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When was Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj born? | Shivaji Shivaji Bhosale (19 February 1630 – 3 April 1680), popularly known as Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj , was an Indian king and founder of the Maratha Empire . Shivaraya carved out his own independent kingdom from the decaying Adilshahi of Bijapur and established the Maratha Empire. A.D. He was formally enthroned as Chhatrapati in 1674 at Raigad Fort .
During his reign, Shivaji Maharaj had both alliances and enmity with the Mughal Empire , the Qutub Shahi of Gowalkonda , the Adil Shahi of Bijapur and the European colonial powers. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj built a powerful and progressive state on the strength of a disciplined army and a well-organized administrative system. Apart from repairing the forts in the coastal and interior regions, he also built many new forts. Shivarai established a competent and progressive civil government with disciplined administrative organizations. He revived the ancient Hindu political traditions, court conventions.
With his excellent knowledge of the terrain, amazing speed of movement and the technique of guerilla poetry , he successfully fought the mighty Mughal and Adil Shahi forces with a small force. He encouraged the use of Marathi and Sanskrit languages instead of Parsi , which was the norm at that time, in governance . In the Indian freedom struggle, nationalist leaders used Shivaji Maharaj's heroic stories to rally people and boost their morale.
This portrait of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj is from the British Museum in London . h 1680-1687
Shivaji Maharaj's legacy varied with observers and time. But nearly two centuries after his death, he began to gain more prominence with the rise of the Indian independence movement as many Indian freedom fighters considered him a proto-nationalist and Hindu hero. Shivaji Maharaj has a great influence in the social and political history of Maharashtra . Shivaji Maharaj is an integral part of the identity of the Marathi people . Shivaji Maharaj's birthday is celebrated as Shiv Jayanti . | Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was born on 19, February 1630 |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Mohammed Emwazi mixed with a violent street gang who used stun guns to target wealthy victims in London’s Mayfair, it has emerged. He also had childhood links to other Islamic extremists who went on to join terror groups in Syria and Somalia. Emwazi was known to associate with Choukri Ellekhlifi – a member of a masked gang which preyed on rich targets in a series of violent attacks. The Moroccan-born criminal was thought to have been two years below the IS killer at Quintin Kynaston academy in St John’s Wood, North West London. Emwazi was a known associate to Choukri Elleklifi (right) - a member of a masked gang which preyed on rich targets in a series of violent attacks in London . But he fled to join an Al Qaeda group in Syria before he could be brought to justice, and was killed by government forces near Aleppo in August 2013. He and Emwazi were both said to have fallen under the sway of extremists while they were at secondary school, before Emwazi was further radicalised by hate preachers he encountered at Westminster University. School contemporaries claimed the older boy was involved in regular fights and the ‘borderline stalking’ of a female classmate. He was said to have dressed like a ‘gangster rapper’ as a teenager and to have experimented with alcohol and cannabis, before being radicalised by fanatical Islamists in his late teens. It is thought the toxic combination of their preaching and the violence he was exposed to through his association with Ellekhlifi may have fuelled his own descent into hate-filled brutality. Ellekhlifi and two friends committed eight robberies against wealthy victims in Mayfair, central London, in the space of a few days in July 2012 – not long before Emwazi travelled to Syria and joined Islamic State. The extremist, a former University of Westminster student, used to dress as a gangster rapper, said friends . Wearing masks, they threatened their victims with a stun gun and demanded they hand over possessions including wallets, watches and mobile phones. Two of their victims ended up in hospital with minor injuries after the stun gun was fired directly at them, and a sub-machine gun was later found at the home of one gang member. Ellekhlifi was charged but fled to Syria. He was found guilty in his absence and sentenced to six years for conspiracy to rob. Before his death, he was pictured in the country wearing paramilitary equipment and clutching an AK-47. Emwazi was never accused of taking part in the robberies carried out by the gang. In a separate case, he was charged with possessing stolen bicycles, but was later acquitted by a jury. He has also been linked to a network of British-based jihadists who have avoided deportation by using the Human Rights Act to block moves to force them to leave Britain. They include an Al Qaeda suspect with known connections to the failed July 21 London bomb plot and a second London-based man accused of attending an Al Shabaab training camp in Somalia. Emwazi has also been linked to radical hate preachers who taught ‘white widow’ Samantha Lewthwaite and the Woolwich killers Michael Adebowale and Michael Adebolajo. Britain’s security services have faced criticism that he was able to travel to Syria undetected, despite his many links to known terror suspects. This is despite emails sent by the militant in 2010 and 2011 claiming that MI5 was harassing him. Up to five schools are being investigated by the Department for Education which is worried about the radicalisation of pupils, it was reported last night. The department’s counter-extremism unit has been called in after it emerged that former pupils had joined extremist groups. The review includes Mohammed Emwazi’s former school – Quintin Kynaston academy in London – which is known to have had at least three ex-pupils join Islamic terror organisations. As well as Emwazi and gangster Choukri Ellekhlifi, former pupil Mohammed Sakr left Britain to join Somalia-based Al Shabaab before being killed in a US air strike in early 2012. Questions have now been raised about whether enough was done to prevent teenagers at the school being brainwashed by extremists. Education Secretary Nicky Morgan has ordered officials to investigate the academy’s records to examine what measures were in place to tackle radicalisation. A spokesman for the department said that the academy is ‘clearly a different school today’ than it was when Emwazi attended, but said they were reviewing records to ‘see if there are any lessons we can learn for the future’. The school insists it is not a terrorist breeding ground and that it has been ‘proactive’ in working with the Government’s counter-terrorism strategy. Current headteacher Alex Atherton said: ‘Students that may have attended nine years ago are not a reflection of the students we are proud of having at Quintin Kynaston.’ The review includes Mohammed Emwazi’s former school – Quintin Kynaston academy in London – which is known to have had at least three ex-pupils join Islamic terror organisations . | Mohammed Emwazi had links to violent street gang of muggers in London . Together the thugs targeted wealthy victims with stun guns and rob them . He also had childhood links to other Islamic extremists now in Syria . Choukri Ellekhlifi was two years below IS killer at Quintin Kynaston school . Moroccan born criminal killed in 2013 after joining Al Qaeda in Aleppo . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Kurt Zouma has praised Chelsea manager Jose Mourinho's role in his rapid development that has seen the Frenchman become a contender at centre back for both his club and country. The 20-year-old defender has made 20 appearances in his first season at Stamford Bridge, and Mourinho's guidance has seen him keep established starter Gary Cahill out of the side at times. Zouma's form earned a France call-up for the current international break, and he could even earn his first cap in their friendly against Denmark on Sunday night. Kurt Zouma has praised Chelsea manager Jose Mourinho's role in his rapid development with the Blues . Zouma, seen here attempting to tackle Blaise Matuidi, has been called up to the France squad recently . Zouma trains with his French team-mates ahead of their game against Denmark on Sunday evening . Zouma said that Mourinho puts a lot of pressure on his players, but he seems to be thriving under it . And Chelsea's breakthrough star credits his impressive showings that have led him to this point in his career to the manager who signed him for £12million from St Etienne last January. When asked what he had learnt under Mourinho, Zouma said: 'To hate defeat. When you lose it's out of bounds to continue as normal in the evening. When you play for Chelsea you must not accept losing. 'Mourinho puts pressure on all his players. He is very demanding and wants perfection. 'In defence, he asks me to move tactically and to be well placed to listen to John (Terry) and Gary Cahill around me. Initially, I was obsessed with the ball and did not watch players behind me enough, but it's something I've been working on.' Gary Cahill joins Zouma in celebrating a goal, and the Frenchman has been told to stick close to Cahill . Mourinho has told Zouma to work closely to Cahill and John Terry in order to listen and learn from them . Mourinho has asked Zouma to 'move tactically' and to focus on the runs players make rather than just the ball . Zouma played in midfield for Chelsea against Tottenham Hotspur in the Capital One Cup final and was then deployed there again by Mourinho against West Ham United and Paris Saint-Germain. While Zouma was surprised to play there, he did so under specific instructions. 'In midfield, it's different,' he said. 'He (Mourinho) asks me to use my power and to stay in place to help the defence.' Although the young defender has found a place in Didier Deschamps' squad for the current set of fixtures, he does not yet see himself as a potential contender for Euro 2016, which the French are set to host. The 20-year-old centre back started against Tottenham in midfield in the Capital One Cup final this month . Zouma impressed in midfield and was selected there again for Chelsea's trip to face West Ham the next week . Juan Cuadrado, Zouma, Loic Remy and Eden Hazard celebrate with the Capital One Cup on March 1 . 'Honestly, I think I have to play a little more to be worthy of a place,' he said in an interview with L'Equipe. 'I'll work hard. They (the other centre backs) are really strong and they have the experience. But when you have a goal, you should not look at who is in front of you, you should fight. That is all.' Zouma arrives at the French national football team training base in Clairefontaine earlier this week . | Kurt Zouma is enjoying life at Chelsea after his transfer last January . Frenchman stayed at St Etienne on loan until moving in the summer . He says Jose Mourinho has had a big influence on his recent development . Zouma says when at a club like Chelsea 'you must not accept losing' |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Atlanta (CNN)Former CIA director and retired Gen. David Petraeus remains a trusted adviser to the White House on its strategy in Iraq, despite being convicted of leaking classified information to his mistress and biographer, then lying to the FBI. The National Security Council and Obama administration have been consulting with Petraeus on matters related to Iraq and ISIS, White House Press Secretary Josh Earnest confirmed on Monday. Earnest did not elaborate how long Petraeus has been advising the White House since his fall from grace, but Newsweek reports the retired four-star general has been in the role since last summer. "Gen. Petraeus is somebody who served for a number of years in Iraq. He commanded a large number of American military personnel in that country," Earnest said. "He is, I think, legitimately regarded as an expert, when it comes to the security situation in Iraq. So I think it makes a lot of sense for senior administration officials to, on occasion, consult for him advice." Once considered a possible presidential candidate, Petraeus plead guilty to one federal charge of removing and retaining classified information earlier this month as part of a plea deal approved by Attorney General Eric Holder. According to court documents, Petraeus admitted removing several so-called black books -- notebooks in which he kept classified and non-classified information from his tenure as the commander of the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan -- and giving them to his biographer, Paula Broadwell. After he resigned from his CIA post in 2012, Petraeus told the government he had no classified materials in his possession. That claim turned out to be false as the FBI found the notebooks when they conducted a search of Petraeus' house in 2013. When he was questioned by the FBI at the time, he lied and claimed he never provided classified information to anyone not authorized to have it, according to court documents. Earnest says he is unaware of any particular security precautions put in place by the White House when it consults with Petraeus, despite his legal problems and lack of CIA security clearance. Petraeus is currently the chairman of a global institute for private equity firm KKR. | The Obama administration has consulted with Petraeus on matters related to Iraq and ISIS . Petraeus plead guilty to one federal charge of removing and retaining classified information earlier this month . |
List the types of seed funding available for startups? | Types of Seed funding
Friends and family funding: This type of seed funding involves raising money from friends and family members.
