs to edge Pac-12 rival ASU 11-6 in their Women's College World Series opener in Oklahoma City. Shannon Rhodes hit a three-run homer, Haley Cruse added a two-run shot and Lauren Burke drove in two runs with a triple to lead the Ducks' offense. They will take on number-five Washington today.
Posted: 2018-06-01 09:44:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Seattle, WA) -- The Mariners wrap up their home stand with a three-game series against the Rays at Safeco Field. The first game is tonight. The M's are 5-and-2 so far on the stand. Mike Leake will take the ball in the opener. Seattle is second in the AL West at 34-and-22, one-game behind the first-place Astros.
(Seattle, WA) -- Nelson Cruz was 2-for-3 with a homer and three RBI as the Mariners cruised past the Rangers 6-1 in Seattle. Jean Segura also went 2-for-3 with an RBI and three runs scored. Wade LeBlanc tossed five innings of one-run ball to pick up his first win of the season. The Mariners snapped a two-game slide.
Posted: 2018-06-01 09:35:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Seattle, WA) -- Breanna Stewart led the way with 21 points as the Storm clobbered the Las Vegas Aces 101-71 in Seattle. The Storm led by 24 after the first quarter and never looked back. Jewell Loyd added 20 points to the winning effort. Seattle improved to 5-and-1 and will visit the Dallas Wings tomorrow.
(Salt Lake City, UT) -- The Sounders are looking for revenge as they head to Utah to take on Real [[ ree-AL ]] Salt Lake tomorrow. Seattle has dropped its last two outings and is currently 11th in the Western Conference with eight points. RSL is fifth in the West with 19 points.
Posted: 2018-06-01 09:34:00 by Metro Source Media Networks, Inc.
(Seattle, WA) -- The Seahawks are back on the practice field today. The Seahawks have five more days remaining of voluntary OTA's. They will also workout Monday-through-Thursday next week. Mandatory minicamp runs June 12th-through-14th. | 2019-04-20T04:40:41Z | https://kbnd.com/kbndsports/archives/2018-06/ |
WE generally picture Moses with beams of glory rising from his brow and the two tables of the Law in his hand. A stern man holding forth a sterner Law. But we must correct our idea. Moses is as much an example of faith as he is a representative of Law. What he did was as much due to his faith as were the acts of Paul or John. In describing Moses, the summary must begin, “By faith,” as much as if we were describing Abraham. Continue to regard Moses as a representative of the Law but also view him as a man of wonderful and powerful faith.
I need scarcely remind you that the faith of Moses was peculiarly active and operative. I might apply the words of James to him and say, “Likewise, was not Moses justified by works when he refused to be called the son of Pharaoh’s daughter and chose to endure affliction with the people of God?” The faith of Moses was what ours must be, a faith which worked by love–even love to God and love to His people. It was no mere belief of a fact. But that fact had an overpowering influence upon his life. Moses believed, believed firmly and intensely, believed for himself, so that he took fast hold of that which is invisible. Moses showed the reality of his faith in his life–by what he refused to do–and by what he chose to do.
Both the negative and the positive poles were made right by his faith. Everything about Moses proved the truth and the vigor of his faith in God. He was second to none among those “who believed God and it was accounted unto them for righteousness.” He was king in Jeshurun and he was the greatest of Law-givers. But yet he happily takes his place among Believers who find their all in God. On the Arc de Triomphe which is raised in this eleventh chapter of Hebrews the name of Moses is written among the very greatest of those who lived by faith in God. I pray that while I am speaking this morning faith may be worked in some here present who have it not as yet.
And I pray also that others who have true faith but have not yet avowed it may find themselves drawn to take a decided step and take their place on the side of God and His people. The question, “Who is on the Lord’s side?” is the one I would press upon you this morning in the hope that, like Moses, many of you may be willing to suffer the reproach of Christ, which has not ceased.
Our first remark shall be Moses had faith. The second shall be Moses exhibited clear decision as the result of his faith. And then, thirdly, we will say Moses should be imitated by us.
First, then, MOSES HAD FAITH. I am not going through the whole life of Moses–that is much too large a theme for one discourse. But I shall very much keep to my text.
It is very clear that Moses believed in God. He was learned in all the learning of the Egyptians. He had been brought up in the very best academies of the period. But he had not been seduced from faith in his God. There were many gods in Egypt. But Moses worshipped the one God, the God of his fathers. And though he may have known comparatively little of Him, he knew enough to have no other God but the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. I suppose that his mother and father could tell him but little of the family faith. But as they were God-fearing, believing people, they taught him what they knew.
He believed in the living God, Creator of Heaven and earth. He worshipped one God, the Ruler of Providence–one God who is to be obeyed and adored. And to this God he adhered. I would that all of you believed in the living, personal, working, ever present God! In these days many do not believe in a personal God but in some sort of force or mystic energy–they know not what. This is virtually to have no God at all. To Moses the existence and ruling power of God were the greatest facts of life. He believed in the one living and true God, bowed before Him, desired to be found serving Him and to have Him as his friend, even though this should put him in opposition with all the world. Although the pomp and power and glory and wisdom of the ruling nation were all on the side of idols, Moses worshipped the one God. For in His power and Godhead he solemnly believed.
In the next place, Moses believed that the Israelites were the chosen people of God. This, of course, he had learned from his parents and he heartily believed it, though it certainly did not look to be true. If the seed of Jacob were the people of God, why were they left under oppression? Why were they enslaved by Pharaoh? Why were their children doomed to die? Could the elect of God be left in so evil a plight? If God was the God of this people, why were they made to endure affliction? Perhaps they told him that God had revealed unto their fathers that they were to go down into Egypt and to be strangers in a strange land.
If they are good enough for God, they are good enough for me. If you never join a Church till you find a perfect Church, you must wait till you get to Heaven. And if you could go there as you are, they would not receive you into fellowship. Consider who are the people that acknowledge God in their lives, who hold the Truth of God as it is revealed, who believe the Holy Scriptures and worship God in the Spirit, having no confidence in the flesh. Cast in your lot with these people, however poor and common-place they may be. If they are not all you would like them to be, neither are you yourself all you would like to be. But simply, because you believe them to be the people of God, cast in your lot with them, begging the Lord to have mercy upon you and deal with you as He is likely to do to those who fear His name.
Furthermore, Moses believed it to be wisest to be upon the side of God. “He had respect unto the recompense of the reward.” Adding all things up and making a deliberate calculation of the whole business he believed that it must be right and wise to stand on that side which was in agreement with the living God. He made up his mind that he would be where the Lord was. Now, dear Friends, that is a wise conclusion to come to, is it not? Should we not be on the side of God? We are His creatures–should we contend with our Creator? He has been infinitely good to us–ought we not to side with our Benefactor? All that He does is right, all that He permits is just, all that He advocates is pure.
Should we not be on that side? The other side is the side of evil and darkness, the side of the devil–should we be found there? I think not. O young Man, it will be your glory to be upon the side of God. O young Woman, it will be your beauty to espouse the cause of Christ. What can become of us if we are opposed to God, the Good and True? Shall the thread contend with the flame, or the wax with the fire? If we are on the side of God we are on the right side. And being on the right side we shall have peace of conscience and rest of heart. The right must ultimately win the day.
But even if it were not so, a brave heart is content with being right. Is it just? Is it true? Then put down my name as a soldier in that army. It must be well to be upon the side of God because God’s worst is better than the world’s best. Did you notice how Moses put it? He brings forth affliction and he esteems it to be better than the “pleasures of sin.” Now, pleasures are certainly better than afflictions, according to any ordinary judgment. But Moses came to this conclusion–that although affliction might be God’s worst–it was better than the pleasure of sin, which is evil’s best. He mentions reproach, which is one of the most bitter kinds of affliction, for many a man can bear pain but cannot bear ridicule.
Next, dear Friends, note this–Moses had faith in a future judgment. He looked beyond the present. He “had respect to the recompense of the reward.” It is dangerous to be always looking at things from one point of view. If we could go quite round and see things from the future, looking back upon them rather than forward to them, how different they would appear! “Oh,” said a lady to her minister, “I find great pleasure in going to the play. There is the pleasure of anticipation, there is the pleasure of enjoying it and there is the pleasure of thinking it over afterwards.” “Yes,” said her minister, “I know all that, Madam. But there is one pleasure you have forgotten, namely, the pleasure of meditating upon it on a dying bed.” She shrugged her shoulders, she could see no pleasure there.
I wish that men would estimate their pleasures by that rule. How will they look when they lie dying? How will they appear when they stand before the judgment seat of God? When I have once come into eternity and have to spend it according to the final sentence, how shall I look back upon what I have done? As a Christian man, how shall I look back upon wasted opportunities and idleness in my Master’s vineyard? As an unbeliever, how shall I regard wasted Sabbaths, rejected entreaties, a neglected Bible, a disregarded Mercy Seat? If we could only view things in that clear light which beats about the eternal future we should avoid a thousand mistakes. View the course of life as Moses did, in connection with the recompense of the reward and a resolve will be taken which will make you commence a life for God and holiness.
His faith led him on to personal action. He did not say, “I am placed by Providence in the palace of Pharaoh and so I am not called upon to suffer like the rest of my race.” No, no–he refused to be called the son of Pharaoh’s daughter. He did not say, “I am so circumstanced that I need not suffer and therefore I will keep out of the general trouble as well as I can.” You know how men feel–that there is nothing like keeping on the warm side of the hedge. Moses resolved that he would suffer affliction with the people of God. Moses would be on a level with his brethren. He declared himself to be one of the despised nation. The reproaches of them that reproached Christ in His people fell upon him.
This was the faith of Moses, a real personal faith. Come, dear Friends, ask yourselves, have you all such a personal faith in God? I tell you, if your faith is not personal and practical faith, it is not worth two pence. It will do you no good, either here or hereafter. It will leave you lost to God if it leaves you still a friend to the world and an alien from the people of God. Oh, that you may say from your heart, “This God is my God forever and ever. He shall be my Guide even unto death.” Faith in Moses was the foundation of the whole building of his life. Have you faith? Then every good thing will come of it. Have you no faith? Then you have no beginning from which a happy end can come.
How can you read your title clear to mansions in the skies, when you do not, as yet, know the first letters of the alphabet of Divine Grace? You can never build up a character such as God will approve. For you have not even laid the first cornerstone of faith.
II. Our second point is this–MOSES EXHIBITED A CLEAR DECISION. Oh, that the Spirit of God would work the like in all of us! Note, first, the time of his choice–“When he was come to years.” We do not know the exact time to which this refers. When he was forty years of age he visited his Brethren but his mind may have been made up long before. It was “when he was come to years.” I suppose that means early in life, as soon as he was of full age. Why not earlier still? He was in Pharaoh’s court under many influences which may have prevented an earlier confession. We are not sure that God had yet spoken to his heart so as to make him feel the importance of following the Lord fully.
Anyway, it was in early life that he declined the world and chose his God. It is a grand thing for young people to decide for God soon–it will save them from a thousand mistakes and bring them a thousand advantages. Early piety leads on to eminent piety–he who begins his journey early travels far in the day. The great bulk of those who have distinguished themselves in the Church of God will be found to have been converted while they were yet young. “When he was come to years.” Does some youth here claim that he has not yet come to years? I answer–Is that so? Why, the other day you were demanding of your father certain liberties because you felt yourself quite the man.
I find that lads nowadays become men earlier than they used to do. I wish they would take upon themselves ripe responsibilities as well as covet ripe privileges, Oh, that they would act as Moses did when he came to years! If you feel you have come to years in one way, admit that you have come to years in another way. Say, “Now is the time when I must come right straight out and be a Christian man.” You young women who do not care to be called girls any longer, I pray you give your hearts to Christ. The sooner you are decided, the better. Still it is said, “when he was come to years,” as much as to say that whatever his decision was while he was yet young, that decision was carried out more practically when he was come to years.
We do not wish to retreat from the Covenant of our youth, or draw back from the bond of our Baptism into Christ of long years ago. We repeat the vow and cry, “Bind the sacrifice with cords, even unto the horns of the altar.” Moses decided for God early in life. But he also decided when he was capable of forming a mature and deliberate judgment. Moses went about arranging his life like a man of business and decided wisely. But we must note well the prospect which he gave up. He “refused to be called the son of Pharaoh’s daughter.” To be the son of Pharaoh’s daughter made him a prince of Egypt. Some have thought that the Pharaoh then reigning had no other child but this daughter and that her son Moses would have succeeded to the throne of Egypt. We cannot be sure of that, though it may have been so.
A great many would say–What a fool he was to give up what others covet! I fear that many of you professors would not lose a situation for Christ. Some of you could not lose a shilling a week of extra pay for the Lord. Ah me, this is a miserable age! Go with a lancet throughout these Isles and you could not get enough martyr blood to fill a thimble. Backbones are scarce and grit is a rare article. Men do not care to suffer for Christ. They must be respectable, they must vote in the majority, they must go with the committee and be thought well of for their charity. As to standing up and standing out for Christ, it is looked upon as an eccentricity, or worse.
Today if a young man proposed to sacrifice his position for Christ’s sake, father and mother and friends would all say–“Do not think of such a thing. Be prudent. Do not throw away your life.” Once men could die for conscience sake–but conscience is nowadays viewed as an ugly thing, expensive and hampering. No doubt many advised Moses to be called the son of Pharaoh’s daughter, but he steadily refused. He deliberately divested himself of his rank that he might be numbered with the downtrodden people of God. For a moment I will show you some of the arguments which Moses must have had to meet. In his own mind, when having come to years, he began to think the matter over, many arguments would arise and demand reply.
Moses was an Israelite, indeed. He would not conceal his nationality nor renounce it by becoming a naturalized Egyptian. Though it should tear the heartstrings of his foster mother and be even as a sentence of death to himself, yet he would take his stand. Moses thus proved his faith to be stronger than that of many who are mastered by family ties and held captive by the bonds of earthly love. Unequal yoking is the ruin of thousands. The friendship of the world is the blight of piety. Happy are they who love Jesus more than all!
Next, there would come before the mind of Moses the plausible argument, “Providence has led you where you are and you ought to keep your position.” When Moses looked back he saw a remarkable Providence watching over him in the ark of bulrushes and bringing the Egyptian princess down to that particular part of the Nile to bathe. How singular that she should see the ark and save the life of the weeping babe! Could he fly in the teeth of Providence by relinquishing the high position so specially bestowed? Thus would flesh and blood reason.
How often have I heard people excuse themselves for doing wrong by quoting what they call Providence! Arguments from Providence against positive commands are ingenious deceptions. Providence is of God, but the lesson which we draw from it may be of the devil. When Jonah wanted to flee to Tarshish he went down to Joppa and found a ship going to Tarshish. How providential! Nothing of the sort. When Cain killed his brother Abel, was it Providence which found the club? Whenever a man wants to do wrong he will find opportunities at hand. But let him not excuse his wickedness by the apparent opportunity for it. Be afraid of that kind of Providence which makes sin easy.
When a Providence comes across you in doing right, do not give over your gracious purpose but know that it is sent to try you, whether you can serve the Lord under difficulty. A Providence which chimes in with your natural inclination may be a stone of stumbling by which your hypocrisy will be made clear. Moses felt that Providence did bring him into Pharaoh’s court, but he also felt that it brought him there that he might be put to the test to see whether he would come out of it for the Lord’s sake. Do not believe in the reasoning which suggests that Providence would have us slide along an easy, though evil, way.
Providence, if it is read aright, never tempts to sin, though it may put before us trials for our faith. Our rule of life is the commandment of the Lord, not the doubtful conclusions which may be drawn from Providences. Yet another argument may have met Moses, for it is one which I have heard repeated till I am sick of answering it. Moses could do a deal of good by retaining his position. What opportunities for usefulness would be in his way! See how he could help his poor Brethren! How often he could interpose at the court to prevent injustice! Moreover, what a bright light he would be in his high position–his example would commend the faith of the true God to the courtiers and great ones.
Nobody could tell what an influence would thus be exercised upon Egypt. Pharaoh himself might be converted and then all Egypt would bow before Jehovah. Thus have we met with Brethren who say, “Yes, I am in a Church with which I do not agree. But then, I can be so useful.” Another cries, “I know that a certain religious union is fostering evil. But then, I can serve the cause by staying in it.” Another is carrying on an evil trade but he says, “It is my livelihood and besides, it affords me opportunities of doing good!” This is one of the most specious of those arguments by which good men are held in the bonds of evil. As an argument, it is rotten to the core.
We have no right to do wrong from any motive whatever. To do evil that good may come is no doctrine of Christ but of Satan. Fallen nature may wander in that way but the Grace of God delivers us from such wicked sophistry. Whatever good Moses might have thought that he could do in a false position, he had faith enough to see that he was not to look to usefulness but to righteousness. Whatever the results may be, we must leave them with God, and do the right at all cost.
But, dear Friends, do you not think that Moses might have made a compromise? That idea is very popular. “Now then, Moses, do not be too strict. Some people are a deal too particular. Those old-fashioned puritanical people are narrow and strait-laced–be liberal and take broader views. Cannot you make a compromise? Tell Pharaoh’s daughter you are an Israelite but that, in consequence of her great kindness, you will also be an Egyptian. Thus you can become an Egypto-Israelite–what a fine blend! Or say an Israelito-Egyptian–with the better part in the front. You see, dear Friends, it seems a simple way out of a difficulty to hold with the hare and run with the hounds. It saves you from unpleasant decisions and separations.
Besides, Jack-of-Both-Sides has great praise from both parties for his large-heartedness. I admire this in Moses, that he knew nothing of compromise. First he refused to be called the son of Pharaoh’s daughter and secondly he made a deliberate choice rather, “to suffer affliction with the people of God, than to enjoy the pleasures of sin for a season.” My Hearers, come out, I pray you, one way or the other. If God is God, serve Him. If Baal is God, serve him. If it is right to be an Israelite, be an Israelite. If it is right to be an Egyptian, be an Egyptian. None of your trimming. It will go hard with trimmers at the Last Great Day. When Christ comes to divide the sheep from the goats, there will be no middle sort. There is no place for trimmers. Modern thought is trying to make a purgatory but as yet the place is not constructed and meanwhile you border people will be driven down to Hell. May God grant us His Grace to be decided!
To be with the people of God, one would not mind being in the coal-hole. No one wants to be in Bonner’s coal-hole. But better be there with the martyrs, than upstairs in the palace with the Bishop. To hear the saints' holy talk and sing with them their gladsome Psalms and with them behold the Angel of the Covenant, is a very different thing from mere suffering or imprisonment. “With the people of God”–that is the sweet which kills the bitter of affliction. Nobody here wants to go into a burning fiery furnace. But none of us would refuse to be there with Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego and that “fourth” who was “like unto the Son of God”!
I admire this in Moses, that he does not look at half a thing. He views it all round, and having seen it all, he forms his judgment. He did not choose affliction for its own sake but affliction with the people of God he preferred to the pleasures of sin. Note the next expression–“Esteeming the reproach of Christ greater riches than the treasures in Egypt.” Nobody desires reproach for its own sake. But “the reproach of Christ” is a very different matter. That gives a new flavor to it. Nobody wants to stand up in yonder pillory, where everybody is hurling mud and filth at the object of their scorn. But tell me that the sufferer is the Lord Jesus Christ and I will find you a host of volunteers to stand with Him and gather honor by sharing in His dishonor. “The reproach of Christ.” Why, that is glory!
Thus Moses placed things in their right light and they seemed to undergo a complete change. Now. Notice what he said about the baits upon the other side–“Choosing rather to suffer affliction with the people of God, than to enjoy the pleasures of sin for a season.” See! He calls the pleasures of the court “the pleasures of sin.” Why, Moses, you need not fall into vice! You could be an Egyptian and yet be chaste and honest and sober and just and good. Yes, but he regards his proposed life as the son of Pharaoh’s daughter as full of “the pleasures of sin.” Now, mark this–If you believe in the Lord Jesus Christ, it becomes your duty decidedly to come out and stand on His side. And if you do not do so, the pleasures derived from your sin of omission will be the pleasures of sin. You are living a life of disloyalty to Christ and that is a life of sin.
“Whatsoever is not of faith is sin.” That is to say, if you have not faith that you are doing right, you are doing wrong. And as Moses could not feel that he was doing right by being an Egyptian, whatever pleasure he might have gained from his remaining at court would have been “the pleasure of sin.” Then note the word, “For a season.” Did you hear the tolling of a bell? It was a knell. It spoke of a new-made grave. This is the knell of earthly joy–“For a season!” Honored for doing wrong–“For a season!” Merry in evil company–“For a season!” Prosperous through a compromise–“For a season!” What after that season? Death and judgment.
Note once again, that Moses spoke about treasures. And as a great man in Egypt he knew what wealth there was in the land. But he qualifies the treasures by saying, “treasures in Egypt.” For an Israelite those treasures were nothing, since they were in a foreign land. Treasures in the land that flows with milk and honey–these were real treasures. But treasures in Egypt were a mockery. Moses shakes his head at them. He esteemed the reproach of Christ greater riches than the treasures in Egypt. So, you see, most deliberately, with great discrimination, Moses made his choice and kept to it and God blessed him in it. He was preserved in the ark of Grace from the hand of the enemy and was drawn out of the waters of temptation to be consecrated to the high service of God.
III. I want, in the last place, hurriedly to say that MOSES SHOULD BE IMITATED BY US.
First, Brethren, we should have Moses' faith. The things which Moses believed are true, and therefore ought still to be believed. They are as important today as when he believed them. Let us lay hold upon them and feel their practical bearings this very morning. Young men, especially–I entreat you to believe in God and in His work of Grace among His people, that you may be numbered with His chosen now and in the day of His appearing.
Next, we must imitate Moses in this–that if we do believe we must come out on the Lord’s side. Now that you have “come to years,” do let it be seen on whose side you are. Let there be no doubt, no hesitation, no vacillation. But let those who see you in the house, or in business, know that you are on the Lord’s side. Let me exhort you also to see things in the eternal light. Do not look at things in their bearings upon today, or tomorrow, or the next few years. Judge by eternity. For the present the good man may be a loser. You must look further than your foot. Take the measuring line of the sanctuary and use it when you judge of spiritual things.
By God’s Grace, with Job my heart has said–“Though He slay me, yet will I trust in Him.” Be this the resolve of each one, for Christ’s sake. Amen. | 2019-04-25T02:01:11Z | https://www.thekingdomcollective.com/spurgeon/sermon/2030/ |
The aim of the study is to explore the relationship between CCDC69 expression and resistance of ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin and reveal the underlying mechanism.
One hundred thirty five ovarian cancer patients with intact chemo-response information from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database were included and analyzed. Stable CCDC69 overexpressing 293 and ovarian cancer A2780 cell lines were established and subjected to examine cell apoptosis and cell cycle distribution using CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry. Cell cycle and apoptosis pathway were evaluated by immunoblots. Stability of p14ARF/MDM2/p53 pathway related proteins were determined by half-life analysis and ubiquitination experiments.
We found that CCDC69 expression was significantly higher in chemo-sensitive groups compared with chemo-resistant groups from TCGA database. High CCDC69 expression was associated longer survival. CCDC69 overexpressing 293 and A2780 cells with wildtype p53 and contributes to cisplatin sensitivity following treatment with cisplatin. We further found over-expression of CCDC69 activated p14ARF/MDM2/p53 pathway. Importantly, we also demonstrated that CCDC69 expression extended p53 and p14ARF protein half-life and shortened MDM2 protein half-life. Ubiquitination assay revealing a decrease in p14 ubiquitination in CCDC69 over-expression cells comparing to cells expressing empty vector.
It is tempting to conclude that targeting CCDC69 may play a role in cisplatin resistance.
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the second most common and accounts for greatest number of death from gynecologic malignancies in the world wide [1, 2]. High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC) is an aggressive subtypes and often associated with relatively unfavorable clinical outcomes . Majority of advanced ovarian cancer patients initially responsive to chemotherapy; however, became increasingly ineffective and eventually results in treatment failure . Thus, exploring and understanding the mechanisms responsible for chemo-resistance in ovarian cancer may improve the therapeutic outcomes.
Cisplatin has been the effective and widely used drugs against various human cancers, including ovarian cancer . In response to cisplatin, p53, a key regulator of cell cycle checkpoints, activates a number of genes regulating cells cycle and/or apoptosis . As transcriptional target of p53, p21 plays an important role in the maintenance of and G1 and G2 checkpoints following DNA damage such as cisplatin exposure [6–8]. In addition, p21 can regulate cell cycle progression dependent or independent of p53 following treatment with cisplatin [9, 10]. Previous reports have shown that abrogation of G2/M cell cycle checkpoint is related to enhancement of cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity [11, 12]. Expression of the p53 protein is posttranscriptionally regulated by MDM2. The MDM2 binds to p53 and blocking its activation domain , thus promoting degradation of p53 via ubiquitin-proteasome pathway [14, 15]. Under the DNA damage pressure, the p53 phosphorylation attenuates MDM2 binding ability and then leads to p53 accumulation . Until recent years, investigators have identified another important regulator in this p53/MDM2 pathway, the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p14ARF (termed p19ARF in the mouse) . The p14ARF protein is an alternative reading frame protein product of the CDKN2A/INK4A locus . The other one is p16INK4A protein . It has been shown that the p14ARF binds to the p53/MDM2 complex and inhibits MDM2-mediated degradation of p53 . p14ARF can inhibit cell cycle progression in both G1 and G2/M phases and/or cell apoptosis in a p53-dependent and independent manner [20, 21]. Furthermore, apoptosis stimulated by p14ARF apoptosis is enhanced by loss of p21 mediated cell cycle checkpoint control .
Coiled-coil domain-containing (CCDC) proteins have variety of functions in regulating cell cycle progression and mediating apoptosis following DNA damage in eukaryotic cells [23, 24]. In recent years, several CCDC proteins have been widely studied as tumor suppressors in several types of cancer, such as breast and prostate cancers non-small cell lung cancer [25–27]. However, the studies on the role of coiled-coil domain-containing 69 (CCDC69) in ovarian cancer were limited. As one of these family members, CCDC69 locates on 5q33.1 and is responsible for mitotic spindle and DNA replication . In the present study, we found that CCDC69 expression is significantly higher in chemo-sensitive groups compared with chemo-resistant groups from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. We also found women with high CCDC69 expression was related to longer survival. To further elucidate the role of CCDC69, we then stably expressed CCDC69 in 293 cells and human ovarian cancer cell lines A2780 with functional p53. Our data showed that expression of CCDC69 abrogates G2/M arrest followed by apoptosis in these p53 wildtype cells. Importantly, we also demonstrated that CCDC69 expression extended p53 and p14ARF protein half-life and shortened MDM2 protein half-life due to deubiquitination of p14ARF.
TCGA clinical and CCDC69 expression mRNA data were retrieved from published The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) through the Computational Biology Center Portal (cBio): http://www.cbioportal.org/.The cgdsr extension package was used to execute the retrieval.
Human ovarian cancer cell line A2780 was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and routinely maintained in RPMI 1640 (Invitrogen) supplemented with heat-inactivated 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (Invitrigen) and 1% antibiotic-antimycotic. The human embryonic kidney cells 293 was purchased from ATCC (Bethesda, MD, USA). 293 cells were cultured in high-glucose DMEM (Invitrogen) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Invitrogen) and 100 U/ml of penicillin G/streptomycin. These mammalian cells were cultured in an incubator with an atmosphere of 37 °C in 5% CO2. Cell culture medium was refreshed every two days.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and direct sequencing were used to screen for DNA variations in the coding and the 5′ and 3′ flanking regions of p53. Primers for exons 5–8 are modified from Martin et al. . Primers used for sequencing not shown Additional file 1: Table S1. All purified PCR products were sequenced for variations using an ABI PRISM® Big Dye™ Terminator version 3.1 Cycle sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) and an ABI 3100 automated sequencer (Applied Biosystems).
For the production of lentiviral particles, 293 (1 × 106) were transfected with CCDC69 lentiviral construct (pLenti-CCDC69-GFP) or control plasmid (pLenti-C-GFP, Origene, Bothell, WA, USA) together with pRSV-Rev and psPAX2 packaging vectors using Lipofectamine 2000 transfection reagent (Invitrogen). To generation stable cell lines, viral supernatant were harvested and filter through a 0.45 μm filter to remove cellular debris. The viral supernatant and 4.5 mL of fresh growth medium were added to plates and incubate the cells at 37 °C with 5% CO2 for 4 h. And then removed the transduction medium and added 10 mL of fresh growth medium. Incubated the cells for three more days in the presence of puromycin, and resistant colonies were selected for subsequent experiments.
Cell viability was measured by MTT assay using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8, Sigma-Aldrich) following the manufacturer’s instructions. The absorbance at 450 nm was measured in the microplate reader. The percentage of cell survival at each dose of cisplatin = Mean of A450 (drug-treated cells)/Mean of A450 (untreated cells). IC50 values were calculated using GraphPad Prism Software Version 5 (GraphPad Software Inc., CA, USA) and plotted in dose response curves.
The experiments was performed according to the manual of Alexa Fluor® 488 Annexin V/Dead Cell Apoptosis Kit (Invitrogen) by flow cytometry. About 1 × 106 cells were collected, washed with ice-cold PBS, and resuspended in binding buffer containing suitable amount of Annexin V-FITC. After 15 min of incubation in the dark at room temperature, the buffer was removed by centrifugation. The cells were then resuspended in reaction buffer containing propidium iodide (PI). Apoptosis was immediately detected by flow cytometry.
After the indicated treatments, cells were washed with cold PBS and harvested by centrifugation. Then, cells were re-suspended in 70% (v/v) cold ethanol and stored at − 20 °C overnight. After 30-min incubation with propidium iodide (PI) solution in the dark, cell cycle distribution was analyzed by Cytomics FC 500 (Beckman Coulter) flow cytometer. Results were calculated and visualized by Flow Jo software (version 10.0).
Antibodies against CCDC69, p21 and p14ARF were from Abcam (ab106692, ab109199 and ab3642). p53 Antibody (DO-1) and MDM2 antibody was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit and anti-chicken IgG antibody were used as secondary antibody from Abcam (ab191866 and ab6877). GAPDH was used as an internal control for normalization of protein quantity.
RNA was extracted with the RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen). cDNA was generated with PrimeScript cDNA Synthesis Kit (Takara). P21 mRNA expression levels were evaluated by real-time PCR using the ABI PRISM 7500 sequence detection system (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). TaqMan™ Gene expression assays [cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A)/p21 (Hs00355782_m1)] were from Applied Biosystems. Quantification was based on a comparative ΔCt method using glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH; Hs03929097_g1) as endogenous control. Each real-time RT-PCR was done in triplicate according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
CCDC69 overexpressing 293 or A2780 cells and controls were incubated with cycloheximide (100 μg/mL; Sigma) to inhibit further protein synthesis. Following incubation for 30, 60, or 120 min, cells were harvested. Western blot was done as described above. The relative p53, MDM2, and p14ARF levels were quantified by densitometry analysis using the ImageJ 1.410 image processing software.
For immunoprecipitation/immunoblotting to detect ubiquitinated forms of p14ARF, cells treated with or without cisplatin in the presence of MG132 (20 μM). After incubations for 24 h, cells were lysed in RIPA buffer and protease and phosphatase inhibitor cocktail (Thermo Scientific). Protein lysates were precleared with protein G agarose beads (Millipore) for 1 h and then incubated with G-protein beads bound to p14ARF rabbit polyclonal antibody (Abcam) for 2 h at 4 °C. Beads were washed 3 times in RIPA buffer. Protein was eluted from beads with 2 x SDS-β-mercaptoethanol sample buffer, boiled for 8 min and then loaded on polyacrylamide gels for SDS–PAGE as described above. Blots were blocked in BSA 5% (for phosphor antibodies) or non-fat dry milk 5% in TBS–Tween 0.1% for 1 h and then incubated with primary antibody. Samples were subjected to SDS-PAGE, followed by immunoblotting with indicated antibodies.
Data from at least three independent experiments were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). The differences between two groups were analyzed using the Student’s t test. All analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism Software Version 5 (GraphPad Software Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA) at a two-sided 5% significance level.
A total of 135 patients diagnosed with high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma with intact chemo-response information from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) provisional dataset were recruited into the study. The analysis revealed that CCDC69 expression is significantly higher in chemo-sensitive groups compared with chemo-resistant groups (p = 0.0080) (Fig. 1a). The relationship between patient demographic variables and ovarian cancer chemo-response was analyzed (Table 1). Moreover, survival analysis using ovarian cancer microarray datasets (GSE9891 and GSE17260) indicated a significant association between high CCDC69 expression and better patient survival in the PrognoScan database [30–32] (Fig. 1 b and c, p = 0.033 and p = 0.044, respectively). These data indicate that CCDC69 expression confers to chemo-sensitive and plays a protective role in cancer cell survival.
To understand the role of CCDC69 for cisplatin sensitivity to cells, A2780 and 293 cells were lentiviral transduced with a GFP tagged CCDC69 expression vector or with GFP as a negative control and cultured with puromycin (3 μg/ml) for 14 days. Exogenously expressed CCDC69 was detected by immunofluorescence staining (Data not shown). Immunoblot analysis confirmed that a higher CCDC69 expression in the CCDC69 overexpressing cells compared to those expressing an empty vector (Fig. 2c).
CCDC69 overexpressing 293 and A2780 cells showed an increase in cisplatin sensitivity compared to the cells expressing GFP (Fig. 2a). Moreover, an increased annexin V percentages of positive cells and higher levels of cleaved PARP were found in CCDC69 overexpressing 293 and A2780 cells compared to those expressing an empty vector in the presence of cisplatin treatment (Fig. 2b and c).
As a key molecule regulating apoptosis, we found that p53 protein levels were profoundly increased in CCDC69 overexpressing 293 cells compared to cells expressing empty vector treatment with or without cisplatin (Fig. 2c). Besides, DNA direct sequencing data showed no p53 mutations in A2780 and 293 cells. Collectively, these data indicate that CCDC69 plays an important role in enhancing cells to cisplatin-induced cell death.
As one of the downstream target of p53, we next assessed the expression of p21 by Western blot. The data showed that p21 was marked decreased in CCDC69 overexpressing 293 cells than cells expressing empty vector (Fig. 2c). We further determine the cell cycle phase distribution in CCDC69 overexpressing 293 cells and cells expressing empty vector using flow cytometry. We found that CCDC69 overexpressing 293 cells had significant lower percentages of G2/M phase (Fig. 3). Consistent with apoptotic experiments, we found obvious accumulation of CCDC69 overexpressing cells at sub-G1 (Fig. 3a), which is a clear indicator of apoptosis.
It has been reported that stabilized or accumulated p53 without induction of p21 protein level, suggesting that the induced p53 was transcriptionally inactive [33–35]. We therefore investigated the expression of p21 mRNA in both CCDC69 overexpressing 293 cells and cells expressing empty vector. An increase in p21 mRNA expression was seen at 8 h and 24 h following treatment with cisplatin (Fig. 3b). Collectively, these results indicate that abrogated cell cycle phase may due to p53-independent downregulation of p21 following treatment with cisplatin.
To explain the accumulation of p53, the p14ARF/MDM2/p53 pathway related proteins were evaluated. We found marked reduction in the expression of p14ARF in CCDC69 overexpressing 293 and A2780 cells. These results indicate that CCDC69 enhances the accumulation of p53 may result from inhibition of p14ARF after overexpression of CCDC69.
Therefore, to further determine whether p14 promoted MDM2 degradation is involved in the accumulation of p53 in the presence of CCDC69, we assessed the expression of p14, p53 and MDM2 after treatment with the inhibitor of protein biosynthesis CHX (cycloheximide) (100 μg/ml) for various lengths of time (Fig. 4a). As it was shown in Fig. 4a, the data showed that CCDC69 overexpression significantly extended the half-life of p53 and p14ARF, on the contrary, shortened the half-life of MDM2 (Fig. 4a), suggesting that CCDC69 promotes the accumulation of p53 through activating p14ARF while inactivating MDM2 signaling to sustain p53 and p14ARF expression during cisplatin exposure. Furthermore, ubiquitination assay revealing a decrease in p14 ubiquitination in CCDC69 overexpression cells comparing to cells expressing empty vector (Fig. 4b).
The p14ARF/MDM2/p53 pathway has been well established signaling axis in determining cancer cells apoptosis/quiescence or senescence . It is worth noting that p14 could also induce p53-independent apoptosis [20, 21]. Furthermore, p14 triggered apoptosis is enhanced by loss of p21 mediated cell cycle checkpoint by p53-mediated mitochondrial apoptotic cascade [22, 37]. In our study, immunoblots analyses in p53 wildtype cells indirectly suggested that p14 is dispensable for accelerating cell death after induction of CCDC69 following treatment with cisplatin. Most intriguingly, it was reported recently that p53 aggregation could sensitize cancer cells to platinum treatment . The most likely explanation is that these controversial findings may come from different populations of cancer cells properties. Therefore, the exact nature of the molecular mechanisms involved in these processes need for further investigation in the future.
In our study, we demonstrated that CCDC69 expressing cells abrogated G2 arrest in the reduction expression of p21. Considering that p14 could induce cell cycle arrest in both G1 and G2 phases in a p53-dependent and independent manner [39–41]. One of the explanation is that p21 might be the major cause for G2 cell cycle arrest in response to CCDC69 induction following treatments with cisplatin. Moreover, we showed that reduction of p21 expression in an entirely p53-independent fashion, as the p21 mRNA was found to be transcriptionally inactive. We excluded genetic mutation for p53 inactivation and learnt that many tumors without p53 mutation still harbor a transcriptionally inactive form of p53 [42, 43]. These findings raise the question of the importance of cell cycle variations in cancer cells.
Numerous studies have demonstrated that the tumor suppressor protein p14ARF can stabilize and activate p53 by inhibiting the E3 ligase activity and nuclear export of MDM2, which is followed by formation of the p14ARF-MDM2-p53 ternary complex [44–46]. Based on the extended half-life and decreased ubiquitination level of p14ARF in the CCDC69 overexpressing cells, we concluded that CCDC69 was able to activate p14ARF by increasing stability of the p14ARF protein, which, in turn, promotes activation p53 pathway. Based on above findings, CCDC69 mediates stability of p14ARF and regulates cell cycle and apoptosis response to chemotherapy. Therefore, CCDC69 may be a promising target for therapeutic application in cancer. Although p53 mutations are most frequently occurred in cancer [47, 48], researchers had defined an activity of p14ARF in sensitizing p53 mutated osteosarcoma cells to cisplatin . However, we did not assess the ubiquitination status of p53 and MDM2. Moreover, the physical interactions between p14 and CCDC69 should be further investigated in the future.
In summary, we present data showing that the expression of CCDC69 in chemosensitive groups was significant higher than chemoresistance groups. In addition, the high expression of CCDC69 was associated with better survival based on publicly available databases. Furthermore, CCDC69 could activate the p14ARF/MDM2/p53 signaling pathway, resulting in cancer cell apoptosis. Thus, our study provide knowledge about the role of CCDC69 in chemoresistance of ovarian cancer and provide us further clue develop new therapeutic strategy for ovarian cancer patients.
In conclude, CCDC69 could be play important roles in regulating chemoresistance through activation of p14ARF/MDM2/p53 signaling pathway.
The authors would like to thank Dr. Joseph Kwong from The Chinese University of Hong Kong for his technical support.
National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No: 81301827) from State Council in China and Direct Grant for Research (2015.1.040) from The Chinese University of Hong Kong in Hong Kong.
LC and CCW conceived and designed the study. LC collected and analyzed the data. LC drafted the manuscript in collaboration with FZ, CC and CCW. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. | 2019-04-22T18:22:44Z | https://ovarianresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13048-019-0479-3 |
At about 1618 Eastern Standard Time on 8 July 2015, the pilot/owner of an amateur-built Pitts Model 12, registered VH‑JDZ, took off from Maitland Airport, New South Wales.
Witnesses reported hearing a loud engine noise at about 1630 that caught their attention. They then observed the aircraft at the top of what appeared to be a vertical climb. The aircraft slid backwards, tail first, before entering a horizontal spin. Shortly after, the witnesses lost sight of the aircraft below the tree line and some reported hearing a loud bang.
The aircraft was located by search aircraft and ground personnel who arrived at the site of the accident at about 1715. The aircraft had collided with terrain in thick bushland, fatally injuring the pilot. The aircraft was destroyed by impact forces and an intense post-impact fire.
Radar data and witness reports were consistent with the aircraft being used for aerobatic manoeuvres in the minutes prior to the accident.
The ATSB considered the results of the pilot’s post-mortem examination, which indicated the pilot had coronary artery disease that may have resulted in permanent incapacitation. However, while that remained a possibility, there was insufficient evidence to conclude that it influenced the development of the accident. The ATSB found that for reasons that could not be determined, VH‑JDZ entered a vertical manoeuvre from which the pilot did not regain control before colliding with terrain. Additionally the aircraft was being flown at a height which reduced the time available to effect a recovery, if required.
The ATSB also identified instances of misinterpretation of a number of the regulations concerning the maintenance of amateur-built experimental aircraft. This has the potential to affect the safety of these aircraft and those on board.
Aerobatic flying requires extensive training and ongoing commitment to maintain the skills necessary for safe operations. Unauthorised aerobatic manoeuvres increase the risk to the pilot, any passengers and third parties in the vicinity of the aerobatics.
Low-level flying also presents fewer opportunities to recover from a loss of control compared to flight at higher altitudes. It takes time to react and to regain control of an aircraft, and the closer to the ground you are, the less time and distance you have. Flying at low altitudes is not only risky when things are going right; it becomes downright perilous when things are going wrong.
More information is available from the ATSB’s avoidable accident web page.
Finally, ongoing safety requires aircraft owners and maintainers to operate and maintain the aircraft in accordance with relevant regulations, including those specific to experimental aircraft. Aircraft operation and maintenance outside the regulatory requirements increases safety risk.
At about 1618 Eastern Standard Time (EST) on 8 July 2015, the pilot/owner of an amateur-built Pitts Model 12, registered VH-JDZ (JDZ), departed Maitland Airport, New South Wales on a local flight. The aircraft was being operated in the experimental category and the pilot was the only person on board.
JDZ was fitted with a transponder however, the aircraft was not detected by secondary radar. The lack of a secondary surveillance radar return was consistent with either the transponder not being activated or, if activated, the equipment not operating correctly (see the section titled Radar and airspace information). However, primary surveillance radar detected an aircraft at about 1622, to the south of Maitland Airport. The location and movements of this aircraft were consistent with the area in which the pilot of JDZ was reported to regularly conduct aerobatics (see the following discussion).
The primary radar data indicated that the aircraft initially flew in a south-easterly direction, before heading west toward an area near Lovedale Road and Keinbah Quarry. The aircraft then tracked variously east and west, consistent with the conduct of aerobatic manoeuvres. The aircraft disappeared from radar before reappearing on two occasions during the flight. At about 1630 the aircraft disappeared from radar a third time and was not detected again.
that the aircraft completed several rotations during the spin before sight was lost behind trees.
Three of the witnesses believed the aircraft had impacted terrain and contacted the police. At about 1650 emergency personnel arrived in the area and commenced a ground search. At the same time, a number of aircraft from Maitland Airport commenced an aerial search. A rescue helicopter was also dispatched.
The aircraft was located from the air at about 1712 and ground crews arrived at the site shortly after. The aircraft had collided with terrain in thick bushland in the area in which aircraft regularly conducted aerobatics and close to where the previously-discussed aircraft disappeared from primary surveillance radar. The pilot was fatally injured and there was an intense post‑impact fire. The fire could not be extinguished with the available resources and was monitored until it self‑extinguished (Figure 1).
A radio device that, when triggered by the correct radio signal (called interrogation), transmits a pre-coded reply. Air traffic control ground equipment interrogates the aircraft’s transponder, identifies the aircraft by its reply code and displays the aircraft’s position on the controller’s radar screen.
The pilot commenced flying in December 2006 and was issued with a Private Pilot (Aeroplane) Licence in January 2008. In addition, the pilot was endorsed for single-engine aeroplanes not exceeding 5,700 kg maximum take‑off weight and category design features including retractable undercarriage and manual propeller pitch control.
The pilot had accrued about 750 hours flying experience, mostly in Piper PA32 and Eagle Aircraft 150-type aircraft. The pilot completed an emergency manoeuvre training course in a Pitts S2A in June 2010 and commenced aerobatic training in a similar aircraft in August 2012. In February 2014, the pilot was issued an endorsement to fly ‘tail wheel undercarriage aircraft’ and completed a flight review at the same time.
The pilot commenced dual familiarisation flying in VH-JDZ (JDZ) in December 2014. Basic aerobatic training was also conducted in JDZ from March 2015. At the time of the accident the pilot had accrued about 22 hours in JDZ, of which about 7 hours was solo. The pilot’s aerobatic flying experience, under instruction and in a Pitts S2A, a Yakovlev Yak 52 and JDZ, totalled about 21.5 hours.
The pilot had not yet achieved the required competency to be authorised for spinning or an aerobatic endorsement. In addition, the pilot was advised by his instructors to not conduct solo aerobatics.
The pilot held a current Class 2 Medical Certificate that was issued on 22 January 2015.
JDZ was an amateur-built Pitts Model 12 two-seat tandem biplane, serial number 42. It was powered by a Vedeneyev M14P radial engine and had a two-blade composite constant speed propeller. The only special requirements to operate the Pitts Model 12 were an endorsement for tail wheel undercarriage and for manual propeller pitch control.
The pilot purchased JDZ from the builder on 11 November 2014 and became the registered operator on 11 December 2014.
JDZ was purchased as a kit from the aircraft manufacturer in the United States and assembly commenced in Australia in 1999. The aircraft was issued with a Special Certificate of Airworthiness (SCOA) on 24 October 2006. An annex to the SCOA outlined a number of Phase I operational limitations and specific maintenance requirements. This included the requirement for at least 25 hours of flight testing within a 35 NM (65 km) radius of Wedderburn Airport, New South Wales. Unusually, the SCOA was not limited by an expiry date.
An entry in the aircraft logbook on 12 November 2014 stated that the required 25 flight test hours were complete. Manoeuvres recorded as tested included 'loops, rolls, spins, half‑cuban eights, roll off the top of a loop, wingover and snaps [snap rolls]’. The SCOA flight test area was amended on 12 December 2014 to include Maitland Airport.
On 12 June 2015, SCOA Phase II replaced Phase I, authorising operation of an amateur-built aircraft in accordance with the Phase II limitations. These limitations restricted the conduct of aerobatic manoeuvres to those that had been flight tested.
The aircraft logbook statement required JDZ to be maintained under Civil Aviation Regulation 1988 (CAR) Schedule 5 and in accordance with the additional requirements of the annex to the SCOA. An annual inspection was to be carried out every 100 hours or 12 months, whichever came first. The last annual inspection was completed on 16 March 2015, and the associated maintenance release was valid at the time of the accident.
adjustment of the flying wires during the aircraft ‘flight test phase’.
CASA authorised the holder of a private pilot licence to conduct certain maintenance as specified in CAR Schedule 8 (Schedule 8). In addition, CASA Instrument 33/13 Authorisation of persons to carry out maintenance on certain amateur‑built, kit-built and light sport aircraft with a special certificate of airworthiness detailed that, in some circumstances, a person who builds or has previously built an amateur‑built aircraft of a similar type, may be authorised to conduct certain maintenance and issue a maintenance release for that aircraft.
All maintenance conducted by a pilot under CASA Instrument 33/13 and/or Schedule 8 was required to be certified as per CAR 42ZE.
The occurrence pilot was authorised to conduct maintenance on JDZ as specified in Schedule 8. However, the pilot was not authorised to conduct maintenance on JDZ under Instrument 33/13 as they did not build the aircraft.
It was reported that the pilot replaced the tail wheel of JDZ due to excessive wear and shimmy. This maintenance action was permitted if carried out in accordance with Schedule 8. In addition, it was reported that adjustment of the aircraft flying wires, which was not included in Schedule 8, was carried out by another pilot during the Phase I flight testing period. Neither the tail wheel replacement nor the flying wire adjustments were certified in the aircraft logbook.
This and other ATSB investigations have identified a degree of uncertainty amongst a number of pilots and engineers regarding the certification of maintenance performed on amateur-built experimental aircraft. When asked, CASA advised that, in accordance with CASA Instrument 33/13, a licenced aircraft maintenance engineer (LAME) is authorised to certify for maintenance of certain amateur‑built, kit‑built and light sport aircraft with a SCOA. This authorisation extends to the scope and privileges of the LAME’s licence. Additionally, a LAME may certify for maintenance ‘for and on behalf of’ a maintenance organisation, if the aircraft undergoing maintenance is within the scope of activities for that organisation.
CASA also advised that other than a number of specific exemptions, amateur-built aircraft are to be maintained in accordance with the regulations and any additional instructions detailed in a SCOA annex. Ultimately, as per CAR 42CB Experimental aircraft, the certificate of registration holder is responsible for ensuring the aircraft is maintained in accordance with the regulations. In addition, CAR 133 Conditions of flight requires the pilot in command to ensure that all the required maintenance has been completed and is appropriately certified.
An initial weight and balance was carried out on JDZ on 19 October 2006.
The ATSB estimated the aircraft’s weight and balance for the accident flight based on the available data. This indicated that the aircraft was likely operating within limitations at the time and the ATSB concluded that weight and balance was unlikely to be a factor in the loss of control.
Witnesses described the weather at the time they observed JDZ as being calm with a clear sky.
Weather observations were recorded by an automatic station at the Maitland Visitor’s Centre. Observations for 1500 on 8 July 2015 recorded a temperature of about 15 °C, relative humidity of 60 per cent and a southerly wind at 6 km/h (about 3 kt). This was consistent with the witness observations.
According to the Geoscience Australia website (see www.ga.gov.au/), at about 1630 the sun was at an elevation of 5° above the horizon and an azimuth of 300°. The aircraft that was observed on primary radar, and the ATSB concluded to have been JDZ, was flying in an easterly direction just prior to disappearing from radar at about 1631 (see the section titled Radar and airspace information). The ATSB concluded that it was unlikely sun glare was a factor in the loss of control.
A review of the recorded Maitland common traffic advisory frequency broadcast data determined that the pilot transmitted a departure call on that frequency at 1609 local time. No further transmissions from JDZ were recorded.
The aircraft logbook indicated that during the assembly, the aircraft was fitted with a Mode C transponder that could be activated by the pilot. There was no subsequent logbook entry in respect of the transponder.
Pilots of aircraft fitted with a serviceable Mode 3A or Mode S transponder must activate the transponder at all times during flight, and if the Mode 3A transponder is Mode C capable, that mode must also be operated continuously.
In addition to the potential benefits to air traffic control of the activation of an aircraft’s transponder, aircraft traffic collision avoidance systems rely on transponder information for their traffic alerting and collision avoidance functions. These systems have the potential to enhance crews’ self separation, in particular in uncontrolled airspace.
the primary radar return for the aircraft was lost a third time at about 1631 and was not detected again.
Expert analysis of the aircraft’s radar data as it tracked variously east and west for 4 minutes indicated that the aircraft was manoeuvring consistent with the conduct of aerobatic manoeuvres.
primary surveillance radar could detect aircraft in that area down to an altitude of about 200 ft.
The ATSB concluded that, based on the analysis of the primary radar data, and its consistency with the witness observations, the unidentified aircraft was highly likely to have been JDZ. The ATSB could not determine whether the lack of a secondary surveillance radar return for JDZ was a result of the transponder not being activated or the equipment not operating correctly. Of note, secondary surveillance radar returns were observed for other aircraft in the area, indicating that terrain shielding was not a factor.
The Visual Terminal Chart for the area showed that JDZ was operating in uncontrolled, Class G airspace. This airspace, which extended up to an altitude of 8,500 ft, provided ample altitude in which to conduct aerobatic manoeuvres.
Witnesses reported that a loud engine noise caught their attention and caused them to look up to see JDZ near the top of what appeared to be a vertical climb. The aircraft was then observed to slide backwards tail first, before entering a flat spin. The flat spin descent was described as slow. Sight of the aircraft was lost behind trees and, shortly after, an explosion was heard by some witnesses.
Table 1 provides a summary of the observations that were unique to each witness. Figure 2 shows the location of each witness with respect to the accident site. Of the witnesses, witness D had flying experience.
A 1.75 km south Aircraft ‘swooped side to side’ as it slid backwards, before entering an inverted flat spin.
B 2.9 km south Observed in a nose-down attitude before sight was lost.
C 1.5 km north-west Heard a loud bang after sight was lost.
D 1.75 km north-north-east Reported that the engine sounded normal. The witness did not recall hearing the engine cut out or stall. After sight was lost, the witness heard a loud explosion, followed a few minutes later by a second explosion.
The area was reported to be popular with aerobatic pilots. The witnesses advised that they regularly observed various aerobatic manoeuvres by these aircraft. It was reported that the manoeuvres by the pilot of JDZ were, up to the point where sight was lost, consistent with the regularly-observed aerobatic manoeuvres.
The height of JDZ at the top of the vertical climb was estimated from the witness observations. While it could be expected that the accuracy of this estimation was affected by the witness’ limited visual references, observations from the three closest witnesses to the accident site suggested that the height of the aircraft at the top of the vertical climb was less than 2,000 ft above ground level.
The accident site was about 8 km south-west of Maitland Airport and was located in thick bushland near the Hunter Expressway. Examination of the site and wreckage determined that immediately before colliding with terrain, the aircraft was inverted, slightly nose-down and in an almost vertical descent. An initial fuel-fed post-impact fire was followed by an intense oil-fed fire, which in combination destroyed most of the aircraft.
one propeller blade was torn from the hub and was wedged between the engine and the ground. The other blade was undamaged and had stopped in a vertical position. The positions of the propeller blades indicated that the engine rotated no more than a quarter turn following the impact with terrain.
The flight control system and cables were examined as far as possible. With the exception of the elevator control tube and hinge bolt, continuity of the flight controls was established on-site. A number of elevator and tail structure components were recovered for subsequent technical examination at the ATSB’s technical facilities in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory.
Technical examination of the recovered components determined that the fractures of the control tube and hinge bolt were consistent with overstress. No pre‑existing defects were identified and the failures were likely the result of impact with trees and/or terrain.
The webbing of both seat harnesses was almost entirely destroyed in the post-impact fire. Despite this level of damage, various buckles and harness adjust mechanisms were identified. Of these, one five-point harness buckle and one lap-belt harness buckle were found in the secured, or closed position. The other buckles were found unsecured (Figure 3). Refer to the section Test and research for more detail.
The post-mortem examination identified that the pilot was fatally injured as a result of multiple injuries, consistent with an aircraft accident, and was deceased at the time of the post‑impact fire. The examination also identified significant coronary artery disease. Toxicology results were negative for alcohol and commonly-tested drugs.
CASA records showed that the pilot had been monitored for borderline high blood pressure (hypertension) by the same Designated Aviation Medical Examiner (DAME) since January 2007. In this regard, the pilot had been taking anti-hypertensive medication as prescribed by his general practitioner (GP) since August 2012.This medication was permissible in accordance with the International Civil Aviation Organization Manual of Civil Aviation Medicine and was reportedly effective in maintaining the pilot’s blood pressure within prescribed limits.
The DAME and the GP advised that the pilot had not reported any side effects to the medication.
It was reported that the pilot also regularly took various herbal tonics that were dispensed by a naturopath. Additionally, the pilot was reported to use over-the-counter herbal supplements for relief from allergies, sinusitis and colds. The pilot did not report the use of these herbal supplements to their GP or DAME.
As part of the initial issue and/or renewal of a medical certificate, any prescribed or over‑the‑counter medications taken for greater than 2 weeks (including herbal or alternative therapies) are to be documented. A review of the pilot’s CASA medical file showed that the anti‑hypertensive medication was the only medication noted.
The pilot was reported to be active and healthy. The DAME and GP advised they had no indication to suspect the pilot had significant coronary artery disease, as was identified by the post‑mortem examination.
It was reported that the pilot had been suffering from a head cold for at least a week prior to the accident. However, the severity of the symptoms could not be determined. In addition, the pilot had been heavily involved in the Hunter Valley Air Show over the period 4–5 July 2015. Reportedly this included preparations over several weeks, activities over the weekend and assisting with the post-event clean-up.
The pilot was reported to be well rested and in good spirits in the 2 days prior to the accident. There was insufficient evidence to indicate fatigue was a factor in the loss of control.
It was reported that the pilot was affected by nausea during certain flying activities. Low g Load (g) tolerance and associated airsickness resulted in the pilot’s aerobatic training flights being kept brief or cut short on a number of occasions and with a number of instructors. Certain manoeuvres, such as spinning and negative g, reportedly affected the pilot more significantly than others. In addition, on more than one occasion during an aerobatic training flight, the nausea overwhelmed the pilot to the point where the instructor had to take control of the aircraft.
Aerobatic manoeuvres involve rapid changes in speed and direction which impose significant accelerative forces on the aircraft and pilot. The physiological effects of these G forces can range from minor discomfort to loss of consciousness.
Pilots beginning aerobatics may be adversely affected by airsickness, disorientation and discomfort but continued practice, and the use of appropriate methods of mitigating the physiological effects, will allow most pilots to adapt fairly quickly to standard aerobatic manoeuvres.
The CAAP also provided further and more-detailed information on the various g forces and their effects on the body. It described that pilots can build up their tolerance to g forces with practice but need to be aware that established tolerance levels can be significantly reduced by various factors that affect their physical condition. These factors included, but were not limited to, fatigue, illness, medication, low blood pressure and dehydration. In addition, lack of recent aerobatic practice will also reduce a pilot’s g tolerance and pilots returning to aerobatics after some time need to check and then gradually re-establish their tolerance level.
Sustained rapid rotation, such is in flick manoeuvres or spins, can also lead to disorientation because visual reference is made difficult due to the rapid rotation and there is no visual correction to the confused signals from the balance mechanism.
Recent ear, nose, throat infections may cause injury or pain, as well as disorientation, during aerobatics.
The pilot’s last recorded aerobatic training flight was 28 May 2015. Training notes for that flight indicated the pilot was unable to recover from a stable inverted spin. The pilot’s reported disorientation and nausea that day led to the decision to end the flight and return to the airfield.
The pilot was not required to and did not notify a SARTIME, or leave a Flight Note with a responsible person. In addition, consistent with there being no need for the carriage in the aircraft of an ELT, the aircraft was not equipped with a permanent emergency locator transmitter (ELT). It was reported the pilot did carry a portable ELT but, only on extended cross‑country flights.
The pilot’s decision to not nominate a SARTIME or leave a Flight Note and not carry an ELT increased the risk of a delayed emergency response in the event of an accident or incident. However, in this case the accident was not considered survivable due to the magnitude of the impact forces and intensity of the post-impact fire.
The pilot in command must not fly the aircraft over non-built-up or –populous areas at a height lower than 500 ft unless it is within the exemptions detailed in CAR 157 (4) Low flying. Radar data showed JDZ below 200 ft on two occasions during the flight that day. There was no evidence to indicate any requirement, or authorisation for going below 500 ft during the flight.
abrupt changes of speed, direction, angle of bank or angle of pitch.
A pilot was required to hold the appropriate aeroplane category and a spinning endorsement before an aerobatic endorsement was issued. In addition, the pilot was required to have received training and shown competency in all the course units mentioned in Part 61 Manual of Standards. That training included performance criteria covering loops, rolls, stall turns, recovery from unusual attitudes and spins. The knowledge requirements included, but were not limited to an understanding of the definitions of negative and positive g and the associated effects on the pilot and the aircraft.
subsequent endorsements were necessary for aerobatic activities at lower altitudes.
in all cases the loop should be entered and exited at the same altitude.
The height required to recover from a spin varies with pilot competency and experience. Spin recovery within the number of turns normally required for the aircraft type is essential to achieve basic competency. Early identification of the spin and correct control inputs should result in a prompt recovery.
-Do be certain that you have ample altitude for the maneuvers [sic] that you want to perform.
-Do be sure that you are familiar enough with the maneuvers [sic], and the airplane, that a bad recovery will produce no worse result than embarrassment.
-Know the limitation on your PITTS Model 12 and yourself.
It is highly probable that the consequence of an error or failure during low-level aerobatics will be fatal to the participants.
CAR 155 (5) Aerobatic manoeuvres required an unoccupied seat harness to be secured by the pilot in command prior to conducting an aerobatic manoeuvre. In addition, CAAP 155‑1 (0) Aerobatics discussed the importance of securing unoccupied seat harnesses to prevent them fouling the controls. The ATSB was advised that this procedure had been demonstrated to the pilot and that the pilot was aware of the associated regulatory requirement.
The ATSB determined that the pilot was secured in the rear seat harness and that the unsecured seat buckles were associated with the forward, unoccupied seat (see the previous discussion titled Site and wreckage information). Testing in a Pitts Model 12 aircraft determined that an unsecured forward seat harness had the potential to interfere with the aircraft’s flight controls. Figure 4 shows the orientation of the flight controls with reference to an unsecured forward seat harness.
Refer to appendix A Unsecured seat harness for more information.
Between 1988 and 2010, amateur-built aircraft on the Australian VH-register had an accident rate three times higher than comparable VH-registered factory-built aircraft conducting similar flight operations.
The fatal and serious injury accident rate was more than five-times higher in amateur-built aircraft than in similar factory-built aircraft.
Loss of aircraft control led to 25 per cent of all amateur-built accidents, slightly more than for factory-built aircraft accidents. However, the loss of control accident rate was over four times higher. As compared to factory-built aircraft, serious injury was three times more likely after loss of control in amateur-built aircraft accidents.
Loss of control accidents were more likely to arise from aircraft handling issues where pilots had comparatively lower levels of experience on the aircraft type.
Loss of control was more likely to occur in the initial climb phase of flight.
Amateur-built aircraft pilots were significantly more experienced overall than factory-built aircraft accident pilots. However, they were significantly less experienced on the amateur‑aircraft type being flown at the time of the accident when compared to pilots of factory-built aircraft accidents and amateur-built aircraft owners in general. Twenty per cent of amateur-built aircraft accident pilots had less than 10 hours experience on the accident aircraft type.
compared with non-fatal accidents, fatal accidents were more likely to be associated with violations of rules and regulations. Violations of rules and regulations remove safety defences and, when coupled with an error, increase the likelihood of an accident.
The ATSB has investigated a number of fatal accidents involving the conduct of aerobatics. All are available via the ATSB website at www.atsb.gov.au.
On 8 April 1995 the pilot was observed practising aerobatic manoeuvres in a Pitts S-2A, registered VH-IXY. The early afternoon flight was observed from the ground by a number of other pilots, including a highly-experienced pilot and flying instructor. This pilot/instructor was in radio contact with the pilot.
The instructor reported a number of unusual manoeuvres by the pilot of VH-IXY and unsuccessful attempts by the instructor to contact the pilot. The aircraft then appeared to stabilise and the pilot responded saying he thought he might have blacked out. The aircraft landed normally and the pilot and instructor discussed g-induced loss of consciousness.
During a later aerobatic flight by the pilot of VH-IXY, after a period of standard aerobatic manoeuvres, the instructor on the ground observed the aircraft pitch up before commencing a continuous roll to the left. The instructor made several unsuccessful attempts to contact the pilot by radio. The nose of the aircraft dropped and the aircraft dived almost vertically into the ground.
The pilot was fatally injured and the aircraft destroyed.
The ATSB also investigated the collision with terrain involving a DHC-1 Chipmunk, registered VH‑UPD, which occurred near Coffs Harbour, New South Wales on 29 June 2014.The passenger and witness reports indicated that, during an attempted aerobatic manoeuvre, the aircraft entered a spin. The pilot had reportedly received some aerobatic training but had yet to receive an endorsement. Video footage taken by witnesses showed the aircraft established in a slow, upright spin. The on‑site evidence was consistent with the spin continuing until the impact with terrain. The ATSB found it was likely the pilot did not possess the necessary skills and judgement to conduct the manoeuvre safely and consistently.
On 10 October 2014, the pilot of an amateur-built One Design DR-107 aircraft, registered VH‑EGT, was observed performing a series of low-level aerobatic manoeuvres. Each involved a vertical climb and tumbling manoeuvre followed by a vertical dive and a low altitude recovery. Witnesses reported that, during recovery from the last vertical dive, the aircraft collided with terrain. The aircraft was destroyed by the impact and the pilot was fatally injured.
There was insufficient evidence to determine why the recovery was not accomplished above the pilot’s minimum‑authorised aerobatics height. The accident highlighted the risks inherent in performing low-level aerobatics and the ATSB encouraged pilots to always maintain minimum approved heights above the ground when performing aerobatics.
A review of the United States National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Aviation Accident Database identified two accidents involving Pitts Model 12 aircraft losses of control and one regarding possible pilot impairment that showed similar traits to the ATSB’s investigation of the accident involving JDZ. Below is a brief summary of the NTSB’s investigation reports into these accidents (available at NTSB website).
NTSB investigation report MIA00LA149 involved a collision with terrain of a Pitts Model 12 on 9 May 2000, with both occupants fatally injured. It was reported the pilot had been flying in formation, but discontinued the return flight to practice aerobatics. Examination of the wreckage showed extensive damage consistent with the aircraft impacting the hard ground inverted, in about a 20°–25°nose‑low attitude. The NTSB determined the ‘probable cause’ of the accident as ‘the pilot’s loss of control in flight for undetermined reasons’.
The pilot’s failure to maintain control of the airplane while performing a low altitude, aerobatic maneuver [sic], which resulted in an uncontrolled descent, and an in-flight collision with terrain. A factor associated with the accident was the initiation of a low altitude aerobatic manoeuvre.
NTSB investigation report CEN11LA582 found that ‘the pilot’s impairment during an aerobatic airshow performance for reasons that could not be determined…resulted in an in-flight loss of airplane control’. The report identified the pilot had previously sought treatment for vertigo and nausea suffered while conducting aerobatics.
Replacement of the blades was entered in the aircraft logbook, but the entry did not include the associated release and traceability documentation required by CAR Schedule 6. In addition, the registration details and logbook statement had yet to be updated with the new propeller information.
A flop tube is a flexible hose with a weighted end. The weight ensures the hose draw point remains submerged in the respective fluid whether the aircraft is in normal or inverted flight.
The clockwise horizontal component of the sun’s or moon’s position from true north, measured in degrees.
Common Traffic Advisory Frequency is the frequency on which pilots operating at a non-towered aerodrome should make positional radio broadcasts.
A package of documents that provides the operational information necessary for the safe and efficient conduct of national (civil) and international air navigation throughout Australia and its Territories.
An aircraft collision avoidance system that monitors the airspace around an aircraft for other aircraft equipped with a corresponding active transponder and gives warning of possible collision risks.
AIP ENR 1.6 Section 7.1 Operation of SSR Transponders, paragraph 7.1.2.
Visual Terminal Charts provide aeronautical and topographical information for operations under the Visual Flight Rules in the vicinity of major aerodromes. They also show controlled airspace.
Witness simulations of their observations with an aircraft model were consistent, even when unsure of the correct manoeuvre terminology.
The time nominated by a pilot for the initiation of search and rescue action if a report has not been received by the nominated unit.
Crash-activated radio beacon that transmits an emergency signal that may include the position of a crashed aircraft. Also able to be manually activated.
The purpose of Part 61 Manual of Standards Instrument 2014 is to set out the standards relating to flight crew licensing.
AAIB reports can be viewed via https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/air-accidents-investigation-branch.
The private flight in a Pitts Model 12, registered VH-JDZ (JDZ), was conducted in favourable weather conditions but ended in a collision with terrain, fatally injuring the pilot. The witness observations were consistent with the aircraft exiting a vertical manoeuvre in an uncontrolled state, with insufficient height for recovery before impacting terrain. Wreckage and accident site examination indicated that the aircraft collided with terrain inverted, slightly nose-down and with little or no forward speed.
Given the extent of the impact damage and intensity and effect of the post-impact fire, there was no evidence that any mechanical failure or aircraft unserviceability contributed to the development of the accident. In addition, the surrounding area contained cleared and open paddocks, which could have been used for a precautionary or emergency landing had that been required.
This analysis will consider the circumstances that preceded the loss of control.
The pilot was appropriately licenced to fly JDZ solo and had been encouraged to fly the aircraft solo and with an instructor to increase familiarity and gain experience on type. The pilot did not hold the required authorisation to conduct aerobatic manoeuvres or fly at low altitude. The pilot’s instructors advised the pilot to not conduct solo aerobatic manoeuvres. However, radar surveillance data and witness reports were consistent with the pilot conducting aerobatic manoeuvres in the minutes preceding the impact with terrain. This included flight below 200 ft above ground level.
The pilot’s decision to conduct the aerobatic manoeuvres solo, and without authorisation, increased the risk of unintended departure from controlled flight. In addition, the pilot’s conduct of those manoeuvres at low altitude reduced the height, and therefore the time available in which to recover control of the aircraft should it depart from controlled flight.
The observed vertical manoeuvre, followed by the reported horizontal flat spin is consistent with a loss of control. The reason for the loss of control could not be determined.
The forward seat harness buckles were found unsecured during the wreckage examination. The post-impact fire hindered the ATSB’s ability to determine if the harness had been secured in a non-standard manner prior to the flight, increasing the risk that they might unbuckle. In addition, although unlikely, the possibility that if buckled correctly the buckles may have come undone as a consequence of the impact sequence could not be discounted. Despite these possibilities, the ATSB concluded that the as-found insecurity of the front seat harness buckles suggested that they were not secured correctly as part of the standard pre-flight preparation for solo flight.
Unsecured harnesses have the potential to interfere with the flight controls, in particular during aerobatic flight. The cockpit layout would have inhibited the pilot’s ability to clear such an interference in flight. Any interference could result in an unintended manoeuvre or inhibit the pilot’s ability to recover from a manoeuvre, whether the manoeuvre was intended or unintended.
While flight control fouling remains a possibility, there was insufficient evidence to determine if it was a contributor to the accident.
Pilot incapacitation can impair a pilot’s performance to the extent that safe operation of the aircraft is adversely affected. It can be due to the effects of a medical condition or a physiological impairment and represents a potential threat to flight safety. It can have either a long- or short‑term effect on the pilot.
The pilot’s post-mortem examination indicated that the pilot had coronary artery disease that could have resulted in a permanent incapacitation event. In addition, reports of other flights indicated the pilot suffered from temporary incapacitation as a result of nausea caused by the onset of g forces. Further, the use of non-prescribed medical or herbal supplements or the effects of a cold or virus can increase the risk of pilot incapacitation. The conduct of aerobatic manoeuvres can exacerbate the effects of a number of these conditions and non‑prescribed ‘treatments’.
All of these factors were present during this occurrence and pilot incapacitation could have preceded the loss of control or influenced any recovery. However, while an incapacitating event remained a possibility, there was insufficient evidence to conclude probable contribution to this accident.
Many documents highlight the risks involved with various medications and their possible effects on pilot performance and flight safety. The Designated Aviation Medical Examiner reported being unaware of all medications and supplements reported taken by the pilot. Therefore, the medical examiner was unable to determine any possible interactions between the prescribed anti‑hypertensives and/or the non‑prescribed medication and herbal supplements. This removed a potential protection against the risk of pilot incapacitation as a result of those medicines and supplements.
The ATSB found that uncertified maintenance was conducted on JDZ by authorised and unauthorised persons. The registered operator is responsible for the airworthiness and maintenance control of the aircraft to ensure its safe operation. Additionally, the pilot in command must not commence a flight unless all required maintenance has been completed and certified.
This and other ATSB investigations have reiterated the importance of adhering to the regulations as they apply to aircraft maintenance and operation. However, there is evidence that some in the industry are unsure of, or are misinterpreting a number of the regulations concerning the operation and maintenance of amateur-built experimental aircraft. Authorised aircraft maintenance is mandated to assure a level of safety for aircraft operations. Unauthorised maintenance increases the risk of mechanical failure, in turn reducing the level of safety and increasing the risk of injury or death.
From the evidence available, the following findings are made with respect to the collision with terrain involving a Pitts Model 12, registered VH-JDZ, which occurred about 8 km south-west of Maitland Airport, New South Wales on 8 July 2015. These findings should not be read as apportioning blame or liability to any particular organisation or individual.
Control of the aircraft was lost during a vertical manoeuvre that was likely entered at an altitude lower than that required and the aircraft was not recovered before impact with terrain.
The pilot conducted low-level flight and aerobatic manoeuvres despite not holding the appropriate authorisations, significantly increasing the risk of an accident.
The pilot used non-prescribed medication and herbal supplements without informing their doctor and Designated Aviation Medical Examiner, removing a protection against pilot incapacitation.
Uncertified and unauthorised maintenance was carried out on VH-JDZ, which increased the risk that a technical issue would affect the safety of the aircraft and those on board.
Industry interpretation of the regulations regarding the maintenance of amateur-built experimental aircraft was varied, increasing risk associated with the maintenance of those aircraft.
The front seat buckles were found unsecured and, although unable to be determined if they were not secured correctly as part of the standard pre-flight preparation for solo flight, or they may have undone as a consequence of the impact sequence, any insecurity during aerobatic manoeuvres has implications for flight control fouling.
A draft of this report was provided to the Civil Aviation Safety Authority, the United States National Transportation Safety Board, the aircraft kit manufacturer, a number of flight instructors, the Department of Defence and Airservices Australia.
No submissions were received from those parties.
The aircraft was fitted with two seats to accommodate a passenger forward and the pilot aft. Both seats had a five‑point harness and a lap-belt harness. The dual harness arrangement is typical for aerobatic aircraft. The five-point and lap-belt harnesses are secured to separate airframe attachment points. In addition, the buckles of each harness type operate in opposite directions to minimise the risk of accidental release. It was reported that VH-JDZ had the same type of harness in the forward and rear seats.
The various secured and unsecured harness buckles located on site were retained for further examination.
The lever mechanism of the unsecured forward five-point buckle was observed to be in the closed position; however, it could not be determined if this lever was in the closed position during flight or as a result of the impact with terrain. It was noted, however, that all five buckle components were separate from each other, consistent with the buckle assembly not being secured or closed. Visual examination of the unsecured five-point buckle components did not identify any deformation or damage. In addition, when tested, the buckle mechanism was capable of operation and security.
The rear pilot shoulder harness restraint cable that connected it to the airframe structure had fractured in overload. The tubular structure to which the rear pilot crotch strap was secured had fractured at each end of the tube, where it is welded to the airframe structure. In addition, components of the ‘secured’ rear five-point harness buckle showed signs of deformation (Figure A1).
Damage to the airframe and the severed harness cable at the rear pilot position was consistent with the pilot being secured in the seat at the point of impact. Therefore, the open buckles of the five point harness and lap belt were associated with the unoccupied, forward passenger seat.
Civil Aviation Regulation 155 (5) Aerobatic manoeuvres required an unoccupied seat harness to be secured by the pilot in command prior to conducting an aerobatic manoeuvre. In addition, Civil Aviation Advisory Publication 155‑1 (0) Aerobatics indicates that unoccupied seats should have their harnesses secured to prevent them fouling the controls.
In the Pitts Model 12 the harnesses can be secured by connecting the buckles, pulling the adjustment straps tight, wrapping the adjusting lengths round the bundle and tucking in the loose ends. The ATSB was advised that this procedure was demonstrated to the pilot and that the pilot was aware of the need to secure the seat harnesses.
The ATSB conducted testing in a Pitts Model 12 aircraft to ascertain if unsecured forward seat harness components had the potential to interfere with the aircraft’s flight controls.
The rear pilot’s rudder pedals are positioned on either side of the forward seat base. A loose lap strap and associated buckle, from either the forward seat lap belt or five-point harness, were found to have the potential to interfere with rudder pedal operation. In addition, a buckle component could lodge between the rudder pedal and the diagonal tubular bracing of the airframe (Figure A2).
Access to the rudder pedals from the rear seat was limited and it would be very difficult to release a misplaced front seatbelt by hand. Also, due to the design of the rudder control system, rearward movement of one rudder pedal does not naturally impart a forward movement of the opposite pedal. Therefore, the cockpit layout and rudder design may inhibit the pilot’s ability to free an obstructed rudder pedal in flight.
It was also noted that it was possible for the forward seat crotch strap and associated buckle to interfere with the forward seat elevator control stick (Figure A3). It would not be possible for a rear‑seat pilot to remove this obstruction by hand during flight operations.
Also known as an ‘open loop control’. | 2019-04-24T20:12:39Z | http://www.atsb.gov.au/publications/investigation_reports/2015/aair/ao-2015-074/final-report/ |
The movie Divergent has been filming in Chicago for months and is now filming scenes in Los Angeles. Divergent is a sci fi thriller based on the Veronica Roth novels and is often compared to “The Hunger Games” trilogy. Divergent is a trilogy, The first novel is Divergent followed by Insurgent and the final book Allegiant. The film stars Shailene Woodley as Beateice, Theo James as Four and Kate Winslet as Jeanine.
Divergent, the movie will be released on March 21, 2014.
The working title for the casting call is “Catbird”.
The film project currently called “Catbird” (Working Title) is filming in Los Angeles and casting directors at Sande Alessi are seeking tall, thin women and tall, thin men to be extras on set in January. Must be available for fitting on Monday.
Beatrice Prior, or Tris Prior, a teenager with special powers is told she is Divergent and will never fit into any one group. Tris discovers a conspiracy to destroy all Divergents. Beatrice finds that she is in danger when a leader seeks to exterminate her kind in her effort to seize control of their divided society. The society has factions and Beatrice is initiated into Dauntless.
Los Angeles residents only. No travel expenses will be paid.
NON UNION CASTING NOTICE-Shoots in Los Angeles on “Catbird”. MUST LIVE IN LOS ANGELES TO SUBMIT. You cannot have ever been fit or worked on “Catbird” before. Fitting on Monday, January 6th. Works some or all of January 21st thru 26th.
Do you have a friend or family member who is extremely opinionated and outspoken? When it comes to their morals, do they “practice what they preach” or are they hypocritical? Would they do the right thing when faced with an ethical dilemma? Now is your chance to see how they would really react in a new hidden camera show! Are you ready to put YOUR unsuspecting friends and family members to the test and see their true colors??
Compensation will be provided. Potential candidates must be willing to go to a gym.
Email: [email protected] with your name, age, current photo, phone number & a brief summary about the person you want to set up. Be specific about why they would make a great candidate for our show (pet peeves, strong beliefs, etc..) Please include their name, age, and current photo as well.
Must be available January 10, 11, or 12. Please note which day would work best.
Los Angeles Real World fans have a chance to get cast to be in the audience, to see new episodes before they are out to the world and maybe even hang for the day with the MTV Real World Cast.
MTV is looking for Real World fans in L.A., Sorry out-of-towners, they are only looking for Los Angeles residents who have all day availability on January 9th in Glendale. The show will film at Glendale Studios and the call time is 9AM.
The show is allowing up to 4 tickets for this show per request and I am sure they are on a first come first served basis so if you are interested, you better apply for the MTV tickets ASAP.
Are you a die-hard Real World fan? Do you want to be the FIRST to screen new episodes, see the cast of the newest Real World: Ex-Plosion, and hang with the cast and MTV for the day? Here’s your chance!!!
Must be in Los Angeles.
Must be free for the day on January 9th.
Must be 18 & up (or attend w adult/guardian if under 18).
Busch Gardens Williamsberg will be holding open auditions for triple threats…. Singers/Dancers/Actors for the new lineup of shows for their 2014 season. Auditions will be held in New York City, Atlanta, Williamsberg and Chicago. Rehearsals for the show will begin in February in Williamsberg.
The park has a new lineup of shows that will include a Vegas style musical. Showtime is celebration time at Busch Gardens® theme park. Casting directors are now seeking performers for the incredible performances they put together on outdoor stages and in theaters throughout the park.
Busch Gardens Williamsburg is a 383-acre theme park located in James City County, Virginia, about 3 miles southeast of Williamsburg, originally developed by Anheuser-Busch and currently owned by SeaWorld.
Monday, Jan. 13th – 10:00 am: Female Singers interested in roles listed below.
Monday, Jan. 13th – 1:00 pm: Male Singers interested in roles listed below.
Tuesday, Jan. 14th – 10:00 am: Female Dancers interested in roles listed below.
Tuesday, Jan. 14th – 1:00 pm: Male Dancers interested in roles listed below.
Wednesday, Jan. 15th – 10:00 am: Interactive Performers interested in roles listed below.
Wednesday, Jan. 15th – 1:00 pm: Color Guard interested in roles listed below.
Sunday, Jan. 19th – 10:00 am: Singers interested in roles listed below.
Sunday, Jan. 19th – 1:00 pm: Dancers interested in roles listed below.
Sunday, Jan. 19th – 5 pm: Color Guard and musicians interested in roles below.
Tuesday,Febraury 4th – 10:00 am: Female Dancers interested in roles listed below.
Tuesday,Febraury 4th – 1:00 am: Male Dancers interested in roles listed below.
Wednesday February 5th – 10 am: Color Guard interested in roles listed below.
Please prepare a song selection that shows off your voice and range. Contemporary Broadway or pop is best for us.. Singers should be prepared to come back for a movement call later in the day. Bring sheet music. No CD accompaniment please. Pianist provided. Dancers should bring both characters and flats, and tap shoes if you tap. For the dance call Dancers should still bring a song selection Please bring your audition book, in case you are asked to sing another type of song selection. Bring picture & resume.. Non-Equity performers only.
Tampa Florida – Busch Gardens Tampa Theme Park will be holding open auditions for their 2014 live shows and other performance jobs at the park. Busch Gardens is Part of the Sea World family of parks. Busch Gardens offers a variety of shows including seasonal shows such as Howl-O-Scream, Summer Nights and their Holiday Show, Christmas Town.
Busch Gardens Tampa will be holding open auditions on Sunday February 9th for a variety of shows in our 2014 season. Please see below for more detailed casting information. Some callbacks will be held later that day, so please make arrangements to be available.
Audition date is 2/9/2014 and the audition times for singers, dancers and musicians are listed below – Please note that you need to fill out an online application here first.
Arrive at 3:00 pm on the day of your audition. Be prepared to learn a combination and demonstrate any special skills.
Be ready to learn a challenging dance combination.
Please have your hair pulled back away from your face-we want to see your eyes and great smile.
Please prepare a 1 minute pop/rock selection that highlights your range.
Arrive at 12:00 on the day of your audition.
Your best 16 bars or 1 minute of both an uptempo and ballad selection. Please start with your strongest song, as we may not be able to see both.
A cappella singing will not be permitted.
Singers who act, prepare a 1-minute comedic monologue of your choice. Please arrive at the actor time slot to read your monologue.
Have a current head shot and resume.
We may ask you to learn a simple dance combination, sing a selection from one of our shows and/or read a simple speech.
Looking for musicians with performing experience to play drum kit, guitar, bass & keyboard.
Also looking for guitar players with Flamenco experience- singing experience a plus.
Arrive at 12:30 on the day of your audition. Be prepared to learn a simple movement combination as well as participate in improv exercises.
Please prepare a 1 minute comedic monologue and be prepared to demonstrate any special skills.
If your act requires fire or extensive set up, please bring a video instead.
You may also e-mail any YouTube clips or promotional info to [email protected] . Please put “Specialty Actor” in the subject line.
Arrive at 11:00 am on the day of your audition.
We are located on the south side of E. Bougainvillea Ave. Once you pull in to driveway, please park on your right in the Human Resources parking lot. Please wait outside the security station until the guard has advised you that you may proceed to the entertainment building.
Busch Gardens pays an hourly rate to performers with perks and benefits available to full-time employees such as paid vacation. You can see more details on their website.
Reality Series: Young Women Preparing to Divorce!
A new documentary television series will feature women who got married young, and are now facing a DIVORCE. Screaming Flea Productions, in conjunction with a major cable network, are seeking women under the age of 25 who are preparing to file for divorce but have not yet pulled the plug! The series will feature the unique experiences of young women going through the divorce process, while respecting the magnitude of their situation.
If you are under 25, married, and preparing to tell your husband you want a divorce, we want to hear from you! Please email [email protected] with your name, age, contact information, and a brief summary of your situation.
There will be $ compensation for the women chosen to appear on the show.
Los Angeles Casting directors, Sande Alessi Casting, are seeking quite a few dancers, body builder and a parkour expert for a January video shoot.
The video will film in Los Angeles and auditions will also be held in Los Angeles. The roles are all paid and the skills requited are described below.
Union and non-union are OK to apply. Please only apply if you fit the descriptions exactly and are available to audition in Los Angeles around the beginning of the second week of January. The video will film later in January. No travel expenses will be covered, so L.A. residents only.
Sande Allessi is a Los Angeles based casting director whose credits include Fight Club, Pirates of the Caribbean, The Lone Ranger, The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, War of the Worlds, Entourage, Grownups 2 and countless other production.
Please read carefully because this is quite long (Sande Alessi Casting Notice).
CASTING NOTICE-SAG OR NON UNION (NO UNION JURISDICTION) for Professional Dancers. Shoots in Los Angeles on January 30 & 31. Auditions are January 8th and 9th. Rate is $500/8 + agency.
Wipeout Season 7 Casting Singles for Blind Date Episode!
Hey Everyone! The time has come… Wipeout Season 7 is casting for Singles for an upcoming 2014 episode of the show! Come compete on Wipe out for a blind date and have fun doing it! If you know someone with an amazing personality that needs a date, send the casting team an email!
The show is looking for all kinds of contestants for different episodes. Today, they announced they would be casting a blind date episode and are looking for singles to participate!
Wipeout, the hit ABC over sized obstacle course competition show is coming back in 2014 and open casting calls for wipeout will begin in January of 2014. The show is taking submissions through email as well as having an open casting call.
Do you think you can take on the Huge Red Balls and every other giant sized… and wet obstacle that this very fun physical game show has to offer?
Tryout for Wipe Out Season 7 Coming in 2014!
Wipeout is a ABC game show / reality competition in which courageous participants compete in what is the show calls the “world’s largest obstacle course“.
Wipeout is hosted by John Henson and John Anderson. Jill Wagner is also on the show as the presenter.
Reality TV powerhouse Mystic Arts and Endemol USA are now casting Wipeout 2014!
Wanna compete on Wipeout or know a single who does? send an email to [email protected] with a link to a video. Before creating and sending your video audition, see the below flyer for instructions on what to do with the video.
You can also check out other reality show try outs!
Tired of jumping through hoops and the many risks that come with a night out? It’s all about who you know! Enjoy all of the Perks of Partying by being part of the most connected Social Club!
Casting Industry Standard models who are socially engaging, open minded and able to attend various events in Atlanta, GA area to participate in pilot program for an Elite Social Club. Feedback and surveys are mandatory.
To be determined–in Atlanta, GA.
Seeking Talent: Select a role below for more information and submission instructions.
Models looking to explore the Atlanta Nightlife while enjoying the many perks of being part of an elite social club.
Seeking submissions from: Atlanta, GA; send Comp Card and contact information to above email to apply.
“VIRTUOUS” CASTING VARIOUS ROLES and many featured roles.
JC Films is currently in production on its third Christian / faith based production titled “Virtuous”. The film will be shooting in Georgia and is seeking local talent for the roles listed below. These are unpaid roles so locals only please.
JC Films exists to engage our culture through superbly produced faith-based feature films. You can learn more about JC Films Here. You can also learn more about their previous production by watching the trailer below of their previous work.
Eric Estrada, best known for his work on the TV series “Chips” is the companies spokesperson and also stars it the films. “Virtuous will be the third feature film by JC Films and directed by Bill Rahn.
VIRTUOUS a multi-plot film focusing on unwavering characteristics that will make women live more virtuous, empowered and inspired! What does a virtuous woman look like in today’s culture? Can a woman be both righteous in her convictions and lifestyle while being “rowdy” enough to stand-up and defend those convictions?
VIRTUOUS is a modern day version of Proverbs 31. It’s the story of a Hollywood starlet, a soldier on the battlefield, the successful businesswoman, and the housekeeping and cooking skills of dear old Mom.
All scenes are shot between Griffin, GA and Macon, GA.
About JC Films: We produce family-friendly narrative films to assist Christ-centered, culturally-changing and well-established organizations spread their message through feature films. Basically, we write, cast, and produce amazing films for astonishing ministries to help get their message out!
Please note that these are NON-PAID roles but they are featured roles.
IRAQI SOLDIERS: If you appear Arabic, we want to cast you as an Iraqi soldier in a rescue mission. Scruffy faces, darker skinned. Films January 8.
GYM RATS: Guys especially, 20-50. In good shape gym goers. Films January 3rd.
All looks 20-70 male and female.
NEW YEAR’S EVE PARTY GOERS.
Families with 8-10 year old kids.
Can be the same from NY Eve party or new faces.
Please email name, age, photo of yourself or in case of family submissions, the family photo. In the subject line please put role you are submitting for. ie: IRAQI SOLDIER or JUROR.
Email: [email protected] with your information and follow the above instructions.
New PILOT Casting NOW – Secretly in LOVE with someone you aren’t dating?
We are rooting for the underdog, not making fun or causing drama!
There is VERY generous compensation for the one day shoot.
Brief story of your situation, contact info, and at least one current pic.
Executive Producer, Series Writer, and Creator, Edgar Alexander is seeking for a unsigned undiscovered actor to appear in a nationally syndicated television series.
The Plot- Includes an African-American Family. A loving Father and his Wife, raises their children, in a local community. Starring Edgar Alexander and Kimberly Roulin.
The Football Hero- Cocky, arrogant, has a huge ego, and must have swagger. African-American Male. Ages: 18-22 only.
Salary Paid: $200.00. Including credit, copy, meals, and breaks.
If you’re planning to visit and audition in the Los Angeles, California area, you must provide your own traveling arrangements to audition. If selected by the producer, will pay for the traveling arrangements to be in our show. All auditions will be held in the Los Angeles, California area. Audition date: 3/15/2014. No on-line auditions won’t be accepted. E-mail your submissions at: [email protected] Non-Union only. Entertainment unions not eligible to audition for this event.
For additional roles, please type in New TV Sitcom. At: auditonsfree.com This project, is not affiliated with any talent agencies, management groups, promoters or any other source.
The AMC television series “TURN” is filming in the Central Virginia area and will be holding an open casting call for paid extras / background actors in Virginia for both Union (SAG-Aftra) and non-union talent.
The series is set during the time of the Revolutionary war and production is looking for extras that can fit into that time period. That means no fake hair, body modification, tattoos, braces, etc. All extras need to look natural. They are looking for people who have longish hair to fit into that time period. You can watch the trailer below to see what the show is about and the looks they are seeking.
They are seeking adults and children of all ethnicities with a natural look. You can see the detailed info below for more on what production is looking for.
AMC has churned out some amazing original series lately with Braking Bad and The Walking Dead, I am sure the folks at AMC are hoping Turn will follow their recent trend of award winning dramas. The series is filming now and will be released in 2014. The period drama centers on a py ring during the Revolutionary war.
TURN is set in the summer of 1778, show tells the story of New York farmer, Abe Woodhull, who bands together with a group of childhood friends to form The Culper Ring, an unlikely group of spies who turn the tide in America’s fight for independence.
We are seeking paid background who look authentically from the Revolutionary War period.
An OPEN CALL is being held on Sunday afternoon, January 5, 2014 in Richmond, VA.
SAG-AFTRA members as well as non-union members are encouraged to attend.
Seeking background characters who can look authentically as if they are from the Revolutionary War period for extra roles, including group military scenes, farm field workers, and tavern and village scenes. The Revolutionary War happened over 230 years ago, and we need background characters who look like they are from that time period. Therefore no visible tattoos and no braces. Hair should look natural, NOT processed or colored. Eyebrows should be natural, NOT modern and plucked. Teeth should look natural and real, NOT noticeably capped or modern. Long hair in both sexes is highly desirable. Ability to see/function without physically wearing eyeglasses is needed (contacts are okay).
MEN (especially with long hair) who look proper to the Revolutionary War period. Beards were not popular during the Revolutionary War, and so nearly all of our male roles require men to be clean shaven. Hair long enough to be pulled back into a ponytail (even if there is no actual ponytail beyond that) is very highly desirable. Please let us know if you have experience with Revolutionary War era marching and military drills, or any other unique skills and background relevant to the time period. All ethnicities are needed…especially African American and Caucasian.
WOMEN with long, natural looking hair, including those who can knit, use a spinning wheel and/or have other unique skills and background relevant to the time period. All ethnicities are needed…especially African American and Caucasian.
CHILDREN who look proper to the Revolutionary War period (slender, long hair needed for both sexes), are comfortable outdoors, are good at following directions and comfortable in new situations. All ethnicities are needed…especially African American and Caucasian.
MEN and WOMEN and CHILDREN with characteristics which reflect any physical challenges and/or unique features, including but not limited to: noticeable facial scars, blind or missing eyes, imperfectly healed broken noses, missing teeth, missing limbs or digits or any kind of amputation. All ethnicities are needed…especially African American and Caucasian.
AFRICAN AMERICAN MEN, WOMEN AND CHILDREN able to realistically portray house slaves/field workers during the Revolutionary War period.
It is most preferable that you attend the open call (no appointment needed, hence the name OPEN call) to be considered for background work on the series. We are old school…we want to talk to you in person!
Looking to do the shoot in early to mid January in Las Vegas, NV. Please take note this is not a commissioned shoot thus no one is being paid for it including ourseles. Please send a photo of yourself, your Motorcycle,YOU MUST HAVE A MOTORCYCLE!!! (NO NUDES PLEASE!!!!, this is not that type of shoot), and contact information, phone and email. A staff member will contact everyone who replies to let them know of our decision.
We would like to have this shoot done no later than the 24th of January. It will be done in several locations in the Las Vegas Nevada area. The Photographer that will be taking the photos is our Creative Director/Lead Photographer, who has numerous magazine covers and features worldwide.
This is a NON-Commissioned photo shoot, that is strictly a TFP/TFCD, that may be used for your portfolio etc. You may NOT sell these photos or be compensated in anyway with the used of the copyrighted photos. | 2019-04-25T22:36:06Z | https://www.auditionsfree.com/2013/ |
The method for teaching mathematics to students with disabilities includes an interactive program with a synthesized speech output and voice input, the interactive program being designed with different predetermined modules for different skills (i.e., addition, subtraction, multiplication and division) and for different levels (i.e., beginner, intermediate, expert) and for different modes of learning (i.e., tutorial, testing), the interactive program describing the mechanical process for setting up the problem as if the user had no disabilities and breaking down the problem into smaller and easier problems and querying the user as to the answer to those smaller problems.
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/401,976, filed Mar. 10, 1995 now abandoned.
repeating said outputting, responding, indicating and repeating steps until all of said plurality of problems for solution in said selected problem area module have been solved.
2. The method of teaching mathematics to a student with a disability as claimed in claim 1 wherein said responding by inputting an answer step comprises the use of a standard computer keyboard.
3. The method of teaching mathematics to a student with a disability as claimed in claim 1 wherein said responding by inputting an answer step comprises the use of a mouse.
4. The method of teaching mathematics to a student with a disability as claimed in claim 1 wherein said responding by inputting an answer step comprises the use of voice recognition software wherein the user speaks the answer.
5. The method of teaching mathematics to a student with a disability as claimed in claim 1 wherein said expert skill level comprises queries of the highest level of difficulty and the student is given a time limit for responding to said queries.
6. The method of teaching mathematics to a student with a disability as claimed in claim 1 wherein any of said outputting an initial query step, said responding to said initial query step, said indicating whether said input answer was correct or incorrect step, said outputting a second query step or said step of repeating said responding, indicating and outputting steps can be interrupted by a step of reviewing said steps and said prior input answers.
7. The method of teaching mathematics to a student with a disability as claimed in claim 1 wherein any of said outputting an initial query step, said responding to said initial query step, said indicating whether said input answer was correct or incorrect step, said outputting a second query step or said step of repeating said responding, indicating and outputting steps can be interrupted by a step of advance viewing the next steps.
8. The method of teaching mathematics to a student with a disability as claimed in claim 1 wherein said responding to said initial query step by inputting an answer further includes a step of indicating in said answer the spatial position of said answer by indicating in which column a digit should be placed and whether the answer requires a carryover to another column or a borrow from another column.
The present invention relates to a method for teaching mathematics to students with disabilities.
The ability to solve simple arithmetic problems is essential for the average individual in our society. For example, knowledge of basic addition and subtraction is essential for an individual to engage in conventional commerce and to live and work independently. It is essential for an individual to know if he/she is receiving correct change at the local grocery store or to be able to balance his/her checkbook. Individuals with certain disabilities such as blindness, however, have an extremely difficult time learning and retaining the basic mechanics of arithmetic.
Then, the numbers in the "ones" column are added together and the sum written under the total line drawn beneath that column, the "tens" column is then added, etc., until eventually a total is reached. If the total of any one column is greater than 9, the tens digit is carried over to the next column to be added with the numbers in that column.
Many disabled people, however, cannot master the fundamentals of this mechanical process. If a blind person tries to perform this addition problem in braille, one problem encountered is that writing the "carry-over" from the previous column above the column to the left is very difficult, if not impossible. A blind person loses the advantage of containing the information in a logical format, a format that guides the problem-solver step-by-step through the problem and minimizes the amount of memorization required and which utilizes the immediately preceding answers to contribute to the end result.
A person who is blind has the inconvenience of the medium to deal with since they cannot read printed material. A person who has other types of physical disabilities may not be able to create the symbols required or may have difficulty keeping the columns straight or putting the carry-over number above the correct column.
There are still further difficulties associated with attempting more complex mathematical problems such as division, multiplication, calculus, etc. A person with severe physical disabilities may find it almost impossible to learn these forms of higher math.
Blind individuals have been taught to use an abacus to learn the concepts of math, and demonstrate to an instructor that the process has been learned. The abacus contains tangible information that can be manipulated and retrieved. However it does not create a permanent record, such as on a piece of paper. Moreover, the results of a mathematical problem using an abacus do not lend themselves to review or correction. The steps taken are transient, they cannot be retraced or followed after they are completed. It is a technique that is out of the mainstream, and not readily understood.
Braille has been used for decades to read literature and other static, nonchanging information. It is relatively easy to read or retrieve, but it is very difficult to create or manipulate. One can change a braille character, but you cannot add or remove braille characters. Furthermore, there is not enough room between the characters or lines of characters to insert a temporary number.
Braille requires a mechanical apparatus to create the dots, but when the paper is placed in this apparatus, the information it contains cannot be read. Thus, the data must be read, then placed in the braille writer and updated, then removed and read, then placed back in to add more, etc. This is very clumsy, time consuming, and distracting. It does create a permanent record, but it is also very odd and not easily understood by the typical instructor.
Electronic or mechanical calculators have been and are being used by blind and learning disabled people, especially those that verbalize their output. The disadvantage of using a calculator is that it does all the work for the student, it does not force the student to learn or understand the process. It does not create a record of the steps taken to show the instructor that the student understands the process.
Additional prior systems developed for instructional use for persons with disabilities have included the use of special keyboards or a mouse having tactile feedback in conjunction with computers for blind users, for example. Such systems, however, have never addressed the difficulties of teaching mathematics as opposed to other subjects to persons with disabilities.
There is therefore a significant need for a method of effectively and efficiently instructing persons with disabilities in the field of mathematics for addition, subtraction, multiplication and division skills at a minimum. There is also a need for a method of instruction which will enable cognitive retention of mathematical skills and processes over time.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an effective and efficient method of instruction of mathematics for individuals with disabilities such as blindness, or who lack the physical mobility required to use a standard paper and pencil method of learning mathematics, or those with learning disabilities that inhibit complex, cognitive functions.
It is a further object of the present invention that such a method of instruction be effective in providing cognitive retention of mathematical skills over time.
It is an additional object of the present invention to utilize a synthesized speech output computer system to assist in the teaching method.
It is a still further object of the present invention to provide a method of teaching that will replicate the mechanics of mathematics functions found in normal human cognition.
To achieve the objects and in accordance with the purpose of the invention, as embodied and broadly described herein, a method of teaching mathematics to a student with a disability is provided, comprising the steps of: using an interactive process to output a plurality of queries to the student, said pluralities of queries being output one at a time; selecting a predetermined one of two different modes of teaching of said interactive process, a first predetermined mode of teaching being the tutorial mode for initial learning of a concept by the student, a second predetermined mode of teaching being the testing mode for testing whether the student comprehended the concept in said first mode; selecting a predetermined one of three skill levels of said plurality of queries, a first skill level being a beginner level, a second skill level being an intermediate level and a third skill level being an expert level; selecting a predetermined one of a plurality of problem area modules for instruction, said problem area modules comprising a plurality of problems for solution in the basic mathematical skills including addition, subtraction, multiplication and division; outputting an initial query to the student for response, said initial query being a subpart of a first mathematical problem in said predetermined, selected one of said plurality of problem areas; responding to said initial query by inputting an answer to said subpart of said first mathematical problem; indicating whether said input answer was correct or incorrect and outputting a second query representing a second subpart of said first mathematical problem if said input answer was correct or a reiteration of said first subpart of said first mathematical problem if said input answer was incorrect to the student for response; repeating said responding, indicating and outputting steps until the student solves the first mathematical problem; and outputting a second-level query to the student for response, said second-level query being a subpart of a second mathematical problem in said predetermined, selected one of said plurality of problem areas; and repeating said outputting, responding, indicating and outputting, repeating, and outputting steps until all of said plurality of problems for solution in said selected problem area module have been solved.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate one embodiment of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention.
FIG. 1A-C is a flowchart detailing the flow of steps involved in the method of the present invention.
The present invention overcomes the deficiencies in the prior art. The method of the present invention teaches mathematics to a student with a disability, such as blindness, by using an interactive process to output a plurality of queries to the student, one at a time. The interactive process of the present invention will retrieve from memory a selected problem module containing a series of problems, like a typical homework assignment or classroom test.
The invention forces the user to learn the correct steps in solving a mathematical problem, it creates a permanent record of the steps and results that can be reviewed and/or corrected at a later time. It presents data in a standard form that is easily recognized by teachers and other students. It reinforces a skill that can be used throughout the life and career of the individual. It is easy to manipulate, "user friendly", and can accept and present information in a variety of ways to suit a variety of individuals: voice output or large print or braille for those who cannot see, voice output and highlighted text for people that are learning-disabled, and voice input (from commercial products) for those that cannot use a keyboard or mouse.