Angel investing: As mentioned above, angel investors are wealthy individuals who provide seed funding in exchange for equity ownership.
Seed accelerators: These are programs that provide startups with seed funding, mentorship, and resources to help them grow their businesses.
Crowdfunding: This type of funding allows startups to raise money from a large number of people, typically through an online platform.
Incubators: These are organizations that provide startups with seed funding, office space, and resources to help them grow their businesses.
Government grants: Some government agencies provide seed funding for startups working on specific projects or in specific industries.
Corporate ventures: Some big companies set up venture arms to provide seed funding to startups in their industry or complementary field.
Micro-Venture Capital: A type of venture capital that provides seed funding to new startups and early-stage companies with a small amount of money. | Below is a list of seed funding options for startups
Friends and family funding
Funding from Angel investors
Seed accelerators
Crowdfunding from a large number of participants
Government grants
Corporate ventures
Micro-venture capital
Startup incubators |
Given the following paragraph, where did the L'Aquila earth occur? | The 2009 L'Aquila earthquake occurred in the region of Abruzzo, in central Italy. The main shock occurred at 03:32 CEST (01:32 UTC) on 6 April 2009, and was rated 5.8 or 5.9 on the Richter magnitude scale and 6.3 on the moment magnitude scale; its epicentre was near L'Aquila, the capital of Abruzzo, which together with surrounding villages suffered the most damage. There have been several thousand foreshocks and aftershocks since December 2008, more than thirty of which had a Richter magnitude greater than 3.5. | The 2009 L'Aquila earthquake occurred in the region of Abruzzo, in central Italy. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Thierry Henry has urged England's rising stars to make the most of their time with Wayne Rooney before he calls it a day. Henry has hailed Rooney as one of the greats of the game with the 29-year-old England captain just two goals from equalling Sir Bobby Charlton's record of 49 goals for his country. And the former Arsenal and Barcelona striker insists that young players like Harry Kane and Raheem Sterling must not waste their training sessions alongside Rooney. Thierry Henry (right) and Wayne Rooney pictured alongside each other during a Premier League match in 2002 . Wayne Rooney celebrates his 47th goal for England against Lithuania on Friday night . Henry wrote in The Sun: 'You will only truly appreciate Rooney when he has retired. It's a shame but it's always like hat. 'I would absolutely urge all those youngsters in the squad, such as Raheem Sterling and Harry Kane, to watch and learn off Rooney from this day onwards. 'They are extremely lucky to be on the same training pitch as this guy and they must make the most of it. It will be a real waste if they do not. 'They must try to copy him. In terms of his dedication and the way he plays. I would also say this to the young lads at Manchester United. Rooney heads in the opening goal past Lithuania goalkeeper Giedrius Arlauskis at Wembley . Rooney heads the ball past Arlauskis to give England the lead in Friday's Euro 2016 qualifier . 'To play well for six months or a season in football is nothing. To do so for over a decade like Rooney is extraordinary. I know what it takes and it isn't easy. 'Trust me, people talk about him outside of this country. In Spain and France, he is appreciated as a top, top player.' Meanwhile, Rooney has admitted that the excitement generated by Kane, who scored just 79 seconds after coming on as a substitute in the 4-0 win over Lithuania, reminds him of his early games for England at the age of 17. Rooney was a teenage sensation for England twelve years ago and caused even more of a stir when he starred in England’s 2-0 win over Turkey in 2003. Rooney said: ‘There was one stage in the game, after his [Kane's] goal, where he ran down the left and took a few players on which reminded me of that. Tottenham striker Harry Kane celebrates scoring his first goal for England on his debut . Kane (left) headed in England's fourth against Lithuania shortly after replacing England captain Rooney . Wayne Rooney (right) praised Harry Kane's immediate impact for England against Lithuania . ‘But he will tell you himself he still has a lot to learn but at the minute he is scoring goals left right and centre and it is great for us as a nation to have that excitement around us. ‘It's incredible really. You can feel the excitement around the country. You could tell when he came on everyone wanted him to come on and even he himself didn't think he'd score so quick, but we are all delighted for him. 'He's an exciting player. When you speak to him you can see he is a level headed guy and I am sure he has good people around him so will be able to cope with it. Rooney starred on his England debut against Turkey in 2003, at the age of 17 . Rooney (centre) said Kane's debut reminded him of his early games for his country . ‘There are things I could say to advise him but I think there are things you have to learn on your own, which I am sure he will do in the next year or two. 'He is obviously a little bit older than I was and a bit wiser as I was 16 or 17 when I came in. But he is level headed and can cope. ‘I think people try to help you but it is best to learn on your own. When you are a young lad you do make mistakes and you have to learn from them because it will make you a better player.’ | Thierry Henry says England's rising stars must learn from Wayne Rooney . Rooney is just two goals short of Sir Bobby Charlton's goalscoring record . Henry has hailed the England captain as one of the greats of the game . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | First home buyers may be allowed to spend their superannuation to help them buy a property, Treasurer Joe Hokey has proposed. Mr Hockey says it is due to the aging population in Australia that the role superannuation needs to be reconsidered, the Sydney Morning Herald reports. However the notion has been met with discontent among the Grattan Institute, Labor and the superannuation association, who warn that house prices will rise if the idea was put into place. This comes as the recent release of the Abbott government's Intergenerational Report revealed a snapshot of the next 40 years, showing Australians can expect to live into their mid-90s in 2055. First home buyers may be allowed to spend their superannuation to help them buy a property, Treasurer Joe Hokey has proposed . Mr Hockey said on Friday that the government may have to make fundamental changes to the superannuation system, considering Australia's ageing population. 'I get a lot of people approaching me saying that young people should be able to use their superannuation to fund a deposit on a home, on their first home,' Mr Hockey told the Sydney Morning Herald. 'I am concerned about rising house prices and the accessibility to homes and homeownership for younger Australians, but we've got a limited pool of savings. We need to have these conversations.' However John Daley from the Grattan Institute told the Sydney Morning Herald he was against the prospect, saying that Mr Hockey's proposal would only increase housing costs. 'It won't improve the problem around supply. If supply remains constant and you effectively increase the amount that people can pay then prices will go up. This is economics 101,' Mr Daley said. 'I get a lot of people approaching me saying that young people should be able to use their superannuation to fund a deposit on a home, on their first home,' Mr Hockey said . Shadow Treasurer Chris Bowen was also opposed to the notion as he told the Sydney Morning Herald that it goes against the principle behind superannuation. These views were echoed by the Association of Superannuation Funds of Australia as they expressed that such a proposal would only help those on higher salaries rather than Australians who earn less. On Thursday, the Abbott government's first intergenerational report was released and found that by 2054/55 there will be about 40,000 people aged over 100 years in Australia. These figures were compared to about 122 Australians aged over 100 in 1974/75 and around 4,000 now. The report also highlighted that the number of people aged over 65 is expected to double and the population will be 39.7 million. | Treasurer Joe Hockey says the role of superannuation needs to be reconsidered due to the aging population . He has proposed that first home buyers use these savings to buy a property . But those who are opposed to the idea say this will only increase housing costs . The proposal comes after the release of the Abbott government's Intergenerational Report . It gave a snapshot of the next 40 years, showing Australians can expect to live into their mid-90s in 2055 . |
Extract the year that the Volvo XC40 was released. | The Volvo XC40 is a subcompact luxury crossover SUV manufactured by Volvo Cars. It was unveiled on 21 September 2017 as the smallest SUV model from Volvo, below the XC60. Orders started in September of 2017, and manufacturing began in November 2017. It was introduced with conventional petrol and diesel engines, with a plug-in hybrid model being introduced in 2019, and a battery electric vehicle model was released in 2020 as the XC40 Recharge. A version of the battery electric model with a sloping rear roof was released in 2021 as the C40 Recharge. | The XC40 was released in the year 2017. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Audley Harrison has revealed he is suffering from traumatic brain injuries and is facing bankruptcy after announcing his decision to retire from boxing. The heavyweight, who won Olympic gold in 2000, has not fought since he was knocked out by Deontay Wilder in 2013. And he aborted his latest comeback attempt after undergoing a battery of tests which produced some concerning results. Audley Harrison is suffering from traumatic brain injuries and is facing bankruptcy after retiring from boxing . Harrison says he has tried to focus and turn back the clock to get himself into fighting condition . James DeGale praised his fellow Olympic gold medalist Audley Harrison for putting amateur boxing 'on the map'. He said: 'He is the one who won the Olympic gold medal and helped boxing get the funding it has today. 'He put amateur boxing on the map and helped the next lot to come through. 'He had a fantastic career, he boxed for a world title and won the European title. All the best to him.' In a statement, Harrison said: 'I am no longer a professional boxer, and that is good with me. After locking myself away for the last five weeks, I've tried to focus and turn back the clock to get myself into fighting condition. 'I've also seen specialists for my brain, eyes and various other experts to test my body functions in regards to strength, power, speed, reaction time, cognitive function and agility. 'Additionally, I looked at the latest research into concussions and traumatic brain injuries (TBI). After years of denial and sticking to my guns, I'm finally getting out of my own way. 'I've suffered a few TBIs and will have to work hard to reverse some of the effects taking punches to the head has brought about to my overall health. 'I have vision problems, vestibular issues that lead to balance disturbances, and have serious bouts of irritability and moodiness that comes with TBI recovery.' The heavyweight, who won Olympic gold in 2000, has not fought since he was knocked out by Deontay Wilder . Wilder inflicted a first-round defeat on Harrison in 2013 which led to his retirement before he went back on it . Harrison initially retired following his first-round defeat by Wilder, who is now the WBC world champion. But he reversed that decision within days as he struggled to accept his career was over. Harrison also admitted he has been reckless with his earnings and could face bankruptcy in the UK. The 43-year-old currently lives in California and added: 'I've made many mistakes and learned some tough lessons along the way. I made tons of money and splurged lots of it away with reckless money management, immaturity and a desire to build my empire like Tony Montana. Harrison boxes against Paolo Vidoz on his way to winning Olympic gold at the games in Sydney in 2000 . Harrison plants a kiss on his gold medal in Sydney . 'Thankfully, my wife Raychel started a hair salon business and threw chunks of money into real estate, but I'll still likely have to file for bankruptcy in the UK. Thankfully, I invested in a pension while living in the UK, so that will be good when I'm much older. 'Without my boxing income, I will not be able to pay the huge tax bill I pay each year to satisfy the film partnership I invested into in 2004, and encashed my investment by 2009. The hefty tax bill each year does not finish until 2022.' Harrison started boxing at 19 and became the first British boxer to win Olympic gold in the super-heavyweight division when he triumphed in Sydney. His triumph paved the way for future medalists Amir Khan, James DeGale, Anthony Joshua, Luke Campbell and Nicola Adams through increased funding. He turned professional the following year, signing a £1million deal with the BBC for his first 10 fights. Six million people watched his debut - a first round knockout of Mike Middleton - but his contract was terminated in 2004 after he had accumulated a record of 17 wins from as many contests. Harrison suffered his first defeat when he challenged Danny Williams for the vacant Commonwealth title. Although he would later avenge that loss, it was the first of several high-profile bouts in which Harrison failed to produce the goods. Michael Sprott knocked him out in the third round of their European title clash - although that defeat was also avenged three years later in a rematch for the same belt. Harrison twice used the short-format Prizefighter to his advantage, first in 2009 when he defeated Coleman Barrett, Danny Hughes and Scott Belshaw. That propelled him into his second clash with Sprott which saw him finally win a major honour. The world title opportunity he so craved arrived in 2010 when he challenged David Haye for his WBA strap in Manchester. Six million people watched Harrison's professional debut - a first-round win over Mike Middleton on the BBC . But Harrison landed just one punch as he was dismantled inside three farcical rounds. The British Boxing Board of Control initially withheld some of his purse while a full investigation was carried out but he was later awarded the full amount. After 18 months in the doldrums, Harrison made a comeback against Ali Adams in 2012, a bout he won with a fourth-round knockout. And once again he earned himself a high-profile fight, this time against the British and Commonwealth champion David Price. Harrison gets revenge over Danny Williams for the Commonwealth title in 2006 after earlier losing out to him . But yet again, he was unable to walk the walk as the Liverpool giant knocked Harrison out cold after just 82 seconds. Those who urged him to retire were left disappointed when he again turned to Prizefighter for redemption in 2013. And his three victories over Derric Rossy, Martin Rogan and Claus Bertino produced his familiar rhetoric of finally being at one with himself and the sport. Harrison landed just one punch on David Haye as he was dismantled inside three farcical rounds . But in Wilder he faced another hurdle that could not be overcome. The American hope had knocked out all 27 of his previous opponents added another notch to his record when his right hand sent Harrison to the canvas for one last time after just 70 seconds. Harrison plans to start an agency to ensure boxers are given the financial advice he appears to have missed out on. He also intends to take out a trainer's license in California in a bid to develop a future champion. He said: 'If I'm to achieve my goal of becoming a world champion it will now have to be as a trainer and manager to a bright young star, who will hopefully learn from my mistakes, rather than learning from his or her own.' Harrison now plans to start an agency to ensure boxers are given the financial advice that he did not have . | Audley Harrison has announced his retirement from boxing - again . Olympic gold medalist Harrison is suffering from traumatic brain injuries . He also faces filing for bankruptcy in the UK after trouble with money . Harrison aborted his latest comeback and has not fought since 2013 . |
Given these paragraphs about Large language models, what are some examples of emergent abilities? | A large language model (LLM) is a language model consisting of a neural network with many parameters (typically billions of weights or more), trained on large quantities of unlabelled text using self-supervised learning. LLMs emerged around 2018 and perform well at a wide variety of tasks. This has shifted the focus of natural language processing research away from the previous paradigm of training specialized supervised models for specific tasks.
Properties
Though the term large language model has no formal definition, it often refers to deep learning models having a parameter count on the order of billions or more. LLMs are general purpose models which excel at a wide range of tasks, as opposed to being trained for one specific task (such as sentiment analysis, named entity recognition, or mathematical reasoning). The skill with which they accomplish tasks, and the range of tasks at which they are capable, seems to be a function of the amount of resources (data, parameter-size, computing power) devoted to them, in a way that is not dependent on additional breakthroughs in design.
Though trained on simple tasks along the lines of predicting the next word in a sentence, neural language models with sufficient training and parameter counts are found to capture much of the syntax and semantics of human language. In addition, large language models demonstrate considerable general knowledge about the world, and are able to "memorize" a great quantity of facts during training.