Initially, the student-user selects one of two different modes of instruction for the interactive program. A first instructional mode is the tutorial mode. In the tutorial mode, the simulated instructor will give the student-user more explicit hints/advice for solving the mathematical problems presented. And, in this mode, the student can consult a built-in calculator function to give him the correct answer to the problem presented if he asks for it or to tell him that he has correctly answered a problem.
The second instructional mode is the testing mode. In the testing mode, the hints, help and calculator function are eliminated. In this mode of operation, the student tests himself to determine if he has comprehended a concept which he was attempting to learn in the tutorial mode.
The next step in the process of the present invention is for the student-user to select one of three different skill levels for instruction/teaching depending on the student's expertise in a given mathematical skill. A first skill level is the beginner level. If this skill level is selected, the problems will be the easiest ones to solve, the simulated instructor will provide the student with the longest possible period of time in which to answer the questions. A second skill level is the intermediate level. If this skill level is selected, the problems presented to the student will be slightly more difficult than those in the beginner level and the simulated instructor will allow slightly less amount of time within which the student must provide an answer to a given problem.
A third level of instruction is the expert level. The expert level of instruction will present the problems in a more cryptic form and will set time limits for each problem to encourage the student to work quickly.
The next step in the interactive process of the present invention is for the student-user to select one of a plurality of problem area modules for instruction. Each module comprises a plurality of mathematical problems for solution. Each module presents problems for instruction in a different category of basic mathematical skills, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. As a student's skills advance, problem modules include calculus, geometry, etc.
In order for the student to make these selections and to answer the problems which will be presented, the present invention is designed to accept input from several devices, to suit a variety of individuals, i.e., different input devices being envisioned for use by students with different types of disabilities. The standard computer keyboard is one of these devices. Also, the mouse, or other point and click devices, will be supported. Voice recognition input systems will be used for people that are not able to use their hands.
The keyboard will be configured to control the pace and direction of the dialog. The user may want to review the steps and answers given so far, or look ahead to see what problems lie there. The particular keys for these tasks will be definable by the user, but the default can be defined by such items as arrow keys and other cursor-movement keys, the "<" or ">" keys, and mnemonics like Cntrl+N for "Next step" and Cntrl+P for "Previous step. "
Other keys will be used to interrogate the simulated instructor, such as the Cntrl+Q keys for "ask me the current question" or "?" for "what column are we in now?" These keys will also be definable by the user. Communication by the student will be accomplished through a set of key words, either spoken verbally or entered by keyboard. They can be abbreviated and represented by one or two letters. The Key Words can be stored in an alphabetized list which can be retrieved by the student at any time. For example, one key word is "Below" which is abbreviated by the letter "B." As the user types a "B," the word "Below" will appear on the screen and/or be spoken by the voice of the voice simulator. The method of the present invention will use the proper terms for the mathematical function being performed.
Once the student-user makes all of his selections, the simulated instructor outputs an initial query to the student for response, the initial query representing a subpart of a first mathematical problem in the selected problem module.
The present invention will be able to present data as output to the student-user in several ways. Voice synthesizers, like those used by "screen readers" by blind people, will be used for people that are blind, vision-impaired, or learning-disabled. Enlarged and highlighted text or graphical symbols on the computer monitor will be used for people that are vision-impaired or learning disabled. Tactile devices like refreshable Braille displays will be used for people that prefer this method or for someone that is both deaf and blind.
These output modes are in common use today in the disabled computer-user community. The method of the present invention will be able to support or function with these products.
The student will respond to the initial query by the simulated instructor by inputting an answer to the subpart of the first mathematical problem. The simulated instructor will then indicate to the user whether the user's input answer was correct or incorrect. The simulated instructor will output a second query representing a second subpart of the first mathematical problem in the selected module if the user's input answer was correct or will reiterate the first subpart of the first mathematical problem if the input answer was incorrect. The user will then respond to the simulated instructor's second query, to which the simulated instructor will indicate if the user's answer was correct or incorrect.
The responding, indicating and outputting steps will be repeated until the student solves the first mathematical problem in the selected problem area module. The simulated instructor will then output a second-level query to the user representing a second mathematical problem for solution, and the iterative process will then repeat itself until all problems in the selected module are solved.
For example, the process for teaching subtraction in the Test Mode can be illustrated as follows. In the "Test" mode, the student will have to determine where to put the results of each intermediate step, and what step to perform next and will tell the "simulated instructor."
Instructor: "We want the answer to 4096 minus 1976."
User: "Align Larger Over Smaller."
Instructor: "Okay, 4096 is written over 1976, they are aligned."
User: "=0 Below Column 1."
Instructor: "Okay, I put the 0 below column 1."
User: "=2 Below Column 2."
Instructor: "Okay, I put the 2 below column 2."
User: "=1 Below Column 3, borrow 1."
Instructor: "Okay, I put the 1 below column 3, borrowed 1."
User: "=2 Below Column 4."
Instructor: "Okay, I put the 2 below column 4."
The answer will be placed into the file that the problems came from, or a copy of it, so it can be printed later.
In the above example, it is assumed that the student-user was not using a computer keyboard and was required to verbally tell the simulated instructor where to put the answer for each subpart. The voice recognition software will interpret the spoken words and generate the appropriate commands to the interactive program of the present invention. In the alternative, users who are not blind and/or blind users who are familiar with spatial concepts and a "screen reader" can move a mouse/cursor as an input device to the proper "columns" location, such as below the column to be subtracted. Then, the user can press a designated "give me the data here" key which will cause the simulated instructor to respond with the digits to be handled in that column.
When the user is working with a selected problem module, only the answer itself to a given subpart is important, not the placement of where the answer is written.
The user may "unlock" himself from the restrictions of the interactive process at any time and may "look at" the problem in free-form using the cursor keys or mouse or voice input command such as "Review mode, Column 1, read result" to select a segment of the problem to be reviewed. For example, when the process is "working on" column 3 in the above subtraction example, the user will be able to move the cursor to column 1 and read the answer placed there.
If the user had selected the tutorial mode instead of the testing mode with respect to the subtraction module illustrated above, in this mode, the simulated instructor will tell the student-user what step is being taken to solve the problem, what should be done with the data, and will prompt the user for an answer. If an answer is given by the user, the simulated instructor will tell the user what is being done with the answer to that subpart, i.e., "placing answer below column 2." If the user asks for help, the simulated instructor will describe the current column being worked on (i.e., ones, tens), will tell the user the top and bottom digits, will point out to the user if a borrow must occur, and will prompt the user for an answer. Once an answer is given, the simulated instructor will then move to the next step in the process continuing to coach the user. If the student-user is still confused, the "previous" key or voice command may be used to go back to the previous step and review the step with the answers. An illustration of the same subtraction problem illustrated above is provided with respect to the tutorial mode.
Instructor: "We want the answer to 4096 minus 1976. I will align the two numbers, 4096 over 1976, so that their columns of digits line up. Then we can easily subtract each column. What is the answer for column 1, 6 minus 6?
Instructor: "Very good, I put the 0 below column 1. Now, we must subtract the numbers in column 2. What is 9 minus 7."
Instructor: Very good, I put the 2 below column 2. Now we must subtract the numbers in column 3. What is 0 minus 9."
Instructor: Okay, the answer is 1, but you must first borrow 10 from the previous column, making the problem 10 minus 9.
Instructor: "Now we will subtract the numbers in column 4, what is 4 minus 1, having borrowed 1?"
Instructor: "Very good, I put the 2 below column 4. There is no more data. The final answer is the numbers below each column, which is 2120."
More complex problem modules are provided such as in the area of geometry. Here is an example of how the process of the present invention would handle the question "What is the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle whose legs are 3 inches and 5 inches" in the testing mode.
User: "Present as A squared+B squared=C squared."
Instructor: "Okay, A squared+B squared=C squared."
User: "C=square root of 34."
Instructor: "C=square root of 34."
Below is the same problem done in Tutor Mode: Instructor: "Problem, right triangle. Find length of hypotenuse. Side A=5 inches. Side B=3 inches. We will use the Pythagorean Theorem, A squared+B squared=C squared, A and B are the shorter sides, the right-angle sides. C is the length of the long side, the hypotenuse."
"A=5, what is A squared?"
Instructor: "Very good. B=3, what is B squared?"
Instructor: "Very good. A squared=25, B squaed=9, what is A squared+B squared?"
Instructor: "Very good. 34=C squared, what does C equal?"
The "Very good" after each correct answer may be useful initially, however, many users may become annoyed by it. This feature will be configurable by the user, a setting known as Verbosity will control the amount of verbiage in these dialogs. More expert users will probably want less verbiage. The student will also be able to make adjustments to the simulated voice to make it easier to understand with adjustments in the volume, rate and pitch, etc. Moreover, to encourage beginners and to relieve frustration, rewards may be built into the process for good performance by the student and sympathy for "not-so-good" performance. The simulated voice of the instructor can produce sound effects, such as a standing ovation, congratulations from a celebrity, or a cartoon character ("yabba dabba doo ").
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the method of the present invention without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. Thus, it is intended that the present invention cover the modifications and variations of this invention provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents. | 2019-04-18T16:50:45Z | http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5827066.html |
The state of Hawaii has some of the most restrictive gun laws in the country. They require permits to purchase firearms, your guns must be registered, and getting a concealed carry permit is damn near impossible. Despite all of this, Hawaii has a thriving "gun tourism" industry. Susannah Breslin, writing in Forbes magazine, tells of her recent trip to the 50th State.
To be fair, my husband spotted it. We were walking along Kalakaua Avenue in Honolulu, Hawaii, and there, on the bustling-est street in Waikiki, was a shooting range.
“What?” I said, gawking at the Waikiki Gun Club.
I’d come to Hawaii for the beach, the food, the weather. Apparently, some people come for the firearms.
In fact, as you walk down Kalakaua, you’ll see guys holding signs for shooting ranges and wearing T-shirts with targets on them. It’s their job to bring tourists to the smattering of shooting ranges in the area. One flyer offered “REAL GUNS” and “FACTORY AMMO” at the SWAT Gun Club. Another displayed the different firearms — from a 9-mm Beretta to an AK-47 — you could shoot at the Hawaii Gun Club.
It was like Telegraph Avenue in Berkeley, California — except for instead of burning incense and selling hemp necklaces, they were hawking the fruits of the Second Amendment.
According to Lynn Selman of the Royal Hawaiian Shooting Club, the bulk of their customers are from overseas. She estimates that about 60% are Japanese, 30% are either Australians or New Zealanders, and the remaining 10% are locals or mainlanders. The club itself is located in the Royal Hawaiian Center along with high-end stores like Cartier, Hermes, and Fendi.
Why this many Japanese? It is because gun laws in Japan make owning a gun damn near impossible and because they've seen guns in all the action movies. Having seen them, they want the opportunity to shoot them because they aren't going to get that chance at home.
While it is rather sad that these tourist have to come to Hawaii to get a chance to shoot, I'm glad that they are taking advantage of it. The more the Japanese and Australians and New Zealanders see that shooting can be fun, hopefully it will mean they will start pushing a little bit more at home for less restrictive gun laws. At least one can hope that.
Read the whole article by Breslin. It is interesting. It also is a warning of what the future might look like if we don't work to preserve our Second Amendment rights now.
The Complementary Spouse and I enjoy hitting thrift stores, antique malls, and the like. What we call "junkin'" is a cheap way to spend a Saturday afternoon.
Inspired by a post by SayUncle about safety razors and having seen the prices for Gillette Fat Boys and Schick Kronas on EBay, I thought I might find something at one of the local antique malls like the one below.
I had no such luck. I did see a handful of straight razors but the thought of trying to correctly use one of those to shave is too scary for me.
However, the trip was not made in vain. The first thing that caught my eye was the bright red Prius below. Unlike the usual Prius seen in Asheville with its "Another Mama for Obama" bumpersticker, this one had of all things a NRA sticker on the front door window!
An older gentleman (but not the owner of the Prius) sitting near the door of the mall saw me taking the picture and said he was a NRA member. He said he'd joined a couple of years ago and now was being audited by the IRS. While I would hope the story is somewhat apocryphal, one never knows nowadays given the way the IRS under the Obama Administration seems to be targeting groups and people opposed to Obama.
The second thing that caught my eye was a nice fountain pen in a variegated green. I knew it was a Sheaffer the moment I saw the white dot on the cap. I ended up getting it for $20. When I got home I did some Internet sleuthing and found out it was a Sheaffer Triumph Lifetime Vacu-fil in marine green striated made between 1942 and 1949. It is in excellent shape but I still need to test to see whether it will hold ink. The band and the clip show some brassing but I can live with that given the great shape the nib is in.
It was all in all a fun day. As to that safety razor, I may end up doing what SayUncle did and just buying a new Merkur from Amazon. The prices of those old Gillettes on EBay are a bit much.
As the Second Amendment Foundation begins its annual Gun Rights Policy Conference today, one new topic of discussion may well be the suit they filed today on behalf of themselves, Shooters Committee for Political Education (SCOPE), Long Island Firearms, and two individual plaintiffs. The suit challenges that part of the New York SAFE Act which limits the number of rounds that are allowed to be in a lawful magazine to seven rounds unless a person is at a shooting range. With the exception of single stack magazines for the 1911 and a few pocket pistols, most magazines for semi-auto pistols hold more than the seven round limit.
Caron et al v. Cuomo et al was filed in US District Court for the Northern District of New York.
The complaint notes that magazines containing ten rounds and more are in common usage for lawful purposes and that firearms containing ten round magazines are "therefore not dangerous and unusual weapons" per the Heller decision. The complaint goes on to note that individual self defense is "‘the central component’ of the Second Amendment right” as noted in the McDonald decision which was quoting Heller. The suit seeks a declaratory judgment that the seven round limitation violates the Second Amendment and preliminary and permanent injunctions against enforcement of that part of the NY SAFE Act that limits the number of rounds to seven.
The lead attorney in the lawsuit is David Jensen who has brought a number of lawsuits on behalf of the Second Amendment Foundation.
A survey of Irish farmers by the Irish Examiner and the Irish Creamery Milk Suppliers Association (ICMSA) said that over 80% believe they should be allowed to own a gun to protect themselves and their property. This is in response to a rise in violent crime in the rural areas of Ireland and fewer Gardai (Irish national police) stationed there.
According to another story, there are 220,000 gun licenses in Ireland with the vast majority being issued for shotguns used in hunting. As I understand it, Irish law does not allow the average person to obtain a firearm for personal protection purposes though some are trying to change this.
Metro describes itself as a free daily newspaper "written and designed for young and ambitious professionals" which is meant to be read during their morning commute. In other words, yuppies and hipsters living in the big city.
Their New York City edition ran a story on Monday about Project Appleseed. It was part of a series for what they called "Gun Week" which seems to be mostly regurgitated press releases from Mayor Bloomberg's Illegal Mayors.
In a basement classroom of the Westside Rifle and Pistol range, near the Flatiron Building in New York City, students are being given a lesson in early American History. It has a lot to do with guns.
There are 14 students in the classroom, seven woman and seven men. The students have paid less than the price of an average New York dinner to spend three hours together, to learn how to shoot a small caliber rifle and take a rose-tinted walk through the history of the founding of the United States.
This is Project Appleseed, created by the Revolutionary War Veterans Association, dedicated to spreading the art of rifle marksmanship and its place in American history. A mission the group describes on their website as a bulwark against “American ignorance and apathy.” It speaks volumes to the nature of the Apple Seed volunteers that the group doesn’t descend into some thin-veiled, if well-armed, Tea Party propaganda machine.
In an effort to not frighten the hipsters away, they say Project Appleseed is a "middle ground" in the gun debate.
Project Appleseed, and events like it, represents the closest thing to a middle ground in the gun debate that there is in the country right now. It’s a place where the debate can be stripped of some of its caustic rhetoric and returned to something approaching rational conversation as novices learn about the pros and cons of gun ownership.
The photos that accompany the article are of another Project Appleseed event run by Nick Cirillo. Given his name, I wonder if he is some relation to the legendary Jim Cirillo.
Knife Rights and an assortment of individuals are suing Manhattan District Attorney Cyrus Vance, Jr. and the City of New York over its vague definition of what constitutes gravity and switchblade knives. The case, Knife Rights et al v. Cyrus Vance, Jr., et al, is being tried in US District Court for the Southern District of New York. On Wednesday, US District Court Judge Katherine Forrest, a 2011 appointee of President Obama, dismissed the case stating that the plaintiffs lacked standing because they had not identified what was legal or not legal in their complaint.
Excuse me, Judge Forrest, but duh! The whole point of the lawsuit was to force New York to define exactly what knives were legal or not legal under their definition. The District Attorney has already agreed that the same make and model of a knife could be found to be both legal or illegal. If that isn't vague, what is?
Another aspect of this case is that Vance was shaking down knife retailers for money with an efficiency that would make Mafia dons envious. He collected over $2 million from retailers trying to avoid prosecution.
Knife Rights says they plan to appeal this ruling. Their response to the ruling is below.
A U.S. District Court Judge has ruled that persons falsely arrested or threatened with arrest have no standing to sue in Knife Rights' Federal civil rights lawsuit against New York City and District Attorney Cyrus Vance Jr. Although every prior ruling in the case went our way under two previous judges, the case was recently reassigned to Obama appointee Katherine B. Forrest. Litigation always presents the risk that a judge (and especially a judge new to a case) will make an erroneous ruling.
On Wednesday the judge ruled that the plaintiffs in our case - who have been falsely arrested or threatened with arrest over common pocket knives - do not have standing to sue, in part because the case documents don't identify specific knives that would be illegal under New York City's interpretation of state law. The trouble is, it's nearly impossible to identify them under New York City's haphazard and inconsistent approach - which is the whole point of the case in the first place! Even the DA has admitted that different specimens of the exact same make and model knife could be simultaneously found to be both legal and illegal! Click to read the judge's ruling.
So here we have a situation where we're suing because we can't know with certainty what's legal or banned, yet the judge is saying we don't have standing to sue precisely because we haven't identified what's legal or banned in our court papers. That's simply absurd!
But even if the judge were correct - which she is not - she was required by well-established legal principles to allow us a chance to amend our papers to "correct" the supposed "defects." Instead, she simply ignored these principles and declared the case over.
A similar situation arose in a recent lawsuit involving a U.S. District Judge in neighboring New Jersey. After straining to find supposed "defects" in the complaint that affected standing, the judge refused to allow the complaint to be amended to correct the "defects." On appeal, the ruling was reversed and the appeals court criticized the judge, saying she had abused her discretion. The same thing could happen here.
But whatever happens, this ruling forces Knife Rights to spend more time and money to appeal the judge's decision - all while Rome continues to burn. We still receive calls every week from innocent citizens whose lives have been turned upside down simply because they carried a basic tool, a pocket knife, in New York City. Thousands have been arrested on bogus illegal knife charges. In at least one instance of which we are aware, the result of the bogus arrest was that the victim's entire knife collection was confiscated from his home. Gun owners have had their firearms confiscated based on bogus knife arrests.
We cannot let New York City succeed in its attempt to redefine "gravity knife" to include ordinary folding knives. This could become a model for other cities and jurisdictions across America, resulting in knife owners throughout the country being arrested for doing nothing wrong. We cannot let that happen! And, we will not!
Knife Rights is carefully planning its response to Judge Forrest's ruling. We will never stop fighting for your rights, and neither should you. Please help us win this critical battle by contributing to Knife Rights Foundation's Legal Fund today as generously as you can. We've led the fight to defend knife rights in the legislative arena and we are pioneering it in the courts. Please help us defend freedom!
The North Carolina School Board Action Center is a 501(c)(4) organization funded by individual county school boards. As a 501(c)(4) organization, they are allowed to lobby the General Assembly and take part in political campaigns so long as their "primary activity is the promotion of social welfare" according to the IRS. The NCSBAC is the political action arm of the North Carolina School Boards Association and receives its funding through property taxes allocated to the local school boards.
It seems that one of their primary legislative objectives is the repeal of that part of NC GS 14-269.2 which allows limited campus carry for employees who live on campus and allows concealed carry holders to store a firearm in their locked vehicles while on school property.
Grass Roots North Carolina is taking issue with tax money being used to lobby against our gun rights. They released an alert yesterday about it and ask that people contact their local county commissions and school boards to make their displeasure known.
Since Governor Pat McCrory signed HB 937 into law, the North Carolina School Board Association has been touting its newly formed North Carolina School Board’s Action Center (NCSBAC), a new 501(c)(4) organization designed to “strengthen local school board advocacy efforts”. The group receives its funding from individual county school boards through the collection of property taxes. Among their stated primary objectives is to advocate for the repeal of NCGS 14-269.2, which recently granted law-abiding North Carolinian’s with limited campus carry provisions.
That’s right, the NCSBAC is devising a scheme to misappropriate tax dollars collected for education purposes to fund their anti-gun agenda! The brainchild of Charlotte-Mecklenburg School Board Vice-Chairman Tim Morgan and political director Leanne Winner, who has been crisscrossing the state spewing her propaganda during district-wide legislative reviews, has made the organization’s intentions clear: to attack the limited Campus Carry provisions which go into effect on October 1st.
Specifically, she has advised local school board members that “NCGS 14.269.2 is a safety concern for public schools”. She repeatedly and mockingly states that the reason for allowing concealed carry permit holders to retain their guns in a locked car was to provide them with the opportunity to "save the day" in the event of a school shooting. But, in her opinion, the real effect of the legislation was to create a situation where adults angry over the outcome of a high school football game could settle their disputes by “shooting it out in the parking lots". Winner goes on to say that NCSBA will use their 501(c)(4) organization to repeal this provision of NC GS 14-269.2.
While the continued economic downward turn is forcing teacher layoffs and reduced funding to schools across the state, the notion that what little funds remain be spent on pressing a personal political agenda becomes all the more incredulous. Our tax dollars can be utilized in a multitude of more efficient ways to raise and maintain the educational standards of our children than to have them diverted into such pet projects filled with outright anti-gun propaganda.
You CAN make a difference! Using the suggested message and contact information below, contact your local School Board and county commissioners today and demand that they no longer fund the NCBAS until such time as they turn their attention away from personal political projects and return to working to better the educational system in North Carolina in a more meaningful way.
CONTACT YOUR LOCAL SCHOOL BOARD: Using the contact information provided below and suggested message, contact your local school board members and demand that tax money not be spent to fund the NCSBAC which will be used to attack NC GS 14-269.2 by advocating its repeal.
CONTACT YOUR LOCAL COUNTY COMMISSIONERS: Using the contact information below, contact your county commissioners and demand that tax money not be appropriated to fund the NCSBAC which will be used to attack NC GS 14-269.2 by advocating its repeal.
School board email addresses can be found by selecting the “Search Organization” option and typing in your county.
Contact your county commissioners by selecting your county here .
Suggested Subject: "Education Tax Dollars Should Not Be Misappropriated for Anti-Second Amendment Agenda"
It has been brought to my attention that the North Carolina School Board Association has created a 501(c)(4), the North Carolina School Board’s Action Center, with the intent to specifically target positive pro-gun legislation recently signed into law. As a parent/ grandparent/ taxpayer, I am seriously offended that any school board member would condone siphoning money earmarked for education purposes to attack my Second Amendment rights or any other personal political agenda.
I hope that you will represent me by advocating for education and demand that no money from our county school board be used to fund the NCSBAC efforts. I will be monitoring this situation via alerts issued by Grass Roots North Carolina and will remember to vote accordingly.
It has been brought to my attention that the North Carolina School Board Association has created a 501(c)(4), the North Carolina School Board’s Action Center, to specifically target positive pro-gun legislation recently signed into law. As a taxpayer within your county, I am offended by this scheme and ask you to instruct the school board that none of our tax dollars be used to fund the NCSBAC. I adamantly oppose any misuse of education funds.
I hope that you will represent me by advocating for education and demand that no money from our county school board be misappropriated by the NCSBAC. I will be monitoring this situation via alerts issued by Grass Roots North Carolina and will remember to vote accordingly.
Grass Roots North Carolina has two big upcoming events - one a "meet and greet" this weekend and the other is "dinner and a movie" in various NC cities on October 1st. The latter is on the day that the new gun laws go into effect which include the ability to carry concealed in restaurants that serve alcohol. To clarify, a person who is legally carrying concealed in North Carolina is forbidden by law to consume alcoholic beverages while carrying.
Bunnlevel is in Harnett County about halfway between Raleigh and Fayetteville. If I lived closer, I'd love to attend. Range 37 PSR Gun Club is one of the premier gun clubs in North Carolina and looks like a fantastic facility.
1st Annual GRNC Meet, Greet, Eat & Shoot at 37 PSR in Bunnlevel, NC on Saturday, September 28th from noon until 6pm: The event is $30 per person (free under 16) and will be a great opportunity to come out and spend the day with many of the GRNC volunteers who work hard for our gun rights every day. Dinner is potluck, so bring a dish and utensils. For info: [email protected] or call 877-282-0939.
GRNC Dinner and a Movie: Celebrate restaurant carry when it takes effect on October 1 by joining GRNC in Asheville, Hickory, Charlotte (Matthews), Greensboro, Durham or Fayetteville. Where? Texas Roadhouse restaurants, which have already promised they will not post against concealed carry. For info: [email protected] or call 877-282-0939.
SIGN THE “STOP THE GUN BAN” PETITION: Go to: www.StopTheGunBan.org Whether or not you have already signed it, forward this to others and tell them to sign it too.
The Citizens Committee for the Right to Keep and Bear Arms, like the NRA, was dismissive of the signing of the UN's Arms Trade Treaty by Secretary of State John Kerry in New York today.
BELLEVUE, WA – Secretary of State John Kerry may have signed the controversial United Nations Arms Trade Treaty today, but tomorrow it begins gathering dust in the U.S. Senate, the Citizens Committee for the Right to Keep and Bear Arms predicted.
For the ATT to be ratified requires two-thirds confirmation by the Senate. But Gottlieb noted, as did Sen. Inhofe in his letter to Secretary Kerry, that 53 senators have already indicated they will reject any treaty that threatens the Second Amendment.
“If this was all theatrics by the Obama administration,” Gottlieb observed, “the president and Secretary Kerry need better script writers. And we will remind the administration of the warning it received Wednesday morning from Sen. Bob Corker, ranking Republican on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. The Senate has not given its advice or consent on this treaty, so ‘the Executive branch is not authorized to take any steps to implement the treaty.’ How does that look to the world when an administration can’t get one of its pet projects approved on Capitol Hill?
The National Rifle Association has been a staunch opponent of the UN's Arms Trade Treaty from the beginning. They issued the response below to the signing of the treaty on behalf of the United States by Secretary of State John F. Kerry. As Bitter noted in a post on the signing, elections have consequences. Prior administrations not only opposed the talks which led to the Arms Trade Treaty, they actively refused to participate in them. That was then and this is now - unfortunately.
Fairfax, Va. – Today, Secretary of State John Kerry signed the United Nations Arms Trade Treaty on behalf of the Obama administration. The National Rifle Association strongly opposes this treaty, which is a clear violation of the Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
A bipartisan majority of the U.S. Senate is already on record in opposition to ratification of the ATT. On March 23, the Senate adopted an amendment to its FY 2014 Budget Resolution, offered by Sen. James Inhofe (R-OK), that establishes a deficit-neutral fund for “the purpose of preventing the United States from entering into the United Nations Arms Trade Treaty.” This amendment is in addition to the previous efforts of Sen. Jerry Moran (R-KS) and Rep. Mike Kelly (R-PA) to pass concurrent resolutions opposing the treaty in their respective chambers.
Notably, the ATT includes "small arms and light weapons" within its scope, which covers firearms owned by law-abiding citizens. Further, the treaty urges recordkeeping of end users, directing importing countries to provide information to an exporting country regarding arms transfers, including “end use or end user documentation” for a “minimum of ten years.” Each country is to “take measures, pursuant to its national laws, to regulate brokering taking place under its jurisdiction for conventional arms.” Data kept on the end users of imported firearms is a de-facto registry of law-abiding firearms owners, which is a violation of federal law. Even worse, the ATT could be construed to require such a registry to be made available to foreign governments.
“These are blatant attacks on the constitutional rights and liberties of every law-abiding American. The NRA will continue to fight this assault on our fundamental freedom,” concluded Cox.
Secretary of State John Kerry, the vaguely French looking former Senator from Massachusetts who, by the way, served in Vietnam, will sign the UN's Arms Trade Treaty this morning in New York. The State Department release on Kerry's schedule notes that it will be at 9:45am this morning.
The signing will be mostly symbolic as the treaty will require 67 senators to vote for ratification. There are currently 53 senators on record, both Democrats and Republicans, as saying they are opposed to the treaty. Senator Jim Inhofe (R-OK) said in a letter to Kerry that this treaty "will collect dust alongside the Law of the Sea Treaty, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, and the Kyoto Treaty, to name a few, which have all been rejected by the U.S. Senate and the American people."
I think Inhofe is correct. However, by signing the Arms Trade Treaty, Kerry now makes it possible for the Senate in the future to consider its ratification. Without the United States signing the treaty, it would never come up for consideration.
The full text of the Arms Trade Treaty in various UN approved languages can be found here.
Hey, JayG! Did You See This?
For those that haven't heard, well-known gun blogger JayG of MArooned is leaving the Volksrepublik of Massachusetts for the Commonwealth of Virginia to take a job there. Jay is leaving one commonwealth where gun rights have long been under attack for one that is currently in the good column.
However, if gubernatorial candidate Terry McAuliffe (D) has his way, Virginia will become the next Colorado. And by this, I mean the pre-recall Colorado with magazine bans and universal background checks. McAuliffe wants to one-up Hickenlooper by also implementing a one-gun-a-month purchase restriction. Like Hickenlooper, he appears to be in Bloomberg's pocket.
Support common sense gun control measures As Governor, Terry will support mainstream and majority supported gun control measures like universal background checks, limiting the size of magazines, and a return to the 1-gun-per-month rule. These measures respect Virginians’ right to bear arms while reducing gun violence.
According to a poll published on Monday in the Washington Post, McAuliffe is leading Attorney General Ken Cuccinelli (R) by 47 to 39 percent among likely voters. Cuccinelli has been a good supporter of gun rights and this has been recognized by the gun prohibitionists.
JayG better hurry up down to the Old Dominion as I think his vote may well be needed.
As to McAuliffe, I think the Virginia's state motto applies - sic semper tyrannis.
Today's Wall Street Journal has a report on the background screening of the Navy Yard shooter. You may remember there have been many reports about his secret security clearance as well as his passing a NICS background check when he purchased his Remington 870 shotgun. There are also quite a number of reports of his run-in's with law enforcement in both Washington State and Texas involving firearms as well as reports on his signs of mental illness.
Given all of this, how did he pass his security background checks to join the Navy as well as obtain a secret security clearance as a contractor? That is a question for which military officials are seeking answers.
To put it quite simply, he lied.
Last week, the Office of Personnel Management, the agency in charge of overseeing most federal background security checks, said USIS had conducted a complete investigation of Mr. Alexis, including information on the 2004 arrest.
On Monday, the agency said Mr. Alexis had turned in an incomplete security background form in 2007 that omitted information about the arrest as well as financial problems in his past. After uncovering the problems in the normal course of the examination, investigators asked the Seattle Police Department for information on Mr. Alexis. But the department refused, according to the OPM.
The Seattle Police Department didn't immediately respond to requests for comment.
In the 2004 report, Mr. Alexis told Seattle police at the time he shot out a construction worker's car tires in an "anger fueled" blackout because he believed the man had been mocking him.
But Mr. Alexis told a USIS investigator he had gotten into a parking dispute with construction workers near his Seattle home that escalated to a construction worker putting something into the gas tank of Mr. Alexis's car. Mr. Alexis said he retaliated by "deflating" the man's tires, but never mentioned that he did so by firing three shots into the car, according to a copy of the USIS investigation released by the Navy.
This, of course, doesn't let the Navy off the hook for letting the shooter resign from the Navy with an honorable discharge with "a favorable rating". His conduct had caused the Navy to reprimand him several times and they had tried to push him out. I can see letting him resign with an honorable discharge just to get rid of a problem. It is the bureaucratic way to deal with problems and there is less paperwork. However, granting him a "favorable rating" made him eligible to re-enlist in the military and probably facilitated his security clearance. As can be seen on the Navy's NavPers Form 1070/615, an honorable discharge from the Naval Reserve could have been granted without making the seaman eligible for reenlistment.
The bottom line is that the clearance system failed in this case. More importantly, the mental health system in this country has changed in the last 30 or so years that probably the one thing that may have prevented the shootings in the first place - early intervention and involuntary commitment - is almost a thing of the past.
Despite the speculation by TTAG that Illinois is now a constitutional carry state with the Illinois Supreme Court's decision in Aguilar v People, Thirdpower at Days of our Trailers has a warning about not to tempting fate.
Even though TTAG is claiming that IL is a 'Constitutional Carry' State, you can still get your @ss arrested.
Given that Thirdpower is a lifelong Illinoisian and is active in Illinois gun politics, I'm going with him on this one. You might beat the charge of unlawful use of a firearm but you'll probably never see your gun again.
It's time to help out friends in California. While many might write California off as a lost cause, it isn't so long as you have groups like CalGuns, Cal-FFL, and the Firearms Policy Coalition fighting them.
Gov. Jerry Brown (D-CA) might also be known as Gov. Moonbeam but he is a gun owner and signed on to the amicus brief in support of the McDonald case when he was the Attorney General.
So help out our friends in California and perhaps win a Benelli M4 while you are at it.
Oppose DOJ's new anti-gun regulations NOW!
WHEN: BEFORE 5 p.m. on Tuesday, September 24, 2013.
WHY: Among other things, DOJ is trying to make "DROS delays" permanent and remove its lawsuit liability through their proposed regulations.
HOW: Use FPC's fast, easy, and free TAKE ACTION contact form at https://www.firearmspolicy.org/the-issues/california/2013-2014/proposed-doj-regulation-11-ccr-4210-et-seq. A letter to DOJ addressing these outrageous proposed regulations is already built-in to the FPC TAKE ACTION contact form; however, you may edit the text as you like to reflect your personal concerns.
PUBLIC HEARING: DOJ will hold a public hearing to receive public comments on the proposed regulatory action at 1:00 p.m. on September 24, 2013, at the Department of Water Resources Auditorium located at 1416 9th Street, in Sacramento, California. The auditorium is wheelchair accessible. At the hearing, any person may present oral or written comments regarding the proposed regulatory action. DOJ requests, but does not require, that persons making oral comments at the hearing also submit a written copy of their testimony.
Please send your letter RIGHT NOW, then SHARE THIS IMPORTANT MESSAGE to all of your pro-gun family and friends. Post on Facebook & Twitter -- help us get the word out!
NRA News has added a new face to their stable of commentators. Joining Colion Noir, Dom Raso, and Natalie Foster is Billy Johnson. His goal is to get people to start looking at things and events in a different way. He has a YouTube channel called AmidsTheNoise.
In his first video for NRA News, Billy argues that policymakers have a mistaken focus on the tools of violence rather than the logic of violence. An example of this would be gang leaders. They got to be gang leaders by using violence to show that they were the meanest and baddest. Whether they used a Glock, a switchblade, or their fists to kill or maim their rivals is not the issue. The issue is that they were willing to use violence to achieve their aims.
Likewise rewarding social outcasts with instant celebrity or infamy after incidents like Aurora or Tucson has the effect of rewarding violence - even in mainstream society.
I look forward to more of Billy's commentaries. I have embedded his first one below.
What Do McDonalds And Dunkin Donuts Have To Say About Carry In Their Stores?
Howard Schultz's letter requesting that customers refrain from carrying their lawfully owned firearms in Starbucks hit a nerve last week. It not only unleashed a tsunami of criticism from gun owners but it caused a number of introspective posts from gun bloggers regarding open carry. The tactics of some open carry activists were especially subject to criticism.
All of this controversy led to questions about Starbucks's competitors and their policies. Business Insider, a business website, reached out to both McDonalds and Dunkin Donuts to find out their policies.
In essence, they will abide by the local and state laws where their stores are located.
“We recognize that there is a lot of emotion and passion surrounding the issue of firearms and open carry weapons laws.
While we respect the differing views of all our customers, McDonald’s company-owned restaurants follow local, state and federal laws as it relates to open carry weapons in our restaurants.
"Dunkin’ Donuts and Baskin-Robbins restaurants are owned and operated by individual franchisees who are required to follow all federal, state and local laws with regard to firearms."
While North Carolina has had open carry since 1921, I would hope that open carry activists would use some discretion. It is one thing to have a revolver or pistol on your hip; it is entirely another thing to carry an AR or shotgun on a sling. Let's face it, when the average gun owner open carries, it is a handgun unless they are out in the woods.
In the latest training tips video from the National Shooting Sports Foundation, NSSF's Dave Miles discusses long range shooting with Rod Ryan of Storm Mountain Training. In particular, they discuss trace or the wake of a bullet as it pushes through the air. If you watch the video below carefully, you can see the actual trace or path of the bullet. Having a spotter watch the trace will allow you to make the necessary corrections for long range shooting.
In the latest NRA video from Il Ling New of Gunsite, she talks about the importance of creating and maintaining distance. While this series of short videos is aimed at women and is sponsored by NRAWomen.tv, her advice applies for both men and women. Distance from a potential threat is good, more distance is better.
I haven't bought my NC Sportsmans License yet this year. Even if I don't get out hunting I do try to buy one to help support the NC Wildlife Resources Commission. In North Carolina, the Sportsmans License cover you for everything from fishing to big game hunting. The only thing it doesn't cover is the Federal Duck Stamp and fishing in coastal waters.
The National Shooting Sports Foundation just published a new infographic that presents the economic impact of hunters and hunting. The estimated impact of hunting in America is greater than the revenue generated by Google - $38.3 billion versus $37.9 billion.
The CalGuns Foundation has filed a Federal lawsuit against California Attorney General Kamala Harris for her policy of forbidding firearms purchasers to take possession of their lawfully-purchased firearms due to delays in the DROS background check. Current California law requires that a firearms purchaser receive their firearm at the end of a 10-day period unless they determine the purchaser is ineligible to purchase or possess a firearm. One of the plaintiffs in this lawsuit has been waiting 18 months!
CalGuns filed a similar lawsuit in state court back in April of this year.
Today is the official birthday of the United States Air Force. It marks the day in 1947 that the Army Air Force was made its own branch of the armed services.
It is also, fittingly enough, the birthday of the Complementary Spouse whose father, brother, and sister-in-law have all served as US Air Force officers.
So happy 66th birthday to the USAF!
I'm neither a proponent nor opponent of open carry. I don't tend to do it because I want to keep the bad guys guessing. That said, if you want to open carry that is your option. If you do, I promise I won't be like Robert Gursky of Glastonbury, Connecticut.
According to this story in the Hartford Courant, Mr. Gursky was so freaked out by a gentleman legally open carrying at his local bank that he slid the teller a note that said "gun". The teller did what he or she was trained to do - they hit the silent bank robbery alarm.
Mr. Gursky was arrested for breach of peace and has to appear in court next week. And the man open carrying? He was interviewed by the cops who determined that he possessed his firearm legally and that was that.
There is something to be said for poetic justice.
Howard Schultz, CEO of Starbucks, released an open letter yesterday requesting that Starbucks' customers no longer carry when they visit Starbucks. It is a waffling statement meant to appease the gun prohibitionists while at the same time trying not to offend the gun culture too much. As Neville Chamberlain would ruefully attest, appeasement is never a good policy.
Mr. Schultz should realize that appeasement is never a good policy when dealing with those who would seek to curtail civil rights.
I, for one, will "respect" Mr. Schultz's request - I won't carry, concealed or openly, in his stores. I will even go one step further and no longer patronize his stores or his products.
By the way, open carry has been legal in North Carolina without a permit since 1921. That is when the North Carolina Supreme Court ruled it was legal in State v. Kerner saying that the right to keep and bear arms under the North Carolina Constitution was "a sacred right".
Fakhoury said it was the first case in Cook County to be dropped after last week's ruling and that there could be more challenges filed.
"Basically the federal courts said one thing and the state court said another," Fakhoury said. "But the state court is now following the federal ruling."
Mr. Haddad, an IT professional and married father of three, obtained his FOID card and then a .45 caliber handgun after he was attacked while stopped at stop sign. Mr. Haddad also started carrying his pistol despite the general prohibition against carry by Illinois state law. This is what led to his arrest for unlawful use of a weapon.
His defense attorney, Matt Fakhoury, discusses the case in the video at this link.
"do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. "
On this date, 226 years ago, the members of the Constitutional Convention signed the final draft of the US Constitution. The president of the Convention, George Washington, sent the following letter along with the Constitution to the Confederation Congress for transmittal to the 13 states for their ratification.
The facts are just starting to trickle in on the shooting at the Washington Navy Yard. A number of people have been wounded or killed and the police say three men in "green and khaki military style clothing" are the suspected shooters. One of the shooters is dead and the authorities are searching for the other two.
The bottom line is that we don't know enough about what is going on to make a reasonable judgment. It could be a terrorist attack or it could be disgruntled former employees.
However, this lack of solid information does not stop Washington Post columnist Petula Dvorak from condemning US gun laws and the gun culture. This in a city where the gun laws are so strict that Emily Miller got a number of columns and a whole book out of her journey to gun ownership.
Virginia Tech, Fort Hood, Tucson, Aurora, Newtown. And now Washington.
At least 12 people were killed in a burst of gunfire at the Navy Yard on Monday morning, including one of the suspected shooters. And the toll could climb higher.
Another rampage. This one, for me, very close to home. My kids and I biked to the Navy Yard on Saturday.
How can this country tolerate another mass shooting, after we’ve endured so many others? And why have we allowed ourselves to grow accustomed to this awful bloodshed? Because that’s what these slaughters have become: practically routine.
“How many this time?” we ask as we watch the number of dead and injured climb on TV or Twitter.
We don't have all the details, the cops don't have all the details, and Ms. Dvorak certainly doesn't have all the details. But what are details and facts when you have an agenda to push?
Sen. Richard Durbin (D-IL) is the chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee's Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Human Rights. As mentioned before, he plans to hold a hearing on so-called Stand Your Ground laws. He has entitled his hearings, "‘Stand Your Ground’ Laws: Civil Rights and Public Safety Implications of the Expanded Use of Deadly Force". This hearing is scheduled for tomorrow at 10am.
The witness list for the hearing has been published.
Sybrina Fulton really needs no introduction as she got more than her 15 minutes of fame during the George Zimmerman trial.
Lucia McBath was the mother of Jordan Davis who was killed in a confrontation in Jacksonville, FL by Martin Dunn. Mr. Dunn is charged with 1st Degree Murder in the case. Ms. McBath is concerned that Dunn will try to claim self-defense under Florida's "stand your ground" law.
Willie Meggs is the State Attorney (or DA) for the 2nd Judicial Circuit which includes the Tallahassee area of Florida. He is a well-known opponent of the Florida "Stand Your Ground" law and has called it "the dumbest law ever put on the books."
Ronald Sullivan is a Professor of Law at Harvard Law School. About the only thing I could find about regarding either Trayvon Martin or "Stand Your Ground" laws is that he spoke to a pro-Martin demonstration held by the Black Law Students Association at Harvard. He will also be a speaker on a panel discussing "Guns, Violence, and Children" at the American Association of Law Schools conference in January 2014.
John Lott, of course, needs little introduction as he is one of the leading pro-gun researchers.
Ilya Shapiro is a Fellow at the libertarian Cato Institute. The Cato Institute has made Durbin's enemies list. In an article posted in August, Shapiro practically demanded Durbin include him in the list of speakers at this hearing.
What will make this joke of a hearing even more interesting is that the Ranking Member for the Republican side is Sen. Ted Cruz (R-TX). While Durbin will rail on about the Koch Brothers, ALEC, and conservatives, I expect Cruz will be up to the challenge.
The time for the 2013 Gun Rights Policy Conference is fast approaching. It is scheduled for September 27th through 29th in Houston, Texas at the Marriott Hotel near the George Bush Intercontinental Airport. I had hoped to go to this year's GRPC as I have attended the past three. However, personal finances being personal finances, I had to decide between going to GRPC or going to a conference in October that should help me business-wise.
If you are in the Houston area or within driving distance, I can recommend it. The speakers are excellent but it is really the people from around the country who are active in the gun rights movement that make the conference. I've made lifelong friends from the people that I've met at the past conferences. If you can't swing a full weekend, go on Saturday as that is the main day.
BELLEVUE, WA – U.S. Representative Steve Stockman (R-TX) will be among the speakers later this month at the 2013 Gun Rights Policy Conference at the Marriott Hotel Houston, Tex. Airport hotel, an event that will also feature several national gun rights leaders. Congressman Stockman will speak during the annual luncheon on Sept. 28.
Also on the schedule are Emily Miller, senior opinion editor at the Washington Times and author of the just released Emily Gets Her Gun…But Obama Wants to Take Yours; attorney Alan Gura, winner of both the Heller and McDonald Second Amendment cases before the U.S. Supreme Court; John Fund, national affairs columnist at National Review Online and senior editor at The American Spectator, and John Lott, author of the landmark More Guns = Less Crime and a Fox News.com contributor.
The conference is jointly sponsored by the Second Amendment Foundation and Citizens Committee for the Right to Keep and Bear Arms. This is the 28th annual GRPC.
The 2013 GRPC will feature more than 60 speakers on subjects ranging from politics to personal protection. The weekend event typically attracts more than 500 gun owners, activists and experts from across the country. Attendance is free, and on-line registration is available at www.saf.org.
WHERE: Marriott Hotel Houston, Tex. Airport, 18700 John F. Kennedy Blvd., Houston, Tex.
And remember, the conference is free. All you have to pay is your travel and lodging.
If you live in Iowa or will be in the Des Moines area on Tuesday, Second Amendment scholar David Young will be giving a Constitution Day speech on the Second Amendment at Des Moines Area Community College, Ankeny Campus.
It is my understanding that there will be two speakers on this date. The first, Prof. Steffen Schmidt, a political science professor at Iowa State University, will speak at 10:30 AM in the auditorium in Building 6.
My one hour presentation will be outside the southeast facing main entrance of Building 5 on the DMACC Ankeny Campus at 11:30 AM, September 17, 2013. The presentation will emphasize Second Amendment historical development and why its purpose naturally has such an extensive impact on the current gun control controversy.
I have rarely given public presentations on this subject. My plan at Ankeny is to provide considerable time for questions and answers. For anyone interested in an eye-opening presentation on the Second Amendment's purpose based on my most recent research into Founding Era sources, don't miss this. Please let your friends and other interested parties know about the event.
More info and a link to a map can be found here.
I have both of David's books and had a chance to chat with him at the Gun Rights Policy Conference held in Chicago in 2011. He is a nice guy who knows his topic. If I lived in Iowa, I'd be at that presentation.
Il Ling New of Gunsite is doing a series of Tips and Tactics videos for the NRA Women campaign. Her latest is a good reminder for all of us, man or woman, on situational awareness. I especially like her reminder about how one should pay attention if you get that feeling things are not just right. Too often we ignore that at our peril.
In the piece below from Ginny Simone of NRA News, you can hear the grassroots activists like Victor Head of Pueblo Freedom and Rights explain what they did on Tuesday. They organized, they worked, and they overcame a tidal wave of outside money to recall two state senators who not only ignored the wishes of their constituents but didn't even want to hear them.
If you want to hear more from the organizers of the recall, listen to Shooter Ready Radio this afternoon/evening. I know a number of the organizers will be guests on the program. You can listen live on the radio as well as the internet. Details are here.
Second Amendment attorney Dave Kopel has a very interesting analysis on the results of the Colorado recall elections at the Volokh Conspiracy. He, like I, thought Giron might survive and Morse ousted given the nature of their districts.
So why did Angela Giron lose in her heavily Democratic, blue collar, union stronghold of a district? According to Dave, it is because she crossed the double-red line of Colorado politics. It wasn't just that she voted against gun rights but that she, as chairperson of the Senate State Affairs Committee, shut out the testimony of many of those who wanted to testify. Colorado has a tradition of letting everyone who wants to speak on a bill the chance to testify, if only for a few moments.
The Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms was the secondmost important reason why Morse and Giron were removed from office. The first reason was the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment principle of Due Process of Law. The opportunity to be heard is the fundamental to Due Process of Law, and not solely in adjudications. When Morse and Giron squelched the testimony of law-abiding citizens and of law-enforcing Sheriffs, they grossly abused their constitutional office of being law-makers. And so, for abuse of office, John Morse and Angela Giron have been recalled from office by the People of Colorado, to be replaced by legislators who will listen before the vote.
Read the whole analysis here. It is well worth reading and worth sending to your representatives as a warning of what happens when they won't even take the time to listen.
"Thousands Of Grass-Fed, Organic Bombs" | 2019-04-22T12:29:29Z | https://onlygunsandmoney.blogspot.com/2013/09/ |
1988-11-21 Assigned to CARIBBEAN STUD ENTERPRISES, INC., A NV CORP. reassignment CARIBBEAN STUD ENTERPRISES, INC., A NV CORP. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: JONES, DANE K., SUTTLE, JAMES P.
1988-11-21 Assigned to JONES, DANE K., reassignment JONES, DANE K., ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: JONES, DANIEL A.
1992-01-13 Assigned to JONES, DANIEL A. reassignment JONES, DANIEL A. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: CARIBBEAN STUD ENTERPRISES, INC.
1992-10-26 Assigned to D&D GAMING PATENTS, INC. reassignment D&D GAMING PATENTS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: JONES, DANIEL A.
1995-12-04 Assigned to PROGRESSIVE GAMES, INC. reassignment PROGRESSIVE GAMES, INC. CONFIRMATION OF PATENT ASSIGNMENT Assignors: D & D GAMING PATENTS, INC.
1996-11-20 Assigned to FIRST UNION NATIONAL BANK OF FLORIDA reassignment FIRST UNION NATIONAL BANK OF FLORIDA SECURITY INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: PROGRESSIVE GAMES, INC.
1998-10-06 Assigned to FIRST SOURCE FINANCIAL LLP reassignment FIRST SOURCE FINANCIAL LLP SECURITY INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: PROGRESSIVE GAMES, INC.
2002-01-24 Assigned to FIRSTAR BANK, N.A. reassignment FIRSTAR BANK, N.A. SECURITY INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CASINO EXCITEMENT, INC., MGC, INC., MIKOHN GAMING CORPORATION, NEVADA, MIKOHN, PROGRESSIVE GAMES, INC.
2002-04-25 Assigned to FOOTHILL CAPITAL CORPORATION reassignment FOOTHILL CAPITAL CORPORATION SECURITY INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CASINO EXCITEMENT, INC., GAMES OF NEVADA, INC., MGC, INC., MIKOHN GAMING CORPORATION, MIKOHN INTERNATIONAL, INC., MIKOHN NEVADA, PROGRESSIVE GAMES, INC.
2005-02-04 First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=22668184&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=US4836553(A) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
2006-04-07 Assigned to CAPITALSOURCE FINANCE LLC reassignment CAPITALSOURCE FINANCE LLC ASSIGNMENT OF SECURITY AGREEMENT Assignors: WELLS FARGO FOOTHILL, INC.
A card game in which a player and a dealer are each dealt five cards. If the dealer has a poker hand having a value less than Ace-King combination or better, the player automatically wins. If the dealer has a poker hand having a value of an Ace-King combination or better, then the higher of the player's or the dealer's hand wins. If the player wins, he receives a bonus payment depending on the poker rank of his hand.
The present invention generally relates to a game of chance that can be played in a casino version or a cardroom version. More particularly, it relates to a modified version of a five-card stud poker game.
A player and a dealer are each dealt five card poker hands using a standard deck of playing cards. The high hand wins based on the priority of hands established under conventional five card poker rules. However, the player automatically wins if the dealer does not have at least a preselected combination of cards, e.g., an Ace-King combination or better in the dealer's hand. The player also receives a bonus payment depending on the type of poker hand that the player has if the player's hand beats the dealer's hand.
As a leisure time activity, poker and other card games have fascinated the public for years. A deck of cards, a playing surface and a few participants are all that is needed to provide a recreational few hours away from the stress and strain of daily life. Five card poker is a game that almost everyone knows how to play and many games have been developed using the same basic priority or rank order of winning poker hands: Royal Flush, Straight Flush, Four of a Kind, Full House, Flush, Straight, Three of a Kind, Two Pair, One Pair and High card(s) in Hand.
For one reason or another, it has been difficult to adapt the rules of poker into a casino table game in which each player plays against the house. In a conventional poker game, a plurality of players are each dealt a poker hand by one player who acts as the dealer. The player with the highest hand based on the established priority of poker hands wins. Each player in turn deals a hand as the game continues. It is not unknown to introduce wagering into the game, generally through the use of tokens of poker chips, which may or may not have a monetary value.
Many places, both within and without the United States, have legalized gaming and poker is one of the games of chance that is offered in both casinos and cardrooms. In a conventional cardroom poker game, the house provides a dealer, the playing cards, the table and chairs but does not play a hand. The house collects a nominal percentage of each player's bet (the "rake") which compensates the house for providing the facilities to the players. Alternatively, the house may charge each player a set amount per hand or for a specified length of time, say one-half hour. Each player is competing not against the house, but against all the other players with the highest hand winning the total of all the wagers made on that hand.
Many people do not like to play cardroom poker because each player is competing against his fellow players, not against the house. Many people would rather attempt to win money from an impersonal source, the house or the casino, rather than from their fellow players with whom they may be acquainted.
Cardroom poker also does not offer any bonus payments for particularly good hands. While a Royal Flush is a rare occurrence and generates a thrill for any poker player, the player collects the same total wager that he would have collected if all he needed to beat the other players was Three of a Kind.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a game of chance in which each player plays his poker hand against a poker hand held by the house or a banker and in which a player receives a bonus payment based on the type of poker hand that a player holds. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a game in which a player may win all or a portion of a progressive jackpot if the player is dealt a particularly high ranking poker hand.
Other objects of the invention will become apparent in light of the following detailed description of the invention.
A modification of a conventional five-card stud poker game particularly adapted for casino play is provided in which a dealer (or "banker") plays against each of a plurality of players. In the preferred method of play, after each player places an ante in a designated location, the dealer deals five cards to each player and to himself; all cards are dealt face down except one of the dealer's cards. Each player views his hand and then decides whether to continue to play by making an additional bet or to fold or drop (i.e., retire), in which case he loses his ante. The dealer then reveals his entire hand; if the dealer's hand does not have a poker value of at least Ace-King, then the dealer is not permitted to continue to play. In this case, the dealer pays even money on the remaining players' antes, and returns their bets to them. If the dealer's hand has a poker value of Ace-King or better, the dealer compares his hand to each player, paying or collecting the bets as appropriate. The dealer also pays odds of more than even money on each winning player's hand of two pair or better according to a bonus payment schedule.
The FIGURE shows a game layout that can be used to play of the game of the present invention.
The casino game version of the present invention will be described with reference to the casino game version layout 10 shown in the figure. The term "casino game" is intended to encompass a game in which the house acts as the banker, the house collecting all losing wagers and paying all winning wagers. The dealer is employed by the house and each player plays exclusively against the house.
The layout 10 would be mounted for use on the top of a conventional gaming table (not shown) positioned at a suitable location in a casino. Playing locations 12 are provided for each player. Each playing location 12 has designated areas 14 and 16 for the player to make an "ante" and a "bet", respectively, which will be more fully explained herein. In the preferred embodiment, six playing locations 12 are provided, but the number of playing locations 12 can be varied depending on the size of the playing table and the number of players that the house wishes to accommodate. A typical casino layout will accommodate five, six or seven players per table.
A dealer's location 20 is provided opposite the playing locations 12 and is preferably adjacent to a chip rack 22. The chip rack 22 is of a conventional design used to hold poker chips or other gaming tokens. The dealer uses the chip rack 22 to store the gaming tokens that belong to the house. When a player loses his wager to the house, the gaming tokens won by the house are stored in the chip rack 22. When a player wins his wager from the house, the player is paid from the gaming tokens stored in the chip rack 22.
Standard playing cards are used to play the game. Any number of decks of cards may be used, but in the preferred embodiment, a single deck of standard playing cards is used which is reshuffled after each round is played. The dealer shuffles the cards, each player makes an ante by placing a token or chip in the ante area 14 and then the dealer deals one card at a time to each player and then one card to himself until each player and the dealer has a five card hand. All of each player's cards are dealt face down, while four of the dealer's cards are dealt face down and the other card face up.
Each player may look at his five card hand and each player then decides whether his five card hand has a favorable probability of ultimately beating the dealer's five card hand. The player is assisted in this determination because the player can see one of the dealer's cards.
If a player determines that his hand will not beat the dealer's hand, the player folds or drops, i.e., discontinues playing that hand. The dealer wins the player's ante and takes the player's token from the ante area 14 on the playing surface 10 and places it in the chip rack 22.
If the player determines that his hand may beat the dealer's hand, then the player indicates his willingness to continue play by placing a bet in the bet area 16 on the playing surface 10. The bet made by the player is preferably equal to a multiple (e.g., double) of whatever the player originally anted.
After each player has either bet or folded, all cards are turned face up. Each remaining player places his five card hand in front of him on the playing surface 10 while the dealer's cards are all turned face up in front of the dealer on the playing surface 10.
If the dealer does not have a poker hand at least equal to a predetermined rank or minimum play level, e.g., an Ace-King combination or better, the game does not go forward, and the dealer pays each remaining player a predetermined amount, e.g., one-to-one odds on the amount of the player's ante. The amount of the player's bet is simply returned to the player. All cards are collected, the dealer shuffles the cards and the next round can be played.
If the dealer has a poker hand of at least the preselected rank or minimum (Ace-King or better), then play proceeds and each remaining player's hand is compared to the dealer's hand. If the dealer's hand is higher based on the conventional priority or ranking of five card poker hands, then the dealer wins and he collects both the player's ante and bet. If the dealer's and player's hands are equal, the hand is ruled a tie and the player keeps his bet and his ante.
After the dealer has paid the winning players and collected from the losing players, the cards are gathered up, the dealer shuffles the cards and the next round can be played. While the bonus payment odds in the above table are a preferred example of a payout schedule, different odds can be used within the spirit of the invention.
The cardroom game version of the present invention can be played on a table layout similar to the casino game version shown in the figure. The layout is placed on a conventional card room poker table, which is usually larger than a casino game table. A card room poker table may accommodate up to ten players and a dealer.
The term "cardroom game" is intended to encompass a game in which one of the players acts as the banker and the banker's poker hand is played against each of the other player's hands. The other players do not play against each other, only individually against the banker.
As in a conventional cardroom poker game, the house provides a dealer and the playing facilities and collects a "rake". The rake may be a percentage of each player's ante, each player's bet or of the total amounts wagered on each hand. Alternatively, the house may charge each player a flat fee for each hand played or the house may charge a fee based on the length of time that a player participates. The house, however, does not collect losing wagers or pay winning wagers. This arrangement is necessary because some states, such as California, have only legalized cardroom gaming but do not have legalized casino gaming.
In this cardroom version of the present invention, a plurality of player locations are provided around the perimeter of the playing surface. Each playing location is provided with an ante area and a bet area. A dealer, provided by the house, is stationed at a dealer's location. Because the house does not actually participate in the play of the cardroom version of the game, the dealer's sole function is to deal the cards and to collect the house's rake, as well as resolve disputes among the players.
At the beginning of the hand, one of the players is selected to act as banker. The players may cut the cards with the high card being the banker; although other selection procedures may be utilized to choose the banker, such as rolling five dice with the high total being banker. As consecutive rounds of the game are played, the designation as banker shall be passed from player to player around the table. A suitable indicator, such as a button or marker with the letter B or the word BANKER printed thereon, can be placed in front of the player who is designated as banker of that particular round of play.
All of the players, except the banker, ante by placing a token in the ante area. The house dealer deals, one at a time, five cards to each player including the banker. The banker gets four cards face down and one card face up. All the other players get their five cards face down. From this point on, the play continues as described above with regard to the casino game version with each player competing only against the banker. Each player bets or folds; if a player folds, the banker wins the amount of the player's ante and adds this to the banker's supply of tokens, and the player retains his bet. If any remaining players bet, all cards are turned face up. If the banker has less than an Ace-King combination, the banker cannot play further and each remaining player is paid one-to-one odds based on only his ante from the banker's own supply of tokens and the player simply keeps his bet.
If the banker has at least an Ace-King combination or better, play continues and the banker compares poker hands with each player with the higher hand winning. If the banker wins, he collects a player's ante and bet and adds it to the banker's supply of tokens. If a player wins, the banker pays that player from the banker's own supply of tokens including paying that player any bonus payment to which the player may be entitled according to a predetermined bonus payment schedule, such as the one previously described in connection with the casino game version.
At the end of each round, the house dealer collects the cards and shuffles, the "banker" designation is passed on to the next player and a new round can be played.
Either the casino game version or the card room game version may be made even more exciting or entertaining by the addition of a "progressive jackpot" feature. At the beginning of each round, a player may participate in a progressive jackpot by making an additional jackpot wager of any predetermined amount, e.g., one token. The amount of each player's jackpot wager is added to the jackpot wagers that are made by other players on that round or that have been made previously by the players during earlier rounds.
If a player has made a jackpot wager on a particular round, the player becomes eligible to win all or a portion of the jackpot amount if a player holds a predetermined poker hand during that round. For example, in the preferred embodiment, if the player's hand is a Royal Flush, the player wins 100% of the progressive jackpot amount. Other types of poker hands will win for the player other percentages of the jackpot, e.g., a Straight Flush wins 10%, and a Four of a Kind wins 1%. Additionally, the player wins a predetermined number of tokens for other types of poker hands, e.g. 50 tokens for a Full House and 25 tokens for a Flush. The types of poker hands that share in the jackpot, as well as the percentages and predetermined number of tokens, can be varied without departing from the spirit of the invention.
The appeal of the jackpot wager is heightened by its progressive nature. As each round is played, the jackpot wagers made on each hand are added to the previous jackpot amount thereby creating a "progressive jackpot" amount. In the event a player wins all or part of a progressive jackpot, the amount won is deducted from the jackpot amount and the subsequent jackpot wagers are added thereto.
If a progressive jackpot is being conducted in connection with a casino or cardroom, the house may collect a percentage of each jackpot wager, e.g., 3-5%, as the house's fee for providing the progressive jackpot feature. If the casino or cardroom has a plurality of tables, each having six or seven players, all contributing to the progressive jackpot, the amount of the jackpot can increase quite quickly thereby making a tidy sum to be distributed to a winning player.
It is contemplated that the game may be played as a casino game, a card room game or even a parlor game, and any form of counting may be used for the ante means or bet means, including tokens, poker chips, currency, coins, or the like, as means for keeping score.
Various modifications can be made without varying from the scope of the invention. Either version of the game can be played using wagering tokens that do not have a monetary value. Instead the players can bet, win and lose points so that, after a designated number of rounds, the player with the highest total of points can be declared the winner. The progressive jackpot feature can also be utilized with the players contributing points to the progressive jackpot and winning percentages of those points for certain predetermined poker hands. This adds excitement to the game since a player who is far behind on points can possibly win the entire game if he is dealt a Royal Flush.
The odds paid on the bonus payment schedule can be adjusted in any manner desirable; the preferred odds set forth herein were selected to return a reasonable profit to the house in the casino game version. Additionaly, the game can be played by placing a maximum payout on any particular hand regardless of the number of tokens that are wagered by a particular player. For example, a maximum payout of 1,000 tokens can be used. This limits the risk to the banker in the card room version of the game in the event that a player receives a Royal Flush and has 100 tokens bet. This maximum payout feature can also be used in the casino game version and has the added incentive of encouraging players to participate in the progressive jackpot feature of the game.
As yet a further alternative, rather than the dealer receiving one card up and four cards down, the dealer may receive two cards up and three down. This would slightly vary the odds in favor of the player. The odds could be varied more toward the dealer by having the dealer receive all of his cards face down. Other variations or modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, the invention should not be limited by the foregoing description, but rather should be defined only by the following claims.
(g) if the dealer's hand is at least a predetermined rank, and the player's hand is higher than the dealer's hand, then the player wins a first predetermined amount on his first bet means and the player wins a second predetermined amount on his second bet means based on the type of poker hand combination that the player has, said second predetermined amount having a potential return of at least twenty times the amount of the second bet means.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the predetermined number of cards is five.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the player's cards are dealt face down.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein some of the dealer's cards are dealt face up and the remainder of the dealer's cards are dealt face down.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein one of the dealer's cards is dealt face up and the rest of the dealer's cards are dealt face down.
6. The method of claim 4 wherein two of the dealer's cards are dealt face up and the rest of the dealer's cards are dealt face down.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the second bet means is a multiple of the first bet means.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein the second bet means is double the first bet means.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein standard playing cards are used.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein the predetermined rank is an Ace-King combination.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein the preselected amount that a player wins on the player's first bet means is one-to-one odds.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein the first predetermined amount that a player wins on his first bet means is one-to-one odds.
(h) if the banker's hand is at least a predetermined rank, and the player's hand is higher than the banker's hand, then the player wins from the banker a first predetermined amount on his first bet means and the player wins a second predetermined amount on his second bet means based on the type of poker hand combination that the player has, said second predetermined amount having a potential return of at least twenty times the amount of the second bet means.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein the banker is the dealer.
16. The method of claim 14 wherein the dealer assesses each player a fee to participate in the game.
17. The method of claim 16 wherein the fee is a percentage of each player's first bet means.
18. The method of claim 16 wherein the fee is a percentage of each player's second bet means.
19. The method of claim 16 wherein the fee is a percentage of the total amounts bet by each player.
20. The method of claim 16 wherein the fee is a flat amount for each hand played.
21. The method of claim 16 wherein the fee is based on the length of time that a player participates.
22. The method of claim 14 wherein the predetermined number of cards is five.
23. The method of claim 14 wherein the player's cards are dealt face down.
24. The method of claim 14 wherein some of the banker's cards are dealt face up and the rest of the banker's cards are dealt face down.
25. The method of claim 24 wherein one of the banker's cards is dealt face up and the rest of the banker's cards are dealt face down.
26. The method of claim 24 wherein two of the banker's cards are dealt face up and the rest of the banker's cards are dealt face down.
27. The method of claim 14 wherein the second bet means is a multiple of the first bet means.
28. The method of claim 27 wherein the second bet means is double the first bet means.
29. The method of claim 14 wherein standard playing cards are used.
30. The method of claim 29 wherein the predetermined rank is an Ace-King combination.
31. The method of claim 14 wherein the preselected amount that a player wins on the player's first bet means is one-to-one odds.
32. The method of claim 14 wherein the first predetermined amount that a player wins on his first bet means is one-to-one odds.
DE1989609992 DE68909992T2 (en) 1988-04-18 1989-04-18 Device for progressive jackpot games.
NL8900970A NL192893C (en) 1988-04-18 1989-04-18 Casino Table Game.
ES89200990T ES2046445T3 (en) 1988-04-18 1989-04-18 Apparatus for progressive jackpot game.
DE1989609992 DE68909992D1 (en) 1988-04-18 1989-04-18 Device for progressive jackpot games.
AT89200990T AT96049T (en) 1988-04-18 1989-04-18 Geraet for progressive jackpot play.
Scarne's Encyclopedia of Games, by John Scarne, Publ. by Harper & Row, N.Y., copyright 1973, pp. 11, 31.
US20040248635A1 (en) * 2003-04-18 2004-12-09 Efremov Ivan Pavlovich Method of entertainment "Russian Poker"
US20070021171A1 (en) * 2004-08-24 2007-01-25 Pavlovich Efremov I Method of entertainment "raise poker"
Owner name: CARIBBEAN STUD ENTERPRISES, INC., A NV CORP.
Owner name: JONES, DANIEL A. | 2019-04-19T16:56:31Z | https://patents.google.com/patent/US4836553A/en |
The prescribed burning program at Texas Tech University began the day Dr. Henry A. Wright was hired in 1967, and this manuscript is dedicated to his memory. I would like to emphasize what you already know; rangeland burning would still be an infant art without Henry’s drive, determination, and foresight. He broke a multitude of seemingly impervious barriers, allowing the rest of us to rush into this massive void in range management.
Prescribed burning of juniper communities started with a phone call from Mr. Bob Beckham of Abilene, Texas. Bob had heard of Henry’s fire research and wanted to know if burning would work on his ranch south of Baird, Texas. Henry’s answer was, “Of course, it will work. I will send Carlton down to look it over.” Thus began one of the great adventures as we plunged unknowingly into a spring of constant work, frustration, and learning from a multitude of mistakes. The road to success would have been extremely difficult without the unflinching support of Bob Beckham.
Bob Beckham had a typical juniper problem seen throughout central Texas and the Edwards Plateau. Ashe juniper was so thick that a cow could not walk through it, and there was no grass in the understory. He had bought a dozer and was in the process of pushing individual trees into huge piles. The volume of material was unbelievable and Bob was interested in using fire to rid his pastures of this juniper debris.
I made the first, and a critical, mistake when I first visited the Beckham Ranch. However, this mistake was to cause a pivotal change in the direction of the fire program at Texas Tech. I was overwhelmed by the volume of juniper debris. Knowing the excessive flame lengths this would produce, I advised Bob to push the debris back 100 feet, which would give a wide and clean fire line. This process proved very expensive and created a windrow of debris capable of producing millions of firebrands and lifting them to heights that could be carried well over a 1,000 feet down wind igniting spot fires in the next pasture. Solving this mistake resulted in many hours of hard work and forever changed the way firelines were prepared. These windrows could only be ignited at night when the temperatures were cold, humidities were high, and winds very calm.
Early one morning, as we were leaving the Beckham Ranch, Henry asked me if I had noticed how differently the fires burned when the humidity rose to over 40%. Of course, I said, “No,” since I was generally scared stiff looking for and putting out spot fires. Henry persisted in his theory that 40% was an important breaking point in fire behavior, and we all began to notice these differences and rely on this threshold point. Later under Henry’s guidance, Steve Bunting clearly defined a similar threshold value for temperature.
After finally burning Bob Beckham’s pasture, we knew that firebrands were the main source of our problems. As the grass greened, Henry located several west Texas ranches with piled brush, and we started a study to determine how far firebrands traveled. The hypothesis was that the size of the pile was the primary factor in determining how far a firebrand would travel. Thin plastic was placed at several distances down wind of each juniper pile and the pile ignited. When the pile was consumed, the plastic was inspected, and the distance to the furthest piece of plastic with holes was measured. It was obvious that the pile size was correlated with distance traveled by firebrands. However, it was also obvious that other factors were important.
Steve Bunting’s arrival marked the next series of important fire research. Steve’s thesis research concerned a more critical evaluation of firebrands. Henry and Steve solved the problem of firebrand ignition potential. Their research established that below 70F firebrands had a greatly diminished potential to ignite spot fires. This finalized what has become known at the “40 – 60 rule.” Simply stated, firebrands have a minimal potential to ignite spot fires when the relative humidity is above 40%, air temperature is below 60F and wind is less than 8 mph. This rule has been tested over 25 years and in most rangeland fuels across the nation, and it is just as valid today as when it was first stated.
The fire program picked up momentum and diversity during the 1970’s with the help of one of Henry’s Ph.D. students, Dr. Leon Neuenschwander. Leon directed to Henry two exceptional students, Dr. Al Steuter, now with the Nature Conservancy in Nebraska, and Dr. Guy McPherson, now at the University of Arizona.
Al Steuter was the graduate student fire boss during the mid to late 1970’s and contributed greatly to the transition from burning Ashe juniper to the more difficult use of fire in redberry juniper. The primary difference in the two communities is the lack of fine fuel found in the redberry juniper type of the Rolling Red Plains of Texas. The roughness of the terrain in the redberry juniper type appreciably confounded this lack of fine fuel. The 500 foot blackline was firmly established as the standard fireline during this period. This fireline was burned using the 40 – 60 rule, and, with the prevailing southwest winds of the region, was always placed on the north and east side of the unit to be burned. This black line provides the necessary fuelless barrier to stop the head fire used to burn the main portion of the pasture.
As the fire program moved into the 1980’s, two additional innovative practices were adopted. The first was the use of strip headfiring of blacklines and the intense organization of fire crews. This innovation was perfected by an unusual group of graduate student which were both intelligent and highly motivated. This group consisted of Guy McPherson, Bob Masters, Al Rasmussen, and Jeff Weigel. This group was assisted by the constant and energetic work of Gretchen Scott. This era saw the first preparation of fire plans for each burn. These plans included a detailed description of the burn unit, conditions for blackline and headfire ignition, and maps of the terrain with potential trouble spots. These plans made the dissemination of information to all crew participants very easy and complete.
This period in the fire program saw another extremely valuable development. A high level of organization was developed for conducting prescribed burns. The basic prescriptions had been developed and tested; thus, this phase was near completion. Training students now became the focal point of the fire program, and this required a high level of instruction. With each year’s burn acreage escalating to near 30,000 acres, there was little room for wasted time or effort. Dr. Wright started a new class to facilitate this process, and it was simply called Prescribed Burning. One evening each week the class would meet for 3 hours, with Henry lecturing for an hour and the graduate student fire bosses conducting the rest of the class. The graduate students would review and critique the previous weeks field experiences with the class. This class raised to an all time high the level of instruction in the practical application of fire. The students that came out of this intense effort were excellent practitioners of prescribed burning.
Along with the increased training of students, another practical innovation was initiated. The first helitorch burn was conducted in 1982. The start of helitorch burning was not conceived within the program but came with a call from Renny Propst of Blackrock, Arkansas. I visited with Mr. Propst and he asked if we were interested in using a helitorch to ignite our juniper burns. I told him I felt we would be interested, but I would have to visit with Henry to finalize any agreement. When I approached Henry, he said absolutely no, that our fires were complicated enough without having to contend with a helicopter. Over the next few weeks, Henry relented and agreed to a demonstration ignition. Plans were made to have the helitorch come to west Texas and ignite a planned juniper burn near Guthrie, Texas.
The helicopter with helitorch arrived at the ranch headquarters right on time with Dr. Wright and all the fire crew anxiously waiting. The helicopter was towed on a trailer pulled by a pickup. As soon as the pickup stopped, two people got out and waved hello to us all. I was expecting to meet Renny Propst, but there was only a very large man and a very young teenager. I was very concerned as I was certain the helicopter could not carry the large fellow, much less the helitorch, and the teenager could only be someone’s son playing hooky from an Arkansas junior high. The two immediately began releasing the helicopter from its binding straps and then began attaching the main rotor blades to the machine. I was concerned; actually, I was becoming very frightened. I had talked Dr. Wright into this demonstration, and it was beginning to look as if I had made a terrible mistake in my dealings with the folks from Arkansas. My only salvation was that Mr. Propst would soon drive up to save the day. I began to offer fervent prayers for the arrival of Mr. Propst. This did not happen, and much to my dismay the teenager climbed into the cockpit and started the helicopter. My last glimmer of hope remained that he was only warming up the engine and Mr. Propst would soon come driving up the road to the ranch headquarters. All the while, Dr. Wright looked sternly at me with an expression that said, “Your next check from Texas Tech will be your last.” All hope was lost as the teenager pulled back the stick and, in a cloud of dust, flew the helicopter off the trailer. I was dead meat.
Jimmy Propst landed the helicopter, walked over and introduced himself to us all and, with a broad grin, asked Dr. Wright if he would show him the burn unit while we prepared the alumigel-gas mixture for the helitorch. As Henry climbed into the helicopter, I received another one of those looks. They returned in about 30 minutes, and we could not get Henry out of the helicopter for the next 10 years.
The helicopter ignition that day was less than spectacular. The helitorch was built to exude large blobs of jellied gas which gave a very spotty ignition in the sparse west Texas fuels. This resulted in a burn not superior to hand ignition with drip torches. Over the next few months, Henry, Guy, Al, and Bob discussed this problem among themselves and with Jimmy Propst. That summer they traveled to Blackrock, Arkansas and designed and built a system of small and large emitters which put out a continuous rain of small flaming droplets. This device proved to be a superior ignition system for west Texas juniper fuels.
Keith Blair was the next graduate student fire boss to make a contribution to the Texas Tech fire program. Keith had learned his skills from the previous graduate students and Henry. While burning blacklines during a wet spring, Henry and Keith were perplexed by the lack of juniper canopy ignition. Where the canopies were dense, it is desirable to have them ‘torch’ thus removing that fuel bridge which could carry the fire across the blackline when the unit was headfired. They started sampling the juniper foliage and determining fuel moisture content. After a couple of years, they determined that below about 70% foliage moisture the canopy was easily ignited. This became yet another of Henry’s thresholds and is an extremely important factor in ensuring a safe burn.
Burning juniper infested rangeland is nothing short of hard work. It requires a great deal of organization and preparation. Preparation should begin by writing a fire plan. This plan should include at least the objectives you hope to achieve, maps of the burn area, and prescriptions for the ignition of the blacklines and headfire. Writing this plan will help you think through every aspect of the prescribed burn.
The first step is to critically analyze the pasture in question. If the mature juniper canopy cover is not over 10%, there will be very little increase in forage production as a result of juniper control. However, if the pasture has numerous young juniper scattered throughout, then it is definitely the time to burn. Another situation that is critical occurs when a pasture has over 25% canopy cover of juniper. At this point the pasture is rapidly approaching a situation when the grass production is severely reduced. It is mandatory to have the grass fuel sufficient to carry a fire across a pasture. When the juniper canopy cover approaches 40%, the grass fuel is so reduced that a prescribed burn is generally not possible. To reclaim a pasture in this condition, some mechanical treatment is generally required to increase the grass fuel necessary to carry the fire.
One year prior to burning a pasture, the grazing management must be altered. The pasture must be allowed to accumulate as much grass as possible. Therefore, no grazing should be done at least during the fall growth period, and, if a good burn is to be made, the pasture should be rested during both the spring and fall growth period. Remember, the more fine fuel (grass) in the pasture, the greater the damage to the juniper and the easier the pasture will be to burn. With abundant fine fuel, the fire can be conducted under safer conditions with lower temperatures and higher humidities. With minimal fine fuel, such as found when a rancher removes the livestock the day before the burn, there is an unreasonable temptation to burn with higher winds, lower humidities, and higher temperatures.
Firelines should be marked during the fall prior to the winter burn. It is generally easiest to locate these firelines adjacent to the pasture fences. However, firelines should be moved away from fence lines to avoid extremely rough terrain or unusual jogs in a fence that make burning difficult. Assuming the prevailing wind in winter and early spring is from the southwest, black lines should be installed on the north and east edge of the pasture. Width of the blackline should be at least 500 feet. Thus, an additional mineral line should be placed 500 feet inside the perimeter mineral lines on the north and east pasture edges in preparation for burning in the blacklines. All the mineral lines should be checked for two features. First, the mineral lines should not have any grass or brush left in them. If any fuel is left in the lines, this provides an excellent fuel bridge to the outside of the burn unit. This will almost guarantee a fire escape. Second, the mineral lines should be reasonably smooth. The mineral lines provide vehicle access to the entire perimeter of the pasture and will be used repeatedly during all phases of the burn. Bull dozers will generally leave a very rough line. A little extra time to back drag the mineral line is generally worth a lot in the long run.
Blacklines should be burned out during January when temperatures are cool and humidities are frequently high. The 40 – 60 rule should be followed for this process. Remember, this is the most dangerous part of the prescribed burn as you only have the mineral line on the leeward side to protect against fire escape. Ignition should proceed at a slow and steady pace, with adequate numbers of spotters to look for and extinguish any accidental spot fires outside the burn area. Usually you should have at least six spotters plus a pumper truck with driver and pumper operator. At least half of the suppression crew should have radios to ensure rapid communication in case of trouble. The ignition crew should have at least four people. Three people should carry drip torches and one person keeping full drip torches available to all torch carriers. One experienced fire boss should direct all activities and coordinate the activities of the ignition and suppression crews. The one cardinal rule of ignition is always light moving into the wind. If you light moving with the wind the fire will overtake you and cause serious injury.
Two ignition techniques are especially useful when burning blacklines; the backfire and the strip headfire. With the backfire you can maintain a high level of control over the burning rate as the fire is backing into the wind. With this fire type, the flame lengths will be very short and the rate the fire spreads into the wind will be very slow. The only disadvantage to backfires is they can take a very long time to move across the 500 foot distance which must be burned out. This time period can be shortened by use of the strip headfire technique. This technique incorporates the advantages of a backfire with the increased speed of a headfire. The strip headfire ignition requires at least three torch carriers. The first torch begins ignition at the leeward edge of the blackline. This torch will light into the wind for at least 50 feet and allow the fire to back into the wind 10 to 15 feet. As the first torch carrier proceeds beyond 50 feet, the second torch starts lighting about 20 feet upwind of the backing fire from the first torch. The second torch is in essence starting two fires, one is a small headfire which burns out the strip downwind to the first torches backfire and the second is a simultaneous backfire which moves into the wind. As the first torch moves out to past 100 feet and the second torch approaches 50 feet from the starting point, the third torch starts ignition about 50 to 75 feet upwind of the backfire ignited by the second torch. This torch is also igniting both a headfire and a backfire. Therefore, there are three torches lighting simultaneously and each burning out strips of fuel and light head and backfires. The fireboss coordinates the spacing of the torches and the speed at which they move. This ensures that the second and third torches do not pass the first torch and run a head fire over the first torches position. With practice and experience, this process can become a thing of beauty to behold on a cool evening.
Burning blacklines will invariably run into the night. This is an excellent time to put in blacklines as the temperatures are becoming increasingly cooler and the humidity is rising. If you plan to burn, especially at night, you must visit with your regional office of the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission and inform them of your plans. This will save you a lot of grief and help ensure that prescribed burning remains a viable and legal rangeland management tool.
The final phase of a prescribed burn is the ignition of the main headfire which will burn the entire pasture. This is usually the safest part of the whole process. The south and west edges of the pasture are ignited. Again, the torches move into the wind and eventually meet at the southwest corner of the pasture. Obviously, this assumes that the prevailing wind is from the southwest. Spotters and fire suppression equipment are located on the north and east sides of the pasture to deal with any unlikely spot fires. Ignition should only take place when the air temperature is between 70 and 80F, relative humidity is between 25 and 40%, and the wind is between 8 and 15 mph. It is strictly ill-advised to start ignition if these conditions are expected to change, especially higher winds, higher temperatures, or lower humidities.
More detailed instructions are available in the form of three Management Notes published by the Department of Range, Wildlife, and Fisheries Management at Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-2125. Our phone number is (806) 742-2841.
The key to successful burning of juniper infested rangeland in Texas is having adequate fine fuel. Ensuring the fine fuel load is adequate may be as simple as deferring the pasture from grazing in the fall growth period or possibly for one year. In other cases it may require a pretreatment to reduce the juniper density, thus allowing the grasses to respond and produce the fine fuel necessary for a successful burn. Therefore, a thorough plan must be initiated well before the actual burn is conducted.
Wildlife habitat must also be a critical focus in the planning process. How much juniper should be unburned in the pasture to ensure adequate hiding and thermal cover for deer and other wildlife species? It is suggested that areas of either steep slopes and/or shallow soils be excluded from the area that is burned. This will require extra firelines and care in ignition.
It is strongly suggested that pastures on the north and east edge of the planned burn be grazed closely in the months prior to the planned burn. By reducing the fine fuel (grass) in these areas, the potential for spot fires and fire escape will be greatly reduced. This will require a long-term grazing plan and in some cases a good working relationship with neighbors.
Finally, develop a good fire plan with realistic objectives and clearly stated procedures for the prescribed burn. This plan will be valuable in reminding you when different aspects of the process need to be accomplished. The plan also be a good checklist of equipment, personnel, and safety considerations necessary for a successful prescribed burn.
This paper is contribution No. T-9-772 from the College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Texas Tech University. | 2019-04-19T18:32:06Z | https://texnat.tamu.edu/library/symposia/juniper-ecology-and-management/juniper-burning-at-texas-tech/ |
We stumbled upon the scene in Phuket.
By the time you see this post today, we'll already be at the airport in Phuket awaiting the flight to Singapore with a three hour layover until the final leg of the flight to Denpasar, Bail.
Colorful shrine in front of a property! Wow!
Neither of these two flights are very long, the first only 1 hour, 50 minutes; the second under around 2 hours. These shorter flights shouldn't be too hard on me. Once we arrive in Singapore, we'll get a passcode for the free Wi-Fi, find comfortable seating in a restaurant in the terminal and busy ourselves online while we wait.
Many fruit and coconut stands are found along the road.
Although it will be a long day, expecting to arrive at the hotel in Kutu, Bali around 8:30 pm after departing the house in Phuket at 7:00 am, there is a one hour time difference resulting in a 12 hour travel day.
We'll always recall the 34 hour travel day from Venice to Kenya in 2013 making this 12 hour travel day seem like "a walk in the park." We don't anticipate too many more lengthy travel days in the immediate future when we only have a few more flights until heading back to the US for a family visit via a cruise embarking in about 8 months.
In rained and was cloudy almost every day for a period of time.
Well care for wood boat tied to a tree in the bay.
Now for the final Phuket expenses, keeping in mind that these expenses are less than expected and budgeted when we weren't able to get out to dine and do much sightseeing based on my health condition.
Colorful shells from the Phuket Seashell Museum.
Most tourists stay in resorts with minimal cooking facilities (if any), dine out for most meals, pay for a more expensive rental cars or multiple taxi rides and go out on a number of tours and sightseeing adventures.
Blue-green water at a distance. Sandy beach at the shore. Beautiful!
In the next few days we'll be writing an online review for the vacation rental at the owner's preferred site. Soon, the cleaners will arrive and we'll present the four delightful helpers with tips as indicated above.
Had I been feeling well, this 41 nights in Phuket would have been an entirely different experience. Hopefully, as we go forward and the healing continues, we'll be able to return to our former more active experiences.
No disrespect intended. When I spotted Tom posing next to this statue, it was a LMAO experience. He'll do anything to make me laugh during these challenging months of healing. I couldn't resist taking a photo.
Thanks to all of our loyal readers for hanging in with us during this very quiet, relatively uninteresting period in Thailand. I know you may be anticipating that the upcoming two months in Bali won't be much different. But, we promise to make every effort to share great new photos and experiences as circumstances will allow.
Midway through the next two months, we'll be spending four nights in a hotel in Lovina, Bali in order to acquire the necessary visa extensions. While there, we should have some new and exciting photos and stories. Please stay tuned.
Clear blue skies contributed to our colorful beach photos on our final days in Trinity Beach. For more photos, please click here.
Shorter than he'd normally prefer, Tom's latest buzz cut will hold him through the 33 night cruise beginning on October 31st.
Tom needed a haircut before we left Phuket. There's a little salon at the end of the road where it meets the major highway. We'd driven passed it many times and he thought that might be a good spot for his much needed haircut.
The plan was to have a buzz cut that would be perfect by the time we were ready to board the 33 night cruise upcoming on October 31st. Little did we know he'd get the best buzz cut he's had since the onset of our travels.
When we drove up to the tiny salon we asked if someone was available. A young woman, named Seven, was ready to get to work on his hair. We asked for the price of the haircut in advance. Her associate Maw, spoke very little English but she understood when we asked about "how many bahts."
The exterior of the nearby tiny spa and salon.
Maw explained the cost of a men's haircut is THB $150, US $4.34. In Singapore, where he had his last haircut, the cost was considerably higher at US $32.74, THB $1,134 (after a 20% discount for new customers) and the quality of the cut was only a fraction of the quality as compared to yesterday's meticulous cut.
The attention to detail was flawless as Seven spent no less than 40 minutes cutting his hair using both scissors and an electric hair trimmer. She was gracious when he included a 35% tip. (Tipping isn't common in Thailand and any amount tendered is appreciated with a hands-pressed-together-bow-of-the-head).
After the haircut we took off for the pharmacy which can be found in Phuket every five or six blocks when driving along the main roads. We decided to stop at the same tiny store we'd visited a few times in the past for hydrogen peroxide, Tylenol and contact lens solution.
Tom removed his glasses, closed his eyes and the 40 minute cut began.
This could prevent us from having to make yet another stop (beside the supermarket) on the four or five hour harrowing drive from the hotel in Bali to the villa in Sumbersari.
Pharmacies in most countries are just that...they carry medicinal items only; no mascara, no shampoo and no razor blades. Most supermarkets don't carry most of these items either requiring travelers must be well stocked with such toiletries and supplies when staying in the more remote areas.
During the cut, I asked him to open his eyes and smile for a photo.
Also, we should mention that pharmacies in many countries do not carry commonly prescribed medications one easily finds in the US, Australia, Europe and other parts of the world. Its best to bring enough of any necessary medications in one's carry on bags (along with a copy of prescriptions) in the event of lost luggage.
Having found each of the three items we needed, we made our way back to our villa. It was raining hard and we saw no reason to be driving any further than necessary with the poorly working windshield wipers in the less-than-stellar rental car.
Seven analyzes Tom's hair for his buzz cut.
We giggled over how little fuel we've used in the rental car when we filled it upon arrival. Of course, my desire to stay close to "home" while recovering contributed to this fact.
Today, we'll finish packing with only a few items we're still using yet to be added to the bags. Tom will place everything by the front door so we'll be ready to head out first thing in the morning.
The interior of the salon area was no larger than a medium sized RV or caravan. A massage area was located in a back room we didn't see.
Hopefully, we'll both sleep well tonight. We have a tendency to toss and turn on nights before departure, especially when we have to use an alarm to ensure we're up on time. Invariably, I awaken before the alarm goes off.
Tomorrow, the post with our final expenses for the 41 days in Phuket which we're preparing today will automatically upload in time for your usual viewing. Please keep in mind that these total expenses are lower than we'd expected when we spent little during my convalescence. Dining out, boat tours and other tourist activities would have increased the total costs.
Coconut shells stored on the side of this building near the salon. Coconut shells may be used to make charcoal which is used as fuel. See here for details.
When we commence the long drive to the villa another new post will upload. As a result, no daily posts will be missed during the two day's of traveling.
We're looking forward to the dinner the two Katuks which will have waiting for us upon our arrival around 5 or 6 pm. We're both anticipating their happy faces, their fine food and again seeing Gede, the house man and Ribud, the pool guy. Of course, seeing the buffaloes walking along the beach during dinner makes us smile as well.
The view of Double Island and Scout Island are a pleasant beginning to any day in Trinity Beach. For more photos as we began our final week in Australia please click here.
Boats anchored in shallow waters. Owners can walk out to the boat.
Although we arise early most days, the thought of setting an alarm is always done so with a bit of dread. Having retired in 2011, in my old life, there had been few mornings where I had to arise and be out the door in a rush.
Since beginning our travels in October, 2012, there's been more mornings than we can count where we've had to be up and "at 'em" early in the morning in order to begin a travel day. What time do we consider early?
Arising by 5 am is considered early by our standards especially when we have to be somewhere. Most mornings, I'm awake that early but not necessarily preparing to head out. There's a big difference, isn't there?
Why I dread those mornings we have to leave early baffles me. I don't have any trouble getting out of bed when the alarm goes off. Is it the prospect of another long travel day? The heavy bags? The long lines? Immigration? Customs? Paying for excess baggage fees? The tight seats on the plane? Perhaps its all of these.
Once we get into the taxi for the ride to the airport, a bit of angst begins to waft away, escalating further after we've checked in for our flight disposing of our three heavy bags, left with only a few carry on bags.
With international airports requiring arrival two hours prior to a flight's departure, we're often left with more than 60 minutes until boarding. In most cases, we find a restaurant, purchase a beverage and get online if the airport has free Wi-Fi, which we find more and more common. Only a few airports charge for Wi-Fi access.
Boats tied to shore at the beach. Life jackets hanging on a post.
The next issue is our laptop batteries discharging. For Thursday's upcoming flight, we'll have no less than an hour of waiting time at the airport in Phuket and then another three hour layover in Singapore (our third trip to Singapore in these past four months).
Some airports have recharging stations but we've seldom needed to use them. In this case, it may be necessary when it seems our laptop batteries are losing life after almost two years of use.
My laptop may indicate I have seven or eight hours of a charge when in fact its much less. Tom has a similar laptop but can function unplugged a few hours less than mine.
These was a time that reading a physical book would have been handy but there's no way we're willing to carry books with us.
Now that Tom doesn't have a smart phone until our shipment arrives, he won't be able to read books on his phone. The charge on my phone may last eight hours if I don't get online. Good thing, I saved my phone with the rice after dropping it in the toilet, or neither of us would have a working cellphone.
In most cases, I read books on my phone during flights putting the phone in "flight mode" as required. I usually save the phone for the flight as opposed to reading while waiting in airports. When a flight has individual video screens, a movie is often ideal as opposed to reading.
Entrance to the long pier at the beach.
I suppose we're not unlike many others who use electronics to whittle away idle time. Where are the days when we'd sit quietly in an airport reading a People magazine which now holds no interest whatsoever? Where are the days when people watching could occupy two hours of idle time?
We've trained ourselves in this digital world to need constant stimulation. Tom and I are no exception. Sure, in Bali again we'll spend some idle hours staring out at the beach and its wildly interesting activities, which again we'll continue sharing in our "Sightings on the Beach in Bali" daily feature on the posts.
But, there again, its all about mental stimulation. Neither one of us are inclined toward quiet contemplation without any form of activity for the brain. Maybe to an extent this is good for our aging brains as both of us still possess great memory and recall as we've aged.
Second long pier at the beach.
We can't believe much of which we read about these topics online when the speculations change week by week. (We're talking about adults here, not children, which is an entirely different scenario).
What is one to believe? I guess we can leave it to our own devices, figuratively and literally. What's gives us the greatest sense of engagement with our surroundings, our world and with each other? What makes us the most fulfilled?
If spending hours online, on our tablets, computers and phones provides us with a sense of accomplishment and pleasure who's to argue with this? Then again, perhaps the biggest concern is a lack of physical activity while we're entertaining ourselves.
"They" say sitting is bad which may be true. But which group of seniors (or those younger) spends eight to ten hours a day on their feet? Few. Very few.
Fisherman searching for a possible catch.
Off we go in two days, arising at 5:30 am on Thursday to be ready to head out the door by 7 am for our arriving taxi. We'll arrive at our hotel in Bali around 8:30 pm that evening after a very long travel day. In the morning, we'll have breakfast at the hotel and begin the four or five hour harrowing drive with a few stops along the way.
I'm a little concerned over how I'll do over these two extended periods based on my continuing recovery. But, with digital equipment in hand, hopefully, I'll be able to distract myself well enough to maneuver through the lengthy process.
Be well and stay entertained however that works for YOU!
We couldn't resist taking photos of these Flintstone's character statues in a nearby yard in Trinity Beach, Australia. For more photos, please click here.
Flowers blooming in pond in front yard of the villa.
It's surprising how easily I'm getting through my share of the packing this time considering my extra caution in avoiding bending over. Sure, there are certain aspects of pulling it all together that are tricky right now when I've always been the one to gather all the odds and ends we've placed throughout the vacation home.
Tom handles all the cords, electronics, emptying, washing and drying the ice cube trays and packing his clothing, while I usually gather and pack the toiletries, shoes and the few kitchen items (place mats, a few dish towels, measuring cup and spoons, turner and peeler).
This style of house in Phuket could be anywhere in the world, including the US.
Slowly, over the past few days, I've gathered what we won't need to use with only two meals left to prepare. On Wednesday evening, we'll pack the remainder and be ready to walk out the door at 7 am on Thursday morning (its Monday here now) when the driver arrives to take us to the airport.
With my clothes packed except for what I'll wear over the next few days, I'm beginning to have peace of mind knowing its under control. Over this past year I've been able to get the packing down to less than an hour (prior to the injury) but now it's proven to be a cautious step by step process in a determined attempt to avoid further injury.
If I had to leave the entire process up to Tom, he's do it without question. But, the time has come for me to be a little more active. What better a time than to do it now when soon we'll be walking long distances in the airports in Phuket, Singapore (a long layover) and Denpasar.
Driving on the highway to the market.
I'm thrilled we're staying overnight in Denpasar, Bali (the capital city) at the same hotel close to the airport we used on the prior trip to Bali before embarking the following day for the grocery shopping and the four to five hour harrowing drive to Sumbersari.
Our driver Butu, will arrive at the hotel at 10 am Friday to take us to the supermarket (the grocery list is already on the phone app) and then commence on the dreaded trafficked drive to the villa.
Salons, spas and nail studios are popular in Phuket.
For my comfort Butu will be bringing a pillow from the villa. Also, he'll drive Egon's (the villa owner) comfortable newer air con van. These two facts help immensely.
Now as I speak into my laptop using speech recognition, Tom is watching the Minnesota Viking pre-season game in the living room using the NFL GamePass app with the HDMI cord. He doesn't yell or make a peep when watching the game so I have no idea how its going. He's always been a quiet observer, considering his propensity to lively conversation.
Yesterday, we both researched online to find him a replacement smart phone. He'd considered a Kindle device but after reading many reviews, it didn't appear that any of the available models would be meet his criteria.
This view although cloudy on many days always takes our breath away.
He didn't like the idea of the larger sized reader although insisted on having a good Wi-Fi connection on such a device. After reading dozens of reviews we discovered that Kindle devices can be data hogs with lots of uploads transpiring in the background at all times in an attempt to get the user to buy, buy, buy.
With the reality that at times we're paying for data (metered or on a SIM card using device) that made no sense at all. A new smart phone was the best decision. Also, he didn't want to add to our overall weight by purchasing a larger device.
Tom doesn't relish the idea of learning how to use new and different devices, software and operating systems. For me, its the opposite. I love new technology. Based on this fact alone, it made sense for him to purchase the identical phone, Blu Win HD Lite; ideal for reading books, email, surfing the web and use as a factory unlocked cellphone.
The elaborate sign at the entrance to the Muay Thai Kickboxing facility down the road from us. Many nights we can hear the activity.
The price was under US $100, THB $3466 for the smart phone including tax with free shipping (to our mailing service), not bad for an unlocked phone when unlocked phones were close to US $1000, THB $34,660 when we first started traveling.
This item along with the many other items we described in yesterday's post will arrive with our shipment in Bali sometime in the next month. (We've yet to place the shipment request).
As its turns out we won't need another trip to the grocery store. We have enough food on hand for tonight's, Tuesday's and Wednesday's meals. The only outings necessary before Thursday's departure is a haircut for Tom and a quick trip to the pharmacy for a few items, both on tomorrow's agenda.
We hope that whatever you tackle today brings you considerable pleasure, whether its reading a good book, watching a favorite TV series, preparing a great meal or out on an exciting adventure.
Seagull in flight in during our visit to the Great Barrier Reef. For more photos, please click here.
A variety shop along the highway.
Tom's smart phone died last night. Not the battery but the phone itself. Kaput. Today, I'll contact Microsoft for a possible fix but the message on the screen appears to indicate it's all over. Its almost two years old and although he only uses it for reading, its been an important device for him.
We tried installing my good battery which didn't help and we were unable to bring up the home screen to reset the phone. This occurred last night, after coincidentally, we ordered a new battery for it yesterday, thinking that's all it needed before it went belly-up.
This is the Palm Breeze apartment rentals. For prices and information, please click here considering that THB (Thai Baht) $1000 is equal to US $28.85. To calculate various currency denominations, click here.
Once the error message appeared on the screen, long after placing the battery order and it had already been shipped, we decided a new phone may be on the agenda or, perhaps a Kindle Fire device which we'll order online.
The new battery will work in my phone so it won't be a total loss that we ordered it. It will be good to have a backup battery we can keep charged for travel days and also so I don't run out of juice in the middle of the night when I'm online for hours when having trouble sleeping.
Restaurants are abundant serving popular local foods.
Over these past few weeks we've been in the process of ordering much needed supplies which we'll have shipped to us in Bali in the upcoming month. We purchase most items using Amazon Prime with the link on our website receiving free shipping on most items sent to the US.
Our mailing service in Nevada receives all of the purchases, removes all the boxes and packing materials and ships everything to us in one big box. We usually request a three day shipping option, receiving the package within a week even in even the most remote areas of the world.
Many signs indicate rooms for rent. There are many affordable places to live in Phuket. Many young travelers come here for water sports and adventure.
The cost of shipping is high, often hundreds of dollars but what can we do when none of the items we purchase can be found or shipped locally based on the countries we visit?
What do we buy that can't wait until we arrive in the US in nine months? We include such items as: Crystal Light Ice Tea; water shoes and underwear for Tom; a special travel sized neck pillow for me; sleep tee shirts and two swimsuits for me; a few vitamins (probiotics and B6 for Tom for kidney stone prevention) and so on. Today, we'll add the reading device for Tom to include in this upcoming shipment to Bali.
Certain days, the traffic is light on the highway and others its bumper to bumper.
Ordering supplies such as these are a reality of our lives of travel. Beside the shipping costs, we'll have to "negotiate" with customs in Bali over how much we'll be required to pay in custom fees. Generally, we've been able to keep these costs relatively low.
Our readers and family members occasionally send us links on how to "pack lighter." We appreciate their good intentions. But, traveling with literally every physical item we own, is an entirely different scenario than a traveler packing for a trip.
A variety of businesses line the highway with many laundry services as shown on the right.
We need the third checked bag to contain items such as the above including all of our shoes (with only four pairs each), although clothing goes into our individual suitcases with electronics packed into Tom's laptop backpack.
Surely, we'll have to toss some old clothes to make room for the new items which by the time we leave Bali won't be a problem. Wearing the same items over and over does result in wear and tear, although we're often surprised on the durability of some of our tee shirts and shorts.
We continue to see family, friends and readers enjoying time at the Minnesota State Fair, posting photos on Facebook. Thanks to everyone for sharing their photos. We're happy to see you're having a good time at the "Great Minnesota Get Together!" Tom didn't like the traffic. I didn't eat the food.
Have a fabulous last weekend in August!
At the Great Barrier Reef, this semi-submersible had seats for 20. As shown, it was packed as tight as sardines, not good for those who may be claustrophobic. For more photos, please click here.
While living in most locations when we get low on photos its not a problem. We jump in the rental car for a drive searching for interesting scenes to capture. If we don't have a rental car and are using a driver, we get out often enough each week to get all the photos we need for the posts.
Now, down to five days until departure, with my ongoing recovery process and the less-than-stellar rental car, I've had little desire to get out to take photos. With the blurry film on the windows it requires I get out of the low seat in the car to avoid taking photos through the glass which in itself in my current condition feels like an athletic event.
If you've ever owned or gone for a ride in a Corvette, it kind of feels like the same thing...not necessary the right vehicle for getting it and out of when suffering from a spinal condition. Under normal circumstances, this would be less of a challenge.
Its not as if I can't get in and out of the less-than-stellar rental car. Its that I don't want to re-injure myself subsequently staring the healing process all over again.
Boats stored at the shore as opposed to a marina.
Only days away from a full three months of recovering, I've only spent half of this period over these past almost six weeks in Phuket actually "working on" getting better, I've finally begun to turn the corner.
On many occasions over these past weeks, I'd mentioned improvement in our posts although it was in such small increments it was barely noticeable. Frustration easily set in when I'd awaken each day only to find the pain was basically still the same.
A few times, as recently as in the past two weeks, we considered a visit to a hospital. After reading many negative online reviews about local medical care, we decided against it. Instead, we made a plan that if I didn't improve close to our scheduled time to leave Phuket, we might head directly to Sydney and drop out of our airfare and booking for Bali.
As we seriously considered such a plan we had to accept the reality that we'd lose rent for the two month booking in Bali (on such short notice) and also the non-refundable airfare. This change would ultimately cost us thousands of dollars. Tom, as worried as he's been about me, never flinched over this prospect while I cringed over the prospect.
Yard of a house in the neighborhood with motorbikes and clothes drying on a line.
As soon as this possibility came to light, I decided I had to do something different to escalate the healing process to ensure we could continue with our future plans.
1. Started a light exercise program...very light and gentle following recommendations in a great book I read.
2. Changed the pillow I was sleeping on from flat to slightly fuller, creating an indentation for my head.
3. Changed from using mostly ice to using mostly heat on and off throughout the day and evening. (Using a microwaveable gel pack). At bedtime I positioned an ice pack close to my spine using a rolled towel to hold it in place while lying on my side.
4. Have Tom massage pressure points on my back twice a day.
5. Only lie down for 10 minutes at a time instead of longer periods during the day. Spend more time standing and walking around the house.
6. No bending at all, which seems to be the most harmful at this point.
7. Sleep with a medium sized pillow between evenly placed bent legs, again lying on my side.
8. Focus on having perfect posture when walking and sitting.
9. Using the speech recognition software for better ergonomics when typing.
With only five days until departure I can definitely say I've improved by no less than 75% in these past weeks, no longer feeling as if we must change our plans to get me to a major accredited hospital.
Oh, maybe it was "safari luck" and the implementation of the above changes or a combination of both. That's the thing about medical care, when one begins implementing multiple modalities, its difficult to determine which measures most contributed to the improvement.
The mix of the old and the new is commonly found in Phuket.
I'll continue with all of the above even after we arrive in Bali. With no required cooking, cleaning , laundry or tidying necessary with the daily household staff, I'll spend more time focusing on continuing to improve on this remaining 25%.
By far, these past three months have been the most challenging since we began our travels on October 31, 2012. Surely many of our readers can look back over the past four years to recall periods of time when life wasn't exactly as you might have liked it to be.
Tom comments about how I overall maintained a good attitude through this. Each day I've struggled to stay optimistic. I was scared to death, to be honest, scared our travels were over, scared our lives would have to change to accommodate my limited range of motion, my ability to walk long distances and my overall interest in getting out.
Yesterday, I packed my single clothing suitcase which in doing so gave me hope, leaving out clothing for the next few days. I sat on the bed folding everything and then standing straight I placed them into my open bag which is situated on a tall luggage rack. The rest will be easy.
This simple act added to my optimism removing a sense of dread I had about packing. Tom would happily have packed for me but I needed to know I could do it.
Many homes are raised above ground in the event of flooding.
As we continue over these next few days, we apologize for the lack of interesting photos. Its the way it is for now. And, once we arrive in Bali, we may be posting similar photos to those we'd taken during our last stay, although all photos we'll share in future posts will be new.
Halfway through our second round in Bali we plan to stay in a hotel in Lovina for five days to complete the every-other-day-three-step required visa extension process. During that mini vacation/holiday, we'll explore taking many photos we'll excitedly share in posts to come.
Once we leave Bali at the end of October for the 33 night cruise to circumvent Australia, we'll have many months of exciting cruises and tours, along with the stay in Tasmania at two separate locations for six weeks each and a 40 night stay in the exquisite city of Sydney.
So, loyal readers...on we go to continue in our world travels with a renewed hope for the future, as always striving for good health as we share all of our steps along the way.
Have a healthful, productive day!
The colorful views around us was only a small section of the Great Barrier Reef which we visited by boat one year ago today. For more photos, please click here. | 2019-04-18T11:20:44Z | http://www.worldwidewaftage.com/2016/08/ |
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Huge profits of 10 200 With a capital of 10 000!
In Fact during testing alone we were able to multiply capital by 4-5x .. we got several test accounts with balances between 10 and 50,000 usd that doubled tripled and even quadrupled!
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Our Forex robot can be traded with ANY account size... BIG or SMALL!
Now...lets get to the most important part of all of this...to the reason why FAP Turbo is #1 and will be undefeated for a VERY long time.
Do you remember I told you at the beginning of the letter that back-test results are worthless? Well, THEY ARE!
So, why am I about to to show you back-test results of FAP Turbo?
You Can Validate Them With Live Forward Trading!
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At the end of the day, who you are and what you are is based on what you can prove...talk is cheap these days!
My name is Steve Carletti and I am a professional I.T. programmer and the head developer of the most accurate and profitable Forex robot in todays market - FAP Turbo.
I suppose like many people out there, my dream as a young kid was always to make it big.
Well, I suppose most of us had that dream when we were kids right?
I am sorry for being so bold, but most people are pathetic. Why?
That is why I am rich today and most people reading this letter are not. Again, my apologize for being so straight forward but that is the reality of things and as you have already seen my world is a reality based world.
I can still remember in high school....while everyone else was busy playing and enjoying youth I was trying to figure out a way to make money.
I tried every opportunity out there....I actually joined at least 7 MLM programs! Of course they didn't work...but you know what?
Well, not really! Trying things that didn't work actually pushed me more and more to figure out what does work...it gave me more enthusiasm and thrust to figure out a way to make BIG money.
BIG Money Is Made NOT By Working Hard But By “Working” SMART!
I know...yes...this contradicts everything most people have been trained to think: “work hard and you will reach your goals in life”.
Well...let me ask you this – how many people do you know that work all month long 12-14 hour days and barely bring home a $3,000 paycheck?
with hardly any human intervention?
So, bottom line...there is nothing wrong with working hard. My father actually worked more than 15 hours a day for over 30 years and I respect that. He did everything he could do to support the family.
if he had a way to bring those paychecks home without working so hard I can GUARANTEE he would have left his day job and enjoyed life as it should be enjoyed!
Yes...that was the response of EVERYONE around me after they saw the life I was leading...the life FAP Turbo gave me!
Who would have thought 10 years ago that one day this will be my life and of many others trading the FAP Turbo robot!
Today, I live the dream most people have...rake in tens of thousands of dollars while resting, playing, vacationing, watching T.V.
It's amazing how times change... and its amazing how one great discovery can change a whole life!
Well, can't blame them! Forex is not something you hear often....it actually sounds a bit scary when you hear the term for the first time!
No Cornering – Unlike any other markets, it is IMPOSSIBLE to corner the Forex market....and, no matter how many people trade with the same robot its efficiency and profitability will remain intact (HUGE plus)!
Up & Down – Profit from rising and falling prices...you don't care which way the market goes. Ohhh...and, unlike with the US stock market, you don't have to wait for an up-tick for shorting!
I also knew that I would not be able to do it alone. At the end of the day, the idea of producing the best Forex robot in existence is quite a big challenge!
You always have to know your strengths...my strengths are organization, information technology, persistence, drive and ambition.
But...I was never good with complex numbers and with advanced programming!
What do you do when you have a great idea but not all the qualifications to make it a reality?
You work with THE BEST OF THE BEST in those specific fields you are not the best!
Mike and Ulrich are that “best of the best”!
I actually met both Mike and Ulrich while in university. Both were those typical “geeks” you would find studying and coming up with new theories while most other people were partying!
We hit it off quite well and became very good friends ever since (although, I must admit they do bore me at times with their complex theories and ideas!).
Anyway, Mike being a true genius with complex numbers and Ulrich being a small Einstein with open source programing I immediately saw the potential – they were exactly what I needed to take my idea from only and idea to a profitable cash pulling reality!
Both LOVED the idea of producing a “never seen before” Forex robot. I suppose it fits our personality – do something traders, banks, fund managers etc. label as “impossible”!
We got a hold of every single Forex robot in the market...every single Forex strategy and method available... every idea or piece of idea we could find...we read over 20 “strategy design” books between the 3 of us and subscribed to every single Forex publication/service available.
You guessed right....99% of what we saw, tested and studied was CRAP! Well, obviously...if it wasn't, I suppose others would have already come up with a super-Forex robot right?
But...and this is a lesson I learned quite well from this project...even in “crap” information there is value...you can actually understand why it is crap and come up with ideas to improve it!
But you know what was the most frustrating part?
Worked Well ONLY In Backtests!
Yes...we lost a lot of money in the process of testing...but that was the only way to actually know what works and what doesn't.
It was the only way to understand why so many Forex robots were failing to deliver the goods in real LIVE trading.
Do you know that stage where you are ready to give up? Where everything seems a waste of time...nothing seems to work....you can't really see the “light at the end of the tunnel”?
I LOVE that feeling of relief....that deep breath that comes with “FINALLY!”....finally something that seems to work and make sense!
Forexautopilot is an EA that is consistently being updated by it's creator Marcus B. Leary who himself is the pioneer of expert advisor programming.
We were quite impressed by his work as this robot seriously was able to rake in very nice gains - consistently.
The trading risk is to big, especially for larger sums. The all or nothing formula is nothing for weak stomachs.
I called up their support and introduced myself and what I was doing with Mike and Ulrich...after a little back and forth with the support staff I was able to FINALLY speak with the man himself.
We hit is off quite well! I wouldn't say Marcus is the average “Geek” profile...but you can definitely confuse him with that!
Anyway, we ended up talking for over 3 weeks...exchanging ideas...building a solid relationship.
All through our conversations I kept insisting that Mike, Ulrich and Me can actually take his Forex robot and make it 10 times better (a bit bold, I know!).
It is safe to say that if it was another person I was talking to I would have been blown off...but not with Marcus!
That my friend... was Marcus's reply to my constant bragging that we can improve his Forex robot beyond belief... that we can “leave him in the dust” so to speak!
9 weeks later....countless hours of absolutely no sleep...all our knowledge...all our combined programing, mathematics and analysis abilities...living, eating, and breathing Forex... FAP Turbo was FINALLY born!
We fired FAP Turbo for a 2 year back-test....just to test the waters.
Ulrich almost fell off the chair....and I, someone that is quite hard to surprise, was in complete disbelief... I'm NOT kidding! It as one of the greatest moments in my life (and I am sure in Mike's and Ulrich's lifes to).
But....no matter what so called “traders” tell you, a 2 year back-test is not enough...not nearly.
Impressive...never achieved before and I am serious. We have backtested countless Forex robots...we have NEVER seen results coming even close to these ones.
But now the REAL challenge was about to take place....back-testing was OBVIOUSLY not enough. Yes, unbelievable results, but....as we all know...it's only backtested results.
Backtests are only the foundation of a Forex robot...the beginning.
Because they DON'T work in live trading!
Understand that and you will be light years ahead of everyone, I absolutely guarantee that.
A Forex Robot that in LIVE trading doubles ANY account like clockworks!
The job was done...months and months of hard work were finally over...and it paid BIG time!
...but PURE cold hard cash in a real LIVE account!
We actually released the Robot to a select group of people...we wanted to make sure that it isn't just US who believe FAP Turbo to be the ultimate, easy-to-use forex robot that we designed it to be!
"Unheard 99% model quality on this robot called Fapturbo Ichimoku. It is doing extremely well. It is an awesome robot and you are getting it for free as a part of the package! 85,000 customers can't be wrong!"
See what Tony is saying about FapTurbo™.
"During the eight minutes my trades have risen to such profit levels, which even great traders would have made only in one day. I was amazed by the precision with which this program works. Every day my incomes only grew. It was almost six months ago. Since then I have almost tripled my money."
"Hi there, my name is Alex and I've been using fapturbo for a couple of years just right from the time when they released one of their earliest versions two years ago. First off, I wanna say that FapTurbo is one of THE best forex scalper robots out there in the market and I've been steadily making money with it."
See what Victor is saying about FapTurbo™.
"I observed as FAP TURBO really only improved my accounts, and during those months I almost doubled my capital. I am very pleased and I recommend everyone to start with little money to eventually increase them twofold, threefold, fourfold. With this program you can achieve the results that you want, such as myself."
"I've been trading for 5 years and even developed several successful forex systems myself with my friend Ronald. Later we decided to open our own testing website called forexealab.com where we test different robots on the market and find the best for our clients. I must say I was really impressed by the fapturbo performance."
Check Out What People Say About FAPTURBO™! Click here!
Yes, Automated Forex trading is possible! And YOU could do it too!
As you are reading this letter, the robot is actually producing for us and many other FAP Turbo owners real cash....it has been since we fired it up on our live accounts and it continues to nail trade after trade profitably, accurately and most importantly....HANDS FREE!
You have seen the results...you have witnessed how you can run our profitable robot with minimal knowledge about Forex!
FAP Turbo 2 is actually pre-installed for you...so you won't even have to do that yourself.
we are aware of the fact that many people are not very good friends with technology... hence, we really took the time and produced the most easy-to-run robot you will find.
You will actually be amazed when you see how easy and fast it is to get up and running!
The biggest problems people have when searching for an income solution are that they don't have the required amount of time and/or money to invest in order to achieve success (or find something that actually WORKS!).
How many can you count?
And from those you can count...how many did you step up to the plate and proved to yourself that you are doing something to make your life and that of those around you BETTER?
Taking a step towards a profitable and secure future is the difference between saying “I wish I would have taken that step”...and “I am glad I took that step”....thats what its all about in life...thats what it boils down to!
“Forex has to do with finance...since the world is in a financial crisis, will the Robot actually work?
Well...ask any Forex robot developer the same question and you will get the same answer “Sure it will work!”... and give you afew B.S. arguments of why it should work.
NOT US!...we don't really care in feeding you some made up arguments.
And what did FAP Turbo do? Produce cold hard cash!
How is that for a secure and stable cash producing solution! While everyone was trying to figure out what the hell is going on, FAP Turbo already figured out how to make money...and A LOT of it!
No arguments...no explanations...but real facts. Don't ever settle for less.
It is clear that FAP Turbo leaves every single Forex robot hanging “dry” so to speak!
And its more than the LIVE results you have seen...its the actual mechanism and special features of the robot that make it so unique.
Want to trade with the most accurate and profitable Forex robot in the world – 90% Winners.
Can't Monitor the Forex Market because of a day job, commitments, etc and want an automatic software to do it for them.
Want to be amongst the 1% of forex traders who grow their trading account like wild mushrooms.
Why are you selling FAP Turbo? Do you use it yourself?
1. We do use it ourselves- every day! You can see the results from the live accounts throughout the website. The Forex market is so HUGE and no matter how many people trade the Robot its accuracy and profitability will remain the same - so why not take a few people along for the ride? They make money (by trading with FAP Turbo) and we make money (by showing them how to use it). Simple. Everyone's happy and we get to invest the profits from selling FAP Turbo into our FAP Turbo live accounts!
2. If we are honest, it’s also a bit of an ego-boost. We want people to remember that we were the first people to create an automated Forex Robot that actually works in such an extremely good way and over delivers. We are really tired of all those mumbo jumbo promises of quick riches popping up on the net every other day and we want to be the beacon of light for the average person trying to make a decent living.
No! First, you’ll have 2 whole months to test out the robot, and if it doesn’t live up to YOUR expectations – return it for a full no questions asked unconditional refund!
OK so FAP Turbo is so effective because it trades for small, regular profits?
That’s right… the combination of small profits at regular intervals is the secret behind our loss minimizations techniques. We are currently clearing $1000 – $3000 per day in clear profit using the robot’s unique strategies.
Isn't it a nightmare opening a Forex account? And what about how much money I need to open an account?
Opening an account couldn’t be easier. We will even guide you through the exact steps to get started with our preferred brokers, FxChoice and Tallinex (note: our FAPT v2.0 robots will NOT run on any other broker). You can start with literally any amount at these brokers!
We are VERY proud of our comprehensive members-zone. Every setup step is described in extreme detail PLUS further enhanced with a custom VIDEO tutorial. Should you have ANY question there is even our support telephone hotline guiding you all along the way! It simply doesn't get any better than that!
Like I said before, we’re focusing on small movements in the market that are going to occur regardless of whether or not the markets crash or the economy is in recession. FAP Turbo places "sell" orders as well and capitalizes on falling market movements. Regardless where the economy is heading - You profit!
Do I need to have any technical knowledge or prior experience for this to work for me?
Automated trading does not required advanced knowledge of the Forex market. All you need to do is to open a brokerage account, fund it and install the robot. We provide the detailed guide and video tutorials how to do it so you don't have any problems along the way.
Can you guarantee I will make money with this?
While we can’t make any explicit guarantee that you will make money (this is illegal) you only need to check out our unique ‘make money’ or it’s free guarantee later on. You can demo with it using none of your own money until you're happy it works. Remember, we're going for a modest return on a daily basis which means low risk. That's another reason why we can boast a 99% success rate.
Does the Robot have to trade every single day for it to work well? Do I have to do anything at all?
Fap Turbo decides when the markets are hot and when a trade opportunity presents itself. YOU do not have to do absolutely anything. Simply leave your machine on and watch the robot do its magic!
I've tried trading systems before and they never work.
That’s hardly surprising, given that the majority of ‘systems’ out there are completely incapable of trading on the real live markets. Remember this entire project has been overseen by some of the brightest brains in the industry, and uses a revolutionary trading algorithm that forces it to make money.
As soon as you sign-up for FAP Turbo you’ll receive your very own welcome package and access to your VIP Members area. From here you’ll be given your unique license key for the robot. As soon as the robot is installed on your computer, you’re ready to follow the step-by-step training instructions and set yourself on the path to success.
Simply follow the Step by Step instructions in the VIP members area and start making money!
This opportunity is available to EVERYONE.
What qualities do I need in order to use the Robot?
All you need to have is the will to succeed. Nothing else matters. If you treat this as a serious business opportunity you will make the sort of money you have seen us making throughout the website.
Is there a contact number I can call, should I need some additional help?
You bet. Our customer support team are always on hand to answer your questions.
Do I have to leave my computer turned on all the time in order for FAP Turbo to work properly?
Well, and this is what separates FAP Turbo from 99% of other Forex robots out there, you have the option of not using your computer at ALL!
You can simply download the Robot and use it with your current Forex broker.
However, you will have to have your computer turned on constantly for that.
You can have FAP Turbo installed on our server, we take care of that. This way, you will not have to have your computer turned on EVER!
This is actually something we have been working on very hard because we know the problem people have with keeping their computer turned on at all times.
And remember, you have full control over FAP Turbo as if it were on your computer! The process is quite simple actually and once in the download area we will guide you through it. And as always, if you have any questions at all regarding this area or ANYTHING else our support staff is available for you via email or telephone.
Is FapTurbo™ 2 Preinstalled on Myfxchoice and Tallinex MT4 ?
Yes. This is a Fully Preinstalled Version! Nothing to setup or configure! FapTurbo™ 2 Comes fully Preinstalled on your MyfxChoice and Tallinex Mt4! Plug and play solution. Real no brainer! The settings are fully optimized for the current trading conditions and are always up to date!
What bonuses do I get?
You will get a revolutionary FREE Bonus Bitcoin Signal Indicator by FapTurbo™ 2.0 Yes, we are so excited about upcoming FapTurbo™ 2 that we are releasing this Bitcoin Indicator totally free so you can play with it, get your feet wet with Bitcoin trading and see how accurate it is!
What is the difference between FapTurbo™ 1 and FapTurbo™ 2?
FapTurbo™ 2 is our new creation for the premium members. It comes fully preinstalled on your MyfxChoice and Tallinex Mt4! Plug and play solution. Real no brainer!
No more hassles with choosing brokers, optimal settings, wrong configurations and high spreads. We found out that most effective and most profitable way for our premium members is to trade on the FapTurbo™ 2 optimized feed from Myfxchoice and Tallinex. That is how you can maximize your results. Myfxchoice takes a small commission from your winning trades for providing you the service. So it's a WIN+WIN situation!
If I bought FapTurbo™ 1 before can I upgrade to FapTurbo™ 2 with discount?
Hassle free trading: Fully Preinstalled on 2 Major Brokerages!
The best thing about FapTurbo™ 2.0 is that comes fully preinstalled on your MyfxChoice and Tallinex Mt4! Plug and play solution. Real no brainer!
And the best part, we dont ask you to choose between two! You get BOTH! That's right! 1 License is valid for 2 live accounts! Each license owner gets 2 sublicenses to install 2 fully functional FapTurbo™ 2.0 copies..that`s right double the bang for your buck! Those two legs allow you to cashin big right from the start without even having done a single trade!
While developing FapTurbo™ 2.0 we did not only put our focus on profitable algorithms but on trading relationships as well.
Thats why FapTurbo™ 2.0 features a DUAL LEG (tm) system.. the very first in the industry where you get double the benefits.. and what benefits those are !
Each license owner gets 2 sub-licenses to install 2 fully functional FapTurbo™ 2.0 copies..that`s right double the bang for your buck! This allows you to trade on two separate live accounts with our preferred brokers, MyFxChoice and Tallinex.. so that's TWO for the price of ONE!
Why Are The Brokers giving such extreme Profits upfront?
Because they know how good FapTurbo™ 1 worked and since both brokers are true ECN brokerages siding with you and not against you in the currency markets (unlike market maker brokerage) they want you to make as much profit as possible so their commission cut gets bigger and bigger the more YOU make!
Our main income does not come from selling to you FAP Turbo. No. As you have already seen, we make A LOT of money by trading it. No matter how many copies of the robot we sell, we will never even come to a fraction of the profit we generate by trading it on our own live accounts!
Further...every single cent from the sale of FAP Turbo goes directly to it's trading.
That is what you can call “they are confident in their product” and “they put their money where their mouth is”!
Throughout the last few days many people have been asking about the price of FAB Turbo. Some people even thought that it will be priced in the $1,000's.
Both you and me know that charging $1,000 or $2,000 for this robot is a good price. And this is not just some “marketing” B.S. trying to inflate the value of the product.
Now...the problem of charging a high price tag is quite simple. Most people 9and I am talking of over 90% out there) would not have the necessary funds to get a copy of the Robot.
They lose because they do not have the chance to trade FAP Turbo....I lose because I don't get more funds to put into my FAP Turbo live account....bottom line, bad business for all of us.
We all win! You get FAP Turbo for a great affordable price, I get income to trade my live accounts and everyone is happy.
However, because this is the official launch of FAP Turbo I am going to do something great here...something unheard of.
I am going to charge you a one time payment of only $149, no recurring billing...nothing!
Quite simple. Because FAP Turbo is new and I want to show EVERYONE that it is the absolute best robot in the market. I want the word to spread out as much as possible. I want to create a great name for this product.
It is not enough that I know it is a great product... I want everyone else out there to know it as well!
So, we are offering FAP Turbo 2.0 to you for a low price of only $149ONE TIME PAYMENT!
You have seen a lot on this page.
You witnessed unheard of proof.
You saw what FAP Turbo is doing right now and how it’s performing.
You now know this is the best Robot in the market.
It doesn’t matter what we think…how FAP Turbo is performing for us or other users… it only matters what YOU think!
If for ANY reason at all you feel FAP Turbo is not for you, just send us your trading screenshots (or call us…there is a support hotline available to clients) within the first 60 days after purchase for a complete no questions asked refund.
Nothing to setup or configure! FapTurbo™ 2 Comes fully Preinstalled on your MyfxChoice and Tallinex Mt4! Plug and play solution. Real no brainer!
Come Back Ticket For Fapturbo™ 1 Clients. Click here.
THIS IS KEY: Always Up-To-Date!
FapTurbo™ sold over 85,000 copies now making it the BEST selling robot worldwide and was subject to several updates to keep its peek performance.. Competitors have come and gone because they were just after the quick buck flooding the forex scene with worthless not working crap or even worse what i call "get-your-hopes-up-for-a-week-then-blow-your- account-martingale-trading-sceme-crap". What you get with us is a LIFETIME SERVICE. We became so popular on forex for a reason.
Because we keep developing and we keep ensuring maximum profitability for us and our community.
Steve, Mike and Uli and the whole fapturbo support and community team!
Fapturbo1 made consistent gains on my Myfxchoice account for the last 5 months. thanks guys. I will get Fapturbo 2.0 too!
Hello, is the Fapturbo2 price still $149, I want to purchase it soon.thank you.
Just now we released the new Fapturbo 2.0 to our members adding a new INCREDIBLY good performing trading pair Bitcoin and many new features that have been tested over months.
Post your feedback about FapTurbo™ robot. Please do not post any support questions, use [email protected] instead. No spam links are allowed.
ClickBank is a registered trademark of Keynetics Inc., a Delaware corporation. www.fapturbo2.com is not affiliated with Keynetics Inc. in any way, nor does Keynetics Inc. sponsor or approve any www.fapturbo2.com product. Keynetics Inc. expresses no opinion as to the correctness of any of the statements made by www.fapturbo2.com in the materials on this Web page.
Disclaimer: In the interest of full disclosure we can not say that these results are representative of all users. We simply share the results we personally achieved on our live accounts during our forex trading. Our results are not indicative of future performance or success. We are not implying that these results can be generally expected or achieved by anyone. There is a substantial risk of loss associated with trading Forex. Past performances do not necessarily indicate future results!
Some of the accounts shown on this page are simulation demo accounts and backtests for the demonstration purposes. They give you impression on how the robot might work and trade but they do not necessarily indicate future results!
Disclaimer: Unless otherwise stated we have no connection to the person giving the testimonials. Where we do have a material connection to the person we will clearly state the connection. Testimonials are not indicative of future performance or success. Actor Portraying Real Purchaser.
The betatesters used in this video were provided a review copy of the product and a result has a material connection to our website, which may influence their opinion. In the interest of full disclosure we can not say that these results are representative of all users. We simply share the results our betatesters that were achieved during the forex trading. The results are not indicative of future performance or success.
People who send testimonial tend to be happy with the product at the time they sent the testimonial but their experience may change over time. We are not implying that these results can be generally expected or achieved by anyone. There is a substantial risk of loss associated with trading Forex. Past performances do not necessarily indicate future results!
Disclaimer: In the interest of full disclosure we can not say that these results are representative of all users. We simply share the results we personally achieved on our accounts during our forex trading. Our results are not indicative of future performance or success. We are not implying that these results can be generally expected or achieved by anyone. There is a substantial risk of loss associated with trading Forex. Past performances do not necessarily indicate future results!
Disclaimer: The fapturbo developers are actual people and not actors. The image is blurred for the privacy reason.
FTC Required disclaimer: Unless otherwise stated we have no connection to the person giving the testimonials. Where we do have a material connection to the person we will clearly state the connection. Testimonials are not indicative of future performance or success. The betatesters used in the video testimonials were provided a review copy of the product and a result has a material connection to our website, which may influence their opinion. In the interest of full disclosure we can not say that these results are representative of all users. We simply share the results our betatesters that were achieved during the forex trading. The results are not indicative of future performance or success.
All 5 video tesimonials shown on this page are REAL verifiable people and not actors.
Disclaimer: This is the robot backtest for the period of bank crisis. This is shown for the demonstration purpose. No real trading was performed during that time. | 2019-04-23T06:41:12Z | http://fapturbo2.com/?hop=zhengyong |
These notes are intended for customers who are updating their copy of the Dinkey Pro/FD SDK. This document contains details of important changes that may require you to alter the way you add protection and/or distribute your protected software. Not all changes and new features are described here. For a summary of all changes to the SDK, see the Dinkey Pro/FD version history.
To be notified by email about new features and other changes to Dinkey Pro/FD hardware and software, log in to your account, go to Account Details and enable Receive Dinkey Pro/FD product updates for your email address.
Customers who have not used Dinkey Pro or Dinkey FD before, but who are familiar with the original Dinkey system, should read the notes for migrating from Dinkey to Dinkey Pro/FD.
To find the version of your current copy of the Dinkey Pro/FD SDK, open any of the Windows SDK utilities and select Help > About from the menu.
This information applies only to customers who use Dinkey Pro Net or Dinkey FD Net dongles.
Network server auto-detection code was updated in 5.6.1 and is not compatible with previous versions. When updating your software's protection to use the latest SDK, you must make changes to both the server and client.
Use the version of DinkeyServer included with the latest SDK. Ensure that this version of DinkeyServer is the one that you distribute to customers with your software.
You do not need to change any information stored on the dongle.
If you use the API protection method, ensure that your program is using the latest version of the API library.
Create a new protected copy of your application using the latest version of DinkeyAdd.
This information applies only to customers who use Pro Plus, Pro Net, FD Plus or FD Net dongles.
Changes to the DinkeyAdd user interface.
No changes to your code are required.
No changes to your saved DinkeyAdd and DinkeyRemote settings (DAPF and DRPF files) are required, unless you want to take advantage of the new functionality.
Plus and Net dongles store a list of protection parameter records - each record has a features parameter, an expiry date, an execution counter etc. When adding protection, DinkeyAdd writes these records to the dongle's memory and modifies your EXE file (Shell method) or the API library (API method) to link it to one of these records. In versions before 6.0, the relationship between protected files and the records in the dongle was always 1-to-1, so each record was uniquely identified by the name of the file that was linked to it.
Version 6.0 introduced a way to allow multiple files to be linked to the same record in the dongle by using wildcards when adding protection with DinkeyAdd. This is particularly useful to customers who use DinkeyWeb, and customers who protect cross-platform software (e.g. Java programs), as it is now much easier to protect several files with the same expiry date, execution limit etc.
Records in the dongle are now uniquely identified by the Name in Dongle parameter. When you add protection to your program files, you specify the Name in Dongle of the record that you want to link those files to. The other settings on that dialog are ignored if you choose the Lock Software Only option when adding protection with DinkeyAdd. When creating secure update codes, you should use the Name in Dongle value of the dongle record that you want to update as the Filename parameter in DinkeyRemote. You can still use the *.* wildcard to create codes that update all records in the dongle.
It is also possible to add 'virtual file' records to the dongle, i.e. records that have no file linked to them. This is useful in cases where a single program file contains multiple features that you want to licence separately. You can access virtual file records using the alt_prog_name parameter of the DRIS (API method only). See the user manual chapter Adding Protection (DinkeyAdd) for full details of how to use wildcards and virtual files in DinkeyAdd.
Changes to the DinkeyAdd and DinkeyRemote user interfaces.
Changes to the sample code.
Changes to the DAPF file format.
Version 6.0 introduced greater separation between the protection parameters stored in a dongle and the protected executable files that are linked to them (see above). Version 6.1 completes this separation, making it clearer and giving you more flexibility when adding protection.
Protection parameters records stored in the dongle are now known as 'licences'. Licences and protected program files are managed on separate tabs in DinkeyAdd. The field that uniquely identifies each record in the dongle is now called Licence Name. When selecting files to protect in DinkeyAdd, you must choose a default licence to link the file to from the drop-down list of defined licences. You can still use wildcards to protect multiple files in the same folder and link them to a single licence. You can now also link files from different folders to the same licence, by adding them as separate items in the list on DinkeyAdd's Programs tab and choosing the same value from the Licence drop-down list for each file. See the user manual chapter Adding Protection (DinkeyAdd) for full details on using DinkeyAdd to define licences, program dongles and lock program files.
To perform protection checks using licences in the dongle other than their default, programs use the DRIS parameter alt_prog_name in versions before 6.1 (API method only). In 6.1, this parameter is now called alt_licence_name, to better describe its purpose. Customers who use this parameter do not need to modify existing code, but should be aware of this change if referring to the sample code again in future, or if starting new projects that will use Dinkey Pro/FD protection.
In DinkeyRemote, the Programs tab is now the Licences tab, to make it clearer that it is the licences in the dongle that are modified by secure update codes.
The DAPF file format (DinkeyAdd saved settings file) has been updated to accommodate the changes in DinkeyAdd. DinkeyAdd 6.1 can open DAPF files created in older versions, and will update older DAPF files to the new version only if you modify any settings and save the changes. Customers who create or modify DAPF files with their own programs do not need to change their code, but should be aware of the new file format when referring to the sample code in version 6.1, or when starting new projects.
Changes to the DAPF and DRPF file formats.
No changes to your code are required, unless you want to take advantage of the new functionality.
New in version 7.0 is the Temporary Software Key feature - a 'virtual dongle' that allows a user to continue to use your protected software while you issue them a replacement for a lost, stolen or damaged dongle.
If you use the API protection method, you can access several new elements of the DRIS structure that relate to software keys. swkey_type indicates whether your protected software is currently using a software key. If protected software is using a software key, then swkey_exp_day and swkey_exp_month and swkey_exp_year show the software key's expiry date. The DRIS structure in the sample code has been modified to include these extra elements. You do not need to change your existing code unless you would like to access these elements. If you use Net dongles, you will need to update DinkeyServer to version 7.0 to access these new elements in your protected software.
Temporary software keys are downloaded and installed on to a user's computer using DinkeyChange. The DinkeyChange API libraries include new functions to enable this, and the sample code has been changed to demonstrate the use of these functions. You do not need to change your code unless you want to take advantage of the new functionality.
Another new feature introduced in version 7.0 is the ability to lock a dongle to a specific computer. This option can be enable when programming the dongle with DinkeyAdd (see Advanced Options on the General tab), and changed (either to reset the lock to a different computer or to remove/add the lock) using DinkeyRemote and DinkeyChange.
The DAPF file format (DinkeyAdd saved settings file) has been updated to support the new features in DinkeyAdd. The DRPF file format (DinkeyRemote saved settings file) has also been updated to support the Lock Dongle to Computer feature. DinkeyAdd 7.0 can open DAPF files created in older versions, and will update older DAPF files to the new version only if you modify any settings and save the changes. Customers who create or modify DAPF files with their own programs do not need to change their code, but should be aware of the new file format when referring to the sample code in version 7.0, or when starting new projects. The same applies to DinkeyRemote and DRPF files.
The following paragraph applies only to customers who Shell-protect .NET assemblies that are compiled to target the 'Any CPU' platform.
When Shell-protecting an 'Any CPU' .NET assembly, previous versions of DinkeyAdd would force the assembly to be 32-bit only and produce only a <filename>.dp32.dll DLL to be shipped with the protected assembly. In version 7.0, the Any CPU target is preserved, and DinkeyAdd creates both a <filename>.dp32.dll and a <filename>.dp64.dll. You must ship both these files with your protected assembly. As with previous versions, these DLLs must be located in the same folder as the protected assembly.
No changes to your saved DinkeyAdd settings (DAPF files) are required, unless you want to take advantage of the new functionality.
Version 7.1 adds a number of new features to DinkeyAdd, including support for encrypting data files used by your Shell-protected software, advanced options controlling how your protected software behaves at runtime, and a new customisable message for Shell-protected files locked to Net dongles.
Accordingly, the DAPF file format (DinkeyAdd saved settings file) has been updated to accommodate the changes in DinkeyAdd. DinkeyAdd 7.1 can open DAPF files created in older versions, and will update older DAPF files to the new version only if you modify any settings and save the changes. Customers who create or modify DAPF files with their own programs do not need to change their code, but should be aware of the new file format when referring to the sample code in version 7.1, or when starting new projects.
Also new in DinkeyAdd 7.1 is the ability to save settings to DAPF files compatible with older DinkeyAdd versions. This is useful if you use template DAPF files that are modified by your own program and want to make and save changes to those templates using the DinkeyAdd GUI, but don't want to update your program to use the latest DAPF file format.
Changes to the structure of DinkeyAdd and DinkeyRemote.
DinkeyAdd and DinkeyRemote are now available for Mac OS X and Linux, so installing the Windows part of the SDK is no longer required.
Changes to your code are required if you call DinkeyAdd or DinkeyRemote programatically.
DinkeyWeb deprecated and removed from the SDK.
DinkeyAdd library - the back end that implements the functionality of DinkeyAdd.
DinkeyAdd GUI application - a GUI front end for the library.
DinkeyAdd command-line program (DinkeyAddCmd) - a command-line front end for the library.
DinkeyRemote library - the back end that implements the functionality of DinkeyRemote.
DinkeyRemote GUI application - a GUI front end for the library.
DinkeyRemote command-line program (DinkeyRemoteCmd) - a command-line front end for the library.
The DinkeyAdd and DinkeyRemote libraries are available for Windows, Mac OS X and Linux, in 32-bit and 64-bit forms. Their APIs are documented in the user manual sections Adding Protection (DinkeyAdd) > DinkeyAdd Module and Remote Parameter Changing > DinkeyRemote respectively. The sample code for C, C# and VB.NET now includes examples of using the APIs in those languages. Using these APIs provides a powerful and flexible way to integrate the functionality of these tools into other software, such as programming dongles or generating secure update codes directly from an order management system used by your sales team.
The GUI applications provide a user interface exactly the same as previous versions of DinkeyAdd and DinkeyRemote. They are currently only available for Windows. These GUI applications now only accept one command-line parameter: the name of a DAPF or DRPF file to open automatically.
The command-line programs provide a much improved alternative to the old method of calling DinkeyAdd and DinkeyRemote with command-line options. They are available for Windows as 32-bit programs, and for OS X and Linux as both 32-bit and 64-bit programs. Previously, output returned from these tools when run with command-line options was limited to the process exit code, and information and errors were displayed only in pop-up GUI windows. DinkeyAddCmd and DinkeyRemoteCmd output information and errors to stdout, which is much more useful, for example, when calling them from a build script or as a post-build event in your IDE.
You need to call DinkeyAddCmd.exe and DinkeyRemoteCmd.exe instead of DinkeyAdd.exe and DinkeyRemote.exe.
The /B option is redundant as an action is always performed by the command-line tools. If /B is specified, it is ignored.
There are also some new options. For DinkeyAddCmd, /A overrides the action that the DAPF file says DinkeyAdd should perform, and /F locks a specific file, rather than every file listed in the DAPF file. This greatly simplifies certain use cases where it was necessary to have separate DAPF files to lock software and to program dongles, and allows you to modify and protect single files in a large project with many protected files. For DinkeyRemoteCmd, /O allows the secure update code to be output to a file different to the one specified in the DRPF file. See the user manual for a complete list of the command-line options available.
Now that DinkeyAdd and DinkeyRemote are available for OS X and Linux, you do not need to install the Windows SDK on a Windows PC to use Dinkey Pro/FD. However, you may wish to continue using the Windows GUI versions of these tools to edit DAPF and DRPF files or to create new ones, as the GUI is much easier to use.
Sample code for calling the DinkeyAdd and DinkeyRemote libraries on OS X and Linux is included in the SDKs for those platforms. The Mac and Linux SDKs also now include the user manual, as well as runtime protection libraries for cross-platform languages such as Java. For those languages, this allows you to use a single platform to develop your code, compile it and protect it for use on multiple platforms.
STOP_NET_USER was previously a flag that could be passed to DDProtCheck() in the DRIS's flags field, but is now also a valid value for the function field. This better reflects its meaning and the action performed by the API library when STOP_NET_USER is used. This value is still accepted as a flag by the API, and DDProtCheck()'s behaviour is unchanged if this flag is passed to it, so there is no need to modify existing code. However, the flag is no longer documented in the user manual and sample code.
DONT_RETURN_FD_DRIVE is a new flag for DDProtCheck() that means that the fd_drive field of the DRIS is not set when a Dinkey FD dongle is detected. In some virtualised environments, the host does not present all of its USB devices to the guest OS correctly: a Dinkey FD dongle may be presented as a copy protection dongle and flash drive connected to two separate virtual USB ports, instead of as a single physical device. This causes DDProtCheck() to fail to detect the flash drive and return an error. If you use Dinkey FD dongles and do not need to access the drive letter or mount name via DDProtCheck(), then we recommend you set this flag to improve performance and reliability.
DinkeyWeb has been superseded by SmartSign, and so starting with version 7.2, DinkeyWeb-related files are no longer included in the SDK. The DinkeyWeb authentication servers will remain live, and we will continue to provide technical support for DinkeyWeb. You do not need to take any action to continue using DinkeyWeb. See this knowledge base article for the latest information about support for DinkeyWeb in major web browsers, including browsers that do not support Java.
In certain situations, you may need version 7.2 or newer of the DinkeyWeb files. These files are available on request. To request the latest version of DinkeyWeb, contact our support team.
Improvements to the Shell protection method.
Bug fix that may affect users of the Lock Dongle to Computer feature.
DAPF and DRPF files can now be saved in JSON format.
The security of the Shell method has been enhanced with additional techniques to prevent debugging of protected code. Improvements have also been made to the way native code is decrypted and executed at runtime, further increasing the strength of Shell protection. If you use the Shell method, we recommend updating your SDK to 7.3.0 and producing a new version of your software locked with the updated Shell method. You may notice that your protected software takes a little longer to load. Once the program has loaded the runtime overhead should be very minimal.
We strongly recommend that you test your updated application thoroughly before releasing it to end users. The new changes to the Shell method have been thoroughly tested with a wide range of EXE and DLL files, but due to the nature of the Shell method and these enhancements, there may be incompatibilities with some files. To report an issue, contact our support team.
This information only applies to customers who use the Lock Dongle to User's Computer feature.
There was a bug in previous versions of our runtime code relating to obtaining hardware information about Windows computers (the machine ID). This bug meant that certain updates to Windows 10 could cause the machine ID to change, which would cause protected software to think it was using a dongle locked to a different machine and cause protection checks to return error 944. To resolve this issue, 7.3.0 introduces a change to the algorithm that calculates the machine ID. This change introduces a very small risk of a change to the calculated machine ID on any Windows computer. Customers releasing an update to their protected software that is protected using 7.3.0 should be aware of this risk. If your customers experience issues with your updated software's protection checks returning error 944, you should use DinkeyRemote to create a secure update code to reset the machine ID stored in their dongle.
DinkeyAdd and DinkeyRemote now support saving and loading their settings in JSON format. This allows you to edit DAPF and DRPF files in a text editor, which is useful to customers who use these tools on macOS and Linux, where they are only currently available as command-line programs. New Quick Tour guides in the Linux and macOS SDKs walk you through adding protection using a sample DAPF file in JSON format.
Support for JSON is also useful for customers who use programming languages that cannot easily manipulate the binary DAPF and DRPF formats. JSON is widely supported by third-party libraries for a huge range of programming languages, allowing you to more easily integrate the functionality of DinkeyAdd and DinkeyRemote into software such as build tools and in-house order management systems.
The DinkeyAdd API has been updated to support the use of JSON DAPF files. ReadDAPFEx() replaces ReadDAPF(), adding a dapf_format parameter that allows you to access the format of the input file. WriteDAPF() has been replaced by WriteDAPFEx(), which allows you to specify the format when writing DAPF settings to disk. ReadDAPF() and WriteDAPF() are still available in the version 7.3 API libraries, so there is no need to modify existing code. Customers should be aware however that they are no longer documented in the user manual and sample code.
Similarly, ReadDRPFEx() and WriteDPRFEx() replace ReadDRPF() and WriteDRPF() in the DinkeyRemote API. These functions are no longer documented, but remain available for use by existing code. See the user manual sections Adding Protection (DinkeyAdd) > DinkeyAdd Module and Remote Parameter Changing > DinkeyRemote for full details of these APIs.
The DinkeyAddCmd and DinkeyRemoteCmd command-line tools have a new /C option that can be used to convert files between binary and JSON formats. See the user manual for full details of how to use this option.
The existing binary formats DAPF and DRPF files are still supported and there are no plans to deprecate them. New features added in future releases will be supported by both binary and JSON formats.
Changes to your code are recommended, but not required.
New to version 7.4 is the Demo Software Key feature. A demo software key is a time-limited 'virtual dongle' that can be used in place of a physical Dinkey Pro or Dinkey FD device. Demo software keys allow you to offer evaluation copies of your protected software without the need to ship a dongle to every potential new customer, while still protecting your software against copying and enforcing the terms of your licence.
There are two new API functions relating to demo software keys: CreateDemoSoftwareKeyTemplate() in the DinkeyAdd API and DCDownloadDemoSoftwareKey() in the DinkeyChange API. To provide a clear distinction between temporary software keys and demo software keys, some existing API functions and structures have been renamed. The DinkeyAdd API function CreateSoftwareKey() is now CreateTempSoftwareKey(). The SWKEY_INFO structure passed to this function (previously also referred to as SwkeyInfo in some places) is now called TEMP_SWKEY_INFO in the user manual and all code samples. DCDownloadSoftwareKey() in the DinkeyChange API has been renamed to DCDownloadTempSoftwareKey().
The old function names are still supported, so there is no need to change your code to use version 7.4 API libraries, but we recommend using the new names for greater clarity. The original names are no longer documented in the user manual and sample code.
The DinkeyAdd 7.4 GUI allows you to control the Extra Anti Piracy and Extra Anti Debug settings for Shell-protected files. These features were introduced in version 7.3 of the SDK and could not be disabled without manually editing a DAPF file. However, in certain rare cases these features can reduce the loading or runtime speed of the protected application. In version 7.3 these options were supported but undocumented, so there are no changes to the DAPF file format from DinkeyAdd version 7.3. The relevant DAPF file fields are now documented in the user manual. | 2019-04-26T08:48:32Z | https://de.microcosm.com/support/dinkey-and-dinkey-pro-fd/dinkey-pro-fd-update-notes |
Blair was awake when I went in this morning. It has been so nice to see her eyes open and looking around over the last few days. She doesn't get mad nearly as much lately. She did have the hiccups while I was there today, and she doesn't like them too much! By the way she kicked me when I was pregnant, I think hiccups have always annoyed her.
She does seem like she feels a lot better. All of the nurses have commented on how much calmer she is. They have all fallen in love with her and can't wait to hold her! She's going to be rotten before Brad and I ever get a chance to get her home! The nurses really spoil all the babies in there. Each baby even has a pumpkin name tag on his or her bed for Halloween. A friend sent me a pumpkin hat, so I took it in there for the nurses to put it on Blair today and left my camera for them to take a picture.
The new infection in her lungs seems to be under control with the medicine they started on Monday. They took her off of two of the three antibiotics yesterday, since they found out that only one of them was needed for this particular infection. She is producing a lot of secretions still, but the doctor said that they aren't as thick as they were. They are going to try some breathing treatments today to see if they can get some more secretions out. If they can get her lungs clearer, he will think about giving her another go off the ventilator in the next few days. We still have no idea how much longer she may be in the hospital. There is really no way for anyone to estimate, so we don't even ask. I would rather her stay longer and know that she is well, especially in the midst of cold and flu season.
Her feedings today will be 10 cc every three hours. That's a little over 2 ounces a day, which is not much, but she has tolerated the feeding increases every day this week, so that is good.
The Lord has blessed us with a beautiful little girl with lots of fight in her. We thank you all for your prayers for His healing hand on her.
Blair is the biggest baby in the NICU, but she's still small! This is a size 1 diaper that swallows her. She sleeps good snuggled in the hands.
When I talked to the doctor today, he told me that Blair had had a good night and that he was pleased with her breathing today. For the most part up until now, she was breathing faster than the ventilator, working harder than she had to. Today she is breathing at a more normal pace and less labored than before. She was zonked when we were there, so I was glad. She gets so mad when they mess with her that it's nice to see her resting! They had to give her morphine twice yesterday to help her rest, but she had not had any this morning. Hopefully her chest feels better today. The nurse yesterday was able to remove quite a bit of secretions from her lungs, so we are hoping that some of the thicker stuff is breaking up. They will do another chest x-ray tomorrow, but the doctor has said that he doesn't expect it to change significantly from day to day. They will look though to see if the over expansion of her lungs has corrected some.
Today, Blair will be fed 3 cc every 3 hours, just over twice as much as they gave her yesterday. She will also be fed through a normal feeding tube instead of the weighted one that goes to the bottom of her stomach. The feedings have been going well, so hopefully he will continue to increase them.
Thanks to all of you who are keeping up with Blair's progress and praying for all of us. Pray that we get more good news tomorrow!
We began rotation with a different doctor today who is making some changes in Blair's treatment. He has been working with Blair's other doctors, so he was already aware of her sickness and her treatment thus far. We know that God has put him there for a reason and pray for wisdom for him. As I have mentioned, we are confident that these doctors will do whatever it takes for Blair.
When we got there this morning, they had already changed the type of ventilator that Blair is on. This one is supposed to deliver pressures differently in hopes that the lungs will not be over expanded and trap air. The x-rays showed maybe slight improvement in the secretions, but her lungs are a good bit over expanded.
Dr. Rodriguez said that there hasn’t been anything yet that has shown them that there is another complication, but we just need to prepare for this to be a slow process. He has a few goals in mind. One is to get her fed so she can gain some weight and get stronger. He changed her from morphine to another sedative so that they can feed her more effectively. The new medicine doesn’t slow digestion as much. For feedings, they are going to do a weighted feeding tube through her nose that extends to the bottom of her stomach, so breast milk goes directly into the intestine.
He also wants to make sure that they don’t do anything to complicate things, such as miss an infection, so they will still do cultures to make sure her blood and lungs are clear of infection. He said that there was one count that was a bit elevated on her blood work this morning, so they are going to start another antibiotic just in case there is a secondary infection. He said that the count could be elevated because of stress, and the cultures they are doing today will show if there is a new infection. If there’s not, he will discontinue the antibiotics after 48 hours. We are still waiting on the results for the other tests they ran last week.
Also, he wants to try to slowly reduce pressures of the ventilator so that we can give her another chance to breath without it. He did say that he doesn’t know when this might happen, but they are going to push her. The less time she spends with a plastic tube in her body the better. He will just watch her this week, push her as much as possible, and see how it goes.
Last week we did not see drastic improvement in Blair's condition, but she is still stable and resting pretty well. Hopefully we will see some improvement this week. We must remember to be patient and let God do His work on her and on us!
Today, Blair has been sleeping well, which is good. They have a hard time keeping her calm. She seems to want to fight everything that is supposed to be helping her. This morning, air was escaping around her ventilator tube, and her oxygen level had to be elevated for her blood gas level to be good. They changed the tube out for a slightly larger one, and she is now more comfortable. Her oxygen level is now down to 30%, which we hope she can maintain for a few days. She is also letting the ventilator work for her and fighting it less. Her x-rays today show that left side of the lungs is pretty clear, while the right side still has some patchy secretion spots. They have her on her side again today to force air to rise into the right lung. We pray that she continues to show small improvements and is on her way to being off the ventilator.
When we saw Blair this morning, she was snoozing with two of those hand things around her! She had her little arm above her head, holding on to one of the fingers.
We thank God that we have some positive news today. Her oxygen level is better: 40%. They have increased the ventilator pressures slightly, but they are still in normal range. She is closer to the goal of 30% oxygen, when they will again wean her off of morphine and give her another chance off of the ventilator.
Also, some of the tests they ran came back, and they were all normal. Another answered prayer. There are no new infections, and the infections she had are still gone. There are a few more tests that we expect results from in the coming days. We pray that these, too, will come back normal. I honestly thought that the doctor was expecting there to be something else wrong, but he told me again today that they are just ruling things out, since "big babies" usually kick pneumonia within a week to ten days. He said that even they are learning from Blair though, since they rarely see big babies that have two infections and are this sick. So again, maybe she just needs more time. She will continue getting breast milk today, since the feedings went well yesterday. They are also decreasing the number of labs they do on her, which means less sticking. I'm glad, since she's had plenty of experience already! I wouldn't want to be touched either if they were going to poke me every time.
So, hopefully Blair has a good day today. We are thankful for answered prayers and for your continued prayers for us.
Today, Blair’s x-rays are about the same, showing patchy secretions with both lungs fully inflated. They have weaned her off of the oxygen some, down to 53% overnight last night. The doctor said that this was good, as long as we’re not going backwards. They had pushed it up to 80% on Monday when they lowered the pressures on the ventilator to keep air from trapping in the lungs. A week ago, she was on high pressure and high oxygen, so we are in better shape overall but not good enough to come off the ventilator. We will have to wait a few days for yesterday's test results to come back.
We are, again, so thankful for all of your prayers. I am also thankful for the strength that I know only God can give me and for my wonderful husband, who has been more to me (and to Blair) than I could have ever asked for during these past two weeks. This has been a tough week, but we know that God has us here for a reason, and that we have to trust Him. Keep praying for strength for us and Blair and for wisdom and patience for the doctors and nurses.
Blair is about the same today. They have been able to push her oxygen level back down again, but her doctor has decided to do more tests to make sure that they haven't missed something. He said that it is not common for a baby to have two infections at birth, nor is it common for it to take this long to get well. There are quite a few things that they are looking at, and the results will not come back for several days. She could be better before they ever come back, but if she's not, at least they will have them done and maybe have more answers.
Brad and I are so appreciative of your prayers. Keep praying for Blair -- that she improves in the next few days, and that there is no other complication hindering her recovery.
After the issues yesterday, they have her back on morphine for a few days to let her rest and hopefully clear more secretions out of her lungs. Her lungs are both fully inflated today again, which is good. However, the secretions are causing air to trap in the lungs, so carbon dioxide is not getting out as it should. There seem to be less secretions, because she does not rattle when breathing quite as bad as she was, but they are still there. She just needs more time. The doctor still says that we have to follow her lead, and it is just taking longer than they expected, probably because she had to fight a bacteria and a fungus.
They are going to start trying to feed her again today. Hopefully the morphine will not slow her digestion down too much and require them to discontinue feedings, because having something in her tummy could make her happier when she comes off of sedation again.
Please keep praying for Blair. Small setbacks have to be expected, but it doesn't make them easier to bear.
Today has been quite a day for Blair -- I was even told by the nurse to "brace" myself for her temper. We have yet to see her, because every time we go over there something has prevented us from entering, and it was mostly her being fussy!
We found out this morning that her right upper lobe is clogged back up again. However, the pediatric pulmonary specialist thought that the breathing treatments would open it back up, so he said not to change anything they were doing yet. Blair has given her nurse today quite a workout. She pulled out her newly placed feeding tube. As she was fighting and gagging on her ventilator tube, she coughed up all of her breast milk that she had just gotten. Since she was so unhappy, the nurse and doctor decided that they would try taking her off of the ventilator to see how she would do. Then she pulled her IV out of her hand. She was able to stay off of the ventilator for several hours, but they soon concluded that she was working too hard, so they reinserted it.
I am not really discouraged, even though this has been our first rough day in quite a few days. I did not think that she was ready to breath completely on her on, so I was more nervous about her NOT being on the ventilator.
Since Blair's birth, I have not been back to our house, but Brad and I have a wonderful home at the Ronald McDonald House. I'm an ADPi, so I cooked meals at the RMH in Greenville during college, but I now have an all new appreciation for the RMH. The house here is so nice, and the staff is wonderful. Being here has made getting to the hospital much easier than if we were at home. Meals are prepared here each night, so we do not have to eat out. I have somewhere to be or rest during the day when I can't be at the hospital. We can do laundry, watch TV, and have visitors. Brad and I are forever grateful to the Ronald McDonald House Charities.
We all can contribute to this special place by saving pop tabs from aluminum cans -- a painless way to help other families like us have a home near a hospitalized child.
I got to hold my baby this morning for the first time. She is ten days old today. Just before we were about to leave to go over to the hospital, the doctor called to tell us that the breathing treatments were working and that the right lung looked much better on today's x-ray, and he said they were going to let me hold her.
Happy tears are lots more fun to cry. Holding her was so wonderful and surreal. It's still so hard to believe that she's ours! After we got her situated in my arms and took some pictures, and she went right back to sleep and was so calm. I've heard from more than one nurse that she can throw a temper tantrum, so I was glad she didn't throw one on me -- yet!
Over the next few days, they will continue to push the oxygen level down and hopefully remove the ventilator. Continue to pray for strength for Blair as she goes through this week.
The doctor told us this morning that her right upper lobe was still plugged up with secretions. She has not gotten worse, but there hasn't been any improvement since yesterday. Today they are going to try doing breathing treatments to see if loosens that right side. A pediatric pulmonary specialist is going to look at her tomorrow, and the two doctors will decide if they need to put her on another medication to help remove the secretions -- if the breathing treatments don't do it. The doctor said that if her oxygen level is lower tomorrow, he will know that the breathing treatments have worked.
Even though there are secretions, the infection is gone. All of her antibiotics are due to end tomorrow except for the anti-fungal, which ends on Tuesday. He said that they could start feeding her, but he wants to give that right lung another chance to clear so that she is more stable when they put milk in her tummy. She has been receiving nutrition via IV fluids, and her weight is still good. When they do feed her, she will start with a feeding tube to conserve energy and move to bottles after that.
Please pray that these breathing treatments today work and that the right side clears. When that lung gets open, we can think about removing the ventilator and eating.
Yesterday and today we have seen more baby steps of improvement. Prayer is so powerful, and this baby girl might not be here without all of you lifting her up. Blair's doctor told us yesterday that it is truly miraculous that she has come this far and that many babies would not have pulled through an infection this bad. He says that things look good, but he does say that she's not completely out of the woods yet.
Blair's left lung was mostly clear yesterday and remained so today. They propped her right side up yesterday to force air into the upper part of that lung, and it is expanding more today but with some secretions still. The respiratory therapist will continue to try to dislodge and remove the secretions. She will remain propped up today, and we pray that we will have both sides looking good soon.
She will be completely off of morphine tomorrow, so I look forward to seeing those eyes open! She's more active already, but she is usually sleeping when we are there. It's nice to see her relaxed though, because she gets really mad when they mess with her! The doctor says that waking her up should help, because she will fight, and her activity will help her body get rid of the secretions on its own.
Her ventilator settings are down to normal breath pressures after being elevated for the past week, and her oxygen is at 43%. When it gets down closer to air level (21%), they will think about removing the vent.
The doctor says that he wish she were improving faster, but we have no choice but to follow her lead. We pray that she continues to make steps in the right direction! He says that if I have any influence on her, to talk to her about it -- yeah right! I already know kids don't work like that.
Thank you all again for your prayers. I cannot say how much everyone's support means to us.
Today, we had a nice surprise when we entered the NICU and saw that Blair had been swapped back to the regular ventilator. They will now reduce the morphine over the next several days and wake her up some. We pray that she can remain stable off of the oscillator, so that she can be less sedated and do some of the fighting on her own. She is receiving 45% oxygen as of this morning.
The x-rays showed that there is still a good bit of cloudiness (lack of air because of secretions) in the top lobes of both lungs, so her bed is tilted to let air rise to that part of the lungs and to hopefully allow those secretions to be expelled. The antibiotics are working, so we pray that her little body can get rid of these secretions that are blocking air from getting to all parts of the lungs.
Her bilirubin count has come down, so they have removed the overhead phototherapy lights and will keep her on a light pad until tomorrow. Although her little purple shades were cute, it's nice to see her eyes again!
We pray that she continues to make positive steps, so that she can be off of the ventilator soon. Your prayers and notes mean so much to us. We cannot say how much we appreciate every prayer and every message that we have received! Please keep praying for our little girl.
Brad and I are so thankful for everyone's prayers. We feel so blessed to have received so many messages through our parents, calls, emails, and texts. God has been so good to us through this, and we know that He will continue to bless us.
Last night, they called us to tell us that her blood gases were the best that they had been all day, meaning that she was doing well on the new ventilator. Today, she has made some more positive steps. She is still on the oscillating ventilator, but they have been able to back off the oxygen some. As of this afternoon, they were at 50%, and her oxygen saturation was still good. That is good, because she was requiring 100% oxygen. Now they are giving her half the oxygen they were before, and she is still able to maintain the appropriate levels in her body. The doctor told us that they are going to see how she does over the next couple of days and may change her back to the other ventilator if she continues to improve. Today, she obviously felt better, because she was trying to breath over the machine. They are keeping her sedated though, so she won't use the energy.
On this morning's x-ray, her right lung looked better, but there was still a some infection in the upper lobe of the left. The antibiotics do seem to be working, and her white counts continue to go down. The current plan is for her to be on the antibiotics until the 19th. She is jaundiced, so they have her under phototherapy lights, and she is wearing some stylish purple eye shades! This afternoon's blood gases were where they want them to be, which is great, since she is maintaining those levels on decreased oxygen from the machine.
God has provided Blair with so many wonderful caregivers. Our experience at the Coliseum has been so positive. We are so grateful for the doctors and nurses with whom we have had contact throughout the last several days. Everyone has been so informative, helpful, and caring. We pray that God will continue to give them wisdom to make the best decisions for our daughter.
We're conservatively optimistic after today, but we have to keep in mind that she can still take a step or two back before she gets better!
Basically Blair has fungal and Group B strep pneumonia (infection in the lungs) and sepsis from Group B Strep, which is found in one out of five pregnant women and treated with antibiotics during labor. Although I received the antibiotics, the infection was already in her lungs, and they did not help much, since my labor was fairly quick. Because of the infection, her lungs do not properly oxygenate her blood, so she is on a ventilator receiving oxygen, and she is receiving antibiotics for the infection. Her heart is under increased pressure because of the trouble in her lungs.
On Saturday, Blair's echo cardiogram showed that the pressure on her heart had drastically decreased. Since this was a sign of improvement, they began trying to wean her off of the amount of oxygen they were giving her. However, by evening they had to increase it back up to 100%. Her throat cultures showed that she also had yeast in her trachea, so they began her on an anti-fungal medication in addition to the two antibiotics she's taking for the bacterial infection.
Sunday morning, they called to tell us that she had had some trouble overnight, so they had changed her to an oscillating ventilator. Instead of normal breaths, the oscillator gives really short fast breaths, around 600 per minute. The increasing secretions from the infection were not allowing oxygen to enter all parts of the lungs, so they hoped that the new machine would help. We also found out that on the Saturday x-rays, the radiologist saw a small hole in the right lower lobe of the lung. They planned to watch it closely to see if they would have to do something more in the coming days. The Sunday morning x-rays still showed a good bit of infection, although the outer edges of the lungs were aerated.
Sunday was a hard day for us, since we had received some good news on Saturday only to find out that she was worse on Sunday. However, all of the many prayers from all of our friends and family and even people we don't know are very comforting, and we are so grateful.
At 6:20am on Thursday, October 9, my water broke. I wasn't sure at first, but it didn't take long to realize what had happened -- it was quite an experience! We got to the Coliseum around 8:30, and I stepped out of the car and immediately created a huge puddle at my feet! Brad went in to tell them I was there: "My wife's water broke, and she's outside in a puddle." So he laughed at the wet footprints into the hospital, in the admissions office, and all the way to labor and delivery.
After a short and pretty easy labor, Blair arrived at 2:05pm! For being five weeks early, she's a good size: 6 lbs 2 oz. She is 18 inches long and has a good bit of fuzzy brown hair that sticks up all over her head!
This weekend, I had two baby showers. They were fantastic. The hostesses did an amazing job. The food was delicious and everything looked beautiful. I had such a great time at each, and I cannot describe how completely overwhelmed and thankful I am at the generosity of our friends and family. We received so many nice things that will be so useful and helpful when Blair arrives. After last week's hospital visit, it's nice to feel a little more prepared!
Yummy, beautiful cake that Alison made!
The paintings Linsey did for the nursery.
Well, Blair apparently thinks that six weeks before her due date is a great time to make an appearance. What is she thinking?! After dilating almost two centimeters, two days in the hospital, medicine, steroid shots, and little to no sleep for my poor husband, Blair's arrival was postponed, and I'm back at home to see how long I can last. I have to say that I was pretty calm during the whole ordeal. I felt at peace about the baby and that she would be fine, even if she came on out, and I trust my doctors and had a good experience in the hospital. I have to say the two things that were on my mind were not being ready and organized at my house (I don't have any baby clothes washed, diapers or bottles purchased...) and being an absentee honoree at my showers this weekend, and I'm looking SO forward to them! So now, I'm going to work on getting some things together in case we do have to go back to the hospital. We do have a car seat, and the nursery is livable, so that is good! | 2019-04-25T14:45:54Z | http://www.acrossthebranch.com/2008/10/?widgetType=BlogArchive&widgetId=BlogArchive1&action=toggle&dir=open&toggle=MONTHLY-1249099200000&toggleopen=MONTHLY-1222833600000 |
Herb Boyd is a journalist and historian. This book is a sober overview of African-American history in Detroit from its founding to current day, a personal narrative (the author is a Detroit native), and an impassioned love letter to all those various Black people, men, women, and children, famous and anonymous, who made Detroit ground zero for Black resistance to racism in all of its forms from slavery to segregation and beyond.
Although the South was notorious and in some aspects unique in its racial segregation and state and individual terror utilized to enforce white supremacy, the North, including Michigan and Detroit, saw non-Blacks express just as much racial hostility towards Blacks. Blacks had to deal with housing segregation, public and private establishments that excluded Blacks, sundown towns or neighborhoods where Black presence was only barely tolerated during the day as domestic labor, police contempt for and violence against Blacks, and of course ubiquitous employment discrimination in every single trade or career.
Despite all of that or perhaps because of all of that Black Detroiters, their backs against the wall, had no choice but to come out swinging. Because of its proximity to Canada, Detroit was one of the key hubs of the Underground Railroad. Boyd examines this theme of resistance from antebellum days through the present day. I learned that the author is related to one of my high school classmates. That classmates's family was active in the movement during the sixties and seventies. Boyd details their tragic encounter with the Detroit Police STRESS unit which was notorious for harassing, beating and murdering Black citizens. It is indeed a small world.
Anthony Kennedy, who often served as a swing vote on what otherwise would have been a solidly right-wing Supreme Court, is retiring. President Trump will get to make a second nomination to the Supreme Court. Both Kennedy and Roberts have occasionally fallen short of doctrinaire right-wing positions, so expect that conservatives will pressure Trump to select a replacement who is someone more trusted to vote as conservatives might expect a conservative justice to vote. If Kennedy's replacement is in his or her forties or fifties then they could conceivably serve on the Supreme Court for another thirty or forty years.
Democrats will make a fuss about this but right now they lack the muscle to stop it. The real shift in the court may come about if Trump is able to replace someone like Ginsburg or Sotomayor. It is a testament to how far the judiciary has shifted to the right that some liberals will be sad to see Kennedy depart.
WASHINGTON — Justice Anthony M. Kennedy announced on Wednesday that he would retire, setting the stage for a furious fight over the future direction of the Supreme Court. Justice Kennedy, 81, has long been the decisive vote in many closely divided cases. His retirement gives President Trump the opportunity to fundamentally change the course of the Supreme Court. A Trump appointee would very likely create a solid five-member conservative majority that could imperil abortion rights and expand gun rights. Justice Kennedy’s voting record was moderately conservative.
He wrote the majority opinion in Citizens United, which allowed unlimited campaign spending by corporations and unions, and he joined the majority in Bush v. Gore, which handed the 2000 presidential election to George W. Bush. He also voted with the court’s conservatives in cases on the Second Amendment and voting rights. But Justice Kennedy was the court’s leading champion of gay rights, and he joined the court’s liberals in cases on abortion, affirmative action and the death penalty.
As I long suspected and as this blog's legal expert predicted :" However, as it stands, the courts have basically taken the position that Presidents can freely use Section 212(f) as they see fit, so it is unlikely that Trump will lose this battle on the merits in the long run." the Supreme Court upheld Trump's travel ban. So that is that.
WASHINGTON — President Trump acted lawfully in imposing limits on travel from several predominantly Muslim nations, the Supreme Court ruled on Tuesday. The vote was 5 to 4, with the court’s conservatives in the majority. The court’s decision, a major statement on presidential power, marked the conclusion of a long-running dispute over Mr. Trump’s authority to make good on his campaign promises to secure the nation’s borders.
Just a week after he took office, Mr. Trump issued his first travel ban, causing chaos at the nation’s airports and starting a cascade of lawsuits and appeals. The first ban, drafted in haste, was promptly blocked by courts around the nation. A second version, issued two months later, fared little better, although the Supreme Court allowed part of it go into effect last June when it agreed to hear the Trump administration’s appeals from court decisions blocking it. But the Supreme Court dismissed those appeals in October after the second ban expired.
The Supreme Court may have gotten this wrong, though I don't think they did. I am no lawyer or legal expert. But to paraphrase a saying the Court is not supreme because it is always right; it's supreme because it's final. If Congress wishes to do so it can write a law to remove such authority from the current President and all future ones. We should remember that Trump, like Obama before him, will not be the United States' last President.
I've written before about how one of the most persistent elements of American anti-Black racism is the idea that some non-Blacks have that a given Black person doesn't belong in a certain space and can or must be challenged. Racists of various nationalities or ethnicities often can't believe that anyone Black can legitimately own or enjoy nice things. These challenges can range from anything from hard stares, special charges, and slow service at an upscale restaurant to extra demands for id when writing a check or using a credit card, to mistaking a co-worker for a criminal or janitor all the way up to profane insults and physical attacks by the police or others. This all goes back to slavery and formalized Jim Crow. This suspicion of and contempt for Black people is passed down from generation to generation and even to people descended from groups that arrived in America after slavery or Jim Crow, who of course often have their own independent tradition of anti-Black animosity.
During slavery Black mobility was severely limited and had to be literally signed off on by a white of sufficient authority to grant it. Blacks, free or otherwise, who were caught in the wrong areas without some sort of pass could run into some serious trouble. This attitude has never really gone away. Most Black people can tell a story in which this racialised hostility is revealed either in a minor or major way. The other day it was a Black doctor's turn.
ATLANTA — A Black doctor is upset at a man who she says racially profiled her when he blocked her from entering the community that she has lived in for about eight years. A part of the nearly 30-minute exchange was captured on camera. A police report indicates that Nnenna Aguocha stated she was attempting to enter the Buckhead Townhome community after just coming off an overnight shift when another property owner stopped her at the gate entrance.
She said he parked his car under the gate arm and refused to move forward to let her in, despite her repeated requests. "He got out of the car and threatened to call the police on me because I was trespassing," she said in the video recording taken at the scene. "This is racial profiling at its finest."
On one level this older film is the answer to the question of what would Alex from A Clockwork Orange be doing once he grew up. Malcolm McDowell, who gave such a frighteningly charismatic performance as Alex, is here a bit more muted, though just as nasty as the unnamed titular character, the undisputed boss of the London underworld.
In the present day Gangster is in his late fifties and is apparently living it up. He enjoys fine dining and good food. At a boxing event with Gangster's cronies someone mentions that one Freddie Mays is finally getting out of prison after some thirty years. This news apparently upsets or confuses Gangster as he leaves the table and walks about thinking to himself. The director then takes on a flashback to the late sixties. At that time Young Gangster (Paul Bettany) is just a oddball enforcer with ambitions to rise in the gang led by Freddie Mays (David Thewlis), a dapper criminal who usually eschews personal violence though he has killed a cop and gotten away with it.
The movie examines the events that have led up to the present day with Gangster firmly ensconced in the number one position. This film was based on a play. The director kept that theatrical feeling. There's a strong sense of deliberate performance that emanates from the actors and how the director sets up the camera and sound. It's all very stagey. This is a million miles away from work by Scorsese, Ritchie, or similar types.
Have you ever eaten something you shouldn't have and suffered for it later? Well you probably have. Have you ever been around someone and had an epiphany that for whatever reason it wasn't good or even safe for you to be around this person?
Some of us have likely had that experience as well. But unless you happen to be a friend or acquaintance of Kelly Cochran, you may not have been unfortunate enough to combine both of those experiences into one unsettling encounter.
DETROIT — If you've ever seen the end of the movie "Fried Green Tomatoes," then you have an idea of what may have happened to a Michigan man in 2014. In a new television documentary, authorities allege that a serial killer and her husband chopped up and killed her former lover and then served his remains at a neighborhood barbecue in 2014, WJBK-TV, in Detroit, reported this week.
Kelly Cochran later injected her husband with a lethal dose of heroin in February 2016 in Indiana. The docuseries on the Investigation Discovery channel called "Dead North" takes the viewer on a journey that might just leave a bad taste in their mouth. Cochran, 36, admitted in court that she and her husband lured her lover, Chris Regan, inside their home, shot and dismembered him in Michigan's Upper Peninsula. Cochran said she and her husband made a pact that they would get rid of anyone "involved in their extramarital affairs."
There have been many situations in which artists of varying talent levels have been accused of committing or proven to have committed nasty acts, often criminal, often against women. Others have been accused of saying or believing foul things about women or people of different races, religions or nationalities. Recently this has led to many people claiming that in order to show our disdain for the artist and his bad actions or thoughts and support for his alleged or actual victims we should remove the artist's works from our playlists, cd players, theater stages, movie and tv screens, galleries, or bookshelves. Other critics of an even more puritanical bent, or perhaps just jealous, have argued that the artist's work itself is hopelessly flawed because of his bad thoughts/actions and thus must be completely expunged from existence and memory. They have argued that by definition anyone who believes or behaves a certain way can not produce work that is worth anything.
I've written before on how I find these approaches short sighted and limiting. But it's of course ultimately a personal and rather arbitrary decision as to which art you patronize. There are artists whose works I don't appreciate because I was exposed to something ugly they said or did before I was exposed to their creative work. And there are artists whose work I appreciate even though were we ever to meet there would likely be nothing but mutual disdain if not hatred. So it goes. But even in the case where I dislike an artist for whatever non-art related reason I have, I still believe that the value of their work stands apart from my subjective response to them. A non-art example of this recently popped up with the reveal of Einstein's travel diaries.
I've been silent for a long time because, quite frankly, there's been entirely too much nonsense to keep up with from this administration on a daily basis. Every single day a new unforced error here, a new lie there. It's exhausting. Meanwhile the left and right can't even agree on what day it is and Congress is about as functional as the Gallagher family from Shameless. I used to enjoy movies like Idiocracy because they were far fetched fiction...now it seems like it could be a legit documentary. My point is, there doesn't seem to be any bottom to how low this President and his administration of "the best people" will sink, and this past week has held true to that theory.
By now you've seen or heard of the videos of thousands of children, some of them infants less than a year old, being stripped away from mothers and fathers who encounter border patrol agents along the US-Mexican border. Many of these families are seeking asylum from harsh conditions which means that, as a matter of law, they are not crossing the border illegally because US asylum laws allow them to enter the country while their asylum application is being determined. Predictably, the Trump administration, aided by Fox News and right-wing media, went to work attempting to spin their own version of reality by blaming the Democrats (who are not in power in any of the 3 branches of the federal government) for this new enforcement policy as if a new law had just been passed.
I'm a lawyer so the first thing I did out of habit was to look to see if any new immigration law had been passed by Congress recently that would require border patrol agents to separate immigrant children from their parents.
Uneven film with plenty of stereotypes. It has its moments but the cast was better than the writing.
I expected a little more from this film based on the cast. Most of the top listed cast actors/actresses have been a lead actor or actress in other successful films. So I knew they could act. I can't remember the exact quote which came to mind after I watched this movie. It could be apocryphal but I believe it was football star turned black action movie star Fred "The Hammer" Williamson, who in response to sixties and seventies Hollywood racial stereotypes insisted that if he were going to star in a film at least one of and preferably all of three things would have to happen. (1) He survives until the end (2) He wins the fights (3) He gets the girl. All of things are still uncommon for unambiguously Black male actors in large budget mainstream American films. Those plot points are the obvious indication that the lead actor is the hero, someone with whom the viewer should identify.
I'm not sure Gringo would satisfy all of Williamson's criteria. This is a very uneven sardonic black comedy showcasing people with few redeeming qualities. Maybe the better way to look at this film isn't necessarily through a lens of heroism but of confusion. Why, if there is a perfect, all knowing, and all powerful God, is there evil in the world? Why does it seem that many people who have the moral impulses of a hungry shark flourish in life while moral people suffer. People have asked these questions for years and do so explicitly in this film. Harold (David Oyelowo) is a devout Christian Nigerian immigrant to America. Harold wears his optimism and faith on his sleeve, something that makes people-particularly his bosses- think that he's not really that bright.
Which one of you SOB's is ready to do some man's work today? Come and have a go if you think you're hard enough!
In 1066 when William of Normandy invaded England, defeated its Saxon king and took the English crown, subduing the Britons and Anglo-Saxons, he did not give up his lands in France, or more precisely Normandy. His descendants were just as aggressive, at one point ruling just over half of what is today modern day France, though technically they were still considered vassals of the French King. This Anglo-Norman presence grated on continental French sensibilities and noble interests. The French began a long campaign to reduce English suzerainty in France, peacefully if possible, violently if not.
In the 14th century a particularly complex chain of events left the English King with arguably the best claim to the French throne. As a result, long simmering national and dynastic tensions boiled over into the bloody conflict we know as The Hundred Years War.
Although ultimately the French would triumph, ending English claims to French lands or thrones, the English won many of the war's best known battles. Perhaps it's because the English were more adept propagandists (The Battle of Agincourt was memorialized by Shakespeare in "Henry V") and because we speak English that we know more of the English victories and not their final defeat. Overall the Hundred Years War helped to speed the transition of England and France from feudal territories into nation states. It was also a precursor to the English War of Roses but that's another post.
The Battle of Agincourt was an English high point. An English army of about 6000 sick and half starving men soundly thrashed a French army at least three times its size. Some people claimed the English were outnumbered by as many as five or six to one. Whatever the numbers were, contemporary chroniclers were shocked by the English victory. In this older book Bernard Cornwell takes the reader on an exciting and apparently realistic excursion into 15th century morals, ethics, hygiene, and warfare.
One of the hot button topics across what is referred to as the "West" is immigration, particularly illegal immigration and refugees. This issue was part of why Trump was elected. It was also behind the electoral success of some right-wing politicians across Europe, including, Italy. The new government in Italy made news recently when it refused to accept a French NGO ship crammed with apparent African and Arab refugees. France ostentatiously criticized Italy's decision but also refused to take in the migrants, something that caused the Italians to go off on the French hypocrisy and arrogance. The Spanish stepped up to take in the ship. Nationalists across Europe cheered Italy's decision.
PARIS — A boat crowded with hundreds of Africans sailing across the Mediterranean after being turned away by Italy this week has exposed anew the shaky fault lines in Europe’s approach to the migrant crisis. On Sunday, Italy’s new far-right interior minister, Matteo Salvini, ordered the Aquarius, a rescue ship operated by humanitarian groups, to stop 35 nautical miles off the coast of Italy, refusing to let it dock.
The ship is now on its way to Spain, which showed up its neighbors by solemnly announcing that it would “respect its international engagements” and accept the boat after Malta, too, refused it, and France stood idly by. Brussels, the seat of the European Union, looked on in relative silence. There was no common policy to receive the Aquarius and no authority to impose one if there were.
The Italian refusal to offer safe harbor to a ship loaded with what aid groups described as 629 migrants — including 123 minors, 11 small children and seven pregnant women — was intended to underscore a long-simmering grievance.
The Italians have bridled for years that they have been left alone by their European Union partners on the front line on the Mediterranean with an unmanageable burden of migration that Mr. Salvini pledged to reverse in his recent election campaign. But his refusal to accept the boat did more than pit humanitarian necessity against political expediency. It roiled tensions with European allies in ways that made President Trump’s performance at the G-7 summit last weekend look almost diplomatic by comparison.
You ought to marry the person who will help you promote your genes into the next generation. But many people aren't invested in the concept of "Until death do us part" or even marriage itself as a precursor to having children. Lust and love affect your judgment. What do you owe your children? Society has laws to ensure that non-custodial parents can't duck their financial responsibilities to their children who live with the custodial parent. Theoretically, this is good. But the devil is in the details. If a man is wealthy does it automatically follow that his children must live extravagantly? I would say no. I have known relatively impoverished people who spent every dime they could beg, borrow, or steal so their children could live high on the hog. I have also known millionaires who live frugally and send their children to public schools. These are parental decisions. But when the parents are not married, disagree with one another, and/or live apart, such decisions become public.
Belkis Rodriguez is the ex-mistress of Detroit Tigers slugger Miguel Cabrera. She has two children by Cabrera. Both Belkis and Cabrera were married to other people when they started their relationship. Cabrera has been paying Belkis between $12,000 and $15,000 per month in child support not including other payments. Cabrera was paying more in child support than the judge had ordered. Well no good deed goes unpunished. Belkis is suing Cabrera for $100,000/month in child support.
Miguel Cabrera has a delicate balancing act on his hands: He's trying to appease one woman while pleasing another. One is his wife and high school sweetheart; the other an ex-mistress. Caught in the cross hairs are five innocent children — three from his marriage, two from the affair. For the $30-million-a-year baseball superstar embroiled in a legal fiasco that has so far been about money, a bigger perhaps more important issue remains: Can he be a good father to all five children, and does the law require that?
I think that some people can probably relate to the below video. Whether it's due to an over heated or under heated room, profoundly boring speakers or discussion topics, too much or too little to eat at lunch, advancing age, lack of sleep, or just generalized frustration that their life is slowly being wasted on tedium, I have over the years seen more than a few people struggle to stay awake in corporate meetings. This has of course never ever ever happened to me because I am an enthusiastic corporate drone. Or something.
Some people make a strong argument for government intervention, whether in the form of tax breaks, incentives, subsidies, or outright cash transfers to help poor or middle class people get on their feet, get job training, start a business, get an education, buy a house or (ahem) get some health care.
The devil is in the details of course but if you're living paycheck to paycheck and/or can't immediately put your hands on $1 million in cash, then I won't begrudge you some form of government assistance. There but for the grace of God go I and yada yada yada. If you are a rich person with regards to income or more importantly in regards to wealth (the top 1% households had a little over $10 million in net worth in 2016) then I will suggest that you don't need much assistance from any level of government. You likely work for yourself but even if you don't it's rare that the loss of your job will have you sweating and panicking over a missed paycheck in two weeks. There are some people for whom $10 million is nothing special. They might drop that much on weekend gambling ventures, jewelry for their wife or mistress, rare cars, vacation homes or child support.
A billion is one thousand million. That's ONE THOUSAND MILLION. If you are worth one billion then you or yours don't want for much. Dan Gilbert owns Quicken Loans, Rock Financial, a few casinos and of course the Cleveland Cavaliers. Dan Gilbert is Michigan's richest resident, and likely Ohio's as well when he's in that state. In 2017 Gilbert was number 91 on the Forbes 400 list. Only a few Americans have more money than Gilbert. Dan Gilbert's net worth is approximately 6.3 Billion dollars or to put it another way, 6300 million. There's little that Gilbert couldn't buy or invest in if he so chose. Money is not a limiting factor for Gilbert. So I'm having trouble understanding why the State of Michigan has decided to give a $600 million subsidy to Gilbert for a real estate deal.
Dan Gilbert, the billionaire who has overhauled downtown Detroit by resurrecting historic buildings, sealed one of his biggest Motor City deals yet by getting final approval Tuesday for a $618 million tax incentive plan. | 2019-04-22T14:05:02Z | https://www.theurbanpolitico.com/2018/06/ |
The following is the text of a speech I gave at the NMRA 2015 Potomac Division 2015 Annual Minicon Meeting. Several people asked that I post the text for their reference. Hope you find it useful. This might seem like a lot of text, but it was just a 15 minute speech.
When the Potomac Division asked me to speak at lunch, I said I could do it, but what would they like me to speak about? They said it was up to me. Since I already had a talk planned for that day, I wondered what else I could possibly talk about. Around that time I had been discussing model railroad publishing with a friend. From that evolved the idea of this talk of describing my experience in getting articles and books published. Perhaps it may help you avoid some of the mistakes I made.
First thing to remember is that to us this is a hobby; to the publishers it is their job. Most publishers will deal professionally with you and you must do the same.
Writing for model railroad magazines is a great way to learn a lot about how publishing works, what it’s like to have your writing edited (check ego at door), and how to improve your writing. Regardless of how many articles I do, I still get a thrill out of seeing my writing published. I think for many of us, seeing your layout on the cover of a magazine is a personal objective.
It also can pay pretty well. Most of the big magazines pay about $100 per published page. Others may pay less per page, but they tend to run more pages, so it can end up about the same. Some magazines have a notorious history of not paying their authors, but they tend to go out of business. I know several authors that have been not been paid for their published writing. But so far I have been lucky and have never been cheated.
Since I have been writing, the model railroad magazine market has and continues to change. Rail Model Journal, Mainline Modeler and Model Railroading ceased publishing. But there are several others still in business such as Model Railroader, Rail Model Craftsman (under new owners), Narrow Gauge and Short Line Gazette, S Gaugian, Sn3 Modeler, O Gauge Railroading, O Scale Trains, Classic Toy Trains, and ZTrak. N scale modelers currently have two active magazines devoted exclusively to N scale, N Scale and N Scale Railroading. Most of these pay for submissions.
There are a lot of other magazines, historical societies, and specialized newsletters that seek material. Most do not pay but they will usually send courtesy copies of the magazine. I have had articles published in the Virginia Train Collectors, and WWI Illustrated that fall into this category.
On-line magazines are a relatively new venue. Model Railroad Hobbyist is the leader, but there are several others including O Scale Resources, Trackside Model Railroading, and e-Train. Some pay for submissions, others do not. Most paper magazines also maintain a digital presence. How digital publishing will handle payments to authors, rights to material, and other issues are still being sorted out by the industry.
Finally, I should mention there more than a dozen non-US model train magazines. I subscribe to some, but have never written for them.
Then there are the model railroad books. As you may know the odds of getting a novel published are vanishingly small. Something like one in a thousand novels that get submitted to agents actually gets published. In the early 1990s my brother and I co-wrote an action thriller novel, Balance of Terror. It got good feedback from readers and the few agents that looked at it, but it generated no interest from publishers. In the end we published it ourselves on Amazon’s Createspace and have sold a few copies. It is still available there if you are curious. It was fun writing it, but it was a LOT of work for almost no monetary reward.
Model railroad books are easier to get published compared to novels. But, the sad news is they pay less than the comparable amount of material in magazine articles. They are also a lot more work than similar articles.
Although the pay is not as good, there are other rewards. When I do a book I get a sense of accomplishment that is not easily found elsewhere. I do find it fun and interesting to knit together the various elements into a cohesive narrative. I also enjoy doing the research. I learned a lot of about diverse subjects. It also keeps things fresh as it allows me to work on new material.
If you want to write a book, you can increase your odds of getting it published by first writing articles. That demonstrates to publishers that you can write, meet a dead line and produce suitable material. Once you have a few articles written, you become a known entity. At that point doing a book can become more feasible. In fact, that is how I got into model railroad book writing. Kalmbach asked me to do the first book. I did not submit a proposal. But they knew of my work from the articles I had written.
I enjoy working with Kalmbach Publishing because they are a professional operation with high quality standards. Their books and magazines have great production values. They are professionally edited, and worked over by professional artists and designers. The photos are clear and well printed. The graphics are top notch. They are also nice people.
They also take care of the marketing. If you want to make money in publishing, don’t underestimate the importance of marketing. It is big, expensive business. Having self-published a book, I can tell you that the marketing is the most important phase of book selling. You may have the next “War and Peace” manuscript, but if no one knows about it, it will gather dust on your shelf on your hard disk.
I am not going to discuss the marketing of the book in detail. If you plan to self-publish a book, prepare to market it. Marketing is tough. Ads are expensive. The Internet can help, but you will end up working hard to get the word out. That is time you can’t spend building models, and writing about them.
So I let Kalmbach do it. The trade off is the royalty is a fraction of the book sales, usually around 10 percent of the wholesale price. The lure of self-publishing is that the royalty per book is much higher. However, your sales generally will be less. Most times, your net income is less.
The other drawback to self-published books, at least the ones I have seen so far, is that they have lower production values. That means the photos are dull looking, the page layouts are crude, and graphics are rudimentary. Very few of us are all world class modelers, expert photographers, talented writers, capable editors, professional graphic artists, and whizzes at page layout.
But self-published books can be very useful for niche topics. For example, a book just about modeling the railroads of the civil war will probably never be published by a major house. I know because I floated that idea and it was rejected by the publishers. But I may still do it as a self-published book.
Another good topic for a self-published book would be your model railroad. The late Dan Zugeleter did just that. He wrote a book about his own HO scale C&O layout. He tried to tie in as much prototype information as possible, but in the end it as a paean to his layout. He hired several photographers, including Paul Dolkos and I, out of his own pocket to take the photos. Through pure dint of will he got a publisher to print and sell it, an amazing achievement. Afterwards, the publisher told me he would not do another book like that because it did not sell well.
However, a book like that is ideal for self-publishing. Some less generous people call it vanity press. In any case there are no unhappy publishers to deal with. It would be a great record of your work and who knows, it could take off. Just don’t bother with vanity publishers that require large upfront fees. Use Createspace, Lulu or some other on-demand service that only charges per actual printed book.
Next I will focus on magazine articles. If you go to the Internet you can find a lot of advice on writing for magazines. But writing of model railroad magazines is a little different than the non-hobby press. Nonetheless there is a lot of overlap in the actual mechanics.
The bulk of general magazine writing is done on assignment - this is where the magazine tasks you to do the article. But that is not the case in the model railroad press. While the model RR press does do assignments, and I have been on some of them, most of their articles come from outside contributors.
So you want to do an article? The first question to ask is: who is my audience? What publication will use this article? In many ways, writing for the model railroad press is much simpler than sending an article to a general audience magazine, as the subject matter, and the number of magazines is limited.
What to write about? We all know the type of articles they are looking for- stories about your layout, how-to describing something you built, layout design ideas, product reviews, and reporting on events that occurred. It helps if your topic is a new or innovative approach that actually works.
Next you need photos of that subject, a track plan if it is a layout, and text. In this business, the story is important but good photos are the key. Good photos will sell the story, especially for a layout feature. How to take good model railroad photos is the subject for another long talk and I won’t cover that here. See this link for more info about model railroad photos.
If the magazine likes your story, but the photos are inadequate, they will send a photographer to shoot new images. But if they do that, the photographer gets the bulk of the payment and you will get a token amount. I know several layout owners that were disappointed by how little they got paid for an article about their layout where the magazine sent a photographer. If you go that route it is best to discuss with them up front so no one is surprised and or disappointed.
With regard to subject material, whatever it is, it has to be well executed. Doesn’t matter if it is a beginner oriented piece or a description of your world class scratch built model. Models should be carefully assembled without obvious flaws like glue globs, fingerprints, wheels off rails, covered in dust, or cat hair. Generally speaking you should weather your models realistically, and paint your track. I had an editor ask me to reshoot a layout because the rail in the track in a few scenes was not painted. Nowadays, I could do that in Photoshop, but this was in the 35mm film era. I did the reshoot and the article was published.
One other word about subject matter- most of the magazines are very scientific about the mix of articles they publish. They try to cover the various scales and topics in proportion to their readers’ interests. The majority of modelers do HO, so that gets the most coverage. Most multi scale magazines end up with an oversupply of HO scale material. But they have a dearth of N and other scales. An article depicting a well done N Scale topic is more likely to be published, then an comparable HO article. On several occasions editors have called me looking for N Scale material. If you really want to get a start in model railroad writing, do something well in N scale and write about it. And if the general magazines reject it, there are two N scale magazines that need good material.
If you do a layout piece, you will probably need to do a track plan. It must be clearly drawn to scale with minimum radii and turnout size indicated. It can be a rough draft. It is not necessary for you to hire an artist to draw a track plan. The magazines have art staff that will re-execute the drawings to their standards. But if you can draw a plan that is “camera ready,” that helps your odds of getting published.
I won’t discuss much the actual writing as frankly, it is not as important in model railroad articles compared to the photos. Their editors will rewrite and polish the text. Nonetheless, make the writing as good as you can make it. The easier you can make the editor’s job, the more likely they will publish it. While grammar and spelling are important, properly organizing your text so that the material flows logically is far more important. Regardless of what your article is about, it should tell a story. That is where the craft of writing comes in.
Don’t send in too much material. It is your job as the writer to cull through the reams of information you collected to make an interesting and compelling story. These are not technical journals, nor Pulitzer prize investigative reporting. These articles are a form of entertainment. Be as concise as possible. Make the editor’s job easier and you’ll both benefit. Do not be unwilling to accept editing. There are times when you will be asked to cut your carefully composed text. If they ask you to do it, do it. Otherwise they will, or worse, they won’t publish it.
If you have the opportunity, you might want to allow a friend or a fellow writer to read your article and give you feedback. I have a niece with a degree in technical writing and I pay her to review my book manuscripts. It is not necessary, but it makes my submission look better, and she gets to list it on her resume.
One you decided what to write about, you now get into the mechanical process of submitting the article. First, check with the magazine to learn of their writer’s guidelines. Almost every magazine has guidelines for their authors. Many are available on line. The guidelines cover text and photos. Guidelines for books may be different than articles.
After reading through the guidelines, you should comply with them. Does the publication accept query letters or prefer full manuscripts? What's a query letter? A query is a single-page letter which sells your story idea. You don't write the entire article--only the first paragraph which captures the reader's interest. Then you describe the article and timeline. If you get interest from a query letter, if behooves you to follow through and do the article, at least if you want to establish a good reputation as a writer.
I personally have never written a formal query letter for a model railroad article. The first couple articles I did, I just sent the article in with photos, etc. Later, the editors would email or call me with suggestions and ideas. But I have heard of some folks going the query letter route. I have done book proposals and even a project layout proposal.
One caution, you should not send the same finished article to several publications at the same time. It might be OK to query different publications at the same time, but never send finished articles on similar material to multiple magazines. You have to submit to one magazine and wait to hear one way or the other. Most will usually let you know right away if they are going to use it or not. Some will pay for the article in advance. Others pay upon publication. In either case, you are locked in, even if they don’t publish for several years. Sometimes they change their minds and will never publish the piece. In that case you have an option of buying back the article and trying to get another magazine to publish. If a magazine is holding on to an article and you want to do another piece with similar material, you should discuss your plans with them. I suspect they would be happy to work something out with you.
If you get rejected, don’t feel bad. As it is in dating, rejection is common for writers. You’ll have to be ready to accept it. There are many different reasons for rejection some of which are out of your control as a writer. Sometimes your article was rejected due to bad timing because they already purchased or plan an article on that or a similar topic. In the rejection letter they may tell you why. Sometimes they will reject the article but give suggestions for a new or related idea.
The final step is to submit your material to a publication. The publisher’s guidelines will explain what you need to do. Most accept digital files along with a paper copy. Also realize that there is usually a long lag from when you submit to when it gets published. You have to be patient. Finally, be courteous and use common sense.
I worked on a bunch of different tasks tonight including a talk scheduled for next Saturday at the the Potomac Division Minicon, shipped some products for Alkem Scale Models, ran the spin caster for an hour making parts, and finally did some work on the superstructure for the ships on the layout.
I reworked the bridge valance parts, and added home-made some hand rails to the superstructure. The Anna Marie kit comes with etched handrails, but for this model I opted to make the railings from 0.020 inch phosphor bronze. I elected to do this because the phosphor bronze hand rails can be soldered and are much stronger than the etched parts.
I also thought some more about making the Anna Marie longer. The middle photo shows the kit hull with an HO Genset loco and a Ford Explorer. The idea is to make the ships dominate the trains. Thus I plan to lengthen the ship.
The ship needs to be bigger to dwarf the trains.
With a beam of 7 inches, extending the Anna Maire hull from 39 to 50 inches is very much within the realm of feasible. Seagoing ships have L/B ratios of around 7:1. For example the BBC New York class ships are 130m long and have a 16m Beam. That works out to 58.5 inches long and 7.2 inches in beam in HO scale. That generates a L/B of 8.1.
I think the best approach to lengthening the hull is to cut off the parallel mid body and fabricate new parts on the laser. That way I can add the scupper and other holes very precisely and easily. Those parts are essentially flat panels. The bulwarks on the kit require a bit of work in filing and sanding, so getting rid of as much of the kit bulwarks as possible will make for less sanding.
I still haven't decided what to do about the second ship planned for the scene. I may use the Anna Marie at the grain elevator and make a larger ship at the Harbor Island wharf, perhaps using the half hull concept.
Randy as brakeman is dealing with the link and pin couplers, while engineer Jim seems to be enjoying the show.
This evening Jim Dufour and Randy Laframboise visited the layout. They are two New Englanders on a tour of layouts in Northern Virginia and Maryland. Both Jim and Randy have fine HO scale layouts. Jim models the B&M Chersire Branch, Randy models the Rutland. You can find some videos of Jim's layout here.
This afternoon they visited Paul Dolkos's Baltimore Harbor. After steak and beers at Hops, they toured the USMRR Aquia Line. They got a chance to run the RR and do some switching. They were also the first outsiders to get a view of the upcoming HO harbor layout. It was a fun visit especially since the Aquia line ran without mishap.
After having dinner with my mom, I stopped by Home Depot on the way home to pick up some materials to continue testing benchwork designs. I got a couple sheets of 1 inch foam and some premium pine 1x2s.
Various models from my collection used to mock-up the benchwork.
I used the 1x2s as stringers supporting the 1 inch styrofoam base. I clamped some scrap 1x2s to the legs of the Ivar shelves. The resulting benchwork was very stiff, especially the long span across the top of the TV where there will be 4 feet without any legs.
As I examined the benchwork and its interaction with the TV and shelves, I realized that I could drop it by the thickness of the 1x2 stringers. I was concerned with the benchwork interfering with the TV screen, but when viewing the TV from the chairs, the slight lines are not blocked. In fact, the lower benchwork makes the underside of the layout harder to see. The lower benchwork is desirable as it means I can more easily add a track under the stairs to make a fiddle yard.
In looking over the rest of the space, I ruled out the optional location of the staging track along the stairs. That was just not going to work. If I want to use off layout staging, it will have to be in the closet.
One objective of this harbor layout is to show how the ships dominate the trains, To that end, I would like to have larger ship models, or at least one large ship on the layout.
I revised the drawing slightly to allow for a larger (wider or beamier) ship at the pier. However, some on-line research found some multipurpose cargo ships that are longer than the Anna Marie, but with the same beam. Adding a nine inch extension to the Anna Marie would be easy. That brings Anna Marie up to 106m in prototype length.
I also drew a half hull 140m ship to see how it would look. This would be a scratch build model, but being only a half hull, and waterline model would be much easier to make. It might be just as effective as a full hull in this location. It is worth investigating. I plan to do a more detailed mock up of a half hull to see how it looks. Half hulls are very common in ship modeling to show hull features. They usually don't have deck fixtures or rigging detail, but this model in the photo below shows how one such model would look.
I moved the books and toys from the old shelves to the new shelves, and then took down the old shelves. Next I installed some grid benchwork sections from McCook's Landing to mock up the new layout. To continue the mockup, I put some kits on the benchwork to better visualize the major elements of the layout plan.
The hull is from Dean's Marine Anna Marie kit. The crane is a HO scale die cast model of the Liebherr 500 mobile harbor crane. I also put one of my O scale building mockups on the layout to simulate the transit shed. The foam piece on the right is my Ft Hood diorama, which I will disassemble and recycle to this layout.
A couple things pop out from this test mock up. First, my wife was surprised at how well it worked out. She was worried that I was cramming too much stuff down there. Well, yes, I am, but lets move on.
Second, the Deans Marine kit, at 39 inches long, looks a bit small in that space. I may have to rethink which and where I put the ships. The ships do not need to be fixed in place, it is is conceivable that I can build different kinds of ships that vary between op sessions. For example, a heavy lift ship for wind mill parts, then a Ro-Ro for vehicles, barges for bulk materials etc. Adding a few inches of depth to the wharf area benchwork will not be a problem.
Third, there is space on the far left to add a small peninsula extending along the stairs. If I put the fiddle track there, I can avoid having to cut holes under the stairs into closet. Since this is not intended to be a permanent layout, that might be a better idea. This would also allow a more accurate rendition of the actual track plan as the track can angle out to the fiddle track as in the prototype.
Here are some Google and Bing maps views of Beaumont.
tanks off the flat cars. I need to verify that.
Overview of the area to be modeled. This photo shows the area before the new storage yard was constructed.
I have used Ivar shelves from Ikea as model railroad benchwork under the part of Aquia Landing of my O Scale layout that is in my workshop. It is the perfect height for my benchwork. I decided continue to use it for the benchwork under the new modern harbor layout. I want the track level no higher than 51 inches, as this will allow me to run a track under the stair landing to staging, if I decide to do that. It is also the height of Aquia Landing track, leaving me the option to extend Aquia Landing in the future. The trick here is that the new smaller TV is 48 inches high at the top edge. So any layout fascia can be no wider than 3 inches, at least as it crosses the TV area to avoid interfering with the image on the TV. Note this is assuming I continue to use the TV stand seen in the image. I would prefer not replacing that as it in good shape and works well.
Instant Ivar benchwork. The picture frames will be removed and the walls painted sky blue. I will probably go with a black fascia for this project.
Why use Ivar? I compared the price of the Ivar shelves with home made plywood shelving. The Ivar was much less expensive and easier to build.
For use in this part of the room, which houses a TV, stereo and several display shelves, I decided to stain the vertical members black. I will leave the shelves natural wood. The Ivar pieces are somewhat raw when they come from the store and need some finishing for use in a finished room. The new shelves will be expand the amount of shelf storage in the TV room by about 250 percent. This will allow me room to display some of my dioramas and small collection of Porsche race car 1/43rd scale models.
I used Miniwax Pre-Stain Wood Conditioner (water based) on the uprights. Then I applied Miniwax Polyshades Black Stain. This later product is not water soluble and needs about 6-8 hours to dry.