Hallucinations
Main article: Hallucination (artificial intelligence)
In artificial intelligence in general, and in large language models in particular, a "hallucination" is a confident response that does not seem to be justified by the model's training data.
Emergent abilities
On a number of natural language benchmarks involving tasks such as question answering, models perform no better than random chance until they reach a certain scale (in this case, measured by training computation), at which point their performance sharply increases. These are examples of emergent abilities.
Unpredictable abilities that have been observed in large language models but that were not present in simpler models (and that were not explicitly designed into the model) are usually called "emergent abilities". Researchers note that such abilities "cannot be predicted simply by extrapolating the performance of smaller models". These abilities are discovered rather than programmed-in or designed, in some cases only after the LLM has been publicly deployed. Hundreds of emergent abilities have been described. Examples include multi-step arithmetic, taking college-level exams, identifying the intended meaning of a word, chain-of-thought prompting, decoding the International Phonetic Alphabet, unscrambling a word’s letters, identifying offensive content in paragraphs of Hinglish (a combination of Hindi and English), and generating a similar English equivalent of Kiswahili proverbs.
Architecture and training
Large language models have most commonly used the transformer architecture, which, since 2018, has become the standard deep learning technique for sequential data (previously, recurrent architectures such as the LSTM were most common). LLMs are trained in an unsupervised manner on unannotated text. A left-to-right transformer is trained to maximize the probability assigned to the next word in the training data, given the previous context. Alternatively, an LLM may use a bidirectional transformer (as in the example of BERT), which assigns a probability distribution over words given access to both preceding and following context. In addition to the task of predicting the next word or "filling in the blanks", LLMs may be trained on auxiliary tasks which test their understanding of the data distribution such as Next Sentence Prediction (NSP), in which pairs of sentences are presented and the model must predict whether they appear side-by-side in the training corpus.
The earliest LLMs were trained on corpora having on the order of billions of words. The first model in OpenAI's GPT series was trained in 2018 on BookCorpus, consisting of 985 million words. In the same year, BERT was trained on a combination of BookCorpus and English Wikipedia, totalling 3.3 billion words. In the years since then, training corpora for LLMs have increased by orders of magnitude, reaching up to hundreds of billions or trillions of tokens.
LLMs are computationally expensive to train. A 2020 study estimated the cost of training a 1.5 billion parameter model (1-2 orders of magnitude smaller than the state of the art at the time) at $1.6 million.
A 2020 analysis found that neural language models' capability (as measured by training loss) increased smoothly in a power law relationship with number of parameters, quantity of training data, and computation used for training. These relationships were tested over a wide range of values (up to seven orders of magnitude) and no attenuation of the relationship was observed at the highest end of the range (including for network sizes up to trillions of parameters).
Application to downstream tasks
Between 2018 and 2020, the standard method for harnessing an LLM for a specific natural language processing (NLP) task was to fine tune the model with additional task-specific training. It has subsequently been found that more powerful LLMs such as GPT-3 can solve tasks without additional training via "prompting" techniques, in which the problem to be solved is presented to the model as a text prompt, possibly with some textual examples of similar problems and their solutions.
Fine-tuning
Main article: Fine-tuning (machine learning)
Fine-tuning is the practice of modifying an existing pretrained language model by training it (in a supervised fashion) on a specific task (e.g. sentiment analysis, named entity recognition, or part-of-speech tagging). It is a form of transfer learning. It generally involves the introduction of a new set of weights connecting the final layer of the language model to the output of the downstream task. The original weights of the language model may be "frozen", such that only the new layer of weights connecting them to the output are learned during training. Alternatively, the original weights may receive small updates (possibly with earlier layers frozen).
Prompting
See also: Prompt engineering and Few-shot learning (natural language processing)
In the prompting paradigm, popularized by GPT-3, the problem to be solved is formulated via a text prompt, which the model must solve by providing a completion (via inference). In "few-shot prompting", the prompt includes a small number of examples of similar (problem, solution) pairs. For example, a sentiment analysis task of labelling the sentiment of a movie review could be prompted as follows:
Review: This movie stinks.
Sentiment: negative
Review: This movie is fantastic!
Sentiment:
If the model outputs "positive", then it has correctly solved the task. In zero-shot prompting, no solve examples are provided. An example of a zero-shot prompt for the same sentiment analysis task would be "The sentiment associated with the movie review 'This movie is fantastic!' is".
Few-shot performance of LLMs has been shown to achieve competitive results on NLP tasks, sometimes surpassing prior state-of-the-art fine-tuning approaches. Examples of such NLP tasks are translation, question answering, cloze tasks, unscrambling words, and using a novel word in a sentence. The creation and optimisation of such prompts is called prompt engineering.
Instruction tuning
Instruction tuning is a form of fine-tuning designed to facilitate more natural and accurate zero-shot prompting interactions. Given a text input, a pretrained language model will generate a completion which matches the distribution of text on which it was trained. A naive language model given the prompt "Write an essay about the main themes of Hamlet." might provide a completion such as "A late penalty of 10% per day will be applied to submissions received after March 17." In instruction tuning, the language model is trained on many examples of tasks formulated as natural language instructions, along with appropriate responses. Various techniques for instruction tuning have been applied in practice. OpenAI's InstructGPT protocol involves supervised fine-tuning on a dataset of human-generated (prompt, response) pairs, followed by reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF), in which a reward function was learned based on a dataset of human preferences. Another technique, "self-instruct", fine-tunes the language model on a training set of examples which are themselves generated by an LLM (bootstrapped from a small initial set of human-generated examples).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_language_model | Examples include multi-step arithmetic, taking college-level exams, identifying the intended meaning of a word, chain-of-thought prompting, decoding the International Phonetic Alphabet, unscrambling a word’s letters, identifying offensive content in paragraphs of Hinglish (a combination of Hindi and English), and generating a similar English equivalent of Kiswahili proverbs. |
When and where was Lyubomir Nikolov Vladikin born? | Vladikin was born on September 3, 1891 in the village of Golyamo Belovo, Pazardzhik area. His mother, Maria Morfova, sister of the opera singer Hristina Morfova and the composer Aleksandar Morfov, studied French Philology in Geneva. His father, Nikola Yonkov Vladikin, was a well-known journalist, scholar, writer, publicist, historian and political activist. Over the period from 1890 to 1912 he was an MP for three consecutive terms. He was a nephew of the Bishop of South Bulgaria (from Ohrid to Edirne), known under the church name Evstatiy Pelagoniyski. | Vladikin was born on September 3, 1891 in the village of Golyamo Belovo, Pazardzhik |
Given this text, what are the oldest and newest major territories of the United States? | American Samoa: territory since 1900; after the end of the Second Samoan Civil War, the Samoan Islands were divided into two regions. The U.S. took control of the eastern half of the islands. In 1900, the Treaty of Cession of Tutuila took effect. The Manuʻa islands became part of American Samoa in 1904, and Swains Island became part of American Samoa in 1925. Congress ratified American Samoa's treaties in 1929. For 51 years, the U.S. Navy controlled the territory. American Samoa is locally self-governing under a constitution last revised in 1967.[note 14] The first elected governor of American Samoa was in 1977, and the first non-voting member of Congress was in 1981. People born in American Samoa are U.S. nationals, but not U.S. citizens. American Samoa is technically unorganized, and its main island is Tutuila.
Guam: territory since 1899, acquired at the end of the Spanish–American War. Guam is the home of Naval Base Guam and Andersen Air Force Base. It was organized under the Guam Organic Act of 1950, which granted U.S. citizenship to Guamanians and gave Guam a local government. In 1968, the act was amended to permit the election of a governor.
Northern Mariana Islands: A commonwealth since 1986, the Northern Mariana Islands together with Guam were part of the Spanish Empire until 1899 when the Northern Marianas were sold to the German Empire after the Spanish–American War. Beginning in 1919, they were administered by Japan as a League of Nations mandate until the islands were captured by the United States in the Battle of Saipan and Battle of Tinian (June–August 1944) and the surrender of Aguigan (September 1945) during World War II. They became part of the United Nations Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPI) in 1947, administered by the United States as U.N. trustee. The other constituents of the TTPI were Palau, the Federated States of Micronesia and the Marshall Islands. Following failed efforts in the 1950s and 1960s to reunify Guam and the Northern Marianas, a covenant to establish the Northern Mariana Islands as a commonwealth in political union with the United States was negotiated by representatives of both political bodies; it was approved by Northern Mariana Islands voters in 1975, and came into force on March 24, 1976. In accordance with the covenant, the Northern Mariana Islands constitution partially took effect on January 9, 1978, and became fully effective on November 4, 1986. In 1986, the Northern Mariana Islands formally left U.N. trusteeship. The abbreviations "CNMI" and "NMI" are both used in the commonwealth. Most residents in the Northern Mariana Islands live on Saipan, the main island.