Once I have the shelves completed, I will add a layer of 1x2 grid benchwork screwed to the Ivar legs. On top of that will be 1 inch of foam and a layer of 1/8 inch plywood under the track. The 1/8th inch plywood is soft and can be spiked.
Implications of Keep Alive Circuits on Layout Design-Having Cake and Eating it.
I have been a big proponent of simplification in model railroading. My own home layout while a daunting project due to the scratch building involved, is a rather simple track design mostly because I wanted to avoid electrical complexity. Technology is finally coming around to address some of these concerns and it has an effect on layout design. Lets trace the history of frog power and electronics using my layouts as an example.
To me the absolute least pleasurable task in model railroading was connecting switch motors to turnouts to actuate the points and electrically power the frogs. Because I use relatively small 4-4-0 engines, powered frogs were a must. Clean track is also required to allow uninterrupted power pickup.
At Falmouth, the first section I built on my O scale layout, I used home made mechanical devices to electrically power the frogs. To actuate the turnouts, I made scale sized switch stands. The separation of mechanical actuation and electrical power was a step in the right direction, but still required a lot of uncomfortable under table work. As a bi-focal wearer, this is problematic as the normal angles of view in this work are not where the close vision lenses lines of sight are.
Before wiring the next section of the layout I discovered Tam Valley Depot's Frog Juicers. I blogged about them earlier. They are an elegant solution that uses complex circuitry to make a very user friendly and easy to install way to power frogs. They worked perfectly right out of the box and I was able to quickly wire the remaining turnouts on my layout. The prices was also pretty reasonable, about $16-$17 per turnout.
While these solved the frog power issue for my O Scale layout, I still had intermittent electrical pick up issues to deal with on the locos. The Stanton Battery Power system came along and addressed that problem. The Stanton system is perfect for a simple layout like mine. The main problem was finding space in my locos to house the decoder, speaker, batter and battery power supply. I had so far successfully converted two of my locos and they have been giving good service now for about three years.
At this point, my O scale layout has a mix of DCC power via the rails and battery power, also recharged through the rails. As I finish the layout at Aquia Landing, I plan to continue to follow this approach.
I also planned to use that same approach on the HO layout I am building for my next book. To keep the HO project manageable I decided to go with a plan that included 10 turnouts with frog juicers and a fiddle yard to do staging. I mentioned this new layout with Paul Dolkos as I was seeking his advice on what HO scale track he recommended. He suggested Micro-engineering track as it looks the best, and their turnouts have integral point mechanisms. He also shocked me when he said that he does not power his frogs. Now, I have operated his layout many times and it runs nearly flawlessly. I had no idea. All my previous experience in N and O scale indicated that powered frogs were a prerequisite.
How can this be? He usually runs single or multiple diesels with all wheel pick up. Since he keeps his rail and wheels clean, the engines can usually bridge the dead frogs. As our discussion continued, Paul brought up the fact that DCC engines now have keep alive circuits that can bridge short sections of dead or dirty track. I had heard about these, but had not previously thought about them much. A light bulb went off.
I realized that if a layout can built without worry about powered frog and mechanical switch actuation, my two least favorite activities in model railroading were eliminated. Then it occurred to me that the design of the layout can change too. Without all the electrical constraints, more complex track plans can be more easily attained both in terms of dollar cost and effort. Instead of powering every frog, one just needs to install keep alive circuits in each locomotive. The keep alive circuits cost about as much as a single frog juicer, so there is a trade off one needs to examine. If you have a big collection of engines, but not so much track, it may be less expensive to power the frogs.
In the case of my HO project layout, I will have a small number of engines, so adding the keep alive circuits will be less costly. Furthermore, installing the keep alive can be deferred until actual testing shows that it is needed. Remember Paul's layout runs fine without them.
Under this new approach, but still with the same philosophy of simplicity, I redesigned the HO layout to have about 20 turnouts. Instead of a fiddle yard, where cars would have to be man handled during an op session, I added a visible staging yard. This opened up increased operational possibilities too. Now the grain elevator could be a working switch job on the layout.
Without the need to purchase frog juicers, there was not much cost increase for the expanded plan. Using flex track and Micro-engineering turnouts, while not as simple as a building a Brio layout, will be much faster than hand laying track. This is looking like a win-win (except for Tam Valley, sorry Duncan).
Now the next step is to try installing some keep alive circuits on the engines. I would be happy to learn of my reader's experience in this regard. Have you done any of these? How tricky was it? I see that some DCC decoder manufacturers are building keep alive in their decoders. Can anyone share their experience with those?
Several of you have noted that I have not made much progress on the Aquia Line lately. Yes, it is true that other projects have bumped it back, but I do intend to finish it. Keep reading to see why.
I recently started working on my next book for Kalmbach. That book will include a couple projects including a brand new layout. That layout will be based on a modern harbor, probably based on Beaumont, TX.
I selected Beaumont for several reasons, first I wanted a topic that was manageable in that I could build it less than a year. Beaumont is a major port, but it is composed of many discrete elements. Picking a piece to model was not easy, but it was fun. Second, I wanted a port that shipped military vehicles. Beaumont is a major destination for US Army military shipments. This will allow me to use the DODX cars I am developing in an actual layout. Since those are HO cars, it has to be an HO layout. That ties in with my plan to develop more HO kits for Alkem Scale Models, so this layout provides a test bed for developing new products. Finally, I want the layout to provide some interesting operations. Looking at the prototype plan you see some very interesting track work.
The track work in between the transit sheds at Harbor Island includes four diamond crossovers.
and at least one double slip switch.
Last weekend I had a chance to operate on Paul Dolkos's new Baltimore Harbor Layout. I worked the B&O Carroll Street job. That job operates over an area about 1.5 by 12 feet long. There was plenty of thought provoking switching operation in just that area. That reinforced my belief that a small harbor switching layout in a similar footprint could be fun to operate.
Here is a draft track plan I envision of the project layout. It uses the recycled benchwork from McCook's Landing, along with a new extension on the left wall. Under this extension will be new bookshelves.
The Phase 2 oil terminal will be built later, as it is not needed for the book, but does add an interesting industry to operate. It can also be made removable, even as a FREMO module.
I call this layout Chase Marine Terminal 3, since it is freelanced, but it is based on selectively compressed areas the Harbor Island and Carroll Street sections of Beaumont. This will be the third iteration of Chase Marine Terminal. The first two were N Scale.
For now, I will not discuss this layout plan much except to ask that any readers that know about this area, please let me know your thoughts or comments. I would like to learn a little more about how the railroads work this area. I will also tap my network for suggestions on DCC, rolling stock etc. This is a first major foray into an HO scale layout and I am very excited about it. But, I am not that familiar with all the HO stuff available.
I plan to include discussion of the port layout on this blog, since I did not feel the extra work of a second blog was worth the effort. It will focus on aspects that will not be in the book. Things like DCC installs, loco repaint, etc.
So what does this have to do with Aquia Line except provide more distractions? As part of this next book, I also intend to complete the wharf at Aquia Landing as project. So I will be working on that too (among other projects). See - Convergence.
I had a chance to fire up the vulcanizer and spin caster this evening to try making some metal parts.
A few years ago, Eric Cox, of Panamint Models, made some O scale truck parts for me in Shapeways. Our idea was to try using the 3D printed parts as masters in my vulcanizing mold machine. The first attempt was somewhat successful, but some adjustments were necessary.
So Eric redrew the parts and set me a revised set. In the meantime, I figured out that the silicone rubber mold material I had was beyond its shelf life. Thus the rubber would not vulcanize properly. So I ordered a new set of rubber mold blanks. This time I ordered a low temperature silicone rubber that cures at 190F. These are intended for molding 3D printed masters and other low temperature materials. The drawback is that the silicone rubber is not as strong as higher temperature rubber.
I put the revised trucks in the mold. I also put some of my 3D printed DODX brake detail parts in the mold. Shapeways has been somewhat unreliable lately. The have been shipping the parts after months delay or outright canceling my orders. So I though it would be prudent to make metal copies of the brake details.
The low temp rubber worked well with the 3D parts. The molds looked good. I cut the gates in the parts and started spin casting. As normal, the first couple pours did not work too well. But as the mold warmed up and I added some gates and vents, I got a pretty good yield. After about 25 pours the mold started to deteriorate.
The brake details came out very well. The truck parts had a lower yield, but I still got a pretty good set of parts with which to experiment. The rubber mold material in the axle holes and some other spots that had undercuts had problems with tearing after a few pours.
I assembled a truck using some of the new castings. The revised design has very close tolerances. That combined with some deteriorated axle holes, meant that I had to do some grinding and filing to get the parts to fit without interfering. The wheel sets seemed to spin smoothly, but in testing on the track I noticed some sparking due to shorts. I added some 0.010 inch styrene shims to insulate the wheels from the side frames and that worked to remove the electrical shorts.
The cast metal trucks don't have working brakes. But they do have some nice detail. The cast trucks add weight down low, so they should help the cars track better.
Given I have to fiddle with them to get them to work well, there isn't too much labor saving. So the jury is still out on if I want to do the rest of my cars with cast metal trucks. | 2019-04-19T00:42:19Z | http://usmrr.blogspot.com/2015/03/ |
Native to tropical Western Africa consumption of ackee fruit takes place mainly in Jamaica and is a staple of Jamaican cuisine, their national fruit and the key component of their national dish - Ackee and Saltfish.
Ackee is related to the lychee and produces a pear-shaped fruit. Green unripened fruit can lead to poisoning. When ripe, the fruit bursts open to reveal a bright orange/yellow flesh with the consistency of lightly scrambled egg.
Saltfish is dried and salted cod.
It is important and to read the name of this national dish - Ackee and Saltfish. This is not fish with fruit, but fruit and fish. Ackee and fish should be balanced as equal quantities.
This dish takes some preparation - 24 hours, to be exact, or thereabouts.
First, soak the fish in water, pouring out and replacing a few times. After that, boil the fish for about half an hour and then set aside to cool.
Cooling is important since we're going to be shredding the flesh off the skin which turns gelatinous and can be lava hot!
Flake the flesh off the skin and set aside.
Drain a can of ackees and set aside.
Slice some streaky bacon into small slices around half a centimetre, cube some red or green pepper, dice some tomatoes and spring onions (scallions, in Jamaican), and rough chop some flat leaf parsley and some thyme.
Finally, finely slice one Scotch Bonnet pepper for a likkle tikkle.
Making the dish is simply a case of putting those ingredients into a frying pan ... in the right order.
Start out with frying off the bacon to release some of its fat content. Once coloured and the fat has rendered out, toss in the fish and sautee until warm.
Add the scallions and fry for a few more minutes, tossing through the fish and bacon.
Add the peppers, tomato, chilli and thyme. Warm through, tossing through thoroughly.
Finally, add the ackees and parsley, gently tossing through to ensure all the ingredients are well mixed while retaining the structure of the delicate fruit and aromatics of the herbs.
Serve out onto a plate and enjoy.
Traditionally, Ackee and Saltfish would be eaten with some plantain, breadfruit, yam, fried dumplings or hard dough bread. Making it paleo, I like strong green vegetables alongside - kale or tenderstem broccoli are great. If you're looking for more carbohydrate, rice might be something you are happy with and makes a good accompaniment.
Certainly, a bottle of Guinness, Dragon Stout or Red Stripe is a must!
Classic British, possibly Colonial Cypriot; a simple dish of cauliflower and béchamel sauce.
Trim the florets from a cauliflower and select the tender leaves from the inside.
Steam the florets until soft, drain off and arrange in an oven-proof dish.
Make up a cheese sauce with milk and cream - this will give the slightly thicker sauce, negating the need for flour. Add in the cheese and this will thicken right up. Cheddar is ideal. Just a touch of nutmeg, too.
Breadcrumbs are often used to provide a final crunch, sprinkled over the top - we can deploy a primal weapon here: bacon!
Sprinkle just a little more cheese over the top and then a good handful of fried bacon pieces. Streaky bacon is best here as the fat content really crisps up and the saltiness works so well with the sauce and soft cauliflower.
Place in a pre-heated oven set to 175C for 20 minutes, or so, until the cheese topping has melted fully and the sauce warmed through.
Cauliflower Cheese is a great dish on its own or as an accompaniment, often as part of the traditional Sunday Roast.
Of course, if dairy is out of your paleo diet then just enjoy a bowl of clean steamed cauliflower with some spice and bacon bits!
First, steam or boil some tenderstem broccoli and place on a plate.
Drop a good knob of pastured butter into a frying pan and just after it has melted, pour in the eggs.
Fold the eggs periodically to produce a nice texture and keep lifting off the heat so as not to over cook. The eggs want to be "just done", not dry.
Just before the eggs have fully cooked, drop a little heavy cream into the egg mixture and just fold it gently using the residual heat in the pan to finish the cooking. Optionally, add in a little sea salt at this stage, too.
Spoon over the broccoli. Garnish with a grind of freshly milled black pepper.
Similar to my Scandinavian inspired fish breakfast, this is the porky cousin - sausage, bacon and mushroom!
Combined with some pickled vegetables - sauerkraut, gherkin and beetroot, and a soured cream and mustard drizzle, topped with a poached egg, this is a deep, tasty break fast with a good pack of probiotics.
Sauerkraut is a superb source of probiotics in the paleo diet; yoghurt, another, although not all paleo people partake of dairy, some do, but only fermented dairy. Sauerkraut provides a wide spectrum of probiotics which will boost the beneficial bacteria in your gut.
Dairy is contentious within the paleosphere, but I am perfectly happy with its inclusion. Soured cream has a good fat profile and the fermentation goes a long way to making it paleo-friendly. I like to use soured cream to make up a nice drizzling sauce with lemon, mustard and a little oil.
Get some sausages frying off. Collect any fats that render out for later.
Fry off some chopped slices of streaky bacon. Bacon should be outdoor reared and naturally fed - the fatter the better for streaky bacon, which will render its own fat out.
Once a little fat is evident in the pan, toss in some slices of mushroom and cook them through.
Meanwhile make up a poaching liquor from hot water and distilled malt vinegar. Crack the egg into a ramekin and drop into the lightly bubbling water after gently swirling.
Cut the sausages on a jaunty angle and add to the bacon and mushroom pan.
Slice up a gherkin, or two, a few small tomatoes and toss into the pan along with the sausages, bacon and mushrooms.
Drop a generous portion of sauerkraut into the pan and cook through until the liquid has evaporated.
Slice up some strong lettuce leaves and arrange on a plate.
Serve out the hot food onto the plate and lay some cubes of pickled beetroot around.
Take a couple of tablespoons of soured cream into a bowl, add a teaspoon of English mustard and a good squeeze of lemon juice. Stir together and then whisk in a drizzle of oil - extra virgin olive oil or avocado oil are fantastic!
Drizzle over the plate, retrieve the egg, dry it off and lay it on the top, cutting the yolk and twisting a little sea salt over.
... a whirlpool of flavour and a great way to start the day! Enjoy!
Beef olives are a novel way to enjoy a cheap roasting joint.
Silverside beef can be sliced into thin slices and wrapped around sausage meat. Flavour with a few herbs and some black pepper ... simple and delicious!
First, procure a good Silverside joint from your butcher; one which long slices can be taken from. Also, ask for some sausage meat - this should be pork, and as close to 100% meat as possible.
Once home, put the sausage meat in the fridge and leave the beef joint out.
Uncooked, slice the joint into slices a few millimetres thick and lay on a board.
You can make up a herb butter by blending herbs, salt and butter together and spreading over the beef beforehand. Strong herbs, full flavoured or heavily scented are ideal: parsley, sage or thyme.
Take a handful of sausage meat and form it into a sausage shape, placing it on the slice of beef.
Roll the beef around the sausage and secure with cocktail sticks if you fancy, otherwise just use the weight of the wrap to hold it in place.
Grind some freshly milled black pepper over the olives and place them in a pre-heated oven set to 180C for 20 minutes. This is enough time to cook the sausage meat through without turning the beef to rubber! Do baste the olives as they cook in the juice.
When ready to eat, remove the olives from the oven and let the sit for a few minutes while you prepare your vegetables.
Something simple, like tenderstem or purple sprouting broccoli is superb! Steam the vegetables and plate up.
Slice the olive on a Chef's angle to reveal the stuffing and lay over the vegetables.
Originating in eighteenth century Britain, Welsh rarebit or Welsh rabbit is a dish made with a savoury sauce of melted cheese and various other ingredients and served hot over toast.
While debate continues in the paleosphere around the inclusion of dairy in the diet, I endorse the inclusion! Toast is something I cannot, so we're going to keep it paleo.
Recipes vary tremendously, but the staples remain the same - cheese, milk, flour and mustard often feature. This is an easy one to make by simply increasing the cheese and using cream rather than milk and flour.
For the cheese, we're going to use Caerphilly.
Caerphilly is a hard white cheese from Wales, the town of Caerphilly no less. Made from cow's milk and with a fat content of around 50%, this cheese has a pleasant sour tang and crumbly texture.
Take a Portobello mushroom and remove the stalk. This is the toast!
Splash a little Worcestershire Sauce over the mushroom and place it in a pre-heated oven set to 200C for 10 minutes. By the time it is ready to remove, it should be soft ... but not completely lost its structure.
Take a saucepan and crumble some Caerphilly in, pouring over some double cream.
Place the saucepan on the hob and warm through without burning or sticking the mixture to the bottom of the pan.
Once melted and thick, add some English mustard. Mustard is yellow and comes in jars labelled Colman's. It's that simple - if it doesn't say Colman's on the label, it's not proper English mustard! Half a teaspoon is fine. One teaspoon for the more adventurous!
Assemble the dish by placing the cooked mushroom on a plate, having removed any excess liquid that has formed. Pour over the rarebit and grind a twist of fresh black pepper over the top.
Romanescu? Yes, that curious vegetable that is both cauliflower and broccoli; a fractal plant with as curious a conflux of flavour.
Trim off all the raggy green off the stalks and slice them very fine.
Gently fry the stalk slices in pastured butter, topping up with some bouillon and simmering for a few minutes until really soft.
Pour the solids into a receptacle and blend to a fine paste, adding the liquid to soften things up and bring the total consistency to a thick soup. While blending, add a drizzle of avocado oil to emulsify into the soup giving a really creamy texture.
Squeeze a splash of lemon into the hot liquor and serve in cappuccino cups.
My local farm shop sells off the trimmings and tail ends of their deli meats in packages at such a price it is impossible not to walk past!
I regularly get a packet of cooked ham, turkey or beef which are delicious over salad leaves as a starter to a main meal, but better as a midnight hunt and gather in the fridge.
Some cooked ham is a perfect partner to eggs.
What better than to accompany with a good punch of pickled cabbage - sauerkraut!
Form a good helping of sauerkraut in the middle of a plate - use a forming ring if you need, although just a good helping encouraged into a round with a fork or spoon is perfect.
Lay some cooked ham over the sauerkraut.
Griddle or fry off a couple of spears of asparagus for dipping in the egg.
Fry off an egg in a little pastured butter, sunny side up is best. Use a small pan or a forming ring in a larger pan.
Gently slide the fried egg onto the top of the stack and gently place the asparagus spears on the very top.
Savoy cabbage is a no-brainer - pack full of great vitamins, a really good chew and a damn good flavour to put with a heavy stew of meat and vegetables.
Drop in ten or fifteen good dollops of tomato puree into the dish and if the lamb was lean, place a good spoonful of fat in the middle of the dish - lard, tallow or bacon grease is all good.
Make up a beef stock and add some minced garlic before pouring over the dish which should just cover it. Loosen the tomato puree into the sauce.
Lid on ... oven set to 180C for an hour and then drop the heat to 120C for a couple more hours.
While my local Russian Restaurant serves this with creamy mashed potatoes on the side, serving over strong green vegetables such as thick cabbage or tenderstem broccoli is superb. Topped with a good helping of sauerkraut and you have a perfect paleo meal!
To the Brits, this would be Corned Beef Hash ... but as is so often, we are a common people with our friends over the water in the States, divided by a common language; and, corned beef for them is not the same as corned beef to us.
I'll go with the term Bully Beef for the title.
Get all your ingredients together on a chopping board. You can use whatever you like, but go for tastes and mouth-feel combinations that will be real comfort food. Being a stop-gap meal, this is pretty much whatever you have available.
In this instance, I went for corned beef, chorizo, onion, peeled plum tomatoes, carrot, yellow courgette, large asparagus spears, artichoke palms, a mushroom and a number of flavourings - garlic, capers, chopped pickled chillis, extra paprika, jalapeno chilli flakes, smoked sea salt and freshly milled black pepper. Finally, some chopped parsley.
The principle of cooking is simple - cook the ingredients which need the most cooking first and the ones which will release the most aroma in last.
I started out my just frying off the chorizo chunks in a little olive oil, flipping over so that both sides were well cooked and would be nice and crisp. I should mention that I like to remove the shin from my chorizo before cooking and like the picante type: spicy.
Next, I added the onions and sautéed them off for a few minutes until soft.
Add the can of peeled plum tomatoes and mash them down a little, adding in about half a can of water.
Drop in any crunchy vegetables that need a little boiling - the carrots were added at this point and the pan boiled down until the liquid had reduced and the carrots became softer.
Cube up the corned beef and add it to the mix now, gently ... that's gently turning it so as not to lose much of the structure of the cubes. Corned beef is already cooked and so we just need it to warm through without descending into a slop of meat and over-cooked vegetables.
Add in all the other softer vegetables and flavour ingredients. Turn then through the dish gently and allow 5-10 minutes of gentle cooking to warm everything through.
At the last minute, add in chopped parsley.
Serve into wide bowls and accompany with some communal guacamole and lettuce leaves.
Bacon and eggs make a perfect marriage! I know ... I've said that before, but there is something so wonderful about salty, fatty bacon (I like streaky bacon from the belly) grilled and put together with butter laced fried eggs.
Fast food, for on the go ... a simple snack to wolf down and get on with your day, the Bacon and Egg Butty is a "to go" food.
Being paleo, the bread is a non-starter - we're not going to do that, but we can get very close by simply frying up some eggs.
Get your bacon grilling, frying, griddling or however it is you like it.
Take a smallish base frying pan - 9" in diameter is fine. Drop a little lard or tallow in there to get the magic started and crack a couple of eggs in ensuring that they meet and run into each other. Crack them next to each other and add in a third if need be - you're after a base of eggs.
Once you think they're done on the underside, either flip over or put under the grill for a few minutes until the whites have gone opaque.
Slide the eggs out onto a plate and load up with bacon on one side. Flip the other half over.
Voila! Bacon and Egg Butty!
Consume rapidly and noisily, and get about your day!
Bacon and eggs are a perfect marriage! Throw a little spice into that marriage and you have sheer heaven!
You will need a baking tray for baking buns, cup cakes, or whatever you call them; failing that, some ovenproof ramekins will do fine. If you buy large eggs you need a deep tray or some silicone bun cases.
Fry off some strips of bacon - you need a couple of rashers per helping. I like streaky bacon, which is salty and full of delicious fat.
Cook the bacon so that it has just started to colour, but does not become stiff. Form the bacon into rounds in the tray as soon as they are out of the pan. Keep blowing your fingertips!
I am happy to eat fermented dairy and so a thin slice of feta cheese in the base of each helping and more to top gives a tangy and creamy flavour. Feel free to leave this out if you don't eat dairy.
Crack an egg into each round of bacon, garnish with some herbs, a grind of freshly milled black pepper and give each helping a good splash of Tabasco.
Place into an over pre-heated to 200C for 10-15 minutes, until the whites have cooked. Err on the lower side for a just running yolk.
Serve out with a little side-salad, some pickled vegetables and maybe a few slices of avocado. Perfect breakfast!
Ramekins are a better idea if you want to pad out the dish, maybe with some smoked haddock and make a starter, or entrée, out of one large egg.
Another "what to do with cauliflower stalks" idea.
Cauliflower stalks are too good to waste and if simple simmering and a good glob of pistou does not float your boat, how about another way of using them?
Top and tail the stalks and chop them into thin slices, boiling for a few minutes in a pan with bouillon, or just sea salt.
You could add onions, leek, garlic or other flavours, but straight-up cauliflower stalks works well.
Once softened, transfer to a suitable receptacle for blending - I drain off the stalks and add in the liquid later.
Hand blend the stalks until they're a good pulp and then add in a glug of avocado oil. This will emulsify into the vegetables and give it a really creamy texture. You could use extra virgin olive oil, but avocado oil has the right mouth feel for this soup.
Once the oil has emulsified into the mix, gradually pour in the liquid and keep blending. The end result should be a really fine blend - pass through a sieve if you're really proper about getting this as smooth as possible.
Pop the soup back onto the hob just to keep warm while you sauté some scallops.
Sautéing is simply a case of softening some butter or your favourite fat in a frying pan, dropping the scallops in and giving them a couple of minutes on each side before flipping them a few times in the remaining fat.
Pour out the soup into a wide bowl, garnish with parsley and drop three or four scallops into the middle of the bowl.
Simple, easy and damn tasty!
Brisket is my favourite cut of beef.
From the front of the beast between its front legs, brisket is the superficial and deep pectorals from the cow and since cows do not have collar bones, this muscle holds most of the weight of the animal. Truly, a worked meat and one which is so rich in flavour.
When cooking brisket, cook too much - it is a cheap cut and one which makes so many great leftover meals.
Sliced thin, we're going to make up some simple wraps.
Using long cos lettuce leaves, butter them with something flavoursome - mustard or horseradish are good.
Lay out some slices of cucumber, boiled egg, maybe tomato, that kind of salad ingredients.
Top with a generous but not overwhelming amount of thinly sliced brisket.
Tidy up into a manageable wrap, hold in one hand and get it crammed in your mouth! | 2019-04-19T04:36:40Z | https://www.livingintheiceage.co.uk/2011/08/ |
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In the introduction, Powell tell us he was inspired to write this book when a friend, discussing the fact that the vast majority of scientists accept that the activities of man are contributing to global warming, remarked that scientists have been wrong before. Accepting the undeniable truth of that, Powell decided to look at the recent history of four important theories in earth sciences, showing that though scientists may have been wrong at first, they “eventually came to be right”.
The history of the four discoveries confirms the cardinal virtue of science: it is self-correcting. Scientists pushing the boundaries of knowledge are often wrong, but they do not stay wrong.
Considering the fair amount of depth Powell goes into on each of his subjects, the book is surprisingly accessible to the non-scientists among us. I found I only got lost occasionally and, when reading books like this, I accept that there are things that are too complex to simplify down to my level! In each section Powell starts at a point before the theory he is discussing was developed, explaining the existing state of knowledge and supposition. He then introduces us to the scientists who contributed to the development of the new theory, along with those who opposed it, and finally to those who ‘proved’ it. He provides little anecdotes of their lives, or their friendships or quarrels with each other, which prevent the book from becoming too dry a read.
The discoveries from astronomy and earth science expose the infinitesimal standing of the human race in time and space. They force us to admit that we are the products of, and the potential victims of, random events.
Do they really? I would imagine that the billions of people who believe in some form of God might not feel forced to admit that. Indeed, Powell himself points out in the course of the book that even many scientists are willing to admit that science and religion can co-exist. But this is just one example – there were several occasions when I felt he expressed himself more forcefully than the evidence justified, or substituted opinion for fact.
Powell shows how the assumed age of the Earth has changed over the last century or so, as scientists made discoveries – such as evolution – that negated the previous assumptions. As he does in each section, he highlights the scientists involved, including those who fought strongly to retain their existing position even when the evidence became overwhelming. He also points out that, in the end, it was physicists rather than geologists who made the most important discovery – how to determine the age of rocks through developing ways to measure radioactive decay.
My verdict: Not proven – an old Scottish verdict which means basically ‘I believe it, but I don’t think you’ve really proved it’. I admit the main reason for this verdict is that the stuff about radioactive decay went largely over my head – but it seemed to me that, as Powell described it, there were still too many assumptions involved for this to be a theory incapable of being overturned by further future discoveries.
In 1911, Alfred Wegener noticed that the east coast of South America was a great fit for the west coast of Africa, and speculated that they had once been joined. The then greats of the scientific world largely dismissed this idea, even when the fossil records between the two coasts showed a remarkable similarity. Powell takes us through all the experimentation that gradually proved the truth of the theory, as geologists speculated that continental drift and plate tectonics were the likely cause of mountain formation and of the mid-Atlantic ridge.
My verdict: Proven. With GPS, scientists have now been able to measure the rate of drift – that’s the kind of proof I like!
While discussing the theory that meteorites have impacted the Earth, on occasion with catastrophic results, I felt Powell got himself a bit side-tracked into both the extinction of the dinosaurs and the impact theory for the creation of the Moon.
So this is the crucial one – Powell’s starting and finishing point. Although he refers to it as Global Warming, in fact the crux of his argument is proving that it’s caused in large part by man’s actions. Again this one got a bit ‘sciency’ for me, but for the most part I was able to follow the arguments.
My verdict: Proven. It seems to me the weight of measurable evidence – such as from atmospheric measurements over time showing the rapid rise in concentration of carbon dioxide to be almost exactly parallel with the increase in emissions – makes this one as close to proven as it’s likely to be. And given the potential impact, I’d rather err on the side of caution anyway. But, although Powell’s position is that this one is beyond doubt, he also makes it clear that estimates of the likely impact are still subject to debate. Personally, I feel we’re probably safest to assume a worst-case scenario and act accordingly…and on that final note, I think Powell and I finally reached agreement.
An interesting book, despite Powell’s occasional forays beyond the evidence, and one I would recommend to anyone who is still in doubt as to the reality of man’s impact on the environment.
NB This book was provided for review by the publisher, Columbia University Press.
I’m glad you thought this was, in the main, well done, FictionFan. It is interesting to see how sometimes, scientists (and actually a lot of people, not just scientists) fall into the trap of believing themselves too much, if I can put it that way. One of the scholarly dispositions I’ve always liked is ‘Prize the Doubt.’ As you can guess, it means that you always have to be open to being wrong – even about your own beliefs. It’s not enough to disprove others’ work; you have to be willing to disprove your own. Not easy!
Yes, it would be, especially if there were people in the group who had doubts about climate change.
You’ve finished with this book already?! Wow!
Now, the author, I think, is yelling at me. You posted that picture on purpose. You’re not fair!
You know, I’m not sure there is global warming around my house. It’s been one of the coldest winters for my house–ever! Could you send some global warming this way?
I think I took that picture. I used to glide with the dinos.
Oh, I felt it took me ages to read it too!
I thought it was me he was yelling at – especially for not believing him about the dinosaurs! He struck me as the type who wouldn’t gladly suffer dissent…especially from a non-scientist!
I would, if I could defrost the car and get through the snow to the post office.
*gulp* I’m exciting about getting Dune, btw!
*laughs* Have you gone sledding yet?
I lose all of the pics. On the beach. I’m sorry.
Are you? Hurrah! I’ve been dead slow with it, because I was foolishly reading three huge books simultaneously, but I should get into it properly over the weekend.
Sure am! I couldn’t imagine juggling all the reading that you do! You’re a hero.
Is FEF a star or a dino?
It’s nice and sunny here in LA…nice temps, too. I left the snow in PA.
Typical? It was not typical! A tidal wave did it.
Can’t I please be both?
I stand amazed. And concerned.
*laughs* An impossibility! But you could be a potato and a dino. Since they rhyme.
I sure was! Now back to snow. Time to wear the beanie.
There’s no point in going on denying it. You’re right – I am a potato! What gave me away?
Yes, I’ve been hearing on the news that you’re about to be hit by a huge blizzard tonight apparently – stay safe and warm! Hot chocolate…that’s the thing!
Please do! I’m intrigued already.
*laughing too much* Umm…the color! Brown.
I know! *looks out window as the snow continues to fall* Truth be told, I love it. Better than LA’s weather. The professor is a horrid little Pitt boy through and through.
I think that’s nice. I love our weather too – even the rain!
It can’t be that heavy!
*laughing lots* Look here, FEF, you’re not a potato. Promise many promises.
*nods* That’s the spirit! We have more rain here, too, than sun.
If any one deep fries you, I’ll kill them, and scalp them alive!
Nice. Hope you get a few inches. Or meters. Whatever you call it in there.
About 3 inches, but it’s already beginning to thaw I think. I’m toying with going out and building a snowman.
*laughs* It’s such a bloody task, I warn you. But it will make everyone think twice about frying you.
Nice! Definitely do! And take a picture, please. I’ve quit trying to build one long ago.
It will! And that’s a good thing!
Well at least they tried!
It sounds like a very interesting book. I should point out that science isn’t in the business of providing proof of things — that’s what math does. What science does, rather, is demonstrate likelihoods; in some cases those likelihoods are beyond all reasonable doubt, such as deep time, continental drift, man-induced climate change and the meteorite/comet impact theory of the extinction of the dinosaurs. It is possible, but extraordinary unlikely, that science has those wrong, just as it’s possible that a pig might fly. As Powell correctly (if I read your summary right) points out, the impact hypothesis for the origin of the moon is very likely correct, but it’s not quite so solid as the others.
It is interesting – and thought-provoking. It was more his style and language I argued with, rather than the science. His main argument, which I agree with, is that until something is ‘proved’ scientists must be prepared to at least consider new theories, and that scientists in the past tended to state and defend their theories as truth, and even on occasion manipulate the evidence to do so. Because he then went too far, in my opinion, in stating the ‘truth’ of some of today’s theories, (going beyond the ‘highly unlikely to be wrong’ to the absolutely, definitely right) he seemed to be falling into the very trap he was criticising, and oddly had the opposite effect of what he was intending – on me, at least. And his occasional tossing in of a dogmatic opinion that had little to do with the point, just emphasised that he is as open to being closed-minded as many of the scientists he criticised.
That is pretty much the case with science. You can point out the pros and cons, but unless you’ve seen it is pretty much a case of not enough proven. (I only came across that watching The Escape Artist where the criminal was pretty well known to be guilty, but was unproved and so went free to kill again. Frustrating that was. But I digress. .
Some of them do. But some of them can be so tetchy about people who ask questions.
To be honest, I find exactly the opposite — and I spend a fair amount of time asking questions of scientists.
Where they do sometimes get tetchy is if you ask them a “skeptical” question that’s been asked a million times before and satisfactorily answered years ago; they feel, not unnaturally, that out of simple respect the questioner might do a modicum of research before coming out, yet again, with a hoary old chestnut. A lot of biologists get fed up being asked creationist “talking points” that were debunked decades ago, for example. The climate scientists are, so far, being astonishingly patient when they receive similar treatment: they’ve even set up at least one site (I forget its name offhand) where, if you want to ask a question, you can send an email and promptly receive a reply from, often, a world-ranking climatologist.
My overall experience is that most scientists are falling over themselves to explain their subject and to help people understand what they’re doing. You may have come across some who aren’t, but then ain’t that always the case?
I’d be interested if you could offer some examples of scientists being tetchy in response to your questions!
Scientists generally get tetchy with my questions because they don’t comprehend why someone who is obviously intelligent (she said, modestly) can’t understand simple things like the Theory of Relativity. I, on the other hand, frequently can’t understand why people don’t comprehend the importance of the Wimbledon Championships, or Jane Austen.
Joking aside, I agree that scientists generally want to explain, but many of them expect non-scientists to blindly accept what they say. All I ask of a popular science book is that the author removes the ‘blindly’ bit in the way s/he lays out his/her evidence. Some do, some don’t. That’s what I’m reviewing – the success of the author in achieving his/her intention to persuade. As far as science goes, I’m very open to persuasion, but not to being told what to think without being told why to think it. Powell achieved that most of the time, but veered over the line occasionally.
I suppose building an enormous particle accelerator like the one at CERN was a none-starter for American politicians when they had the opportunity to fund an even larger facility in the United States. I’m not sure how a scientist goes about convincing a layman that he needs $13.25 billion to look for a particle he cannot see, may not exist and might not have any relevance to our future before we all choke to death on our own planetary detritus… and the project doesn’t even provide an instant list of measurable and guaranteed benefits to our daily lives.
But European nations were willing to scrape together the money, construct the Large Hadron Collider and virtually overnight (well, 20 years) become the commanding leader in scientific discovery and innovation. The ESA’s recent and incredible accomplishment of landing a science lab on a comet hurtling through deep space at 135,000 KPH only reinforced that fact -and at the very moment NASA was being virtually shuttered by Congress.
Perhaps we shouldn’t have to be persuaded by scientists. Perhaps the rest of us just aren’t that smart and the chasm between scientists and non-scientists has only widened in our technology-driven World. Just perhaps, the rest of us should except Science on faith since our best and brightest except nothing on faith – only through testing, more testing and broad consensus. Perhaps we should let the wizards work their “black magic” rather than locking them in towers, burning them at the stake or defunding them with the stroke of a pen. Who knows, if we unhinge the tower doors we may just live long enough as a species to continue to reap new and greater benefits… and still not have a clue why.
Well, while science does interest me and even on occasion inspires me, I’m afraid I don’t agree that scientists are necessarily more intelligent than people in other fields at equivalent levels. And I most certainly don’t believe they have any claim to higher morals or ethics than the rest of us. So on the whole, no – I don’t think I’m ready to let them rule the world. Perhaps CERN was exciting (it was) but it didn’t do much for the grinding poverty that exists in the world. And ditto to landing on the comet. I’d rather muddle on with no special interest group having a monopoly on decision-making. But if scientists can actually come up with a workable plan to save the world, and develop the necessary communication skills to win people over rather than alienating them with arrogance, I’ll be thrilled.
Thanks for popping in – just to clarify, this is a book review blog, not a public discussion forum. Any comments you have on the books or reviews will always be welcome. But I prefer to steer clear of political or other contentious debate here – there are plenty of other places where people can air their views.
First, my apologies. I’m sure you can understand why I assumed I was on topic since pretty much everyone other than realthog (who, by the way, has a tremendous grasp on the subject for an expressed layman) has been making negative and/or questioning comments about Science, itself. Maybe everyone has been drifting to some degree from your intended focus of discussion and your request to me will jar them back on topic, too, in which case, perhaps I’ve been of some inadvertent assistance and won’t feel as bad for interrupting.
Please allow me to part with one brief comment in response to your kindly-worded request and I would be grateful for your consideration to post it for everyone’s eyes. CERN is not a past tense endeavor as your response to my previous post suggests. The thousands of scientists and engineers who comprise the international team have barely scratched the surface of exploration. Additionally, the potential benefits to mankind when entering uncharted regions of our existence are unknown but surely await us. Just attaining the ability to rise above and beyond our planet’s atmosphere has rewarded mankind with everything from GPS technology to vascular bypass surgery, from cochlear implants to LED TVs, from safer radial tires to enriched baby foods. New vistas, like CERN, have always proved to be critically important in the creation of short and long-term benefits to mankind; and CERN will be no different. Not unlike walking into a newly discovered and darkened chamber filled with never before seen wonders, a light must shine. CERN is just now turning on that light and that breathtaking process of discovery should be celebrated by scientists and layman, alike.
You are of course right that CERN is a continuing project – thanks for correcting that.
Looking at the comments, I do see what you mean about the apparent negativity. However I think it’s directed more at the attitude of scientists rather than the achievements of science on the whole. But really, it’s because I review books of all kinds, so many of my ‘regular’ commenters may have little interest in science books at all. I’m grateful to them therefore for being willing to indulge my eclectic tastes and take the time to read and comment on reviews even when the subject doesn’t particularly inspire them.
I’m sorry you may have got the impression that I’m negative about science myself. As a laywoman, I don’t pretend to review the science – I review popular science books primarily to assess their readability and comprehensibility to fellow non-scientists. The fact that in this case Powell didn’t always convince me of his case doesn’t mean that I think the science is necessarily at fault – it’s a comment on the book, not the science. In general, I find science inspirational, as some of my more positive reviews would show – not that this review is a negative one.
As a non-scientist, the thing that is most likely to put me off is the attitude of some scientists that they are superior to the rest of us mere mortals and that we should remain silent and admire from afar. I’m delighted with the surge of popular science books written by people with a genuine desire to help the layman understand the current state of play. That doesn’t mean I’ll accept anything that the books say without question or comment.
I would be sorry to think I had put you off visiting and commenting – it was unfortunate that this thread had veered towards the confrontational before you arrived – an exceptional occurence on this blog, where I generally hope all commenters are made to feel welcome and comfortable enough to express themselves as they see fit, even about subjects on which they don’t profess to be experts.
And those of us who can see daylight through their pet theories get short shrift.
(a) When was the last time you read a science book?
(b) How would you feel if a Chinese-speaker or a Russian-speaker or a Yoruba-speaker criticized your use of English?
Having answered both of those questions, could you please explain your qualifications to “see daylight through their pet theories”?
I’m sorry, realthog, this isn’t that kind of blog. Generally we all mess about in the comments. I don’t review books so we can argue over our beliefs. People of all views, or none, are welcome here. But what isn’t welcome is one commenter taking up the throwaway comments of another in such a confrontational way.
I’m sorry if that doesn’t work for you, but I’m afraid it works for me. Chit-chat welcome, arguing not. No-one needs to explain their qualifications here – to anyone.
This looks very interesting, I do love a book that challenges my views and invites me to argue with the author. I have been arguing with everyone today *sigh* and I haven’t had any cake.
Not strange at all – very acceptable behaviour, I should say. Science is so very interesting but I can only properly understand it up to a certain point. But I enjoy trying and I learn a bit more every time. And now today I have learned that cake is calorie-free when used in science! Bring on the science!
Huh – tell that to Terry when he develops his condescending look! I love the type of science book that explains things in layman terms – they’re getting better at that, I’m glad to say.
Just had a jam doughnut – I wonder if that would be calorie free if I’d been travelling at the speed of light at the time?
Jam is made from fruit therefore one of your five-a-day and therefore the calories don’t really count!
They certainly do… eat up and ward off all manner of ills!
How could anyone argue against the dinosaur extinction theory with that lovely photo of the moment of impact you have here?
I think it’s quite humorous that the man actually de-convinced you of several “proven” scientific theories, despite his best efforts. Poor man.
I’m glad I don’t feel pressed to go out and snag this one for a read. Next!
Exactly! He could just have shown that picture, and missed out the entire chapter!
Kudos, respeck sis! I do think, as well as you do review fiction, that you review factual books exceptionally finely. Maybe it’s that, with fiction, there is so much which MUST be left out to avoid spoilers, whereas with factual books a detailed explanation of the arguments for and against the book, and laying out of the major themes, arguments and conclusions is not only possible, but in fact necessary. And it saves the rest of us from reading the book if we don’t feel quite as mentally fit, and up to speed with our long distance marathon on difficult terrain reading skills!
I think Jilanne and i are going to retire to a hostelry with a glass of bubbly stuff, and some delectable little nibbles, and toast you, admiringly.
That’s not fair! I’m coming too…!!!
Haha! Or maybe he’s doing an Eddi Reader impersonation… he looks the type who’d sing Burns lovesongs to relax, doesn’t he?
Well this isn’t a book I’d ever pick up but I did like what you had to say about the author and his theories, I like being told things that I can argue with, even if it is just in my head and it does seem like this includes a good choice of theories to look at in respect of how ideas have changed over time. I’m particularly fond of the asteroid wiping out the dinosaurs so he’d probably have convinced me on that one.. Great review as ever!
This is the sort of book that would take me forever to get through…I enjoy science and maths, as long as it’s explained in layman’s terms, and recently studied a Maths Higher, despite being convinced by my performance in school that I could never even get to that stage. The one thing it has in it’s favour is that an answer is either right or wrong – there’s no subjectivity to it. I don’t think I’d be capable of venturing any further though – sometimes just thinking about these things makes my head hurt…! Great review though. Love your esoteric choice of reading matter.
Sounds like a heavy read – respect !! 🙂 Personally I always found the meteorite theory to be the most believable cause.
Also I read the drift theory only recently – drift as a concept is definitely true but the only problem in Wegener’s theory was that he didn’t give a convincing cause for why drift happens. He also made some self-contradictory observations – does the book mention that ?
Yes, I like the meteor theory too, but I felt he overstated the certainty of it a bit. Highly likely, but not certain, would be my judgement based purely on the info he gave us. | 2019-04-19T07:24:43Z | https://fictionfanblog.wordpress.com/2015/01/21/four-revolutions-in-the-earth-sciences-by-james-lawrence-powell/ |
Land acquisition in India refers to the process by which the union or a state government in India acquires private land for the purpose of industrialisation, development of infrastructural facilities or urbanisation of the private land, and provides compensation to the affected land owners and their rehabilitation and resettlement.
Land acquisition in India is governed by the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 and which came into force from 1 January 2014. Till 2013, land acquisition in India was governed by Land Acquisition Act of 1894. On 31 December 2014, the President of India promulgated an ordinance with an official mandate to “meet the twin objectives of farmer welfare; along with expeditiously meeting the strategic and developmental needs of the country”. An amendment bill was then introduced in Parliament to endorse the Ordinance. Lok Sabha passed the bill but the same is still lying for passage by the Rajya Sabha. On 30 May 2015, President of India promulgated the amendment ordinance for third time. Union Government of India has also made and notified the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Social Impact Assessment and Consent) Rules, 2014 under the Act to regulate the procedure. The land acquisition in Jammu and Kashmir is governed by the Jammu and Kashmir Land Acquisition Act, 1934.
project for residential purposes to the poor or landless or to persons residing in areas affected by natural calamities, or to persons displaced or affected by reason of the implementation of any scheme undertaken by the Government, any local authority or a corporation owned or controlled by the State.
for private companies for public purpose.
Some of the important issues surrounding the Land Acquisition are discussed below. The major land acquisition and conflicts happen in the densely populated areas of the countryside.
The power to take property from the individual is rooted in the idea of eminent domain. The doctrine of eminent domain states, the sovereign can do anything, if the act of sovereign involves public interest. The doctrine empowers the sovereign to acquire private land for a public use, provided the public nature of the usage can be demonstrated beyond doubt. The doctrine is based on the following two Latin maxims, (1) Salus populi suprema lex (Welfare of the People Is the Paramount Law) and (2) Necessitas publica major est quam (Public Necessity Is Greater Than Private Necessity). In the history of modern India, this doctrine was challenged twice (broadly speaking) once when land reform was initiated and another time when Banks were nationalized.
The Constitution of India originally provided the right to property (which includes land) under Articles 19 and 31. Article 19 guaranteed that all citizens have the right to acquire, hold and dispose of property. Article 31 stated that “no person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law.” It also indicated that compensation would be paid to a person whose property has been taken for public purposes (often subject to wide range of meaning). The Forty-Fourth Amendment of 1978 deleted the right to property from the list of fundamental rights with an introduction of a new provision, Article 300-A, which provided that “no person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law” (Constitution 44th Amendment, w.e.f. 10.6.1979). The amendment ensured that the right to property‟ is no more a fundamental right but rather a constitutional/legal right/as a statutory right and in the event of breach, the remedy available to an aggrieved person is through the High Court under Article 226 of the Indian Constitution and not the Supreme Court under Article 32 of the Constitution.
State must pay compensation at the market value for such land, building or structure acquired (Inserted by Constitution, Seventeenth Amendment) Act, 1964, the same can be found in the earlier rulings when property right was a fundamental right (such as 1954 AIR 170, 1954 SCR 558, which propounded that the word “Compensation” deployed in Article 31(2) implied full compensation, that is the market value of the property at the time of the acquisition. The Legislature must “ensure that what is determined as payable must be compensation, that is, a just equivalent of what the owner has been deprived of”). Elsewhere, Justice, Reddy, O Chinnappa ruled (State Of Maharashtra v. Chandrabhan Tale on 7 July 1983) that the fundamental right to property has been abolished because of its incompatibility with the goals of “justice” social, economic and political and “equality of status and of opportunity” and with the establishment of “a socialist democratic republic, as contemplated by the Constitution. There is no reason why a new concept of property should be introduced in the place of the old so as to bring in its wake the vestiges of the doctrine of Laissez Faire and create, in the name of efficiency, a new oligarchy. Efficiency has many facets and one is yet to discover an infallible test of efficiency to suit the widely differing needs of a developing society such as ours” (1983 AIR 803, 1983 SCR (3) 327). The concept of efficiency has been introduced by Justice Reddy, O Chinnappa, very interestingly coupled with the condition of infallibility (Dey Biswas 2014, 14-15 footnote).
In India, with this introduction of ‘social’ elements to the property rights, a new phase had begun. K. K. Mathew, justice of KesavanandaBharati vs State of Kerala (cited in ) stated this precisely: “Property in consumable goods or means of production worked by their owners (use aspects of property) were justified as necessary condition of a free and purposeful life; but when property gave power not only over things but through things over persons (power aspect of property) also, it was not justified as it was an instrument of servitude rather than freedom” (See for more on ‘Social’ Element of Property Rights as a Guiding Problem).
The 2013 Act focuses on providing not only compensation to the land owners, but also extend rehabilitation and resettlement benefits to livelihood looser from the land, which shall be in addition to the minimum compensation. The minimum compensation to be paid to the land owners is based on a multiple of market value and other factors laid down in the Act. The Act forbids or regulates land acquisition when such acquisition would include multi-crop irrigated area. The Act changed the norms for acquisition of land for use by private companies or in case of public-private partnerships, including compulsory approval of 80% of the landowners. The Act also introduced changes in the land acquisition process, including a compulsory social-impact study, which need to be conducted before an acquisition is made.
The new law, also has some serious shortcomings as regards its provisions for socioeconomic impact assessment and it has also bypassed the constitutional local self governments by not recognizing them as “appropriate governments” in matters of land acquisition.
According to The Financial Times, in 2008, the farmland prices in France were Euro 6,000 per hectare ($2,430 per acre; IN Rs. 1,09,350 per acre).
According to the United States Department of Agriculture, as of January 2010, the average farmland value in the United States was $2,140 per acre (IN Rs. 96,300 per acre). The farmland prices in the United States varied between different parts of the country, ranging between $480 per acre to $4,690 per acre.
A 2010 report by the Government of India, on labor whose livelihood depends on agricultural land, claims that, per 2009 data collected across all states in India, the all-India annual average daily wage rates in agricultural occupations ranged between IN Rs. 53 to 117 per day for men working in farms (US$354 to 780 per year), and between IN Rs. 41 to 72 per day for women working in farms (US$274 to 480 per year). This wage rate in rural India study included the following agricultural operations common in India: ploughing, sowing, weeding, transplanting, harvesting, winnowing, threshing, picking, herdsmen, tractor driver, unskilled help, masonry, etc.
The compensation for the acquired land is based on the value of the agricultural land, however price increases have been ignored. The land value would increase many times, which the current buyer would not benefit from. Secondly, if the prices are left for the market to determine, the small peasants could never influence the big corporate tycoons. Also it is mostly judiciary who has awarded higher compensation then bureaucracy (Singh 2007).
Delayed projects due to mass unrest have caused a damaging effect to the growth and development of companies and the economy as a whole. Earlier states like Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh had been an attractive place for investors, but the present day revolts have shown that land acquisition in some states pose problems.
The consequences of land acquisition in India are manifold.The empirical and theoretical studies on displacement through the acquisition of land by the government for development projects have so far focussed on the direct and immediate adverse consequences of land acquisition. Most of the analytical as well as the descriptive accounts of the immediate consequences of land acquisition for development projects draws heavily from Michael Cernea’s ‘impoverishment risk model’, which broadly enumerated eight ‘risks’ or ‘dimensions’ of development-induced displacement. These eight risks are very much direct and basic in nature which are (i) landlessness, (ii) joblessness, (iii) marginalization, (iv) loss of access to common property resources, (v) increased morbidity and mortality, (vi) food insecurity, (vii) homelessness and (viii) social disarticulation (). Recently L.K. Mahapatra has added ‘loss of education’ as another impoverishment risk in situations of displacement (Mahapatra 1999).
But apart from these direct and immediate effects of land acquisition there are more subtle and indirect effects of this coercive and centralized legal procedure, which have a bearing on various decentralised and participatory democratic processes, and institutions of the state power. Land reforms and the Panchayati raj institutions are the two most important areas, which are being vitiated by land acquisition. Of all the states of India, the consequences and controversies around land acquisition in West Bengal has recently gained a lot of national and international attention. The peasant resistances against governmental land expropriation in Singur(a place in the Hoogly district) and Nandigram(a place in the East Medinipur district) has finally led to the fall of the communist party(Marxist) led government in West Bengal, which ruled the state through democratic election for 34 years.The communist led left front government of West Bengal under the economic liberalisation policy adopted by the Central/Union government of the country shifted from its pro-farmer policy and took to the capitalist path of industrial development, which at the micro-levels endangered the food security of the small and marginal farmers as well as sharecroppers who formed the vote bank of the left front government of West Bengal The new anti-communist Trinamul Congress led government of West Bengal which came to power in the state in 2011 through a massive electoral victory is yet to develop any comprehensive resettlement and rehabilitation policy for the thousands of families affected by various development projects. The new government has enacted a law on 14 June 2011, in the West Bengal Assembly named ‘Singur Land Rehabilitation and Development Act, 2011’. With this law, the West Bengal government has reacquired about 1000 acres of farmland from the Tatas which wasgiven to the company for building a small-car manufacturing factory in 2006 by the then Left Front government. The Trinamul government’s intention was to return 400 acres of farmland to the ‘unwilling’ farmers around whom the agitation against the Left Front government was organised by the Trinamul Congress party. However, now the whole issue seems to have fallen into a long legal battle between the present state government and the Tatas, as the latter has challenged the ‘Singur Land Rehabilitation and Development Act’ in the court. As a result, the Trinamul government has not yet been able to return the land to those ‘unwilling farmers’ nor have they received any compensation (The Statesman, 12 January, 2012).In another case of governmental land acquisition for housing at North 24 Parganas district of West Bengal, the farmers began to cultivate their farmland which were acquired but remained unutilised. According to media report these farmers were assured by the Trinamul Congress party leaders before the election that their land, which is about 1687 acres would be returned to them if the party could come to power. However, now these farmers are turning their backs to the Trinamul Congress, since the party has not kept its pre-election promise (The Statesman, 11 February, 2012). Under the above disturbing episodes, it may be worthwhile to narrate the glaring incident of the opposition levelled by Mamata Banerjee, the present chief minister of West Bengal to the draft Land Acquisition (Amendment) Bill 2007 in the Lok Sabha. At that time Miss Mamata Banerjee was the Railway Minister of the Central Government. She opposed to a clause of the bill which empowered private companies to acquire up to 70 per cent land directly from farmers and landowners. The remaining 30 per cent could be acquired by the state government. Miss Banerjee wanted private companies to buy 100 per cent of the land, according to a report (The Statesman, 26 July 2009). It seemed that Miss Banerjee would have allowed the amended Bill to be passed if the Lok Sabha agreed to modify the 70/30 proportion to 100 per cent purchase by the companies under the principleof willing-buyer-willing-seller.
Eminent domain doctrine has been widely used in India since the era of Independence, with over 21.6 million people in the period of 1951-90. They have been displaced with large-scale projects like dams, canals, thermal plants, sanctuaries, industrial facilities, and mining (Pellissery and Dey Biswas 2012, pp 32–54). These occurrences are generally categorized as “development-induced displacement“.
The process of land acquisition in India has proven unpopular with the citizenry. The amount reimbursed is fairly low with regard to the current index of prices prevailing in the economy. Furthermore, due to the low level of human capital of the displaced people, they often fail to find adequate employment ().
The draft of the government’s National Policy for Rehabilitation states that a figure around 75% of the displaced people since 1951 are still awaiting rehabilitation. However, it should be noted that displacement is only being considered with regard to “Direct Displacement”. These rehabilitation policies do not cover fishermen, landless laborers, and artisans. Roughly one in ten Indian tribals is a displaced person. Dam projects have displaced close to a million Adivasis, with similar woe for displaced Dalits. Some estimate suggests 40 percent of displaced people are of tribal origins (Fernandes, 2008).
There have been a rising number of political and social protests against the acquisition of land by various industrialists. They have ranged from Bengal, Karnataka, and Uttar Pradesh in the recent past. The acquisition of 997 acres of land by Tata motors in Bengal in order to set up a factory for the cheapest car in India was protested (Singur Tata Nano controversy).At least a decade before the Singur episode similar events occurred in West Bengal, although the opposition parties and other civil society organisations remained silent at that time. Similarly, the Sardar Sarovar Dam project on the river Narmada was planned on acquired land, though the project was later canceled by the World Bank (Bøås and McNeill 2003, pp 121-122, 125, 142-43 and more).
The Land Acquisition Act of 1894 allowed the government to acquire private lands. It is the only legislation pertaining to land acquisition which, though amended several times, has failed to serve its purpose. Under the 1894 Act, displaced people were only liable for monetary compensation linked with market value of the land in question, which was still quite minimal considering circle rates are often misleading (Singh 2007). Land acquisition related conflicts during the post-reform period in India has shown three distinctive tendencies; (1) Technocracy and Bundle of Rights, (2) Power-land Regulation Nexus, and (3) Disappearing Commons.
The current Narendra Modi lead National Democratic Alliance (India) government driven Land Acquisition Amendment Bill in the Lok Sabha on 10 March 2015 has seen a tough resistance from key position parties in India who have called the proposed amendments “anti farmer” and “anti poor”. The proposed amendments remove requirements for approval from farmers to proceed with land acquisition under five broad categories of projects. While the bill was passed in Lok Sabha, it still needs approval from the Rajya Sabha, where the current government does not have a majority, for the proposed amendments to become effective.
The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 defines ‘consent’ clause as “land can only be acquired with approval of the 70% of the land owners for PPP projects and 80% for the private entities. But the proposed amendments by the Narendra Modi government does away with consent clause for Industrial corridors, Public Private Partnership projects, Rural Infrastructure, Affordable housing and defense projects.
The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 says the land unutilized for 5 years should be returned to the owner, but the amendment proposed by NDA government intends to change to 5 years or any period specified at the time of setting up the project.
While the The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 allows private companies to acquire land but the proposed amendment allows any private entity to acquire land.
According to the new amendment if any government official conducts any wrongdoing he or she cannot be prosecuted without prior sanction from the government.
The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 mandated the social assessment before land acquisition but the NDA government’s proposed bill does away with this requirement.
The National Democratic Alliance (India) government came under heavy attacks from opposition parties and farmer organization for the proposed Land Acquisition bill amendments. The opponents of the Land acquisition bill claim the bill to be “anti-farmer” and “pro corporate”. They claim that the amendments are aimed at “benefiting the large corporate houses”.
The opposition Indian National Congress has opposed the bill in and out of Parliament. Sonia Gandhi, the chairperson of UPA and Indian National Congress, called the bill “anti-poor” and “anti-farmer”. She alleged that the bill will “break the backbone of India”.
One of the alternative proposals to land acquisition is leasing the land from landowners for a certain lease period. Proponents cite how land acquisition policies by Governments unwittingly encourage rampant land speculation making the projects expensive since huge portion of investment would be need to be allocated for land acquisition costs. According to them, policies of land acquisition gave way to political cronyism where land is acquired cheaply by securing favors from local governments and sold to industries at steep markup prices. Leasing land, may also support sustainable project development since the lands need to be returned to the landowners at the end of the lease period in a condition similar to its original form with out considerable environmental degradation. When the land is leased then anybody who has to otherwise give up land or livelihood will be compensated for its growing valuation over time. In this model, the landowner lends her land to the government for a steadily-increasing rent, or through an annuity-based system as currently practiced in Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.
Some industries already follow the model of leasing lands instead of acquiring it. Energy development projects such as oil & gas extraction usually lease lands. Renewable energy projects such as Wind Power farms and Bio-fuel projects often lease the land from land owners instead of trying to acquire the land which could make the projects prohibitively expensive.
The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 (also Land Acquisition Act, 2013) is an Act of Indian Parliament that regulates land acquisition and provides lays down the procedure and rules for granting compensation, rehabilitation and resettlement to the affected persons in India. The Act has provisions to provide fair compensation to those whose land is taken away, brings transparency to the process of acquisition of land to set up factories or buildings, infrastructural projects and assures rehabilitation of those affected. The Act establishes regulations for land acquisition as a part of India’s massive industrialisation drive driven by public-private partnership. The Act replaced the Land Acquisition Act, 1894, a nearly 120-year-old law enacted during British rule.
The Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill, 2011 was introduced in Lok Sabha on 7 September 2011. The bill was then passed by it on 29 August 2013 and by Rajya Sabha on 4 September 2013. The bill then received the assent of the President of India, Pranab Mukherjee on 27 September 2013. The Act came into force from 1 January 2014.
An amendment bill was then introduced in Parliament to endorse the Ordinance. Lok Sabha passed the bill but the same is still lying for passage by the Rajya Sabha. On 30 May 2015, President of India promulgated the amendment ordinance for third time.
The Government of India believed there was a heightened public concern on land acquisition issues in India. Of particular concern was that despite many amendments, over the years, to India’s Land Acquisition Act of 1894, there was an absence of a cohesive national law that addressed fair compensation when private land is acquired for public use, and fair rehabilitation of land owners and those directly affected from loss of livelihoods. The Government of India believed that a combined law was necessary, one that legally requires rehabilitation and resettlement necessarily and simultaneously follow government acquisition of land for public purposes.
The right not to be deprived of one’s property save by authority of law has since been no longer a fundamental right. “No person shall be deprived of his property saved by authority of law” (Constitution 44th Amendment, w.e.f. 10.6.1979). The amendment ensured that the right to property‟ is no more a fundamental right but rather a constitutional/legal right/as a statutory right and in the event of breach, the remedy available to an aggrieved person is through the High Court under Article 226 of the Indian Constitution and not the Supreme Court under Article 32 of the Constitution. .
Moreover, no one can challenge the reasonableness of the restriction imposed by any law the legislature made to deprive the person of his property.
State must pay compensation at the market value for such land, building or structure acquired (Inserted by Constitution, Seventeenth Amendment Act, 1964), the same can be found in the earlier rulings when property right was a fundamental right (such as 1954 AIR 170, 1954 SCR 558, which propounded that the word “Compensation” deployed in Article 31(2) implied full compensation, that is the market value of the property at the time of the acquisition. The Legislature must “ensure that what is determined as payable must be compensation, that is, a just equivalent of what the owner has been deprived of”). Elsewhere, Justice, Reddy, O Chinnappa ruled (State Of Maharashtra v. Chandrabhan Tale on 7 July, 1983) that the fundamental right to property has been abolished because of its incompatibility with the goals of “justice” social, economic and political and “equality of status and of opportunity” and with the establishment of “a socialist democratic republic, as contemplated by the Constitution. There is no reason why a new concept of property should be introduced in the place of the old so as to bring in its wake the vestiges of the doctrine of Laissez Faire and create, in the name of efficiency, a new oligarchy. Efficiency has many facets and one is yet to discover an infallible test of efficiency to suit the widely differing needs of a developing society such as ours” (1983 AIR 803, 1983 SCR (3) 327) (Dey Biswas 2014, 14-15 footnote).
The Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill, 2011 was introduced in Lok Sabha. Two Bills on similar lines were introduced in Lok Sabha in 2007. These Bills lapsed with the dissolution of the 14th Lok Sabha.
The First Amendment to the above bill was introduced and passed in the lower house of the Indian legislature on 11 March 2015 among strong protest from allies as well as opposition. It is expected to face opposition in the Rajya Sabha as well after being dubbed as an “anti-farmer” bill.
Ensure that the cumulative outcome of compulsory acquisition should be that affected persons become partners in development leading to an improvement in their post acquisition social and economic status and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
The Act aims to establish the law on land acquisition, as well as the rehabilitation and resettlement of those directly affected by the land acquisition in India. The scope of the Act includes all land acquisition whether it is done by the Central Government of India, or any State Government of India, except the state of Jammu & Kashmir.
Government acquires land for its own use, hold and control, including land for Public sector undertakings.
Government acquires land with the ultimate purpose to transfer it for the use of private companies for stated public purpose. The purpose of LARR 2011 includes public-private-partnership projects, but excludes land acquired for state or national highway projects.
Government acquires land for immediate and declared use by private companies for public purpose.
The provisions of the Act does not apply to acquisitions under 16 existing legislations including the Special Economic Zones Act, 2005, the Atomic Energy Act, 1962, the Railways Act, 1989, etc.
When government declares public purpose and shall control the land directly, consent of the land owner shall not be required. However, when the government acquires the land for private companies, the consent of at least 80% of the project affected families shall be obtained through a prior informed process before government uses its power under the Act to acquire the remaining land for public good, and in case of a public-private project at least 70% of the affected families should consent to the acquisition process.
The Act includes an urgency clause for expedited land acquisition. The urgency clause may only be invoked for national defense, security and in the event of rehabilitation of affected people from natural disasters or emergencies.
The Act forbids land acquisition when such acquisition would include multi-crop irrigated area. However such acquisition may be permitted on demonstrable last resort, which will be subjected to an aggregated upper limit for all the projects in a District or State as notified by the State Government. In addition to the above condition, wherever multi-crop irrigated land is acquired an equivalent area of cultivable wasteland shall be developed by the state for agricultural purposes. In other type of agricultural land, the total acquisition shall not exceed the limit for all the projects in a District or State as notified by the Appropriate Authority. These limits shall not apply to linear projects which includes projects for railways, highways, major district roads, power lines, and irrigation canals.
Section 27 of the Act defines the method by which market value of the land shall be computed under the proposed law. Schedule I outlines the proposed minimum compensation based on a multiple of market value. Schedule II through VI outline the resettlement and rehabilitation entitlements to land owners and livelihood losers, which shall be in addition to the minimum compensation per Schedule I.
the consented amount in case the land is acquired for private companies or public-private partnership projects.
The market value would be multiplied by a factor of, at least one to two times the market value for land acquired in rural areas and at least one times the market value for land acquired in urban areas. The Act stipulates that the minimum compensation to be a multiple of the total of above ascertained market value, value to assets attached to the property, plus a solatium equal to 100 percent of the market value of the property including value of assets.
In addition to above compensation, the Act proposes a wide range of rehabilitation and resettlement entitlements to land owners and livelihood losers from the land acquirer.
Schedule III of LARR 2011 proposes additional amenities over and beyond those outlined above. Schedule III proposes that the land acquirer shall provide 25 additional services to families affected by the land acquisition. Some examples of the 25 additional services include schools, health centres, roads, safe drinking water, child support services, places of worship, burial and cremation grounds, post offices, fair price shops, and storage facilities.
LARR Bill 2011 proposes that Schedule II through VI shall apply even when private companies willingly buy land from willing sellers, without any involvement of the government.
The average effective cost of land, in the above example will be at least Rs.41,00,000 (US$ 91,400) per acre plus replacement homes and additional services per Schedule III to VI of the proposed bill. Even if the pre-acquisition average market price for land were just Rs.22,500 per acre (US$ 500 per acre) in the above example, the proposed R&R, other entitlements and Schedule III to VI would raise the effective cost of land to at least Rs.33,03,000 (US$ 73,400) per acre.
The LARR Bill of 2011 proposes the above benchmarks as minimum. The state governments of India, or private companies, may choose to set and implement a policy that pays more than the minimum proposed by LARR 2011.
According to The Financial Times, in 2008, the farmland prices in France were Euro 6,000 per hectare ($2,430 per acre; Rs.1,09,350 per acre).
According to the United States Department of Agriculture, as of January 2010, the average farmland value in the United States was $2,140 per acre (Rs.96,300 per acre). The farmland prices in the United States varied between different parts of the country, ranging between $480 per acre to $4,690 per acre.
A 2010 report by the Government of India, on labour whose livelihood depends on agricultural land, claims that, per 2009 data collected across all states in India, the all-India annual average daily wage rates in agricultural occupations ranged between Rs.53 to 117 per day for men working in farms (US$ 354 to 780 per year), and between Rs.41 to 72 per day for women working in farms (US$ 274 to 480 per year). This wage rate in rural India study included the following agricultural operations common in India: ploughing, sowing, weeding, transplanting, harvesting, winnowing, threshing, picking, herdsmen, tractor driver, unskilled help, mason, etc.
The 2013 Act is expected to affect rural families in India whose primary livelihood is derived from farms. The Act will also affect urban households in India whose land or property is acquired.
Per an April 2010 report, over 50% of Indian population (about 60 crore people) derived its livelihood from farm lands. With an average rural household size of 5.5, LARR Bill 2011 R&R entitlement benefits may apply to about 10.9 crore rural households in India.
According to Government of India, the contribution of agriculture to Indian economy’s gross domestic product has been steadily dropping with every decade since its independence. As of 2009, about 15.7% of India’s GDP is derived from agriculture. Act will mandate higher payments for land as well as guaranteed entitlements from India’s non-agriculture-derived GDP to the people supported by agriculture-derived GDP. It is expected that the Act will directly affect 13.2 crore hectares (32.6 crore acres) of rural land in India, over 10 crore land owners, with an average land holding of about 3 acres per land owner. Families whose livelihood depends on farming land, the number of livelihood-dependent families per acre varies widely from season to season, demands of the land, and the nature of crop.
Act provides to compensate rural households – both land owners and livelihood losers. The Act goes beyond compensation, it mandates guaranteed series of entitlements to rural households affected. According to a July 2011 report from the Government of India, the average rural household per capita expenditure/income in 2010, was Rs.928 per month (US$ 252 per year).
The effects of LARR Bill 2011, in certain cases, will apply retroactively to pending and incomplete projects. land acquisition for all linear projects such as highways, irrigation canals, railways, ports and others.
Some criticize the Act citing that it is heavily loaded in favour of land owners and ignores the needs of poor Indians who need affordable housing, impoverished families who need affordable hospitals, schools, employment opportunities and infrastructure and industries.
Some economists suggest that it attaches an arbitrary mark-up to the historical market price to determine compensation amounts, along with its numerous entitlements to potentially unlimited number of claimants. This according to them shall guarantee neither social justice nor the efficient use of resources.
LARR 2011 as proposed mandates that compensation and rehabilitation payments to land owners and livelihood losers be upfront. This misaligns the interests of land acquirer and those affected. Once the payment is made, one or more of the affected families may seek to delay the progress of the project to extract additional compensation, thereby adversely affecting those who chose long term employment in the affected families. The Bill, these economists suggest, should link compensation and entitlements to the progress and success of the project, such as through partial compensation in form of land bonds. These success-linked infrastructure bonds may also help poor states reduce the upfront cost of land acquisition for essential public projects such as hospitals, schools, universities, affordable housing, clean drinking water treatment plants, electricity power generation plants, sewage treatment plants, flood control reservoirs, and highways necessary to bring relief to affected public during fires, epidemics, earthquakes, floods and other natural disasters. The state of Kerala has decided to pursue the use of infrastructure bonds as a form of payment to land owners.
LARR 2011 places no limit on total compensation or number of claimants; nor does it place any statute of limitations on claims or claimants. The beneficiaries of the Bill, with guaranteed jobs for 26 years, will have no incentive to be productive. The Bill should place a limit on total value of entitlement benefits that can be annually claimed per acre, this entitlement pool should then be divided between the affected families, and the government should run this program if it is considered to be fair.
LARR 2011 as proposed severely curtails free market transactions between willing sellers and willing buyers. For example, DLF Limited – India’s largest real estate developer – claims that the current bill may limit private companies such as DLF from developing affordable housing for millions of Indians. DLF suggests that direct land transactions with owners on a willing voluntary basis, at market-determined rate, should be kept out of the purview of the bill. There should be no conditions imposed on free market transactions between willing sellers and willing buyers.
Amartya Sen, the India-born Nobel Laureate in economics, claims prohibiting the use of fertile agricultural land for industries is ultimately self-defeating. Sen claims industry is based near cities, rivers, coast lines, expressways and other places for logistical necessities, quality of life for workers, cost of operations, and various reasons. Sen, further suggests that even though the land may be very fertile, industrial production generates many times more than the value of the product produced by agriculture. History of industrialisation and global distribution of industry hubs, Sen claims, show that the locations of great industry, be it Manchester, London, Munich, Paris, Pittsburgh, Shanghai or Lancashire, these were all on heavily fertile land. Industry always competes with agriculture, Sen claims, because the shared land was convenient for industry for trade and transportation. Amartya Sen further argues that in countries like Australia, the US or Canada, where agriculture has prospered, only a very tiny population is involved in agriculture. Agriculture prospers by increasing productivity and efficiency. Most people move out to industry. Industry has to be convenient, has to be absorbing. When people move out of agriculture, total production does not go down; rather, per capita income increases. For the prosperity of industry, agriculture and the economy, India needs industrialisation. Those in India, who in effect prevent industrialisation, either by politically making it impossible for entrepreneurs to feel comfortable in starting a business, or by making it difficult to buy land for industry, do not serve the interest of the poor well, claims Sen. The proposed LARR 2011 bill prohibits the acquisition of fertile agriculture land beyond 5% per district.
An article in The Wall Street Journal claims that the proposed LARR 2011 rules will apply even when any private company acquires 100 acres of land or more. For context, POSCO India seeks about 4000 acres for its US$12 billion proposed steel manufacturing plant in the Indian state of Orissa. In most cases, even small companies planning US$10-US$300 million investment, seeking 100 or more acres will be affected by the compensation plus rehabilitation effort and expenses of LARR 2011. The WSJ article further claims that the proposed LARR 2011 bill doesn’t actually define the word “acquisition,” and leaves open a loophole that could allow government agencies to continue banking land indefinitely.
The Observer Research Foundation’s Sahoo argues that the bill fails to adequately define “public purpose”. The current definition, he claims, can be interpreted vaguely. In leaving public purpose too vague and porous, it would ensure that land acquisition will remain hostage to politics and all kinds of disputes. More clarity is needed, perhaps with the option that each state have the right to hold a referendum, whereby the voters in the state can vote to approve or disapprove proposed public purpose land acquisitions through the referendum, as is done through local elections in the United States for certain public acquisition of private or agricultural land.
The Confederation of Real Estate Developers’ Association of India claims that the proposed LARR 2011 bill is kind of one-sided, its ill-thought-out entitlements may sound very altruistic and pro-poor, but these are unsustainable and will kill the goose that lays the golden egg. This group further claims that the bill, if passed, will increase the cost of acquisition of land to unrealistic level. It will be almost impossible to acquire 50-acre or 100-acre land at one place for planned development. They suggest that if India does not facilitate urbanization in an organized manner, all the incremental population will be housed in disorganized housing developments such as slums with dire consequences for Indian economy. In the long run, even farmers will suffer as fringe development of urban centres will largely be in the form of unauthorized developments and they will not realize the true economic potential of their lands.
The bill inflates the cost of land to help a small minority of Indians at the cost of the vast majority of Indian citizens, as less than 10% of Indian population owns rural or urban land., The LARR Bill 2011 favours a privileged minority of land owners as the Bill mandates above market prices for their land plus an expensive rehabilitation package. The Bill does not mandate a process by which the time involved in land acquisition is reduced from current levels of years. Nor does the Bill consider the effect of excessive costs upfront, and expensive rehabilitation mandate over time, on the financial feasibility of large-scale, socially necessary infrastructure projects needed by 90%+ of Indians who are not landowners. In an editorial, Vidya Bala writes that the most important weakness in the Bill is bringing non-government transactions too under its purview. Private players buying 50+ acres of urban land tracts or 100+ acres of rural areas would be required to comply with the R&R package stated in the Bill.
LARR 2011 Bill’s sections 97, 98 and 99 are incongruous with other laws of India in details and intent. Section 98, for example, says that the provisions of the Bill shall not apply to the enactments relating to land acquisition specified in the Fourth Schedule of the Bill. According to Indian Legal Code, the Fourth Schedule referred to by LARR 2011 Bill, consists of 16 bills, including the ancient monuments and archaeological sites and remains Act, 1958, the atomic energy Act, 1962, the special economic zones Act, 2005, the cantonments Act, 2006, the railways Act, 1989 amongst others. Laws can not be in conflict with each other. LARR Bill carve outs through Sections 97, 98 and 99 add confusion, offering a means for numerous citizen petitions, lawsuits and judicial activism. The LARR 2011 Bill thus fails to deliver on the goals motivating it.
Make this time the most memorable moments of your life. The school is about to end, you’ll step into the real world soon and have many responsibilities, so spend this time being carefree and happy. The internet is full of ideas for senior class portraits so start the creative juices flowing and go crazy.
Your photographer will have plenty of ideas for the session but you can always add your own style. Though balloons might seem childish but when incorporated in the right way, they can gives a great look to your portraits. Sparkles and confetti are other nice addition to the photos, adding a little bit of magic. Or go for a more sparkling look with sparklers; write your name with one for a more glittery setting.
Abandoned or remote locations look wonderful, with just the right lightening and camera angle. You can go for this option since the photographer can control the level of exposure. As for you, act for the part and get weird.
Or just do the opposite and get creative on the busy city streets. A shot of you standing by the passing traffic, or waiting at the bus stop. The photographer should use the sunlight to create a unique image. There are so many ways you can make this session exciting and beautiful too.
A natural background would look lovely – stand in a field of flowers, lie down in a bright pillow of green grass, or get the looming mountains in the distance. All of these would give a more natural look to the photos.
Dress up in glittery gowns and sparkling heels and get a fairy tale photo shoot. Get cute with farm animals or just include your pets. They make pretty good photo partners.
Use some props to hold or sit on during the session, such as a book, chair or an umbrella maybe.
These photos are a great way to showcase your special talents. If you are a musician, incorporate your instrument in the photos. Get your sports spirit on and get creative on the field of your favorite sport.
Relax and be comfortable with he settings.
If you are in a studio, ask the photographer to put on some music to ease the tension.
Follow the photographer’s direction. They will know the best poses to get a good photo so do what they say, even if it might seem silly.
Let that smile come naturally or you’ll get a mechanical smile that looks horrible. If you are relaxed, the smile will look great. A little tip to help you; leave a little space between the teeth for a genuine looking smile.
Allow yourself little breaks during the photos and take a sip of water to cool down.
This time will not return so make sure that you enjoy every last bit. But most importantly, choose the photographer that will make this time more special and creative. Visit www.melodyrobbinsphotography.com and make these senior year portraits memories to relish.
Equipped with great modern facilities and a better system of connectivity and accountability Smart Cities are the future of cities. Becoming a Smart City depends on a number of factors, ranging from the financial condition of the city to the managerial capacity of its people. There are, however, certain basic traits that are necessary to make any city a Smart City. It is not merely limited to the material enhancement and growth of the city and its surroundings but the growth of human satisfaction and happiness. The increased emphasis on the citizen participation in a number of definitions of Smart Cities suggest that the scope of growth and development in a Smart City is not merely limited to the material conditions and growth but that it encompasses the improvement in an overall standard of living of its people. With the efficient use of technology in these cities the world will become a smaller and connected and a well acquainted place, which would eventually lead to new scope of livelihood and an increased connectivity between masses.
Smart City is a region that makes extensive use of Information technologies which are also called as Information and communications technology (ICT). These technologies make efficient use of physical infrastructure. The connectivity between the people and the administration of the city becomes much more efficient. The data analysis leads to a healthy economic, social, cultural development of the city and its inhabitants. ICT suggests the use of integrated technology platforms, easily accessible across various devices. This easy access to information provides the key to transparent and accountable governance, speed and participation of citizens in matters of their concern and proper access to public services.
Intensive surveillance of public areas and twenty-four seven connectivity will lead to a greater sense of security amongst the people of such Smart Cities. With growing concern over women and children security, the efficient use of cameras in Smart Cities will leave end the scope of crimes against the innocent. The greater accountability of the governing bodies would also be an incentive to control and check the unlawful practices.
Another revolutionary feature of Smart Cities would be the increased Citizen Participation in the functioning of the government of that area. In a country where transparency in government activities is a distant dream and where corruption erodes the efficiency of the administration, this aspect of Smart Cities would open paths towards the better India where government could be held responsible for the actions that it takes.
The financial independence would be an important pillar for survival of Smart Cities. And to meet that end all the available resources of revenue would have to be tapped and put to use. And with extensive database of information about the citizens and inhabitants of the City this financial sustainability would not be hard to achieve and would come as a breath of fresh air for the governing and the governed.
All the basic human problems would find a smart solution in these Smart Cities, whether it be the waste management issue or the concern over the transportation facilities, Smart Cities would provide a solution to all these problems in the most efficient way possible.
With the improved standard of living, these Cities would home the culture of Simple Living. With every information available at the touch of a button and the accessibility of that information from a variety of devices would end the trouble of living with burdens and the citizens of Smart Cities would be able to lead a simple and fulfilling life. The awareness and information about the use of resources and their protection would enhance the levels of sensitivity amongst the people and will make them more concerned about the future generation and internal satisfaction than the material gains.
Ideally, Smart Cities would aim at developing a place where people can walk to their workplaces and if that won’t be possible then the use of public transport would be promoted which would in turn increase the efficiency of the citizens by reducing the time lost in transportation. Use of electric cars, and bicycle paths would also be a key feature of the Smart Cities.
With prime concern being given to the sustainable use of resources the Smart City would help reduce the carbon footprint of the human race. The incorporation of Parks and Green areas would be a blessing for the inhabitants of the city who would be the recipient of the fresh air and clean environment which has already become a rare luxury and the conditions of metropolitans are bound to decay in times to come. Owning a Flat in Smart City would be a means to healthy survival.
The defining feature of a Smart City is no doubt the intelligent environment, which creates interactive spaces and enhances inhabitants’ experiences.
The connectivity, the transparency and the sense of security are all key features of a Smart City that make it the Future of Cities.
Subconsciously we attribute to future the hope of being better, rarely do we wonder about the responsibility that it carries on with itself and almost never do we realize that betterment comes with human efforts, and it is on these human efforts we ought to concentrate. One problem however hinders human efforts, this is the problem of limits, be it on the resources we can use or environment we can exploit, and these limits push us to innovate de tours for our ways to success and growth. One such de tour is the Smart City Project which is in full swing these days, owing to the desires of our PM to make country self-dependent and developed.
But what actually makes a city smart is defined not just but the latest technology that it uses but the psychological, sociological and environmental development it initiates or sustains. And Smart City does try to fulfil these expectations.
This is a unique feature, which enables these cities to be a part of Environmental sustainability. The waste management methods to be incorporated in these Smart Cities might actually help save our rivers and water bodies, and not just that, the energy efficient fuel and the proximity of all the places of human requirements would help reduce the use of personal vehicles and thus reduce the carbon footprint of our generation. This would mean that we would not leave a world greyed by our greed for our children to come, this definitely means a brighter future.
With the ever increasing internet user range in India the connectivity of people would reach entirely new levels in few years’ time, it is this connectivity that Smart Cities would put to use to enhance the security of theirs campuses. Databases would be filled with information about the citizens and information would be provided to these citizens on their applications, so the transparency would increase and accountability would be great. This safety and security based on a well-connected network of devices and databases surely translates into a better future.
The instances of people living in urban cities, complaining about their health problems is a very common sight. The blame for any such problem is instantly given to the lack of fresh air and proper time to give attention to the needs of the physical well-being of the body, rarely do people try to solve this problem and continue ignoring the need for a better lifestyle. Smart Cities would be a blessing for those craving for fresh air and spaces to workout, because all these cities are planned in such a way so as to provide most of the green scenery and fresh air to its inhabitants. And not just that the gymnasiums and Swimming Pools which are an essential part of these smart cities would not only encourage you to care about your health but would also rid you of the excess weight of healthcare problems. A healthy future is no doubt a happy one.
The direction in which our cities were going made it a distant dream to be able to reach any place on time without proper scheduling and planning. Long hours are always kept aside on our time tables to be spent in traffic of the metropolitan cities, in the rush of the hour, we hardly realize how much time we lose in those hours of delay and desperation. This does two things, first it increases the inefficiency of people and it makes them frustrated and second it diminishes the value of human time. This lost time is being cherished in the ideas of Smart Cities where Office, Home, Play-ground, School, Hospital would all be in close range of each other and a walk would be enough to lead you from one place to another. A happy future is sure awaiting these dwellers of Smart Cities.
With the commencement of construction of 3 new cities in Delhi on the lines of the energy efficient Smart Cities, life in the area would never be the same again. The Smart City Development project is a part of a world-wide drive of making urban centers more efficient and integrated. It has been assumed that the percentage of population residing in urban areas will rise to 70% by 2050, and the need to provide this population with proper living facilities and standard of living would be a great trouble for the governing bodies. It is in consideration of this problem that the project of building smart cities has got a new boom. To bring this idea of Smart City to reality a Special Purpose Vehicle will be created for each city to implement Smart City action plan. The SPV will be signed with the urban local body, state government and the Centre for implementation of the project.
Out of these 3 the ‘Smart Residency’ being built in the Dwarka extension would be the 1st Smart City of this region. And owning a Flat in Smart City like this won’t be a distant dream for the people, because the price of Apartments in Smart City of Dwarka extension would start from Rs. 30 Lacs. The additional benefits of owning a Flat in this Smart City would be the great location with AH1 in close range.
Outright ownership of the property and land on which it stands to the owner. A freehold estate in land (as opposed to a leasehold) is where the owner of the land has no time limit to his period of ownership. This means there would be no trouble in possession and ownership.
Nothing translates into amusement and health at the same time, better than a dip in the Swimming Pool. And with the disturbed lifestyles of people in nine to five jobs and decreasing attention on health and hygiene, Swimming Pools play a very important role to keep us healthy and fit and free us of the stresses of a hectic busy life.
The pathetic condition of the law and order around the city is not a new revelation, Smart Cites however provide a Smart alternative towards keeping the city Safe and Secure, that is by using latest technology and tools. With CCTV cameras monitoring every corner of the campus, the law and order could be very easily maintained. Video door phones also are a huge leap forward in avoiding unnecessary visitors and stalkers.
In these times of Information and Internet, life without wi-fi seems a little incomplete and Smart Cities are a solution to that incompleteness, because this 1st Smart City of Delhi would have an efficient 24X7 connectivity to wi-fi, this will also help people in keeping track of things. And a full time power backup would mean no more trouble of hours lost along with the power-cut.
By owning a Flat in 1st Smart City, one will be able to see life and the city from new heights, both metaphorically and literally. The magnificent height of the Towers would be a blessing, and the Smart Elevators would make life much easier and time efficient. It will also be the hope for the elderly.
Not only would this 1st Smart City be Smart in material terms but it will also make Lifestyles of its inhabitants smart. With the reduction in the amount of Carbon footprint, this Smart City would strive to make its people healthy and stress free. The gymnasium and yoga areas are manifestation of this attempt of Smart City which aims at human resource development and making citizens more efficient and productive.
is also one of these innovative human projects to put the straying economy into line with the development plans of the nation. Smart city construction aims at providing better and most modern and developed facilities to its inhabitants in order to maximize the constructive human output. And it is investment in these Smart Cities that would push the investors forward in the race of life. With the soaring prices of properties in present time, owning a Flat in Smart city would be a blessing for those who want the best from the limited resources.
The vision of ‘Digital India’ has a plan to build 100 smart cities across the country, these cities will be well acquainted with modern facilities which will help the inhabitants benefit from technology. Not only would these cities be haven for the citizens but along with better living conditions for the owners of Flats in Smart Cities, these cities will create employment opportunities and an improved condition of human life in not just the material sense but in the field of health as well.
With the vision of Digital India, India would be thrust forward as a leader in digitally delivering services in the field of health-care, education, better living facilities, fitness, clean environment and better security. An investment of $1.2 billion in Smart cities in India has been announced, this will be a boom for the economy with the employment generation and the human resource development.
For those who can now see the future returns in Investment in Smart Cities, this time is the greatest opportunity to maximize their profit. One such smart city is being built at Dwarka extension, touching AH1, this Smart City would open a whole new world for people who would own a Flat in this Smart City and those who would be involved in its functioning and upkeep. Incorporating latest and most advanced features of the Smart City Technology this 1st Smart City of the area would act as a model for numerous Smart Cities yet to come in existence in India.
The most striking feature of this 1st Smart city being built at Dwarka extension, is its strategic location, whether it be its proximity to AH1 or its 10mins distance to forthcoming AIIMS-2, this 1st Smart City is a blessing for those who want to get most out of their lives.
With the ever increasing amount of population in a country like India, lack of accommodation is becoming a growing concern. While the growth and settlement around source of livelihood is a basic human tendency, the shortage of resources leads to a cut throat competition between people who want to survive and serve in these times. Between 2000 and 2005, employment in urban India grew at a faster rate per year (3.22%) than in rural India (1.97%), this clearly shows a shift in trend of preference of occupation and livelihood.
The natural resources of the country being limited, the constant urban shift of population raises the need of living space. And this need is coupled with the need of sustainable development which aims at efficient use of resources in a way that would not starve our future generation of the basic necessities of survival. Smart cities are a way of using minimum resources and producing maximum output from it.
A developed urban area that creates high quality of life, by focusing on areas of economic restructuring, environmental sustenance, citizen participation and use of high quality digital technologies or information and communication technologies (ICT) can be termed as a smart city.
A smart city is often referred to as a future city, in which the functioning and maintenance of administration, infrastructure and communication is based on modern technology.
Uninterrupted water and electricity supply, proper sanitation facilities, efficient public transport, waste management, , IT connectivity would be some of the basic features of the smart cities that are being planned as a part of vigorous development and sustenance programs around the globe.
Owning a Flat in Smart Cities, equipped with the facilities to make living simple and survival of masses as hassle free as possible would lead to an improved standard of living for the majority of people owning Flats in Smart Cities. This would be a huge step forward in the overall development of India as a society where till present times only a limited amount of population had the access to such modern services and facilities, but with the emergence of Smart Cities these facilities would be made available to a greater number of people.
There has been a growing need to plan, design and manage cities that can cope with things like pressure on resources and increased waste, while meeting carbon and climate challenge and provide the highest standard of living for the inhabitants, Smart Cities are answer to these needs and aspirations. The cornerstone of the success of Smart Cities is the production of efficient human resource at the least possible cost, in terms of strain on economy and environment. The enhanced citizen participation in the functioning of these Smart Cities is a step towards increasing awareness among these citizens about the waste production and management and this would lead to a sensitive and more sensible population that would want to use resources in limits.
are a solution to all these problems of human survival. With an estimation that 600 million Indians will be living in cities by 2030, these problems can be the cause of colossal human troubles if not properly countered. The sorry condition of roads and transportation even in metropolitan cities, the issues of long hours of electricity cuts, the increasing amount of harmful pollutant in our atmosphere, the issues of security have already become a huge concern in present times and as the time passes the pressure on limited natural and man-made resources would keep on increasing, to cope up with that pressure Smart Cities are being set up in every state of the country and these Smart Cities are the only hope for better living.
As an investor or end user planning to look for property in DDA’s proposed L Zone, there are some key things that one needs to keep in mind.
As a step towards facilitating the growing need of housing in Delhi, the Delhi Development Authority (DDA) is working on the Master Plan of L Zone. Located in South-West Delhi and spread across 22,840 hectare of land, the L Zone is expected to give an impetus to the slow and stagnant real estate market of the national capital. It is close to IGI Airport and is strategically positioned between Dwarka and Gurgaon.
Under the development plan, the authority has divided Delhi into 15 zones wherein ‘L’ Zone is the largest and boasts Najafgarh as the only census town in the zone. “At present the zones are open for buying land, wherein the housing societies and private developers are coming forth with their investment plans. Where majority have already bought land, many are still looking to obtaining the necessary approvals from the authority,” says Partho Kunar, director, Suhaskrit, a Delhi-based consultant firm.
Once the approvals are received, the land owners of L Zone will submit the land to DDA out of which the authority will take 40 per cent of the total land area for development of roads, drainage, sewerage and other civic amenities. Once developed, the developers/housing societies will be allowed to start their construction plans.
The home buyers, including individual investors who are taking interest in the real estate market here should make sure that the developer has the necessary approvals. “When it comes to home buyers, it’s an early investment one is making and should know that land pooling policy has been approved by the Gazette Notification no. 2076 dated 6th Sep 2013, but process of surrender and approval of individual project is yet to happen,” adds Kunar.
As the L Zone is in the early stages of planning, you might be able to get the benefit of a first-comer, but there are a few things that one needs to take into account.
“As per the Master Plan 2021, any individual investor can buy land but one must ensure to do a recce of the area prior to investment. The buyer must read and understand the land pooling policy as well,” adds Kunar.
A home buyer must know that the land pooling policy has just been notified and is not yet operational. Therefore, it may take some time for the developers or group housing societies to receive land from DDA for further development.
An individual must authenticate the market reputation of the developer and should also verify the credential of the organisation owners along with their past project deliveries.
It seems to be the right time to invest in L Zone under the DDA Master plan 2021 but the buyer should keep in mind that it may take some time for the actual implementation of the plans on ground by the authority. So, if you are investing right now then there should be a willingness to wait for some years for the investment to grow. | 2019-04-19T04:25:01Z | http://www.itihaskekarigar.com/category/real-estate/ |
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1.1 “Content” means all visual, written or audible data, information or material including, without limitation: documents, spreadsheets, text messages, form entries, web pages, and similar material, which are uploaded to, transferred through, publicly posted, processed or entered into the Services by the Customer or the Users.
1.2 “Contract Start Date” means the date stated in the Order form, or if applicable during sign-up, or in any other form.
1.3 “Controller” means the entity which determines the purposes and means of the processing of personal data as defined in the GDPR.
1.4 “Customer” means the individual or the legal entity who activates Services provided by Planview and assumes payment responsibility for the same vis-à-vis Planview.
1.6 “Data Protection Laws and Regulations” means all laws and regulations, including but not limited to the Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, (General Data Protection Regulation, “GDPR”).
1.7 “Initial Term” means the initial contract period during which the Customer subscribes to the Services.
1.8 “Order Form(s)” means the initial order form and/or order confirmation and any subsequent order forms and/ or order confirmations evidencing among other things the type of Subscription, Subscription term, Initial Term, the number of Users Licences, ordered Professional Services, applicable fees, etc. Each such Order Form shall form an integral part of this Agreement. In the event of conflict between the terms of an Order Form and the terms of this Agreement, the terms of the Order Form shall prevail.
1.9 “Professional Services” means training, solution advising and any other related consultancy services.
1.10 “Processor” means the entity which processes personal data on behalf of the Controller as defined in the GDPR.
1.12 “Services” means the at all times current version of the web services, associated software, and other services related thereto provided to the Customer by Planview in accordance with this Agreement. The Services are offered as a Software as a Service with several subscription types (including but not limited to Basic, Professional, Team Edition, Multi Edition, Enterprise Edition and Enterprise Edition Plus and variations thereof), with the characteristics and features as described at www.projectplace.com. In addition, the Services may include additional services and add-ons, including third party software, as agreed between the Customer and Planview on a Subscription or case-by-case basis.
1.13 “Subscription” means the terms governing among other things the type of subscription, subscription term, billing frequency, the number of User Licences, applicable fees, etc.
1.14 “Trial Service” means a Service, which is provided free of charge or which is under development or evaluation and is marked “free”, “demo”, “trial”, “beta” or “evaluation” (or a similar designation).
1.16 “User(s)” means all individuals who are authorized to start and/or participate in one or more of Customer’s own projects. In the event of a Company User Enterprise Edition Subscription “Company User(s)” means all employees, consultants or any other individual that works for the Customer, its subsidiaries or any other of its affiliated companies and who is authorized to participate in and/or to start an unlimited number of projects under a Company User Enterprise Edition Subscription. A user under such subscription with an email address containing the Customer’s, its subsidiaries or any of its affiliated companies, domain name is presumed to be a Company User. The presumption does not exclude that a Company User may have an email address using another domain address than the Customer, its subsidiaries or affiliated companies.
1.17 “User Licence(s)” means, as applicable, the subscribed number of Users under a Subscription, or when applicable, the subscribed number of Company User Licences in a Company User Enterprise Edition Subscription.
1.18 “Web Site” means Planview’s web site at www.projectplace.com.
2.1 Subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, Planview hereby grants to the Customer a non-transferable, non-exclusive, non-sublicensable limited term world-wide right and licence for the Customer and Users to access and use the Services for Customer’s own projects.
2.2 Planview reserves the right to implement new versions and upgrades of the Services including, but not limited to, changes that effect modifications to the design, operational method, technical specifications, systems, and other functions, etc. of the Services, at any time without prior notice.
2.3 Planview undertakes, in its sole discretion, to adopt reasonable measures in order to ensure that the Services are available over the Internet around the clock, seven (7) days a week. Planview shall be entitled to take measures that affect the aforementioned accessibility where Planview deems such to be necessary for technical, maintenance, operational, or security reasons. The Customer is aware and acknowledges that the Customer’s access to the Internet cannot be guaranteed and that Planview shall never be liable for deficiencies in the Customer’s own Internet connections or equipment.
2.4 The Customer shall be entitled, with or without compensation from Users, to provide Users with access to the Customer’s Content and the Services provided by Planview. The Customer is aware of and acknowledges that the Customer is fully liable for the Users to whom the Customer affords access to the Services. The Customer shall not charge a User any fee for its use of the Services in excess of the Customer’s direct costs to Planview for such User’s participation.
2.5 The Customer shall be entitled to assign a Subscription or a project under an Enterprise Edition Subscription to a third party provided that the third party, in Planview’s sole discretion, is approved by Planview and that written documentation, in the form decided by Planview, is presented evidencing that the third party approves the assignment and that the new party accepts the terms and conditions of this Agreement.
2.6 Planview shall be entitled to retain subcontractors, including third party software suppliers, for the performance of obligations in accordance with this Agreement. Planview shall be liable for the subcontractors’ work and services in the same manner as for its own work and services.
2.7 The maximum number of Users, projects and storage under a Subscription or Users and storage under a project under an Enterprise Edition Subscription will be defined in the Order Form or on the Web Site.
2.8 In the event the parties have agreed that the Customer should be provided Professional Services related to the Services, the parties shall mutually agree upon when such services shall be performed. Training should be called off no later than six (6) months after the date of order. If not otherwise agreed, Planview shall be compensated by the Customer for direct costs incurred related to performing Professional Services, such as travelling, allowance, etc. Planview shall have the right to assign training to an acknowledged training partner at no additional cost to the Customer. It is the responsibility of the Customer to (a) provide for a suitable location where training can take place equipped with a computer connected to Internet and to a projector, and (b) invite and make sure all relevant delegates will attend and to inform about the time, date, location and necessary preparations.
2.9 If the Customer has ordered Professional Services the following cancellation policy shall apply to; (i) Training at client site, Online and at Planview offices and for other services with a pre-defined project scope, agreed number of resources or agreed number of hours. If Planview has received a written notice at least (i) fourteen (14) business days in advance of the class, the Customer is entitled to a refund of its payment, (ii) seven (7) business days in advance of the class, the Customer is entitled to a training class credit that must be used for another class offered by Planview within three (3) months of the date of the original class. Customer is not entitled to a refund or class credit if less than seven (7) business days advance written notice is given. Failure to provide written notice at least fourteen (14) business days in advance of the class obligates the Customer to make payment for the full price of the class; (ii) Other ordered Professional Services should be terminated with a one (1) week mutual notice period.
2.10 Planview reserves the right to reschedule or cancel the date, time and location of a training class at any time, including replacing personnel who may be scheduled to deliver the training. In the event a training class is cancelled, the Customer is entitled to a full refund unless the training class is cancelled by Planview due to circumstances beyond its reasonable control. In such event is the Customer entitled to a full training class credit which must be used within three (3) months of the date of the original class for another class offered by Planview.
Planview shall not be responsible for any loss incurred by Customer as a result of a cancellation or reschedule.
3.1 Trial Services are provided strictly “as is”. The Customer may use a Trial Service in a manner consistent with the terms and conditions of this Agreement, but Planview may, at its discretion, disable certain features of a Trial Service and enforce time limits on the Customer’s right to use the same. In light of the fact that a Trial Service is provided free of charge, Planview disclaims all warranties, representations, and liabilities as set forth in this Agreement and Planview shall not be liable for damages of any kind related to the Customer’s or User’s use of a Trial Service.
4.1 The Customer shall always comply with the security and administrative regulations as notified in conjunction with registration, by e-mail, as made available on the Web Site, or in any other manner. The Customer shall also be responsible for notifying Users of such regulations and also the User’s fulfilment regarding such regulations.
4.2 The Customer shall ensure that all details provided regarding the Customer’s contact information, billing information and credit card information, where applicable, are correct and undertakes to update such information as soon as possible when changes to such information occurs.
4.3 The Customer shall be responsible for the activities conducted by the Customer and the Users within the Services and shall use the Services in compliance with national laws in conjunction therewith. All Content uploaded to, transferred through, publicly posted, processed or entered into the Services by the Customer and/or Users shall be the sole responsibility of the Customer.
4.4 The Customer shall be responsible for monitoring its Content and shall be liable vis-à-vis Planview for ensuring that Content transferred to or handled within the Services which is processed by the Customer and/or Users does not infringe any third party rights nor in any other manner violates governing legislation, and that the Customer and Users possess such necessary licences from third parties as may be required in order to process the Content/use the Services.
4.9 The Customer shall remain liable for the Users’ use of the Services under this Agreement and ensure that Users perform their obligations towards Planview. To the extent the Customer is unable to perform an obligation on behalf of a User or is unable to cause the User to perform the same, the Customer shall indemnify Planview insofar as Planview incurs any loss, provided that such loss is related to the non-performance by the User of its obligations to Planview.
4.10 The Customer shall defend and indemnify Planview for any claim, suit or proceeding brought against Planview by Users and/or third parties arising out of or connected to Content processed by Users/the Customer within the Services or for which the User/Customer is otherwise responsible, unless Planview is liable for such claim in accordance with the provisions of section 11, “Limitation of Liability”, below.
4.11 The Customer is obligated to notify Planview regarding any suspected breach of these provisions.
5.1 The Customer shall pay compensation for the Services in accordance with the fees set out in the Order Form or otherwise agreed. Notwithstanding the above, Planview may for each Renewal Term increase its fees with not more than five (5) per cent (Enterprise Edition Subscriptions) or with Planview’s then communicated current fees (other subscription forms e.g. Basic, Professional, Team and Multi Editions Subscriptions).