Puerto Rico: unincorporated territory since 1899; Puerto Rico was acquired at the end of the Spanish–American War, and has been a U.S. commonwealth since 1952. Since 1917, Puerto Ricans have been granted U.S. citizenship. Puerto Rico was organized under the Puerto Rico Federal Relations Act of 1950 (Public Law 600). In November 2008, a U.S. District Court judge ruled that a series of Congressional actions have had the cumulative effect of changing Puerto Rico's status from unincorporated to incorporated. The issue is proceeding through the courts, however, and the U.S. government still refers to Puerto Rico as unincorporated. A Puerto Rican attorney has called the island "semi-sovereign". Puerto Rico has a statehood movement, whose goal is to make the territory the 51st state. See also Political status of Puerto Rico.
U.S. Virgin Islands: purchased by the U.S. from Denmark in 1917 and organized under the Revised Organic Act of the Virgin Islands in 1954. U.S. citizenship was granted in 1927. The main islands are Saint Thomas, Saint John and Saint Croix. | The United States has five major territories. Guam, American Samoa, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and U.S. Virgin Islands. Of those, the two oldest are Guam, and Puerto Rico; both being acquired in 1899 at the end of the Spanish - American War. The Northern Mariana Islands is the newest of the five major territories, joining the United States in 1986. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | (CNN)In Washington, we are seeing the re-emergence this year of a phenomenon that many Americans were afraid had gone extinct: real live no-joke bipartisanship. Heavyweights from both parties are attending the March 26 Bipartisan Summit on Criminal Justice Reform. The event is co-produced by Gingrich Productions (on the right) and by my project, #cut50 -- an initiative that aims to safely halve the number of people behind bars within 10 years. Attorney General Eric Holder will be speaking. So will Newt Gingrich, the Republican former House speaker. Sen. Cory Booker, D-New Jersey, will be there. So will Democratic strategist and CNN commentator Donna Brazile, a co-host of the summit. Republican power players like former Texas Gov. Rick Perry, Ohio Gov. John Kasich and Sen. Mike Lee, R-Utah, will address the gathering by video. So will President Obama. Progressives like myself will rub shoulders with representatives from Koch Industries. Everyone keeps asking me, "How is this possible?" I have five words for you: "Liberty and justice for all." The ever-expanding incarceration industry has begun to violate some of the deepest and most sacred principles of BOTH major political parties. Therefore, conservatives, libertarians and liberals have their own objective interests in reform -- and their own values-based incentives to make real changes. For example, the right takes very seriously the concept of "liberty." Conservatives and libertarians want to defend the rights of every individual to pursue his or her dreams. They favor limited government. They hate massive, failed, bloated government bureaucracies that suck up more and more money and get more and more power, no matter how badly they perform. In America today, we have 5% of the world's population -- but we have nearly 25% of the world's incarcerated people. Nearly 1 in 100 American adults is behind bars. One out of every four people locked up anywhere in the world is caged in America's prisons and jails. And most people come out more damaged, more hopeless and less able to thrive than when they went in. (So much for "corrections"!) That's the opposite of limited government -- and liberty. On the other hand, progressives like me care passionately about the "justice for all" part -- including racial justice and social justice. We are incensed by a system that locks up the poor and racial minorities in numbers that are massive -- and massively disproportionate. We oppose a system that forever tars people as "felons," deemed permanently unfit for employment or the right to vote, possibly because of one mistake, early in life. When any system violates the principles of both "liberty" AND "justice," Americans of all stripes should stand together to change it. That is exactly what is starting to happen. This year, we are seeing the birth of an honest-to-goodness "Liberty and Justice for All" coalition. Still struggling to believe me? I was on "Anderson Cooper 360" on Monday night to discuss the movement for criminal justice reform. Here is a quote: . "A lot of kids I grew up with, grammar school, middle school, high school, were in prison. They were the poor kids and they had drug addictions. They had drug problems, they didn't have any money, they got caught, and they got caught in the poverty cycle, and they are at the bottom of society and they can't get out of it. ... People with drug problems, people who have mental illnesses, they probably shouldn't be in the criminal justice system. And people who make mistakes, let's not write them off forever, let's give them a chance to reintegrate and reenter society." There is just one catch: I'm not the one who said that. That is a direct quote from Mark Holden, senior vice president of Koch Industries. On practically every other issue, the Koch brothers and I are still fierce opponents. I doubt if we will ever agree on tax policy, campaign finance reform, environmental rules or the Keystone Pipeline, to name a few. But on criminal justice reform, it's different. Mark speaks eloquently about the way the criminal justice system violates the Bill of Rights and criminalizes behaviors that should not result in prison terms. And he is not alone, on the right. Fiscal conservatives decry the money wasted on a system that is too expensive and produces poor results. That's one reason that red-state governors, like Georgia's Nathan Deal, have acted boldly. Leaders with roots on the religious right, including summit co-host Pat Nolan, insist on the Christian value of redemption and second chances for those behind bars. Our values may not always be identical, but they can find common expression in fixing this broken prison system. Progressives and conservatives don't have to trust each other -- or even like each other -- to vote together on this issue. Usually, "bipartisanship" is just another word for cheap, political gamesmanship. It is too often invoked by one side, simply to gain advantage and to cloak a more narrow set of interests. But on criminal justice reform, something different is happening. Criminal justice reform is the one place where many Republicans, Democrats and Libertarians actually agree -- and are willing to work together to get something done. Over the last 30 years, both parties helped lead us down the path to mass incarceration. It will take both political parties to reverse course. Perhaps the March 26 Bipartisan Summit will represent the first major bend in the road back toward sanity. | Van Jones: America locks up far too many of its citizens, and there's a bipartisan effort to change that . He says President Obama, the Koch brothers, Newt Gingrich, Cory Booker and others agree on it . |
What is the official bird of the State of Hawaii? | The nene (Branta sandvicensis), also known as the nēnē or the Hawaiian goose, is a species of bird endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. The nene is exclusively found in the wild on the islands of Oahu, Maui, Kauaʻi, Molokai, and Hawaiʻi. In 1957, it was designated as the official state bird of the state of Hawaiʻi. | The nene, also know as the Hawaiian goose is the official bird of the state of Hawaii. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | They came for Kaka - and they did not leave disappointed. The Brazilian scored a stoppage-time free kick to equalise for Orlando City after their opponents New York City had taken a late lead against the run of play. Mix Diskerud almost ruined Orlando’s party when he curled an effort in on 76 minutes, but Kaka responded, after dominating the game, by scoring a 25-yard free kick via a heavy deflection. Brazil superstar Kaka scored with a heavily deflected free-kick to earn Orlando City a draw . Kaka wheels away in celebration after scoring to make a dream debut in the MLS . Fans went mad ahead of the opening MLS game with both Orlando and New York City making their debuts . Former Barcelona striker David Villa made his MLS debut but Kaka stole the show . Villa did provide the assist for Mix Diskerud to give New York City the lead against the run of play . Orlando City (4-2-3-1): Ricketts 6; Ramos 6, Colin 5, Hines 7, Shea 7; Higuita 6, Okugo 6; Molino 6.5; Kaka 8, Neal 6 (Rochez 80); Rivas 6 (St. Ledger 90). Subs not ised: Edwards Jr, Avila, Boden, Cascio, Ceren. Booked: Shea, Molino, Higuita . Manager: Adrian Heath 6 . New York City (4-4-1-1): Saunders 6.5; Williams 6, Wingert 6, Hernandez 6, Brovsky 6; Jacobson 6, Ballouchy 5.5 (Shelton 62), Grabavoy 6, Diskerud 7 (Velasquez 87); Villa 6.5; Nemec 6 (Calle 89). Subs not used: Fitzgerald, Watson-Siriboe, Poku, Mullins. Booked: Ballouchy, Hernandez, Brovsky . Manager: Jason Kreis 6 . Referee: Alan Kelly 6.5 . Attendance: 62,510 . It was the least they deserved after the home team had dominated most of the game as the MLS’s two newest sides went toe-to-toe in this showpiece event. The city had been celebrating their new team all weekend ahead of the match; a festival atmosphere enveloping the place the day before and starting again with barbecues outside the Orlando Citrus Bowl Stadium well before the game. Football is a team game, but this was very much about one man: Kaka. Two teams were making their MLS debuts in front of a sold out 63,000-strong crowd, but the Brazilian, considered the greatest player on the planet in 2007, was playing the lead role. He did not let down his adoring fans. His mere presence on the pitch whipped the striking purple crowd into a frenzy, from the moment he led the side out ahead of kick off for the very first time, introducing city to their new