5.2 All Services provided by Planview shall be debited to the Customer in advance from the agreed Contract Start Date and for the subscribed number of User Licences and the selected period as agreed between the parties. If not otherwise agreed, payment for Professional Services shall be made against invoice within thirty (30) days. The Customer may upgrade a Subscription at any time with additional User Licences, additional storage, or additional services as provided. The Customer is not permitted to downgrade a Subscription. Any added User Licences, storage, or services shall be coterminous with pre-existing User Licences and services. For Enterprise Edition Subscriptions, excess usage and storage (i.e. above the subscribed levels) will be calculated and charged retroactively with an additional excess usage fee applied by Planview from time to time. Excess user licence fees are calculated based on the highest number of excess Users/Company Users for each thirty-day period.
5.3 Payment shall be made by the Customer against (i) invoice or (ii) through use of a credit card (Enterprise Edition Subscriptions excluded) approved by Planview. Payment must reach Planview in full within thirty (30) days of the issue date of the invoice or credit card charge. Interest on overdue payments shall be payable according to law. Planview may charge the Customer an invoicing charge for paper invoices. Planview shall be entitled to charge a fee for any payment reminders and reserves the right to send the same via e-mail to an invoice reference provided by the Customer. The Customer shall be responsible for the reasonable costs incurred by Planview when collecting overdue fees.
5.5 Without prejudice to its other rights, Planview may temporarily disable the Customer’s and the Users’ access to the Services in the event the Customer has overdue payments in excess of twenty (20) days. In addition, Planview may terminate a Subscription, delete and destroy the Customer’s Content and to immediately terminate this Agreement in the event of overdue payments in excess of fifty (50) days.
6.1 Planview shall hold title to any and all intellectual property rights and technical solutions to the Services or, in the alternative, shall possess a sole right to use the same. Such intellectual property rights and technical solutions may only be used by the Customer in the manner stated in this Agreement. Under no circumstances shall the Customer or a third party acquire any intellectual property rights to the Services or to the software or technical solutions used in the Services, or to any trade mark or any other business mark belonging to or used by Planview. Access to the Services is licensed, not sold.
In the event of an agreed case study or similar between Customer and Planview, all intellectual property rights to material produced, including but not limited to photos, quotes, interviews, videos, testimonials, under such work will belong to Planview and may at its sole discretion be used by Planview in the marketing of its services.
6.2 All Content uploaded to, transferred through, publicly posted, processed or entered into the Services by the Customer and/or Users shall remain the sole property of the Customer or its respective legal owner. Planview shall have no liability for such Content.
6.3 The Customer may not in any way modify, decompile, disassemble or reverse engineer the Services except as permitted by law.
7.1 Planview provides customer support by e-mail and telephone regarding Customers’ enquiries in connection with use of the Services. Such support is provided on weekdays (excluding Swedish public holidays) during Planview’s ordinary office hours and to the reasonable extent decided upon from time to time in detail by Planview.
7.2 Enquiries and/or error notices must be submitted to Planview by e-mail or telephone in accordance with the contact information available on the Web Site.
8.1 In order for the Customer to be able to use the Services, the Customer must provide certain data to Planview regarding the Customer’s representatives, including but not limited to full name, e-mail address, contact details and type of organisation. Following receipt of such data, Planview will process the same using automatic data processing in order to enable Planview to administer and otherwise perform its obligations within the scope of the Services and to ensure that unauthorised persons do not gain access to the Services.
8.2 In addition, in order for the Customer to be able to use the Services, the Customer must also allow Planview to store and retrieve session information on the Customer’s representatives’ end terminal equipment, through the use of “cookies”. The purpose of such storage and retrieval of information is to enable the necessary login/logout procedures used in the Services and to ensure that unauthorised persons do not gain access to the Services.
8.3 Customer shall when considered to be the Controller, in its use of the Services, process personal data in accordance with the requirements of Data Protection Laws and Regulations. Customer shall in such event has the sole responsibility for the accuracy, quality, and legality of personal data and the means by which Customer acquired personal data.
8.4 The Customer is aware of and acknowledges that Users must provide personal data in order to gain access to the Services. Customer shall use its best endeavors to ensure that such personal data is provided by the Users. If third party applications are made available by Planview within the Services, or if a User initiates or accepts to copy or export Content or personal data from the Services to a non Planview application, Customer acknowledges that Planview may allow such third party application provider access to Content and personal data as required for the interoperation of such embedded, linked or interacted applications.
8.5 If Planview is considered to be a Processor to Customer, Planview shall fulfil its obligations as a Processor in accordance with the Swedish Personal Data Act and, as from May 25, 2018 the GDPR, and will furthermore accept such assignment based on the instructions, terms and conditions in the DPA [www.projectplace.com/terms/dpa/] which hereby forms an integrated part of this Agreement.
8.6 Planview’s information gathering and dissemination practices are set forth in the Privacy Statement applicable from time to time, which is available on the Web Site.
8.7 The Customer accepts that Planview is not obliged to disclose information to Customer in respect of individual Users use of the Service.
8.8 The Customer agrees that Planview may disclose the fact that the Customer is a paying customer of Planview. In relation thereto, the Customer agrees that Planview may use the Customer’s name and logo to identify the Customer as a customer of Planview on the Web Site, and as part of a general list of Planview’s customers for use and reference in Planview’s promotional and marketing literature.
9.1 The Customer shall ensure that User identities, passwords, and equivalent obtained by the Customer in conjunction with registration are stored and used in a secure manner and cannot be accessed and thereby used by third parties. The Customer shall be liable for any unauthorised use of the Services. Planview shall have no liability for any loss or damage arising from the Customer’s failure to comply with these requirements.
9.2 Where it is suspected that any unauthorised person has become aware of a user identity and/or password, the Customer shall immediately inform Planview thereof and also change such user identity and/or password.
9.3 The Customer shall be liable for losses or damage incurred by Planview where the Customer intentionally or negligently reveals a user identity/password to a third party or where a user identity and password otherwise become known to an unauthorised party, unless the Customer notifies Planview immediately upon suspicion that such has occurred.
9.4 Planview shall adopt reasonable measures to ensure that the security of the Services meet relevant industry standards. Planview’s security measures are set forth in the Security Policy as applicable from time to time, which is available on the Web Site.
10.1 Planview warrants to the Customer that the Services will perform substantially and materially in accordance with its documentation available on the Web Site, under normal use and circumstances, and for the purpose intended. This warrant does not apply to Trial Services.
10.2 Except for the express warranties set forth above and to the extent permitted by law, Planview expressly disclaims all other warranties with respect to the Services, whether express or implied, including without limitation, fitness for a particular purpose, accuracy or reliability of results from use of the Services, that the Services will meet specific requirements, that the Services will be uninterrupted, completely secure, free of software errors, or that defects and deficiencies in the Services will be corrected.
11.2 In the event of major defects that seriously impede the Customer’s use of the Services and that are attributable to Planview, Planview undertakes to act to rectify such defect without unreasonable delay. In the absence of intent or gross negligence by Planview, Planview otherwise assumes no responsibility for defects or deficiencies in the Services. Error notification must be given by the Customer in accordance with the instructions announced by Planview and within a reasonable time of the discovery of the defect.
11.3 The Customer shall not be entitled to a reduction in payment, or to damages or other sanctions in the event of operational disruption or errors that impede data traffic that are not due to negligence by Planview.
11.4 Planview shall defend and indemnify Customer from and against any damage, cost and expense (including reasonable attorneys' fees) finally awarded or agreed in a settlement by Planview as a result of any claim, suit or proceeding brought against Customer based on a claim that the authorized use of the Services furnished by Planview under this Agreement constitutes an infringement of any third party intellectual property right; provided that Planview has been notified promptly in writing of such claim, and given authority, information, and assistance to handle the claim or the defence of any suit, proceeding or settlement and that Customer has not compromised or settled the claim, suit or proceeding without Planview’s prior written consent, and provided further that Planview shall have no obligations under this section 11 to the extent any claim is based on the combination or use of the Services with other software, hardware or services not furnished by Planview or use of the Service in a manner prohibited under this Agreement, in a manner for which it was not designed where the Services would not otherwise itself be infringing.
11.5 In the event that the Services in such suit or proceeding are held to constitute an infringement, or if in Planview’s reasonable opinion the Services may constitute such infringement, and/or its further use is enjoined, Planview shall, at its own expense and at its option, either (i) procure for Customer the right to continue the use of the Services, or (ii) replace the Services with non-infringing services of materially equivalent function and performance, or (iii) modify the Services so that it becomes non-infringing without materially detracting from function or performance. Should none of these measures be technically, commercially or economically reasonable to Planview, then either party may terminate this Agreement. Upon such termination, Planview shall refund the amount of fees paid in advance in respect of not yet used Services.
11.6 Each party’s liability under this Agreement, including the DPA, shall, except for what is stated under Sections 4, 9.3, 11.4, 13, 17 or Customers liability as Controller under the DPA and GDPR, under all circumstances be limited to direct losses in an amount corresponding to the agreed fees paid by the Customer for the Services during the period of twelve (12) months immediately prior to the breach of contract that entitles a Party to damages. The foregoing shall not limit the Customer’s payment obligations under section 5 above.
11.7 Except as set forth in Section 11.6 above , under no circumstances shall a party be liable for indirect or consequential losses, including but not limited to loss of profits or anticipated savings, loss of revenue, loss of Content or any other data.
12.1 A party shall be released from liability in damages and other sanctions where the performance of a specific obligation (other than for delay in the payment of amounts due and payable hereunder and the maintenance of confidentiality) is prevented or rendered onerous due to circumstances beyond a party’s control and which could not reasonably have been foreseen. Such force majeure events include, inter alia, labour conflicts, lightning, fire, decisions of public authorities or other public regulations, errors in another operator’s network, delays in services from subcontractors due to events as stated above, general scarcity of transport, goods, or energy, or other similar circumstances.
13.1 Planview undertakes not to disclose to any third party, or otherwise make available, information received by Planview from the Customer or Users within the scope of the Agreement. Furthermore, any other information received by a party that in any way relates to the other party, including but not limited to any business, financial, scientific, intellectual property, customer or potential customer related, technical or operational information shall be considered confidential and shall not be disclosed to any third party. The above confidentiality obligations shall not apply to such information as a party can demonstrate became known to that party other than pursuant to this Agreement or which is in the public domain. Nor shall the duty of confidentiality apply where a party is obligated to provide information pursuant to legal provisions, public authority regulations or court orders or otherwise agreed upon under this Agreement. The duty of confidentiality shall remain in force notwithstanding the termination of the Agreement.
13.2 Planview shall be entitled to review Content which is publicly posted through the Services’ web publication features. Planview also reserves the right to analyze usage patterns in an aggregated form.
13.3 Except for Content mentioned above and other than pursuant to the Customer’s instructions, legal provisions, public authority regulations or court orders, Planview shall not be entitled to review Content processed by the Customer via the Services.
14.1 Planview reserves the right to amend the terms and conditions of this Agreement, except for the DPA. The Customer shall be informed of such amendments by e-mail or through the information being made available on the Web Site. The Customer shall be deemed to have received such notice within two (2) weeks of the notice being sent by e-mail or made available on the Web Site. Where the Customer does not accept the amendment, the Customer shall be entitled, within thirty (30) calendar days from the date of dispatch of the e-mail or, where appropriate, thirty (30) calendar days from the amendment being published on the Web Site, provided that the changes have an adverse effect, that could not be considered as minor, on the Customer, to terminate the Agreement with immediate effect. Where the Agreement is not terminated by the Customer within the aforementioned time, the Customer shall be deemed to have accepted the new terms and conditions.
15.1 This Agreement shall enter into force upon acceptance by the Customer of these terms and conditions through execution of this Agreement online during Subscription sign-up, or acceptance by the Customer of these terms and conditions in an Order Form, frame agreement, or in any other form.
15.2 The Initial Term is equal to the contract/billing term selected by the Customer during sign-up or, when applicable, agreed upon in the Order Form or in any other form. Even if a Basic, Professional, Team or Multi Edition Subscription has more than one billing term, the Initial Term shall still, when applicable, equal to the agreed contract term.
15.3 Upon expiration of the Initial Term, this Agreement will be automatically renewed with successive renewal terms at Planview’s then current terms and conditions. For Basic, Professional ,Team and Multi Edition Subscriptions, the Renewal Term is equal in duration to the forward looking billing term as selected online by the Customer or as stated in the Order Form, or when applicable the duration of the agreed contract term and with agreed billing terms. For other Subscription types, the Renewal Term is equal to the Initial Term or as otherwise stated in an Order Form or mutually agreed upon.
15.4 This Agreement can be terminated by either party subject to written or online notice of termination as stated below or in the Order Form, effective only at the end of the then current contract term and provided that all accrued and/or prepaid fees are paid in full. For Basic, Professional, Team and Multi Edition Subscriptions, such notice of termination must be given by the Customer, when applicable, in the online administration module at least one (1) day prior to the next contract term. For Enterprise Edition Subscriptions, if not otherwise agreed, notice of termination must be given in writing at least three (3) months prior to the end of the then current contract term.
15.5 Upon termination of a Subscription or the Agreement, Planview shall not be responsible for the Content generated by the Users/Customer within the scope of the Subscription in question or the Services. Accordingly, it is the sole obligation of the Customer to ensure that it possesses the necessary back-up copies, etc. of the Content that it desires to retain when the Subscription is terminated.
15.6 Upon the active termination of a Subscription by the Customer, Planview shall be entitled to immediately delete and destroy all Content within the scope of the Subscription. In the event of expiration of the subscription term of a Subscription and in the absence of the Customer’s renewal of the same, Planview shall be entitled to delete and destroy such Content thirty (30) calendar days following the expiration date.
15.7 Upon termination of a Subscription or this Agreement for any reason, Planview shall be entitled to and undertakes to permanently delete and destroy all copies of the Customer’s Content related thereto within a timeframe reasonable relating to the back-up and administrative procedures applied by Planview from time to time.
16.1 Planview shall be entitled, with immediate effect, to disable the Customer’s or a User’s access to a project or to the Services or to terminate the Agreement at any time in writing where: (a) the Customer or a User uses the Services in a manner that entails the perpetration of a crime; (b) the Customer or a User uses the Services in a manner that occasions losses or the risk of loss for Planview or any third party; (c) the Customer or a User uses the Services in a manner that violates Planview’s security or administrative regulations; (d) it may be reasonably assumed that continued dissemination of Content violates governing law; (e) notwithstanding reminders, the Customer fails to pay agreed fees to Planview within a stated time; (f) the Customer or a User uses the Services in a manner whereby the Customer utilises resources or seeks unauthorised access to Planview’s systems which are not intended for the Customer; (g) the Customer otherwise fails to comply with the Agreement and such breach of contract is material; (h) the Customer or a User does not comply with the export laws and regulations of the United States and other applicable jurisdictions in using the Services or (i) the Customer is placed into insolvent liquidation or is otherwise insolvent.
16.2 The Customer shall be entitled to terminate the Agreement at any time in writing where: (a) operational disruptions or data traffic errors occur to such an extent that the Customer does not have access to the Services during a period in excess of one (1) month; (b) Planview is in material breach of its obligations under the Agreement and fails to effect rectification within fourteen (14) days of a demand therefore; or (c) Planview is placed into insolvent liquidation or is otherwise insolvent.
17.2 Save for the provisions of section 2.5, the Customer shall not be entitled to assign its rights or obligations under this Agreement without Planview’s prior written consent.
19.2 The Customer shall comply with the export laws and regulations of the United States and other applicable jurisdictions in using the Services. Without limiting the foregoing, (i) the Customer represents that it is not named on any U.S. government list of persons or entities prohibited from receiving exports, (ii) Customer shall not permit Users to access or use the Services in violation of any U.S. export embargo, prohibition or restriction (iii) and that the Service may not be exported or re-exported into (or to a national or resident of) any U.S. embargoed countries (currently Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan, and Syria).
19.3 In the event of any dispute relating to this Agreement, the parties agree to initially make a full and good faith attempt to resolve such dispute by negotiation at an executive level, to the extent reasonable under the circumstances, prior to commencing court or arbitration proceedings.
19.4 Any dispute, controversy or claim arising out of or in connection with this Agreement, or the breach, termination or invalidity thereof, shall be finally settled by arbitration administered at the Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce (SCC Institute).
Where the amount in dispute does not exceed EUR 100,000 the SCC Institute's Rules for Expedited Arbitrations shall apply. Where the amount in dispute exceeds EUR 100,000 the Rules of the SCC Institute shall apply. Where the amount in dispute exceeds EUR 100,000 but not EUR 1,000,000, the Arbitral Tribunal shall be composed of a sole arbitrator. Where the amount in dispute exceeds EUR 1,000,000 the Arbitral Tribunal shall be composed of three arbitrators.
The amount in dispute includes the Claimant's claims in the Request for Arbitration and any counterclaims in the Respondent's reply to the Request for Arbitration.
Planview may however bring disputes regarding overdue unpaid claims for the Services before Swedish ordinary courts, in the first instance the District Court of Stockholm (Stockholms Tingsrätt). | 2019-04-23T10:37:32Z | https://www.projectplace.no/vilkar/master-subscription-agreement/ |
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At your disposal happen to be tools like converse and video phones that help you satisfy and talk with unknown beauties from all over the world. According to research, no actual physical contact is called for for two people to show up in love. Ideas once considered a chemical reaction is actually completely disproven. Aspects chemical attraction prefer pheromones and stinks play a part in physical attraction but to determine an interpersonal romance all one needs is definitely communication.
Mailbox order brides offerings open a lot of doors to happiness for a few desperate people. You observe, not everyone can be as lucky in finding love as they should. Region of origin and geographical location perform a very important part with romantic relations. Many times people are born during countries that stop dating. That can cause it to very difficult to go out and meet cutting edge people. It is often effectively impossible, even. Various times people are in remote places such as a village, for example. The proportions for marriage information is very limited inside the remote countryside.
With extreme cases, most people cannot afford to travel out and night out. Dating can be extremely high-priced especially in the beginning phases. Caf?s and eating places can cost you up to hundreds (thousands even) of dollars. Vacations will set you back even more. Of course, such extravagant outings will not be necessary, but usually they cannot be eliminated.
Tips on how to spot a artificial mail order ladies service?
As with any product, one should beware of becoming scammed. Fake mail order bride ?nternet sites promise to find you will a suitable bride or simply groom 100% of that time period. That is impossible to create. Nobody can give most people such a guarantee, not us.
Another thing to get mindful of is normally hidden costs. A site might claim to remain free of charge but get all profiles locked under a paywall. These websites can’t be trusted. Every legitimized dating website offers you basic access for free and will never coerce you to pay from the beginning, only to uncover vital operations. Steer clear of such websites and report them immediately.
The single members you will be seeing on-line are based on a powerful algorithm that determines likely ladies for you influenced by geographical location, ones profile, and a sample of the questionnaire that many website will have. You’re able to alter the algorithm by changing the profile and concluding more parts of the questionnaire.
The ladies you see have been hand preferred with special requirements in mind. These include: Period and Location, Job and Hobbies, Ready to Marry or Just aiming to Date, Appearance, Ethnicity. Generally speaking, each web page will have roughly 100, 000 or more styles on file. Most might have more than that. After all, there are a lot of people out there in search of take pleasure in.
A pretend mail order brides-to-be service can be identified quite easily. Most times these types of websites offer a 100% guarantee that you will find a wonderful match within Back button amount of days. No one can give you a very guarantee. Life doesn’t work that way. The single thing a legit ?nternet site can do for you is to provide a safe place with a large database for you to locate your perfect spouse on your own. It’s choice how you communicate and what person you select.
asian brides usa Another potential guage of a fake site is an exaggerated price range. Nobody should be forced to pay a fortune for finding true love. We have a fee, of course, nonetheless that fee must seem plausible for you and everyone else. Pretend websites will ask you to pay upwards of 100 dollars and more. This can be a ridiculous notion.
Another way to spot a fake is certainly by judging any pictures of most women on the front site. If the pictures glimpse too artificial or are straight obtained from a magazine or even modeling agency, next the website is probably not true. What you want to see include the real people. And real people rather rarely look seeing that polished as in the movies.
Have you ever recently been on a date? Sure you have, most people just who are prepared to make that step into a good married relationship include played the area at least a little bit. Dating can be exciting in the best of events. It’s a new people filled with stories to know you and instructional classes to share with you. You are free to begin anew and be accepted as whomever you want. There is always a chance that this period it will be Happily At any time After. In the most unfortunate of cases, it’s really a dreadfully horrible encounter; the anticipation and also nerves as you get started in talking, the first night out which in your mind unfolds so well, but actually turns out to be an utter disaster. That expensive restaurants and flowers and trinkets that just end up being wasted on person who isn’t befitting you. And the most detrimental part – at times the person on the other side isn’t even interested in you will or is in an important committed relationship. In fact, we go back right to where we started out; all alone and unhappy.
By using a service just like mail order brides-to-be, you put the destiny of your family in safe hands. Irrespective of common belief, those services employ expert psychology and desktop computer science professionals who build a perfect software for their clients. These individuals don’t benefit from most people being unhappy; not so, the more people individuals manage to bring together, greater their fame will increase. It’s a quid pro quo.
There would be a location around my life when I almost gave- all the way up finding “the one. inches I told myself that I’d rather live by themselves than be with person who I actually cannot accept. Moving was, is and always could be unbearable opinion. I was not looking to find the “perfect guy, ” so much We were searching for was first the right match. I wanted someone whom I’m able to jive with and also have quality conversation with. I needed an individual that is compatible with me. I know that compatibility seriously isn’t the “end all and stay all” during the association, however , many ways, staying the equal wave length and selecting myself the appropriate occurrence will make all the bond run smoothly.
The pioneer method let’s examine is normally internet affiliate marketing, getting even more specific, adult online marketing. Just what exactly is affiliate internet marketing? A great on line marketer, simply, is someone that is effective being a spouse or webmaster in affiliate marketing online. Affiliate marketing might be a style of E-Commerce while the marketer, a sole independent contractor or maybe independent individual, promotes and sells a company’s assistance in return for a fabulous commission meant for the sales agreement. Affiliate marketing comes about by means of both nonadult via the internet programs and adult internet affiliate marketing programs. This means people a home based job may establish a site or blog and next sell on these items coming from a website they choose by simply joining who affiliate marketing online program. Mainly because an online advertiser it will be your responsibility in promoting and sell the solutions with the website you signed with. Frequently you’ll be presented a predetermined commission when a sale is referred out of your online site, blog etc . This method from developing revenue online can be very beneficial additionally it is highly challenging, for a fresh guy to affiliate marketing or simply someone without worrying about previous sales, retail or promoting experience. It is undoubtedly worth the efforts still it’s certainly not a get rich quick system and may many times make sure you take a year or over previous to any substantial rewards are situated. The other way is not likely for anyone, but it surely doesn’t need whatever special experience or techniques and is usually assured to generate profits. In case you have a small amount of exibitionist side, it would be a great match for your needs.
Even though examining sugar baby or sugar daddy dating, it is essential to glance at the calibre of members that your accomplished dating site attracts. If you take a while to help you peruse most of the online profiles you could find a variety of opportunities that the people worth mentioning a good specialized dating service afford and expect through substitution for his or her’s mutual gratification. Like typical online dating sites the profiles combined with pic posesses a shorter description within the member’s interests, occupations, lifestyles and so on. You’ve got an option to find via age, geographic location, and star sign not to mention make use of instant chat functions, messaging along with digital winks.
— No inappropriate behavior: Something else to consider just before you signing up to get a live video chat service is normally how well they safeguard their users from violent individuals. It is no surprise within this time that it concept of anonymity is often capitalized on by people demonstrating inappropriate behavior – nobody really should have to handle the odds of sprinting into abusive situations. A fabulous live team of moderators really should invariably be accessible to battle against these kinds of concerns.
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3. You’re in charge. University or college marketing strategies are great at leading you to believe they really are liable for all. This fewer colleges people apply to help means greater control you’ve got fond of this applying course of action; greater educational institutions everyone apply to means increased regulate you may have: you’ve got a considerably larger a number of selections that you don’t have got with fewer colleges.
2. You you will need to submit a applications. You have your write down to six universities and executed ones applications within the summer. Your essays usually are done together with you’ve got ones Common Application finished in addition to able to arrive at the SEND button. People currently is able to aim at possessing recommendations and finding university or college funding.
If you are not a chemistry major, you could start out like a chemistry major. You may even become keen on the application, surely, if not often covered, that’s acceptable to. You can always alter your serious with a later moment. In case the college is looking to get specified major, you should think about transforming your key or otherwise starting up your college career in that will field.
As soon as enthusiastic about possessing admitted into study offshore universities makes the head; folks start apprehending area where they will feel safe and often will also be qualified to grip higher than no matter what they will require. When it comes to studying abroad, countries such as UK and Ireland are typically main concern with minds of students. Let’s explore exactly why they’re just doing consequently?
Once i the things food was in a second set of school there seems to be this unique person what person many of the pretty girls liked reaching. The guy wasn’t handsome non vibrant, yet he previously your partner’s way with girls. I needed to get a large number with the goodies, so , I gone to your ex boyfriend for some seeing advice. I was astounded to learn the things the guy said. Here are a few some with the attraction strategies he distributed to everyone.
It would support earliest see numerous local publications to determine what Asian dating ads is found. Numerous local publications manage to get thier private websites that will list different types of substances in. It is a popular element that will make it simplier and easier for those who not to only find Asian singles but to also get individuals that are especially in your neighborhood.
MEN WHO DATE YOUNGER WOMEN OF ALL AGES ARE SHALLOW AND MANIPULATIVE. Given their youth and vitality, adolescent women absolutely make it easier for old men to feel young again. This doesn’t mean, nonetheless that someone’s getting rooked in this particular situation, or a great older man’s fascination with an important younger female can be epidermis deep. Women from the 20s are of legal their age and revel in the to help you decide their dating preferences (and also select who so far) up to ladies her senior. A lot of these women of all ages too are accomplished, smart and provide a very good directly most of the shoulders.
https://asian-women.biz/ So what on earth could be the rationale seeing that, typically, Cookware women are observed to be talented and hardworking? One of the main arguments is most likely the expectation from a girl to start to be home-maker. The society and loved ones look upon a lot of women generally as a home-maker instead of an online business belle. In fact , a career-oriented girl could possibly be facing harsh criticism at home and the procedure region for ‘sacrificing home for any job’.
And lastly, Christmas inside the Philippines is never finished without the Noche Buena (Christmas Eve Dinner). No friend desires to ignore this, ever, not merely as a consequence of wonderful feast on the table, and also considering that it would be mostly of the times the complete relatives could possibly be jointly of hospitality attire bench, sharing precisely the same food, sharing stories, sharing laughter.
To put it bluntly, a mail buy bride service is an online catalog with available men and women just who are seeking a caring partner for relationship. These are not dating websites or hookup apps. These are substantial platforms build by way of people who care about the sanctity of holy matrimony and true love.
Everyone should get affection and care and attention. This is the concept behind every mail purchase bride website (those that are worth mentioning). Based on psychiatrists and sociologists, the feeling generally known as love comes to all of us naturally. It is in our biology to wish to belong to your clan; usually, this unique feeling begins growing in number around 30-35 yrs . old for men and 20-30 years of age for females. There are exceptions obviously, but the general figure points to those age groups.
Any time we take such straightforward facts into account, we will quickly finish that mail order brides websites are actually fighting a showdown against loneliness. Isolation is the number one killer; the feeling of segregation and abandonment bring more lives per year than car dives. Think of these numbers. Roughly 1, 000 people under the grow old of 25 stop functioning on the roads day after day. People suffering from depression range from tens of thousands; these individuals often have nobody to show to. These single souls have no family, no friends, without any living partner. Just about every fifth of those 10, 000 people requires their life because they believe they are unlovable.
A email order brides service helps lonely most people find someone that will love and treasure them. Each system has a dedicated internet site. That website holds a large database from profiles. It is quite common to find a webpage with at least 100, 000 members registered – both men and women. That mail order web page caters to both men and women exactly who are searching for a partner. The ladies who are seeking to get a husband are described as mail order would-be brides.
A signed affirmation from a mental health expert.
The gentlemen who join the provider come from Europe in addition to the United States. The man are hand picked to be the best of the finest. They mostly originate from diverse households. A large number of hold college or University levels and range from 20 to 45 years of age. The same legal documents and procedures find the gentlemen.
Virtually anyone just who wishes to find real love is welcome to make use of for the email order brides company. If you are like different men, tired of your heart being trampled with each growing relationship, this system is your saving grace. Mail order young woman services try to offer a safe and secure place for people to chat, training video call, and swapping cultural information with potential partners. These conversations happen via the internet – there is no physical contact. This is especially handy for folks who are burdened just by countries where seeing is prohibited and also challenged by physical locations.
Once a person subscribes on a website, they are shown an extensive check. Each user ought to fill that check for the application to be approved. The check includes personal issues, background information just like country and asset, and an extensive subconscious survey. The reason for the ‘examination’ is for the web page algorithm to be able to demonstrate as many ladies whom match your standards as it is possible. In case you are unhappy with the suits you have been shown, you can actually manually add and remove details in the profile.
If you value, you can think of the service as a internet dating website. The product is very similar; that you are shown people who are tossed across the world, and you pick the ones that preferred suit you. It’s easy to see it to be a regular dating website. The major impact being is who hookups and an individual night stands are certainly not acceptable in -mail order bride ?nternet sites. Every single man and woman in the collection is there to find a spouse and start a family. An individual night stands are a sign of the accurate opposite.
Available are tools just like chat and video calls that help you meet and talk with foreign beauties via all over the world. According to investigation, no actual physical email is required for two people to fall in absolutely adore. What was once thought to be a chemical response has been completely disproven. Elements of chemical drawing card like pheromones and smells play a part on physical attraction however , to establish an community relationship all you have is communication.
Mail order brides services open numerous doors to happiness for many desperate most people. You see, not absolutely everyone can be as lucky locating love as they will need to. Country of beginnings and geographical area play a very important component in romantic associations. Sometimes people are produced in countries which usually prohibit dating. That will make it very difficult to travel out and satisfy new people. Footwear virtually impossible, sometimes. Other times most people live in remote spots such as a village, for instance. The capacity for marital life material is very limited in the remote countryside.
In extreme instances, people cannot have the funds for to go out and date. Dating can be extremely expensive especially at first phases. Caf?s and restaurants can cost you close to hundreds (thousands even) of dollars. Excursions can cost you even more. Certainly, these extravagant outings are not necessary, but sometimes they cannot always be avoided.
Dating and Online Dating – Enjoyably Ever After?
It’s unfortunate, but truth you’ve got various scam dating and online dating services on the internet. This appears to be especially true of Russian online world dating sites. Thanks to every single hoax sites, individuals who happen to be legitimate on a regular basis have challenges attracting all the types of men who are their customer subscribers making the effort to find. In case you understand to consider the indications, you can stop the scams and locate harmless Russian services.
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https://rusbrides.net Online dating services have become often the only way to get a Russian girl to meet up with your foreigner and beginning communication with him, for the reason that not so various girls in Russia speak out a better speech. Russian women consider these via the internet matchmaking agencies to build respectable and then a greater source to get their particular dream man. The agencies also ensure that most verifications will be carried out stringently to ensure nothing at all turns out to build pretend for everyone. Most online Russian matchmaking specialists give their support for a customer from the beginning until such time as end which implies commencing from seeing till marriage and it turns out to build vital specifically to get a man while he is usually a different sort of for him country and not know several things distinctive consequently several country. The online Russian matchmaking agencies present translators to guarantee this gets quicker to explain for the Russian woman if a good male is produced by another nation. Uniting countries can be described as practice that is certainly viewed through these online Russian matchmaking agencies when women from Russian and males from either USA and also Europe or India meet all the other.
It could be that the issues, though they seem insurmountable can be extremely easy to resolve. It could be that you will have done some thing has hurt your partner and have in no way had the capacity articulating the actual trouble, as humans you will see there’s trend to develop smoke a cigarette screens don’t we. Or maybe it’s simply to help you challenging to express noisally and at this time there will be not a way to imply this. This is where tenderness is needed most people look closely at what are the shape else says and you declare it time for those with appreciate and compassion. You express “I hear you saying” then say what ever they talked about to make sure you these individuals, that shows them you care you will be jamming if there is the idea wrong that masai have a way to specify you right. They declare “no it’s not actually the things I’m saying” and then these say what they genuinely mean. Once you find away what was actually meant then you definately declare again “I hear you will saying” then repeat what you may simply said. This is a quite effective us going for tenderness and keeps the move of communication open.
Russian Online Dating is undoubtedly one with what you’ll be able to trust and it is also heaped with fun and a lot fundamental; it gives positive reason optimum times. Most of the Russian gals register their profile and photograph to get the internet sites to obtain men online business countries, for the reason that is also attracted to internet dating them and reveal these individuals not just for in talk to all of them online, but visiting solely off their nation to Russia and meet them. Meeting them in person these decide whether want to ease off with them or otherwise not. Whenever they get connected on web sites enjoy this clear quite possibly considering reducing out of their own usa.
You must have gotten word of the idea of brochure shopping would-be brides. Who is a mail order lady? This is somebody who guides her profile by means of one particular partnership agencies to getting a partnership proposal. But you would state that this product is actually a marriage of arrangement or convenience. Where does the concept of accurately originate from? The cornerstone with the term is that this course handles sole overseas calls your marriage. So if you’re on the lookout designed for the partner coming from a special isolated country, this technique will be your most effective bet.
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Vanished are the days when expectant Russian mail brides were required to release their pictures in magazines truth be told there were various agencies who shown these catalogues to sole, interested men worldwide. Seeing that these women hardly contacted talk to your any men thinking about all of them or know them better before marriage, many these marriages ended. Some males who got a Russian teleshopping lady are not what exactly they posed increasingly being, abused the woman and also murdered them. This produced a several gals in Russia and Ukraine think that before publishing their intent to marry an overseas person where you can better life inside a greater nation.
Another really desirable element of Russian brides is normally heart values. For these a lot of women, at the heart with the things sits their loved ones. To deal with their security lies certainly not in a factor that is outwards nevertheless it really is with their family. This implies they can fully realize ways to benefits their husbands and kids. If you want for any fantastic home including a trusting environment, you’ll be able to certain all the Russian girls will be the most useful decision for you. They are indeed ones who fully understand methods to build a eating plan and weight loss state at most of the residence. Let alone Russian brides are supposed to come to be wonderful cooks, and as that they say, different ways to your man’s center can be via his stomach.
Well, from the outset, Russian women greatly outnumber men by approximately tens of millions of during Russia according to a few sources. That means, several beautiful, fun-loving Russian women are looking for appreciate in the usa where men are just not generally there to get the children. So it’s no surprise that Russian ladies would look elsewhere to meet eligible bachelors much like you.
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The Alabi Lab facilitates the development and translation of nanoparticle therapeutics by elucidating the underlying principles that dictate their macromolecular interactions and transport in complex biological environments. Two major themes are the development of a multiparametric characterization tool that enables functional analysis of the nanoparticle surface composition and the design of molecular/polymeric conjugates that can aid our understanding of intracellular trafficking pathways and facilitate intracellular transport from endocytic vesicles to the desired intracellular target location.
The Daniel Lab is primarily interested in understanding the roles of membrane lipids and protein-lipid interactions on biological function. Research within this area can be divided into two or more specific themes: (1) the study of host-pathogen interactions, and in particular, the virus infection process, and (2) the investigation or cell membrane organization and the identification of critical lipid-protein interactions necessary for biological function.
DeLisa Lab engineers the protein machinery of simple bacteria for solving complex problems in biology and medicine. They focus on the molecular machines of protein biosynthesis as both a target for understanding and reprogramming cellular function and as a toolbox for the creation of therapeutically and industrially relevant molecules.
The Paszek Lab engineers cellular glycans as an advanced approach to cellular engineering. A primary goal of the lab is to build the infrastructure - custom-tailored experimental tools and computational models - necessary to propel the early stages of biophysical inquiry in glycoscience. These tools are being applied to develop a fundamental understanding of the biophysical functions of glycans in cell-cell communication, cell motility, and tissue morphogenesis.
The Putnam Group, in collaboration with Prof. DeLisa, has engineered bacteria to create and stabilize new vaccines. The stabilizing technology based on bacterial outer membrane vesicles, or OMVs, and a protein called CLyA. Using this technology, the investigators have created a new vaccine candidates using proteins that normally poorly antigenic.
The Stroock Group studies mechanisms for manipulating liquids by plants and their applications. They are also investigating the fundamental properties of liquid water at negative pressure. In addition, Stroock's group is interested in understanding the biophysical processes that control vascular development and applications of these processes in tissue engineering.
Varner Lab studies metabolic and signal transduction pathways that are important in technology and human health, using experimental and computational tools. They focus on new technologies for the production of complex therapeutic proteins, pathways associated with trauma, and pathways involved with a variety of human cancers. They work with diverse partners from academics, industry, government, and clinical practice.
Archer Group's research is rooted in nanoscale materials, investigating how these materials behave at the fundamental level, as well as applying them to electrochemical energy storage (batteries). The materials studies most extensively are called Nanoscale Organic Hybrid Materials (NOHMs), which are created by attaching polymers to the surfaces of nanoparticles.
The Daniel group is interested in dynamics of liquid drops in contact with chemically-patterned solid surfaces. They are interested in understanding the fundamental interfacial behaviors of wetting, adhesion, and contact angle hysteresis on the transport of liquids on solid surfaces. Some applications include digital fluidic devices, bacteria micro-culture systems, and high resolution printing.
The Escobedo Research Group is at the forefront of contributors to novel methods for the simulation of both thermodynamic data (like free-energies and microstructure) and kinetic information (like transition mechanisms and rate constants) from molecular-level models of complex materials. Their current interests center on establishing structure-property relationships for polymeric and colloidal materials. The ultimate goal of generating such new fundamental knowledge is to improve the engineering of materials of desirable or "super" properties that originate in the creation of special types of structural order or the control of phase transitions.
Joo Group research focuses on the integration of molecular details into a macroscopic level in polymeric materials processing. Areas of current interest include the microstructural rheology and processing of complex fluids, the formation of nanostructures in nanofibers, and the occurrence of viscoelastic instabilities in polymer flows. Their research has laid the foundation for experimental and theoretical studies on advanced, scalable manufacturing processes based on the flow instability such as gas-assisted electrospinning and Taylor-Couette (T-C) reactors with axial flow. Incorporation of high loading of inorganic precursors into water-soluble polymers in gas-assisted electrospinning gave rise to cost-effective, facile production of metallic and ceramic nanofibers.
The Koch group studies the rheology and average transport processes in particle suspensions, porous media, and micro- and nano-structured materials. Some examples of studies focused on materials and their properties are: particle-filled polymeric materials, solvent-free nanoparticle fluids, aggregation processes in colloids and aerosols.
The Olbricht Group research involves the application of fluid mechanics and mass transfer to problems of biological, biomedical and industrial interest. The group focuses on fundamentals that are relevant to broad classes of problems and also on technology development for specific applications. A recent example is convection-enhanced drug delivery, which is a novel method of delivering therapeutics to the brain for a variety of disorders, including some primary brain tumors. They are also interested in the motion of blood cells in the microcirculation, which affects oxygen and nutrient transport to tissue.
The Steen Group has solved a Schrödinger-like equation for the behavior of drops on solid surfaces to reveal the 'walking instability' of liquid sessile drops among other motions. According to this instability, the energy stored in the liquid shape can be converted into the energy of liquid motion representing a heretofore unknown pathway of energy conversion of potentially vast significance. To the extent that droplets on solid surfaces are found throughout our world, understanding and organizing their behaviors can serve many purposes including appreciating how nature works, engineering superior manufacturing processes and solving pressing energy challenges.
The Escobedo Research Group is at the forefront of contributors to novel methods for simulation of both thermodynamic data (like free-energies and microstructure) and kinetic information (like transition mechanisms and rate constants) from molecular-level models of complex materials. Current interests center on establishing structure-property relationships for polymeric and colloidal materials. The ultimate goal of generating such new fundamental knowledge is to improve the engineering of materials of desirable or "super" properties that originate in the creation of special types of structural order or the control of phase transitions.
Joo Group focuses on the integration of continuum analysis with molecular details in polymeric materials processing. Areas of current interest include the microstructural rheology and processing of complex fluids, the formation of nanostructures in nanofibers, and the occurrence of viscoelastic instabilities in polymer flows. In particular, comprehensive mesoscale and simulation studies on the dynamics of confined assembly of block copolymer/nanoscale filler systems have led to ceramic and metallic nanofibers with tailored nanostructures such as ordered mesopores, which are being used in reaction studies in various catalyst and energy storage devices.
The Koch Group studies the rheology and average transport processes in particle suspensions, porous media, micro- and nano-structured materials. Some examples of where they have used simulation to carry out these studies include: particle-filled polymeric materials, solvent-free nanoparticle fluids, aggregation processes in colloids and aerosols, non-continuum gas flows and reactions, collective behavior of swimming micro-organisms, convective heat and mass transfer in particulate systems, two-way coupling in particle-laden turbulent gas flows, geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide, and geothermal energy extraction.
Varner Lab studies metabolic and signal transduction pathways that are important in technology and human health using experimental and computational tools. They focus on new technologies for the production of complex therapeutic proteins, pathways associated with trauma, and pathways involved with a variety of human cancers. They work with diverse partners from academics, industry, government, and clinical practice.
You Group research lies at the interface between chemical engineering and operations research. Focusing specifically on the development of advanced computational models, optimization algorithms, and systems analysis tools for practically important and fundamental problems in process engineering/ manufacturing, energy systems and sustainability. They seeks to provide a balance between theory, computation and real world applications through his synergistic research that includes both fundamentals and applications.
The Archer Group’s research is rooted in nanoscale materials. We investigate how these materials behave at the fundamental level, as well as apply them to electrochemical energy storage (batteries). The materials we study most extensively are called Nanoscale Organic Hybrid Materials (NOHMs), which are created by attaching polymers to the surfaces of nanoparticles. Depending on the specific polymer and nanoparticle core used, NOHMs can be made to behave like a runny gel, a wax, or anything in between. If an ionic polymer is used, the NOHMs can serve as an effective electrolyte for batteries.
The Engstrom Research Group seeks to understand the behavior of surfaces and interfaces as they relate to a broad spectrum of technologies: from the fabrication of modern microelectronic devices, to materials with applications in lightweight and flexible displays, to solar cells incorporating nanocrystals.
Escobedo's group research is centered on the development and application of simulation and modeling methods to elucidate the connection between microscopic structure and macroscopic properties of polymeric and colloidal materials. The ultimate goal of generating such new fundamental knowledge is to improve the engineering of materials of desirable or "super" properties that originate in the creation of special types of structural order or the control of phase transitions.
Research in the Hanrath Energy Lab (HELios) focuses on understanding processing–structure–property relationships of nanostructured materials. We strive to couple insights from fundamental studies to design and create novel materials that exhibit electronic and optical unprecedented in ordinary materials. Beyond the scientific quest for a deeper understanding of nanomaterial properties, our work is inspired by the broad technological potential these materials have to enable advances in next-generation energy technologies.
Research in the Joo Group focuses on the integration of molecular details into a macroscopic level in polymeric materials processing. Areas of current interest include the microstructural rheology and processing of complex fluids, the formation of nanostructures in nanofibers, and the occurrence of viscoelastic instabilities in polymer flows. Joo Group has laid the new foundation for experimental and theoretical studies on advanced, scalable manufacturing processes based on the flow instability such as gas-assisted electrospinning and Taylor-Couette (T-C) reactors with axial flow. Incorporation of high loading of inorganic precursors into water-soluble polymers in gas-assisted electrospinning gave rise to cost-effective, facile production of metallic and ceramic nanofibers.
The Koch group studies the rheology and average transport in particle suspensions, porous media, micro- and nano-structured materials. Some examples of studies focused on materials and their properties are: particle-filled polymeric materials, solvent-free nanoparticle fluids, and aggregation processes in colloids and aerosols.
Paul Steen is an expert in the stability of liquid/ gas interfaces, flows driven by capillary action, and fluid dynamics of planar flow spin casting. In particular, his group studies heat flow in planar-flow spin casting, a process by which molten metals are rapidly solidified into thin sheets; of importance in the manufacturing of new metallic glassy materials for application in ultra-efficient solid-state energy conversion devices.
The Stroock lab focuses on manipulating dynamics and chemical processes on micrometer scales. Current efforts in the lab related to materials are: (1) the study and application of mechanisms for manipulating liquids inspired by plants, (2) fundamental studies in the properties of liquid water at negative pressure, (3) studies of the biophysical processes that control vascular development and applications of these processes in tissue engineering, and (4) theoretical, numerical, and experimental studies of fluid mechanical processes on small scales for chemical process.
Archer Group focuses on electrokinetics, electodeposition, and transport analysis in electrolytes and at electrochemical interfaces; synthesis, materials physics, and electrochemical analysis of nanoscale organic-inorganic hybrid materials (NOHMs) for solid-state battery electrolytes.
Engstrom Group research focuses in three areas: controlling thing film nucleation in nanoscale electronics using techniques such as atomic layer deposition; organic thin film electronics using in situ real time X-ray synchrotron radiation; and modification and processing of inorganic nanocrystalline materials.
The Hanrath Group's research efforts focus on the fundamental study of optoelectronic properties of semiconductor nanocrystals. This work is inspired by the potential application of these materials in solar energy conversion and energy storage devices. The semiconductor nanocrystals used in this work provide a diverse set of building blocks whose electronic and optical properties differ from their bulk counterparts due to the spatial wavefunction confinement.
The Joo Group has laid a foundation for the utilization of water-based, gas-assisted electrospinning in the development of nanomaterials for energy storage devices. Their current research focuses on (1) Si-rich carbon nanofibers for Li-ion battery anodes, (2) Nanocomposite nanofibers for LIB separators, and (3) Metal oxide nanofibers for Li-air battery cathodes.
The Koch Group is known for contributions to rheology and average transport processes in particle suspensions, porous media, micro- and nano-structured materials, particle-filled polymeric materials and solvent-free nanoparticle fluids. The group studies geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide, geothermal energy extraction, and transport processes in batteries.
Paul Steen is an expert in the stability of liquid/gas interfaces, flows driven by capillary action, and fluid dynamics of planar flow spin casting. In particular, his group studies heat flow in planar-flow spin casting, a process by which molten metals are rapidly solidified into thin sheets. This process is important in the manufacturing of new metallic glassy materials for application in ultra-efficient solid-state energy conversion devices.
The Stroock Group focuses on manipulating dynamics and chemical processes on micrometer scales. Current efforts in the lab related to sustainable energy include the study and application of mechanisms for manipulating liquids inspired by plants and investigating the fundamental studies of the properties of liquid water at negative pressure.
Tester Lab focuses on three areas: (1) Energy/ Resource Related Problems, such as heat mining processes for geothermal energy extraction and gas hydrates for methane recovery; (2) Environmental, related to destruction of hazardous chemicals in supercritical water, aquifer contamination from migration of wastes, and carbon dioxide capture and sequestration; and (3) Applied Thermodynamics and Kinetics, as in chemical kinetics in supercritical fluids, molecular simulations of condensed matter, properties of aqueous organic and electrolyte mixtures at high temperatures and pressures, and rock-water interactions in hydrothermal environments.
You Group focuses on process, energy, and environmental systems engineering. Particular research interests lie in (1) Sustainable design and synthesis of energy systems, including biofuels processes, photovoltaics, carbon capture and separation, and shale gas, (2) Systems analysis, modeling and optimization for the water-energy nexus, (3) Sustainable manufacturing, sustainable operations (planning and scheduling) and control of advanced manufacturing systems, (4) Life cycle analysis and optimization of energy, environmental and economic systems, (5) Enterprise-wide supply chain and inventory optimization under uncertainty, and (6) Sustainability analysis of nanotechnology and advanced materials. | 2019-04-19T22:28:31Z | https://www.cheme.cornell.edu/cbe/research/research-groups |
All creditors of the Estate of Marvin Davis, late of Jackson County, deceased, are hereby notified to render in their demands to the undersigned according to law, and all persons indebted to said Estate are required to make immediate payment.
This 10th day of December, 2002.
All creditors of the estate of C.N. Stephens, late of Jackson County, Georgia, deceased, are hereby notified to render in their demands to the undersigned according to law, and all persons indebted to said estate are required to make immediate payment.
All creditors of the estate of Nellie Medlock Dodd, deceased, late of Jackson County, are hereby notified to render their demands to the undersigned according to law, and all persons indebted to said estate are required to make immediate payment to me.
This 26th day of December, 2002.
All that tract or parcel of land lying and being in the 1691 G.M.D., Jackson County, Georgia, designated as Tract No. 1 as shown on a plat of survey recorded in Plat Book 60, Page 62, Jackson County, Georgia Records, plat is incorporated herein.
Together with Grantors interest in and to Tract No. 6 as shown on plat and survey of W.T. Dunahoo and Associates, Surveyors, dated August 20, 2001, recorded in the Office of the Clerk of Superior Court of Jackson County, Georgia, in Plat Book 60, at Page 24.
Also conveyed herewith is a 2003 General Jaguar Series 32 x 64 manufactured home, Serial No. 32-2460, which is permanently attached to and made a part of the real property.
The debt secured by said Deed to Secure Debt and Note has been and is hereby declared due and payable in full because of nonpayment of principal and interest pursuant to the terms of said Deed to Secure Debt and Note. Notice has been given of intention to enforce provisions for collection of attorneys fees and foreclosure in accordance with legal requirements and the terms of the Deed to Secure Debt and Note. The indebtedness remaining in default, the sale will be made for the purpose of applying proceeds thereof to the payment of the indebtedness secured by the Deed to Secure Debt, accrued interest and expenses of the sale and other sums secured by the Deed to Secure Debt including attorneys fees, and the remainder if any shall be applied as provided by law.
To the best of the undersigneds knowledge and belief the property is in the possession of Dennis Montgomery and said property will be sold as the property of Dennis Montgomery subject to outstanding ad valorem taxes, and easements and restrictions of record, if any. The undersigned will execute a deed to the purchaser at said sale as provided in the Deed to Secure Debt.
Pursuant to a Power of Sale contained in a certain Security Deed executed by Warren J. Crane, hereinafter referred to as Grantor, with the singular including the plural, to Equity One, Inc., recorded in Deed Book 22-X, beginning at Page 694, of the deed records of the Clerk of the Superior Court of the aforesaid state and county, and by virtue of a default in the payment of the debt secured by said Security Deed, the undersigned Attorney-in-Fact for the aforesaid Grantor (which Attorney-in-Fact is the present holder of said Security Deed and note secured thereby) will sell before the door of the Courthouse in said county within the legal hours of sale, for cash, to the highest bidder on the first Tuesday in February, 2003, the property which, as of the time of the execution of said Security Deed, was described as set forth in the attached Exhibit A. Said sale will be made subject to the following items which may affect the title to said property: All restrictive covenants, easements and rights-of-way appearing of record, if any; all zoning ordinances; matters which would be disclosed by an accurate survey or by an inspection of the property; all outstanding and/or unpaid taxes which may be liens upon the property; all outstanding or unpaid bills and assessments for street improvements, curbing, garbage, water, sewage and public utilities which may be liens upon said property. To the best of the undersigneds knowledge and belief, the party in possession of the property is believed to be Warren J. Crane.
All that tract or parcel of land lying and being in the 245 District, G.M., Jackson County, Georgia, and designated as Tract 2 containing 0.01 acre, more or less, as shown by plat and survey of same of Gamble and Associates, Inc., Surveyors. Said plat being recorded in the Office of the Clerk of Superior Court of Jackson County, Georgia, in Plat Book 45, Page 119.
Pursuant to a Power of Sale contained in a certain Security Deed executed by Bettina Ginn and Philip Ginn, hereinafter referred to as Grantor, with the singular including the plural, to Eastern Savings Bank, FSB recorded in Deed Book 22-U, beginning at Page 44, of the deed records of the Clerk of the Superior Court of the aforesaid state and county, and by virtue of a default in the payment of the debt secured by said Security Deed, the undersigned Attorney-in-Fact for the aforesaid Grantor (which Attorney-in-Fact is the present holder of said Security Deed and note secured thereby) will sell before the door of the Courthouse in said county within the legal hours of sale, for cash, to the highest bidder on the first Tuesday in February, 2003, the property which, as of the time of the execution of said Security Deed, was described as set forth in the attached Exhibit A. Said sale will be made subject to the following items which may affect the title to said property: All restrictive covenants, easements and rights-of-way appearing of record, if any; all zoning ordinances; matters which would be disclosed by an accurate survey or by an inspection of the property; all outstanding and/or unpaid taxes which may be liens upon the property; all outstanding or unpaid bills and assessments for street improvements, curbing, garbage, water, sewage and public utilities which may be liens upon said property. To the best of the undersigneds knowledge and belief, the party in possession of the property is believed to be Bettina Ginn and Philip Ginn.
Beginning at an iron pin on the easterly side of U.S. Highway 441, 1725.7 feet southeasterly as measured along the easterly side of U.S. Highway 441 from the southeasterly corner of U.S. Highway 441 and Hoods Mill Road; thence north 78 degrees 58 minutes east 348.9 feet to an iron pin; thence running south 27 degrees 41 minutes east 324.2 feet to an iron pin; thence running north 81 degrees 18 minutes west 220.3 feet to an iron pin; thence running south 87 degrees 32 minutes west 173.5 feet to an iron pin; thence running north 27 degrees 41 minutes west 219.7 feet along U.S. Highway 441 to an iron pin and the point of beginning.
Beginning at an iron pin on the easterly side of U.S. Highway 441, 1406 feet southeasterly as measured along the easterly side of U.S. 441 from the southeastern corner of U.S. 441 and Hoods Mill Road; thence running north 46 degrees 07 minutes east 219.5 feet to an iron pin; thence running south 82 degrees 57 minutes east 365 feet to an iron pin; thence running north 61 degrees 51 minutes east 176.9 feet to an iron pin; thence running north 15 degrees 27 minutes west 99.3 feet to a branch; thence running along the meanderings of a branch 504 feet to the Southern Railroad right of way; thence running south 36 degrees 07 minutes east 112.6 feet to a point; thence running south 37 degrees 55 minutes east 169.7 feet to a point; thence running south 26 degrees 02 minutes east 680.1 feet to an iron pin; thence running south 70 degrees 25 minutes west 756.2 feet to a rock; thence running north 81 degrees 18 minutes west 79.4 feet to an iron pin; thence running north 27 degrees 41 minutes west 324.2 feet to an iron pin; thence running south 78 degrees 58 minutes west 348.9 feet to an iron pin; thence running north 27 degrees 41 minutes west 319.7 feet along U.S. 441 to an iron pin and the point of beginning.
All that tract or parcel of land lying and being in the 245th District, G.M., Jackson County, Georgia, containing 2.00 acres, more or less, as shown on plat and survey of Venable & Associates Surveyors, dated August 29, 1985, and being recorded in the Office of the Clerk of the Superior Court of Jackson County, Georgia, in Plat Book 23, Page 212. Said tract is bounded on the North by Peachtree Road, East and West by Bates, et al, and on the South by O.L. Wiseley. For a more detailed description to said tract reference is hereby made to said plat as recorded. Subject to existing easements and rights of ways for public roads and utilities now in use.
To the best knowledge and belief of the undersigned, the party (or parties) in possession of the subject property known as 596 Peachtree Road, Jefferson, GA 30549 is (are): Marcia Moon fka Marcia Thompson or tenant or tenants.
ALL THAT TRACT or parcel of land lying and being in Lot No. 4 and No. 5 of Survey for R.L. Sanders, City of Commerce, Georgia, Jackson County, Minish District on December 2, 1967, by James Edward Flanders, Registered Engineer and Surveyor and recorded in Jackson Superior Court, January 17, 1968, Plat Book No. 5, Page 183. Reference being made specifically to the above plat for better describing the property, the metes and bounds shown by said plat being incorporated herein by reference.
To the best knowledge and belief of the undersigned, the party (or parties) in possession of the subject property known as 146 Bennett Street, Commerce, GA 30529 is (are): Debra Anderson Johnson or tenant or tenants.
Begin at a point located at the intersection of the Northeast corner of Mountain Creek Drive (Having a 40 right-of-way) with the intersection of the Southwest corner of Georgia Highway 332, also known as Glenn Gee Road, (having an 80 right -of-way) and run along the Northern right-of-way of Mountain Creek Drive, North 80 degrees, 52 minutes, 31 seconds West, a distance of 76.07 feet to a point located along said right-of-way; thence run North 83 degrees, 28 minutes, 26 seconds West a distance of 98.06 feet to a point; thence run North 85 degrees, 46 minutes, 04 seconds West a distance of 45.72 feet to an iron pin set; thence, leaving said right-of-way, run North 02 degrees, 15 minutes 40 seconds West a distance of 132.50 feet to an iron pin set; thence run North 29 degrees, 33 minutes, 45 seconds East a distance of 180.00 feet to an iron pin set; thence run South 59 degrees, 59 minutes, 33 seconds East a distance of 275.80 feet to an iron pin set along the right-of-way of Georgia Highway 332; thence run along said right-of-way south 30 degrees, 00 minutes, 00 seconds West a distance of 105.55 feet to a point; thence continuing along said right-of-way, run South 30 degrees, 49 minutes, 57 seconds West a distance of 100.49 feet to a point, said point being the true point of beginning.
Said tract containing approximately 1.538 acres and more particularly shown on that certain survey for Sherman G. Williamson, by W. T. Dunahoo and Associates, Inc., W.T. Dunahoo, Georgia Registered Land Surveyor #1577, dated 8-9-96.
Said property is commonly known as 176 Glen Gee Road, Pendergrass, GA 30567.
Said property will be sold subject to the following items which may affect the title to said property: all zoning ordinances; matters which would be disclosed by an accurate survey or by an inspection of the property; any outstanding taxes, including but not limited to ad valorem taxes, which constitute liens upon said property; special assessments; all outstanding bills for public utilities which constitute liens upon said property; all restrictive covenants, easements, rights-of-way and any other matters of record superior to said Security Deed. To the best of the knowledge and belief of the undersigned, the party in possession of the property is Sherann G. Williamson or tenant(s).
All that tract or parcel of land lying and being in the 255th District, G.M., Jackson County, Georgia, and being that 0.9656 acres, more or less, as more particularly shown on a plat of survey prepared for Tommy M. Stephenson & Rhonda Stephenson by Timberland Management Services, Inc., Registered Surveyor, dated January 23, 1990, recorded at Plat Book 33, Page 130, in the Office of the Clerk of the Superior Court of Jackson County, Georgia and incorporated herein and made a part hereof by reference for a more detailed description.
Said property is commonly known as 162 Hillcrest Drive, Commerce, GA 30529.
Said property will be sold subject to the following items which may affect the title to said property: all zoning ordinances; matters which would be disclosed by an accurate survey or by an inspection of the property; any outstanding taxes, including but not limited to ad valorem taxes, which constitute liens upon said property; special assessments; all outstanding bills for public utilities which constitute liens upon said property; all restrictive covenants, easements, rights-of-way and any other matters of record superior to said Security Deed. To the best of the knowledge and belief of the undersigned, the party in possession of the property is Tommy Michael Stephenson or tenant(s).
All that tract or parcel in land lying and being in GMD 257, Jackson County, Georgia, being Lot 17, Phase II, Hidden Meadows Subdivision, which plat is recorded in Jackson County Plat Records at Plat Book 55, Page 246, and is incorporated herein by reference for a more complete description.
Said property is known as 331 Meadow Lark Way, Maysville, GA 30558, together with all fixtures and personal property attached to and constituting a part of said property, if any.
Said property will be sold as the property of Tracy Yurco, the property, to the best information, knowledge and belief of the undersigned, being presently in the possession of Tracy Yurco, and the proceeds of said sale will be applied to the payment of said indebtedness and all the expenses of said sale, including attorneys fees, all as provided in said Deed, and the balance, if any, will be distributed as provided by law.
Tract I: Beginning at a point in the center of Academy Church Road toward Academy Church, North 82 degrees 35 minutes west, 105 feet, to the point in the center of the county road, where this corners with other lands of C.F. Porter, thence North 13 degrees, 15 minutes East 418 feet to a stake, thence South 13 degrees, 15 minutes, West 418 feet to the beginning corner, containing 1.00 acres more or less.
Tract 2: Beginning at a point in the center of Academy Church Road, in the Southwest corner of this tract of land, where this tract corners with lands of C.F. Porter, thence North 13 degrees, 15 minutes East, 418 feet to a stake, thence South 82 degrees, 35 minutes East, 105 feet to a stake, thence South 13 degrees, 15 minutes West, 418 feet to a point in the center of said County Road, thence along the County Road, thence along the County Road towards Academy Church, North 82 degrees, 35 minutes West, 105 feet to the beginning corner, containing one acre more or less. Reference Plat Book 4, Page 252. Reference Deed Book 4U-37 and 4L-50.
To the best knowledge and belief of the undersigned, the party in possession of the property is Charles Hayes or a tenant or tenants and said property is more commonly known as 890 Holders Siding Road, Jefferson, GA 30549.
All that tract or parcel of land lying and being in GM District 455, Jackson County, Georgia being lot 72, Section Two, Rancho North Subdivision, as per plat for Charles E. Pinion and Charlie W. Pinion, as per plat recorded in Plat Book 33, Page 196, Jackson County, Georgia Records.
To the best knowledge and belief of the undersigned, the party in possession of the property is Evelyn Burns or a tenant or tenants and said property is more commonly known as 185 Ridgewood Drive, Pendergrass, GA 30567.
All that tract or parcel of land lying and being in the City of Commerce, Minish District, G.M. Jackson County, Georgia, and more fully described as follows: All of Lot No. Thirty-One (31) on Roosevelt Boulevard, in Hood Company Subdivision as per plat of Hood Orchard Company Subdivision recorded in Plat Book 2, Page 371, in the Office of the Clerk Superior Court, Jackson County, Georgia. This lot sold subject to Restrictive Covenants recorded in Deed Book 3-J, Pages 537-538, Office of Clerk of Superior Court of Jackson County, Georgia.
To the best knowledge and belief of the undersigned, the party in possession of the property is Donald Abbott or a tenant or tenants and said property is more commonly known as 339 Roosevelt Boulevard, Commerce, GA 30529.
All that tract or parcel of land, together with all improvements thereon, situate, lying and being in the 255th District, G.M., Jackson County, Georgia, containing 1.45 acres, more or less, and being more particularly described and delineated by plat of survey prepared for Robindra Lakhicharran and R. Michele Lakhicharran dated April 25, 1995, by Slate & Associates, Inc., certified by G. Brian Slate, GRLS No. 2629, recorded in Plat Book 45, Page 132, Jackson County, Georgia Records; which plat and the recording thereof are hereby incorporated herein by reference for a more detailed description of the property.
To the best knowledge and belief of the undersigned, the party in possession of the property is Robindra Lakhicharran and R. Lakhicharran or a tenant or tenants and said property is more commonly known as 204 B Wilson Road, Commerce, GA 30529.
All that tract or parcel of land lying and being in the 245 G.M.D., Jackson County, Georgia, and designated as Lot 10 as shown on plat and survey for Stonebrooke by Venable & Associates, Inc., Surveyors, dated March 1, 1996, recorded in the Office of the Clerk of Superior Court of Jackson County, Georgia Records, in Plat Book 46, Page 242. Subject to protective covenants for Stonebrooke Subdivision, Phase III, as recorded in Deed Book 16-N, at Pages 588-589, Jackson County, Georgia Records. For a more detailed description to said lot, reference is hereby made to said plat as recorded. Subject to all existing easements and rights of way for public roads and utilities now in use.
To the best knowledge and belief of the undersigned, the party in possession of the property is Stephen Crawford and Leann Crawford or a tenant or tenants and said property is more commonly known as 18 Marty Way, Jefferson, GA 30549.
Notice is given that Articles of Incorporation, which will incorporate C&S Custom Builders, Inc., will be delivered to the Secretary of State for filing in accordance with the Georgia Business Corporation Code. The initial registered office of the corporation will be located at 29 Doster Crest Road, Jefferson, Georgia 30549, and its initial registered agent at such address is Christopher L. Arnold.
All creditors of the estate of Tamaron Yvonne Cowart, deceased, late of Jackson County, Georgia, are hereby notified to render in their demands to the undersigned according to law, and all persons indebted to said estate are required to make immediate payment to me.
All creditors of the estate of Michael Lee Rainey, Sr., deceased, late of Jackson County, are hereby notified to render their demands to the undersigned according to law, and all persons indebted to said estate are required to make immediate payment to me.
This 3rd day of January, 2003.
Notice is given that Articles of Incorporation, which will incorporate Braselton Family Memorial Cemetery Foundation, Inc., will be delivered to the Secretary of State for filing in accordance with the Georgia Business Corporation Code. The initial registered office of the corporation will be located at 230 Pinecrest Lane, Braselton, Georgia 30517, and its initial registered agent at such address is Herbert B. Braselton, Sr.
Notice is given that Articles of Incorporation that will incorporate Baker Environmental Nursery, have been delivered to the Secretary of State for filing in accordance with the Georgia Business Corporation Code. The initial registered office of the corporation is located at 949 Marshall Clark Road, Hoschton, Georgia 30548, and its initial registered agent at such address is Douglas R. Baker.
Notice is given that Articles of Incorporation, which incorporates Ph Plumbing, Inc., have been delivered to the Secretary of State for filing, in accordance with the Georgia Business Corporation Code, the initial registered office of the corporation is located at 758 Lee Street, Jefferson, GA 30549, and its initial registered agent at such address is Michael W. Tuck.
All that tract or parcel of land lying and being in the City of Arcade, G.M.D. 245, Jackson County, Georgia, containing 1.68 acres, more or less, and designated as Lot 4 as shown on the plat of survey of Rock Forge Acres, Unit Four, by W. T. Dunahoo and Associates, Inc., Surveyors, dated December 21, 1987, recorded in the Office of the Clerk of Superior Court of Jackson County, Georgia, in Plat Book 28, Page 143, which said plat and the recording thereof are by reference hereto incorporated herein for a more complete description.
To the best knowledge and belief of the undersigned, the party in possession of the property is Rickie E. Beasley or a tenant or tenants and said property is more commonly known as 299 Rock Forge Lane, Jefferson, GA 30549.
All that tract or parcel of land situate, lying and being in the 255th District, G.M., Jackson County, Georgia, and being known and designated as Lot 4, Block E, Section 2 of Highland Estates as shown on a plat of survey entitled Survey for Donald Thomas, prepared by Paul & Evans Land Surveying, Inc., certified by Gregory J. Evans, Georgia Registered Surveyor No. 2541, dated February 25, 1998, and being of record in the Office of the Clerk of the Superior Court for Jackson County, Georgia in Plat Book 52, Page 144, which said plat and the recording thereof are by reference incorporated herein for a more complete and detailed description.
in possession of the property is Donald A. Thomas or a tenant or tenants and said property is more commonly known as 302 Highland Estates Drive, Commerce, GA 30529.
All that tract or parcel of land lying and being in the 255th District, G.M., Jackson County, Georgia, and being that 15.00 acres, more or less, designated as Tract 1 on a plat of survey prepared for Olin Dillard & George Dillard by Max Lewallen, Registered Surveyor, dated June 30, 2001, recorded in Plat Book 58, Page 204, in the Office of the Clerk of the Superior Court of Jackson County, Georgia and incorporated herein and made a part hereof by reference for a more detailed description.
To the best knowledge and belief of the undersigned, the party in possession of the property is M. Olin Dillard aka Michael Olin Dillard and George C. Dillard aka George Chandler Dillard or a tenant or tenants and said property is more commonly known as 1998 B Wilson Road, Commerce, GA 30529.
All that tract or parcel of land lying and being in the 245th GMD, Jackson County, Georgia, being Lot 9, Unit I of Ocajhee & Farnettes, Inc., as per plat recorded in Plat Book 6, Page 356, Jackson County Records, which plat is made a part hereof by reference, bounded on the south by P.J. Roberts, on the east by Lot 10, on the south by Jackson Way and on the west by Lot 8, together with the right of ingress and egress across Venture Lane as a private road. This is not a county road and will not be county maintained.
To the best knowledge and belief of the undersigned, the party in possession of the property is John Bryant, Stacia Davis, a.k.a. John D. Bryant, a.k.a. Stacia M. Bryant and a.k.a. Stacia M. Davis or a tenant or tenants and said property is more commonly known as 335 Jackson Way, Jefferson, GA 30549.
All that tract or parcel of land lying and being in GMD 245, Jackson County, Georgia, being designated as Tract No. 3, containing 10.0 acres, more or less, as shown on plat of survey prepared by W.T. Dunahoo and Associates, GRLS, dated April 10, 1999, recorded in Plat Book 53, Page 299, Jackson County, Georgia Records, which plat is hereby referred to and made a part of this description.
which has the property address of 3737 Jefferson River Road, Jefferson, GA, together with all fixtures and other personal property conveyed by said deed.
Said property will be sold as the property of William E. Mosley and Leonetti C. Mosley and the proceeds of said sale will be applied to the payment of said indebtedness, the expense of said sale, all as provided in said deed, and the undersigned will execute a deed to the purchaser as provided in the aforementioned Security Deed.
All that tract or parcel of land lying and being in GMD 257, Jackson County, Georgia, being Tract 2C (1.537 acres), on a survey from Alfred Borders of Lot 2 of the E.D Borders Estate, surveyed by David J. Baggett, R.L.S #274C, dated January 12, 1998, as recorded in Plat Book 53, Page 197, Jackson County Records.
which has the property address of 641 Rucker Road, Jefferson, GA, together with all fixtures and other personal property conveyed by said deed.
Said property will be sold as the property of Brenda Martin and the proceeds of said sale will be applied to the payment of said indebtedness, the expense of said sale, all as provided in said deed, and the undersigned will execute a deed to the purchaser as provided in the aforementioned Security Deed.
WHEREAS, nBank, N.A., has forwarded to K. Scott Llewallen the notice required by O.C.G.A. § 44-14-162.2.
ALL that tract or parcel of land lying and being in the 465th District, G.M., Banks County, Georgia and the 255th District, Jackson County, Georgia, being shown and designated as TRACT NO. 4, containing 14.12 acres, more or less, and having such areas, courses, directions, dimensions, distances, metes, shapes, and bounds as shown by plat made by Clelland A. Tyson, Surveyor, dated April 23, 1993, recorded in Plat Book 18, at Page 14, records of Banks County, Georgia and Plat Book 40, at Page 207, records of Jackson County, Georgia, to which reference is made and the description and record thereof incorporated herein as a part of this description by reference thereto.
Said property lies within the corporate limits of Maysville, Georgia.
This property is conveyed subject to any and all easements and rights of way of record.
1. No home less than 1500 square foot may be erected.
2. There shall be no modular homes or mobile homes on said property.
3. The no poultry or hog operations shall be erected or operated on said property.
The above described tract of land being a portion of the property conveyed to Tommy Watkins Construction Company, Inc. from Arthur Dean Sears and Virginia Sears Land in Warranty Deed dated July 17, 1992, recorded in Deed Book 73, at Page 121, Banks County Records and Deed Book 12-O, at Page 7, Jackson County Records.
Of the property conveyed, 0.91 acre lies in Banks County and 13.21 acres lies in Jackson County.
The proceeds of said sale will first be applied to the payment of the indebtedness to nBank, N.A., other charges, and the expenses of sale, as provided in the Deed to Secure Debt, and the balance, if any, shall be applied or distributed as required by law.
To the best of the knowledge of nBank, N.A., the property is in the possession of K. Scott Llewallen. The sale will be subject to outstanding and unpaid taxes, street improvements, easements and covenants appearing of record.
All that tract or parcel of land lying and being in the 245th GMD Jackson County, Georgia, as Tract #2 and Tract #1 on a plat prepared by W.T. Dunahoo, registered surveyor #1577 dated October 25, 1971, and entitled Survey for H.W. Brewer and recorded in the Office of the Clerk of the Superior Court Jackson County, Georgia Plat Book 7, Page 120, which said plat and the recording are hereby incorporated herein by reference for a more complete and detailed description.
The advertisement and foreclosure sale are allowed pursuant to an Order of the United States Bankruptcy Court in Case Number 02-20911, terminating the automatic stay.
To the best knowledge and belief of the undersigned, the party in possession of the property is Myrtle Brewer or, a tenant or tenants, and said property was or is commonly known as 24 Doster Rd, Jefferson, GA 30549.
All that tract or parcel of land lying and being in the 1765th District of Jackson County, Georgia, and being Lot 14, Block D, Phase/Section II of the Vineyards Subdivision, as according to plat thereof recorded in Plat Book 29, Page 144, Records of Jackson County, Georgia, which plat is by reference incorporated herein and made a part of this legal description.
The debt secured by said instrument having been declared due because of default in payment, this sale will be made for the purpose of paying said debts and all expenses of this sale, including attorneys fees, notice having been given. This property will be sold as the property of Phillip D. Patterson and is subject to any outstanding taxes, easements, and assessments appearing of record.
Jones, Morrison & Womack, P.C.
Beginning at an iron pin located on the southwesterly right-of-way line of Unity Church Circle, which pin is located 1.20 miles in an easterly direction from Unity Church Road; thence from said point of beginning along the southwesterly right-of-way line of Unity Church Circle as follows: South 60° 24 38 East 13.02 feet; South 56° 23 44 East 48.39 feet; South 38° 30 35 East 31.04 feet; South 26° 15 12 East 39.55 feet; South 20° 42 54 East 47.26 feet; South 20° 08 19 East 20.74 feet; thence leaving said right-of-way and running South 69° 51 41 West 115.17 feet to a point; thence North 26° 46 22 West 75.12 feet; thence South 63° 13 38 West 88.00 feet to a point; thence South 49° 59 30 West 70.00 feet to a point; thence South 26° 46 22 East 100.00 feet to a point; thence South 49° 59 30 West 487.65 feet to a point; thence South 80° 22 52 West 133.13 feet to a point; thence North 09° 37 08 West 100.00 feet to a point; thence North 80° 22 52 East 87.12 feet to a crimped top pin set; thence North 49° 59 30 East 608.43 feet to a crimped top pin set; thence North 53° 10 51 East 55.84 feet to a point on the centerline of a driveway; thence along the centerline of said driveway as follows: North 13° 05 58 East 17.92 feet to a point; North 03° 15 31 West 40.33 feet to a point; thence leaving said driveway and running North 30° 27 08 East 19.01 feet to a point; thence North 48° 13 18 East 28.28 feet to a point; thence North 48° 13 18 East 12.30 feet to a point on the southwesterly right-of-way line of Unity Church Circle, and being the Point of Beginning.
The debt secured by said Deed to Secure Debt is in default based, inter alia, on the failure to pay the installments when due pursuant to the terms of said Deed to Secure Debt and Note. Notice has been given of intention to enforce provisions for collection of attorneys fees and foreclosure in accordance with legal requirements and as specified in the Deed to Secure Debt and Note, but the indebtedness remains in default. The sale will be made for the purpose of applying proceeds thereof to the payment of the indebtedness of the Deed to Secure Debt, accrued interest, expenses of sale and other sums secured by the Deed to Secure Debt including attorneys fees, and the remainder of any shall be applied as provided by law.
The property will be sold as the property of Carol Stanley, subject to ad valorem taxes and any matters which might be disclosed by an accurate survey and inspection of the premises, any assessments, liens, easements, restrictions, covenants and matters of record superior to the Security Deed. The undersigned will execute a Deed to the purchaser as provided in the Deed to Secure Debt.
The Mayor and City Council of the City of Nicholson, Georgia, will hold a public hearing January 21, 2003, at 7:00 p.m. in the Nicholson City Hall. The purpose of the public hearing will be to discuss several ordinances: Minimum Standard Codes; Discharging Firearms, Air Guns, Etc.; Residential Development Regulations; Landfills and Junkyards; and Domestic Animals.
All citizens are urged to attend.
Sealed proposals for furnishing all labor, material, equipment and other things necessary for the following work will be received by the undersigned at the general office of the Department of Transportation, 2 Capitol Square, Atlanta, Georgia 30334, until 11:00 a.m., January 24, 2003, and publicly opened.
0.135 mile of construction of a bridge culvert and plant mix resurfacing on CR 248 (Harmony Church Road) beginning west of Pond Fort Creek and extending east of Pond Fort Creek.
1. HV-03-01 John Buchanon to request a variance for the City of Hoschton sign ordinance for multi-tenant business center on Hwy. 53.
1. RZ-02-62 Chad McDaniel to rezone property (10 acres) on Brock Road from A-2 to R-1 for the purpose of 10 single-family site-built home lots.
2. RZ-02-67 James Terrell Sears to rezone property (1 acre) on Hope Road from A-2 to B-1 for the purpose of an auto repair shop.
3. RZ-03-01 Wesley Irwin to rezone property (1.024 acres) on Jefferson Hwy. from A-2 to B-1 for the purpose of automobile service station and convenience store.
4. RZ-03-02 Jewell Parr to rezone property (6.28 acres) on Jefferson River Road from A-2 to M-H for the purpose of splitting property into four lots.
5. RZ-03-03 Select Brokers to rezone property (35 acres) on New Cut, Curt Roberts, and Davenport Roads from A-2 to R-1 for the purpose of 30 single-family site built homes.
6. RZ-03-04 Mark Everson to rezone property (5.053 acres) on Dry Pond Road from A-2 to I-1 for the purpose of three individual lots to occupy 10,000 sq. ft. bldg. on each lot.
7. RZ-03-05 Martha Jo Gibbs to rezone property (3 acres) on Mangum Lane from A-2 to B-1 for the purpose of an auto repair shop.
8. RZ-03-06 Jack Dunagan to rezone property (14.228 acres) on Savage Road from A-2 to A-R for the purpose of one single-family site built home on 9.228 acres and 5 acres to be sold.
9. RZ-03-07a, 7b, and 7C Tina McDaniel to rezone property (3.15, 10.00 and 10.00 acres) on Hwy. 124 from A-2 to R-1 for the purpose of 23 single-family site built home lots.
10. RZ-03-08 Bob Wollaston to rezone property (3.571 acres) on GA Hwy. 15 from A-2 to R-1 for the purpose of donating to the Jackson County Habitat for Humanity.
11. RZ-03-09 Marion R. Hardy to rezone property (1.17 acres) on Jackson Trail Road from A-2 to B-2 for the purpose of a cafe inside of the Marys BP store.
I. The name of the corporation to be dissolved is Braselton Improvement Co. (the Corporation).
II. The dissolution of the Corporation was authorized on September 20, 2002.
III. The dissolution of the Corporation was approved by the shareholders pursuant to O.C.G.A. § 14-2-1402.
The petition of James L. Brooks, for a years support from the estate of Saralene Brooks, deceased, for decedents surviving spouse, having been duly filed, all interested persons are hereby notified to show cause, if any they have, on or before February 3, 2003, at 10:00 a.m., why said petition should not be granted.
Julian David Fleniken has petitioned to be appointed Administrator of the estate of Joseph Gerard Fleniken, deceased, of said County. The petitioner has also applied for waiver of bond and/or grant of certain powers contained in O.C.G.A. §53-12-232. All interested parties are hereby notified to show cause why said petition should not be granted. All objections to the petition must be in writing, setting forth the grounds of any such objections, and must be filed with the court on or before February 3, 2003. If any objections are filed, a hearing will be scheduled at a later date. If no objections are filed, the petition may be granted without a hearing.
The undersigned hereby certifies that its business address is located at 1201 Peachtree Street, N.E., in the City of Atlanta, State of Georgia under the name: Harvest States, and that the type of business to be conducted is a fully integrated agricultural foods cooperative providing a wide variety of products and services ranging from grain marketing to food processing to meet the needs of consumers around the world and that said business is composed of the following corporation: Cenex Harvest States Cooperatives, 5500 Cenex Drive, Inver Grove Heights, MN 55077.
This affidavit is made in accordance with the Act of the Georgia Legislature approved August, 1929; amended March, 1939; and March, 1943.
Pursuant to Article III, §V, ¶IX of the Constitution of the State of Georgia of 1983 and O.C.G.A. §28-1-14, notice is given that there will be introduced at the regular 2003 session of the General Assembly of Georgia local legislation to create a new charter for the Town of Braselton; to provide for the incorporation of the Town of Braselton; to provide for the corporate limits; to provide for the corporate powers; to provide for a Mayor and Town Council; to provide for a Town Manager; to provide for elections; to provide for organization and personnel; to provide for fiscal administration; to provide for all or any matter relative to the foregoing; to repeal an Act to incorporate the Town of Braselton, as adopted on August 21, 1916; to repeal conflicting laws; and for other purposes. In accordance with O.C.G.A. §28-1-14 a copy of the proposed local bill is being provided to the respective governing authorities at the time this notice is being published.
This 13th day of January, 2003.
Notice is given that Articles of Amendment, which will change the name of Davidson, Hopkins & Booth, P.C. to Davidson, Hopkins & Alexander, P.C., have been delivered to the Secretary of State for filing in accordance with the Georgia Business Corporation Code. The registered office of the corporation is located at 106 Washington Street, Jefferson, Georgia 30549.
You are hereby notified that the above-styled action seeking legitimation of your minor child was filed against you in said court on October 30, 2002, and that by reason of an order for service of summons by publication entered by the Court on January 8, 2003, you are hereby commanded and required to file with the clerk of said court and serve upon Wanda B. David, petitioners attorney, whose address is 88 Washington Street, Jefferson, GA 30549, an answer to the Petition within sixty (60) days of the date of the order for service by publication.
Witness, the Honorable David Motes, Judge of said Court.
This the 8th day of January, 2003.
To: Benny Paul Crawford, Jr.
It appearing in the petition that your last known address was in Jackson County, Georgia, it is Ordered that unless within 30 days hereafter you file (1) a petition to legitimate your child, and (2) file notice of such filing with the Catoosa County Superior Court and the attorney for the Petitioners, that you will lose all rights to your child and will neither receive notice nor be entitled to object to the adoption of your child.
Notice is hereby given that the undersigned filed a petition in the Superior Court of Jackson County, Georgia, on January 8, 2003, to change the name of the petitioner from Connie Brown Jarvis to Connie Anita Brown. Notice is hereby given to any interested or affected party to appear in said Court and to file any objections to such name change within thirty (30) days of the date of the filing of said petition.
This 8th day of January, 2003.
Notice is given that Articles of Incorporation that will incorporate Jackson County River Ridge Homeowners Association, Inc., have been delivered to the Secretary of State for filing in accordance with the Georgia Non-Profit Corporation Code. The initial registered office of the corporation is located at 186 Streamside Drive, Pendergrass, Georgia 30567, and its initial registered agent at such address is Norman Peters.
Notice is given that Articles of Incorporation that will incorporate 4 Seasons Lawn Service, Inc., have been delivered to the Secretary of State for filing in accordance with the Georgia Business Corporation Code. The initial registered office of the corporation is located at 219 Summit Heights Drive, Nicholson, Georgia. The initial registered agent at that address is Dennis Alan Purvis.
Notice is given that Articles of Incorporation, which will incorporate Hunting Heritage Coalition, Inc., will be delivered to the Secretary of State for filing in accordance with the Georgia Nonprofit Corporation Code. The initial registered office of the corporation shall be located at 262 Shankle Heights, Commerce, Jackson County, Georgia 30529, and its initial registered agent shall be Hilton Purvis, 362 Shankle Heights, Commerce, Georgia 30529. | 2019-04-23T18:21:21Z | http://www.mainstreetnews.com/Arch/03/0115/LegalsJackson.html |
The implementation of HotelHub into our business represented a step-change in our ability to provide industry-leading hotel content to our customers, both online and offline. The single, aggregated platform was the launchpad for a measurable positive behavioural change within our consultant base. This change was driven by the ability to easily offer multiple, relevant hotel options to our customers at best in market prices through a single point of sale. This in turn has improved both the uptake of hotels across the customer base and consequentially driven additional revenue to the bottom line.
In addition, HotelHub's careful control of location and property data has enabled us to access a new level of data integrity around our hotel offering, and therefore provide a significantly improved reporting capability to our customers and is a foundation stone of our real-time data access. This new level of accuracy has allowed us to better leverage our hotel partners, ultimately bringing even better value to our customers.
HotelHub delivers value for TMCs by consolidating their GDS and non-GDS hotel content into a single platform. With over 1,400,000+ hotels accessible in HotelHub, TMCs can offer their customers a wide range of hotels with rates from multiple suppliers including major OTAs.
HotelHub allows travel management companies to grow their share of hotel volume strategically and more efficiently from a complex and fragmented supplier base. This yields higher returns for all as value is created for both customers and suppliers.
HotelHub provides accurate and comprehensive information first time, including corporate travel policy and negotiated hotel rates. This reduces operating costs through efficiency and ease of use of the system, eliminating most manual tasks involved with hotel bookings. Managing negotiated allotments, rates and various merchant models as well as a streamlined bill-back processes is made easy using HotelHub.
HotelHub provides better management information than any other system, both for travel management companies and for their clients. This helps deliver compliance with travel policies and reduction of hotel expenditure. Additionally, HotelHub provides booking activity and productivity measures to enable you to manage your resources in the most optimal manner.
With large number of hotels bookings bypassing the TMCs, a comprehensive hotel booking solution affords agencies an opportunity to grow the hotel business from existing customers.
HotelHub allows you to build a strong hotel service value proposition for your customers. It is designed to be seamlessly integrated with your end-to-end one-stop-shop proposition and helps you win, retain, and build customer relationships by driving a greater share of their hotel expenditure through your agency.
Growing and managing your hotel volumes in turn supports stronger supplier relationships, and HotelHub does not conflict in any way with your hotel or distribution channel commercial models. Rather, HotelHub enhances the proposition for your customers and suppliers – a win-win strategy. In addition to being able to control the point of sale display and promote preferred suppliers, HotelHub allows you to manage the channels used to book hotels and drive down costs.
TMCs continue to benefit from their GDS agreements with HotelHub as all bookings are created in the agency PNRs. For non-GDS content, TMCs retain 100% of all commission revenue.
HotelHub provides a seamlessly integrated platform, working with GDS systems, self-booking tools, content providers and back office systems, profile systems, itinerary systems, MI systems, invoicing systems and other applications that benefit from integration. The team at HotelHub is your technology partner, working flexibly with you, and understanding and delivering your technology needs now and in the future.
HotelHub provides a robust and secure up-to-date technology solution using a software-as-a-service model, with a clear development pathway to further improve the functionality and services delivered. Our connectivity to hotels supports the latest Open Travel Alliance (OTA) standards, as well as adapting to hotel content providers bespoke interfaces.
All HotelHub content, GDS and non-GDS, is delivered in an integrated display to assist agents in choosing hotel rates from all the alternatives available. HotelHub enables seamless bookings while guiding agents to preferred suppliers for the customer or agency and ensuring corporate travel policy compliance.
All forms of hotel guarantee and payment methods are supported including bill-back, virtual credit cards, credit agreements with hotels or with aggregators, prepaid and pay on departure.
All bookings created and processed are held in a unique HotelHub record or 'Super PNR' , irrespective of the supplier used for the booking. That record holds full details and history of the booking made and can be retrieved for future amendments, changes or audit.
The booking records can be sent to customers mid and back offices for accounting, commission collection and invoicing purposes. This transaction data can be sent as XML or delimited text files.
Desktop integrator is a component that is installed on the agent desktop and ensures seamless integration with HotelHub. Desktop integrator directs agents to use HotelHub for all your agency’s hotel bookings and facilitates this process by prep-populating HotelHub with trip details.
ProfileHub allows you to synchronise traveller profiles held in the GDS and HotelHub. It also gives you a central proprietary repository for traveller profiles which can be accessed using a web-based application.
BillBack Payment/Chargeback is supported through HotelHub. This provides an efficient method of paying hotels and improves the matching and reconciliation process.
Hotel Vouchers can be set-up and customized to your business needs. These are automated and localised in order to enhance the communication with hotels or travellers, and eliminates the need for the TMC to manually issue these vouchers again from the Mid or Back office system.
Looking for a best-in-class hotel booking platform?
HotelHub is a complete solution for booking hotels. Our technology company partners use HotelHub to enhance their hotel offering by integrating the HotelHub API in their platforms.
The HotelHub API or turn-key integrated web-based application gives you access to a sophisticated, yet simple to use hotel booking system.
HotelHub is also available through most popular industry self-booking tools. Please contact us for further details.
Through customisable GUIs or web services, HotelHub can expose all or any part of the hotel platform such as the profile engine, the booking engine or full or partial access to content through standard OTA interfaces – retrieve trip environment, profile details, single sign on etc.
There is a selection of building blocks you can choose from.
Hotel suppliers are linked into the HotelHub platform through various levels of connectivity, from utilising a web-based extranet to fully automated PMS or CRS and GDS systems. HotelHub captures the most detailed level of information for management information reporting, administration and financial purposes.
All HotelHub content, GDS and non-GDS, is delivered in an integrated display to assist users in choosing hotel rates from all the alternatives available and enabling seamless bookings while being guided based on their search and corporate travel policy requirements.
Through its current interfaces, HotelHub features over 1,400,000+ unique properties around the world. Each property has a unique HotelHub ID, and is geo-coded for the search and mapping stages that guide the booking process.
All forms of hotel guarantee methods are supported including bill-back and where necessary, HotelHub can also include a payment gateway for processing credit card charges for customers booking merchant rates.
All bookings created and processed are held in a unique HotelHub record or “super PNR”, irrespective of the channel used for the booking. That record holds full details and history of the booking made and can be retrieved for future amendments, changes or audit.
The booking records are sent to customers’ mid and back offices for accounting, commission collection and invoicing purposes in various ways, either through the GDS PNR or through specific or customised file formats.
Detailed record information is also provided for customer and supplier management information, commission collection and auditing purposes.
HotelHub has been developed in .NET and Web 2.0 technology and this allows for efficient integration with self booking tools, portals, travel agency front, mid and back-office systems. This creates a one-stop-shop booking system eliminating the need to outsource to specialist hotel booking agencies or leakage to Internet based hotel booking websites.
This entire HotelHub platform follows a software-as-a-service model and is hosted in a highly secured and robust technical architecture environment for reliability, scalability, business continuity, data privacy and confidentiality.
As a corporate user, you can use HotelHub as a stand-alone hotel booking tool with your travel management company providing support services. Alternatively, we can recommend TMCs or hotel booking agents that will facilitate the use of HotelHub for your organisation. We will work with you and your agency to ensure HotelHub is implemented in a seamless manner and helps all parties optimise the booking process – eliminating costs from inefficient and outdated processes.
Your travel management company can access HotelHub over the Internet as a stand-alone application or it can be integrated into an existing front-office application. The TMC retains complete control over your GDS hotel bookings as HotelHub automatically updates existing PNRs with hotel transactions or creates new PNRs as required. For mid or back office integration or for MI or feeds for commission collection, HotelHub provide automated feeds with rich transaction data.
HotelHub is also available through most popular industry self-booking tools. Please contact us for further details .
HotelHub is designed for corporate hotel bookings. The system provides an easy way for business travel agencies (and TMCs) and corporate travellers to book any hotel anywhere in the world at any time. HotelHub has access to hotels in the GDS and multiple non-GDS channels.
2+ years functional/business/system analysis or other relevant experience required. Experience working within a global environment and business travel industry preferred.
Established experience with moderate depth of knowledge.
Assists in the identification of potential solutions to business problems through the use of user interface, analytical skills, and business knowledge; represents a function, business or industry.
Performs tasks related to the design, implementation, support/maintenance, and enhancement of the client’s enterprise, vendor and in-house developed applications.
Coordinates the entire call resolution process from initial call to resolution for a supported business system application or service, resolving many of the call requests themselves.
Documents functional requirements, analyzes requirements in the context of software and processes, develops and executes test plans, assists with and documents business process improvement efforts, and works with production issues.
Completes content, process, and procedures for technical and functional system work that is low to medium in complexity.
Typically works with senior staff, but may coordinate smaller or less complex projects independently.
Gathers business requirements, business process flows in designing and preparing new systems/solutions.
Documents and analyzes functional requirements, identifies gaps and alternative approaches to meet requirements, and ensures all deliverables completed.
Defines modifications to existing systems in order to meet internal and external user requirements. Provides business knowledge to aid other team members.
Ensures proper documentation and business justification of all requests.
Develops a well defined, shared understanding of the project scope.
Records problem symptoms and status information in a timely fashion in an effort to communicate with and properly utilize senior staff.
Acts as primary focal point for all customer applications.
Supports call-initiated workflow through IT, logging all customer questions, requests, and problems and tracks the same through to resolution.
Outstanding analytical problem solving, analytical decision-making skills.
Ability to use multiple elicitation techniques, listens to business stakeholder and end users.
Demonstrates creative and innovative thinking by bringing new ideas and improvements forward.
Advanced Excel, PowerPoint, Word skills.
Self-starter with excellent time management skills and some flexibility when working in a global environment across all time zones.
Highly organized and able to handle multiple projects simultaneously, requiring little direct supervision.
Able to create SQL with minimal direction for data retrieval from relational database.
Proven ability to interface and communicate between the business and IT - understanding the business requirements and how to translate them into technical specifications.
5+ years functional/business/system analysis or other relevant experience required. Experience working within a global environment and business travel industry preferred.
Bachelor or Master degree in Science or Information Technology or Engineering domain from an accredited college or University.
8-10 years proven working experience in technical writing of software documentation.
Having experience in content writing for a business travel technology firm will be an added advantage.
Create tutorials to help end-users use a variety of application.
Familiar with Agile development processes.
2 years relevant experience in Data Mapping.
Good knowledge in SQL and Excel.
Successful completion of a full 4-year course of study in an accredited college or university leading to a bachelor's or higher degree; OR appropriate combination of education and experience. CISA or CISM certification (preferred).
Prior experience evaluating application vulnerabilities and recommending remediation.
Experience in various security tools such as MicroFocus, WebInspect and HP Fortify.
Requires understanding of compliance, risk management and internal IT control frameworks.
Experience working with audit, compliance, operational risk, regulatory, and/or control functions.
Conducts violation / vulnerability report review; coordinates IT risk mitigation.
4 years relevant established experience with good knowledge in Software development roles.
Solid coding experience in following technologies: C#, .NET, ASP.NET, MS SQL Server, MVC, WCF & XML.
Good knowledge and working experience in integrating third party REST Web API's with both JSON and XML output.
Should have experience in object oriented development and application architecture, IIS.
Responsible for software developement, code management, testing, and enhancements.
Participate in review meetings for - Requirements, Design and Code.
Design and update software database with documentation.
Investigating new technologies and analyzing specifications.
Involved in coding, database design and bug fixing.
Responsible for Unit Testing and reviews and also Integration testing with other Products.
Ability to work independently and handle multiple projects..
Familiar with Agile development processes along with SDLC..
6-8 years relevant established experience with good knowledge in Software development roles.
Document and demonstrate solutions by developing documentation, flowcharts, layouts, diagrams, charts, code comments and clear codes.
Update job knowledge by studying State-of-Art development tools, programming techniques and computing equipments, participating in educational opportunities, reading professional publications, maintaining personal networks and in professional organizations.
3+ years relevant experience in ITIL process.
Ability to handle sensitive matters with discretion and maintain confidentiality.
Ability to effectively host calls with customer.
Ability to handle multiple competing priorities, while maintaining attention to detail.
Strong working knowledge of Microsoft Office (Excel, PowerPoint, Word).
Record and classify received Incidents and undertake an immediate effort in order to restore a failed IT Service as quickly as possible.
Assign unresolved Incidents to appropriate Tier 2 Support Group.
Log all Incident/Service Request details, allocating categorization and prioritization codes.
Keep users informed about their Incidents’ status at agreed intervals.
Associate Incidents with other records (i.e. Incidents, Changes, Problems, Knowledge Articles, Known Errors, etc.).
Provide first-line investigation and diagnosis of all Incidents and Service Requests.
Verify resolution with users and resolve Incidents in ITSM tool.
Escalate Major Incidents to the Incident and/or Problem Manager.
Escalate Incidents at risk of breaching Service Level Agreement to the Incident Process Coordinator.
Owns all Incidents and Service Requests throughout the lifecycle.
Manage Incident Response efforts to assess the criticality of an incident, appropriate mitigation activities, communication across the organization, and ensure proper documentation is produced outlining the details of the incident.
Serve as focal point for larger information security incidents, including providing awareness.
Ensure that incident management is consistent across all parts of the business.
Proactively participate in the continuous review of event handling in order to highlight tooling or process control gaps.
Compile and validate statistical data for management reporting.
2+ years relevant established experience with moderate depth of knowledge in Software development roles.
Working Test knowledge into open source automation frameworks with a strong focus on BDD.
Must have: Knowledge of continuous integration tools, such as Jenkins, source code version control system such as GIT.
Develops, codes, tests, and debugs new software or enhancements to existing software.
Typically works with senior staff, but may coordinate smaller or less complex projects independently. Designs and implements basic technical solutions ensuring that business needs and requirements are met.
Performs basic system integration tasks. Provides estimation for assigned tasks.
Identifies functional and performance issues and make improvements.
4+ years of relevant work experience in development of mobile and web user interfaces.
Hands on experience with front-end frameworks like Bootstrap & Foundation.
Experience in wire framing, UI/UX design is a plus.
Should be able to take own initiative, learn new technologies, take responsibility of the whole application.
Understand User security and use right mechanisms to build secure pages.
Participate and lead design and code reviews and contribute to Dev/Ops Process.
Up-to-date with the latest UI trends, techniques and technologies.
HotelHub was founded in 2008 by a team with over 19 years experience in business travel technology innovation. In 1996 the team created HotelHub, which has evolved into a complete hotel booking application designed for Travel Management Companies and Corporate Travel Bookers with over 1,400,000+ hotels connected to it.
Our products and services help travel management companies improve their hotel product offering to their corporate customers without the risks associated with developing complex technology solutions in-house.
HotelHub allows you to book any hotel anywhere at any time. With over 1,400,000+ unique hotels, HotelHub has one of the world’s most comprehensive hotel databases.
HotelHub aggregates your GDS and non-GDS content into one system making it easy to compare rates from multiple sources and make all hotel bookings with great efficiency.
In addition to your GDS and non-GDS content, the HotelHub Extranet enables you to directly manage private rate contracts and room allocations. An integrated workflow assists agents in booking offline hotels seamlessly and as easily as booking online rates.
Finding the right hotel in the right location at the right price couldn’t be any easier with HotelHub. HotelHub features over 11 million destinations and a fully integrated map search makes finding the right hotel only a few clicks away.
In addition to advanced price range filter functionality, customers can filter results by chain, star rating, location or facilities.
HotelHub seamlessly integrates with the agent’s working environment. HotelHub can rea d the PNR in the agent’s GDS workspace and prepopulate the hotel booking with the traveller profile, travel dates and locations. This minimises repetition by the agent, ensures accuracy and delivers an efficient workflow by reducing the time an agent spends on booking hotels. For non-GDS hotel bookings, HotelHub provides substantial productivity benefits.
We will work with you to ensure HotelHub is implemented in a seamless manner and help all parties optimise the booking process – eliminating costs from inefficient and outdated processes.
HotelHub gives you visibility of rates across multiple distributors enabling you to obtain the best price available for a hotel.
Easy comparison of real-time rates with customer and agency negotiated contracts gives you data to optimise supplier relationships and ensure contractual efficiency. Our comprehensive data capture allows you to closely monitor and track commission income.
HotelHub helps you to gain complete control over automating travel policy implementation. It displays policy compliant hotels with individual preferences, as well highlighting preferred hotels and price caps by destination.
HotelHub can manage advanced pre-trip travel approval workflow to ensure policy adherence and helps you implement, optimise and monitor travel budgets efficiently. Additionally, HotelHub monitors supplier compliance in honouring customer negotiated contracts to ensure policy goals are met effectively.
HotelHub is cloud based system that means agents and travellers can book hotels from any system or device. Whether an agent books a hotel on the GDS or a traveller books via a mobile device or a self-booking tool, all transactions are easily accessible for support and reporting.
HotelHub offers a 99.9% uptime and eliminates IT and upgrade costs as no application needs to be preinstalled. Our SLAs offer a highly scalable and resilient platform with actively tested BCP and DR to ensure peace of mind for our customers.
HotelHub gives agencies access to their GDS and non-GDS hotels in a single application. By combining multiple suppliers’ rates in a single application and providing end-to-end booking workflow, HotelHub gives agents access to a wide range of hotels and rates. Booking non-GDS hotels using HotelHub is a simple process.
HotelHub is integrated with all GDS systems and has tools that enable seamless integration with the GDS terminal and the agent point-of-sale. The GDS integration enables HotelHub to book hotel segments in the Agency PNRs and this ensures agencies retain all their GDS incentives. Additionally, agencies retain 100% of any commission from non-GDS content suppliers. For HotelHub use we simply charge a transaction fee.
For hotels that cannot be booked online, HotelHub offers a complete workflow for managing offline bookings. Offline bookings can be processed by a frontline agent or queued to a specialist hotel desk if required.
To find out more about how HotelHub could benefit your agency, please request a demo below.
HotelHub self-booking tool allows travelling employees and support staff to book hotels directly. HotelHub provides access to over 1,400,000+ hotels around the World and to preferred hotels with negotiated rates. The system is immensely flexible and can be customised to suit each company’s requirements.
Companies with extensive global travel requirements can implement a single hotel booking tool and thereby standardise the procurement, booking and payment processes across the globe. Travellers who book online in HotelHub can contact their preferred agency for support should they wish to make changes to their hotel booking or cancel whilst travelling or directly access HotelHub from any device to make changes to their bookings.
The rich data capture in HotelHub gives customers detailed management information reports to support hotel RFP process and data to craft their corporate travel policy. HotelHub can be integrated with your intranet, expense management/HR system to provide transactional data. HotelHub supports multiple forms of payment including credit agreements with selected hotels, lodge cards, credit cards, single use virtual credit cards, bill-back or release time based guarantee.
To find out more about HotelHub, please request a demo below.
Open HotelHub Web Services is our interface to all hotel content in HotelHub. Open HotelHub (OHH) Web Services follows OTA (Opentravel.org) standards. OHH allows agencies, corporate and technology partners to integrate extensive hotel content into any application of their choice.
OHH is integrated with multiple self-booking tools, agent applications, mobile applications and smart devices.
All the capabilities described in the agent and self-booking tool solutions can be built using the Open HotelHub Web Service. To find out more about Open HotelHub, please request more details. | 2019-04-19T02:30:35Z | http://hotelhub.com/ |
"We and our fellow small business owners want to support this move in favor of worker fairness.... Over half of New York City's four million private sector employees depend on us for their jobs; please work with us to make sure we can stay around to provide them."
--Rebecca Fitting and Jessica Stockton Bagnulo, owners, Greenlight Bookstore, Brooklyn, N.Y., in a public letter in response to New York City's proposed paid vacation legislation.
The second full day of Winter Institute 2019 began with a lovely "Super Bowl halftime show" by the Bookshop Band and the amusing, astute Margaret Atwood in conversation with Erin Morgenstern (see story below). The program ended with the packed authors reception. Highlights of the day included Hanif Abdurraqib's keynote that touched on the power of reading, books and bookstores (see story below), a lively town hall and many informative panels. Although the Winter Institute ends this evening, our coverage of this great event continues next week!
To great applause, the Bookshop Band played three songs at yesterday morning's breakfast; they were introduced by Nic Bottomley, co-owner of Mr B's Emporium of Reading Delights, Bath, England, and president of the Booksellers Association of the U.K. and Ireland. He noted that the idea for the band--composed of Ben Please and Beth Porter--came up when he told Please he wanted to do something different for shop events, possibly something musical. In response, Please formed the band and said they'd write and play songs based on books. The duo has played several times during Winter Institute, but yesterday's performance was what Bottomley called "their Super Bowl halftime show." It included a crowd sing-along with the line, "Smog over London; looks jolly splendid, I've heard," from a song inspired by The Strange Affair of Spring Heeled Jack by Mark Hodder.
After yesterday's Town Hall meeting, the ABA's Diversity Committee asked everyone who self-identifies as diverse to gather on stage for a celebratory photo.
At Wednesday's Speed Dating session for the New Press, Ingram's chief content officer Phil Ollila filled in for sales director Sharon Swados, whose flights were canceled, and helped present New Press titles with publisher Ellen Adler. Word on the floor was that he was "a natural."
Nicole Sullivan of BookBar in Denver with Ruth Reichl, whose new memoir, Save Me the Plums, will be published by Random House in April.
BrocheAroe Fabian of River Dog Book Co. in Beaver Dam, Wis., Clarissa Murphy, MIT Bookstore, Boston; and Josh Christie, Print: A Bookstore in Portland, Maine, at the Author Reception.
We realize that the caption accompanying a photo we ran in yesterday's issue from Wednesday night's reception was insensitive. We apologize, and we've removed it from our website. We've learned from this and promise to do better in the future.
"I think this is very uplifting. We're all still in this room. There's still books, people are still reading them," said Margaret Atwood, author of The Handmaid's Tale, The Blind Assassin and much more, during the breakfast keynote on the second day of Winter Institute 14 in Albuquerque, N.Mex.
"Part of the uptick of books is that's one of the places people go when they feel under both political and psychological pressure," Atwood continued. "It is actually quite helpful to know that other people have been through similar things before, and have come out of them."
Atwood was in conversation with Erin Morgenstern, author of The Night Circus and the upcoming The Starless Sea, and during a wide-ranging, illuminating and often funny discussion, topics ranged from forthcoming novels to blurring genre lines, early book-signing experiences, and past and present reactions to The Handmaid's Tale.
On the subject of her new novel, The Testaments--the sequel to The Handmaid's Tale coming from Nan Talese/Doubleday on September 10--Atwood joked that her publisher would kill her if she said too much, but she did say that it is set 16 years after the events of the previous book and features three narrators. Beyond that, her publisher "would be very cross" with her.
When asked what led her to return to the world of The Handmaid's Tale more than 30 years later, Atwood replied that there have "always been a lot of questions asked" about the book, like what happens next and what happens to the main character after the end of the novel. She said that she never answered those questions, because she didn't know. Writing The Testaments, Atwood explained, was "an exploration of the answers" to those many questions.
Atwood recalled that following the publication of The Handmaid's Tale in 1985, there were a handful of major reactions. The English, "having done their religious civil war in the 17th century, said 'jolly good yarn.' " Canadians, meanwhile, "being nervous by nature," wondered if it could happen in Canada, which Atwood doubted. And in the United States there were two different reactions: one being, this will never happen here--"wrong," Atwood remarked--and the other being, how much time have we got?
She said that the 2016 election changed the way people viewed the book and especially the television show, which had started shooting in September 2016. She reported that when the show's cast and crew woke up on November 9, they all said to themselves, "We are now in a different show." Nothing changed in terms of what they were filming, Atwood added, "but the frame changed," as did the frame around the book.
While discussing their first book-signing experiences, Atwood said that hers was in 1969 in the men's sock and underwear department in a Hudson's Bay Company in Edmonton, Alberta. The signing was for her debut novel, The Edible Woman, and she reported that she "frightened a lot of men" who had come in to buy socks and underwear, and she sold a grand total of two copies. The only signing she ever had that was worse, she continued, was held in a bookstore in a suburban mall in Winnipeg on a Tuesday afternoon. "Nobody was in the mall and nobody was in the bookstore," and when someone finally approached her signing table it was just to ask where he could find the Scotch tape.
Atwood and Morgenstern also talked about the forthcoming graphic novel adaptation of The Handmaid's Tale, drawn by artist Renée Nault (Nan Talese, Mar). Atwood related that the graphic novel, which she described as "gorgeous," entered production about five years ago and has taken so long in part because of Nault's perfectionism and her desire to color every single frame by hand. "Finally it's here," said Atwood. "I'm not any longer writing little notes saying 'how can I help? Would you like me to hand-color some of those pages?' "
Atwood noted that interpretations and adaptations of The Handmaid's Tale have "proliferated in an odd kind of way" over the years. In addition to the graphic novel and television series, it's been an opera, a ballet, various plays written and performed by university students and a variety of parodies, like FunnyOrDie's Handmaid's Tale for Men. She's also built a collection of what she's dubbed "Handmaid's Artifacts," including something called "The Handsoap's Tale," which is a soap dispenser that features a picture of a red handmaid's dress and white bonnet; a photo of Melania Trump's bizarre red Christmas trees; and countless photos of pets in white veterinary collars made to look like handmaids.
Hanif Abdurraqib opened the Wednesday afternoon keynote by reading from his new book, Go Ahead in the Rain: Notes to A Tribe Called Quest (University of Texas Press), then said: "I thought it would be cool to read that passage to start out because it's a story that's mostly about a journey back that reading a book took me on. I read Friday Night Lights when I was like 19 and immediately wanted to go to Odessa, Tex., which is very odd, but I think all the time about what is reading if not a way to indulge our foolish passions."
Reading and music melded seamlessly in Abdurraqib's presentation. Noting that many people had asked him why he would write about A Tribe Called Quest, he said, "There are a lot of reasons that make sense or that sound good or that work well in an interview, but I think ultimately I'm fascinated by what sampling actually is in my head, or what sampling asks of both the listener and the creator."
He added that "if you are at least arrogant enough or ambitious enough, the work of a sample is to say that this once finished product could live a better life than the life it was given at first.... There's something really miraculous about that to me.... To say that atop the already spectacular there is another crescendo."
Abdurraqib is always thinking about parallels between sampling and reading. The idea of the sample "is to hear the world differently. When I read a book, I imagine that I am able to briefly borrow the eyes of a speaker and look up and see a different world. If we're lucky enough, we are reading books that are engaging us and we get to see the world differently each time or imagine a different place than the one we're in." The first time he read Their Eyes Were Watching God, he was "able to, for a moment, borrow the eyes of Zora Neale Hurston's speakers and see a different world."
Hanif Abdurraqib, flanked by Pete Mulvihill and Mary Goree of Green Apple Books, San Francisco.
Because he visits a lot of indie bookstores while traveling, Abdurraqib has noticed that booksellers gradually take on the identity of the store they're working in, "and the stores themselves begin to take on the identity of the communities they're in. So there's this really intense ripple effect that echoes out throughout a bookstore's life from the people to the brick and mortar shop to the community around it that I think in some ways is not unlike the art of sampling, where there are individual parts coming together, harmonizing the same way."
Growing up in Columbus, Ohio, he said the labyrinthian Book Loft, a "beautiful, vital piece of the community" where people can "literally get lost," was a formative influence: "For me as a teenager, that was so important. It was important to read my way out of this maze. Just pick up a book and be like, okay, now I'm reading this music biography, what's next? And go from room to room to room to room. In piecing together the little parts of all the books I consumed, I was, by the time I exited the Book Loft, able to imagine a different and better world than the one I had when I entered. And that too is a type of sampling."
Abdurraqib confessed he has "always had the desire to be someone who lived a life as a regular in some kind of indie bookstore like they do in the movies. But because of the fact that I've had people believe in my writing, I've gotten the opportunity to be a regular at many indie bookstores and that's been a real dream come true."
During the sound check before his keynote, Abdurraqib had noticed the wide gap between stage and audience in Kiva Auditorium, which inspired a change of plan. So just before taking questions, he suggested a crowd adjustment that, as he'd noted earlier in another context, might help this once-finished product live a better life than the life it was given at first.
Diana Athill, who was "one of book publishing's most remarkable editors, but in the latter part of her life it was her own writing that brought her much-enjoyed literary success," died January 23, the Guardian reported. She was 101. After the publication of Stet (2000), which described her long career at André Deutsch, "forgotten books were reprinted and new writing emerged," including the bestseller Somewhere Towards the End, winner of the 2008 Costa prize for biography. In 2009, four volumes of her memoirs were republished as Life Class.
Her books include Alive, Alive-Oh!; Other Things That Matter; Instead of a Book: Letters to a Friend; A Florence Diary; Yesterday Morning; and Make Believe. She was made OBE in 2009.
Athill wanted to be a librarian, but during World War II she joined the BBC's information department. A meeting with Hungarian émigré André Deutsch at a dinner party in 1943 changed her life. At the end of the war, she joined as an editor in his first publishing venture, Allan Wingate. Eventually she became founding director of his new company, André Deutsch, and remained there from 1952 until her retirement, at 75, in 1993.
In publishing, a career "where women were usually in the publicity department rather than the boardroom, [Athill] found her niche: in her gift for discovering new authors and for her dealings with them and their writing she would become known as 'the best editor in London,' " the Guardian wrote. Among her authors were Molly Keane, V.S. Naipaul, Mordecai Richler, Brian Moore and Jean Rhys.
Granta publisher Sigrid Rausing told the Bookseller that Athill "was a soldier for clarity and precision, a clever and competent young woman brought by a combination of forces to a heady mix of London publishing and post-war love affairs. It is tempting to see one as the counterpoint of the other--sexual passion vs editorial discipline. I think the combination strengthened her, certainly as a writer, and probably as an editor (and lover) too.
"She had, in any case, the rare ability to grow seemingly stronger, not weaker, with everything life brought her, transcending the prejudices of her day and learning from mistakes. And what a writer she was.... Diana was an institution at Granta. News of--yet another!--new book was always greeted with unanimous glee and joy in acquisitions meetings. We will miss her indomitable spirit."
In a tribute published by the Guardian, writer Damian Barr described Athill as "the clearest of voices, sharpest of wits and finest of friends. A cool pioneer for women in publishing and a passionate advocate for outsider voices.... Diana was reading and writing and laughing and loving until the very end. She was 101 but her real triumph was not living long, it was living gloriously. Her eyes are closed now but to see as clearly as she did we need only read her words."
The Little Bookshop, Midlothian, Va., shared a photo on Facebook of its sidewalk chalkboard sign, which read: "Complimentary Book Advice... Inquire Within."
What attracted you to bookselling?
I was an anxious kid, seemingly allergic to the outdoors and without cable, so I relied heavily on reading for entertainment and as a coping mechanism. Being around books makes sense to me. I also value being part of a larger community of book lovers, authors, and weirdos. Most of the weirdos are also booksellers.
What is the most pressing issue facing bookselling today?
As an independent bookseller, I'd say the constant flux of the industry is an ongoing challenge. Not to mention the popularity of certain major online retailers and wholesalers. That being said, I think we're holding our own rather well.
Elisa Gonzalez has been promoted to v-p, sales, North America, and will be responsible for the company's domestic and Canadian sales as well as special markets, museum and distribution sales, and the day-to-day operations of the New York-based sales teams. Since joining Abrams in 2008 as sales manager for children's books, she has held the positions of director of sales and, most recently, executive director of sales.
Mary Wowk, who had been v-p of sales at the company since 2007, assumes the newly created role of senior v-p, international sales, with responsibilities for sales in the U.K. and export markets including Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, and South America. She will work with Abrams's existing sales and marketing partners, Abrams and Chronicle Books, Thames and Hudson ANZ, Baker & Taylor Global Distribution Services, and Hachette's export team.
Jennifer Yim has been promoted to marketing and publicity coordinator, children's. Previously she was marketing and publicity assistant.
Madison Killen has been promoted to digital marketing manager, children's. Previously she was marketing manager, children's.
Jenna Homen has been promoted to digital marketing manager, adult. Previously she was content and community manager.
Julia Hass has joined the company as marketing and publicity assistant, adult. Previously she was a publicity assistant at Counterpoint Press.
Shawn Sarles has joined DK as a sales manager. Sarles previously worked as a sales analyst for Hachette.
Katie Schloss has joined DK as brand manager. Schloss previously held sales, marketing, and social media positions and licensed a jewelry line to A.JAFFE.
Civil War Places: Seeing the Conflict through the Eyes of Its Leading Historians, edited by Gary W. Gallagher and J. Matthew Gallman, photographs by Will Gallagher (University of North Carolina Press).
"In a competitive situation with several companies pursuing," Entertainment One acquired the TV rights to Jenny Lee's upcoming YA novel Anna K, a modern retelling of Leo Tolstoy's Anna Karenina. Deadline reported the story "follows a Korean-American 'it' girl caught between her picture-perfect, family-approved boyfriend and the guy who might just be her one true love, along with her high-flying cast of friends and family."
The book will be adapted as a TV series with Drew Comings' Creative Engine Entertainment and Scooter Braun's SB Projects. Lee, who is also a TV writer (BET's upcoming Boomerang series reboot), will write the adaptation.
"Jenny is an incredible writer and we love the re-telling of this classic story with a diverse cast of characters," said Braun. "We've also found great collaborators in Mark Gordon and his team at eOne. This is going to be a really special project."
The novel was acquired pre-emptively by Sarah Barley and Caroline Bleeke of Flatiron Books and will be published in 2020. Deadline noted the "big interest in the property was likely fueled at least in part by the success of Crazy Rich Asians which became a box-office and pop culture hit."
PEN America has announced finalists for the 2019 PEN America Literary Awards. See the many hopefuls here.
Juliet Lapidos is a senior editor at The Atlantic. Previously she was the op-ed editor of the Los Angeles Times, a staff editor on the opinion section of the New York Times and a culture editor at Slate. Her first novel, Talent (Little, Brown, January 22, 2019), is a wickedly caustic tale of a grad student in search of inspiration who stumbles on a literary treasure.
The Story of the Stone, Part III by Cao Xueqin, an 18th-century epic novel. I'm a rules-based reader and one of my rules is that I must always be in the middle of a series. I've read Dance to the Music of Time by Anthony Powell, The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins, The Sea of Fertility by Yukio Mishima and many others. I read one volume/installment per year, stretching out the process. Story of the Stone, also known as Dream of the Red Chamber, fits the bill. In my inexpert opinion, it's uneven, great in spots (especially the lurid and supernatural spots), dull in others (how much slice of life can a person handle?). But another one of my rules is that I must finish every book I start, so I have two more volumes to go after this one.
The Phantom Tollbooth by Norton Juster. I haven't read it for years, but I still remember many moments clearly--like when the Mathemagician serves the stew that stokes, rather than sates, Milo's appetite: The more he eats, the hungrier he gets.
A People's History of the United States by Howard Zinn. I feel as though I have read it, but I have not in fact read it.
Lucky Jim by Kingsley Amis, the funniest work of art ever produced in any medium. Trust me.
I've never done this, unless you count the time I gave away my beat-up copy of Catch-22 and replaced it with a nicer edition (with a nicer cover).
The Bible Code by Michael Drosnin. My parents were not into book-banning but I was rather embarrassed to be reading a book that purported to find a code in the Bible.
If I had not been reading The Dispossessed by Ursula K. Le Guin on the subway, I would not have missed my stop and would not have met my husband on the opposite track while waiting for the next train. In this way, The Dispossessed literally changed my life. Except it didn't because that didn't happen, but it's a nice story, and I do like The Dispossessed (or my memory of it; it's been a while).
"In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God." I have it on good authority that John was referring to Jesus, but--no matter--he captured beautifully the now what-else-is-new observation that language is essential to consciousness.
Close runner-up: "One day I got an urge to go and check up on the outside world myself. Nothing much to report." That's from Tom McCarthy's Remainder and, as Zadie Smith explains in her essay on the novel, it's a fantastically dry way to skewer traditional realist descriptive passages.
I won't part with any book, but the first five books on my bookshelf (arranged chronologically) are: The Epic of Gilgamesh, the Bible (King James translation), the Bible (New Jerusalem), The Iliad by Homer, The Odyssey by Homer.
Mating by Norman Rush brought me an enormous amount of pleasure--ditch plans with friends type of pleasure.
In the aftermath of the Nuremberg trials, most people want to move on from World War II stories. But British journalist Ian Graham, who lost his brother, Sebastian, in the war, has given up writing to spend his life hunting down Nazi criminals. Ian and his business partner, Tony, join forces with Ian's estranged Russian wife, Nina Markova, in a quest to track down Seb's murderer, a woman known as die Jägerin: the Huntress. Kate Quinn's gripping novel follows the trio as their story intersects with that of Jordan McBride, a young aspiring photographer in Boston, and her stepmother, Anneliese, whom Jordan suspects isn't telling the whole truth about her past.
Building on her success with The Alice Network, Quinn constructs three intertwining narratives: Ian's no-nonsense investigative work (which keeps getting inconveniently hijacked by his emotions); Jordan's hunger to follow her passion for photography and to figure out what Anneliese is hiding; and Nina's journey from her half-feral childhood on the banks of an isolated lake in Siberia to her career as a decorated Soviet pilot. Based on the real-life flying exploits of female aviators during the war, Nina's story is by far the most dramatic. Fiercely independent, mistrustful of others and completely in love with her plane, Rusalka, Nina becomes an opponent worthy of the titular huntress. Though Jordan is much more sheltered, she displays the same drive and tiger-like courage when it comes to photography and to protecting her young stepsister, Ruth. And Ian, though he tells himself this is just a job, is bent on justice for his brother--or is it revenge?
While readers may guess the huntress's identity long before Ian and his team can prove it, Quinn's narrative is full of suspense. Nina's daring bomb runs in bitterly cold conditions on the eastern front provide the most exciting scenes, but the gradual unfolding of Ian's wartime and postwar experiences quietly ratchets up the novel's tension. (His partner, Tony, provides much-needed wry comic relief and also forces Ian to consider his own motivations.) And though Jordan struggles with more mundane worries such as whether to marry her high school boyfriend or pursue a career, her keen observational eye and instincts pull her story forward. All the characters must decide how to move on despite the scars they carry, and whether to open themselves to the risks of friendship and love.
Shelf Talker: Kate Quinn's gripping novel follows a British journalist and his estranged wife on a quest to track down a Nazi murderer. | 2019-04-25T10:43:43Z | https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=3418 |
Pokémon: the Movie 2000 Trading Cards was a set of Pokémon-themed trading cards manufactured by Topps in 2000. There were 72 cards in total: 12 cards featuring scenes from Pikachu's Rescue Adventure, 59 cards featuring scenes from The Power of One, and a checklist. Each of these 72 cards also had two foil card versions (silver and rainbow). In addition, there were bonus "chase cards" not included on the checklist, including 10 movie scene "Animation Stick-on" cards, 6 Pokémon First Appearance Hologram Cards, and Authentic Film Frame Cards.
1 Togepi's On A Roll One sunny day Togepi spies some Ledyba flying through the summer sky and accidentally stumbles and rolls down the viridian hill. Pikachu and the gang wake up and quickly chase after the tumbling baby. Meanwhile, a lost Meowth is trudging through the dense forest when — BLAM! — Togepi shoots out of the brush and smacks Meowth in the head, spinning them both further down the hill.
2 Where Could It Lead? Before long, Togepi and Meowth fall into a gaping hole in the shady bowels of the forest. Pikachu, Squirtle, Bulbasaur, Marill and Venonat arrive at the mouth of the hole and shout into its murky darkness to locate the lost baby. Suddenly, Psyduck comes charging out of the forest, bumping into our heroes and sending them tumbling into the dark!
3 A Pokémon Wonderland! Down and down they foll, falling further into the unknown. Soon a bright light appears before our heroes' eyes and they emerge into a bright sunny sky. Their turbulent fall is cushioned as Pikachu and the gang are saved by a flying flock of Ledyba. The lovely ladybug-like Pokémon then take our bewildered heroes through a tour of a gorgeous subterranean wonderland!
5 A New Friend Squirtle gets ready to rumble, but Pikachu decides that violence isn't the answer and extends its hand towards the strange Pokémon. Sparks fly between the menacing Pokémon, named Elekid, and Pikachu as they smile and make friends. Pikachu relates that they are searching for their lost friend Togepi. Elekid tells our gang that it might know where Togepi is — and so, our heroes continue with their new guide.
6 Exeggcute Plus One After an exhausting tree climb our heroes are shown various nests filled with Exeggcute. In one particular nest, Pikachu finds a sleeping Togepi! Pikachu, Squirtle and Bulbasaur try to liberate Togepi from the possessive egg Pokémon but are foiled each time by the Exeggcute. They decide that to get Togepi back, they must go out and find the one missing Exeggcute.
7 The Underground Symphony Led by their new friend, our intrepid heroes make their way to an underground lake where a symphony of light and sound erupts around them! Three graceful Bellossom pop-up from the flower-strewn floor and begin dancing. Our heroes watch as a delightful show of music and merriment unfolds. When the show ends, our gang continues on their underground journey.
8 There's A Storm Brewing As they emerge above ground, our heroes bounce their way up the giant tree again only to encounter the nasty Meowth stuck on a branch! After wacky encounters with a Gyarados and a Snorlax the gang gathers together on a high branch in the tree. Just then, the sunny sky begins to darken, sinister clouds appear and the wind start howling, sending all of the Pokémon running for shelter.
9 Electric Battle Suddenly, a deadly storm erupts and the wind threatens to steal away the nests of Exeggcute! Our heroes hold on to the flailing nests for dear life until a new threat arises — lightning! Sizzling bolts of electricity spiral down from the dark skies threatening to devour the tree in their electrical fury. Pikachu and Elekid valiantly leap to the tallest branch and begin to fight off the oncoming lightning!
10 Could It Get Worse? The two electric Pokémon succeed in halting the deadly blasts of electricity, but a single bolt of lightning courses through the sky and sets the tree on fire! Marill and Squirtle put out the flames with their water guns but the danger is far from over. The wind picks up dramatically, and the Pokémon scramble to prevent the terrible gale from carrying off the nests.
11 Success, Sunlight & Evolution? With a healthy dose of teamwork our heroes successfully battle the fury of the storm. As the sun begins to smile down on the great tree, a Chansey makes its way towards our heroes. Out of its pouch it pulls the missing Exeggcute! Togepi rejoins its friends and the missing egg leaps towards its family. Everyone watches in awe, as the newly reunited Exeggcute evolve into Exeggutor!
12 Pikachu's Rescue Adventure With the sun to their backs and a smile on their faces, Pikachu and gang walk off into the distance. Pikachu's Rescue Adventure will truly be a time to remember. Our heroes begin their journey back to the top of the Earth, and wave a final farewell to their new friend Elekid and the rest of the Pokémon from the underground Pokémon wonderland.
13 Introductions Lawrence III speaks the ancient prophecy: Disturb not the harmony of Fire, Ice or Lightning lest these Titans wreak destruction upon the world in which they clash. Though water's great guardian shall arise to quell the fighting, alone its song will fail — thus the earth shall turn to dust. Into thine hands, bring together all three — their treasures combined tame the beast of the sea...now it begins.
14 Lawrence III In his air-ship, Lawrence III's computer tells him that the Titans of Fire, Ice and Lightning refer to specific Pokémon — Moltres, Articuno and Zapdos — that are found in the Orange Islands. Lawrence III sets a course for the Orange Islands, where he can capture all three Pokémon. He doesn't care about the prophecy — he only wants to capture the Titan of the Sea.
15 The Chess Game Lawrence III's computer relates that it has located Moltres, Articuno and Zapdos on the three islands surrounding Shamouti Island. Moltres is the closest, so Lawrence III makes plans to capture the giant fire Pokémon first, followed by Zapdos and Articuno. Once the three are captured, Lawrence III will capture a Pokémon never before seen by human eyes — Lugia!
16 1 Down, 3 To Go Planning his actions like a chess game, Lawrence III begins dropping ice bombs to flush Moltres out. Once the fire Pokémon has taken to the air, Lawrence III continues his attack, weakening Moltres with more ice bombs. Weakened, Moltres is no match for the energy rings that Lawrence III sends after it. Moltres, once a proud, majestic Pokémon, is captured and added to Lawrence III's collection.
17 A Day At Sea Unaware of Lawrence III's activities, Ash, Misty and Tracey continue their sea journey from island to island in the Orange Archipelago, as Ash pursues his dream of becoming a Pokémon Master. Crystal clear skies and dazzling blue waters surround the ship as they travel along. While Pikachu enjoys the boat ride from the bow, our heroes decide to let all of their Pokémon get some sun and fresh air!
18 Pokémon At Play Soon, all of our heroes' Pokémon are out frolicking and enjoying themselves, from Venonat and Scyther to Starmie, Lapras, Squirtle and even the silly Psyduck. In fact, our heroes are so busy relaxing and having fun they don't realize that Team Rocket has been following them all along in their submarine, still intent on capturing Pikachu!
19 Stormy Seas Without warning, storm clouds roll in, turning the once-calm ocean into a wave-filled nightmare! As the ship tosses on the waves, Ash, Misty and Tracey call their Pokémon back into their Poké Balls for safekeeping. On the bow, Pikachu's cheeks crackle with electricity — something is very wrong with this storm.
20 Magikarp Mayhem As our heroes find themselves being tossed by the stormy waters, they're accompanied by thousands of Magikarp — all headed toward Shamouti Island! The Magikarp aren't alone though — James, Jessie and Meowth, inside the Team Rocket submarine, are pulled toward the island as well! Thanks to the storm, our heroes, along with Team Rocket, find themselves shipwrecked but safe on Shamouti Island.
21 Back In Pallet... Meanwhile, in Pallet Town, Ash's mother and Professor Oak realize that something strange is happening. As the weather changes from summer skies to snow in an instant, they see thousands of Pokémon, from Pidgeotto to Diglett, all headed towards the sea. Professor Oak relates that Pokémon are more in tune with nature than humans. When something is wrong, Pokémon know it — and that something, somewhere, is terribly amiss.
22 Natives Back on Shamouti Island, our heroes disembark from their boat, only to find themselves surrounded by fearsome-looking natives wearing strange masks. Much to their relief, the natives turn out to be friendly — they're just normal folks wearing disguises for their annual island festival. Maren, the ship's Captain, knows one of the natives, Carol, who merrily welcomes the group to the island.
23 Prophecy Of The Future Carol introduces her sister, Melody, who is the Festival Maiden. As Maren introduces Ash, Misty and Tracey, the crowd gasps in awe. Tobias, a village elder, reveals a prophecy that speaks of a Pokémon Master who would come to vanquish the great titans. Before he can react, Tobias tells Ash to calm down — teasing tourists is all part of the festival tradition.
24 The Lovely Melody Hearing that Ash is a Pokémon Trainer, Melody gives him the traditional welcome kiss. As Ash blushes, Melody asks if Misty is his younger sister — to which Misty says no. Melody then assumes that Misty is Ash's girlfriend, which gets Misty even more upset! Melody tells Misty that she must borrow Ash for the festival, for the “chosen one deserves a real woman...not a little girl!” Misty is not happy.
25 The Performance Ash, Misty and Tracey are treated to a banquet at the festival, the highlight of which is Melody's performance on an ornamental flute — a traditional instrument of her village. While Ash and Tracey are mesmerized by Melody's music, Misty continues to gripe about Melody's earlier comments.
26 The Banquet After her performance, Melody continues the festival tradition by asking Ash to offer proof that he is indeed the chosen Pokémon Master by collecting treasures from the three islands surrounding Shamouti. Once done, Melody will play a flute song for the titans, and the festival will be complete. Amused by his intensity, Melody continues her joke — but to Ash, this is a grand adventure in the making!
27 A Challenge To Adventure Unable to resist a good adventure, Ash pledges that he'll complete Melody's challenge. Maren tells Ash that she's In as well, and the two plan to leave right away. Before Ash can say another word, Pikachu grabs Ash's hat and rushes off toward the boat, somehow knowing that there is more to this adventure than just a silly tradition. Ash and Maren follow and head out into the sea.
28 Going After Ash With a sudden storm raging offshore, Melody realizes that Ash could be in serious danger on the sea. Since she got Ash into this mess for tradition's sake, Melody tells Carol it's her responsibility to save him. Together with Misty and Tracey, Melody heads out into the storm to find Ash and Pikachu — not knowing that Team Rocket has stowed away on her boat!
29 Professor Oak's Findings Back in Pallet Town, Professor Oak learns that the massive global climatic changes are being caused by an unknown, powerful phenomenon from under the ocean's surface. The anomaly appears to be located near the Orange Islands, where Ash and his friends are. Just then, Professor Ivy calls and reports that all the Pokémon on the Orange Islands are behaving strangely.
30 The Tumultuous Waters While the skies clear, the waves continue to toss Maren's boat, threatening to smash it to pieces. Just as Maren tells Ash that the rudder is broken, a giant wave hurls the boat onshore...but where are they? Before anyone can get his or her bearings, Pikachu runs up a mountain, and Ash follows, telling Maren to stay with the boat.
31 Melody's Fancy Flying The stormy seas are almost too much for Melody's powerboat, and the boat spends as much time out of the water as it does in it. On one airborne trip, Team Rocket is thrown from the boat, only to land safely on the island. Shortly thereafter, the entire boat is tossed from the sea as if a toy, and lands on the island near Maren's boat.
32 The First Temple Pikachu guides Ash to the stone temple, where the first treasure lies. As Ash wonders whether or not the glowing red ball he sees is the treasure, Pikachu signals for him to take it, which he does. Just as the two turn to leave, Team Rocket appears, intent on capturing Pikachu once and for all! Just as they're about to make their move, Melody crashes the party — in her boat!
33 Enter Zapdos As our heroes and Team Rocket bicker, Zapdos appears, filling the air with lightning bolts! Rocks crystallize as the bolts hit them, making everyone run for cover. As Zapdos lands on top of the temple, Pikachu charges up, as if preparing to fight. Against Ash's pleas, Pikachu tries to shock Zapdos, but gets knocked backward by lightning instead.
34 Pikachu Versus A Titan While the others huddle in fear, Meowth explains that instead of fighting, Pikachu is talking to Zapdos through electricity. Zapdos tells Pikachu that this used to be Moltres' island, but since the Titan of Fire is now gone, Zapdos has taken the island as its own. As they talk, Zapdos ceases his attacks — little Pikachu has calmed the Titan of Lightning's anger!
35 2 Down, 1 To Go As Pikachu and Zapdos continue to talk, Zapdos' electricity is suddenly redirected skyward, into Lawrence III's air-ship. As Team Rocket and our heroes watch, Lawrence III sends out energy rings that capture Zapdos. Attracted by Pikachu and Meowth, the rings also capture Team Rocket, Ash, Misty, Tracey, Melody, and the two Pokémon! All are taken aboard the air-ship.
36 Inside The Air-Ship In the hold of his ship, Lawrence III greets our heroes and tells them of his plans to “collect” the three legendary birds. Looking over Lawrence III's collection of Pokémon articles and artifacts, Melody slowly realizes that Lawrence III's plans to collect the most powerful Pokémon in the world will make the ancient prophecy come true, and bring about the end of all life!
37 Natural Disasters Professor Oak explains to the world that an imbalance between the forces of Moltres, Articuno and Zapdos might possibly be responsible for generating the deap-sea current or “beast of the sea” that could ultimately flood the entire planet. Pokémon from around the world, sensing that something is wrong with the current, have been traveling to Shamouti Island, anxious to help put things right — if they can!
38 Articuno Attacks Realizing the danger Lawrence III's air-ship presents, the awakened Articuno attacks the ship with full force, blasting it with ice beams. Lawrence III answers in kind with firebombs, trying to weaken the powerful Pokémon enough so he can capture it and add it to his collection!
39 Releasing The Titans Inside the hold, Ash decides that they must set Moltres and Zapdos free. Our heroes, together with Team Rocket, release their Pokémon in an attempt to free the captives. As the combined might of Pokémon free Moltres and Zapdos, the two Pokémon engage in battle, but quickly turn their anger against the air-ship.
40 The Fall Of The Air-Ship Under the combined might of Moltres and Zapdos, Lawrence III's air-ship falls from the heavens and crash-lands on the Lightning Island temple. As it lands, building-sized pieces of the ship break off and tumble down the mountainside! Although it will never take to the skies again, something is still wrong — Moltres, Zapdos and Articuno continue to fight!
41 Run For It! As the air-ship crumbles, Ash and company try to escape, but quickly slip on its slick metallic surface and slide to a rough landing in the snow. In the wreckage, Ash finds a second glowing orb — the second treasure of the prophecy! As Zapdos, Moltres and Articuno continue their devastation, Ash and the others escape in their boat.
42 The Watersprout Pushed by waves of water from Articuno's and Moltres' battles, the boat falls over a cliff to almost certain doom. Just as it is about to crash, the boat is caught by a gigantic waterspout that carries our heroes away from the battle. As they travel, Melody hears music — the traditional song of her island. Finally, the waterspout drops them at the temple on Shamouti Island where Slowking is waiting.
43 Two Treasures Slowking tells Ash to place the two globes in their rightful places in the temple, so Ash, guided by Pikachu, puts the globes of Fire Island and Lightning Island where they belong. Unfortunately, Ash is one globe short — he doesn't have the treasure of the Ice Island. Therefore, Moltres, Zapdos and Articuno will continue to battle, just as the prophecy says.
44 Lugia Revealed As the three mighty Pokémon battle in the skies, Lugia, the Titan of the Sea, rises from the ocean depths in a waterspout, fulfilling the prophecy that it would return to try and save the Earth. Lugia's appearance attracts the attention of Lawrence III, who still seeks to add this rarest of Pokémon to his collection.
45 Battle In The Skies Sensing that it has come to try and put things right, Moltres, Zapdos and Articuno join forces to stop Lugia! Under the onslaught, Lugia falls, and our heroes fear the worst — until Melody's flute song revives the fallen Pokémon. In the meantime, Pokémon from around the world have gathered where the deep-sea current should be flowing, knowing the fate of the world depends on what comes next!
46 Ash Is Chosen! Its wounds healed, Lugia comes to the temple and tells Ash that he alone can prevent the prophecy from coming true — and that he must save the world! Ash must acquire the treasure of Ice Island, for once all three treasures are together and are harmonized with Melody's flute, the three Pokémon will end their battle, sparing the world from destruction.
47 A Decision Is Made Still a little scared about protecting all of humanity and saving the world, Ash's confidence is strengthened when Tracey, Misty, Pikachu and all of his Pokémon gather in a show of support. With the support of his friends and his trusty Pokémon, Ash knows he can succeed!
48 Off To Save The World To get to Ice Island, Ash is faced with a perilous journey across the frozen sea. While it looks frightening, Ash's ingenuity comes through again, and he creates a sled that a flying Charizard can pull across the ice! Together with Pikachu, Squirtle and Bulbasaur, Ash races towards Ice Island!
49 Was This Trip Really Necessary? Ash's good fortune is cut short when the three battling Pokémon take notice and decide to stop him. Moltres melts the sea ahead of Ash, and Articuno quickly refreezes it, forming an impenetrable barrier around Ice Island! How will Ash ever get the treasure now?
50 Team Rocket To The Rescue Just as Ash is about to give up hope, Team Rocket appears and offers him a ride to Ice Island in their hoverboat. If the world ends, they tell him, there will be nothing left to steal, so they want him to succeed as well! Together with their unlikely allies, Ash and Pikachu continue on toward the island and the treasure!
51 The Ice Temple After a harrowing trip, Team Rocket and Ash finally make it to Ice Island and the Ice Temple — only to go on another scary ride as they plummet downward through an icy tunnel to the treasure room!
52 Three Treasures Inside the treasure room, Ash works hard and finally pulls the ice treasure free. Realizing that the world depends on Ash returning the treasure to Shamouti Island, Jessie and James resist their urge to steal it, and tell Ash to hurry back to the boat so they can all escape!
53 A Narrow Escape As Ash and Team Rocket try to leave the treasure room, Articuno lands, leaving itself open to attacks from Moltres and Zapdos. Weakened, Articuno crashes down near our heroes. Narrowly avoiding the devastation, Pikachu finds an escape route for the heroes and they make a run for it!
54 Flight Across The Ice As they run down the mountainside, Lugia comes to Ash's and Team Rocket's rescue, offering them a ride across the field of ice back to Shamouti Island. Everyone jumps on board the giant Pokémon — Ash and Pikachu at its neck, and Team Rocket holding onto its leg. Lugia takes off on a frightening flight towards Shamouti Island!
55 Farewell Team Rocket... As Lugia flies, it barely avoids attacks from Articuno, Moltres and Zapdos. Realizing that their added weight is pulling Lugia down, Team Rocket lets go of Lugia so that Ash can get safely back to Shamouti Island and save the world. Thinking that this is the end, Jessie, James and Meowth fall toward the frozen sea, and luckily splash down in water through a hole in the ice!
56 Hello Pokémon! As Team Rocket surfaces, a spectacular sight greets them — all the Pokémon from around the world have gathered on the ice to try and save the planet! In the skies above, Lugia tells Ash that since humans and Pokémon share the planet, it isn't right for one to try and destroy the world of their neighbors. All beings on the planet must live together in peace.
57 The Capture Of Lugia Still selfishly wanting Lugia for his collection, Lawrence III tries to capture the majestic Pokémon in energy rings. As Lugia tries to fight off the rings, its blasts strike Zapdos, Articuno and Moltres, knocking them to the ground. Finally, Lugia is able to fight off Lawrence III and the rings, but the battle has weakened it tremendously, causing it to fall into the sea — with Ash hanging on for dear life!
58 Down Into The Depths Ash is able to break away from the rapidly sinking Lugia, but can only manage to float at the surface, with Pikachu next to him — he's exhausted! As Lugia sinks toward the bottom of the sea, its only thought is that it has failed. Lugia's final thought is echoed above the surface — in the absence of Lugia, the climate has once again gone wild!
59 Misty To Ash's Aid Seeing Ash in danger, Misty rushes to his aid! Fighting towering waves, she bravely swims to where Ash and Pikachu are floating, allowing Tracey to pull them all to shore with a rope. Once on shore, Ash refuses aid, and staggers to the temple with the third treasure as his friends look on, amazed at his inner strength and perseverance.
60 Three Treasures Complete As Ash places the third and final treasure in its place, the three orbs respond with an outburst of energy. As they continue to glow, the green, magical energy of life cascades from the combined treasures, activating the temple's ancient mechanism! Ash's part of the prophecy is complete!
61 The Flute As Ash and the others look on, Melody comes forward to fulfill her part of the prophecy — her flute song will tame the anger of the Titans, and allow the world to return to normal. All assembled listen as Melody's song echoes across the sea.
62 Prophecy Fulfilled As Melody plays her flute, the energy of life spreads across the island and the sea, slowly restoring all that it touches to its original state. Flowers blossom near the temple — in ground that was covered by snow only moments ago!
63 The Titans Awaken Zapdos, Articuno and Moltres awaken as Melody's melody reaches them; their desire to fight replaced with a sense of peace. As the life energy continues to spread, the three majestic Pokémon take flight, all gliding gently above the islands as the wind calms and the climate returns to normal.
64 Lugia Rises! Once again healed by Melody's mystical flute, Lugia rises triumphantly from the depths and soars peacefully to the sky with its siblings, Articuno, Moltres and Zapdos. As it circles the islands, Lugia lands gently near the temple to offer Ash a token of its thanks — a chance to once again ride the skies!
65 A Fanciful Flight With his best friend Pikachu on his shoulder, Ash climbs on Lugia's neck for a wonderful ride through the heavens above the islands. As he flies with Lugia, all the assembled Pokémon wave in gratitude. Truly, Ash is a special Pokémon Trainer!
66 The Beast Of The Sea The balance between Ice, Fire, Lightning and Water once again restored, the deep sea current is purged from the ocean's floor. Urged on by Melody's song and the fulfillment of the prophecy, the current is restored to its original peaceful state!
67 Peace Is Restored Back on Shamouti Island, the peaceful islanders listen happily as the news reports: “And as you can see from these live pictures, the severe weather that's caused havoc around the globe has finally ended. Oceanographers are reporting that there is no sign of the undersea current which...” The voice fades as they all step outside to look upon the clear blue skies.
68 Farewell Lugia Its mission complete, Lugia tells the assembled friends that “The beast of the sea has been tamed. The fate of the world could not have been in better hands.” Ash and Pikachu bid an emotional farewell to the mighty Pokémon that they came to know as a friend.
69 A Mother's Concern As Ash and Pikachu look out over the sea, Ash's mother reaches the temple and gently scolds Ash for being reckless, even though he saved the world. She tells him that she worries and misses him every day. He's a Pokémon trainer, and that's the way it is, but the next time, could he save the world closer to home?
71 We're Blasting Off Again Later, Team Rocket slowly makes its way up to the temple where Slowking resides. Realizing that they were hereos and played a role in saving the world, James, Jessie and Meowth conclude that the bad guys are now the...good guys? Could our favorite nasty villains have turned over a new leaf? Don't count on it!
These rare cards included a 35mm film frame from the movie. Different cards may contain different frames, but it is unknown whether a limited set of frames were used for all film frame cards or if every card perhaps used a random frame. | 2019-04-19T14:19:02Z | https://m.bulbapedia.bulbagarden.net/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_the_Movie_2000_Trading_Cards |
My Lords, with the leave of the House I will repeat a Statement made earlier today in the other place by my right honourable friend the Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government on the provisional local government finance settlement 2019.
“With permission, Mr Speaker, I wish to make a Statement on funding for local authorities in England next year.
Every day, these councils and the many hard-working, dedicated people who work for them do their communities proud, delivering the essential services on which we all depend and making a difference to every life they touch. It is a privilege to be working with and representing these communities. In doing so, I am determined to ensure that they get the resources and support to rise to new opportunities and challenges, to grow their economies and to ensure that there is opportunity for all, with no one left behind.
The draft local government finance settlement being published today is an important step towards this. Provisional local authority funding allocations will be subject to further review before final settlement, in line with my department’s usual processes. This provisional settlement confirms that core spending power is forecast to increase from £45.1 billion in 2018-19 to £46.4 billion in 2019-20—a cash increase of 2.8% and a real-terms increase in resources available to local authorities.
I am in no doubt about how challenging it has been for councils to drive efficiencies as they contributed to helping rebuild our economy and tackle the deficit we inherited from Labour. That is why I am delighted that the Budget committed around £1 billion of extra funding for local services, with a strong focus on supporting some of our most vulnerable groups. This includes £650 million for adults’ and children’s social care in 2019-20. Of this, £240 million will go towards easing winter pressures, with the flexibility to use the remainder —£410 million—for either adults’ or children’s services and, where necessary, to relieve demand on the NHS. This is on top of the £240 million announced in October to address winter pressures this year.
In addition, the Budget pledged an extra £84 million over the next five years to expand our children’s social care programmes to support more councils with high or rising numbers of children in care. This builds on the good work that my department is already doing through the troubled families programme to improve all services for families with complex problems.
The Budget also provided a very welcome boost for our high streets via a £1.5 billion package of support, including a business rates discount worth almost £900 million and a £675 million future high streets fund to help them adapt and thrive in changing times. In addition, there is a further £420 million to repair and improve our roads this year.
I know and recognise the pressures of social care. I have been working with the Health and Social Care Secretary to take this forward, and the Government will soon be publishing a Green Paper on the future of social care. This is a complex issue and we are working with local authorities, drawing on their front-line insight and intelligence to ensure that we get this right. We have taken this approach across the board, listening carefully to what councils of all shapes and sizes across the country are telling us, and responding.
I express thanks to my Ministers—especially the Minister for Local Government, my honourable friend the Member for Richmond—for all their work on this. As a result, I can confirm that I will increase the rural services delivery grant by £16 million in 2019-20 to maintain it at last year’s level. This recognises the extra cost of providing services in these communities. In addition, I am keen to provide continuity and stability, where this makes sense, by committing up to £20 million to maintain the new homes bonus baseline at 0.4% in 2019-20 to ensure that we continue to reward councils for delivering the homes we need.
There will also be no change to the council tax referendum limits set for local authorities in 2018-19, aside from further flexibility offered on the police precept level. Authorities will have the flexibility to increase their core council tax requirement by up to 3% and can draw, as needed, on the adult social care precept to meet demand for services. But local residents will continue to be protected and will be able to approve or veto any excessive rises in a referendum. Measures that I have agreed with the Home Secretary to allow police and crime commissioners to increase the police precept to £24 will also help them tackle the changing demands they face.
I am also conscious that so-called “negative RSG” remains an issue in certain areas. Having consulted on options for addressing this, I am pleased to announce that we intend directly to eliminate the £152.9 million of negative RSG in 2019-20, using foregone business rates. This will prevent any local authority being subject to a downward adjustment to its business rate tariffs and top-ups that could act as a disincentive for growth. We committed to finding a fair and affordable way of resolving this issue and I am confident that this approach delivers on that.
So we have been listening and acting on what we hear. Nowhere is this more true than when it comes to answering calls from councils, over many years, for more control over the money they raise. Our plans to increase business rates retention to 75% from 2020 does that and more, giving local authorities powerful incentives to grow their local economy.
Under the current scheme, councils estimate that they will receive around £2.4 billion in business rates growth in 2018-19—a significant revenue stream on top of the core settlement funding that I am unveiling today. It is therefore no wonder that councils are queuing up to get involved in the pilots that we have been running to test the new approach. I am delighted to announce that, in 2019-20, 15 new pilots will get under way in Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, East Sussex, Hertfordshire, Lancashire, Leicestershire, Norfolk, Northamptonshire, North and West Yorkshire, North of Tyne, Solent authorities, Somerset, Staffordshire and Stoke, West Sussex and Worcestershire. We will also be piloting 75% rates retention in London and continuing existing pilots in devolution deal areas.
I am also pleased to announce that every authority in England stands to reap the rewards of increased growth in business rates income, which has generated a surplus in the business rates levy account in 2018-19. We are proposing to distribute £180 million of levy surplus to all councils, based on need.
I am aware of a few authorities which continue to undertake significant borrowing for commercial purposes. I share the concern of CIPFA and others about the risks to which these local authorities are exposing themselves and local taxpayers. We are considering with HM Treasury what further interventions may be required.
We are also launching today two further consultations on reforms to the business rates retention system and on the new approach to distributing funding through the review of relative needs and resources. There is little doubt that the current funding formula needs fixing and replacing with a robust, straightforward approach where the link between local circumstances and resources allocated is clear. With these consultations, we are making important progress towards this and towards a stronger, more sustainable system of local government.
Mr Speaker, 2019 is shaping up to be a big moment for local government, drawing together our plans for a new approach to distributing funding and increased business rates retention, as well as the upcoming spending review. No one knows their local area like the councils that are at the heart of their communities. We are supporting them to harness that vast local knowledge and those networks not only to make the best of available resources and increase efficiency but to innovate and improve the way they deliver services.
We are working with local authorities and departments across government to gain a better understanding of how best to promote efficiency. Using this, we will develop a package of support to help councils become more efficient and get better service outcomes. We will launch a continuous improvement tool in spring 2019 and are championing authorities that put communities at the heart of service delivery. The smarter use of technology is clearly pivotal to this and has the potential to be genuinely transformative. That is why the digital declaration launched by my honourable friend the Minister for Local Government to share and spread best practice in this area is so important. It is backed by a £7.5 million local digital innovation fund. I am delighted to say that the first successful bids were announced last week to kick-start projects, led by councils, to promote service transformation.
There is so much excellent, inspiring work under way in our local communities, and it is right that we get behind it and have faith in the authorities which, day in, day out, always deliver. This settlement and the extra funding announced in the Budget reaffirm that faith, delivering a cash-terms increase of 2.8% and a real-terms increase in spending for local authorities in 2019-20; delivering extra support for the vulnerable, for quality public services, for our high streets and for local economic growth; and paving the way for a fairer, more self-sufficient, more resilient future for local government and a brighter future for the people and places it serves. As such, I commend this settlement to the House”.
My Lords, I first thank the noble Lord, Lord Bourne of Aberystwyth, for repeating the Statement given by his right honourable friend the Secretary of State in the other place earlier today. I draw the House’s attention to the fact that I am a vice-president of the Local Government Association.
This is our ninth year of austerity, and services in most areas of local government are at crisis point. We should be very grateful to all the people who work in local government, and I pay tribute to all they do—grappling to help people in crisis, and trying to deliver services while coping with unprecedented reductions in the finance available to them to deliver those services. I also pay tribute to local councillors of all political parties and none for the work they do delivering for their local communities. We thank them very much for that.
The underresourcing of local government has seen the sector lose 60p in every pound of central government funding. Those are not my figures but those of the Local Government Association. What puzzles me with this and with previous local funding settlements is that areas with the greatest deprivation and poverty, and consequently the greatest demand for services, have often seen the heaviest cuts. That is continuing with this settlement.
The Government’s approach, as we have heard from the Minister again here today, is to shift the burden on to council tax. As I said earlier, this is a regressive tax. I do not believe it is fit for purpose, and it is in desperate need of reform. Areas with the greatest need just do not have the ability to raise as much money as wealthier areas, and there is just no value in collecting the money from this most unfair and unsuitable tax. Can the Minister confirm how much of the 2.8% he has announced will actually be raised through council tax rather than from central government funding? Does he agree that this is a less than satisfactory situation, placing further burdens on residents when they can ill afford another tax rise? How will the Minister address this?
The Minister is well aware that councils deliver much more than the bare legal minimum, and any suggestion that they should deliver only statutory services is completely ludicrous. Perhaps he could help local government outline which services local authorities should stop providing, as has been suggested. Can the Minister confirm how much of what he has announced today was already announced in the Chancellor’s Budget? Could he highlight for the House what is actually new here?
On business rates, it is absolutely clear that the Minister and his department are presiding over the destruction of the high street. Nothing he said today is going to help us on that. The noble Lord, Lord Naseby, is not in his place, but I know that if he were here today he would be supportive on this, because he has said many times, as we know, that something has to be done about business rates. The Government have to address the issue; they are destroying the high street, and something must be done.
On adult social care, the Local Government Association says it needs £1.3 billion next year and £2 billion for children’s services, yet the Secretary of State has re-announced £650 million for both—not only that, but it may be shared with the NHS. Can the Minister clarify how this is going to be split between services for adults, children’s services and the NHS?
The Secretary of State says he is working with the Health and Social Care Secretary to publish a Green Paper on social care. Given the pressures that councils face and the real heartbreak and misery experienced by service users, can he tell us when this can be expected? The fact that social care is in crisis, and that the promised Green Paper has been delayed four times, is a matter of much concern. If I am right, the paper is now more than a year late.
On public health, we have seen this week that health inequalities are widening, with life expectancy going backwards in the poorest areas of our country after several million pounds of cuts to public health budgets and more cuts to come next year, all falling disproportionately on the poorest areas. Two years ago, on the steps of Downing Street, and again last night, the Prime Minister promised to build a country that works for everyone. But the reality is that food bank use has increased to the highest rate on record and child homelessness has increased to the highest levels in recent years, with 130,000 children in temporary accommodation this Christmas. The UN special rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights warned that local authorities have been gutted by a series of government policies. This is a very disappointing Statement from the noble Lord.
I would be delighted to hear a response from the Minister from the Dispatch Box, but I am conscious that I have asked a number of questions. I would therefore be happy to receive a response in writing.
My Lords, I remind the House of my interests as a vice-chair of the Local Government Association and a councillor in Kirklees. I thank the Minister for repeating the Statement on the local government settlement. I am not, however, able to thank him for its content.
“I am determined to ensure that they get the resources and support to rise to new opportunities and challenges … with no one left behind”.
“97% of total cuts in spending in areas like adult social care, child social care and housing have fallen on the poorest 20% of councils. This is despite those areas also having a higher number of people in need”.
Will the Minister explain, in the light of this research, how no one is being left behind?
There is universal agreement that there is a crisis in social care funding. The Local Government Association estimates a £3.5 billion gap in funding for adult social care by 2025. Just how this huge gap will be filled is yet to be decided, as the Green Paper on the funding of social care that was first promised in 2017 has yet to be published. Meanwhile, adults are not getting the care they need. What is particularly galling is the Government’s announcement of £650 million, given that the vast majority of it is destined to support NHS budgets.
The Statement makes no reference to one of the largest financial pressures on councils’ budgets: the national pressure on education, health and care plans and statements. From 2014, there has been a 45% rise in the number of young people requiring an EHC plan. As an example, in my own authority of Kirklees, in 2014 there were 1,900 EHC plans or statements. Based on current trends, this is expected to rise to 3,300 by 2022—a 70% increase—while funding for these young people will rise by an estimated 12%.
I welcome business-rate support for town-centre retailers, but I have to point out that this is a sticking-plaster approach when a more radical reform of business rates is desperately needed.
I also welcome the additional allocation of £420 million for pothole repairs. The national estimate of what is needed is £9.3 billion. However, what is really needed is a significant increase in capital funding, as a government-funded grant, so that councils cannot just fill and pack but use funding more effectively by completely resurfacing crumbling roads.
On council tax rises, we no longer hear government Ministers standing up for the “hard-pressed council tax payer”. The reason is clear: the Government have adopted a policy of pushing the costs of local spending on to the council tax payer. In the past three years this will have resulted in a 14% rise, which is obviously well above both inflation and average income rises. Council tax is regressive. It is not linked to ability to pay so the consequence of these successive, well-above-inflation rises is that those least able to pay are seeing a rapidly rising tax demand coupled with rapidly decreasing local services. Perhaps the Minister will be able to assure me that the Government recognise that this is the case and that they once again want to help the hard-pressed council tax payer.
My Lords, I thank the noble Lord, Lord Kennedy, and the noble Baroness, Lady Pinnock, for their contributions from the Front Benches. I shall deal with their contributions and, in so far as I miss anything or I am unable to answer, I will certainly write to them and place a copy in the Library.
I agree with the noble Lord, Lord Kennedy, about the challenging scenario—that is undoubtedly true—and I join him in the tribute that he paid to the local authority workers up and down the country. As he rightly said, they do a terrific job, as do the councils of all parties and no party. They are essential to the democracy and the system that we operate in the United Kingdom.
The noble Lord referred to deprivation. In the Statement that I repeated, I made the point that the surplus in the business rates levy account is going to councils based on need. It is a point worth making that it is explicit that it is based on need. We operate a system of equalisation and that is inherent to the system so, although it is a regressive system, a corrective mechanism applies, as I am sure noble Lords will in fairness note.
Both the noble Lord, Lord Kennedy, and the noble Baroness, Lady Pinnock, made notes about the importance of the council tax contribution, which I fully recognise and acknowledge, but they should recall that there is a referendum limit and that an excessive increase has to be put to the electorate. As far as I can recall, this has not happened recently but it is open to councils if they want to do so; the effect otherwise is to keep council tax levels down.
The noble Lord referred to statutory services. Local authorities provide them par excellence, but it is worth noting that they go beyond that. We all know from our own and local authorities up and down the country what a great job they do. He also referred to the need for help for the high street within the system. Again, I mentioned that a £1.5 billion package of support for the high street has been announced and is within the system. The noble Baroness acknowledged some of the help that is going there. I recognise that it is a challenge but it has been taken up by the Budget and within this Statement on the local government settlement for the next year. I appreciate that some of this has already been announced but it is a requirement that we do this so that councils up and down the country know expressly what they have got to finance services for the next year.
Both the noble Lord, Lord Kennedy, and the noble Baroness, Lady Pinnock, referred to the existing social care and NHS challenge and the £650 million that has been committed for the next year. It is a significant sum and, yes, some of it will go to the health service. The reason for that is that it is far more expensive to supply an NHS bed than a place in a social care residence. Therefore, it is desirable that we do that. That is why it is important that our social care review is not just about the financing but the modelling. It is important that we can see the interaction between the two. We all clearly understand it and it is not necessarily easy to deal with, but that is something with which we must grapple.
Although this point was not made expressly by either noble Lords, your Lordships should be aware that the business rate retention applies throughout London and thus in the noble Lord’s area. We have pilot schemes running at 75%, and in Kirklees—North and West Yorkshire has a pilot scheme operating as well. In North and West Yorkshire, if the pilot pool achieves the same level of growth in 2019-20 as happened last year, the area could expect to see an additional £83.2 million compared with the baseline funding level, of which £26.4 million would be as a result of the 75% pilot. It is worth acknowledging these additional factors.
Yes, there are challenges and there are areas where we wish we could do more, road repairs being one, but that is not a problem which has suddenly arisen. Successive Governments have struggled to keep up with the costs. However, in the round, this is a good settlement. It is a real-terms increase across the board, not just a cash increase, and there is much good news in the Statement.
My Lords, I declare my interests as set out in the register: I am the leader of South Holland District Council and chairman of the Local Government Association. I am sure that my noble friend the Minister is probably not keen on me standing up to speak, but for once I will say that this is a good settlement. I have been dealing with these settlements for eight years, and this is the first time that most of our members are complaining that the size of the increase is not enough. In the previous seven years, they all moaned about the size of the cuts. It would be churlish not to acknowledge that at least this is the start of a move in the right direction. The Government should be commended for recognising that we are at the bottom of where we can be.
It is not inefficiencies that are driving additional costs in local government, it is the extra demands being made on services. Some 1,000 extra children a day are being looked at, and there are 5,000 requests for adult social services a day. These are huge costs. However, if we do not get the social services stuff right, all of those costs then fall on the health service. The Minister has already acknowledged that a social services bed is much cheaper than a national health bed. So it makes sense from the taxpayer’s point of view to ensure that we invest as much as possible in preventive social care, rather than in acute care to fix whatever has been broken. It might be a good idea if someone figured out how much of the extra £20 billion that the health service is getting would be better directed towards adult social care, in order to prevent the health service having to take that on. Both Secretaries of State appear to be looking at this.
Will the Minister agree to go back to the department and get his colleagues to lobby every other spending department that gives small sums of money to local government? Let us not let those departments think that they can freeze those sums, and make sure that they are increased at least in line with inflation, because that will put additional funding into the hands of local government.
My Lords, I thank my noble friend and he is right to say that on occasion, my heart is in my mouth when he gets up to speak, but I always recognise the fairness with which he addresses the issues. I also understand that he speaks from the front line. I recognise, as we all do, the pressures that are on local government. As I say, we really commend the work being done by councillors up and down the country. I think he is being fair when he says that this is a good settlement. I also think he is being fair when he says that we have had some challenges in the past. Perhaps this has to be set against the background of what will be a significant year, because of the business rate retention scheme coming on line, fair funding being looked at and the spending review—outside of what the Chancellor has said is the end of austerity. Given that, we should expect things to ease.
It would be absolutely right to accede to the request of the noble Lord. It is beyond my pay grade to speak to Secretaries of State on an equal basis, but I will certainly pass on to my right honourable friend the Secretary of State his view that other spending departments should be encouraged to look at what they can do because of the demands being made on local government.
The noble Lord, Lord Porter, said that the challenges are due to increased demand rather than inefficiencies. I accept that, which is why the digital declaration in the Statement is particularly important, as is the announced £7.5 million local digital innovation fund, which provides transformation funding for the town planning system in Southwark—the area of birth of the noble Lord, Lord Kennedy. Other similar announcements were made in Birmingham, to look at the way in which Amazon’s Alexa or Apple’s Siri can help with the delivery of some services. We have to think outside the box in innovative ways to make the most of digital services. That point was made in relation to the earlier Statement on police funding.
My Lords, despite the Minister’s warm words, is it not the case that by 2020, there will have been a reduction in core funding for local authorities of some £16 billion over the previous decade? Is it not the case that local authorities currently house 79,000 people in temporary accommodation, including 120,000—perhaps even 130,000—children, that they deal with almost 5,000 social requests every day and that 8,000 are being affected by the withdrawal or closure of care homes? Is this not austerity writ large? How would the Minister describe the life chances of young people caught up in this?
My Lords, the noble Lord paints a gloomy picture that does not take account of the current year which, as I said, is a good settlement. I am sure that the noble Lord would acknowledge that. I spoke about the tough decisions and challenges of the past decade, which have coincided almost entirely with the period of austerity that followed the deficit we inherited. We can debate who was responsible for that, but in fairness the noble Lord must acknowledge that massive challenges had to be faced. At last we are coming out of that.
I know that there are housing challenges; in the department, we are seeking to meet them with some imaginative proposals on affordable and social housing, certainly in relation to rough sleeping. Social care is a challenge, which is why we committed the £650 million referenced in the Statement. I recognise that we have to do more for the life chances of people up and down the country who deserve a good start in life. That is why local authorities are to be commended on their massive job throughout what has been a difficult period. However, the period has come to an end and we are coming out of it with today’s Statement.
“significant amount of borrowing for commercial purposes”.
“CIPFA and others about the risks that these local authorities are exposing themselves and local taxpayers to”.
Could the Minister write to me, telling me which authorities those are? Could he also tell me what further interventions might be considered? I should declare my interest as a vice-president of the Local Government Association.
My Lords, I thank the noble Lord for that valuable point. I asked questions about that when I saw the draft Statement. First, I should reassure noble Lords that I do not think that there is any cause for concern at this stage. As I understand it, there are proposals on behalf of some local authorities and one can understand that, where this involves borrowing, it might cause concern because it would be unfair to place this on local authorities and council tax payers if it were to turn south. As the noble Lord—quite understandably—requested more clarification, I will write to him and place a copy in the Library.
My Lords, I declare my shareholdings as in the register. As it happens, they are in both retail and digital. I also welcome the overall settlement and the real-terms cash increase of 2.8% announced by my noble friend, particularly at a time of growing demands and a growing population. But, to be blunt, I am not happy with the Budget settlement on business rates and on high streets—and I suspect that my noble friend might share some of my concerns. Large companies such as Debenhams at the heart of my local town of Salisbury need help with their physical outlets, given the ever-growing vibrancy of digital sales and the digital economy.
Better transport is also important to our towns and cities, and indeed to productivity. Could my noble friend give me some examples of towns where the £420 million that the noble Baroness, Lady Pinnock, mentioned will make a difference—and not just to potholes?
My Lords, I thank my noble friend for the points that she makes and the general welcome she gives to the settlement, which is fair and right. I acknowledge the challenge faced by the high streets. I am sure she would acknowledge the help announced in the Statement relating to them. Part of this is because of the changing nature of the high street. We cannot, Canute-like, stand in the way of that. What we can do is look at the position relating to the taxation of digital and online sales. My right honourable friend the Chancellor has announced that he is looking at this. I will not name the companies; we all know them. This is a way to deal with that. It is not inherent to the Statement on local government because that does not relate to general taxation policy.
On money for roads, it is for local authorities to determine how they can repair and improve their roads. There will be more detail on that spending and how that money will be distributed to local authorities in an additional Statement that I hope will supply the information my noble friend needs.
Lastly, my noble friend rightly mentioned Salisbury as an important town affected by policy on the high street. It is remarkable how resilient Salisbury has been throughout the difficult period after the Novichok incidents. The Government have given support to Salisbury to help it through, and I have been in touch with the cathedral on a fairly regular basis to see how the community is faring.
My Lords, I remind the House that I am an elected district councillor. Although I am not as excited by the settlement as other noble Lords, my council benefits from a bit of Maundy money above what it thought it would get.
Does the Minister understand that when people talk about the council, look at their council tax bill and say, “What do I get for it?”, a lot of the things that impinge on them directly are provided by local district councils in two-tier areas? I have a huge list here that I will not read out, but it is basically recreation and leisure services, street-level services and community-based problem-solving—town centre problems that directly affect people. A lot of ordinary district councils up and down this country are in dire straits. I would love the statistics that were read out for the average or aggregate cuts to government funding and local authority spending to be the case for the district councils in east Lancashire. They are in a much worse position.
Does the Minister accept that, while there is a bit of sugar on the pill this year, we are in the middle of a three-year settlement where councils all had to sign on the dotted line to say that they agree to it, while it is really asking them whether they want to lose a leg or two arms? The Government have provided a little bag of sweeties this time by saying, “Okay, we’re not going to refuse them”, but unless they tackle these basic-level services that do not fit into the high priorities of social care, health and so on, vital though they are, local government as people know it will collapse in quite a few parts of the country within two or three years.
My Lords, I acknowledge the great role that the noble Lord plays in his local authority district in Pendle and I recognise the great work done by local districts up and down the country. He will appreciate, however, that there are a lot of areas that are unitary, where there is not this two-tier system. A lot of what I have talked about, in answering questions and in the Statement itself, relates to the county councils, but much of this will benefit the district councils, where they exist, such as the business rate retention system. Again, Lancashire is a beneficiary of this and it is worth recognising that as well. I recognise the challenges that exist and I know that many local authorities struggle with the financial position. That said, we need to see how costs may be contained and where some back-office costs can be shared. That need not necessarily be via unitisation; it could be done by sharing some of the costs and back-office functions.
I should also say, on the multi-year settlements that the noble Lord referred to, that many councils—perhaps most councils, most councillors and most people offering services—would recognise their importance and desirability, because it gives a guarantee of how payments and settlements will be made into the future.
My Lords, despite what the Minister said, there must be a connection between internet sales, tax raising and commercial rates. Will the Minister explain what is going on in that area? Who is involved in this work? Is it the Treasury or is it his department assessing what can be done with internet sales, because of the implications for local government finance? Are hearings planned? Are vast numbers of civil servants involved? Is a process of consultation going on? This is an extremely important area and we should be told a lot more about what is a subject of conversation all over the country. People are worried about the high street and they think that internet sales should be paying more. It would be interesting to know what is going on.
My Lords, I do not disagree with the noble Lord on the importance of the task, but I disagree with him about the forum. This is a Treasury issue. I will write to him, and copy the letter to other noble Lords, to give as much detail as I can on what is happening, but this is a broader issue. I do not disagree with him about the interaction between commercial rates in the high street and the issue about digital and online taxation, but I stress the point I made earlier: there is a movement away from the high street and noble Lords will be aware of that. I am sure we have all used digital services. Yes, there is an issue of fairness and an issue about where the taxation should lie, but I think that gives the answer to the noble Lord that it is the Treasury that is leading on that. I will certainly write to him with more details.
Both my noble friends Lady Neville-Rolfe and the Minister referred to Salisbury. Can the Minister give a little more detailed information about the extent of the assistance and support the Government are providing and, most importantly, the results flowing from it?
My Lords, first, my role as Minister for Faith has been mostly pastoral—just to see what attendances at the cathedral and at churches in Salisbury have been like. There was quite a dip after the second Novichok incident, if I can call it that, and there has been some recovery from that. I do not have details of the precise financial assistance in front of me but I will cover those details in the letter that I will send to noble Lords.
Can the Minister help me on a specific point not touched upon to date, which has to do with the introduction of universal credit and the managed migration? As proposed, the timing of that looks likely to mean that people will stay on legacy benefits, including housing benefit, for longer than would otherwise have been the case. To what extent, if at all, was that reflected in the Statement?
My Lords, I confess that I did not come steeped in the issues of universal credit, but the noble Lord is right about legacy benefits and the delay in some of this, including housing benefit still being relevant. If I may, I will write to him with full details of that, because I do not have it to hand. | 2019-04-25T00:16:50Z | https://hansard.parliament.uk/Lords/2018-12-13/debates/2CAA94ED-72DC-4833-B763-9D9C427F7917/ProvisionalLocalGovernmentFinanceSettlement |
God has given to Jesus God’s own Name, the Name in which all of God’s purposes are fulfilled. When we pray in Jesus’ name it is more than a case of our expressing our identification with Him or of validating our right to pray. There is all authority and power in the Name itself. When the Name is pronounced the entire spirit realm comes to attention.
Be careful when you use the name of Jesus and be sure you are not employing it in vain. It is heavenly dynamite!
When studying the seventeenth chapter of the Gospel of John I came across the above two verses. They troubled me somewhat because they differ from the King James Version (below).
The principal difference seems to be that whereas the NIV, in verse eleven, emphasizes the name that God has given Christ, the KJV stresses the people that God has given Christ. They both are speaking of God and Christ protecting the saints through God’s name, but the NIV places more emphasis on the fact that God has given to Christ God’s Name, and consequently God’s authority and power.
Holy Father, protect them by the power of your name—the name you gave me—so that they may be one—NIV.
Holy Father, keep through thine own name those whom thou hast given me, that they may be one—KJV.
Those whom thou hast given me.
While I was with them, I protected them and kept them safe by that name you gave me—NIV.
While I was with them in the world, I kept them in thy name: those that thou gavest me I have kept—KJV.
That name you gave me.
Those that thou gavest me.
Apparently the name, in verse eleven, does not appear in the original text; and so it may be a translator’s choice.
My next move was to search the word “name” in the New Testament to see if it received special emphasis. I was surprised to see the way the term was used, particularly in the Book of Acts.
I had always believed to pray in Jesus’ name meant to identify ourselves with the Lord, or to validate our authority to pray to God. To emphasize the Name itself seemed to me to be getting to close to using the name of Jesus as some sort of incantation. But now I am not so sure. The emphasis on the Name seems to invest it with a power of its own.
I am not suggesting that we view the name of the Lord as some sort of magic. My point is that the Name of Christ is associated with infinite authority and power and it is to be used with this in mind.
Pay attention to him and listen to what he says. Do not rebel against him; he will not forgive your rebellion, since my Name is in him. (Exodus 23:21).
Do you see what I am saying? “My Name is in him gives a special importance to the Name of God in and of itself; or so it seems to me.
One would expect “the son of the Israelite woman blasphemed the Lord.” Instead we have “the son of the Israelite woman blasphemed the Name” as though the Name itself has a special significance.
The putting of God’s Name on the Israelites indicated that they belonged to God in a special way.
I suspect that the three names mentioned above will be visible on the victorious saints. They indicate to the observers that the individual belongs to the Father; that he or she is a part of the new Jerusalem; and that he or she represents Christ.
The Temple of Solomon was built “for the Name of the Lord.” We would say, “the Temple was built to glorify the Lord” or “the Temple was built for the Lord to dwell in.” It just seems to me a little odd to state the Temple was built “for the Name of the Lord.” How does this strike you?
It seems like the proverb should to say “the Lord is a strong tower.” But “the name of the Lord”? I think there is more here than appears at first glance.
Here we find the nations of the earth will put their trust in the Name of the Lord Jesus; not in the Lord Jesus, but in the Name of the Lord Jesus as an element in and of itself. I understand this means the nations will put their trust in the Lord Jesus. But the way it is expressed intrigues me. I think there may be significance here beyond what is obvious.
When we come together as Christians it is not just that we are “going to church.” We are gathering in the Name of Jesus Christ. Where His Name is, there He will be.
Again, we would expect to find “those who believed in him.” The Name is the issue. Evidently names have more significance in the spirit realm than we understand.
At one time Christ was the Logos, the Word of God. The angel commanded His mother to call Him “Jesus.” God proclaimed Him Son. Peter states He is Lord and Christ. Revelation speaks of the “Lamb.” In the future He will be given a new name.
The victorious saints will be given a new name, no doubt a name more in keeping with what they have become in Christ.
Our present name is of little significance. The name the Lord will give us one day will have enormous significance, for it will reveal what we have become.
While the verse above does not employ the term name, it is of the greatest importance. It is a declaration to the heavens and the earth that God has made Jesus Lord of all, and the Christ proclaimed by the Prophets.
This passage reveals clearly that the Father and Christ are not the same person, and also that the Father is greater than Christ. Christ has been elevated by the Father to the highest of all thrones; but He is not the Father and is exalted because the Father has exalted Him.
It is the Father who has placed His own Name, the Name of God, on Jesus. Thus we worship Christ and pray to Him as God.
We would expect “there is no other person under Heaven who can save us.” Instead we find an emphasis on the Name. We are saved by believing in the Name, by faith in the Name.
The seven sons of Sceva invoked the name of the Lord Jesus over the demon-possessed. The demons knew about Jesus and Paul, but not those who were attempting to use the Name without authorization.
The results were disastrous. The Lord does not want His Name used by those whom He has not commissioned.
Evidently it is of the utmost importance that we hold up the Name of Jesus. There may come a day in the future when we Americans are persecuted for our faith in Christ. We may be tempted to present our Christian faith in innocuous terms, or terms that agree with the humanistic motives of those in authority.
We cannot do this, even though it means our being tortured or killed. We must hold up the Name of Jesus Christ, the Son of God. We must always be clear that He is Lord of all. If we do not do this, He will deny us before His Father.
It is through the Name of Jesus that we receive forgiveness of our sins.
It is important that we bear the name of Christ. It is not as important that we bear the name of a Christian denomination or a particular group of church. But it is of supreme importance that we are recognized as belonging to Jesus Christ.
God has given His Name to Christ. Now Christ has given His name to us. We belong to God through Christ.
“The name that is above every name.” All creatures shall bow at the name of Jesus.
Notice that there are persons under the earth. It seems there are dark caverns under the earth’s surface. When those who have disobeyed God die they are not met by the Lord or their friends or relatives. They are met by demons who conduct them downward until they arrive at their level of darkness.
There they will be caged; yet they will be able to see the believers rejoicing in the Presence of Christ. The little children will be playing and singing in the light and the glory.
Those whom the Lord intends to save will have a long period of time in which to consider the evil they have practiced, their disobedience to the Lord.
The truly wicked will be led down into deep, dark caverns to find their place among the monsters of history. They will suffer in the heat and darkness, being mocked by those lords who are yet more wicked.
They have chosen Satan, and Satan shall be given to them.
Even in the deepest, darkest of these dungeons under the earth’s surface, the knees shall bow at the name of Jesus.
God is patient with men in the present hour. But when the Day of Wrath comes, no mercy will be shown to the wicked.
Jesus has been named the Son of God at His birth, at His water baptism, and by His resurrection from the dead.
The same is true of us. We also are sons of God by believing in His Name. The name we have been given reveals our superiority over the angels of Heaven.
The verse above gives us an indication of how important the Name was at the beginning of the Church Age. Today we place too much importance on the name of our sect of denomination. The names Catholic or Evangelical or Pentecostal are not important. They are divisive, an indication of a self-seeking attitude.
The name, the only name, that is important is the Name of Jesus. It was for the sake of that Name that the Apostles went forth to do their work.
We persevere and endure hardships for the sake of Jesus’ Name. We hold up that Name in the midst of our perverse generation, a generation that desires to cast off all of God’s restraints. But that Name will triumph at last!
In the midst of violent persecution we are to remain true to the Name of the Lord Jesus, even in the very presence of Satan. Satan needs to see in us the authority and power of Christ. What we do as church people is not always important. What is important is the lifting up of Jesus Christ—that He is Lord of all. God will bless all who hold up the Name of His Son.
It is necessary that we do not deny the name of Christ. In the not too distant future there will arise governments motivated by humanistic considerations. The idea will be to secure the rights of people, to make certain no individual suffers or even is inconvenienced.
The Antichrist governments will seek the help of the Christian churches in their efforts to benefit mankind. Many Christian churches will join with the government in promoting the welfare of people.
Soon, however, it will become evident that the government, while promoting the welfare of the human race, is suppressing the mystical elements of the Christian religion. Also, those whom God raises up to point out to God’s people their sins will be frowned on. Worldly people will never understand the way of the cross, the path of self-denial.
Numerous Christian churches will turn against the warlike remnant who thunder against unrighteousness, who proclaim God’s opinion of activities that appear to promote the welfare of people.
Abortion is a case in point. Abortion is the murder of people. God will judge abortions as murder. Obviously such preaching will not bring happiness and joy to worldly people. The Christian churches then will have to decide whether to join with the government in its welfare programs, or to stand as the Lampstand of God, showing forth His truth and righteousness.
In that day we must be instantly ready to be tortured or to die for the name of Jesus. We must prepare ourselves today. We cannot wait until we are forced to make a decision in dire circumstances.
Some years ago a friend of ours had a dream, or vision. Those who were persecuting Christians came to her house. They took her and forced her head down into the toilet. Then they demanded of her that she deny Christ.
What she got out of this episode is that the believer needs to be prepared beforehand so when the emergency arises the decision already has been made.
I desire to have the Name of the Lamb and the Name of the Father written on my forehead. I want this more than anything else in the world.
Having Their Names on our forehead means we belong to Them for eternity. Where They go, we go. Where we go, They go.
It is true that whoever has the Son has the Father also. So it will be the case with us that whoever has us will have the Son and the Father also.
Those who agree to the present world system, the system based on money and education, the system that tells people they are their own god, and the only god that exists is the god within them, will suffer greatly. They have the mark of the name of Antichrist, the world spirit, on their forehead or on their hand.
Some have pointed to Mussolini or Hitler or Stalin or someone else as the Antichrist. Others are seeing Antichrist in a computer in Brussels.
The truth is, the spirit of Antichrist is in all of us, even Christians, until God burns the self-will out of us. While there will be, I believe, an actual individual who exemplifies the Antichrist spirit, the danger is that today we may be walking in the world instead of in the Spirit of God. This is true, I think, of most Christian people because of the erroneous teaching they have had.
Either we have the Name of Christ on us or we have the name of Antichrist on us. Either we belong to God or we belong to Satan.
We humans are only dust. We are of little significance. It is whom we belong to that is important.
If we are willing to forsake our own life, to deny ourselves, to take up our cross and follow the Lord Jesus, then we belong to Christ.
If we are not willing to forsake our own life, to deny ourselves, to take up our cross and follow the Lord Jesus, then we belong to Antichrist. There is no place in the middle. Either we gather to the Lord or we scatter away from the Lord.
There are millions of Christian people in the United States of America. Most of them, while they have “accepted Christ” according to the current formula, have no intention whatever of denying themselves, of taking up their cross and following Jesus.
Therefore they are not disciples.
They do not have the Name of the Lamb and the Father inscribed on their foreheads. They are candidates for the mark of the name of Antichrist, and by the name of Antichrist they are known in the spirit world.
The sublime ending of the Bible informs us that the members of the new Jerusalem, the holy city, the glorified Church of Christ, will see the Face of God and of the Lamb and His Name will be on their foreheads.
How important is a name? The name each of us received from his or her mother serves us during the present lifetime. We are Claude or Abdul or Mary or Ingrid. Such a name was given to us at our birth and says little or nothing about what kind of person we are.
When Christ is conceived in us an utterly new creation begins to develop. That new creation is not us. It is not Christ. It is a new person formed from the indissoluble union of us and Christ.
God will then give us our name that is our name. From this time forth we will be known throughout the creation by that new name, a name describing what we have become in Christ and what our rank and role in the Kingdom is.
But what about the disobedient believers and the utterly wicked?
I know of no Bible passage that says they will be given a new name. Perhaps there is no need. They pass from corruption to corruption unless God decides to save them by fire. Perhaps in this case they, having all of their inheritance and most of their personality burned away by intense flames, will be granted to start again as a child. Maybe a new name will be granted at that time.
Adam named the animals. The father of John the Baptist named his son and then his mouth was opened. God gave a name to Solomon although it was not used.
God likes to name people, it appears. Jesus had names for Peter, James, and John.
But there is one Name that is above all others. It is the name of Jesus, the King of kings and Lord of lords. God has made it so.
Let us therefore please God by keeping the Name of Jesus holy in our heart, and by lifting it up even in this valley of the shadow of death in which we are attempting to survive.
May Heaven rejoice and Hell tremble. Let the highest of all angels, the cherubim, the seraphim, bow the knee at the Name of Jesus. Let the creatures dwelling deep in the earth in the fires that give no light bow the knee at the Name of Jesus.
Such glorifying of the greatest Son pleases God, His Father. Those who lift up the Name will be blessed. Those who despise the Name will dwell in dry places and will not see good when it come.
I desire to glorify the Name in my thinking, words, and actions—in my total personality. | 2019-04-25T08:53:21Z | http://wor.org/book/3750/the-name |
It’s been awhile since I have taken some time to just blog a little bit about what’s been happening in this crazy little world of mine. Normally, I like to keep my articles focused on web design, social media, and other online topics, but every now and then I like to take some time out and share some personal news. Needless to say, lots of awesome stuff has been happening both online and in my personal life, so here’s a brief summary for the sake of prosperity. I’ll start with the personal drama and then hit the online/design and project-related news.
I had my wisdom teeth removed!
Some of you may recall that, back in January of this year, my wife and I moved into our first home. Moving in the middle of Winter sucked, but now that we are settled and Summer is here, I have to admit that it was possibly the best move of my life. We had been renting for years, and it just kills me that we could have been building up equity this entire time instead of just throwing it away on rent. At first I was shocked at the amount of mundane housework, yardwork, and maintenance work that home ownership requires, but after working it all into the daily routine, it’s really not that bad. I still can’t stand mowing my yard every stinking week, but I suppose the exercise is a good thing.
Just after getting moved into our new home back in January, several houses in our new neighborhood were burglarized, two in the middle of the day and another at night. After speaking with our neighbors, we had discovered that, over the course of the past couple of years, nearly every house in the neighborhood had been hit! The neighborhood is relatively new, as are most of the houses, so it never occurred to us that we might be moving into a “high-crime” area. In any case, after hearing news of the recent burglaries, I installed a cheap radio-shack alarm system that consisted of a single motion detector and a callout mechanism to alert my wife and I via mobile phone if the alarm was triggered. About a week after setting that up, I was at work in the lab when the call came through on my phone: “intruder alert, intruder alert!” Needless to say, I crapped my pants and raced home at nearly 110mph. Upon arrival I walked into what looked like a battle zone. A giant rock had been thrown through our kitchen window, leaving shattered glass all over our kitchen floor. I felt completely violated, then shocked, then confused, then angry. But thankfully, by the grace of God, that one-piece motion-detector alarm system did its job, sounding the siren and scaring the living crap out of the burglar, who bailed without stealing a single thing. So, although we didn’t lose any property (other than the broken window), the event pretty much changed everything, for better or worse.
On a lighter note, and moving into some online news, Perishable Press continues to do well, providing me with a place to share discoveries, help others, and bore you to tears with tedious personal updates. Some of you may have noticed that my posting frequency has been reduced recently to around once per week, but this is only temporary while I am working with Chris on our upcoming book, Digging into WordPress. Once that is complete, I intend to get back into some serious posting, not only here, but on all of my sites. In the meantime, I will try to cover all of the usual topics here at Perishable Press and keep the posts as informative and worthwhile as possible. Beyond that bit of news, everything else seems to be flowing along quite nicely. Google can’t seem to make up its mind about my PageRank (whether it’s a 4 or 5), but continues to send me increasing amounts of traffic, so it’s all good I suppose. Also in the news, the number of subscribers has steadily been growing and is now pushing the 2,500 mark. So a huge “Thank you” to all of my subscribers (you know who you are!). Lastly, I have been thinking about running a few advertisements here at Perishable Press. I have always been against doing so in the past, but if I can find some quality advertisers, I would most likely give it a shot. Your thoughts on this are appreciated.
I am thrilled to announce that my in-depth article on HTAccess, Stupid htaccess Tricks, has been published in Tom Canavan’s book, Joomla! Web Security. The book includes nearly the entire article in the chapter on “htaccess and php.ini”, and seems to serve the purpose of the book very well. Even though I primarily work with WordPress, the book is very informative and provides lots of excellent advice on how to secure your Joomla!-powered website. Seeing my work published in a actual book is pretty cool, and hopefully it will help some folks to boot.
And lots more on the way!
Monzilla Media is my “official” website for my personal web and graphic design business. I recently updated the site with a couple of new projects, and have a growing number of portfolio items that need to be posted. I tend to procrastinate with this site because writing portfolio articles is rather tedious.
Still very much a work in progress, Perishable.biz is a site designed to showcase my expansive graphics collection. I have tons and tons of collected chunks, photos, images, artwork, and so on, and finally decided to share them online with a dedicated content management system. So far, I have only managed to post a few of my graphics online, but the site itself is pretty complete and built entirely with 100%-pure WordPress: no plugins, no hacks, no functions.php stuff — like a virgin.
For those of you who continue to insist that “DLa is dead,” you may very well be correct. DLa is basically me and some old friends getting together once in awhile and sharing our artwork online and in printed format. Sadly, as we all continue along our own paths, there are increasingly fewer opportunities to collaborate and produce new material, but rumor has it that there may be something coming relatively soon. Shhh..
This site will someday help me to share and organize my biblical studies with other people on the Web. Right now it’s still in the Default-WordPress-Theme setup phase, but it is definitely on my list and should be in effect before the end of the year.
That’s all for now. Thanks again to all of my loyal subscribers and regular visitors for your continued and generous attention. Thanks for reading and may God bless each and every one of you.
“Boring personal update”s are great – it’s nice to find out a bit more about the guy behind the blog, and weirdly it’s an excellent way of making readers loyal – they feel as if they ‘know’ the person behind the posts, and to be honest, it’s one of the ways I’ve been able to keep my blog going for the past couple of weeks!
Anyways. Keep up the excellent work Jeff.
Wisdom teeth should be removed before 25.
The dentist removed my upper and lower teeth on the left in one visit, I don’t know untill it finished. I thought she’d remove only one tooth. It’s (almost) painless and I can eat like normal in 3 days.
The teeth. Well I’m glad to hear you got rid of these. Nonetheless it makes me wonder if I won’t have a problem with mine. My dentist told me, exactly like yours, that they would cause “some serious crowding of my lower-front teeth”. I’ll reconsider their ablation next time I visit her.
The new home. Aaaah! Feels good to hear that everything is working out great with that house. It sounds like you are now living in one of those cliché American houses we in Europe see on movies.
The burglary. I was very angry when I read your story. I’ll never understand how some people are capable of doing things like these. If I ever get in a situation where I have the opportunity to do something bad to someone, I project the scenario in my mind, and immediatly I feel empathy. You don’t want things to happen to you, so you don’t do them to others. That’s really basic education. I hate to observe men who don’t understand that.
Perishable Press. Well, of course it’s doing fine. This place hosts fantastic discussions around great technical topics. It is bound to be more and more popular.
Well, Jeff, I was very glad to hear good news from you. I like to think that your natural generosity with people will always pay you back on the long run.
To be honest, I waited so long to have my wisdom teeth out that I was scared to death by the time I had finally decided to have it done. The waiting was both a curse and a blessing: the teeth ended up coming in straight, but the lower crowding is pretty bad. Now that there is more room, I am considering braces to straighten everything out.
The burglary sucked, and we are still dealing with the after-effects. Something like that changes the way you live your life. They ended up catching the guy who they think did it, and he is currently making his way through the mockery of a justice system that we suffer with here in America. Hopefully, they’ll execute him in some slow, painful way.
Thanks for the kind words about the site. Sometimes it feels like I have accomplished as much as there is to accomplish with this site, and then I remember that I am usually just full of crap and keep on plugging away at it. ;) I am hoping one day to win the Pulitzer Prize for Extreme Technical Blog Excellence, but they’ll need to invent it first.
As always, thanks for dropping by and leaving some feedback — your thoughts are well-read and appreciated.
Adverts. Jeff Jeff Jeff Are you crazy? Just kidding. The thing about adverts is are you inuandated with them tastelessly, or are they somewhat inconspicuous to the information being presented. I think the information you impart here is grand enough that we can do with a few adverts.
Its easy to forget someone is paying the bills for all this. Just do us a favor and dont slip google ads in where they look like they are part of the site navigation. Oh that FRIES me!
Glad to see you posting something personal again :) I guess once in a while it’s sweet nectar to us when we get to take a tiny sneak peek into your life.
Wisdom teeth. I’m glad that you’ve finally got rid of it! Luckily things didn’t change for the worse over the past decade or so, because as far as my personal experiences go, wisdom tooth can cause the situation to deterioate pretty quickly. A friend of mine had his wisdom tooth sprouting at 18, and a meazly two months later, it’s jamming against the molar and fractured in the gum. The left side of his face swelled larger than a fist (I guess there’s a certain degree of exaggeration here), and he had to go through a lengthy surgical procedure to remove the nasty tooth’s dismembered body in the gum. Glad that it all went well!
I had to go through 4 tooth extractions to remove excess teeth because of crowding, and to make my teeth space evenly out on my tiny jaws when the braces are installed, extraction was a choice I couldn’t run away from. The surreal feeling of the dentist tugging at my teeth was kind of fun – all thanks to the anesthetic. For the same reason, my face was paralyzed for 30 minutes and when I gargle, water squirts everywhere. I remembered the dentist giving out a muffled chuckle behind her mask as she watched me gargling… mans.
Congratulations for moving! I was a little surprised that you’ve chosen to move mid-winter because I thought that’s one of the worst times of the year to move – like hurricane and tornado seasons. Moving away from rental is a good thing because after paying for the mortgage, you can finally have a real place to call home :) I live in a terrace house so I can’t figure out how sickening mowing is, but judging from the various comic strips I’m reading, it’s a job everyone dreads.
Thank God nobody was harmed in the break in! Lucky you for installing the alarm, at least it scared the shat out of the burglar. More importantly, nobody was injured. I couldn’t imagine if someone was at home.
Regarding advertisements… I wouldn’t want to embark on a self-righteous crusade about why advertising is big bad stuff, just like what many others claim. Putting up advertisements on your site is perfectly fine, be it Adsense or the common 125*125px ones. The bottom line is (and I know you won’t do that) to crowd the entire page with ads – I know some people can be as desperate as that! Oh yea, and regarding advertisers, have you tried asking The Deck? I heard it’s invitation based but given the quality and traffic of Perishable Press, it shouldn’t be a big problem.
p/s: Read that you’ve released a HTML5 theme over at DiW, I didn’t have time to comment on that. My bad. Will drop one over the entry asap. Believe me, this entry isn’t boring at all.
Have a great week ahead! And I hope I wasn’t too wordy.
Hi Teddy, that’s a pretty painful-sounding wisdom-tooth story.. exactly the kind of information that I would hear over and over while putting off the extraction. That kind of stuff just scares the crud out of me. I am grateful that my situation didn’t deteriorate in similar fashion. Glad to hear things finally went well for your friend. That must have been a huge relief!
And for your extractions as well — I hope that everything is okay now. That is pretty hilarious thinking about you gargling water with a paralyzed face — I also would have chuckled to see such a site (no offense though!). Crazy stuff..
Moving in the middle of Winter was about as hellish as it could have been. It snowed pretty much the entire time and we were constantly slipping on the ice and tracking slush and mud into every room of our rental (we learned from our mistake and laid down a protective layer before moving into our new house). Things were getting wet from the snow, my back was hurting, the kids were driving us nuts, and it was freakin’ COLD! Not that I’m complaining now, however, because as it turns out, it was much nicer having been already moved in and settled as the weather began to warm up and turn beautiful. In other words: glad it’s over!
For the break-in, suffice it to say that we have seriously beefed up the security of our home. We have added so many security layers that sometimes it feels like living in Fort Knox. I even planted a few land mines around the house for good measure! Seriously though, I am very grateful that nobody was hurt and that nothing was stolen. It still felt terrible, but it certainly could have been much worse.
Sprry Jeff for the late reply, I was having problems with my ISP over the past few days. Since the MJ memorial service video stream went live, the local Internet service kind of crashed and it only recovered from oblivion by today afternoon. I’ve been getting 404 bleeps around the Internet – let alone accesing your blog and mine as well (I just migrated to a US-based host to prevent local censorship). As absurd as it sounds, my blog as actually shut down a few times after I posted something politically in nature, and that was when my site was hosted with a local company.
You’re such a tease! When I told my cousins about the tooth extraction procedure, they all said they’d love to see me with a leaky mouth.
I can imagine how nightmarish the scenario could have been – being a rather clean person myself, I couldn’t and wouldn’t tolerate all the dirt, mud, slosh and snow getting into my new home. You’re a hero for putting up against that. When my parents told me the nth time about our moving home story (I was three and couldn’t remember anything), they say they’d sweep the house 5 times a day just to keep it dust free because the house was just completed and a loud shout can still send dust down from the ceilings. One good thing about moving in during Winter is that you get to spend all the time you want lazing around when spring and summer come around, knowing that you won’t need to break your back lugging stuff.
I know moving can be really hard for kids. I’ve watched countless scenarios in cartoons, films and animes about how moving changes kids – like how they became sad and lonely. I hope your kids are coping well! When I moved to my new home, it was close to an airport and I would cry every single time a plane flew above us. That was enough to keep my light-sleeper mom awake for the whole night.
In Asia our homes are like little jails – the crime rate here is so high that we actually installed grills on every imaginable hole on the wall – doors, skylights, windows, ventilator shafts and etc. Theives are known to break in from homes by removing roof tiles, so my dad bolted dead the hatch leading to the roof and then spent some big bucks creating a maze in the roof (he just commissioned the carpenters to use leftover wood and nail it all over the attic to make it look like a labyrinth).
Then we have alarms, multiple locks on our doors – my cousin’s home probably won the record by having seven individual locks on her main door. We even tried every single stupid method like placing bells on the doors, or even stuffing empty beer cans filled with caps or clips behind windows so that they make a huge clanging sound when the window is opened at night.
Oh dear, I’m sorry if I got the wrong message across but I wasn’t worried about how you deal with advertisements :) you’re so fluent in design, typography and user experience! Part of my previous comment was actually just ranting, hope you don’t mind. I get irritated by sites who, despite trying to look like a blog, looks more like a million-dollar advertising banner, complete with paid posts (that’s the last straw for me, as they totally destroy content).
I guess you stand a very good chance at getting a membership over at The Deck! Your articles are of terribly good quality and more importantly, you have a steady readership. Good luck!
Whew, my reply is getting increasingly longer. Sorry about it Jeff!
Note: Last night my Web Host (A Small Orange) was hacked and as a result the server for this site was down for close to 12 hours. They have managed to restore service, but apparently their backups were from many hours prior to the incident. Thus, any comments left for this post (or any other post for that matter) during the period preceding the crash are not available until I can get back to the office and restore the backups that I keep, which are much more current than what is currently in place. In any case, I am glad to see service restored and will be getting things straightened out as soon as possible.
Update: Still scrambling to sort everything out after the crash. Reports are coming in that ASO servers were infected with a virus before they crashed. I have restored my database with the most current backup available, but it looks like I still lost a few comments, including some great follow-up discussion with Louis here on this thread. A couple of other comments were lost as well, but I am grateful the loss was minimal — no posts were lost and everything else seems to be running as before. Now it’s time to examine my files and see if anything else needs updating.
Teddy, your post reminds me of places in mexico, where around the top of their houses(the ones with flat roofs) they take broken bottles and line them in cement so that anyone climbing up cuts their hands in order to get on the roof. Bloody but effective! | 2019-04-26T08:17:24Z | https://perishablepress.com/another-boring-personal-update/ |
Cassandra's Legacy: The Biodiesel Disaster: Why bad Ideas are Always so Successful?
Sometimes it happens that you are asked a question that forces you to reflect. So, a few days ago, I was at a public meeting on energy and climate and I was telling about the work we do at the university and with the Club of Rome. In the debate, someone asked me: "But, professor, from all these models of the world you make, after all, what did you learne?".
Some questions are not easy when the topic is complex and you have to summarize the answer in a few sentences. And you have to come up with something right away! But I think I could put together a good answer when I said, "The main thing we've learned is that the models work well. Even the famous model of 'The Limits to Growth' that the Club of Rome had proposed in 1972 still describes reasonably correctly the state of the world today. But this has a consequence: the system is predictable because it tends to move in a certain direction. And this means that changing things is very difficult ".
Maybe you do not care about orangutans or ancient forests, you just want fuel for your diesel SUV. And you could tell me, couldn't biodiesel production be increased? The problem is that there are not many forests left to be razed in the world. To produce more biodiesel we should start using land that is currently used for food production. This means starving people to feed the cars: and we risk to get to that for real if we continue with current trends.
But how is it that we put ourselves in this absurd situation? The beauty is that the idea was to make an "ecological" fuel. Ecological my xxxx! But it is what I was saying before. The system (and the system is us) tends to maintain its trajectory. When we realize that there is a problem, in this case, the lack of diesel fuel (peak diesel), as well as global warming, we launch ourselves towards the solution that seems to keep things as they are. By replacing diesel oil with biodiesel, it seemed to be possible to fix everything with no change or with just minimal change. We use a renewable fuel and we keep our stoves on wheels running. But it doesn't work like that. We only created a lot of damage without getting anything useful.
What we should have done, and we are still in time to do, is to move from the noisy and inefficient internal combustion engines to vehicles that use electric motors powered by renewable energy, much more efficient and non-polluting for real. Of course, this requires making investments, changing habits. Thus, the knee-jerk reaction of so many people when the idea is proposed is "I do not want to change anything, give me biodiesel so that I keep my diesel car". It is understandable, but we are in an emergency situation both for the climate and for the availability of fuels. And change we must.
It is curious that nobody on the Web seems to have bothered to do the calculation of how much biodiesel is actually produced in comparison with fossil diesel. I tried to find the data and the result is a bewildering mess of different units, claims, and counterclaims. Of course, if you are a good conspiracy theorist, you would suspect that the people producing biodiesel don't want to make it easy for us to understand how minuscule is their contribution to the world's fuel production. But, eventually, I could put together a calculation that seems to be correct and that Antonio Turiel kindly checked and validate. And, yes, the contribution of biodiesel to the world's diesel consumption is minuscule. So, let's go with the numbers.
I think the insight in this post is very important - the system (the entire human civilization) has a huge momentum and it follows a trajectory of its own.
We can debate if the reason is evolution/human nature (like I do) or just a specific configuration of the society that can be adjusted as we go (like you present in the last paragraph).
Anyway, thanks for the insight, something to ponder!
Thus, the knee-jerk reaction of so many people when the idea is proposed is "I do not want to change anything, give me a so called ev that uses so called "renewable energy" so that I keep my car". There I fixed it for you.
More than half of the damage caused by personal transportation is in the production of said vehicle. When you consider the amount of FFs that are needed to build out and maintain "renewable energy" vs the infrastructure already in place for FF based transportation, EVs are as bad an idea as biodiesel.
You know, I always thought that these silly catastrophists only wanted us to starve in the dark and die. And now I know I was right. There, I fixed it for you.
Kind of black or white there. I drive less than 1000 miles a year and I live very well.
My point is we need to change way more than what we drive if we wish to survive.
Yeah, I did a double-take on that twist in the piece, too. There may be some place for industrial solar and wind in our transition, but not as a way to prop up grossly unsustainable tech like cars.
EVs aren't the solution either.
"A sustainable civilization can not be a civilization of the car"
And, BTW, if something goes wrong for real, those silly catastrophists will regret that very much, because we know it was their fault.
The very premises of ASPO, the Club of Rome, Limits to Growth are incorrect?
We'll just have things "not go wrong" if we drive electric cars?? And if we don't invest in electric cars, it will be Our Fault???
What premises? What are you talking about?
Funny that you should ask! The premise of ASPO's work (please correct me if I am wrong), is that oil production will begin to decline, if it has not already. The ramifications of this are a complete disruption of Industrial Civilization.
The premises of the Limits to Growth are that, according to models run 40+ years ago, increased population growth, resource consumption, pollution and other factors would lead to a population crash starting sometime around now.
So what do electric cars have to do with staving any of this off? It's patently clear that electric cars will soon be on the scrap heap along with CRTs, Betamax videotape recorders, and your dad's old Polaroid cameras. They don't produce anything.. they don't save anyone's lives.. they are just another expression of energy consumption and technological waste.
You got it completely wrong. ASPO never said that the oil peak would lead to the end of Industrial Civilization. And the 1972 Limits of Growth spoke of a possible population decline, yes, but decades from now.
Don't misunderstand me, what you say is possible, but nothing in this world is "patently clear" -- nothing. Think about that.
I indicated the clear ramifications, whether ASPO did or not.
There are certain things in the world which are patently clear: There's No Such Thing As A Free Lunch, for example.
Unless you want to leave the realm of the physical and venture into the metaphysical.. constraints do exist.
You didn't answer my question as to how electric vehicles are going to ameliorate our situation rather than just following the Maximum Waste.. uhh, I mean Entropy.. Principles.
There are even more absurd fuel solutions than biodiesel. Here in Serbia people use edible sunflower oil for tractor engines! They buy it in supermarkets in one liter PET bottles. Calculation is simple, since state charges too much tax for diesel, tractor owners use edible oil. One liter of edible sunflower oil costs 100-110 Serbian Dinars and one liter of diesel costs 150 Serbian Dinars. Of these 150 Dinars around 50% is tax!
I guess the same argument could be posed for orangutans, but I'm not sure what the calorific content of a full grown orangutan would be.
"A report for Friends of the Earth calculates the realistic bioenergy potential of cropland and grazing land in the year 2050 to be around 70–100 EJ per year. The current global use of fossil fuels stands around 450 EJ/yr. The bioenergy potential from cropland and grazing land is estimated to be in the order of magnitude of 15-22% of current fossil energy use.” Another report by four Swedish researchers at Global Energy Systems, Uppsala University gives similar results. Both reports, optimistically, assume that a large share of crop wastes can be converted to biofuels. This can only be done commercially with new technologies and, if more bio¬mass is diverted from soils to cars, this could have severe side effects on soil fertility. Most papers I have reviewed have exaggerated expectations of the potential yields of biofuel crops, especially given that the authors expect biofuels to expand into marginal lands. While the quantities involved are huge, biofuels accounted for only 2.3% of global transport fuel demand in 2011; Brazil, the United States and the European Union had considerably higher shares, at 20.1%, 4.4%, and 4.2% respectively (2010 figures). According to Lester Brown, if the entire United States grain harvest was turned into ethanol, it would still only satisfy 18% of current United States gasoline demand. "
So, I believe quite many have pointed our the systemic problem here.
having said that, I do think there is some scope for biodiesel also in the future, parallel to EVs. There are applications where the combustion engine has quite som advantages. One quite apparent such is for emergency vehicles, fire brigades, admbulances, helicopters etc.