team. It took only two minutes for him to make his mark. Just placing a ball for a free kick drew pandemonium around the Citrus Bowl, but he delivered a ball into the box which Seb Hines, on loan from Middlesbrough, headed inches wide of the left post. The home side dominated, and Kaka was the catalyst for everything. He nudged the ball with his thigh, 12 minutes in, travelling outside the area with its momentum and hitting a left-foot shot just wide. Former AC Milan and Real Madrid star Kaka dominated the game on his American bow . Orlando City fans swathed in purple cheers on their team during the first half at the Citrus Bowl Stadium . Kaka holds off New York City FC's Andrew Jacobson (right) as Orlando dominate early proceedings . Brazilian star Kaka high-fives supporters as he leaves the field at the final whistle . Former Stoke player Brek Shea (top) who now plays for Orlando City is tackled during the game . An Orlando City fan cheers amid frenzied scenes . In the best chance of the half passes exchanged between Kaka, Lewis Neal and Kevin Molino and ended with the ball laying off for the main man to shoot first time, his powerful effort saved. His $7,167,500 salary is mammoth, but so is the responsibility on his shoulders to carry the team. He showed yet another example of what he will bring for that in the 23rd minute, picking the ball up 10 yards outside the area and turning quickly to change the direction of play to pass to Brek Shea free on the left, who shot narrowly over. Two minutes later, the crowd were raising from their seats, straining to get a better look, as he drove forward with the ball on the left, tried to get in between two defenders then eventually got a shot away. When Shea, formerly of Stoke, Barnsley and Birmingham, produced a 360 spin to beat an opponent, there was clearly a touch of Samba to his thinking. This was not to forget that former Barcelona forward David Villa, another of the league’s newest stars, was making his debut for New York City where he will be teaming up with Frank Lampard when the Manchester City midfielder joins in the summer. But while Kaka took to the league straight away, Villa had a frustrating evening. Orlando fans clad in purple get behind their team in Sunday's inaugural match . This fan had fully entered into the spirit of the occasion, wearing a purple face mask . Orlando City line up for their first-ever competitive fixtures against New York City . ew York City FC goalkeeper Josh Saunders (left) clears the ball with a brave punch . Kaka (right) New York City FC's Ned Grabavoy clears the ball under pressure from Amobi Okugo (left) New York City FC's Adam Nemec (right) moves the ball past Rafael Ramos of Orlando City . New York City FC's Jeb Brovsky (left) clears the ball while keeper Josh Saunders makes a save (right) The Citrus Bowl was filled to its 62,500 capacity as Major League Soccer arrived in Orlando . Supporters get behind the new team with colourful purple streamers and banners at the Citrus Bowl . The match was played beneath blues skies at the Citrus Bowl as Orlando welcomed the MLS . He was involved, however, when New York City almost took a surprise lead on the break after 67 minutes. For all Orlando City’s domination, their opponents broke from inside their own half and worked the ball quickly to Villa who passed into substitute Khiry Shelton. He shot hard a low across goal but just wide. But they did go in front, in the 76th minute. Villa was involved again, passing to Mix Diskerud who took a touch and before curling an effort into the right of goal. When Aurelin Collin was sent off late on for a two-footed lunge on Villa,it looked like for all Kaka’s efforts he would end his first game in America goalless and in defeat. But, like all great players, he produced when it mattered most. | New York City began their MLS history with a 1-1 draw with Orlando City . David Villa created the assist for Mix Diskerud to score the opening goal . The hosts had Aurelien Collin sent off for a tackle on Villa late in the game . Brazil superstar Kaka scored a late equaliser with a deflected free-kick . |
If the sponsor of the Burns and Allen show was Pee Wee Herman's Big Adventure, the show would be called what? | The title of their top-rated show changed to The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show on September 26, 1936. One successful episode, "Grandpa's 92nd Birthday," aired July 8, 1940. In 1941 they moved from comedy patter into a successful sitcom format, continuing with shows on NBC and CBS until May 17, 1950. As in the early days of radio, the sponsor's name became the show title, such as Maxwell House Coffee Time (1945–49). | The show title would be Adventure Time with Pee-Wee Herman. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Michel Platini has backed Football Association chairman Greg Dyke's plan to increase the minimum number of home-grown players in club squads from eight to 12. Dyke is facing opposition to his plans from the Premier League but UEFA president Platini said the European body would work to help him. It comes as Dyke said it was 'depressing' to read Rio Ferdinand's newspaper column claiming that managers such as Chelsea boss Jose Mourinho may not be giving young English players a chance. UEFA president Michel Platini agrees with Gerg Dyke's plans to increase number of homegrown players . The FA chairman wants to increase the minimum number of home-grown players from eight to 12 . While there is a slight increase in the number of English players in the Premier League this year — up from 32% last year to 35% — that is largely down to Burnley being promoted. If they were to be relegated and replaced by Watford — second in the Championship — the proportion would fall to 31%. However, only 22% of the starters in the current top four teams are qualified to play for England, compared to 28% last year. In 2014, just 23 English players appeared in the Champions League group stage, compared with 78 Spaniards, 55 Germans and 51 Brazilians. This season the three English clubs that reached the knockout stages of the Champions League started only 10 English players, compared to 12 French and nine Spanish in those three sides. In the last two weeks only five English players started in the second legs of the knockout stage. In 2010 England Under 17s won the European Championship, beating Spain in the final. Of that 18-man match-day squad, only four have gone on to play more than 20 top-flight games, while double that from the Spanish squad have done so in La Liga. Of the 12 clubs who have played in each of the last five Premier League seasons, the average number of home-grown players per squad has gone from 11.4 to 9.4. Only 62% of current home-grown players are qualified to play for England. Platini, speaking after the UEFA Congress in Vienna, said: 'This is a position we defend. We're not only talking about England, we're talking all of Europe. Mr Dyke's struggle with the FA is something we share and we agree with him. 'With the new leader of the European Commission it is important we establish close relations to see how we can protect home-grown, grass-roots young players in the different countries. We share the same perspective. We will work hand in hand to defend an idea that we think is the right one. 'There is free flow of workers but there are some things that doesn't work well and we need to address it.' UEFA general secretary Gianni Infantino admitted that its similar rule of eight home-grown players in European squads was not working as well as it should and called Dyke's initiative 'fantastic'. He added: 'We are at eight out of 25 and we see it is not really as great as it should be so whatever move in favour of increasing home-grown players is something we can only support. Congratulations to England.' Dyke's proposals are set to be discussed at a Premier League chairmen's meeting on Thursday as well as the FA board. They also include changing the rules so that 'home-grown' means having trained in England for three years before the age of 18 rather than 21. The FA chairman said: 'I thought Rio Ferdinand's column was in some ways quite depressing. It virtually said Mourinho is virtually saying he is not going to play the kids anyway. Why have an academy then? 'It's not fair on the kids. It was always tough for kids to get through but it seems unfair now.' Asked if he had looked at how the FA could force the new rules through despite opposition, he replied: 'We have but that's not the way we want to go. We have looked at it yes.' Former England defender Rio Ferdinand claimed that youngsters were not being given a chance at Chelsea . Chelsea' s Ruben Loftus-Cheek is highly rated but has found chances limited under Jose Mourinho . Dyke said all the proposals were open for discussion. He added: 'I think it's more about the clubs than the leadership if you want my honest opinion. It's the unfairness of a system that is massively improved because of the EPPP (Elite Player Performance Plan) which was introduced by the Premier League led by Richard Scudamore, he has done a great job. 'The trouble is that it is only any good if the kids get through the system - if they can't get through the system why bother? 'We are open to discussions on all of it. This is a set of ideas which we think will work.' | FA chairman proposed raising the minimum number of home-grown players from eight to 12 at Premier League clubs . Greg Dyke's plans also include 'home-grown' players having to train in England for three years before the age of 18 rather than 21 . UEFA president Michel Platini is in favour of the rule changes . |