I must say that I see a bigger system problem than the internal combustion engine in our transport system. The private car itself is a very resource consuming device regardless if it is powered by oil or solar energy.
Excellent point. If we assume 25% efficiency for IC engine and recalculate it comparing weight of vehicle vs. useful load we will see that personal car is disaster! Because of these 25% some 20% is used to move the vehicle itself. From the perspective of useful load the efficiency of personal car is about 5%. Everything else is dissipation. Trucks and buses are somewhat better but frankly, IC engine does not seem like a clever idea at all, it's more like colossal nonsense. The personal car is the biggest offender.
"What we should have done, and we are still in time to do, is to move from the noisy and inefficient internal combustion engines to vehicles that use electric motors powered by renewable energy, much more efficient and non-polluting for real."
wow, techno-cornucopianism still nonsensically exists. i find it amazing that some people still think "magic green" can somehow allow our rapacious, unsustainable human behavior to continue if we just add "renewables".
solar pv and wind electric are NOT renewable, and infinite growth is not possible on our finite planet.
rather then pimping stupidity, perhaps a serious conversation about limits is in order. we can change by choice or change by force, but continuing on as we are is a recipe for disaster regardless how how much green paint is applied.
In my modest opinion, Shastatodd, in the current situation there are two kinds of people guilt of crimes against humankind. One kind is those who say there is are no problems. The other, just as bad, is those who say there are no solutions. I think you get my meaning.
There is a third kind which you allude to in your feature article...people who propose solutions that simply are not a solution at all and in fact make things worse. But at least thats doing something which according to some is better than nothing.
"Are you prepared to surrender you job to save Orang Utans 10 k miles away?"
His answer (leaving out the rude words) will be no.
And in that answer lies the fate of the Orang Utan I fear, and many other species.
We locked ourselves into a system where all expect to have free access to the leverage of the whell, as opposed to it being exclusive to the priveleged elite only a century or so ago.
We see the vehicle as something that creates wealth, when in fact in consumes it.
We thought there would always be 'more' because our elected leaders told us do.
Instead our wheels drained our treasuries instead of filling them. It wasn't meant to work like that. The car even defied entropy and became a work of art, Ferraris selling for $20m, feeding the certainties of humbler carriage users that the vehicle itself will create wealth for humankind into infinity, if only we can find the fuel to drive them.
The $20m spent on the classic Ferrari ultimately robs the planet at some other (unseen) place, and does not register at the auction room. It has been our accumulate theft of resources in minute amounts, that has effectively looted the planet we live on, to the point where were can extract no more.
it is a far far bigger problem than the habitat of the great ape.
Our wheels turn because we use explosive forces to make them do so. Oil is the only practical explosive force we have. We will go on burning it until there is none left, in the pursuit of happiness.
very good post. It is quite funny. In a new study from BCG Germany only meet the CO2 reduction target 2030 in section traffic, with 310 PJ of CO2 free Bio-Fuel. Soon Germany will get an new Climate Protection Act.
You guys talking past one another give me a sinking feeling.
I agree with Ugo that large-scale biodiesel (and biomass fuel for power) is already a disaster, whether or not we see more of it in future. 10 years ago I checked the numbers for the UK. They were ridiculous. Homegrown diesel does not get close to real for UK. We do not have enough cultivable land to feed our 64M selves let alone fuel transport or power.
However, "What we should have done, and we are still in time to do, is to move from the noisy and inefficient internal combustion engines to vehicles that use electric motors powered by renewable energy, much more efficient and non-polluting for real. Of course, this requires making investments, changing habits"Hmmm.... frankly this seems tongue-in-cheek inadequate.
Industrial civilisation has had 'upsides' but even partially deployed so far, is rapidly accelerating world-wide destruction. It cannot be saved from itself by yet more growth. Remember this daft one: "A little growth pollutes, a lot of growth cleans it up"?
We need to think very hard about why we want renewable fuel. How do we adjust our own needs, now, let alone in 50 years? What infrastructure and tools can be our legacy for children as our ‘advanced’ societies shrink down the slopes of LTG?
Phil, I don't think I want to be nuanced about this. The way I see the situation is that we are witnessing the rise of a vocal minority of people who have decided that renewables are useless on the basis of a distorted understanding of the physics involved. And on the basis of this they have decided that only a small fraction of humankind will be able to survive, the rest need to be exterminated as soon as possible. They don't explicitly say this latter part of their view in their posts, but it is a necessary consequence of their understanding of the situation. For this reason, I say that they are criminals. The definition of a criminal is someone who kills or damages people for any reason, and that's what they are doing -- the risk is to kill billions of people. And I am afraid that their view may become more and more popular in the future, just as it was about one century ago.
OK: I have grandchildren in an urban advanced country needing imported food and energy and transport fuel for an ongoing century or more.
According to the LTG trends we might expect to see now and in the next few years (my remaining lifetime) a decrease in both industrial capacity and food per capita. 'Resource depletion' is a bit vague to count in my opinion. World population peak and rapid decrease is scheduled from mid-century.
How would you see Renewables (minus biomass) mitigating the results of decline that look inevitable in children’s or their children’s lifetime? It sounds drastic, but if London, for example is to be lost to the sea – I understand this could be possible as early as first decades of the next century, – then it seems unlikely to be postponed for many decades by any action taken in the interim. Things might not be so drastic everywhere but monsoons could get very erratic and low-lying Bangladesh could shrink. How might we in our very different situations prepare as industrial activity shrinks?
It would also be better in my view to reduce the need for essential maintenance and reduce heating cost in Britain’s housing and work spaces.
What can we conserve that will be valuable beyond the end of the century? The world aviation industry might have to go? Will ‘Renewables’ survive the LTG scenario in smaller scale economies? Populations in ‘advanced’ countries are already scheduled to shrink rapidly over the next 100 years without any excessive death rate.
PS Sorry about the length of links – I have not mastered the short form.
If we weren't so dam OVERPOPULATED, having a small, fuel efficient car of a EV wouldn't be a problem but 7.6 BILLION HUMANS are not sustainable & we consume too much resources.
"Renewables" are a technology that some ignorant people believe can "replace" oil, that's rediculous because "renewables" are just a RESOURCE DEPENDENT TECHNOLOGY NOT A "RESOURCE".
We will have to discover that the hard way when "renewables" fail to live up to their hype, but their very good for PROFITS!
Not sure if this was mentioned explicitly in the article or in other comments, but years ago I did a quick calculation of the potential of biofuels as a replacement for fossil fuels. Net primary production is only 3% of all human energy use. It seems we would need 30 earths to replace all man-made energy with biomass even if we used every calorie stored in biomass every year. So even just replacing transportation fuels with biofuels seems ridiculously unsustainable even if we all gave up eating.
"...Why bad Ideas are Always so Successful?"
May be because politicians keep pushing their friend´s criminal agendas through the media with the money they extract from people in order to extract more money from people?
It's not only about bad intent (which we see galore) but also about getting the complexity. People, myself included, hate to think hard, hat complexity or just cannot get it. So they resort to the next best thing.
Ugo Bardi, biodiesel was always what we call here in Canada a “boondoggle”. Despair over the continuing industrial and extractive costs of solar and wind energy is also warranted. As your recent book showed, industrial civilization is going to collapse. | 2019-04-21T00:11:23Z | https://cassandralegacy.blogspot.com/2019/02/the-biodiesel-disaster-why-bad-ideas.html |
The town of Vilna (in Lithuanian, Vilnius, and occasionally also known as Wilna) was founded at the beginning of the 14th century, approximately in the year 1320. Very rapidly, it became a central town in Lithuania, both as its strategic and commercial headquarters. The municipal officers relocated here, and in 1387, the Grand Prince Jogaila gave Vilna autonomy, similar to the autonomy of Magdeburg. According to this bill of rights, the local population had a right to commerce, handcrafts, and positions in the local municipality. Only town residents, however, were granted these rights. By the end of the 14th century, three central Jewish communities existed in broader Lithuania. These were located in the towns of Grodno, Brisk and Trakai. Vilna, however, was nigh on impossible for the Jews to settle in, because only the original residents had rights to commerce and to work there. Nevertheless, some Jews came as guest merchants as well as to work in the public municipality.
It is said that the old cemetery in Vilna was built in 1487, although there is no written proof of such. In the year 1527, the local Christian population of Vilna received exclusive rights from the old King Sigmund; according to these papers the Jews were not allowed to be merchants or to live in the region. We may assume from these documents that law was passed after the Jews began settling in Vilna to engage in commerce. The Jews, however, could not let go of such an important administrative and commercial center and kept looking for some inconsistency in the special rights that Christian residents received. Slowly they were able to find such ‘cracks’ in the document and settled legally in the town.
The Lithuanian prince Jogaila (at this point also the King of Poland) needed the assistance of certain Jews who were very well-off and knowledgeable in particular fields; in return for their assistance he bestowed upon them rights to manage the mint in Vilna and collect taxes. These Jews lived in Wilna legally. In the year 1551, King Sigmund August I of Poland (succeeding King Jogaila) permitted two Jews from Krakow to become merchants in Vilna; he gave similar rights to his Jewish assistants. These Jews were allowed to rent homes, own stores and warehouses, and to barter goods. Such special rights began breaking the rigidity of the old codex from the year 1527, which had banned all Jews from such endeavors. In addition, the gentile nobility helped the Jews in their quest to reverse the old restrictive settlement laws. The Lithuanian Council (Seimas) gave, in the year 1551, special exemption from taxes to Jewish assistants to King Sigmund owning houses in Vilna.
Many Jews began to reside in these houses owned by the noblemen, working in stores and other commercial endeavors for the Grand Prince. It is thought that they built the first synagogue in Vilna around 1553. Increasingly more Jews moved here, forming a community that economically threatened the gentile population, who feared commercial competition from the Jews. In the year 1592, some of the local Christians staged a small pogrom, destroying the synagogue, stalls, and apartments of the Jews in a street already then named Jewish Street. Using this pogrom as example of Christian hostility, the Jews convinced the King to give them complete legal rights to settle in Vilna. A year later (in 1593), the Jews received from Sigmund III, in a special bill of rights, a permit to live in Vilna. They were granted residence in the homes of the nobility, freedom to practice their religion, and permission to engage in commerce. After some time, Jews also received permission to establish public institutions for their community, such as a cemetery, a bathhouse, and a slaughterhouse. It is only at this point that the Jewish community came to be recognized as fully legal in Vilna.
This original bill of rights did not solve all the obstacles that the Jews of Vilna faced in regard to commerce and work. There was nothing in the bill in regard to handicrafts. The Christian population insisted on exclusivity in such work and fought any gap in their monopoly, using even violence and physical force against those Jews who tried to engage in handicrafts. The heads of the Jewish community of Vilna tried to appeal to the King for greater rights; simultaneously, they also asked for assistance from the nobility in receiving such rights. The Jews could easily have been more successful in business and in establishing themselves given the condition of free competition, but they were permitted to have only meager earnings at the time. It was in the interest of the nobility, who wanted to receive cheaper merchandise, to weaken the powerful Christian merchants and aid the ambitious Jewish workers.
Thus, in the year 1633, the heads of the Jewish community received a basic bill of rights from King Vladislav IV. The king not only reinstated the rights they had received earlier, but also allowed the Jews to own stores, open craft-stores, and to engage in liquor, leather-goods, and fur manufacturing. Furthermore, they were permitted to purchase and raise livestock in Vilna. This bill of rights contains the first mention of establishment of a small living area for the Jews. The creation of a ghetto was a new concept, designed to protect the Jews and aid them in the case of a pogrom. However, the Jews did not want to be contained in a small area. In the original bill, they were given 15 years to establish a ghetto, but they extended this date continuously.
During these years, a few of the most important Jews of Vilna succeeded in establishing a certain freedom of commerce for themselves in Lithuania. The king granted such a bill according to the wish of the nobility. The new bill ran as follows: (1) Jews are allowed to open 12 stores whose fronts open onto Jewish Street. In these stores, the Jews are allowed to sell various merchandise. This right is valid for ten years. Certain merchandise will be limited. For example, liquor is only permitted to be sold to the Christians in mass quantity (not for individual sale). (2) Jews are permitted to have professions only where there is no Christian competition. In other crafts, they are only allowed to pursue the craft to satisfy their own needs. (3) The area designated as the ghetto, will be enlarged. Jews need pay no tax to the local municipality but are required to pay state tax. In addition, they must pay a yearly sum of 300 Zloty, which, during wartime, is increased to 500 Zloty. The local gentile population greatly opposed this bill, and in the year 1634 (and again in 1635) they carried out pogroms against the Jews, destroying the Jewish cemetery and the synagogue. The investigative committee appointed by the king to examine the details of these pogroms did not succeed in finding the locals guilty of these crimes. They reported that the pogroms were carried out by anonymous vandals, and appointed the local municipality responsible for defending the Jews. In consequence of the pogroms, the Jews were allowed to construct gates guarding the streets they settled in. To compensate the Jews for their losses, the municipality permitted them to sell liquor in twenty homes instead of the previous twelve. The yearly taxes to the municipality, however, were increased to six hundred Zloty. Once again, Jews were permitted to operate their stores for ten upcoming years. Before much time passed, the Jews were able without much tribulation to receive an extension on this store ownership, in spite of the bitter opposition of the local Christian population.
In 1645, the town of Vilna published statistics about local Jews. The leaders of the community walked through the ghetto and several neighboring streets, registering each house containing Jewish residents and those houses that were for sale. This highly imprecise census found that there were 262 Jewish families living in the ghetto. If we estimate that each family was composed of five people, we may assume that there were 1310 Jews living in Vilna at the time. Since most of the Jews lived in the concentrated area aforementioned, the census did not take into account those living under the fortress (in Lithuanian, vyskupija). Taking this into consideration, we may more accurately estimate that there were in reality around 3000 Jews living in Vilna at the time of the census. In contrast, there were around 12000 Christians living here at the time.
Originally, the rulings of the 1650s did not affect the Jewish community of Vilna directly. Eventually, however, the changed conditions that affected the Jews of southern and eastern Poland began to affect the economic situation of Jews in Vilna as well. The Jewish refugees that came now to work in Vilna increased the number of people competing for work. The original Jewish loaners of money now became needy of money themselves. The heads of the Vilna Jewish community borrowed large sums of money from Jesuit priests, giving them rights to their homes and membership to their synagogue. In 1655, troubles overcame Vilna. The Muscovite army invaded the town and most of the community fled, traveling to Zamut and from there to Prussia. On the border of Prussia, the refugees encountered the Swedish army that had invaded Poland. While the Swedish army demanded certain levies, the Russian army that had invaded Vilna killed many of the Jews and burned the town. The fire lasted seventeen days, and the Jewish quarter was burned to the ground. Destruction of the community lasted until the Polish army liberated the town in 1661. The local Jews then returned to the area and began to recreate their community.
The reestablished Jewish community of Vilna was very poor and needed much assistance. The kings of Poland helped these Jews by giving them license to rent apartments in all areas of the town and to sell tax-deductible liquor. They also extended the Jews’ loans, decreasing the amount of interest owed. In addition, they gave Jews more permits to own stores opening onto non-Jewish streets. The local Christian population, however, once again fought against this assistance of the Jews, wishing to rid themselves of any professional competition from the Jewish merchants and craftsmen. They continued to file complaints regarding the Jews to the judicial system, sometimes taking the law into their own hands by molesting and hindering Jews. Still, a compromise had to be reached, and the Christians granted the Jews a limited amount of rights.
This trade conflict was exacerbated after the establishment of Christian trade unions that placed very strict limitations on Jewish tradesmen. After Jews complained to King Michael Wisniowiecki, he issued an order wherein it was restated that, according to the ruling of 1633, Jews were permitted to engage in all trades and crafts that were not under Christian monopoly that year. Such crafts included fur-trading, embroidery, and glass-blowing. The Christian trade union reached a compromise with Jewish tradesmen by limiting the numbers of Jews allowed into particular professions and by exacting dues from those practicing certain professions. In consequence, the Jewish tradesmen organized their own societies to protect their business interests. According to the ruling, Jews were allowed to enter only one Christian trade union – that of the barbers.
Despite this skewed compromise, occasionally the local Christians would organize assaults on the Jews of Jewish Street. The various Polish kings, however, attempted to defend the Jews. Such assaults mainly caused destruction of personal property, although a few Jews were killed in these incidents. During the end of the 17th century and the beginning of the 18th, the Vilna area experienced many hardships: wars, starvation, fires, and epidemics. During the Great Northern War (1700-1721), both the Swedish and Russians entered Vilna, exacting fines and demanding taxes of the residents. The Jews, too, had to pay large sums of money to the incoming armies during the years of 1702 to1706. In result of the war, the years between 1708 and 1710 saw starvation in the area, culminating in 1710 with an epidemic killing many in the town, amongst them Jews. Many large fires followed, some of them spreading in the Jewish quarter. Fires in the years 1737, 1748, and 1749 leveled the synagogue and Jewish public institutions.
Despite the difficulties of the Jews and others at this time, the Christian population never stopped fighting for exclusive rights. In the year 1713, many trials were held incriminating the Jews. The leaders of the Jewish community, however, prevented the resulting judgments and sentences from being carried out.
In the year 1738, King August III issued the Jews a new bill of rights for the coming twenty years, allowing them to once again own stores and sell hard liquor. Once more, the Christian population fought these rights bitterly. The municipal authority sued the Jewish community in the court of the king, the primary complaint being that the Jews had deceived the king. These gentiles tried to reestablish the rules discriminating the Jews that had been set forth over a 100 years previously and in 1740 they received a judgment in their favor. This judgment was based on that of 1527. Accordingly, the Jews were no longer permitted to reside in Vilna. Many left the town before the end of the trial, contributing to the biased nature of the verdict.
Thus, the Jews of Vilna faced exile yet again. The Christians attempted to evict the Jewish merchants and craftsmen from the town. However, the minister of the region came to the help of the Jews, establishing a committee to examine both sides of the issue and reach a compromise. A long and tortuous debate began. The side of the Christian townspeople prevailed, and the Jewish community saw no choice but to sign a compromise that was very biased. This compromise delayed the ruling of 1740 (stating that Jews must leave the town because they had deceived the king) but did not fully abolish it.
In light of the compromise, the entire Jewish community became responsible for each Jew who disobeyed its rulings. In this way, the contract ultimately became very helpful to Jewish commerce. Nevertheless, Jewish tradesmen ignored the ruling at the time it was issued, opening large stores with fronts that faced non-Jewish streets. They continued selling what they wished and taking part in whatever crafts they specialized in, and even going so far as to enlarge the area of the prescribed Jewish settlement. When the municipality realized that the Jews were not acting according to agreement, they renewed the battle against them. The Jews began defending their position, fearing exile. Their strategy was offensive, and in the year 1756 the judicial code of the king decreed that the contract from the years 1742 was valid. In a sense, the Jews had prevailed, although they were very limited by this contract.
In the year 1783, the trade unions and leaders of the Jewish community arrived at the courthouse of the king. Among the heads of the community, Arie Leib Myetes’ was very efficient at this task, finding an ally in the assistant to the counselor, Joachim Harptovic, a very educated and enlightened man. Working with him, the ultimate judgment was made in the spirit of progress and liberation. It established new rules concerning the ghetto, stating that Jews need not live in a limited area of the town, as their number had greatly increased and the three narrow streets designated to house them a hundred and fifty years ago were no longer sufficient (these streets still remain under the names of Zhydu, Sv. Mykolo, and Mesiniu Gtv.). Now they were allowed to reside in all areas of the town with the exception of two streets (from the gate of Ostrabrama to the Christian cathedral and from the Trakai gate to the St. John Church). Even in these two streets, Jews already living in houses were permitted to remain. Also included in this ruling was the pronouncement that Jews living in these streets must contribute to the beautification of the town.
New edicts concerning taxes declared that Jews’ taxes would equal those of all other citizens, and the yearly tax of 600 Zloty was abolished. The ruling also established the freedom of Jews to participate in all commerce and craftsmanship, explaining that the contract of 1742 was a product of its time and its conditions could and would no longer be sustained. The ruling of 1783 also clarified that each person wishing to receive a license for craftsmanship would be tested by a committee that would be composed of both Jews and gentiles and would be appointed by the municipality. This judgment was regarded as a big victory by the Jews of Vilna. In commemoration of it, the gravestone of Arie Leib Myetes’ reads “it is he who saved the Jewish community in the year 1783 and averted disaster in town through his cleverness.” The bill of 1783 ended a long struggle for Jews’ right to live, work, and engage in commerce in Vilna. Jewish commerce and trade increased, and many unions of Christian workers were terminated. Ultimately, the ruling legalized something that was long in existing and removed the obstacle of free progress in commerce and craft by the Jews.
In order to determine accurate taxation, censuses were carried out in Vilna in the years 1765 and 1784. After Vilna was conquered by Russia, there were yet other censuses in the years 1795 and 1800. While these censuses are not accurate, we may still learn much from them. The most exact censuses were taken in 1765 and 1800. According to the census of 1765, the Jewish community of Vilna and its suburbs was compromised of 3887 individuals. In the year 1800, 6971 individuals inhabited the same area. The total number of residents at the end of 18th century, including the Jews, was 17351 individuals. Thus, the Jews composed almost half of the total population at the time. Internal Jewish Politics During the Years of the Polish-Lithuanian Kingdom The Jews had become autonomous and their leaders served in a committee, chosen by the community to represent them in the larger population and negotiate with the local government. They collected taxes, had formed their own judicial system, were responsible for the health and sanitary conditions of the Jewish quarter, and supervised Jewish education. Each year, new community, judicial, and religious leaders were elected by the community. In certain job areas, such as education and health, special societies existed (Talmud-Torah for education, Bikur-Holim for Health Care, and CHK). Each such society elected its own leaders.
The Vilna Jewish community began to take part in the Committee of the State of Lithuania for the first time in 1652. In time, it became very prominent in this committee, since the Jewish quarter had became a significant metropolitan area of the town. Taking example from the Christian craftsmen, the Jews also organized trade unions. At the head of the society of weavers was CH. K. Schmuckler. The number and size of such societies increased steadily. Most such groups attempted to establish their own synagogues. There existed a noted hierarchy among the leaders of the community. In order of importance, these leaders were: the rabbi, the av beit din (religious judge), the magid, the writer of official documents, the beadles, the legal community representative (shadlan), the doctor, and other community workers. It was the wealthy and the learned who influenced the community the most. Only well-to-do or learned individuals were elected as leaders of the committee and societies. Even in difficult times when the community required representatives reflecting their decrepit state, those elected were wealthy. They in turn elected their relatives for more minor judicial positions.
Originally, the community was ruled by volunteers who cared for the betterment of the public. Among them was Eliyahu Hasid, brother of Yisaschar Bar, son of Rabbi Moshe Kramer (av beit din of Vilna, died in 1688), and great-uncle of the ‘Genius of Vilna’ (1720-1797). Another like him was Yehuda S”od (son of Eliezer, died in 1763, was the father-in-law of Shmuel, son of Avigdor, av beit din of Vilna). Following this type of rule, the job fell to the hands of the wealthy, who wanted power and control. Consequently, a great debate started in the second half of the 18th century between the av beit din Shmuel, son of Avigdor, and the head of the community, Abah, son of Ze’ev Wolf. The Jewish craftsmen opposed the head of the community, and their representative demanded either the abolition of the leading committee or at least a limitation of duties to religious and charity work. Both sides, for the first time, appealed to the government. The autonomy of the Jews, however, was greatly hurt by appealing to outside help in settling a local debate.
As the Jewish community became more established in the first half of the 17th century, Vilna became the center of the Torah. Many religious learned Jews from other places, such as Bohemia, Austria, Germany and Poland arrived here. Moshe Rivkas’, son of the writer and scribe of the Jewish community of Prague, brought with him to Vilna the library that had belonged to his father, collecting many new works as well. Many at the head of the religious community were well-known, amongst them famous rabbis such as Moshe Lima (son of Yitzhak Yehuda, died in 1670) who wrote the book “Chelkat Mechokek” that became renown throughout the Diaspora. The religious judges in Vilna at this point were Ephraim (1616-1678, son of Yaakov The Cohen, “Shar Efraim”), Shabtai Cohen (son of Meir The Cohen, 1622-1663) Aaron Shmuel Keidanov (known as the Ma”hrshk, 1614-1676, born in Kedainiai), and Hillel (wrote Beit Hillel, born in Galicia, religious judge in Vilna). Due to the destruction of the community in 1655, many of these learned men fled and settled in the west. Some of them received jobs as rabbis in important Jewish communities. Rabbi Shah Shabtai Cohen became the rabbi of Holesov in Moravia. Ephraim, writer of “Schar Efraim” also became a rabbi in Moravia; Aaron Shmuel Keidanov became rabbi of Pielt in Germany; Hillel became rabbi in Altuna, Hamburg. Eventually, rabbi Moshe Rivkas’ (son of Tzvi Naftali, died in 1671) returned to Vilna from Amsterdam, where he wrote the book “Be’er Hageola”.
Special among these learned men and writers was Eliyahu Hasid Ben Solomon, who became better known as the Genius of Vilna (1720-1797). He strengthened traditional Jewish values, keeping them insulated from the new movement that was taking form in the Jewish streets. Nevertheless, the upcoming movements took root, examples being the Hasidic movement, established by Baal Shem Tov, and the enlightenment movement that came from Berlin under the influence of Mendelssohn (the grandfather of Mendelssohn the musician). Only a small number of the heads of the Vilna community of the learned were affected by the Hasidic movement. This is due to the work of Rabbi Eliyahu, who stubbornly resisted it.
Already the first of these enlightened Jews of Vilna worked to preserve the Hebrew language. Taking great interest in its grammar, they were also curious about modern additions to the religious text. They continued its tradition, preferring it over philosophy. Vilna, with its rabbis, writers, philosophers, and educated people, became renowned as the center of spiritual life of the Jews of Lithuania. Thus, it was rightfully named the ‘Jerusalem of Lithuania’ (Yerusholayim de-Lita).
In 1794, around thirty Jews were killed in a Vilna suburb by the incoming army of the Russian empire. In 1812, the French army conquered the town and the Jewish population suffered greatly. The old cemetery became a pasture for cows and sheep. The Jews helped the Russian army to fight the French, hoping Czar Alexander the First would improve their situation. This was a misconception, as the situation during the rule of the brother of Czar Alexander Nikolai the First was very bitter. A draft claimed young Jewish children for the army, causing great alarm in the community. Despite many of Jews’ pleas, this order was not revoked and greatly hurt the population, resulting in internal struggle in the community because it was the leader of the community who were responsible for fulfilling the specifications of the draft. The governing committee secretly kidnapped impoverished Jewish children to fulfill the requirement of the draft, causing the population, especially those who were poverty-stricken, to revile the leaders of the community.
In 1802, an order came to the Russian-occupied Vilna stating that a certain number of Jewish representatives must be chosen for the municipalities, as was custom in the Russian empire. The chief of the central municipality greatly objected to the members of the Jewish leading committee. Thus, after pleas of the Jews to revoke this order, it was cancelled by the municipality. The subject was again brought to light in 1816. The mayor of the Vilna region suggested that some Jews assume positions as representatives in the municipality, and so in 1817, two Jews were chosen for this general committee. Seven of the gentile members of the committee announced that they would not take part in any organization that contained Jews. The gentiles were put to trial for refusing to work with the Jews, although the outcome is not known.
The Jews remained in the general committee until the year 1820, when the Russian leadership acquiesced to the pleas of the gentiles in forbidding the Jews to take part in the committee. Once again, this issue was debated for a long time – until the year 1836 – when it was finally decided that Jews would no longer be allowed to participate in the committee of Vilna. Although this decision was an exception amongst the rules applying elsewhere, during the entire period of Russian control of Vilna, Jews were not members of the leading committee. It was only according to the Law of 1892 that a few Jews were permitted to join the committee, although even then they were not allowed to take active part in its decision-making and work.
In 1844, Russian rulers annulled the autonomy of the Jews over their affairs. The beadles of the synagogues became the caretakers of the social and religious life of the community. The beadle of the largest synagogue became the head of the community. By the 1840s, the situation of the Jews under Russian rule had become very difficult, and in 1846 a renowned Jew by the name of Moshe Montefiori (1784-1855) came from the West to plead with the Czar to revoke a new ruling hindering the Jews. During his visit to Russia, Moshe stopped in Vilna, where he was received as an honored guest by the local Jews. He investigated the situation of the community and received detailed written reports from educated Jews living here. Despite Moshe’s pleas, however, the Czar did not revoke the ruling.
In the year 1850, yet another ruling came from the Czar, this time in regards to the costume of religious Jews. Now, Jews were forbidden to wear long gowns such as those of Polish Jews. In addition, rulings regarding traditional men’s sideburns and women’s wigs were issued. Most in the Jewish population strongly objected to the ruling, although they eventually became accustomed to the new fashion.
Following the demise of this evil Czar there was improvement in Jews’ life in two areas: that of army service and of permission for Jews to breach the Pale of Settlement. In the year 1861, the rule decreeing that two streets of Vilna must remain unpopulated by Jews was eliminated. However, a Jewish resident of Minsk by the name of Jacob Barfmann converted to Christianity, causing great damage to the Jewish population. In the year 1866, he arrived in Vilna and published an article suggesting that Jews were a nation within a nation. This article caused great turmoil amongst the Vilna ruling class. Mr. Barfmann was asked to collect testimony from books of the Jewish community showing the ‘true nature’ of the Jews. This appointment caused great turbulence amongst the Jewish population, and the general governor agreed to the suggestion of a Jewish publisher from Vilna, Yaakov Barit, founding a committee of educated Jews who would investigate the claims made by Mr. Barfman. This committee existed until 1869. Despite the fact that Yaakov Barit was successful in proving to the members of the committee that the claims that Barfman made were false, Barfman continued in his activities and published, with the help of gentile authorities, a book about the Jewish community. This propagandist and fallacious book insinuates that according to faulty interpretation, the books of the Jewish community are erroneous in regards to the true nature of the Jews. Barfmann’s book was sent to many government officials and was used by its clerks as an official document describing the Jewish community and their relation to the state. During the reactionary period when Czar Alexander III came to power, Jewish Vilna was very involved in a movement for equal rights and national liberation. In 1872, Vilna established the first Jewish Social Center in the world. In addition, one of the first Zionist Unions, Hovevei Zion (From its inception, the Hovevei Zion groups in Russia sought to erect a countrywide legally recognized network. After negotiations, in which the authorities demanded that the society be set up as a charitable body, its establishment was approved, early in 1890, as ‘The Society for the Support of Jewish Farmers and Artisans in Syria and Eretz-Israel,’ which came to be known as ‘The Odessa Committee.’), was established here in 1882. In the year 1897, a meeting was held for the entire committee of the Social Democratic Jewish Party (the anti-Zionist Bund – “Like other Jewish Marxists, the Bund argued that, rather than emigrating to Palestine, Jews should combat racism wherever they were. So it was extremely hostile to Zionism, which it saw as a refusal to fight anti-Semitism – and indeed a concession to it.” Taken from http://www.sa.org.au/cgi-bin/index.cgi?action=displayarticle&id=214).
During the Russian Revolution of 1905, this party became very active in Vilna. In 1902, a young Jewish shoemaker by the name of Hirsch Leckert (1879-1902) attempted to assassinate the Vilna governor, von Wahl, who had been very cruel to protesters on May 1st. The governor was wounded, and Hirsch Leckert was hung. During the same year, the religious Zionist organization held a meeting in Vilna. The city became a center for the laborers of Zion. In 1903, Doctor Herzl, president of the Zionist movement, stopped in Vilna on his way to St. Petersburg. This visit resulted in a great demonstration of Vilna Jews in support of Herzl and his doctrine. Between the years 1905 and 1910, Vilna was the location of the Zionist Committee of Russia. In 1906 Vilna witnessed a meeting of the Union for Equal Rights of Russian Jews; Doctor Shmaryahu Levin was elected as a representative to the Russian Duma. At this point, he lived in Vilna.
Delegates to a congress of the Tse'irei Zion movement, Vilnius 1921. Shlomo Farber (front row, second from the right); Menachem Rudnicki - Adir (front row, fourth from the right); Chaim - Shalom Kopilowicz (front row, third from the left); Avraham Solowiejczyk (front row, on the left); Lewin (standing, second from the right; first name unknown), a delegate from Molodechno; Israel Shafir (standing, third from the right); Nachum Kantorowic (standing, fourth from the right); Israel Marminski - Marom (standing, fifth from the right); and Margolis (standing, fourth from the left; first name unknown), a delegate from Svencionys. Also in the photo, seated: A. Katz, Shraga Antovil, Reuven Boniak, Shlomo - Yitzhak Alper, Eliahu Rodnicki, Nechama Horwic, Yitzhak Walk, Chaim Fejgin, and Yitzhak Schweiger, a Zionist emissary from Mandatory Palestine.
The number of Jews in Vilna steadily increased during the 19th century. By 1832, Jews constituted the majority of the town population. While Vilna housed 20706 Jews, it was the residence of only 15200 gentiles. According to the census of 1897, of 154532 Vilna inhabitants, 63997 were Jewish; Jews made up 40.9% of the population. In 1916, Vilna’s inhabitants had decreased to 148840, yet amongst them were 61263 Jews, or 43.5% of the general population.
Vilna soon became a center of commerce and industry. The town’s merchants shipped products to distant markets all over the Russian Empire. Vilna also became a transit station for the merchandise traveling between Russia and Germany. The local manufacturers, specialists in their professions for generations, developed contemporary products, such as mass-produced ready-made clothing and gloves. In the surrounding neighborhood of Vilna, they also generated wood products, using mills and factories to make furniture. Vilna residents controlled flour mills, beer and tobacco factories, sweet and sugar factories, and printing presses as well as tanneries. Jews took increasingly large part in such commerce in the 19th century. In 1806, only 22.2% of merchants were Jewish. By the year 1827, Jews made up 75.6% of merchants: almost the entire commerce in Vilna had passed to Jewish hands. By 1875, of 3195 merchants, 2752 were Jews, or about 86%. In 1897, 77.1% of merchants were Jewish.
Particularly large was the number of Jews who owned small stores and businesses. According to the census of 1897, the professional classification of Jews of Vilna was as follows: merchants – 6117 individuals; industry and manufacturing – 13573; transportation – 875; agriculture – 78;doctors, lawyers, and the like – 1026; others – 6926. Accordingly, most Jewish residents of Vilna were involved in industry and production. These small-time Jewish manufacturers began exporting their goods - ready made clothing and gloves - to all areas of Russia.
In 1914, according to a census carried out by Jacob Laszcinski, more than 50 manufacturing enterprises belonged to Jews; in each one of them worked more than ten people. In some of these, there were twenty and in others as many as forty laborers. Small manufacturers yet abounded. That year, of 131 Jewish glove-makers, 78 employed 308 laborers and 125 assistants. Other than these laborers, between 250 and 300 workers, mostly women, carried out small assembling jobs from home.
In the sowing industry of 1914, about 1000 Jewish enterprises existed, collectively hiring around 2000 laborers. Ready-made clothes were sent to Caucasus, Siberia, and central Russia. Vilna’s main competitor in the clothing trade was Poland. These sowing assemblies operated very similarly to US enterprises, with detailed division of labor. 200 ready-made clothes manufacturers hired between 500 and 600 laborers; some establishments employed 30 or 40 laborers alone. Of around 100 shoe-makers, only three were gentile. Collectively, 500 Jewish workers were employed in the shoe-making industry. Three to four thousand additional laborers made socks; many worked from home. Other professions – such as those of hatters and saddlers – were a Jewish monopoly.
In 1815, the first Jewish factory was opened for the production of simple cloth. By 1858, almost all factories were owned by Jews. Although they were not large, the 43 factories employed 210 laborers. During the years from 1870 to 1880, this industry was much encouraged by authorities. In 1887, 53 of Vilna‘s factories were operated by Jews; together they used the services of 1469 manual workers. Although ten years later the number of Jewish factories had decreased to 49, they now employed 2378 laborers. Just before World War I, the number of Jewish factories increased to 125 and the number of laborers to 4671. Other than the fields already mentioned, there were no truly developed industries in Vilna.
As Vilna was a center of commerce, sectors of important banks were opened here. Jewish merchants and tradesmen opened their first savings and loan bank in 1904. The previous year, in 1903, Doctor Benjamin Pin, the son of Räshi Pin, left in his will some money to assist in manufacturing and subsequently became very important to the industry. His example was followed by similar benefactors in other Russian towns.
Vilna continued to flourish as an eminent cultural center throughout the 19th century. It was the center of the Torah; the Enlightenment spread through the town and its environs. While many distinguished writers and progressive thinkers were raised in Vilna, others came from different towns. In the middle of the 19th century, it became a hub of Hebrew literature.
A central personality amongst the free-thinking inhabitants of Vilna was the writer Mordechai Aaron Ginsburg (1795-1846, born in Salant); among poets who originated in Vilna we must mention Avraham Dov Hakoyin Levinsohn (born in Vilna in 1794, died in 1878) and his son Micha Yosef Levinsohn (1828-1852) as well as Schlomo Zalkind (died in Vilna in 1868) and Yahudah Leib Gordon (born in Vilna in 1830, died in St. Petersburg in 1892). Vilna also housed researchers the likes of Matityahu Strassen (son of Shmuel, born 1818 in Vilna, student of teachers from Lebadova and Ilya, died in 1886 in Vilna), Yitzhak Isaac, son of Yaakov, Avraham Zagheim (died in Vilna 1872, son of Yosef), Smuel Yosef Pin (born in Grodno 1819, died in Vilna in 1890), Eliezer Lipman Horowitz (born in Vilna in 1815, died 1852), Juhoshua Steinberg (born in Vilna in 1839, died in 1908). Also there were welknown writers like Kelman Schulman (born in 1821, died in 1899 in Vilna), Benjamin Mendelstamm (born in 1800 in Jagar, died in 1886 in Simpropol), Isaac Meir Dik (born in Vilna in 1807, died in 1893), Moshe Reicherson (born in Vilna in 1827, died in 1903), David Moshe Mitzkohn (born in 1836, died in Vilna in 1887), and Ay Papirna.
The well-known writer Mapo (born in Slabodka in 1908, died in Konigsberg in 1867) belongs very much with the Vilna literary spirit. These scholars wrote in Hebrew, the literary language of the Jews of Eastern Europe. Eventually, the Yiddish language, the vernacular among Jews, also became a literary language, furthered by writers such as A.M. Dik and Michail Gordon. The common sharp humor of the times was expressed by the national comedians Motke Habad and Sheike Feifel, the flute-player. Members of a well-to-do enlightened class, such as Eliezer, Nisan, and Moshe Rosenthal, Mordechai Nathanson, Elazar Halberstamm, and others, also lived in Vilna at the time. What is particularly evident amongst these writers is their deep-rooted love for the Hebrew language as well as for the Bible and the land of Israel. In addition, they recognized the unity of the Jewish nation that had spread out during the Diaspora and had a deep love of traditional literature.
In the year 1799, two printing houses transferred from Poland to Vilna. Both had Hebrew divisions. In the publishing house of the Polish Zawadski, the head of the Hebrew department was Menachem Man, who changed his last name to Romm. In 1835, Romm began printing, in partnership with a few wealthy Vilna residents, the Bible. At the same time, the Bible was also printed in the Sloboda printing house. A fight ensued and was taken to court, where it was decided that the printing house of Romm would be the sole publisher of the Bible. In consequence of this verdict, the government closed all Hebrew printing presses in Russia with the exception of Romm’s in Vilna and another in Kiev. Romm now had a monopoly on almost all Hebrew literature of the region and became very successful. The Romm printing press was used by the writers of Vilna as a publishing house. In 1863, a new publishing house was opened by Rashi Pin and Rosenkrantz; following this, many other such houses were launched.
Several Jewish students studied in the Polish university in Vilna. In 1808, the university established a program for teachers of secular Jewish schools, but this program existed for only half a year. In 1830, Jewish academia established a secular school in Vilna, but, once again, this did not last long. In the year 1841, a group of educated Jews, headed by Nisan Rosenthal (died in 1816 Vilna, was born in Yasinovka), established two schools at which children studied both secular and religious topics. In 1844, the government of Vilna opened a school for rabbis that in 1873 became a school for Jewish teachers. This establishment was largely intended to further Russification among Vilna Jews, providing general schooling rather than specifically educating rabbis and teachers. Many students of this establishment became known as writers and researchers. Among these were Dr. Yehuda Leib Kantor (born in Vilna in 1849, died in Riga in 1915), Doctor S Mandelkern, Aaron Shmuel Lieberman (born in 1845, committed suicide in 1880 in the US), Abraham Eliyahu Arahbi, son of Yaakov (born in Novohorodok in 1835, and died in 1919), Kahn Avraham (born in 1860 in Podbraze, died in 1951 in New York), and L Livender.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, a Hebrew high school with a primary language of Russian was established. Under the headmaster PA Cohen, many subjects were taught in Hebrew. The Zionists, becoming more and more influential in the area, established a modern institution for religious studies, and new, modern ideas became more common in the secular Hebrew schools as well. In some, Hebrew began to be taught in a more natural way, often replacing the more common Yiddish. Several Zionist women established at this time a Hebrew school for girls by the name of Jahudija.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, Vilna was the cultural center for many Hebrew writers. Between 1904 and 1915, a daily paper, Hazman (the Times), was published, whose writers included Ben Zion Katz (born in 1875, died in Tel Aviv in 1958), Israel Chaim Tvajov (born in Druja in 1858, died in Riga in 1920), Yosef Eliyahu Trivesh (born in Vilna 1855, died in 1940), Shaul Chernovitz, YD Berkowitz (Ben Zion Yahuda?), Ben Eliezer (nee Moshe Galumbatsky, born in 1882, died in Tel Aviv in 1944), Y. Brashdeski, Hillel Zeitlin, and SL Zitron. Furthermore, a monthly newspaper was published by Zev Yewitz, called Hamizrachi. The weekly of the Zionists, Zionist Congress, was published in Vilna and targeted a youthful demographic. In addition, weeklies like Life and Nature were published by Lavner and Comrade published by Eliyahu Halevi Levin. Yiddish newspapers also flourished. In 1906, the Zionists began publishing a scholarly weekly, named Das Jidische Volk. Its editor was Dr. Yosef Floria. Other political parties, such as the Bund, the Zionist Labor Party, and the Socialists (SS) also published newspapers and books, mostly in Yiddish. The monthly Yiddish World transferred its location from St. Petersburg to Vilna, and was edited by S. Niger. A children’s Yiddish newspaper by the name of Grininka Biamelah was published by Hilperin Falak. Furthermore, an important scientific library was established in the town. Books were contributed per the inheritance of the learned Matityahu Strassen.
The German army took over Vilna during Yom Kippur of 1915. A very difficult period came, a time of starvation and unemployment, followed by forced labor. The previously flourishing industry and commerce were eradicated. Although the town incurred a collective financial penalty of one million Marks, the Germans were not able to collect such a prodigious amount of money from the impoverished population. During this difficult period, camaraderie flourished in the community. Helped with training of professionals and given employment opportunities, education in the Jewish community progressed and the first Hebrew-speaking high school in the Diaspora was established along with a Yiddish theater. At the end of the German rule, a democratic election of leaders for the Jewish community took place.
At the end of 1918, the Germans retreated from the town. Local Polish citizens received leadership positions from the Germans, but a few days later, the Red Army invaded. Communist rule lasted for only a short time, but even in that time industry and commerce greatly suffered. The Communists took over many businesses and the situation of the Jews of Vilna became dire.
On April 19, 1919, the Polish legionnaires entered Vilna and began molesting Jews. However, the commander of the Polish army, Pilsudski (1867-1935), immediately announced that the duty of the army was to liberate the city and to give its citizens the opportunity to manage business as they saw fit. He instituted a democratic election and several Jews were elected to serve in the town council. On the 14th of July, 1920, the town once again was invaded by the Red Army. A day later, Lithuanians entered the town. At the end of that August, the Russians gave control of the town to Lithuanians, who promised the Jews national and cultural autonomy.
Soon thereafter, the Polish army, headed by general Zaligowsky, conquered the town. Under Polish control Vilna became a backwater Polish town without any commercial inflow. Its connection with the neighboring independent Lithuania was severed. The Jews of Vilna took part in the leadership of the town but were forced to fight for these rights. The duties of the Committee of the Jewish Community were decreased and, according to Polish diktat, became responsible only for religious and social work. Despite this, the Jews covertly conferred upon the committee greater responsibilities.
As the Vilna economy was stagnating, continuous emigration to the United States and other countries occurred. Nevertheless, Jewish schools, taught in both Hebrew and Yiddish, were established. In addition, schools training teachers in Hebrew and Yiddish and Hebrew and Yiddish high schools were opened. Polish authorities, desiring to educate Jews in Polish, opened a Polish public school for Jewish children. In addition, the Polish university in Vilna accepted only students with Polish high school diplomas. Thus, it became very difficult for any graduate of a Hebrew or Yiddish high school to be accepted. Notwithstanding this limitation, many Jewish students attended the university.
The main cultural loss for Vilna’s Jews was its position as the heart of Hebrew literature. The Jews who promoted Yiddish used this opportunity to open their own center and attempt to make Vilna the core of the Yiddish movement. They established several public high schools and a teaching seminary in Yiddish. They also tried to establish a scientific institute for high school graduates. This establishment was intended to carry out research on Yiddish language as well as Jewish history, statistics, and other such subjects. Known as the YIVO, it became famous throughout the Diaspora, but especially in Poland. On Jewish Street, hostilities ensued between the Zionists and the Bund. While the Zionists controlled the Jewish community, the Bund strongly impacted its trade unions. During the few years prior to World War Two, Anti-Semitism spread all over Poland, including Vilna.
The city of Vilna and its environs was taken by the Red Army on September 19, 1939, and on October 10 the Soviet government transferred that area to the independent republic of Lithuania. Shortly thereafter, approximately fourteen thousand Polish Jews fled to Vilna in the hope of escaping from Nazi or Soviet rule. They included such noted leaders as Menachem Begin, Moshe Sneh, and Zorah Warhaftig; approximately two thousand members of the Zionist pioneer movements (halutsim); and the rabbis and yeshiva students of more than twenty Polish yeshivas, including those of Mir, Kletsk, Radin, Kamenets - Podolski, and Baranovichi.In June 1940, the Soviets occupied Lithuania, and many of the refugees sought to emigrate at all costs. That summer, a rescue route for the Polish refugees in Lithuania opened up via East Asia, in addition to the emigration route to Palestine. Two Dutch yeshiva students obtained visas to Curacao, a Dutch colony in the Caribbean, from Jan Zwartendijk, the Dutch consul in Kovno (Kaunas), who subsequently agreed to grant such documents to other refugees. The refugees then asked the local Japanese consul, Sempo Sugihara, for the transit visas that would enable them to travel via Japan. Sugihara, on his own initiative, and later despite express instructions to the contrary, issued thousands of transit visas during the final weeks before the Soviets forced him and other consuls to leave. The refugees, headed by Dr. Zorah Warhaftig, who was in charge of the local Palestine Office for Polish Refugees, then applied for Soviet exit permits and transit visas. After extensive efforts by refugee leaders the Soviet authorities granted the refugees permission to leave, and the first group arrived in Japan in October 1940.
Once it became known that exit permits were available, efforts were made to obtain the necessary documentation by many who had previously refrained from doing so. Thus, visas to Curacao were obtained from A. M. de Jong, the Dutch consul in Stockholm, and Nicolaas Aire Johannes de Voogd, the Dutch consul in Kobe, Japan. Japanese transit visas were procured from consuls in various Russian cities, primarily with the help of the Japanese N.Y.K. (Nippon Yusen Kaisya) shipping line, which provided visas to those for whom boat tickets had been purchased. Several hundred refugees who possessed visas to the United States, Palestine, and other countries traveled via Japan, leaving the Soviet Union by means of the Curacao and/or Japanese visas; among them were such prominent rabbis as Aron Kotler, Reuven Grazowsky, and Moshe Shatzkes.
Beginning in the early spring of 1941, the Japanese attempted to halt the entry of Jewish refugees to Japan, but despite their efforts, more than 500 Jews entered between April and August. That summer, the Japanese sent those Jewish refugees who were unable to emigrate to Shanghai, where most remained for the duration of the war. During the period from October 1940 to August 1941, a total of 3,489 Jewish refugees entered Japan. Of these, 2,178 were of Polish origin, among them more than 500 rabbis and yeshiva students. In the spring of 1941, efforts were made to arrange for the entry of refugees from the Soviet Union directly to Shanghai, and the necessary permits were obtained. It is not known how many of these documents were actually utilized (apparently between 50 and 150).
Sima nee Gurevitz with her first cousin ( nee Spektor) And the cousins husband.
A mediaeval stronghold, once the capital the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, today the county and guberniya town and headquarters of higher administration offices and the army. It lies 50° 41’ latitude north, 42° 57’ longitude east and 118.2 m above sea level. It stands at the point the river Wilejka enters the river Wilia, in a valley surrounded by hills from whence a beautiful panorama extends. Distances by rail in verst to the following cities: St. Petersburg 658, Moscow 875, Warsaw 387, Kiev 862, Minsk 173, Wierzbolowo 177, Kowno 97, Grodno 147 and Ryga 365.Location and climate In geognostic terms, the town lies on a plain, tilting from the Pinsk Lowlands towards the Baltic Sea. To the east and west, the elevated upper layers of land, on which the town stands, are of sand. The alluvial hills surrounding the Wilia river bed are only of sand but those around the Wilenka occasionally contain clay. There are two springs in the town, one by the Zamkowa hill containing traces of hydrogen and sulphur, the other, more iron flavoured, on the Rowne Pole. Their presence points to the possibility of the existence of more. In his geognostic description of Wilno, (Opyt medico-topograficzeskiego opisania goroda Wilny pages 9 27), Salkind describes this subject in great detail. Here we must add that the land in the lower part of the town, the complete area in the vicinity of the castle, from the banks of the Wilenka and Wilia to the hills on which the buildings of the Catholic seminary, the post Dominican and post university stand, are boggy and full of springs and meadows. Water in Wilno is plentiful and never far beneath the surface.
The soil in the town and environs is primarily sand and these layers often attain a depth of several ells (Nordischer Sand); then follows a layer of ordinary red clay which is unsuitable for brick making due to the high content of lime stones (top red alluvial clay, top red marl); beneath a layer of alloy-yellow coloured clay, which is a type of marl and containing veins of excellent pottery clay (marga argilacea, argilla plastica) and finally the deepest lying, thin layer of gravel or large–grained sandy limestone. In the hills surrounding the town there are innumerable primary rock fragments, the most popular being granite, gneiss and grinstein and these are used to pave the Wilno streets. Homogeneous minerals have been found beneath the town and include cinnamic stone, hornstone, in the shape of rounded stones, (Hornstein; according to Gedrojec this is not hornstone as maintained by Jakowicki but silex or Feuerstein) and fossilised wood.
The bones of a mammoth, an elephant’s molar tooth and various other, less significant, fossils have been found on the banks of the Wilia and on the flat country beyond. A description of the latter can be found in an article by Jakowicki in the Wilno Daily 1830, III, 80).Wilno also has its own specific flora, details of which can be found in Balinskiâ Statistical Description of Wilno, 9, 23. Balinski collected what he found by Gilibert and Jundzillow; the latter did much for the countrys flora but omitted many species known only in Wilno. Presently, Ms. Tekla Symonowicz, known for her work in the field of botany and for her rich herbarium, is preparing to take to print a detailed account of Wilno flora.
The climate, although changeable, is temperate and healthy. The real spring warmth begins here with the onset of April and sometimes even in March; however when the polar ice begins to melt, the northern winds bring cool weather and frosts with them and snow has been known to fall as late as May. The hottest days are experienced in July but October can be almost just as warm. Summer temperatures can reach +26.2° but they normally range from +22° to +24°. The coldest temperature registered was -29.5°. The average annual temperature is +6.80° (Wild temperatures in the Russian Empire); average winter temp. -4.56°, spring +6.80°, summer +17.94° and autumn +7.20°. The greatest annual temperature fluctuation occurs in January and July, a slight one in February and August and the smallest in April and November. The highest temperature +33° was recorded in July and the lowest -38.8° in January. The highest atmospheric pressure of 752.6mm was noted in January and 751.8 in February; the lowest 748.6 in July and 748.9 in December. The south wind prevails, followed by the west wind and the most uncommon are the north and north-east ones. The declination of the magnetic needle observed by implementing a simple theodolite was 13. The longest day in Wilno lasts 17 hours.
Expanse, parts of the town and policing areas of Wilno covers an expanse of 8 square wiorst and its boundary is 27 wiorst and 75 saz. The straight line from Ostrabrama Street to Antokol suburbs measures 7 wiorst; from Pohulanska to Polocka suburbs, 2w. 350 saz. Wilno has spread throughout the valley surrounded by hills of varying sizes.The city is, in fact, divided into the actual city and suburbs encompassing it from all sides. Travelling from north to west we first encounter Antokol, which resembles a town rather than a suburb considering its population. It nears the city with each year as the number of houses increases and will soon be swallowed by it. Those “ manors in Antokol, so poetically described by Chodzko, no longer exist. They have been replaced by multi storey buildings and factories.
A thick pine forest, belonging to the Greek Orthodox nuns, separates Antokol from Popowszczyzna, which lies to the north east and used to be a suburb but today is integrated into the city. This part of the city is named Zarzecze. Poplawy suburbs, now adjoining Zarzecze, lie more to the east but are separated from it by the river Wilejka. Towards the south and south west there are the suburbs of Nowy Swiat, Szkaplerna and Kominy which make up a unit and are quickly approaching the city. Nowy Gorod and Hulanki are to the south and south west. The former is a town in itself, even a fair-sized one, taking the number of houses into account. 15 to 20 years ago, Pohulanka was the summer escape of the privileged and a popular excursion goal. Today, it is a beautiful part of the city. Lukiszki lie to the west and Snipiszki to the north west. Lukiszki is in a valley whereas Snipiszki lies higher. Antokol and Popowszczyzna are separated from the city by the river Wilejka and Snipiszki by the Wilia. Other suburbs and the city itself are on the left bank of the Wilia. On the edge of the suburbs we find the summer houses or “dachas.â€? They are usually situated in such picturesque places as Werki, Zwierzyniec, Zakret, Rybiszki, Markucie, Betleem, Belmont, Wilanowo, Rossa etc. The city has expanded in a most uneven and hilly area so that not only is one street higher or lower than the next but even the street itself can in one part be steeply elevated in relation to another. The town consists of 8 suburbs, 13 squares, 65 streets and 39 alleys. From a policing angle it is divided up into 7 circles of which VII is Antokol, VI includes Zarzecze and Popowszczyzna, V Rossa and Poplawy, IV Snipiszki and I Szkaplerna. Nowy Swiat and part of Nowy Grod do not belong to the county. Most of Wilno’s streets are twisting and winding.
There are barely 3 straight streets commonly known as Prospect. They are relatively new and bare the names St. Jerski, Aleksandrowski and Aleksandrowski Boulevard.Population Regarding population, Wilno ranks 111 in Europe and 12 in Russia (Bracchelli: Statistik der Europaeschen Staaten). Due to a lack of documentation, it is difficult to say how the population grew. Some historians maintain that Wilno had around 30.000 inhabitants in the XIV century, gradually reaching the figure of 120.000 in its heyday, during the reign of Zygmunt August. The city lost its splendour during following reigns and Jan Kazimierz’s reign (1655) saw 25.000 citizens die and even more scatter. In 1766, Karpinski mentions a population of 60.000 (Geographical Lexicon). In 1830, Chodzko, records 50.000 of which 30.000 were Jews. In 1835, Balinski mentions 35.922 (Statistics of the city of Wilno). That figure is incorrect because the VIII census in 1834 census mentions 52.269 citizens and according to official documents 1836 there were 30.253 males, 25.882 females, together 56.135. According to official documents in 1846 there were 27.871 males, 26.311 females, together 54.182 inhabitants. In 1850, the IX census gives 49.006, the X census in 1858 mentions 58.175 and finally the 1875 census notes 42.178 males, 40.490 females, together 82.668.
From that one-day count in 1875 there has not been another registration and so we have to make-do with those memory books published annually by the government statistics office. The information included is fairly accurate as the figures are obtained as follows: births/deaths of the current year are added/subtracted to/from the figures of the past year. The office receives these figures from the police and consistories. According to these books the population in 1886 was 107.286 and in 1890 there were 53.039 males, 56.769 females, together 109.808 of which 13.787 Orthodox, 746 Rozkolnik, 33.628 Catholic, 1.820 Lutheran, 142 Calvinist, 63.698 Jew, 127 Karaite and 360 Mohammedan.During the period 1875 and 1888, the number of births registered was 36.385. Of these 24.776 were Christian and 11.500 Jew and the ratio was 100 girls to 133.3 boys. 27.6 children were born to every 2.000 adults.
During the same time frame there were 39.046 deaths of which 21.637 were male and 17.409 female. As far as the birth rate is concerned we note it is small and we shall examine it closely by religion. The former has a birth rate ratio of 4:1 and, as to the latter, it is impossible to give even a near accurate account as the figures provided for both deaths and births are compiled very haphazardly. During the 14 year period the Jewish population increased by 13.079 heads. When compiling the figures we attain a decrease of 401:6 and for the 14 year period it shows a decrease of 5.622. This does not coincide with the known fact that mortality among the Jewish population is negligible. According to the Duma statistics, Wilno has 1.509 brick-built houses, 1.169 wooden, together 2.678. The ones in the city are all brick-built but for a few, 25-30 wooden ones. On the outskirts and in the poorer parts of the city the houses are mainly wooden e.g. Nowy Gorod, Popowszczyzna, Szkaplerna etc. The houses in town are mainly 2-storeyed (ground floor, first floor) and 3-storeyed and more are unusual. Stair- less houses can be found in the suburbs.Presently we do not have any information on the number of houses in Wilno. According to a one-day census in 1875, there were 1.748 houses and 3.817 inhabited buildings with 12.787 apartments housing 82.668 people. This means 6.6 people per home. By comparing this figure with other cities e.g. Petersburg 7.5, Berlin 4.6, Peszt 5.4, Kiev 5.7 we can see the living conditions in Wilno are extremely cramped. Not only do the citizens live in cramped conditions but the buildings, too, are over housed having, on an average, 7 apartments. The latter situation is most marked in the city centre but cramped human living conditions are experienced both in the city centre and on the outskirts.
The homes are divided up as follows: 1-room 46.9, 2-room 25.3, 3-room 11.2, 4-room 6.5, 5-room 3.7, 6-10-room 5.7, more than 10-room 1.0. For every 100 homes, 4.1% are in the basement, 66.3 on the 1st floor, 22% on the 2nd floor 6.2% on the 3rd floor, 0.2% on the 4th floor and 1.2% on various floors.Canals There are 8 canals, with outlets into the Wilia in Wilno and this includes the small river Koczerga, which crosses many streets in the western part of the city. They date back to the XVIII century when the Jesuits built a canal from the academy through the Dworcowy square and Skopowka to the Wilia. The canals are solely found in the western part of the city and part of the city centre, which adjoins it. There are no canals in the eastern part of the city at all. Due to the high elevation of the city in the east, drainage is natural and during heavy rainstorms proves its practicability. Squares and Public Gardens There are 7 squares and public gardens. Two of these are public gardens: botanical and post Bernadine grove, squares namely Cieletnik, Theatre, St. Jerski, St. Katherine and Dworcowy.Public Squares.
There are 6 public squares. They are, in fact, market places and some have a specific role to play e.g. on one timber is sold and is thus called the Wooden Market. Another sells hay, thus the Hay Market and yet another sells horses and so the Horse Market. On certain days the local farmers arrive here with their wagons full of food products and pay the city a fee for their location. The city, however, does not take good care of these areas and so the sanitary conditions are lamentable.Water Supply The city has a good water supply. The main sources are the Wilia and Wilejka although river water is not the best. The city also has 1.043 wells and 4 springs: Wengry, Misyonarski, Ostrabrama and Lewek. Water from the first three is channeled by pipeline throughout the city. The Wengry well provides 7.800 buckets of water daily, Misyonarski 20.000, the Ostrabrama 10.000 but the amounts from the Lewek well are unknown. City administration In the following part we will show the historical development of the city administration and will restrict the statistical part to a minimum. The first citizens of Wilno were governed by the same rules and regulations as were generally in force in Lithuania and these usually came from the ruling personage, priests’ decrees and ancient practices. Before the onset of Christianity many foreigners, mainly from Riga and Germany, settled here at the summons of Giedymin. They brought with them their own laws and customs, which they then put into practice.
This changed in 1387 when Jagiello bestowed the Magdeburg rights on the city and the laws of the local citizens and the newcomers were replaced by new ones. These laws prevailed up until 1840.After Lithuania was annexed to Russia the city administration was adapted to the 1785 city statute of Catherine II. The city council was set up on 19 August 1808. Presently, the city has an independent administration board, which was set up on 28 July 1876 and includes 72 councilors (Duma) who select from among themselves a city administration (Uprawa), which is made up of the president (Golowa), 4 members (Lawnik), a secretary, builder and surveyor. In 1893, the administration board and councilor selection system were changed by the highest authorities.Taxes We cannot provide taxation figures and information for earlier times as there is no documentation. From time to time in Wilnoâ history we come upon snippets of such information but never enough to build a complete picture. In 1529, the Christians alone paid 1.500 three-score grosz (penny), which in todays money means 5.400 rubles. In certain situations e.g. fire, pest, famine the city was exempted from paying taxes but then, in times of war, the financial burden was all the greater. It was obliged to provide soldiers (numbers in relation to population of the whole Duchy) and contribute financially to the upkeep of the army. Moreover, it had to provide board and lodging for any army stationed in its precincts and support the city garrison needed for the protection of itself. Normally, the army camped on the outskirts of the city and only entered it at times of danger. It was the city responsibility to provide, not only, food and accommodation for the royal army and their horses but even arms, bullets and money. Up until 1451, the city was also responsible for the provision of horses and carriages for members of the Royal court, voivodes and other dignitaries.
More stressful was the provision of accommodation. Housing had to be found for royal courtiers, ministers to the Seym, ambassadors and other foreign officials, court staff, various commissions, royal dispatchers etc. Over the years, these duties took on an ever-changing aspect or completely changed until they became what they are today. Below the income and expenditure for the three years 1877 (the first year of independent rule), 1887 and 1890. Before we provide you with these figures let us mention the various taxes, unknown elsewhere but levied on Wilno alone. Gate tax - established by King Aleksander in 1505. Tax on food products, timber and hay brought into the city. This tax was used, primarily, for the upkeep of the city gate guards. Each wagon paid a grosz.b) road tax – established by Zygmunt III in 1630. Carts paid 1 grosz (equivalent of 3 today) and this was used to build and maintain the roads. In 1791, both the above taxes were increased. This meant 3-5 grosz was charged for a horse, 5 grosz for a head of cattle and 3 grosz for a sheep or other. From 1805 till 1818 the prices dropped slightly and then increased to 5 kopec for a horse.
Moreover, a tax was levied on those which had previously been exempt.In 1821, a new tariff was created and 15 kopecs were charged per horse. Finally in 1846, several articles which had earlier been exempt were levied.c) fish tax“ established by Zygmunt I in 1522. 4 grosz per wagon per annum used to be charged and was used for the upkeep of the market place. In 1824 it was incorporated into the gate and road tax. manure/ carbonization tax - established by Zygmunt I along with the above mentioned.e) lokiec (elbow) tax - established by Zygmunt August in 1536. The last two were paid by vendors selling food products and other small articles on markets, streets and courtyards. alcohol tax set up by the Constitution in the years 1766, 1775 and 1789. This tax was levied on imported and local alcoholic beverages the proceeds of which went to the treasury. This state of affairs remained until 1811. Decrees passed in 1810 and 1811 changed this and the tax became twofold, tax on imported alcohol and excise duty on the locally produced. The entire proceeds from the first and 1% of the second were given to the city and the remaining 99% were turned over to the treasury. lopatka (shoulder-blade) tax - established in the suburb Antokol in 1798. Butchers pay 30 kopecs for every heed of cattle and 5 kopecs per sheep and other smaller animals.) weight and measure tax – weighing and measuring of wares and products on the city public scales) accommodation tax - 3% of the annual rental income The city’ income is not exact. Some income is an approximation and some depends on the competition during auctions. The citys’ flexible budget is prepared annually. Income from resources belonging to the city:1) properties and inns rented out on fixed time basis.
Liba Mahrshak fought as a partisan from the Vilna ghetto. She met her late husband, David Augenfeld, also a partisan, and eventually came to Montreal with daughter Rivkah in 1948.
I was born and raised in a secular Jewish home in Vilna. My father Israel was born in Vilna in 1895 to Reuven Hirsh and Shula. My mother Sara Dina was born in Vilna in 1895 to Leib and Rachel Sofer. They were teachers in the school named TZ”BK, (Central Committee of Education). It was part of the central Yiddish school organization.
Later on, my father was appointed as the head of the school named for Liza Gurevich, and my mother returned to school and became a certified nurse. She was a nurse until the German army entered Vilna. I studied in the elementary school named after Sofia Gurevich.
On Sunday morning, the 22nd of June, the first bombs fell in Vilna. At that point, we were still preparing for our graduation ball that for us symbolized the end of a chapter in our life and a new beginning. This new beginning came, but it was not what we had expected. The minute that Germans entered Vilna, they started kidnapping Jews in the street and staged pogroms in different parts of the city, like Snipisiuk and Novgorod.. There was a most awful pogrom in the heart of the Jewish neighborhood. The epic of this pre-ghetto period was when the Nazis cleared the streets Straszuna, Shavlaska, Rodnitska, Yatkova, Glaser, and others, of all Jews. Some were transferred and others killed. Out of these streets they started making a ghetto, including Glazer, Yatkovka, Jewish Streets. Parts of Gaon street were used to make the so-called “Little Ghetto” or #2. Ultimately, the streets Straszuna, Shavlaska, Disinienska, Svetlana, and part of Rodnitska all became part of the big ghetto, or First Ghetto.
Much has already been written about orders and rules that took all rights from the Jews, so I will not dwell upon them. I myself started working at the children's home, which was really an orphanage. Where did these children come from? The first ones arrived from an orphanage in town - all the Jewish children who had lived there were expelled. Let me give you a short history of the place.
When the Soviets came to Vilna in 1940, they united all the orphanages in town, and all the Jewish children were moved to one orphanage. As soon as German conquered Vilna, they did the opposite: they made the general orphanage Jew-free, which is why many Jewish orphans arrived in the hospital. In the confusing days that the ghetto was first established, there was nowhere for them to go and nobody to take care of them. The children were pushed into two rooms at the edge of the building, in what used to be the department of infectious disease, and they were practically left there all alone. I felt bad for the children and started working in the hospital, or, as it was known, Zlubek.
I soon found out that my friends who worked there for two days could not stand it and escaped from there. I was tempted to do the same but my father talked to me and convinced me to keep working there, saying it was better than washing floors for Germans. He said I was doing a much better deed by washing the floors for orphaned Jewish children. He was right, however what I first saw when I came there was impossible to describe, the sight will never leave me. The children lay in beds without mattresses or pillows; they didn't even have hay-sacks. Six children lay vertically crammed into each bed; they did not have any sheets but only some green vinyl material. They didn't even have any rags. They lay for hours in absolute filth in their own excrement. They would stay like this until someone would come and wash them. But even this did not last long, as one would encounter the same picture a few hours later. I was only eighteen, but I forced myself to return each day.
In order to work at this type of job (for eight hours a day) you really needed strong willpower. The children would scream continuously every time we took them to wash or move them to clean the place. After some time, it was as if we did nothing - everything returned to the same disarray anyway. Everyone who has been to the Jewish hospital in Zemlanka street knows that the main entrance was closed off by a impenetrable fence during the war years, since from there, one could leave the ghetto. So now the entrance was in the gate on Spetlina Street. At the entrance to the gate, on the right, was the pathology ward. On the left was a big hall. This hall was now given to us for the orphanage. Slowly, we cleaned the place: beds were brought in, and sheets, and nurses and teachers started working there, and the children received some rudimentary treatment. Due to the horrible condition that the children experienced during the first weeks there, many had stopped talking or walking. They became accustomed to sitting for hours in one place without moving. We put a lot of energy into getting them to say but one word, but most of our time was spent with them encouraging them to walk and act like children...During the entire time of the existence of the ghetto, which was two years, we were never able to bring them to a stage of childhood normal for their age.
After a few months, the children were moved again. This time, it was a large and comfortable building in Zvelana Street. I don't remember the number, but I recall that when we came from Svitalna Street, the building number was 3. This building was once the syagogue of Rabbi Shaulke. This Beit midrash where the stage had stood now was the dinging hall, and the place where the children played and studied. In the synagogue area, where the women used to sit, we arranged a sleeping room for girls. The boys slept in smaller rooms to the side. we also organized a kitchen and a laundry area. Life began to take on a dubious sort of order. All the children started attending schools in the ghetto and the little children had nursery school teachers inside the institution. Very quickly, the core group of children enlarged. During each action, parents would bring their children to us thinking that if they would survive the action they would take the children back. Sadly, only rarely did the parents survived. I saw many heart-tearing moments when the little children would run after the parents screaming but, to our great sorrow, we could in no way aid this situation.
It was here that I met Zlata, the wife of Yehiel Borgin. She started working there while she was still on the Aryan side. But when living on the Aryan side became very perilous, she moved into the ghetto. Here, she encountered very difficult conditions. As the number of children in the institution rose, two other children’s' institutions were established for children over 14. They took from us all the children over 14 and we were left with the younger children.
I don't want to give a detailed account of daily life in the ghetto. This, too, is something that much has been written about. I will say that I lived in a very crowded condition among those friends and comrades who had survived the actions. As I mentioned before, we only recently had graduated, so we were very close to each other and made sure to meet every night. We knew to detail whatever was occurring with each one of our friends. Together, we went to literary meetings in the ghetto, and sometimes we even went to concerts. We hardly met any new people. We did not try. Life continued like this until we found out that there was a resistance movement in the ghetto - the FPO - and many of us joined this movement. This was a period when morally our spirits lifted and we were excited to be part of a resistance, despite the horrible conditions in the ghetto.
This commitment to resist and be part of a movement gave us support and enabled us to survive the impossible conditions. In spite of the fact that many of my friends belonged to the FPO, we never talked about it amongst ourselves because we did not know who was a member and who was not. We could only assume that some one else in the group was a member.
Aba Kovner became the head of the FPO after the death of Vitenberg.
During the onset of the FPO, everything was underground, and people never met in large number, although there was an occasion when many of us sat in a room, and suddenly people stood up and went in different directions, nobody knew where they went. We met in small groups of five to exchange information or participate in missions.
When I first came and asked to join the movement as a member, I had to come for an interview with the members of the headquarters, whom I did not know. I was very excited; I don't know if I can truly describe the feelings I had; I was 18 years old. I knocked on the door of Oshmani Street 8 and was faced with Aba Kovner and Yosef Glasman. With my friends, I expressed very articulately the importance of resistance to the occupiers, but here, I had to talk to strangers, and convince them that I was worthy of being a FPO member. It's hard for me to now remember the details of the conversation, although I remember that after many months, I met Josef Glasman, one of the leaders, and he told me that after I spoke his heart broke and he cried like a child.
Yosef Glazman- he was killed while fighting in Naarutz forest in 1943.
In Vilna, we heard the details of the revolt of the Warsaw ghetto, and we imagined that soon enough this would be our fate, and we would fall in battle in the Vilna ghetto.
On July 16, 1943, during the night I worked at the orphanage. Every third night, I would stay there. When you took the job, it was mandatory that you stay there for twenty-four hours. I was awake. Actually, in the ghetto, even while you slept, it seems as if you always had one eye open to make sure that nothing awful was happening. For me, especially, with the responsibility of all these children, I could not sleep. Around midnight, I heard someone running on the outside steps. Since it was a summer night and it was very light, when I looked I immediately recognized little Bashka, a member of a Zionist Socialist Movement (Hashomer Hatzair).
Bashkale, whose last name I do not remember now, was killed after her escape to the forest. She was a member of the partisan unit named for Prachomenko. They say that she was killed by friendly fire when one of the partisans cleaned his weapon. Back in July 1943, she was a dedicated contact for the FPO. I knew that she was a contact, and I also knew that Tsvi Tzipilevich lived in a near- by yard In that building lived an entire kibbutz / commune that belonged to the Chalutz. I understood that something was occurring in the ghetto but did not know what. The orders were that in any case of instability, I must come to a meeting place of the FPO. But how could I leave the orphanage at an hour when I was the only responsible adult and the whole orphanage was under my care! I could not decide what to do.
Luckily, after some time, the head of the institution entered - Manya Levi. She was a wonderful person. Before being a teacher in Vilna, she had spent many years abroad. I knew her well because she had been a good friend of my mothers. They had studied together in the same grade of the gymnaisium. Now she lived in an orphanage. As she neither married nor had children, she put all her love and toil into taking care of the children. When she walked through the rooms they hugged her and held on to her, following her out of their great love. When she entered the room where I was, I was ready to take my uniform off and run. Before leaving, I said, "I must go." She said, "I understand. Go. I will stay here and watch the children."
I left and quickly walked to Nemiacka Street 31, the place we had decided ahead of time would be our meeting. On the way there, i met a runner who had been sent to me. He told me that the code world for the FPO was 'liza is calling.'. This was chosen to memorialize Lisa Magon, who was with the partisans and killed on a mission to the Arian side. This code word indicated that everyone meet at a certain place. I now understand that the real meeting place was at Straszuna 6. I arrived there and met others but nobody seemed to know what had occurred. Then we had to go to the alley on Oshmni 8, where the headquarters of FPO stayed. Some other comrades waited in the yard of the library. We stood in the yard for a few hours. Sometime in the morning I was given a paper with a song lyric on it: "Do not say that this is my last road." During that day, we really thought that these were the last hours of our life. We did not know if the mass number of ghetto residents would revolt with us or give up and not fight. We believed that the Germans would enter at any moment.
I don't have to tell you know these tragic events concluded. Wittenberg was supposed to give himself over to the Gestapo, and not by the orders the FPO but by orders of the main headquarter in town. After we spoke and argued for a while, we saw Wittenberg leave the ghetto to give himself up. The next day he was dead. The week to follow was filled with nervousness. It was a week of painful guilt and heartbreak. The depression and hopelessness was hard to endure. It became clear to us that a big group of Jews who were members of the underground had become exposed to the Germans during this event and they must leave the ghetto. Since it was large amounts of members of the resistance they started arguing about who should leave from each party, how many should go and so on.
The first group to leave the ghetto left on July 24, but David will tell about that since he was with this group and he is amongst the very few who are still alive today and can tell the exact details. The next day, we were all filled with fear. On the second day, we learned the awful news that the Germans lay in wait for them. The Germans found some of their IDs, so they collected all the family members of the people who's IDs they found and killed them. In the ghetto I was registered as the wife of a classmate who was in this group. When I arrived at work the next day, not knowing what had happened, I found my friend looking at me with a horrified stare. The Gestapo had found the ID of my friend, and they were sure that I had been shot. It was only a miracle that I was not shot that night.
There were two reasons as to why I was spared. Firstly, the person who wrote the list in the Work Office knew me personally, and second, my address is not the same as the address of my “husband's”. It was easy to skip me on the list. Father was able to arrange for me a new ID, but this cost a lot of money, so now next to my real name they wrote that I was dead. I received a different identity. The few months between the time the first group left the ghetto and the time it was liquidated were filled with anxiety. Jews from the region were being transferred to the ghetto and from there many of them were sent to Estonia, and on September 1st, the ghetto was surrounded, and they started kidnapping people and sending them to Estonia. The ghetto was isolated and nobody could come in or go out. The Four Day Action marked the beginning of the end. Early in the morning, when we found out that the Estonian divisions surrounded the ghetto, no one was allowed to leave to go to work. The members of the FPO ran to the meeting-place on Nimiacka Street 31. On the way, they ordered the fighters of the second battalion, to gather on Svetlana Street 8. From the yard we could transfer to Stranszuna Street. After a short time, we all gathered in the yard. Behind us, near the windows, stood containers with Molotov cocktails and light-bulbs filled with pyre devices. We did not know what to do, and we waited for the commanders to give us orders. Before we could even think much, a group of Nazis, headed by Niaga Borin, entered, and he started a speech. He said that all of us were being sent to camps, and that the ghetto would not exist any more. He suggested that all the women go and arrange for bags for the men to take. He spoke to us very peacefully and gently, and a group of men left the ghetto directly to the train, where they entered train cars and were truly sent to Estonia. We, the women, and some men who escaped stayed in the yard embarrassed and heartbroken.. We were ready to revolt. Many months we waited with nervousness and anticipation the fight, and here, when we stood face to face with the enemy, we let them once again cheat us. Now that there were very few of us here, it was clear that it would be senseless to start a revolt in such conditions. We stood in the open yard without weapons, but still, it did not reduce our pain and embarrassment.
Meanwhile an order came to go to Straszuna Street to buttress the empty apartments and wait. A few hours later we were transferred via the yards in that street near the library, and there we waited for four days. These four days were filled with anticipation and nervousness. We did not know what has occurring; we only knew that Germans had opened fire on Straszuna and some leaders, like Yechiel Ilya Sheinbaum, (pictured below) and one of our friends from high school, Chaym Napoleon, were killed while returning fire. We waited for information or instruction about our escape to the forest. I was sent to one of the gates on Zavlana Street to see if there was any instruction, but I waited there for a few hours and nobody arrived, so I returned empty-handed. During those days they took my father to Estonia and I did not even have a chance to say good bye to him. I walked around crying without consolation; I totally lost all self-control. At home or in the street, tears kept falling and there was nothing I could do.
I was very conflicted. I could not make up my mind about what to do: should I try to escape and leave my mother? Should I stay in the ghetto and wait for the fate that would surely come to all of us? The decision was taken away from me as soon as my mother found out I had the opportunity to escape to the forest and I could not make up my mind. She came to me and said very determinedly, "go, You might survive." At that point we did not really think that anyone would survive. We were sure that we would fall in battle, but the determination of my mother and the blessing that she gave me remain in my memory as a shining memorial of the awful moment that I had to leave her.
We left the ghetto Sunday evening, the 12th of September, 1943. I was with the second unit of the FPO that was sent there. The first unit was taken by Alexander; our unit was headed my Moshe Rodnitski. Immediately, as we left, even before we all met in the suburb, we already lost one person. He got lost on the way and instead of going to the forest, he encountered German guards and was killed. The road was very difficult. Our unit contained over thirty people and more than half were women. We had but few weapons, and our scout many times did not know where to go. It happened that sometimes after we had walked for the entire night we would return to the same place we had started from. We had to cross The bridge over the Valinka river where the first unit encountered the German blockade. We did not use any rules of resistance fighters in crossing. We crossed it running, not using even minimal discretion. This was night time, and the only sign that we had to prevent us from getting lost was a little piece of pig-hide thrown there when our scout came to meet us in the ghetto. This was the only sign for us that we were on the right road. But we were very lucky in finding it and after we had walked for seven days we arrived at the forest without encountering any Germans.
Avraham Sutzkever and Shmerke Kaczerginski, members of the Jewish underground in the Vilnius ghetto.
With me were Avraham Sozkover, his wife Vitka, the author Shmarke Katzerginski, Galika Yankelevich, Firka Landau, and others I do not remember. When we arrived to the first partisan village, and we could walk there during daylight, our happiness could hardly be described. We entered the base of the division Nekama/Miest, or Revenge, and we encountered many of our friends from Vilna and felt great. Tragically, this happiness did not last for long. Yosef Glasman greeted us with these words, "my comrades and friends, I am very happy to see you, but I'm also very miserable that you arrived here because we sent an order to the ghetto but it must have been that you did not receive it. We announced that all the groups must go to the forest of Rodniki and there we would build new partisan bases." He hugged and kissed us but said there wasn't much he could do for us here.
After us, there were a few other groups to arrive from the Vilna ghetto; some members from the FPO but also others whom I did not know. Yosef Glazman shortly left, together with a group of members of the FPO. He joined the Lithuanian partisans, from where he was supposed to go to the Rodnicki forest. We were very sad that we couldn’t join them. This occurred during the week when the Germans staged a blockade and Glasman with his group of 35 people were all killed while fighting the Germans. The blockade in our area only started when we were five or six days in the forest and we were still unfamiliar and inexperienced and did not know what we should do. We were left in the forest without anyone to advise or help us. We did not know where to go.
Vlodka Saulovich, who was the head of Nekama, took his division from the base very late, on the second day, as his wife had started labor and he had waited for her to deliver. When he finally organized his division to move, we tried to join him, but he dismissed us cruelly after having taken all the weapons we had brought from the ghetto. He now used the weapons that we had risked so much to get. He drew one such weapon, pointing it at us, and said that he would kill us if we tried to follow them. So, we returned to the abandoned base and all gathered, becoming one group: members of the FPO from Vilna. We started wandering through marshes and swamps. Together, we survived the period of the blockade in the only way we could. I would like to here end this chapter of my life by saying that I lived in the forest for a year. On the 24th July 1944, we returned to Vilna after the Red Army liberated the town.
Yitzhak Witenberg, the leader of the partisan movement during WWII.
JewishGen Lithuania Database - This is a multiple-database search, which incorporates the databases containing over 300,000 entries from Lithuania. This is a multiple database search facility which incorporates all the databases listed: JewishGen Family Finder JewishGen Family Finder, JewishGen Online Worldwide Burial Registry, Yizkor Book Necrologies, HaMagid Lithuanian Donors 1971-72 and much more!.
For more pictures of Vilna, click here.
Watch a Virtual Exhibition on the Gaon of Vilna.
Watch a movie about Vilna from the year 1939.
Search the New York (all: 1820-1957), Baltimore, Boston, Galveston, Philadelphia, San Francisco, Hamburg Outbound, Canadian Border Crossings Passenger Lists.
Jewish Community of Vilna; The Solly Yellin Center of Lithuanian Jewry.
The Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names.
The Vilnius (Vilna) Kehilalinks webpage was created by Joel Ratner and maintained by him through 2004. We thank Joel for his past efforts. | 2019-04-20T14:35:53Z | https://kehilalinks.jewishgen.org/vilna/vilna.htm |
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Cherkesogais in the Northwest Caucasus in the 19th century.
In the paper, an origin of Cherkesogais and the process of their moving in the Northwest Caucasus in the 19th century are examined.
The problem of a peasant community in internal politics of the imperial government in the second half of the 19th century.
The paper is devoted to a problem of a peasant land community and to peasant-government relations at different stages of a motherland history in the second half of the 19th century.
The North Caucasian military formations in the German armed forces (1941-1945).
In this paper, the author investigates the phenomenon of a military collaboration, including its important Caucasian-Turkic component, which is one of the most interesting and difficult for the analysis subjects in an extensive spectrum of a problematics of the Second World War.
A childhood during the War (1941–1945): problems and prospects of study.
The paper is devoted to the Soviet and modern Russian historiography of a problem of conditions of Soviet children during the Great Patriotic War. The complicated and insufficiently studied questions are disclosed and prospects of further studying this problem are revealed.
Peasant (farmer) economy: two approaches to one problem.
In the paper, the author pursues his aim to investigate the setting of peasant-farmer economies at the initial stage of their development. To achieve this purpose the “engineering – elite” and “radical – market” approaches to studying this kind of an economy were analysed.
Endoecological principles of the formation of meal culture in students.
An attempt is undertaken to logically substantiate the concepts “endoecological knowledge”, “ecological health”, “endoecological rehabilitation” and the factor of their relation with the concept “culture of a meal”.
In the paper, ethnic stereotypes and possible ways of their classification, as well as congruity of the last are discussed.
International relations and influences as a display of a dialogue of cultures (historiographical problems).
The retrospective review of a history of the world literature concept shows that the unity of literary process does not mark its one quality, moreover, identity of literatures of different regions and the countries. In the world literature, both repeatability of the phenomena and their regional, state and national originality are significant. Deep, intrinsic distinctions between cultures (and, in particular, literatures) of the countries of the West and the East, of these two “superregions”, are axiomatic.
In this paper, an attempt is undertaken to discuss a theme “national and sacral” using the examples of the musical – sacred literature from regent practice at the Saint-Voskresensky temple in Maikop.
The paper discusses the Russian authorities – Muslim clergy relations in the Northwest Caucasus in the after-reform period. The author describes structure of clergy, duties of clerics, procedure of their assignment for a post, as well as experience in settling international and interethnic relations in the region.
Analysis and features of an infrastructure of the regional market.
The paper is devoted to a study of a market infrastructure of agriculture-industrial complex of the Adygheya Republic. The basic laws of its formation are determined. The conjuncture analysis of existing institutes is made and the characteristic is given of a level of their development.
The problem of the account of transaction costs and the ways of its solution are examined. It is offered to accumulate them on the account of the same name. Registers for accounting transaction costs have been worked out.
In the paper, the author examines the state and prospects of development of investment activity in agrarian and industrial complex.
The authors consider the basic theoretical and methodological questions of an estimation of the agricultural ground.
The development of a system of social partnership and its influence on workers’ payment.
In the paper, the authors analyse the basic laws and specificity of formation of organizational – economic and financial mechanisms of employment regulation, as well as the priority directions of development of labour relations in the Adygheya Republic, influencing effective functioning of a regional labour market.
Specific features of risk management in agriculture.
The paper discusses specific features of risk management in agriculture.
Formation of legal consciousness: a historical-juridical aspect.
In the paper, the author describes sources of formation in Russia of legal culture, its philosophical and social bases, since times of the Kiev Russia to the Socialist October Revolution of the 20th century.
On features of formation of a rent in leasing buildings and constructions.
The paper discusses features of formation of a rent in leasing buildings and constructions. The author analyzes the mechanism of formation of a rent for this kind of the contract and elucidates a degree of participation and responsibility of the sides within these legal relations.
In the paper, the author investigates forms and methods of the organization of an agricultural production and a cultural life in the Unarokovo village, makes an analysis of natural-climatic, demographic and political features of the Unarokovo village formation.
Liquidation and restoration of Kalmyk national statehood: a political-juridical aspect.
In 1943, the national statehood of Kalmyks was liquidated because of attributing of cooperation with fascist invaders of separate persons and groups of the population to the whole nation. Kalmyks were totally deported and dispersed over Siberia, the Far East and Central Asia. The nation was actually on the verge of physical destruction. Even training in the native language was forbidden. In the paper, the author considers the juridical aspect of liquidation and restoration of national statehood of Kalmyks that returned to the native land. The author uses the political-legal and juridical documents of the supreme bodies of the government which were undergone to the all-round analysis in terms of their legitimacy at the moment of their start in a legal field.
Regional identity in a system of the geopolitical analysis is the factor of social and economic development and an element of political power. At the same time it is the important factor of the Russian political process. Regional identity takes a special place among identity types and is connected to the certain territories that define special forms of life practices, pictures of the world and symbolical images. Today regionalization of public consciousness raises in the country which is stimulated by the processes occurring both in the centre and in regions. In transforming states, identity is dynamical and depends on new social relations and the unions, including those at a level of regions.
In the paper, the author discusses some features of modern ideology of a political regime of the country directed towards strict observance of the constitutional requirement, as well as the absence of the public proclaimed state ideology.
The paper discloses the modern state of the world of the childhood in the Adygheya Republic. The author gives results of expert questioning of the Republic inhabitants and specialists from the state and regional bodies, institutions of local government and non-state structures directly participating in the decision of a problem of social protection of the childhood. The probable reasons for children distress in the region are explained and recommendations for improvement of the state of children are offered.
Within the framework of humanistic paradigm the education is considered as the personality-oriented, cultural process directed to the formation of the basis of personal culture. The present stage of development of a pedagogical science is characterized by insufficient attention to a problem of a correlation of development of ethnic culture and the general culture of the person in terms of disclosing his integrity. The necessary conditions of the formation of the integral person are the wealth of his internal culture, intellectual freedom, high moral potential and tolerance in interpersonal and interethnic dialogue.
The paper is devoted to a prominent aspect in training by the curator of higher school of the future teacher, namely to the formation of pedagogical culture and cultural orientation of the person as its component. Such element of universal culture as nonconventional knowledge of essence of the person having great gnostic, axiological and educational potential can be included in the curator activities.
The paper discusses the basic ideas of the most known authors of personality-oriented education (Bondarevskaya E.V., Serikov V.V., Yakimanskaya I.S.) whose concepts have independent integrity. Classification of existing models of personality-oriented pedagogy (social – pedagogical, subject-didactic and psychological) is given.
The paper is devoted to a national-regional aspect, one of the important problems of the modern system of preschool education. It reflects the contents, features of a national – regional component in education as a whole, and in preschool education, in particular. The brief characteristic of a national – regional aspect is given in the program “Me and my world” for children of preschool age.
The paper discusses academic freedoms of students in educational space and contradictions of their realization.
Independent work is the means of the organization and management of independent activity of students. Its correct organization is resulted in formation of independence, independent study skills and ability to self-development in students.
The authors describe approbation of modern technologies of training during teaching an experimental course “Natural Sciences” at the 10th – 11 th classes in Lyceum No. 19.
The paper generalizes a many-year experience in organizing and conducting educational-field, industrial, pedagogical and pre-qualifying practices.
The paper discusses intercultural communications within the framework of cultural study in psychological linguistics. The intercultural communication is a dialogue among representatives of different peoples, consisting in an exchange of valuable preferences and orientations.
The requirements of intellectual and cultural life in the Adygheya Republic have put forward a problem of Russian speech culture of Adyghes – bilinguists in line with the major and most urgent theoretical and practical problems of the Adyghe linguistics. Modern conditions of social and economic life of the Adygheya Republic population have caused necessity of mastering the norms of the Russian literary language by all categories of the population. Now there is a language situation when demand for non-Russian representatives of the Russian Federation really having a good command of Russian in real social and economic conditions begins to considerably outstrip the offer. It was prepared (1) by discredited practice of teaching Russian in a national audience without taking into account the native language of pupils; (2) by studying a system of Russian mainly as sets of grammatical rules and forms, without necessary attention to studying Russian speech; (3) by absence of scientifically proved theory on studying Russian as the means of interethnic communication in modern conditions. Studying Russian as the means of interethnic dialogue of peoples of the Russian Federation puts a number of theoretical and applied problems before the Russian linguistics the decision of which is connected with the basic foundations of teaching Russian in a national audience. This has theoretical significance for other regions of the Russian Federation as well. Only the careful analysis of the bilinguist second language speech can highlight specific theoretical questions. Having investigated the mechanism and conditions of generation of Russian speech by non-Russians, it is possible to give a theoretical substantiation to Russian as to the means of interethnic dialogue to help methodologists practice in teaching Russian.
The urgency of expressive syntax as a unit of the doctrine on syntax is emphasized by many linguists, especially the nuances of meanings transmitted by syntactic constructions. These constructions include parenthetic insertions realizing expressive-syntactic functions in the text. The author gives a brief review of forms and functions of commenting sentences as a version of a parenthesis, as well as specificity of use of these constructions within the framework of a work of art.
The paper discusses the expression of causativeness in the French language using verbs faire and laisser as an example. The author discloses the relation between the subject and object in causative constructions and the action of causative verbs as categorematic and syncategorematic. The author enumerates ways by which causativeness can be expressed in the French and Russian languages. Equivalents of constructions with verbs faire and laisser are also given, since they can change meaning depending on a situation and on lexical meanings of an infinitive, and also of the subject and object.
Successful teaching pupils of national school Russian phraseology will take place if the teacher considers features of thinking of pupils, human mentality and memories. Their essence is that the information in a brain of the person is stored as a system of the certain blocks of complicated structure with the concepts as the key formations. Besides, the nature of a phraseological material assumes use of the onomasiological approach: from meaning to the form. It allows the process of teaching pupils-bilinguists a phraseological material as the means of verbalization of Russian concepts to be, on the one hand, the most effective, and, on the other hand, the easiest.
In the paper, the author examines problems of the interconnected development of native and Russian speech in pupils of national school, questions of interaction of contacting languages in the teaching and educational process in conditions of Adyghe-Russian bilingual education.
The author examines language as the means of revealing a structure of a thought of the native speaker which “gives a key” to consciousness reconstruction. Language provides a transition to a level of operating with forms of a thought that are revealed in semantics of verbal forms. The thinking exists in forms of a thought and is realized in specific verbal means of expression revealing these forms of a thought.
The paper discusses the idea of anthropocentricity of a language, interrelationship of language and culture and a linguistic-cultural study as a product of the anthropocentric paradigm in modern linguistics and the concepts making a basis of the categorical apparatus of this scientific discipline: the language person and a concept.
The use of the Internet in teaching foreign language is examined. Both the scheme of transfer of knowledge, and the model of teaching process sharply varies with the approaching of the information epoch that demands perfection of vocational training from a position of intensification of cognitive processes.
The paper discusses acute questions of modern literary criticism: a problem of an art method in post-modernistic cultural space, discussions about interdisciplinary as the main principle of a modern science. The author shows specificity of a display of a postmodernism in Russia compared to the western model.
In the paper, the authors describe the mathematical model of a game, when there is a necessity of making the decision in conditions of probable uncertainty. Seven criteria for arriving at the optimum decision are considered in detail. Using an example the authors illustrate application of these criteria and a technique of reaching the optimum decision at presence of risk.
For the first time the paper offers theoretically proved quantitative measures arising from the system theory of information (STI). These measures permit one to quantitatively estimate the influence of factors on systems of a various nature by using a degree of increase or reduction of its emergence (a level of systematization) and a degree of determinancy rather than the force and the direction of change of the system state.
In the study, the author describes organization of a safe work policy of a local network in the Laboratory “Book keeping, the analysis and audit”, theoretical bases of the question, as well as principles and methods of their realization: the administrative and hardware-software means.
The authors offer a technique of optimization of inquiries to a database of information system of the motor transport account by means of relational algebra.
The paper discusses specific features of introduction of applied task packages in the educational process. The authors enumerate problems of introduction and suggest ways of overcoming these problems.
In the paper, the factors of differentiating educational influence in the field of physical training in conditions of personality-oriented education are examined.
The author gives results of intra-populational and inter-populational estimations of the distribution (frequency of occurrence) of blood group phenotypes determined according to a system of erythrocytic antigens (АВО) among people engaged and disengaged with sports, taking into account regional ecologic-geographical features of the surveyed populations of people, as well as traditionally developed kinds of sports.
In the review, the author presents the next Professor I.A. Shorov's ethnopedagogical work on the great educational-cognitive potential of the Adyghe proverbs and sayings. | 2019-04-18T16:27:31Z | http://vestnik.adygnet.ru/?2006.4:389 |
In an earlier post, I mentioned how hard slang words make understanding any language. What's even trickier though, are idioms.
Online dictionaries describe idioms as "a group of words established by usage as having a meaning not deducible from those of the individual words". We have many in English. For example, imagine how an expression like someone feeling "over the moon" would be received by a new English speaker. Or perhaps that someone "saw the light". Or it was "a piece of cake".
Chinese has these of course, along with a great number of old sayings that have current meanings.
Some phrases have meanings that make some sense but aren't easy to derive. An example would be 马上 (Mǎshàng). The first word means "horse" and the second word means "on" so it's literally "on horseback". Currently it means "as soon as possible". You can imagine that at some time in the past, sending something on horseback was the quickest way to send it.
Less obvious are phrases like 马马虎虎 (Mǎmǎhǔhǔ). This is literally "horse horse tiger tiger". It is a phrase that as an adjective means "careless" or as an adverb means something like "so-so" or "just ok".
Another example of these is 指鹿為馬 (Zhǐlùwéimǎ) is to "call a deer a horse" and meaning "to deliberately misrepresent something". A wonderful one literally means "a frog in the bottom of a well". I'll leave that one to the reader to work out what it actually means.
Regardless, if slang is hard, idioms are harder.
A good example of the difficulty in the last step is a word like "sick" in English. When you are first learning English, it's pretty clear that it means "ill". But various generations of teens decided it could also mean "really good". Think how confusing that is to a newcomer to the language.
I strike the same issue with Mandarin. While my mother in law speaks Mandarin, she doesn't use it much on a daily basis, and there was a cutoff point many years back where she basically stopped learning it.
By comparison, most of my teachers are twenty-something women in China. They speak very differently to my mother in law and this is where the impact is felt.
As a simple example, a word like "awesome" or "wonderful" could be expressed as 太棒了！(Tài bàngle!). Literally translated to English, the first character is like "very", the second character is like a bat that you hit a ball with. Baseball is 棒球 (Bàngqiú) or bat ball. The third character signifies that an action has completed. It's not quite a past tense marker but it's a bit like that. It might even make sense in English if you think of something "as a hit".
However, another common expression is 太牛了 (Tài niúle). Same first and last characters are used. Now Google Translate shows that as "too bad" but I've never heard it used that way. Generally, it also means "awesome".
Now, here's the catch. The second word means "cow". So the phrase really literally means something like "too cow". So you can understand the expression on my mother in law's face the first time I said that. There was this curious look, where she understood the words I'd said, but had no idea what they meant.
People who haven't spent time learning about Chinese often presume that there is one core language, and perhaps a series of local variations, much the same way that this happens with English and, likely, all languages.
The challenge with Chinese is that when you refer to "the Chinese Language", you are referring to a family of languages, not to a single language. There are many things that the Chinese dialects share in common (for example many can use most of the same written characters) but it's important to understand how very different the dialects are.
In English we use pretty much the same characters that the French and Germans do. We could even guess how many words would be pronounced (but likely get that wrong too), but being able to read English doesn't give you much help in reading French or German. The exceptions to this will be words that have a similar origin in the past, or words that have been "borrowed" from either of those languages. As an example, you might hear an English speaker say "adieu" and understand it as "goodbye" but only because we've borrowed it and use it within our own language.
Chinese has over 900 dialects. Many of the dialects are somewhat mutually intelligible to some degree. These are usually part of dialect groups.
Chinese has eight of these eight major dialect groups: Mandarin (Putonghua), Cantonese (Yue), Shanghainese (Wu), Fuzhou (Minbei), Taiwanese (Minnan), Xiang, Gan and Hakka. Each has many sub-dialects.
Importantly though, the really common languages like Mandarin and Cantonese share some common sounding words, but are largely mutually unintelligible.
In some cases, you can tell that the words have some sort of commonality in the past. For example, the word for Red in Mandarin is pronounced as "hong" and in my wife's Teo Cheu dialect , is pronounced like "ung". ("Teo Cheu" itself is normally pronounced closer to "der jill"). Clearly there's something similar there from the past, but if you heard one in isolation, you're unlikely to work out what the equivalent is. Other words are completely different. In her dialect, the sentence for "don't yell" sounds very similar to the Mandarin for "as soon as possible".
In the long run, I can see Mandarin becoming the core dialect and the others falling by the wayside, much to the obvious disappointment of the speakers of those other dialects. It will take time, but I see it as inevitable. Given the number of people the Chinese government needs to manage, a common language is essential, and they've made it clear that's Mandarin.
Learning Mandarin: Should I use Pin Yin while learning?
Now when people start to learn Chinese, it's tough to tackle both at once, so the usual starting point is to use what's called 拼音 (or Pīnyīn). Pīnyīn is a schema for Romanizing the characters, basically so they are familiar to people who use alphabets based on that, like English.
So instead of writing 我喜欢学中文, I could write Wǒ xǐhuān xué zhōngwén (meaning I like to study Chinese language). Clearly, for someone coming from a language like English, the latter is much easier to work with at first.
However, even though the letters look familiar to us, it's important to note that the pronunciation of them is a bit harder to get used to. For example, the Wǒ is pronounced more like war than woe, and xǐ is pronounced more like she. Also, many of the sounds that are used aren't exactly familiar in English. For example cái (or 才) is pronounced closer to tsai than to kai.
Once you get over that though, it's certainly easier to get started with.
A big challenge though, are tones. I'll write more about them another day, but notice the symbol (umlaut) over the letter o in the word Wǒ (which means I). This indicates that the word is pronounced with the third tone called 三声 (or Sān shēng). It's critical to learn to get tones correct pretty early on.
In terms of Pīnyīn though, my advice is to try to start reading the Chinese characters as quickly as you can. I remember clearly the day I decided to turn off the Pīnyīn on my learning tools, and just immerse myself with the Chinese characters. My learning accelerated at that point.
The exception to this however, is writing on a phone or computer. Pīnyīn is by far the easiest way to type Chinese into one of these devices. I'll also write about the different input editors for computers another day.
Author greglowblogPosted on August 18, 2018 September 29, 2018 Categories Learning Chinese (Mandarin)Leave a comment on Learning Mandarin: Should I use Pin Yin while learning?
Learning Chinese: Who uses Simplified Chinese Characters?
In an earlier post, I discussed the difference between traditional Chinese characters and the simplified versions. What I didn't address in that post, is who uses which, and (importantly) which is best to learn.
The answer to this question is changing over time.
Adherents to traditional characters point out how much richer many of the characters are. Ironically though, there are characters that started more simplified, but which became more complex over time, and the current simplified character is closer to the historical one.
While the note on richness is very true, it's important to keep in mind why the simplified ones were created in the first place.
Many in Western countries will still see a lot of traditional Chinese characters displayed on signs, etc. This is for a number of reasons. One is that the calligraphy involved is a significant art form. But the other is that in the past, most of the Chinese diaspora (overseas Chinese) were from Hong Kong and Taiwan ie: regions where people readily traveled overseas in the past. Both these regions, along with Macau, still mostly use traditional characters.
Researchers in Taiwan point out the irony in simplification being introduced to assist literacy, yet the Taiwan region has a much higher than average literacy despite using traditional characters. Others question the measurement of literacy on the mainland, and many other studies however, have shown how much easier simplified characters are to learn, contrary to cultural biases.
It's interesting that other overseas Chinese communities like those in Singapore, Malaysia, etc. have already switched to using simplified characters. Painful as it might be for some (and it is painful and seen as an assault on cultural identity by many), I see it only as a matter of time before the vast majority use simplified characters. You can find more on the debate here.
My take on this (and I'm sure many will disagree) is that you have to look at what the Chinese government is pushing. One thing they are very big on is standardization.
With such a gigantic population, there is no other option.
And they've said that simplified characters are where they are now, and also where they are heading.
Now that's somewhat painful and confronting for those who grew up using traditional characters, but I see it as simple (no pun intended) reality.
This means "China already has more than 5000 years of history". While this is a claim that's often disputed, it is one of the items of pride you will hear Chinese people commenting on. They'll ask "how many years of history does your country have?" and proudly commenting on the comparison.
While the ability to read historical documents is important, most English-speaking people today would struggle to read English that was written more than a few hundred years ago anyway.
Today, I'd suggest learning simplified characters, and over time, picking up traditional characters that you need, as you come across them. Even in the regions that currently use mostly traditional characters, I'm sure that when people need to work or deal with the government, business, etc. that it will be increasingly done using simplified characters. My guess is that within a few generations, the move will be pretty much complete.
Author greglowblogPosted on August 11, 2018 July 30, 2018 Categories Learning Chinese (Mandarin)Leave a comment on Learning Chinese: Who uses Simplified Chinese Characters?
Learning Chinese: Can't we just translate between simplified and traditional Chinese characters?
Last week, I discussed the meaning of simplified vs traditional Chinese characters. I had discussed the differences in them, and pointed out that in most sentences, there are only a few characters that are different between the character sets.
So, it would seem that the obvious question is why we can't then just simply translate between the two character sets.
Ironically, it is the simplification process itself that has made this difficult.
It is quite easy to have a computer translate traditional Chinese characters to simplified ones. The problem is the reverse.
This is well-described in the academic paper Key Problems in Conversion from Simplified to Traditional Chinese Characters by Xiaodong Shi, Yidong Chen, and Xiuping Huang.
as you can see in the main image above this post.
So when you need to translate back the other way, which character do you translate it to?
This one is easy for the system as it knows that Táifēng (a typhoon) is a specific thing and knows which character to use.
A second part of the challenge though is also shown in the example above. Note that the name Táifēng is somewhat similar to the English word typhoon. That's no accident. It's what's called a 通假 (or Tōngjiǎ) which is called a loan word, based on phonetics, not on the meaning of the characters directly.
Loan words are very difficult to translate back to traditional characters because the only context is the loan word itself. These groups of characters often have little meaning by themselves.
Note that "grid, mine, grid" isn't particularly meaningful on its own. It's only when the entire name is present, that Google Translate has any clue about what it means, and then it's only an "educated" guess.
As an interesting side note, it's also why a lot of westerners spend ages trying to find a suitable Chinese name, much the same way that I have Chinese friends who have chosen western names.
Author greglowblogPosted on August 4, 2018 August 4, 2018 Categories Learning Chinese (Mandarin)Leave a comment on Learning Chinese: Can't we just translate between simplified and traditional Chinese characters?
Learning Chinese: What is Meant by Simplified Chinese?
In a recent post, I talked about the benefits I'd gained by learning to read Chinese, or at least getting better at it.
A curious question that I get from people sometimes, is about "learning to read Mandarin". I have to explain that Mandarin is a dialect (as is Cantonese) not a written language. I'll write more about dialects another time.
Chinese has a lot of characters. There have probably been upward of 30,000 over the years. Today though, the Table of General Standard Chinese Characters lists 8105 characters. That's a lot of characters to learn. I now know about 1900 and while I can make some sense of newspapers, etc., about 2500 is generally considered a good starting point for readers.
One of the challenges for people learning to read and write though was that some characters were pretty complicated. That might be ok if they are uncommon, but not if they are used regularly.
To improve literacy, starting in around 1946, the Chinese government decided to make some of them easier. A few hundred common characters were simplified as 简化字 (or jiǎnhuàzì). These are often also called 简体字 (or jiǎntǐzì).
In English, we have collective words for groups of things ie: flock of geese, or pack of wolves. Chinese, however, has measure words (量词 or liàngcí). So to say "three fish", you say 三条鱼 (or sāntiáo yú). In this case, tiáo is the measure word for fish (actually it's used for many long thin things).
There are many, many measure words, but the most common generic measure word is gè. So if I said "I have a secret", I'd say 我有一个秘密 (or Wǒ yǒu yīgè mìmì). In that sentence, the character 个 (or gè) is the measure word.
Look at how far more complex the fourth character is. Same sentence but one different character.
If I say "one dragon", it's 一条龙 (or Yītiáo lóng) in simplified Chinese but in traditional characters, it's 一條龍.
You can see why they wanted to make the change. You might also wonder about why they'd simplify a word like "dragon" when choosing common words to simplify, but dragons are surprisingly prevalent in Chinese culture.
Anyway, nothing is ever all that simple. Now that we've discussed what they are, in a later post, I'll discuss who does/doesn't use them.
Author greglowblogPosted on July 28, 2018 September 29, 2018 Categories Learning Chinese (Mandarin)Leave a comment on Learning Chinese: What is Meant by Simplified Chinese?
Learning Chinese: Does learning to read and write matter?
I have a lot of Asian friends, and one thing that's always surprised me is the number who can speak, but who cannot read or write. They are perfectly fluent speakers of their language, as they learned to speak from their parents and families, but they never learned to read and write.
So when I decided to learn to speak Mandarin Chinese, I was wondering if I should spend the extra effort to learn to read and write.
I'm really glad that I decided to learn.
Before I started to learn, I hadn't realized that even though there are many dialects of Chinese (over 900 and I'll talk about them more another day), that they pretty much all use the same writing system. They have different words in the different dialects but they typically have the same character with the same meaning. (Note: There are some exceptions to this like Simplified vs Traditional characters which I'll also talk more about another day).
This means that learning to read Chinese characters (Hanzi) is even more valuable than you might have realized.
This is a character that means "fire". In Mandarin, it's pretty much pronounced somewhat like "haw". In Pin Yin (which is basically used to write the Chinese characters in our alphabet), it's written as Huǒ. The symbol over the "o" is indicating that the character is pronounced with the 3rd tone (a falling then rising tone).
You'll also notice that this pictograph does somewhat show fire. Not all characters are literal drawings like this though. Importantly, if you were speaking another dialect, you would still recognize it as "fire".
A Cantonese speaker would call this fo and pronounce it somewhat like "fore". Rather than using strokes to indicate the tone, it might be written as fo2 with the 2 indicating the second tone. (Tones are different in the different dialects too).
At high school (many, many years ago), I spent 5 years learning Japanese. Later in life I spent some periods working in Japan. While I could cope with basic greetings, and getting around town, I always was hampered by my inability to read anything complicated. I knew my Hiragana, Katakana, and could use Romaji, but I didn't know enough Kanji characters to get by. Kanji characters are derived from Chinese characters, and are often the same.
A big surprise for me when I've been learning to read Chinese was that I can now look at a large number of Japanese signs and know what they mean. I haven't got the slightest idea what the word is in Japanese, but I can often understand the signs.
As an example, for the word fire above, Japanese basically uses the same character. They call it ka though.
Author greglowblogPosted on July 14, 2018 July 10, 2018 Categories Learning Chinese (Mandarin)Leave a comment on Learning Chinese: Does learning to read and write matter?
Anyone that knows me well will have heard me talking at some time over the last few years, about learning Mandarin. At a SQL conference the other day, I had a few people asking me about it because they were interested in learning about it, and a couple wondering why I'd learn it in the first place.
The first reason for this is how prevalent the language already is and how much more prevalent it will be.
I often see statistics that talk about the most common languages in the world, and invariably they count how many countries speak the language. English fares well in those comparisons.
But if you look at the number of native speakers of the different languages, it's quite a different story, particularly when projected forward.
The aspect that I hadn't considered was birth rates. They argued that 1 in 4 children born will be native Mandarin.
And 1 in 5 will be native Spanish speakers. (This is in no short part caused by the large number of large Catholic Spanish-speaking families in South America where some people are still having 8 or 10 children. In many English speaking countries, the native English speakers aren't even replacing themselves – with 1.3 or 1.4 children per couple).
Now many people will say "oh but there are lots of Chinese dialects". That's true. In fact there are over 900 well-recognized dialects of Chinese. What's important to understand though is that the Chinese government is big on standardization. They even have a single timezone right across the huge country, but you have to do that when you have so many people.
As hard as it is for less common dialect speakers to deal with, the game is over and down the track, it's all Mandarin.
Cantonese is the next most common, and is still the dominant language in Hong Kong. I'm sure it's hard for them to accept but right from the moment Hong Kong was handed back to China, the writing has been on the wall for the language. Children there learn Mandarin from a very young age, and I'm sure over time, that if they want to deal with government, business, etc. it will be Mandarin.
Even here in Melbourne, when I'm on trains, I used to hear mostly Cantonese. Now almost all I hear is Mandarin.
The positive thing here is that the different dialects share a common writing system (with some differences that I'll describe another day).
By the numbers, I've also seen projections that say that if you could speak Mandarin, Spanish, and English, by then you'd be able to communicate at some level with over 90% of the world.
I'll write more next week on methods for learning. If you want to get a taste for it in the meantime though, my current favorite is Tutor Ming. If you decide to try it, click here and it's a bit cheaper for you, and for me.
One argument is that technology will replace the need for learning languages. I don't think that's the case, and I'll discuss that further later too.
I had a former colleague ask me the other day if he should learn Cantonese or Mandarin. He was going to spend a few months in Hong Kong and southern China.
Here are my opinions. I’m sure there are many who might differ but this is how I see it today.
Hong Kong is a tricky one. A large number of people there can speak Mandarin given the difficult relationship between “mainland” China and Hong Kong, even locals who can speak it don’t treat you the same as if you speak Cantonese. Many just aren’t happy about aspects of how China now runs Hong Kong. But the way that I see it, is that resist as they might, they will be “integrated”.
In the meantime, and probably for another generation, Cantonese is certainly where it’s at. Already though, China makes all children in Hong Kong learn Mandarin.
People don’t seem to understand how determined the Chinese government is to achieve standardisation. In the end, it’s the only way you can run such a large country without anarchy. They even have a single time zone for the whole of China. I can’t see any chance of them supporting 900 or so dialects going forward. It would probably scare the Cantonese speakers today to think about it, but I think that eventually Cantonese will be like Aboriginal languages are in Australia: more of a curiosity. Clearly, that will take some time.
Personally, I wouldn’t put any effort into Cantonese but you might decide differently if you are intending to be in a majority Cantonese-speaking country for quite a while. You certainly get treated better by locals if you use at least some of their dialect. Same thing happens in Shanghai. Add some Shanghai-ese into your Mandarin, and they are so happy.
Another thing I’ve liked about learning Chinese is that the writing system is essentially the same for all dialects. So even when I see signs written in Hong Kong, I can still read most of it. I have no idea what the words are in Cantonese (although I can easily guess some), but I know what the sign means, and that’s what counts the most.
The challenge with Chinese reading and writing is simplified vs traditional systems. In the 1950’s and 1960’s, the Chinese government decided to simplify the writing system as they had so many people that were illiterate. So they took a bunch of characters and made simplified versions of them. The simplified ones are now used widely. However, once again, Hong Kong is a hold-out. Most people in Hong-Kong or Taiwan still use traditional characters. So there are some characters that I have to stop to try to work out what they are.
The younger people in Hong Kong are learning Simplified characters. Other countries like Singapore have standardised on Simplified. Even in the middle of China, however, there are movements to try to reinstate Traditional characters as they are seen as more meaningful. I can’t see that prevailing and simplified characters will be the future.
Most older Chinese writing that I see in Australia is Traditional as many of the Chinese that originally came here did so from Hong Kong, and many came before Simplified writing was introduced. Most new Chinese that you see in Australia is Simplified. That’s what all the Chinese tourists and students tend to use. When I ride the trains in Melbourne, I used to predominantly hear Cantonese. Now I predominantly hear Mandarin, largely due to an influx of people from other areas of China, and particularly due to younger students.
I’ve got other posts that I’ll update soon, on the other methods that I’m using, but the online lessons (my current teachers are from ShenZhen) have increased my abilities the fastest of any method that I have tried.
And I just speak to every Chinese person that I get an opportunity to do so. | 2019-04-21T16:21:01Z | https://blog.greglow.com/category/learning-chinese-mandarin/page/4/ |
[MUSIC PLAYING] SPEAKER 1: This is a production Cornell University. SPEAKER 2: Welcome to the podcast of Mann Library's Chats in the Stacks Book Talk series. In today's, talk, originally presented at Mann on October 13, 2011, Walter De Jong of Cornell's Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics provides an overview of topics covered in his newest publication, The Complete Book of Potatoes. Beginning with the potato's importance to human civilization, Dr. De Jong's talk touches on this crop's versatility in food and nonfood uses, its disease-resistant varieties, conventional and organic production techniques, pest management, storage practices, and the sometimes surprising culinary qualities associated with different varieties. WALTER DE JONG: Thanks very much. If you have questions in the middle of the talk too, that's perfectly fine. I have a PowerPoint talk. And I can-- my wife, at the back, cannot hear me. [LAUGHTER] I'll speak louder. So I've prepared a talk, in case no one asks questions. But I fully expect that some of you will want to interrupt. And wave your arm wildly or something, and hopefully I'll notice. So today I'm talking about a book that I was part of writing along with my father and Joe Sieczka. There's a picture of us here in the next slide-- me on the right, my dad in the middle, and Joe Sieczka on the left. My father was a potato breeder with Agriculture Canada throughout his career. Joe Sieczka is retired from Cornell. He worked most of his career on Long Island. Both of them spent their entire careers working with potatoes. Assuming I have a normal lifespan, I'm closer to the beginning than the end of my career in comparison. So my two co-authors, in particular, provide an awful lot of practical experience in the book, much more so than I did. I guess that's enough said for that. So the book covers a wide range of topics. Clearly, there's the subtitle, which I'll get back to in a minute, about what every gardener and grower needs to know in terms of growing potatoes. But it also covers a lot about the history of potato, where it was domesticated and how it moved around the world, common diseases of potato, and some other interesting tidbits. I'm just jumping around to various parts of the book today, not in any specific order. I'm trying to get the stuff that's relevant from the gardening standpoint out of the way earlier in case I run out of time. So potatoes are currently the world's third most important food crop. But what's kind of amazing is that 500 years ago, they were only located in South America. And they weren't grown anywhere else. It wasn't until Europeans came to South America and brought them back to Europe, at which point they didn't do much for 200 years. But in the last 300 years or so, the spread of potatoes has been phenomenal, to the extent that they're now the third most important food crop in the world. There are a variety of reasons why potatoes have become so popular. One is that they're nutritious, for example, having a lot of vitamin C. In the North American diet, with the per capita potato consumption, about a third of our recommended daily allowance of vitamin C comes from potatoes alone. A lot of potassium. And while not so much protein, the protein is actually a very high quality. In addition to that, potatoes produce an awful lot of calories per unit of land. So especially if you're poor, and you have a limited amount of land, and you need to survive, potatoes are a really good choice of a crop to grow. And in addition, potatoes have an awful lot of genetic diversity, which allows breeders to adapt them to a wide range of environments. So it's that combination of things which has led potatoes to become so popular and widely grown throughout the world. Potatoes were first domesticated, it's thought, about 8,000 years ago around Lake Titicaca, which is on the border between Bolivia and Peru. Lake Titicaca is the highest navigable lake in the world. And in order for potatoes to become domesticated and spread around the world, there were really two key things that had to happen. The first was that we had to find ways to deal with glycoalkaloids, which are bitter and toxic compounds that accumulate in wild potatoes. And the second, which I get to, is about becoming adapted to long days. You probably have experienced what glycoalkaloids taste like when you've eaten the part of a potato that's green. The green is just chlorophyll. That's not a problem. But when potatoes are exposed to light, they also produce these glycoalkaloids, which are bitter. And if you eat enough of them, you'll get quite ill. And if you eat too much, you'll die. So there are different ways to cope with glycoalkaloids. In some parts of South America-- this is not widespread-- it turns out they've discovered, if you eat a particular kind of clay at the same time as you eat potatoes, you're good to go. Another one is this ancient process of freeze-drying the potatoes that is still currently practiced in some parts of the Andes where the potatoes that have glycoalkaloids are left out to freeze at night, then are trampled to break them open and left in a stream for the glycoalkaloids to leech out. And the starch is left behind. And the very lightweight product after you put them up, again, to dry is called [QUECHUA]. And you can store it for a year or more. So it gets around a problem that we have with potatoes for long-term storage. If you freeze-dry them, you can store them for a long time. And the way, of course, that has really allowed potatoes to become widely adapted is for someone to have, early on, identified plants that were relatively low in glycoalkaloids and then selectively propagated those. And that, of course, is what we currently eat as potatoes are potatoes that are low in glycoalkaloids, because someone identified them-- those that had low levels-- and multiplied them. Another big and important development for potatoes to spread around the world was for them to become adapted to long days. So wild potatoes normally will tuberize only when the days become relatively short. And so if you took a wild potato from the Andes and brought it here, you'd get no or very few potatoes. Most of the time, the potatoes would freeze before the days became short enough for them to produce enough of a crop. So this is a process that took, conceivably, quite a long time. And it's something that breeders have been dealing with over the past few centuries as well-- adapting potatoes more and more to be adapted to long days. So the end result is that while potatoes started off in a little area in South America a few thousand years ago and spread a little bit within South America, today, if you look at where potatoes are produced, it's all over the globe. And potato production has continued to change even over the past 20 years in particular, where now Southeast Asia produces a remarkably large number of potatoes China is now the world's number one producer of potatoes. And India comes in second. Together, those two countries produce a third of potatoes. I'm guessing that most of you don't think of Chinese as potato eaters. I can't say that I did either. I was in China this past summer. And certainly, in northern China, finding potatoes isn't hard. They're just about everywhere. This was the picture of a mountain I took. I called it Potato Mountain because that's all they had on the mountain-- potatoes as far as the eye could see. So again, just in a few hundred years, potatoes have spread phenomenally. I'm sure that when Columbus came to America and subsequent explorers, they were thinking about bringing riches back to Europe in the form of gold and silver. But with the aid of hindsight, really, the two big things that they brought back from the Americas were potatoes and corn, the number three and number four food crops around the world. So the subtitle of the book-- what do you really need to know to grow your own potatoes? Having grown up in a Baptist church, I feel like I need to give a three-point sermon. And so these are my three points, just to get straight to the chase. And then I'll just meander. So the first thing is that choosing the right variety makes a big, big difference in your success. And I'll elaborate on that. The second is that starting with certified disease-free seed also makes a really, really big difference in terms of your success. And since I need a third point, adding some fertilizer and water helps too. I won't comment more on fertilizer and water, other than to say, if you want a specific recommendation, about 3 and 1/2 pounds of 10-10-10 fertilizer per 100 square feet. And keeping water-- keeping the soil moist but not drowning is good. Potatoes do need a lot of water. In Ithaca, in our well-drained soils that my breeding program operates in, we're aiming for least an inch of water a week. OK, so potato varieties differ in an awful lot of characters. Any two potatoes in particular are far more different from each other than any two of us are different from each other. And of course, we all like to think we're very different from each other. Potatoes have more genetic variation than most crops. And so if you take any two potato cultivars, you'll find that they differ in a large, large number of traits. You'd expect them to differ in disease resistance. You'd probably expect them to differ in yield. Maybe you realize that they differ in cooking qualities and eating qualities. They also differ in length of the growing season and how well they store and an awful lot more. And so this sort of comes to the point of choosing a variety that has the attributes you want is kind of important if you want to be successful. Currently, the most popular potato variety in North America is Russet Burbank. It was developed by Luther Burbank in the late 1800s. And it has high yield and excellent taste and stores really well. So I guess the natural question is, well, what's not to like? And I pick on Russet Burbank because, to illustrate the point of why it's important to choose a right variety, if you grow a Russet Burbank in New York, almost all of your potatoes will look like this. The eyes have sprouted and formed tubers. And sometimes a little tuber that has the eyes on it then form additional tubers. And it just gets really, really hideous. Russet Burbank is really, really hard to grow in New York. In order to grow it well, you have to manage water exceptionally carefully. It's hard enough to do out West. And it's really hard to do here too. So this is the kind of thing that can happen if you don't choose your variety well, in addition to just having a really low yield. By the way, Russet Burbank was not actually the potato that Luther Burbank developed. He developed a potato that was just called Burbank's Seedling. And it wasn't russeted. Russet Burbank is a mutant of the original Burbank. And it has russet skin, unlike the original Burbank. That's the only difference. It has russet skin. This has actually caused a big problem for potato breeders in the century since because consumers have come to associate russet tuberous skin with high quality. Russet skin has nothing to do with quality, per se. But if that's what you expect to see in the supermarket and that's all you'll be willing to buy, breeders who develop potatoes, particularly in the West, are forced to develop potatoes with russet skin. And it's a hard trait to develop. I guess it's listed here that the Russet Burbank was found 20 or 30 years after Burbank was-- the seedling came about by a farmer in Colorado. Luther Burbank wasn't actually impressed with Russet Burbank. He thought it wasn't a good thing. This is the picture of Luther Burbank. That's actually a postage stamp. As far as I know, he's the only plant breeder who ever made it onto a postage stamp, certainly the only potato scientist who made it on. I think all potato breeders aspire to getting their picture on a postage stamp. So I suspect that many of you have never really considered that the starch content of potatoes has a profound impact on cooking and eating quality. So in particular, potatoes with high starch are very well suited for making French fries and potato chips, primarily because they absorb less oil. Water in the tuber gets replaced with oil when you fry it. And the more starch you have, the less water you have, so you don't take up so much. So French fry companies and potato chip companies like potatoes with high starch. Potatoes with high starch tend to have a very mealy texture and are kind of somewhat dry when baked, but also disintegrate when boiled. So if you want to boil a potato, I don't recommend boiling high starch potatoes, unless you want them to disintegrate. As a rough rule of thumb-- it's not absolute-- most russet potatoes are high in starch. On the other hand, low-starch potatoes generally hold together when boiled. And if you bake them, they're kind of moist. And these potatoes are more suitable for things like salads. And as a general rule of thumb, red-skinned potatoes are low in starch. I never realized until I became a potato breeder why I liked red potatoes. It has nothing to do red, per se. It's that I personally prefer low-starch potatoes. But I know many people have a preference for high-starch potatoes. My observation when we were running blind taste tests in my own breeding program was that the primary differentiator between people was whether they prefer high or low starch. And I think you'll each know who you are. When it comes to round, white potatoes, they can be all over the map. Some are high. Some are low. It just depends. So I've already illustrated why I think you probably don't want to grow Russet Burbank in your garden. So maybe it helps if I give you something that I would suggest you grow. The favorite potato of-- my favorite potato and that of all my staff-- and it wasn't because I dictated it to be the favorite potato. My staff actually convinced that it's a potato I should eat-- is Andover. And on the side wall over here are 10-pound bags of Andover that you're free to take with you and eat yourself. So you can see this. It turns out Andover was developed by my predecessor, Bob Plaisted. And it was originally intended for making potato chips. In my first few years at Cornell, I didn't want to eat it. Like, why would I want to eat a potato for potato chips? Until we began running these blind taste tests and it kept coming out on top. Eventually, the data persuaded me. And I've been eating Andover ever since. I don't want to pretend that Andover is the easiest potato to grow. It isn't. The vines are kind of weak. And if there's a drought, it doesn't hold up very well. But in terms of eating quality, it's really good. And anyway, you can see for yourself if you take a bag. So additional attributes of Andover is that it matures early. I mentioned that potato varieties differ in their maturity and when you can dig them. Andover, oh, you can dig them as early as the end of July, middle of August. That's fine. The vines mature early. It stores OK. And in terms of eating them at home, in general, as a breeder, I don't try to develop all-purpose potatoes, because the potato markets for French fries and chips and fresh are quite different. But I'd consider Andover about as all purpose as they come. And so in our experimental plots, when we have an extra row on the outside of a plot, we plant to Andover. We harvest a lot of Andover. And it's what I and my crew eat. So if I had to make a single recommendation, it would be to grow that. SPEAKER 3: [INAUDIBLE] WALTER DE JONG: Sure. SPEAKER 3: [INAUDIBLE] WALTER DE JONG: Not very good. SPEAKER 4: We didn't hear the question. WALTER DE JONG: The question is, how resistant is Andover to late blight? And I guess maybe I should expand on that. Nothing has good blight resistance. Not, in general, very good. Late maturing varieties tend to have better blight resistance than early maturing varieties. But, well, nothing is especially good. Nothing's completely immune. In the book, we actually provide descriptions of about 55 potato varieties. The book is intended primarily for an audience all across North America. And we had to cover potato varieties grown everywhere. What I'm doing in my next few slides is just picking on some varieties that I think, if you want to grow potatoes around here, are reasonable choices. Of course, you can grow more than I'm describing here. But from my experience in this area, these will do fine. And it's a bunch of different types that I'm suggesting. If you'd like to grow a red, Chieftain is an old variety. It's been around for quite a long time. It has good eating quality, is widely adapted, meaning it will grow well just about anywhere. And in a practical terms, what that means in a given region is no matter how bad the growing season is, you'll still do OK. It's also resistant to common scab, a trait I'll get to in a minute. If you like yellow-fleshed potatoes-- oh, there's a table in the middle of the room where there are few of the varieties that I'm talking about today. There's some Chieftain there. And there's also some Keuka Gold. Keuka Gold is the yellow-fleshed variety named after Keuka Lake, one of the Finger Lakes. If you want to feel like a hero when you're a gardener, grow some Keuka Gold. And I say that because Keuka Gold is the highest yielding variety that was ever developed by Cornell. Again, released by my predecessor, not by me. And it's really hard to go wrong with Keuka Gold. It'll certainly crush Yukon Gold in terms of yield. And the eating quality is also pretty good. And it's resistant to common scab, which is an attribute that I think many of you will find you wish you had resistance for when you grow potatoes. And when we've run-- put potatoes into various organic trials, Keuka Gold has typically come out in the top yield in those trials as well. Not to say it's so resistant to everything. But it just yields so much that you still get a decent yield regardless. So common scab. Common scab's a soil-borne organism. It's kind of ubiquitous. If you put not completely composted compost or manure in your garden to increase the organic matter, you're likely to have increased problems with this. Nothing is completely resistant or immune to common scab. It's all relative. But, well, these are four different potato lines that were grown in the same field. And you can see what I mean by relative. Some of them held up pretty well, and some of them got hammered. If you see deep pits like this in your potatoes, look to see what's resistant to common scab and plant that next year in your garden. I can guarantee some of you will experience this. Just pointing out that, in terms of an important attribute in varieties, if you have common scab is to look for something with resistance, like Chieftain and Keuka Gold. Another fun potato to grow is Caribe. It's a purple-skinned potato with bright white flesh. It's also early maturing. Probably the most embarrassing moment in my entire life was when I once asked my dad, after I'd been here for a few years, if he knew anything about the variety Caribe. And he said, yes, I bred it. [LAUGHTER] There are certain things you can only walk into in when your father and you are in the same profession. So I suggest Caribe if you're interested in a purple-skinned potato. Another potato that some of you have likely heard of was released during my time here. The breeding was largely done by Ken Paddock, a former employee in the potato program-- Adirondack Blue, which has completely purple flesh. All Blue, which might be a purple-flesh variety you know of, does not have completely purple flesh. All Blue is not all blue. All Blue is blue and white. Adirondack Blue is all blue in terms of being completely purple. If you cook Adirondack Blue, I'd suggest not boiling it, because the purple pigments are water soluble and will leech out. Bake it, or microwave it, or fry it, and you'll retain more of the purple color. We also have released a variety called Adirondack Red, which is red inside. I don't have a picture of that here. For me, one of the more interesting potatoes I've seen in the past few years is Papa Cacho, a Chilean heirloom variety that was introduced into New York State by my colleague Keith Perry, who runs the New York State seed farms in the Department of Plant Pathology. Papa Cacho doesn't yield very high. But the tubers are really interesting. There are a couple Papa Cacho tubers on the table and a potato from a cross with Papa Cacho. The tubers can be like 8 or 10 inches long. They're unlike anything you'll find in a supermarket here. So if you just want to have fun, Papa Cacho is fun. And I think the last potato I'll mention that's described in the book is called Ozette. Ozette is different than most North American potatoes because it didn't take the usual trajectory of potatoes into North America, meaning from South America to Europe, and then spreading to North America. Ozette seems to have come to North America directly from Chile, brought up by Spanish explorers and brought to the Native Americans who lived on the West Coast at the time. It was found a few years ago that the Makah Nation were growing Ozette, It's a really special potato to them. They are unwilling to sell it to anyone. But they are prepared to give it to you as a gift. So they think that it's too important to sell. But it can be given as a gift. I hate to admit that you can actually buy this from at least one company on the internet. But Ozette has-- well, it's somewhat long, yellow flesh, with lots and lots of eyes, kind of a pine cone appearance. And it has a unique appearance, clearly. So earlier I mentioned that there are three things you need to do to ensure your success. Choosing the right variety is important. And another really big one is starting with disease-free seed. So if you happen to repeatedly plant your potatoes year after year after year after year, you'll almost inevitably see that the yield will dramatically decline over time-- maybe just one season. And this happens because potatoes accumulate diseases, especially viruses. Once a potato plant has a virus, all its daughter tubers will have a virus. And they'll act as the source of inoculum the next year. And yields will go down. So the way to get around this is to, every year, start with what is called certified seed. It's certified to be free or at least very low in diseases, especially viruses. I actually don't know if you can still do it. I know when I last looked, you could buy certified seed of some varieties from Agway in Ithaca. You can also buy certified seed from lots of different companies through mail order or on the internet. Supermarket potatoes are generally not a good source of seed, in part because they may harbor diseases that you don't know about. And sometimes because they're sprayed with sprout suppressant, and they just won't sprout. So that won't get you anywhere. So you should really start with disease-free seed. In terms of what to do with seed-- yes. SPEAKER 5: Sprout suppressant? WALTER DE JONG: Yes. SPEAKER 5: What is that? And what happens if we eat it? [LAUGHING] WALTER DE JONG: So the levels and you would find, the FDA or whatever agency regulates this will have deemed are not dangerous for your health. But what they do is they stop the sprouts from growing. SPEAKER 3: Is it a plant hormone? WALTER DE JONG: Well, they can be plant hormones or various analogs. SPEAKER 5: [INAUDIBLE] WALTER DE JONG: Well, the industry is trying to move away from sprout suppressants and is looking for potatoes that have longer dormancy. But it can be an issue. Yeah, so if you're going to plant potatoes, depending on what size of potatoes you get, you'll find you may have to cut them. Ideally, it's easiest if you get little potatoes that are about 2 ounces in size and you can plant the seed pieces whole. But if you get them larger, you have to cut them. This is sort of a diagram-- it's from the book-- about how you can cut round seed pieces in order to ensure that each piece has at least one eye. And the final seed pieces are each about 1 and 1/2 to 2 ounces in size. If you're cutting seed from a long potato, well, you really only have one choice about what axis you'll cut them on. Just make sure you cut them so each piece has at least one eye. A question I get asked a lot from potato novices is how deep to plant. And I guess the questions that follow after that is how far to plant them apart in a row. I'd say 9 inches or so is a good starting point for how far to plant them apart in a row. And how far should the rows be apart? About 3 feet. In terms of how deep to plant-- well, I guess I'll answer the question first. About 3 to 4 inches is where you start. And it helps to consider how a potato plant grows to understand why we have to plant them at that depth and why we end up hilling the plants as the season goes on. So initially, you plant the seed piece. It's sort of diagrammed as the mother tuber here. And the roots go down. And the shoots go up. Potatoes are underground stems. And they form at the end of horizontal stems that we call stolons. All the stolons, of course, have to come off of the stem that has gone up. So they're all starting at a point that's higher than the mother seed piece. So daughter tubers form above where the seed piece was. So you need to plant at some depth-- 3 to 4 inches, I guess is what we're recommending so that the tubers can form. There's still soil for them to form. But not too deep, because if you plant the potatoes too deep, it takes too long for the shoots to come up. And there are all sorts of soil-borne fungi that can attack them and kill them before they ever make it. So there's this balancing act in that regard. Of course, when you're growing potatoes during the year, you normally pile some soil up on the stems on either side, a couple of more inches. The purpose of piling that soil up is to ensure that any potatoes that form near the surface of the soil don't get exposed to light, turn green, and then accumulate those glycoalkaloids that you don't want to eat. In general, you should aim for a broader peak rather than really sharp one. You don't just have to cover up potatoes with soil. You can also use straw to cover up potatoes. Just put them in the bottom of a furrow. And either put some soil on and then use straw as the mulch, or if you want to, you can just put straw on them-- quite a bit of straw, mind you. It helps if the straw doesn't have any weed seeds in it, because rodents come in, initially eat the seeds, and then eat the potatoes. But if you manage to pull this off without covering the potatoes at all with soil-- the seed pieces-- then your potatoes will be soil-free inside the straw. You can also cover up potatoes with black plastic mulch instead of straw. Black plastic mulch helps to warm up the soil so your crop comes up earlier. If you greensprout your seed pieces-- I mean leave them out in the sun, which keeps the sprouts short-- for a week or two before putting them in the soil, that also speeds up how long-- accelerates the time to which you can harvest your crop. And you can also start potatoes from true potato seed. So potato scientists distinguish between seed potatoes, which are tubers, and true potato seed, which are botanical seed that form in fruit. If you haven't seen potato fruit, they look just like tomato fruit because potatoes and tomatoes are closely related. And there's the picture of some. You can either-- well, typically, if you collect seed on a plant that you haven't deliberately fertilize-- pollinated like plant breeders do, it'll be a self. The plant will have selfed. And potato exhibits inbreeding depression. And the yield of the potatoes that you get from the seed will be less than the plant you started with. Each of these seeds-- in distinction to the question you asked before if you're planting tubers. Each of these seeds is a genetically distinct individual. This can make it fun. You can make crosses so that you end up with white potatoes, red potatoes, and purple potatoes all showing up from your seed. But there's a big drawback in starting with true potato seed. Actually, there are two big drawbacks. One is that there is no uniformity in the crop. Of course, that could be what you're aiming for. But if each plant matures at a different time, it's a bit of a pain to decide when you're going to harvest, for example. So this is just a photograph of true potato seed after it's been dried. And you can also buy from some companies pelleted potato seed. So it's easier to work with. And you can plant an individual one. The other big disadvantage to growing potatoes from potato seed is that it takes a lot longer to get a crop. So you have to start them indoors, just like tomatoes. You can't wait until you'd normally plant potatoes and plant one and hope you're going to get a decent crop. So you'd treat them like you would tomatoes. Start early growing them indoors and transplanting outside if you'd like to try that. The big advantage-- and this is of planting true potato seed compared to tubers-- is that most viruses are not transmitted through true potato seed. So in some developing nations where viruses are a problem and labor is really cheap, they'll plant TPS. But most of the world plants tubers. And there's just a picture of some little potato seedlings. So for the most part, potato breeders-- and there are only about 12 of us in North America. We're about the only people who work with potato seed and potato seedlings every year. My program plants-- well, not this past year. But generally, 20,000 to 30,000 of these every year. A question often comes up when you work with potatoes is, oh, wouldn't it be cool to graft a tomato on top of a potato? And you can get tomatoes on top and potatoes underground. So this is nothing new. Luther Burbank was doing it 100 years ago. For the purposes of the book, my dad did it, just to illustrate what happens. Oh, this is a tomato plant grafted onto the potato variety Kennebec. This picture's in the book too. And so is the next one. SPEAKER 4: Are there potatoes developing in the pot? WALTER DE JONG: Well, you'll see that in the next picture. So the tomatoes did OK. But the potatoes, that's pretty much a bust. [LAUGHTER] So the bottom line is the plant only produces so much photosynthate. And the tomatoes seem to be winning the battle. Tomatoes also don't, apparently-- aren't sending that much tuberization signal down to tubers. So in terms of scale, this is the bottom of the stem. That's not very big. So the yield was-- by the time the tomato shoots were dying, the yield was not good. So there are companies that sell kits, you know. [LAUGHTER] Nice idea. But it just doesn't work so well in practice. I admired my dad for doing it. So I've already mentioned one disease in potato that's a real nuisance. And that's common scab. Common scab, by the way, there's no chemical treatment for common scab. Well, actually there is, but none that you could use. The only one I know of is you can fumigate your field with tear gas. And some farmers do it. But it's expensive, a few hundred bucks an acre. It's nothing we can do. So if you have common scab, you're stuck with disease resistance or bust. Two other serious threats in potato are late blight and Colorado potato beetle. In North America, I guess these would be the big two that can completely hammer your crops. So if you're going to grow potatoes, I thought you should at least know what these look like. If you find a potato plant with brown lesions surrounded by a light green halo, that's probably going to be late blight. If you look on the underside of a leaf when it's moist and the area that corresponds to the light green halo is sporulating-- you see this white, powdery stuff. Yeah, that's late blight that you have. Late blight spores can travel great distances. And if it's cool and prolonged wet, that's perfect conditions for late blight. There is now a nationwide network that monitors where late blight is that you can-- USA blight, I think it's called if you Google it. You can sign up. And they'll send you emails about where late blight is located each week. This isn't in the book because this network only formed in the past few months, as far as I know. And you can find that, uh-oh, late blight has been found in Pennsylvania or western New York. My time is nigh. If you do find late blight, probably the best thing you can do is just kill your vines, chop them with a weed whacker or something. Or let them die. Leave the potatoes in the ground for at least two weeks. And the reason you do that is so that any tubers that have become infected will just rot. They're just gone. And what's left, you can eat. If you find it too early, well-- I mean, if it happens too early, you just lose. Late blight is devastating. It can completely wipe out your crop in a week. There's no doubt about it. In terms of resistance, there is some. Later maturing varieties tend to be better. But there's nothing that's highly resistant to late blight. Colorado potato beetles are voracious and promiscuous pests. If any of you grow potatoes, you've probably seen potato beetles. And you'll often find them in this pose. It's not hard to find them like this. They will completely devour your plants. If you don't control them, within a few weeks, all you'll have left is stems. I've seen fields like this in Russia-- just completely defoliated. Those were peasant fields. That was kind of sad. I've also seen them in experimental plots, which that's fine, but when you're trying to eat them. Particularly for home gardeners, this isn't actually too hard to control. You just look for them, and pick them off, and crush them, or put them in soapy water. But you also have to make sure you get rid of the eggs. You'll find them on the underside of leaves. They look like this. And also get rid of the larvae, which look like this. You'll typically see an awful lot of these, hundreds on your plants. And your leaves will be disappearing quickly if you haven't gotten them early enough. One cute way to control, or at least to reduce your problems with Colorado potato beetle-- potato beetles overwinter in the soil during the winter. And they can't fly when they come up in the spring. All they can do is walk. So if your garden location has changed, you can dig a trench and put black plastic in the trench. I guess it doesn't have to be black. And the potato beetles will walk toward the potatoes. And they'll fall in the trench and land in the plastic. And then they can't crawl out again. It's just great. And they just die in the bottom of the trench. You can also use, early in the season-- I want to say a flame thrower-- a propane torch. If you singe the plants, not enough to kill the leaves but enough to-- you can burn the legs off the beetles. And they fall off. [LAUGHTER] This is actually used commercially. I'm not-- they'll pull a big flame thrower that can-- well, a torch over many rows simultaneously as a way to reduce the levels. Oh, the number of ways to kill potato beetles is-- [LAUGHS]. My predecessor-- not my predecessor. Ward Tingey was an entomologist at Cornell who just retired last year or the year before. I forget when. And his talks at potato meetings were always well-received by the growers because he would describe the new modes of action of insecticides for potato beetles. He talked about one which paralyzes the muscles in potato beetles. And basically, they'll bite. And then they can't let go, which for some reason, potato growers really warmed to that idea. One last story, and then I'll stop. Maybe my favorite story in the book deals with one way that potato-- I'll just jump into the middle. It turns out, during the war-- there were some wars between France and Prussia in the late 1700s. And it was observed by the powers that be that potatoes were a really useful crop to have. Because if an army came through and burned all the grains, you lost all your food. But if they tried to burn the potatoes, well, you still had the tubers underground. So it was to your advantage militarily if, at least, you planted some potatoes. So there was the fellow, Antoine-Augustin Parmentier, who ended up being a high official in the court of Louis the XVI and Marie Antoinette. And he wanted to encourage the people on the outskirts of Paris to grow potatoes. And he thought he couldn't convince them just by telling them to grow potatoes. So he adopted a different approach, which was to plant a large field of potatoes and then have a heavily armed presence, heavily armed guard monitoring the field day and night throughout the growing season. And at the end of the growing season, he asked the guard to leave. So the people who were in the surrounding areas thought, ooh, something in there is really valuable. Let's go steal it. And they did. So that's just one of the small ways in which potatoes' adoption was increased in Europe and led it to be so widely grown today. So that's all I have to say. [APPLAUSE] [MUSIC PLAYING] SPEAKER 1: This has been a production of Cornell University, on the web at cornell.edu.
Walter De Jong of Cornell's Department of Plant Breeding gives an overview of successful strategies for growing potatoes in a variety of conditions. His October 13, 2011 talk was part of Mann Library's Chats in the Stacks series.
De Jong is co-author of "The Complete Book of Potatoes: What Every Grower and Gardener Needs to Know." | 2019-04-26T12:41:05Z | https://www.cornell.edu/video/growing-potatoes-what-every-gardener-needs-to-know |
How to Buy a Camera For Beginners?
Buying a new camera is a way to start a thrilling journey. And if you are thinking about buying a new camera, and don’t have any idea where to start! Then here we are to help you in this regard. Buying a camera is really intimidating, as there are numerous options available and it is quite difficult to choose the best one for yourself.
Here we have made a comprehensive guide here, which will help you to know everything you need to know about a camera. We are sure that you will feel confident after going through this guide.
In this guide, you will come across all the information such as different types of camera, its specifications, lenses as well before putting your money on a specific camera.
Buying a camera is not tough anymore with our complete analysis. Let’s go through the guide.
Due to the innovation of technology, it has become an everyday job to spend time with an excellent camera and captures some candid pictures. There are different types of cameras available to fulfill the need of a normal folk as well as the photography fanatic. It satisfies the need of a budding photographer and enhances his style and creativity. On the other hand, it allows you to keep your memory fresh forever, which was quite impossible some years down. Here are four types of camera that we are discussing to give you a good insight.
This is known as the smallest cameras in this category which is used only for normal photography. If you are looking for the small cameras along with easy to carry feature, then point n Shoot is the best. It has a permanent lens and covered with a wide zoom range. The point-and-shoot cameras come with the smallest sensor, so there will be a normal quality picture. For the beginners, this is the best affordable cameras due to their inexpensive feature.
These cameras also are known as a compact camera and come with a simple operation. It goes well with any kind of people. You don’t need to be a photographer to use this type of camera. These easy-to-use cameras were quite widespread, but due to the arrival of high-technology, smartphones with better quality cameras, it’s popularity went declined.
It offers you better picture quality and more creative control while snapping an image. These are also stylish and handy as well. If you are on a tight budget but want to store some memorable outings, then this is the best option for you. For general purpose and for those budding photography enthusiast point-and-shoot camera goes quite well. There are a lot of point-and-shoot cameras on which you can rely.
Bridge cameras are the best alternative to those innovative DLSR cameras. They are versatile and comes with many manual controls. Its built-in zoom covers the wide angle and offers excellent pictures. If you are looking for a lightweight and travel-friendly camera then Bridge cameras are the best option for you.
Clicking landscapes to wildlife, Bridge camera offers you a nice solution to your photography passion. You can say it is an all-in-one solution. But keep this in your mind that a bridge camera comes with a smaller sensor as compare to the DSLRs. So the picture quality will be good, but not as much as like DLSRs or mirrorless cameras.
Apart from this, a bridge camera comes with a non-removable lens and capable of capturing a wide range of substances. If you like to come out from the point-and-shoot camera zone and need a better quality picture with greater experience, then bridge cameras are just for you.
It really worths your money. And last but not the least with the affordable price the picture quality with this camera is much closer to a DSLR although not the same.
An advanced level of a digital camera with all the popularity among the photo enthusiast is undoubtedly the mirrorless cameras. It has almost all the features and ability like a DSLR. It comes with a noiseless feature, so the snapping is totally quiet. So it is quite good to go for some candid captures on the go for any usual photographers. It comes with a small sized body and free from any mirror.
These types of camera are equipped with interchangeable lenses. It also comes with a full-frame size like the DSLRs. These are the most appealing cameras other than the DLSR cameras due to its functionalities and features. These are quite lighter and smaller as compared to the DSLRs. You can expect a normal picture in low light conditions.
You can experience the manual setting as well as automatic and semi-automatic modes with a Mirrorless camera. You won’t find any loss of image quality with this camera. You can shoot high-resolution videos with this as well.
You can compose your pictures with the rear LCD screen only due to the unavailability of a viewfinder. The autofocus mode is not much precise as in DLSR. The price of these cameras is relatively lesser than the DSLR cameras.
Let’s have a look at the best mirrorless cameras below.
These are the most popular digital cameras and completely versatile and comes with the best performance in all situations. It comes with a body that captures the images and a removable lens. This camera is quite flexible and one of the most popular cameras available in the market.
There is no lag time between your snap and the recorded image, so you can say it is highly responsive. It offers high-quality and excellent pictures. You can use hundred of lenses with a DSLR, and almost all lenses are compatible with this. So can try your creativity with this camera.
You will experience pre-programmed, automatic and semi-automatic modes and take the full control of this with ease. You can shoot good quality video as well with full-HD and high definition mode.
DSLRs are the bulkiest and heaviest digital cameras and it comes with a high price as compared to the other cameras in this category. Known as Digital Single Lens Reflex camera, these are the combination of the optics and mechanics of single-lens reflex camera with a digital imaging sensor. The DSLRs mainly use autofocus based on phase detection.
These types of cameras house a mode dial to access standard camera setting or even the automatic scene-mode settings. It also comes with larger sensor size and the best picture quality.
A megapixel allows you to make your image big with our enlarging it digitally. One megapixel contains 1 million pixels. The megapixel number calculates the number of data points which is recorded by a camera. It is the measure of the resolution of a specific camera. Keep this in mind that the greater the megapixel number of a camera the higher quality picture you get.
The megapixels are the medium that makes a great camera. But it is not the only factor to watch out in a camera. First, analyse the resolution you do need in a camera and then move forward. The bigger pixels of a camera absorb better light, generate better color and better against noise and color distortions.
The megapixel count is highly essential if you want to take the print of a picture or else want to crop the picture. But the crucial thing which is to be kept in your mind that it has not any close relation to offering a quality image. Instead of megapixel the physical size and the quality of an image sensor plays a vital role to give you a high-quality picture.
There are different types of sensors equipped with the cameras available in the market. The higher-end cameras come with a full frame sensor and some of them equipped with an APS-C sensor. Typically a sensor is a smaller version of a full frame. Usually, a sensor comes with a size of 36mm x 24mm. But the smaller sensors come in a size of 22mmx15mm.
With those different sensor sizes, the cameras provide a different field of view. The larger sensors show wider scenes as compared to the smaller ones. But the crop sensor also known as APS-C sensor shows a lesser screen such as zoom in effect. The bigger sensors offer the better photos, and this the basic truth.
The ISO rating defines the light sensitivity of the sensor of a camera. It was also called the film speed. The ISO can be altered up and down as per your requirement. The higher the ISO the intense a picture is. And it is achieved by changing the information gathered during an exposure.
The sensor and the noise-reduction feature affect the ISO while generating the picture. It can also allow you to take some high-quality picture under the low-light condition.
The Shutter speed regulates the spending time of a camera for gathering light. It is calculated in fractions of a second. Usually, the higher the shutter speed implies to the lowest time taken by the camera to capture a picture.
With this feature, you can get blur-free action pics. The lowest time allows you to attract more light. Typically the shutter speed of 1/25 implies the shutter opens for one 125th of a second while taking a picture.
Shutter speed varies, with high and low light conditions. It is calculated in fractions of a second ¼ or 1/500. The longer the shutter of your camera remains open, the less light, usually available with a snap. So consider a camera that has a good range of shutter speed for better quality pictures.
The shooting rate is the measure of total pictures can be taken per second. For spot pictures as well as fast action photography and scenes the higher FPS is quite useful. The FPS is known as frame per second.
A lens in a camera plays a vital role. A camera lens can be of equal aperture and focal length, but it can be of lower quality. With a poor quality lens, all the colors can’t be available to the same focus while taking a picture.
For a good quality camera trust he renowned brands and manufacturers. Try to gain knowledge on the best quality camera lens from various websites. Always try to assemble your camera with a good quality lens, so that you won’t undergo any sort of color fringes. A good quality camera with a terrible lens is meant for nothing.
The lens quality is beyond the focal length and aperture for sure. A good quality glass offers a good quality image. So go through the lens specifications and try all of them, then only choose the best for yourself. Another important thing is while checking various lenses, check their compatibility with your camera.
It is always advisable to get a good quality camera and then spend more time on finding the best quality lens as that will be with you forever. Apart from checking the lens quality keep this in your mind that different lenses come with a different mount. O you have to take care of this aspect as well.
Check your camera first, then go for the selection of lenses. The lenses won’t fit any of the cameras; they have their own specification. For example, the lens for a cropped sensor camera and the lens for a full-frame sensor camera are entirely different.
Aperture is another crucial feature in a digital camera. It is a relative measure of your lens opening diameter. The lower the f-number the wider an aperture is the f-number with f/2.8 known as the extreme aperture and it can pass the light as per requirement.
An aperture of a lens is actually it’s maximum opening. So as we said the bigger the aperture, the more light it can collect and the least amount of light it can require for a snap. You can’t ignore this feature while buying a camera.
And if you want to use your digital camera at home or don’t want to use the flash then this feature is highly crucial. With a better aperture, you can take good quality images from a distance as well.
The aperture of a lens is calculated in f/numbers. An aperture of f/2.0 implies that the opening of the lens is actually half of the lens focal length. So it is always good to have a bigger aperture lens. For candid pictures and indoors pictures a lens with bigger aperture works really well.
The image stabilization is another crucial feature of a camera. It comes with all those elements to move in the opposite direction of any small movement for stabilizing the picture. Vibration reduction is an important way of image stabilization. With this, you can take snaps with relatively slow shutter speed.
Some of the renowned brands in the digital camera category come with features like Optical Image Stabilizer, MegaOIS. All those digital cameras have their own set of stabilization feature. Some of them furnish this feature right on their body itself by simplifying their camera lenses. So whenever buying a camera first watch out for its Optical image stabilization, it offers the needed stability to your picture.
The focal length is the distance between the lens surface and the image sensor. So the larger the focal length, the intense the lens magnification factor. A focal length in a digital camera governs the angle view. With a shorter focal length, a camera usually houses a wider angle of view. And with a longer focal length, the scenario is totally opposite. It is calculated in millimetres. Usually, the minimum focal length of a camera is around 35mm.
For wide angle picture focal length works really well. You can increase the focal length of a camera by zooming in.
While going for a digital camera, look at its video capabilities as well other than its image capturing quality. There are a lot of entry level cameras which comes with 4K and full HD videos with ease.
They have the capability to record your video in 1080p, and the other ones are limited to 720p. These cameras also furnished with various frame rates. A camera with good video quality option will be quite helpful for you at any time. So don’t just watch out for the image taking qualities, consider its video recording ability as well.
The newest digital cameras come with an option of Wi-Fi connectivity. You can connect them wirelessly in no time due to the advancement of the technology. With this feature, you can upload your images to your laptop or desktop and save them with ease. Apart from that in the age of social media, you don’t have to wait for some medium or time to let your friends about your photography and creativity.
With a simple click, you will be in the world of social media and get thousands of likes in no time. There are some cameras which allow you to download some application and link your smartphone with your camera quite easily.
You can also click the photos, set the timer for taking a snap, and press the shutter from your smartphone itself. Nowadays, many cameras come with NFC feature. With this, you can transfer your pictures from your camera to another device wirelessly. You will find all these features in the high-end digital cameras.
There are some high-end cameras that come with a Global Positioning System known as GPS. With this feature, you can track the capturing location of a picture with ease. While you are on a journey, this feature is quite useful.
You don’t have to remember the places you have visited. The GPS tagging feature can reveal the location easily. Apart from that if you are going hiking then this feature is highly essential for you.
In case of any difficulty, you can return to your original place by checking the location. These are the main USPs of a digital camera in this highly innovated world. This feature makes a camera stands firm in the jam-packed digital camera market.
Thinking about buying a camera right! While choosing the best camera for yourself, you usually undergo lots of questions in your mind. Don’t worry here is the solution to your problem. Go through this guide, and you will the best answers.
Which DSLR Camera is Best Under 25000?
The Canon EOS 1300D is a popular DLSR model from Canon that is equipped with an 18-megapixel CMOS sensor. This plastic body is quite robust and durable. The matte finish on the camera surface offers a better grip and scratch-resistant.
You can find this camera quite compact, and use it with one hand. You can shoot 1080p videos with this, and it is quite good for capturing images under low light condition. With its high-performance battery you can take around 600 shots on a single charge. It comes with an 18-55 mm lens with an ISO of 100-6400.
The actual optical zoom of this camera is 3X and the capturing speed is 3fps. There is a 3 inch LCD screen with this camera. For the better convenience of the user, Canon EOS 1300D is furnished with Wi-Fi as well as NFC connectivity. So if you look at these features, you can say this is the best camera under 25000.
Which DSLR Camera is Best Under 30000?
Nikon D5300 is one of the best entry-level DLSR cameras that comes under 30000. This 24-megapixel camera is equipped with an excellent performing sensor, EXPEED 4 processor, a 3.2-inch articulating screen and 39 point AF system.
If you want to take your photography to the next level, then this is the best option for you. The control layout of this camera is quite good, and it is free from the anti-aliasing filter. You can find an inbuilt Wi-Fi with this camera. This camera has a high-resolution vari-angle screen and quite good to grip.
The absence low-pass filter is the most amazing feature of Nikon D5300, with which you can take pictures in more details. If you want to be more creative while taking images, you can use, its preloaded effect modes. With its GPS feature, you can tag your images along with longitude, latitude, and altitude of your capturing location.
Which is the Best DSLR Camera Under 35000?
If you are looking for the best camera under 35000 then Nikon D5300 is the best available option for you. And it will be the best buy for you. The Wi-Fi connectivity and the tilting screen make it unique among all the available options in terms of DSLR cameras.
You can connect your smartphone with this camera. You can sync this camera and control it through your smartphone itself. The key features of this camera are the articulated LCD screen, low noise at high ISO, 24-megapixel sensor, ISO range of 100-12800 units makes it a great choice.
It is quite compact and easy to use as well. It offers good quality pictures under low light and high ISO. So if you are a beginner, and under a fixed budget then this one is just for you.
Which is the Best DSLR Camera Under 40000?
Nikon D5600 is an advanced and entry-level DSLR camera, and the one in this range of 40000. The high-resolution 24.2-megapixel sensor has the capability to capture some high-quality images for you. Good handling, along with an articulating touchscreen and 39 point AF system makes it a great selection. The AF system is quite good, and it is also comfortable to grip this camera. The photo fanatics who like to go through more and more advanced features and creative controls can try D5600.
The EXPEED 4 processor, ISO range of 100 to 25600, optical viewfinder and compactness makes it the best camera under 40000.
Which is the Best DSLR Camera Under 50000?
Canon EOS 750D comes with a polished control layout which is quite easy to use. It has a 24-megapixel APS-C sensor, a Vari-angle screen, and inbuilt Wi-Fi & NFC features. The 3 inch TFT screen is touch sensitive and quick.
The sensitivity range of the ISO is 100 to 12800. You can also expand the ISO setting up to 25600 in case of low light condition. You can adjust the screen as per your requirement. So Canon EOS 750D is quite handy to use in any situation.
It has a 19 point phase detection AF system. For those beginners and learners, this is the best camera under 50000.
Which DSLR is Best Canon or Nikon?
Both Canon and Nikon are the most popular brand in the camera technology with their thousands of camera models. For a larger choice of lens you can stick with Canon as it offers the lens option like general purpose lenses, EF-S lens and does lenses. Canon cameras are equipped with DPP known as Digital Photo Professional, a photo editing software, which you don’t find in the Nikon models.
As a beginner, and if you like to make a DSLR camera as your companion, then you can go with the Nikon models. Whereas if you like to try your hands in terms of photography, and learn then go with Canon due to its variety of lenses and editing software, as well as advanced features.
Finally, the best among the two is actually based on the price at the time of purchasing.
Which is the Best Canon DSLR Camera?
Canon has some of the best quality DSLR cameras in all ranges of price and features. But Canon EOS 5D Mark IV is the best among all of them due to its versatility. It comes with a 30.4-megapixel full-frame sensor, a Dual Pixel CMOS AF system, a 7fps burst shooting option as well.
This camera is quite robust and one of the most well-rounded DLSR cameras. It uses both DIGIC 6 and a DIGIC 6+ processor. The Motion JPEG allows you to create some good quality video files. It also features DCI 4K video capturing at 4096 X 2160 pixels at 30/25/24 fps.
It has an external microphone and headphone ports. You can also find the HDMI mini out and USB 3.0 terminals. It also features dual SD and CompactFlash card slots. You can connect your smartphones through its inbuilt Wi-Fi and NFC connectivity features.
Which Camera Brand is Best for Photography?
If you need a camera for photography purpose, then Nikon is the best brand which you can choose without a second thought. You can find a Nikon camera at a low price and can experience a lot of good quality features. For the betterment, you can also fix different type of lenses, which you can get at a cheaper price to try your hands in photography.
What is the Best Professional Camera?
If you need maximum details in an image, then the Nikon D850 is the obvious option for you. Its weather-sealed and magnesium alloy body gives the camera much-needed robustness. It has a powerful 45.7-megapixel sensor, 0.75x optical viewfinder, and speed of 30fps. You can shoot 4K UHD videos with this camera. It also allows photography professionals to take advantage of a wide range of available lenses.
With a weight of 1005 grams, it offers a good grip for the users. There are two card slots in this camera in which you can use SDHC or SDXC cards and XQD format cards. The most impressive feature of D580 is its 153 Autofocus points through which you can target your shooting point firmly. It has all the features in it that a professional requires in a DLSR camera.
The Canon EOS 200D is the best all-around camera for the beginners. The most attractive feature of this camera is its Vari-angle touchscreen. With this, you can capture your images and shoot the much-needed videos from any angle. This camera is equipped with a 24.2-megapixel APS-C sensor. The beginners can also experience the 5fps burst speed for capturing the images along with the DIGIC 7 processor. The Dual Pixel CMOS AF system allows you to maintain the autofocus swift in live view and smooth while taking the videos. The included 18-55 mm IS STM kit lens offers excellent performance. With this lens, you won’t experience the fringing of your images for sure.
The compactness of this camera makes it the best DLSR camera for the beginners. It is one of the most preferable and powerful cameras for first-time users. This user-friendly camera comes with inbuilt Wi-Fi, NFC, and Bluetooth connectivity. The starters can also take advantage of guided shooting mode to enhance their photo capturing ability.
While choosing the Best Camera, you have to consider many useful and important aspects. First of all, check the camera type you do need, and then only go for the other features and specifications. If you want to come out of your smartphone and like to go for an exclusive camera with a minimal budget, then the point-and-shoot is the best choice for you.
On the other hand, if you are looking for top-quality functions, then watch out for mirrorless and DSLR cameras. One thing to remember is, first of all, consider the main features like lens quality, image stability and much more other than the megapixel.
You can consider that, but combine them with all the other indispensable features that we have discussed above. Those are the basic requirements in a digital camera that offers you a high-quality picture, stability, and good functions.
Therefore go through this guide carefully and check all the features of a camera while acquiring the one for yourself. And by considering all the features analyzed here we are dammed sure that you will find the best one undoubtedly. We would be happy to hear from you, and share your views on this guide in the comment box below. | 2019-04-21T10:10:28Z | https://www.iafs.in/camera-buying-guide/ |
Today at our NYC Music Services site, we’ve released seven new free chord symbol fonts for Sibelius. Four of the fonts are part of the Norfolk family of fonts, which we first made available in 2014, and has since been downloaded thousands of times. Notable for its bold and substantial look, the Norfolk family of fonts is a derivative of Bravura, initially created by Steinberg, that is expressly reconfigured to work within Sibelius. Norfolk has gained wide acceptance among Sibelius users and has made its way into numerous publications, but today is the first time that chord symbol fonts have been available as part of the suite.
The other three fonts released today are the inaugural members of a new font family called Pori. Pori is a derivative of Petaluma, the handwritten font that first appeared in Dorico 2.0. Today’s release of Pori only includes chord symbol fonts, but we eventually plan to release an entire Pori suite of fonts for Sibelius, same as with Norfolk.
The four Norfolk chord symbol fonts and two of the three Pori fonts can be used as straight-up replacements for any of the chord symbol fonts that ship with Sibelius. The third Pori font is something very special — read on to learn all about it.
Bravura, of course, is the first font that was created by Daniel Spreadbury at Steinberg to be compatible with Standard Music Font Layout (SMuFL), the open standard they devised to be used in Dorico. Indeed, Bravura and SMuFL preceded the actual release of Dorico by more than three years. Daniel and Steinberg colleague Anthony Hughes created Petaluma to complement the new jazz features introduced in Dorico 2 earlier this year.
Sibelius does not use the SMuFL standard, instead relying on a suite of fonts to generate music notation. This is how, and why, the Norfolk project began — in order to use Bravura in Sibelius, new fonts needed to be created to fit into the existing Sibelius font mapping scheme.
After having a conversation with Matthew Maslanka at a local restaurant in the summer of 2014, he set about creating Norfolk and did all the heavy lifting porting Bravura to it and creating the Norfolk house style.
Since then, Norfolk has been contributed to, and then expanded to the Pori project, by a handful of Sibelius user all-stars, including Robin Walker, Bob Zawalich, and two essential players in the latest developments: Jeff Kellem and Bernie Cossentino… but more about that in a bit.
This is because, when “intelligent” chord symbols were introduced in Sibelius 6, the feature was designed in a very tightly integrated way that relied on all the constituent elements of a chord symbol to be self-contained in the same font. While greatly improving over the pre-Sibelius 5 “legacy” chord symbols, this effectively locked out any customization, as designing a third-party font to be used in Sibelius’s unique way was a very time-consuming endeavor.
We encountered this several years ago when creating Norfolk. While not exactly easy, creating the other parts of the suite — the music font, the music text font, and the other fonts making up the symbols, ornaments, metronome marks — was a cakewalk compared to the task of creating new chord symbol fonts.
It always felt like a compromise, though, to use the Norfolk fonts with one of the standard Opus or other Sibelius chord symbol fonts. And I knew that if we were going to create a Sibelius derivative of Petaluma, a chord symbol font that matched it was an absolutely necessity.
Eventually, the stars aligned (I’ll describe how in bit). After more than 150 revisions, there are four new Norfolk chord symbol fonts to add to the rest of the Norfolk suite.
Generally speaking, you can think of each of these fonts as a replacement for the Opus font of the same name.
The basic chord symbol font using Norfolk music characters. The text portion of the font is derived from Academico, the text font inspired by Century Schoolbook. It is not necessary to have Academico installed, although we have bundled it in the most recent update to the Norfolk fonts if you want to use it as a text font elsewhere in your document.
Similar to Norfolk Chords but using non-superscript accidentals and numbers.
This chord symbol font uses sans-serif text. The text portion of the font is derived from Gothic A1, a font by HanYang I&C Co. As with Academico, It is not necessary to have Gothic A1 installed, although we have bundled it in the most recent update to the Norfolk fonts if you want to use it as a text font elsewhere in your document.
Similar to Norfolk Chords but using non-superscript accidentals and numbers. Although Sibelius does not include a PlainChords Sans font, we decided to make one anyway! Thus there is no Opus analog for Norfolk PlainChords Sans.
The basic chord symbol font using Petaluma music characters. As with Norfolk/Opus, you can think of this font as a replacement for the Inkpen or Reprise handwritten chord symbol fonts. The text portion of the font is derived from Petaluma Script, the text font inspired by the hand copyists for Sher Publishing’s Real Book series. It is not necessary to have Petaluma Script installed, although we have bundled it with the Pori fonts if you want to use it as a text font elsewhere in your document.
Yes, it is already plenty exciting that with the six aforementioned fonts, we’ve doubled the number of chord symbol fonts available with Sibelius. But why stop there?
Sibelius has never supported this. But that didn’t stop Bernie Cossentino from trying to find a way to make it happen.
After many months of experimentation, trials, false starts and countless hours of work, the Pori Angled Slash Chords (ASC) font is a reality.
What makes Pori Chords ASC a viable option — and the beauty of its implementation — is that the user can use chord symbols normally within Sibelius, and can freely switch between the ASC font and any other chord symbol font as one currently does, say, to switch from Opus Chords to Opus Plain Chords.
Everything happens in the font, nothing needs to be adjusted in Sibelius’s settings or the document settings, and no change in workflow is necessary. In all other respects it is identical to the Pori Chords font.
Most importantly, the Pori Chords ASC Std font will only work in Sibelius 2018.11 and higher. This is because the font uses some text generation features that are only supported in Qt 5.
You may need to manually adjust the vertical position of some chords when using Pori Chords ASC.
As of this writing, the Pori Chords ASC Std font displays correctly on screen as well as when exporting to PDF via File > Export > PDF. However, printing the Sibelius file will cause chord symbols using the Pori Chords ASC Std font to display incorrectly. Until this is resolved, the workaround is to first export a PDF document from Sibelius and then print from the PDF.
The Pori Chords ASC Std font does not currently support use with chord diagrams. If you use this font, Chord text only must be selected in Appearance > Engraving Rules > Chord Symbols > Appearance > Show by default.
These limitations only apply to the Pori Chords ASC font and not the other fonts described in this post. Even with these limitations (at least for now), the ability to finally display an altered bass note underneath an angled separator in a diagonal arrangement in a Sibelius document, and to do so as easily as a simple font swap, is an amazing achievement.
If you’ve read this far, you probably want to get right on with downloading and using the fonts. You can skip this next section if you like, but you’d miss out on learning about the hundreds of man-hours that went into this project. Plus, don’t you want to know where the name Pori came from?
Shortly after Dorico 2 was released, I considered creating a Petaluma derivative for use in Sibelius, as a complement to Norfolk. Having met Jeff Kellem at the 2017 NAMM show and seeing him again at the 2018 show, I enjoyed learning about his passion for type design. I approached him about taking on the project and, to my delight, he agreed.
We prioritized the chord symbol fonts, knowing full well that they would be the most challenging aspect. In addition, I wanted to complete the Norfolk suite by adding chord symbol fonts to that family, as well.
I hope you don’t mind my forwarding this email to you with regards to angled slash chords. I’ve been working on a modified font for a while now and have finally got it to behave in a way that makes sense… and to ask whether, at some point, NYC Music Services might be interested in distributing the font for other Sibelius users to download.
No, I didn’t mind at all! It was a natural next step to merge our projects, and thus began many months of these fellows working countless hours to produce these fonts.
I asked Jeff and Bernie to explain a bit more about their process.
Philip and I agreed to treat this project as a font engineering project. In other words, the primary goal of not designing new glyphs. In most cases, any new glyph designs that didn’t exist in the source fonts were created programmatically.
One of the big challenges was the lack of documentation of the mapping of semantic symbol to glyph slot, e.g., the G clef sitting in the ampersand slot of the music font. So, a lot of time needed to be spent researching to determine the appropriate mapping for each of the various Sibelius font types. When a symbol was unique, it was easier to map. But, when a symbol design matched others, then we’d attempt to verify that our guess was an accurate one. In some cases, we were able to match the mapping with the name and slot references in the Symbol table. A manual and tedious process. Then, through comparisons and assumptions about use cases, a decision between using the Music or Music Text SMuFL-compliant font was made.
Glyph registration is not always the same between the SMuFL specification and the Sibelius fonts. Registration refers to the size and positioning of the drawing for each symbol (glyph). So, adjustments would be made. Sometimes, during testing, we would notice that our initial guess would be incorrect. For example, what looked like a design that would sit on the baseline, Sibelius might expect it centered at another Y (vertical) position. This would usually be noticed (and necessary) when the designs did not match in size.
The side bearings (the space on each side, left and right, of the drawing) had different requirements between the source fonts and Sibelius. For the SMuFL fonts, the side bearings for some symbols might be zero, but space was necessary in how Sibelius used the glyphs.
Designing for three styles — Pori, Norfolk, and Norfolk Sans — meant trying to come up with adjustments that would work for most of them, providing an override when necessary. The designs and variability were completely different among the fonts and within a font, at times.
Some glyph designs were missing, e.g., superscript numerals. Petaluma Script happened to have a stylistic set with superscript numerals. Academico, on the other hand, did not have superscript numbers. So, the Academico superscript numbers were scaled and positioned, programmatically.
As a type designer, I prefer to create designs specific to the use. Superscripts and small capitals are not simply scaled to a smaller size, though some software erroneously does do that, including music notation applications. Simply scaling down creates forms that seem too light when compared to surrounding full-size glyphs. Since designing new glyphs was out of scope for this project, we worked on doing this programmatically, but attempting adjustments to create the feel of a similar weight.
The stacked alterations in the chords fonts needed to be created. The component glyphs that made up a stack were not designed for those sizes. This was one of the spots in which the creation of the glyph was done programmatically, from sizing to placement in the stack. The variables for that were specific to each set of source fonts.
During quality assurance testing, we decided to improve the look of the chords by adding kerning pairs to remove some of the space. For example, this is noticeable in an A7 chord with a superscript 7; the 7 feels like it’s separate from the A, like another word. With three chord font styles being created, all with differing characteristics in their designs, there were lots of comparisons of adjustments, trying to come up with values that worked across all three. Sometimes overrides were necessary. For example, the full-size 7 in Pori Chords has an extremely angled diagonal. So, it would need to close up the space much more when followed by a slash than in Norfolk Chords.
Some of the quality assurance testing that turned up issues included comparing against previous versions of the test fonts, comparing against existing Sibelius fonts for shape and positioning, and testing within Sibelius on macOS, Windows, and across various Sibelius versions. Through this iterative process, changes to adjustment parameters and mapping were made. Simply comparing to the previous version of the test Chords/PlainChords fonts means looking at 1,264 glyphs, with each new version. That number doesn’t include Bernie’s ASC fonts.
With the wide variety of ways to represent a chord, configurable by the user, there are a lot of variations to review. It’s possible we missed some combination or specific chords, though we attempted to cover common variants. Let Philip know if something should be fixed.
Angled slash chords: Easy for any copyist to write the old fashioned way…by hand, but quite a chore to accomplish in most scoring applications, including Sibelius. A quick web search will list plenty of Sibelius workarounds and tedious solutions suggested over the past few years.
This last June, I read of one such solution, stemming from resizing isolated characters of the chord in text input, adding the slash, rotating it, adjusting line spacing, adding the bass letter on a return line, and so on. All this…just for one chord? This kind of remedy was enough to deter most anyone; succumbing to simply let the chord lie horizontal.
It had me thinking: Why must it be so difficult to create these chord types in Sibelius?
I’ve edited several music and text fonts for use in my own scores and questioned whether a font can be modified in a way to create chords in an angled fashion. Shortly after reading the above workaround, I decided to open my font editor and experimented a little. Sure enough, I was able to adventurously kern a few character pairs; a letter to a lowered slash, and then a slash to a lowered letter. That was easy, and there was plenty to get excited about already.
Ah, but there were problems! While kerning glyphs one to one was simple, kerning strings of them was another matter, altogether. Add to this, Sibelius wasn’t happy with the kerning routines I applied. i.e. Though the kerning rules worked fine as a web font, I quickly realized that Sibelius was not fully Open Type aware. Thus began the challenge of finding the right kerning (GPOS) features that Sibelius would understand.
After a few tries, I finally had a simple chord symbol, along with accidentals, kern and natively displayed in Sibelius successfully. At this stage, I knew we were off to the races. I contacted Bob Zawalich, Robin Walker, Sam Butler and Joe Pearson at Avid, and showed them what I had going. After a few exchanges, it was suggested I loop in Philip Rothman, who then looped in Jeff Kellem. It appeared Philip and Jeff already had font projects of their own going. We decided it was a good idea to pool our resources together and produce the fonts provided today.
I was encouraged with the new team and blessed with their assistance, not to mention some directional “feature” advice from Jeff. Thus, progress was being made and I managed to get the font working to the point where all chord types were displaying angled slash results by default i.e. positioning the slash at the end of the chord string, followed by the repositioned bass root. This was already fabulous, and we could have called it a day. But that would have only satisfied a small portion of the user base who may be entering very basic chords like Bb/D or even C7(b9)/E.
This would not suffice. Users who rely on more complex chords like Bbmaj7(b5)/D might not be satisfied with a default angled slash result. Indeed, having the slash in this position (below the right parentheses) added to the score’s already precious vertical real estate. Thus, I wanted to find a solution to reposition the slash inside the left parentheses so that it adorned the main part of the chord, before the altered extension. This solution helped save some of that critical vertical space (especially for double and triple stacked alterations) with the added benefit of further homogenizing the chord symbol itself. Though quite laborious, it was a logical decision to continue along these lines. The bulk of the font work lies here and required many revisions to complete, accommodating the most common and complex chords.
So after numerous restarts, roadblocks, and even a surprise detour towards the end of our adventure, angled slash chords in Sibelius have finally become a reality. We hope the results speak for themselves and trust that these fonts, and certainly this Pori Chords ASC variant, find plenty of use in your scores!
Pori, incidentally, derives its name from the coastal city in Finland which is home of Pori Jazz, a large international jazz festival held annually in July. Thanks to my good friend Alex Freeman for suggesting the name!
Go to the Resources page at NYC Music Services to obtain the fonts.
You’ll need to register with a valid e-mail address, and then you’ll receive a link to download the fonts. If you’ve already registered and downloaded the Norfolk fonts, you’ll have received a separate e-mail with a download link — no need to re-register for those. The Pori fonts are a separate download package, though, so even if you’ve registered Norfolk you’ll need to register to obtain the Pori fonts.
Registering to download the fonts means you’ll get notified directly about any future updates, including when the full Pori suite becomes available.
The fonts are free to use, at your own risk. As such, I won’t be able to offer any support for them, although if you notice a problem, please let me know.
Essentially, you just need to install the fonts on your computer in the usual manner, and restart Sibelius if it was running. More detailed information is found in the documentation that comes bundled with the font package, so be sure to read it, especially if you’re a new user to the Norfolk fonts.
You can switch to any of the chord symbol fonts by simply heading to Text > Styles > Edit Text Styles, select Chord Symbol, and click Edit…. In Basic Formats > Font, choose one of the chord symbol fonts. See the Sibelius reference manual, 5.8 Chord Symbols, to learn more about how to use chord symbols in Sibelius.
We owe a huge debt to Daniel Spreadbury, Anthony Hughes, and Steinberg for creating these fonts. Naturally, this project wouldn’t exist otherwise. In case you were wondering: All of their fonts were released under the SIL Open Font License, which allows us to freely modify and distribute them as we are here. (The Sibelius default fonts, incidentally, are protected under copyright, and it is not permitted to use them in the same way.) I’m very grateful for their decision to make the fonts available under the Open Font License, and, per the license, the Norfolk and Pori fonts are also distributed under the same license.
To Jeff and Bernie — I am inspired by your dedication, attention to detail, and artistry in putting this together. Thank you!
Thanks to Bob and Robin for all the feedback and support.
And thanks to the Sibelius team, including Sam Butler and Joe Pearson, for their support — in addition to the support for Norfolk in recent versions of Sibelius (making setup easy in Preferences > Music Fonts) and in Sibelius Cloud Publishing, once we release the full Pori suite, you’ll see future Sibelius releases support the Pori fonts in the same way.
Chord symbols might just be one of the most difficult components of music notation software. The seemingly endless variations and display options — you’ll want to read Darcy James Argue’s take for one informed point of view — must make for enormous programming challenges.
Dorico 1.0 omitted chord symbols completely, and when the Dorico 1.1 release included them, its unique and comprehensive approach was widely touted.
Finale has long had customizable chord symbols and a powerful editor, but at the expense of user-friendliness. The recent improvements to chord symbols in v26 focused on adding more precomposed suffixes to the libraries, not way chord symbols are defined and edited.
Sibelius’s chord symbols are relatively easy to use, but it comes at the expense of font choice and display options. That’s why releasing a handful of new fonts that look great and work well in the program is a big accomplishment — all the more so coming completely from dedicated users working hard, largely in their spare time and at sometimes crazy hours.
Enjoy these fonts, and stay tuned. There’s more to come!
Fantastic, thanks so much Philip and others!!!
Psst. Philip did a ton of work too!
These look great, can’t wait to try them out. Many thanks!
This has been one of the most annoying things about doing jazz & rock charts in notation software for years. I’ve spent hours & hours faffing to try and achieve this, and gave up in frustration. This font looks pretty much exactly like the beloved ‘New Real Book’ chord format, which I tried to emulate, unsuccessfully, for a long time.
I love the Pori Chord Fonts! Excellent Initiative!
Thanks, Andre! More to come!
Scoring Notes curated list of recommended products at Amazon — books, computer accessories, and more! | 2019-04-24T20:50:45Z | https://www.scoringnotes.com/news/norfolk-and-pori-fonts/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+sibeliusblog+%28Scoring+Notes%29 |
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If any part of this arbitration provision is deemed to be invalid, unenforceable or illegal (other than that claims will not be arbitrated on a class or representative basis), or otherwise conflicts with the rules and procedures established by JAMS, then the balance of this arbitration provision shall remain in effect and shall be construed in accordance with its terms as if the invalid, unenforceable, illegal or conflicting provision were not contained herein. If, however, the portion that is deemed invalid, unenforceable or illegal is that claims will not be arbitrated on a class or representative basis, then the entirety of this arbitration provision shall be null and void, and neither claimant nor Gruma shall be entitled to arbitrate their dispute.
IT IS AGREED BY THE PARTIES THAT NEITHER WILL PURSUE REPRESENTATIVE CLASS OR COLLECTIVE CLAIMS ON BEHALF OF OTHER PERSONS. THE ARBITRATOR SHALL NOT HAVE THE AUTHORITY TO HEAR OR ISSUE ANY AWARD CONCERNING THE CLAIMS OF A CLASS OR COLLECTIVE ACTION OR TO CONSOLIDATE THE CLAIMS OF MORE THAN ONE INDIVIDUAL INTO A SINGLE ARBITRATION PROCEEDING. THE ARBITRATOR HAS ONLY THE AUTHORITY TO RESOLVE THE CLAIMS OF AND AWARD RELIEF TO AN INDIVIDUAL PERSON OR ENTITY.
Gruma may at anytime and from time to time revise this Policy by updating this posting. By using this Platform you are agreeing to be bound by any such revisions. You should visit this Platform periodically to determine the then current terms.
Other information. If you navigate through our Site, we may automatically collect information, such as the browser you're using, usage details, IP addresses, and information collected through cookies. We might look at what site you came from, or what site you visit when you leave us. In a mobile environment, we might collect your location.
Job application information. If you apply for a job, we collect information about you, your prior education and work history and your skills and qualifications for the position. We may ask about your salary expectations, how you learned of the position and your driving record or other information about your ability to perform the position. We may also collect the last four digits of your social security number and your immigration status.
B. How We Collect Information. We collect Personal Information directly from you with your knowledge. For instance, when you sign up to maintain a recipe box, obtain a newsletter, enter a promotion, or fill out an online survey, we will ask for your Personal Information such as your email address. We also collect information if you make a purchase or apply for employment through our Platform.
To serve you with advertising content in which we think you will be interested. To do so, we may observe your behaviors on the Site and other websites. We may also collect information about your browsing history.
D. How We Use Your Personal Information. Gruma will use the information you have provided to respond to your comments and questions, to notify you if you win a contest or sweepstakes or complete a purchase. We will also use your information to provide you with any service you may have requested. For example, if you provided an email address in order to create a recipe box, Gruma will use your email address to identify the recipes you have selected to include in your recipe box. If you specifically agree to receive email newsletters or other notifications from Gruma, we may contact you from time to time. For example, we may send you occasional newsletters or marketing or promotional materials. We may also respond to your comments or requests for information. We will not send you information if you inform us you do not wish to receive such materials.
Gruma uses the Personal Information it gathers as otherwise permitted by law.
E. Targeted Advertisements. We may work with online advertising companies to show you relevant and useful ads. This includes ads served on other companies' sites. These ads may be served based on information collected by us or third-parties. For example, information a third-party collects when you register for a site, like your zip code. This might be used to target an ad for people in your area. These ads may also be based on your activities on our websites or on third-party sites.
F. Sharing Information. Gruma does not sell our user's e-mail addresses. However, unless otherwise specified, we may share Personal Information within Gruma, such as with our subsidiaries and affiliates in the United States. We also allow access to our database by third parties that provide us with services, such as technical maintenance, forum software, or statistical or marketing analysis, but only for the purpose of and to the extent necessary to provide those services. In the event that Gruma should decide to sell any assets which may include this Platform, they may sell the information provided to Gruma by users of the Platform along with the sale of the Platform.
Gruma may use personal information to improve its marketing and promotional efforts; to statistically analyze website usage; and to improve the features and content of the Platform. We may also use the information to deliver content that is customized to your interests as we understand them based upon the information you provided to us and your activities on the Platform. We may combine non-personal information collected automatically with your Personal Information. Your information will be used by us and/or by them as described in this Policy.
G. Legal Disclaimer. Gruma reserves the right to disclose your Personal Information as required by law and when we believe that disclosure is necessary to protect our rights and/or to comply with a judicial proceeding, court order, or legal process served on the Platform. For example, Gruma will provide Personal Information to third parties if Gruma believes, in good faith, that it is necessary to prevent a crime or an injury to Gruma or third parties. Gruma will also share Personal Information to respond to a court order or subpoena, or if a government agency or investigatory body requests it.
H. Not Intended For Children. Our Site and Platform are not intended for children under 13 years of age. No one under 13 may provide any Personal Information to or on the Platform. Gruma does not knowingly collect Personal Information from children under 13. If you are under 13, do not use or provide any information on the Platform. If we learn we have collected or received Personal Information from a child under 13 without verification of parental consent, we will delete that information. If you believe we might have any information from or about a child under 13, please contact us. Parents or legal guardians can learn more about how to protect children's privacy on-line here:https://www.consumer.ftc.gov/topics/protecting-kids-online .
I. Data Security. Gruma uses standard security measures designed to secure your Personal Information from accidental loss and from unauthorized access, use, alteration, and disclosure. All information you provide to us is stored on our secure servers behind firewalls. We keep Personal Information as long as it is necessary or relevant for the practices described in this Policy. We also keep information as otherwise required by law.
The safety and security of your information also depends on you. The Internet is not 100% secure. We cannot promise that your use of our Platform will be completely safe. We encourage you to use caution when using the Internet. This includes not sharing your passwords.
L. Contact Information. To ask questions or comment about this Policy and our privacy practices, contact us at: 1-800-600-8226 or through the Contact Section in our Site. | 2019-04-24T14:27:04Z | https://www.missionfoods.com/privacy-policy/ |
The Multiple Perspectives conference continues a decade of community exploration of disability as an individual experience and social reality that cuts across typical divisions of education & employment, scholarship & service, business & government, race, gender & ethnicity. This year the conference is celebrating its tenth anniversary while the second decade of the ADA is coming to a close refreshed by amendments. Such milestones are an opportunity to consider where we are, how we got here and where we are going; an opportunity to step back from the immediate demands of access and reflect on how access, inclusion and disability fit with our goals of social justice, diversity and excellence. “Future History” was chosen as this year’s theme to encourage this reflection by celebrating the themes of past conferences listed below.
Three in-depth preconference workshops designed to keep professionals abreast of how changes in the law and regulations will influence practice. Both sessions are presented by L. Scott Lissner, Americans with Disabilities Act Coordinator for Ohio State University, who will share resources that support an approach to compliance that is both proactive and practical, emphasizing the civil rights basis for the ADA as well as the broad benefits access brings to individuals, organizations & society.
In October the EEOC released its draft regulations implementing the recent amendments to the American’s with Disabilities Act for public comment. This work shop will provide a review of the amendments, a sense of the public comments submitted and a status update followed by a practical discussion of six critical policy and practice implications.
Approved for 2.75 PHR, SPHR & GPHR CEU's The use of this seal is not an endorsement by the HR Certification Institute of the quality of the program. It means that this program has met the HR Certification Institute's criteria to be pre-approved for recertification credit.
When to say "Yes" & when to say "No"
In January of 2009 the Department of Justice withdrew the proposed changes in the regulations enforcing the ADA including changes to the Standards for Accessible Design for review by the new administration. This workshop will review the status of the proposed changes to the Standards for Accessible Design and discuss how they are influencing litigation and practice.
In January of 2009 the Department of Justice withdrew the proposed changes in the regulations enforcing the ADA for review by the new administration. This workshop will review the status of the proposed changes and discuss how they are influencing litigation and practice.
Transition plans describe structural modifications that will be made to meet the self-evaluation commitments of and to ensure that programs and services are accessible to persons with disabilities in your community. Using case study details, this presentation will highlight the importance of a transition plan, key elements of a transition plan, and best practices when using your transition plan.
The Internet, and particularly the World Wide Web, grew to prominence in the years after enactment of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). While the statutory language of the ADA, as well as the accompanying regulations, did not specifically address access to the Internet or the web, the law has been interpreted to require web accessibility. This lecture presentation will provide information about current efforts to make the web and other Internet-based technologies accessible. The principle focus will be to examine three distinct trends that foster web accessibility for people with disabilities: Legal requirements for institutions to make their products, services and web sites accessible to people with disabilities; Legal action to enforce laws requiring web sites and certain services to be accessible to people with disabilities; And increased use of social computing technologies to link together active and engaged communities of interest without regard to geography, ethnicity, race, disability, etc. .
Of all the disabilities humans experience, mental disabilities are not only the most stigmatized but they are also the most common. We have learned more in the last 5 to 10 years about how the human brain works, how it becomes damaged and how it can actually "rewire" and repair itself than we could have ever imagined. In this session, you will see brain scans of common mental impairments, hear firsthand experiences in using modern day neuroscience to directly combat Autism, and learn how you can protect your own mental health. This session has been described as a "Life Changing" experience. In other words, you will never look at yourself or others in the same way again.
The use of Universal Design and Universal Design for Learning ensures that all students have equal access to quality education. Universal Design benefits students of all ages and ability levels. This presentation will help participants understand the underlying concept of Universal Design, the benefits of Universal Design, & also the need to implement Universal Design & Universal Design for Learning on their campus.
Accessibility design has evolved since our clients began understanding the requirements and necessity of good designs. Standards of design have been affected by ten years of evolution by design professionals. The presenters will discuss the impacts of the established rules and guidelines on site development, how one set of standards for a particular client can change how a project is designed, and how design professionals have evolved and changed governmental standards.
Panelists from the Ohio Board of Regents, Rehabilitation Services Commission of Ohio, OhioLink, Wright State, Ohio State, and eTech Ohio discuss a unique, on-going partnership program providing money for access technologies. The panel will discuss details of the program and the partnerships that allowed Rehab Services to leverage University System money at the Federal level and create $1.6 million in grants for technology research, development, and implementation projects designed to benefit students with disabilities at state higher education institutions. In addition, the panel will talk about the technology selection criteria and process and about the individual projects that are part of this year's round of funding.
On May 21, 2008, the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 (GINA) was signed into law, giving the EEOC authority to enforce a new prohibition on employment discrimination – discrimination on the basis of genetic information. Title II of GINA, which became effective on November 21, 2009, prohibits employers from using the genetic information of applicants or employees to make employment decisions, restricts the acquisition of genetic information by employers, and strictly limits disclosure of genetic information by employers. The statute defines genetic information to include not only genetic tests of individuals and their family members, but also the manifestation of disease or disorder in family members, i.e., family medical history. This presentation provides an introduction to this new EEO law with a particular focus on the rule preventing employers from acquiring genetic information and the exceptions to that rule.
This session is presented as a monologue; a storytelling performance about the screaming in my mother's head and what she did to shut it off. The monologue will take place in three parts. The first presents relevant information about the history of female issues surrounding disability in recent history. The second part tells the story of my mother's life through my childhood eyes and how issues of disability are family issues, cultural issues and systemic issues that affect social outcomes. The third part of the monologue talks about my mother's death, removing her from the life support and the long road to realization I've had to travel to recognize and share the worth of her life.
This program will discuss the increased efforts on all college campuses to improve their facilities to save energy and create energy savings. The key is to show a commitment to health and wellness while improving outdated buildings. The efforts made go hand in hand with ADA codes; however, the principles of Universal Design present some additional caveats for creating a space for access, inclusion and space for all persons in a community to live, work and learn. This program intends to compare the two philosophical commitments and help find common ground to bring about a Universal Sustainable environment.
A panel comprised of service providers, employers and consumers successfully placed in competitive employment will present best practice information from their three perspectives and how this collaboration can lead to improved services. Demonstration of a successful collaboration of local disability service providers and the characteristics required for successful job placement will show how no one approach or method works in placement because each individual with a disability and their employer’s needs are unique. The presenters will share their personal experiences in overcoming barriers to employment & their employers’ challenges and benefits.
PowerPoint (PPT) handouts created from the “Handout” choice from the print menu in PPT are images of the slides and inaccessible. This presentation shows how to create handouts readable by all assistive technology.
The typical PowerPoint (PPT) handout is created from the “Handout” choice from the print menu in PPT. These handouts are images of the slides, which are inaccessible by persons with disabilities and many times unreadable by even persons with vision because the font is too small. This presentation shows a way to create handouts that are readable by all assistive technology using the Outline feature in PPT. Using Outline, the slides can be made so that they can be saved as a rich text format (RTF) file. These RTF files can then be styled in any word processor to take on any look. Because they are text files and utilize the heading structure in a word processing document, they are accessible by all text readers and the heading structure allows quick and easy navigation, no matter the length and complexity of the document. Moreover, because the document is text, the font size, color, and background can quickly and easily be changed to suit the reader’s preference using the already existing formatting tools in the word processor. Techniques for hiding text and creating guided notes will also be included. Caveats regarding complex tables, figures, and graphics will be discussed.
The Ohio STEM Ability Alliance (OSAA) funded by the National Science Foundation is recruiting STEM students with disabilities in the Dayton-Columbus area to participate in student centered interventions focused on increasing the number of SwD graduating with STEM degrees. The presenters will: Share an overview of Ohio’s STEM Ability Alliance (OSAA); Explain strategies to recruit, retain and graduate STEM students with disabilities; And inform faculty of the customized services they have available for STEM students with disabilities.
3:00pm-4:30 - Ken Campbell Memorial Lecture on Disability Policy: "Leveraging the ADA 20th Anniversary to Transform Our Approach to Social Welfare Policy: Rethinking Education, Workforce Investment, Disability Benefits, and Health Care"
Andrew J. Imparato, President and CEO, American Association of People with Disabilities (AAPD). Prior to joining AAPD, Imparato was general counsel and director of policy for the National Council on Disability, an attorney advisor with the US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, counsel to the U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Disability Policy, and a staff attorney/Skadden Fellow with the Disability Law Center in Boston, Massachusetts.
Initiated by the Columbus Advisory Committee on Disability Issues and highlight of the annual conference, the Ken Campbell Memorial Lecture on Disability Policy honors Campbell’s life’s work as an advocate, including over twenty years guiding the City of Columbus’ disability policies.
Please join us for disability related poster presentations from students and community participants as well as a reception immediately following the Ken Campbell Memorial Lecture. Free and open to the public.
Brenda Brueggemann, Professor, English & Disability Studies; Ohio State University.
The presenter will use a PowerPoint presentation to explore mental illness tropes on the National Eating Disorder Association’s (NEDA) website. She will analyze the advantages and dangers of presenting eating disorders as biology-based mental illnesses.
Extensive research on the negative impact that stigma has on adults with mental illness has documented the sense of shame, feelings of blame, the need to keep the diagnosis secret, and the isolation, social exclusion, and hopelessness that are the common deleterious effects of stigma. The vast majority of the research on stigma relates to adults with mental illness, and thus its relevance to children and families is unclear. Nonetheless, children and families have been facing the impact of stigma for as long as we have been diagnosing children with psychiatric disorders. They have no doubt about the damaging effects stigma can have on them, and their ability or even willingness to pursue effective treatment. On the other hand, there is an increasing amount written in the literature about the concept of resiliency in children and families. In recent years this has included more and more about strategies for building resiliency in the families of children with mental illness. In fact, resiliency can be seen as a protective factor against, or even an antidote for the negative effects of stigma.
This presentation will explore the complementary issues of coping with stigma and building resiliency in families of children with mental illness from the perspective of both the existing research base and the families themselves. Presentations will review first the results of the first large-scale, nationally representative survey of public knowledge, attitudes and beliefs on children’s mental health, and second, recent writings on resiliency and recent efforts in Ohio to operationalize those for the purpose of creating a road map for building resiliency in families of children with mental illness. More importantly, each academic presentation will be followed by the responses of family members and advocates, sharing their own personal stories of struggling with stigma and trying to build resiliency within their own families and communities. Their responses, and the opportunity for discussion with the audience at the end of the presentation, will bring home the reality of both the damaging effects of stigma and the protective effects of resiliency in a manner that a simple academic discussion could not.
Future history will be full of livable communities with affordable, accessible housing which utilizes sustainable/Universal Design (UD) principles and assistive technology. This will meet the needs of housing and public access, enabling richer and easier aging in place. The presentation will help to forecast the future livable community. It will explain what these tools really mean, eliminating the mystery and removing the stigma. UD, sustainability, livable communities, and assistive technology will be on every agenda for community development. Public participation in the planning will make everyone a stakeholder. The Americans with Disabilities Act will be accepted just as we accept freedom of speech. Complete accessibility will be the norm.
During this presentation, OCR Cleveland legal staff will present on a variety of issues affecting students with disabilities at the postsecondary level, including the process for requesting academic adjustments and auxiliary aids, documentation, facility and program access, grievance procedures, and access to technology. Time will be allotted for a question and answer session.
The panel will explore the various employment and education access issues that autistic individuals face. The presentation approaches these issues from a variety of perspectives: historical, social, cultural, and personal, and centers around important workplace and education issues that autistic people encounter. They will discuss some ways in which we—autistic people and non—can foster more inclusive professional environments.
As the field of Disability Studies develops, it is important for those involved in incorporating it into higher education curriculum to share successful experiences and challenges. This is the overall goal of this presentation. More specifically, we will provide information about our experience in offering an introductory undergraduate course in terms of three major components as described below.
Foundations of Disability Studies. This course was developed as an elective within the interdisciplinary studies program at a small liberal arts college. Students represented a variety of majors including nursing, business, communication and education. Across majors, disability is typically represented as an individual pathology and grounded in a positivist theoretical orientation. Consistent with the disability studies approach, our course represents disability in a fundamentally different way - as socially constructed through forces of knowledge and power which create oppression and exclusion. We ground disability in cultural studies and critical theory. A primary goal of this presentation is to describe the theoretical foundations, course materials and strategies that were used to share this alternative and critical perspective with students.
Student Responses. As students examined disability from a constructivist and critical framework, their level of openness varied depending upon their assumptions, experiences, and identities – including images of their future careers. In the attempt to develop a supportive and impactful learning process, we examined students’ responses and will share three categories for understanding their encounters with Disability Studies. They are: moving from criticism to criticality, adherence to individualism and authenticity of personal experience, and defending identity referenced norms.
Implications. This introductory course provided a framework for deconstructing disability and understanding and engaging in social transformation. Contemplation of students’ responses brings to light the power of disability discourse and the challenges involved in deconstructing it. It demands living with complexity and uncertainty. It challenges a sense of personal truth and identity. It requires new roles and involvement in social change. With a heightened awareness of the possible challenges students encounter with disability studies, we hope to strengthen the opportunity for transformation and short circuit, to some extent, dissonance and resistance.
Absenteeism as a result of Injuries and illnesses cost employers millions of dollars each year. It also severely impacts the injured or ill employee. As a result, Ohio State created the Integrated Disability department to assist the employee with obtaining appropriate benefits as well as transitioning back to work.
The outcomes of these services at Ohio State have been tremendous. The presenters will share how the services of Integrated Disability have decreased the number of injuries each year, helped employees to return to work sooner, and impacted the bottom-line cost savings at the university. The presentation will conclude with a discussion of the future initiatives for Integrated Disability including pre-employment testing and a physician education series.
OCR staff will provide information on the rights of students with disabilities who are veterans. Many veterans returning from Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom are “individuals with disabilities” who intend to pursue higher education. Many of these “wounded warriors” have acquired disabilities during their service, making them eligible for protection under the ADA and Section 504. Unlike the vast majority of students with disabilities who attend college, warriors with disabilities often have no history of receiving disability-based accommodations in high school. Accordingly, they are less familiar with their disability-related rights and responsibilities. Most colleges and universities have not had a lot of experience in accommodating students with the types of disabilities common among wounded warriors, including post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), traumatic brain injury, late acquired blindness or deafness, significantly disfiguring burns, and multiple amputations, among others.
This workshop will explore transition considerations for college-bound students with ASD through interactive discussion of past and present practices, the law, and necessary life skills.
This presentation will address how to combat the most challenging issues disability service providers face when working with students with AS/HFA, and provide several alternative, pro-active approaches to supporting this population.
Sam Kirk, the father of American special education, was a vocal advocate for the learning potential inherent in all children. Yet, in 1967, when faced with the need to define learning disability, he contrasted the potential of children with learning disabilities with the lack of potential of children with mental retardation. This presentation explores Kirk’s thinking in light of implications today for how we understand human potential across different disability types.
Long-time conference presenters approach their past presentations as Disability Studies MapQuests with the goal of charting strategies for negotiating unknown terrain. In this presentation, they reflect upon the changes in Disability Awareness, Rights, and Responsibilities over the last ten years in two ways: how these changes have shaped their presentations at this conference, and how these changes have shaped their own lives as Disability Studies scholars, teachers, and activists. Through these brief, reflective, and retrospective presentations, they hope to engage the audience in thinking about how surprising and unexpected the future of Disability Studies has proven itself to be.
This presentation provides an overview of the history of architectural accessibility standards and gives participants an opportunity to practice their skill at recognizing real-world examples of inaccessibility in our society.
Participants will first be provided with an overview of the history of accessibility, which will include a short review of accessibility standards and related U.S. federal laws dating from the 1960’s to the present. This overview will include the following items (listed in the order of presentation): ANSI A 117.1; Architectural Barriers Act of 1968, Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Minimum Guidelines and Requirements for Accessible Design (MGRAD), Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards (UFAS), the concept of Universal Design, Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988, Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, Fair Housing Act Accessibility Guidelines (FHAG), Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines for Buildings and Facilities (ADAAG); and the International Building Code.
The remainder of the session will be a group exercise that consists of the presentation of approximately two dozen photographs that represent examples of inaccessibility found in commonly used settings such as parking lots, sidewalks, restrooms, temporary public events, and other venues that are open for the use of the general public. The pictures used for this exercise will demonstrate accessibility issues that can be identified by participants without the need for the taking of measurements or the need for prior expertise with specific accessibility standards. For each photograph, participants will be asked to identify and discuss any accessibility issues presented by that photograph. Where appropriate, the presenter will reference specific accessibility standards during the discussion for each photograph, with ADAAG being the primary standard referenced. The inventory of photographs also includes some examples of best practices or solutions to accessibility issues, and includes at least one photograph that presents a disability etiquette/accessibility issue rather than a typical accessibility issue.
Providing alternative texts is a staple of Disability Services Offices. The presenters will examine how trends and willingness to evaluate, professional, and institutional cultures can impact this process and the departments' greater missions.
This session will discuss various ways that disability services can stay up to date, as well as suggest ways to collaborate with the students who use AT and have unique insights into the usability of particular technologies, and the latest and great tech out there!
This session examines moral principles asserted within the disability rights movement of the 1970s, connecting them to natural law philosophy via the Declaration of Independence. It does so through an exploration of selected concepts, namely, the “self-evident” truths of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Examined first are ideas of the disability rights movement (e.g., dignity, rights, autonomy), as expressed in speeches and documents produced by some pivotal figures. Direct invocations of, and parallel constructions to, the self-evident truths of the Declaration of Independence will be traced. Following that will be clarification and elaboration of the meanings of those concepts within the intellectual heritage of the natural law tradition. The presentation will conclude by examining the state of natural law thinking in the field of disability studies today.
Through a U.S. Department of Education grant, the Employment Service Systems Research and Training Center (ESSRTC) is currently conducting five research projects designed to develop, enhance, and utilize partnerships to improve the quality of employment services, opportunities, and outcomes for people with disabilities. Drawing upon the extensive organizational socialization research, Project Two has been training vocational counselors on Long Island and Bronx, New York over the past four years how to more effectively socialize employees with disabilities to their workplace and promote their successful integration into the workplace culture. Several modules of the training specifically focus on the important role communication plays in this process. This proposed session will present an interactive demonstration of one module of this training program, specifically showing how employers can help employees with disabilities more effectively use information seeking strategies as a way to improve their socialization experience. Participation and feedback from all panel attendees will be strongly encouraged.
AccessText members and non-members are invited to hear a short update on the AccessText Network followed by discussion and an opportunity to provide feedback which will be brought back to the publishers. | 2019-04-19T17:18:05Z | https://ada.osu.edu/10th-annual-conference |
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