What did Doctor Richard Hodes achieved | Richard Michael Hodes (born May 30, 1953) is an American medical doctor specializing in cancer, heart disease, and spinal conditions. Since the 1980s he has worked in Ethiopia and has adopted a number of children from the country. He is medical director of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee. He is the consultant at a Catholic mission working with sick destitutes suffering from heart disease (rheumatic and congenital), spine disease (TB and scoliosis), and cancer. He has worked with refugees in Rwanda, Zaire, Tanzania, Somalia, and Albania and was previously responsible for the health of Ethiiopians immigrating to Israel. | Richard Michael Hodes (born May 30, 1953) is an American medical doctor specializing in cancer, heart disease, and spinal conditions. Since the 1980s he has worked in Ethiopia and has adopted a number of children from the country. He is medical director of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Michael O'Neill must outwit his old boss Mixu Paatelainen to maintain Northern Ireland’s bid to qualify for a major tournament for the first time in 30 years. It was Finland manager Paatelainen who gave the 45-year-old Irishman his first break in coaching at Cowdenbeath. O’Neill revealed that the two old friends have been reluctant to compare notes so as to avoid giving away any more information about their tactics. ‘We’re similar to players, I think,’ he said. Northern Ireland boss Michael O'Neill faces his old mentor on Sunday, the manager of Finland . Mixu Paatelainen is the manager of Finland, and he gave O'Neill his first break in management . Northern Ireland team to face Finland: Carroll; C McLaughlin, McAuley, Evans, Baird; Ward, Davis, Norwood, Brunt, McGinn; Lafferty . ‘When you’ve played at a club with someone and then you’ve worked briefly with them as a coach there’s obviously a relationship there. ‘Obviously we are less inclined to discuss the opposition because he doesn’t want to tell me things I perhaps don’t know and vice versa. But we both know each other inside out and how our team will play. ‘Regardless of what happens it won’t affect how close we are.’ Northern Ireland have never qualified for the European Championship finals, and last appeared in a major tournament at the 1986 World Cup in Mexico. O’Neill added: ‘I think Mixu has done a great job. His job is quite similar to mine, you have a limited pool of players to choose from and he has got them playing in a nice style. There’s no doubt Finland are a good team but there is a dependence on five or six players.’ O'Neill (pictured) and Paatelainen were together at Cowdenbeath in Scotland . | Northern Ireland face Finland on Sunday night in a European qualifier . Michael O'Neill will come up against his old boss Mixi Paatelainen . Paatelainen gave O'Neill his first break in coaching at Cowdenbeath . O'Neill admits the pair have been reluctant to compare notes . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Steve Coppell is sipping afternoon tea in the lounge of a hotel just off the M25 when the conversation turns to football’s ‘f-off mentality’, as he calls it. ‘A lot of young players have an “f-off mentality” these days, but I honestly didn’t mind it because I was the one picking the team,’ he admitted. ‘The dressing room is a heated environment at half-time and full-time, and if a player said that to me and could justify their argument then no problem. If not, they were down the road.’ Steve Coppell has been out of work since leaving his role as director of football at Portsmouth a year ago . Coppell played as a winger for Manchester United for eight years between 1975 and 1983 . Coppell leads his Crystal Palace side onto the Wembley pitch in the first 1990 FA Cup final against United . Coppell knows all about the sport’s ‘f-off mentality’, on the receiving end after leaving an unpaid role as director of football at Portsmouth last March. It seems incredible that this man, with more than 1,000 games in the dug-out and who has twice been named League Managers’ Association manager of the year (2006 and 2007), is out of work. No-one really knows why. It just doesn’t feel right to see Coppell, a man of integrity and honour, on the fringes of football. Something, somewhere, has gone wrong when Coppell is working on his golf handicap every day. ‘I won the LMA award two years on the bounce with Reading and looking back, yes, massive,’ he admitted. ‘They talk about comedians being on the road for 20 years and suddenly they become an overnight sensation — I had done that time. ‘All John Madejski ever asked of me was to come up to the boardroom after a game and have a pint with him — no interference, nothing. Sometimes we wouldn’t even talk about the result.’ At 59 Coppell is a statesman of the game, one of the shrewdest operators in the sport. After a playing career on the wing with Manchester United he spent nearly 30 years in the dug-out. Coppell issues his side with instructions after drawing 3-3 with United in the final before extra-time . Coppell poses with his Manager of the Month award in 2006 during his spell in charge of Reading . ‘I just wanted to be known as a good manager, I never wanted to be famous,’ he admitted when he was reluctantly coaxed to the Runnymede-on-Thames Hotel. It is clear, after a couple of hours in Coppell’s illuminating company, that he has the itch to work again, but it will only be on his terms. ‘There are 70 clubs you don’t want to manage because you have no chance. ‘Steve Heighway always talks about Bob Paisley at Liverpool: create an environment for your players to win matches. That is the art of management. I can get you promotion within two years if you back me, the Championship is my division, I know what it’s about. If you want a five-year plan, fannying around, building from the bottom up, I’m not your man. I have done that.’ He did it at Palace, taking over at the age of 28 and leading them into the top flight when he put together the team that included Ian Wright, Mark Bright, Geoff Thomas, Andy Gray and John Salako. ‘You could never do that now because the game wouldn’t give you five years to get promoted and because Bosman changed everything in favour of the players,’ he said. ‘Pre-Bosman Ian Wright could have been on £100 a week, his contract could be coming to an end and we could offer him £101 and he would have no choice but to stay. ‘In modern terms, Ian Wright would have disappeared from Palace after a year.’ Coppell celebrates with then Crystal Palace chairman Ron Noades after winning the 1997 play-off final . Coppell, pictured at the Spain 1982 World Cup finals, won 42 international caps for England . To recap, Coppell won two promotions with Palace, took them to their only FA Cup final, won promotion with Reading to the Barclays Premier League and finished eighth in their first season in the top flight. There has been the occasional blip, such as the aborted spells at Manchester City and Bristol City, but after three decades in management, it is no more than a footnote to his career. ‘If I got really busy around football clubs then I could work again but I choose not to be, in the footballing sense,’ he admitted. ‘I don’t go looking for it. I have an agent but he doesn’t go looking for it, either. ‘I still go to games and I enjoy the core things that football gives me, which is working out how people win matches and influence players.’ Coppell is a student of the game, a manager who travelled all over the country to watch players at every level and build up an encyclopaedic knowledge of teams and tactics. He would rather sit in the stands than head for the directors’ box, convinced that speaking to the supporters who watch the players week in, week out will give him a far better education. ‘It is a simple game and the fans aren’t fools, they know what they’re watching. They will give you a far better idea of who is consistent and who is a fanny merchant than listening to anyone in the boardroom or allowing your mind to be affected by another scout or coach.’ Palace players doused Coppell with champagne after winning the Division Two play-off final in 1989 . Coppell admits being a manager consumes every part of your life and he found it difficult to switch off . Coppell's last job in management was with Bristol City in 2010 . Coppell is a fascinating man to listen to as he talks through his management career. ‘Managing clubs is unhealthy because you are time deprived. It is all-consuming, certainly the way I did it. You can be at the cinema and all you can think about is: how can we beat Arsenal on Saturday? It gets you like that. ‘The game has changed. The Premier League is a handicap system, with the big clubs putting 25 or 30 players out on loan — football should be provocative and change it. Have a squad of 25 by all means, chop and change them in January, but you don’t need 70 players. ‘If you know someone at a big club it’s all so sycophantic — “we will guarantee him a game, he will play”. We are prostituting ourselves to get a few scraps from the big boys. ‘Greg Dyke is trying to improve things but the FA are a toothless tiger. The Premier League are 100 per cent successful in what they set out to do, which is to make as much money as possible. When I was a player, if Manchester United played Oldham in Division Two they had to share the gate receipts.’ When you sit down with Coppell, he is a million miles away from the monosyllabic character who would turn up at press conferences when he was in work. The 59-year-old won consecutive LMA Manager of the Year awards in 2006 and 2007 . ‘I look at Bill Belichick, the head coach of the New England Patriots, and he’s won four Super Bowls in 11 years. Watch his press conferences. One-word answers, but he delivers.’ So did Coppell, a popular figure in dressing rooms at his clubs. He knows how to knit together a winning team. This is a man who consciously spent a year out of the game when he left Reading after they failed to beat Burnley in the Championship play-off semi-final in 2009. ‘I used to go to Fulham to watch Roy Hodgson. A lot of people don’t share my opinion of Roy but to work across Europe consistently and mainly be successful — and to act with integrity — and do things the right way, is something I admire.’ Coppell is tempted to move abroad himself, to test himself in another country if England really has turned its back on him. ‘Football owes me nothing but I feel I have something to contribute to the game,’ he said. ‘I don’t expect people to bend over backwards. Ideally I would probably like to work abroad and I am at an age where if it doesn’t happen now it might never happen. Maybe football’s finished with me.’ With so much still to offer? You’ve got to be kidding. | Steve Coppell has been out of work since leaving Portsmouth last March . Coppell was working in unpaid role as director of football on south coast . Former Reading manager was twice named LMA manager of the year . Coppell has racked up more than 1,000 games in managerial dugouts . Coppell says he can win promotion to the Premier League in two seasons . The 59-year-old admits he would contemplate managing abroad . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Thierry Henry has spoken about former Barcelona team-mate Lionel Messi's ego and insists it is only natural for someone so talented to know he is that good. Messi put on a masterclass against Manchester City as he nutmegged James Milner and Fernandinho, and was only denied his ninth goal of the tournament by the brilliant Joe Hart. Messi is often described as humble when compared to Cristiano Ronaldo, but Henry feels the Argentina captain having an ego is far from 'a bad thing'. Arsenal legend Thierry Henry has spoken about former Barcelona team-mate Lionel Messi's ego . Messi put on a masterclass against Manchester City on Wednesday night and only Joe Hart denied him . Messi was outstanding against City at the Nou Camp as he proved up there as the world's best footballer . 'I'm sad for him, and upset because people doubt him sometimes,' said Sky Sports pundit Henry. 'They doubt him. How can you doubt a guy like that? 'He put himself on a level where it's impossible for me to hear people doubting this man. What he has done we should all enjoy the guy, like we did tonight. It is a pleasure. 'He has an ego. Of course he has an ego. Do you think you do that without having an ego? It's not a bad thing. Having an ego is not a bad thing. Knowing that you are good. You need that. 'Let's all be honest. You need that. He just plays. If you ask him to play with you now just outside the dressing room, he will just want to have fun, perform and be the best out there.' Former Arsenal and Barcelona striker Henry was speaking on Sky Sports as a pundit for the match . Lineker feels Messi having an ego is 'not a bad thing' as the Barca star should know how good he is . Messi might well be priceless as the Barcelona maestro yet again demonstrated his skills at the Nou Camp . It was an assist from Messi that created the game's only goal against City as Ivan Rakitic was found in space to lob goalkeeper Hart in the 31st minute. Messi's nutmegs left Milner on his backside, Bayern Munich manager Pep Guardiola covering his face, Gary Neville labelling it 'barbaric' and Twitter reacting to the maestro's masterclass. Among those was Match of the Day presenter Gary Lineker, who went one further than just settling the debate about who is better between Messi and Real Madrid's Ronaldo. 'Messi is indisputably the greatest player ever to don a pair of football boots,' former England striker Lineker tweeted. 'Don't even attempt to argue the point. 'A measure of Messi's greatness is that he makes world class players like [Sergio] Aguero and [Luis] Suarez look distinctly ordinary by comparison.' England legend Gary Lineker settled the argument of who's better between Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo . Match of the Day presenter Lineker added more about Messi's greatness following his masterclass . James Milner approaches Barcelona star Lionel Messi during their Champions League tie on Wednesday . Milner slides as Messi nutmegs him and ends up on his backside as the Barca star showed off his skills . Former Barcelona manager Pep Guardiola reacts to the nutmeg in the stands at the Nou Camp . Bayern Munich manager Guardiola reacts to the ridiculous skill from Messi during the Barca match . Manchester United's Ashley Young was among those admiring the Barcelona star and wrote: 'Messi WOW' Queens Park Rangers striker Charlie Austin wrote that Guardiola's reaction said it all about Messi's skills . Liverpool defender Jose Enrique wrote Messi could play against City on his own and 'still win the game' Matt Le Tissier tweeted about how he was sitting back and watching Messi work his magic in Barcelona . Stoke City goalkeeper Jack Butland echoed Gary Neville by 'watching the game with my legs closed' Dutch manager Ruud Gullit took to Twitter and added: 'OMG. Messi made Milner famous' Former Chelsea player Andre Schurrle wrote about Messi's nutmegs: 'Again and again and again...' Darts player Adrian 'Jackpot' Lewis wrote on Twitter that 'Messi could nutmeg a mermaid' Crystal Palace defender Joel Ward simply used the hashtag #Messi with prayer emoticons . Former Manchester United and now-Leicester City forward Tom Lawrence added: 'Messi is a joke' Yannick Bolasie tweeted 'Messi is something else' as Barcelona gave Manchester City a masterclass . Bolton's on-loan midfielder Barry Bannan wrote Messi 'ain't human' after his ridiculous skills . VIDEO Enrique hails 'special night' for Barca . | Barcelona beat Manchester 1-0 (agg 3-1) in the Champions League . Lionel Messi was outstanding for Barca as they knocked City out . Messi nutmegged James Milner, leaving the midfielder on his backside . Thierry Henry insists it is only natural for someone so good to have an ego . Gary Lineker took to Twitter to label Messi the 'greatest player ever' |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Everton manager Roberto Martinez hailed the Toffees' 2-1 win against QPR as the 'most satisfying' victory of his tenure at the club. Aaron Lennon's 77th-minute winner moves Everton nine points clear of the relegation zone after Rangers' Eduardo Vargas had earlier cancelled out Seamus Coleman's first-half strike. Martinez's side climb to 13th in the table, having bounced back from a disappointing 5-2 Europa League defeat to Dynamo Kiev on Thursday. Roberto Martinez (left) said Everton's win over Queens Park Rangers is the best since he has been at the club . Aaron Lennon (left) celebrates after giving Everton the lead at Loftus Road against QPR . Lennon is mobbed by his Everton team-mates having scored his first goal for the club with the winning strike . 'It's probably the most satisfying win I've had since I arrived at Everton,' Martinez said. 'The amount of emotion we shared on Thursday and we got back very late - we've found it very difficult this season after Europe. 'We are adapting towards being a team that can cope with being in Europe. 'Coping with the goal threat that QPR are going to throw at you takes a lot of character and guts. It wasn't a day for a technical performance on the ball, it was about being a strong group and showing we have a strong will. 'It was a very important three points today so the satisfaction was immense.' Lennon's decisive strike 13 minutes from time was his first goal for Everton since joining the club on loan from Tottenham in January. Martinez was reluctant to discuss the possibility of making Lennon's stay permanent but admits he has been delighted with the winger's contribution. 'It's too early to say at the moment (whether we will sign him permanently),' Martinez said. Seamus Coleman's rocket of a strike flies into the top corner as Everton went 1-0 up after 18 minutes . Everton right back Coleman runs away in celebration having fired his team ahead at Loftus Road on Sunday . Everton's players congratulate Coleman (right) after his opener at Loftus Road put Everton 1-0 up at half-time . 'Since he's arrived he's wanted to contribute and be a big part of the team. 'His performance against Newcastle was his best performance since he arrived. 'He came to Kiev, he shared the emotions we all had and that showed today. 'He had a real will. He wanted to show he had fresh legs and I thought that was his best performance by far for Everton, not just in scoring the goal but in the manner he worked for the team. 'He looks like someone who has been with the group for a long, long time.' The defeat is QPR's fifth in a row since Chris Ramsey was confirmed as manager and means Rangers remain on 22 points, four points adrift of safety ahead of crunch visits to fellow strugglers West Brom and Aston Villa. After those two games, Rangers face Chelsea, West Ham, Liverpool and Manchester City before finishing the season at home to Newcastle and away to Leicester. 'I don't think we need a miracle but we do need a miraculous run of form to get us out of this,' Ramsey said. Eduardo Vargas (left) heads in QPR's equaliser in the second-half of the Premier League contest with Everton . Vargas runs away in celebration, having scored his second goal for the club, as the Loftus Road faithful erupt . Chris Ramsey (centre) believes QPR need four wins from eight to stay in the Premier League . 'But I think we're capable of doing that. How many points do we need? I think four wins out of eight will probably keep us up this season. I think it'll be a low total.' Ramsey added: 'We need six points against West Brom and Villa. 'There's no point in saying, 'we're going to go there and try to get a point', we need to win games and pretty quickly.' | Aaron Lennon gave Everton a 2-1 win at Queens Park Rangers on Sunday . Everton boss Roberto Martinez felt it was a crucial three points for his side . Everton have risen to 13th in the Premier League with the victory . |
Given a reference text about spaghetti, what shape is it, where did it originate, and are there any variations of it? | Spaghetti is a long, thin, solid, cylindrical pasta. It is a staple food of traditional Italian cuisine. Like other pasta, spaghetti is made of milled wheat, water, and sometimes enriched with vitamins and minerals. Italian spaghetti is typically made from durum-wheat semolina. Usually the pasta is white because refined flour is used, but whole wheat flour may be added. Spaghettoni is a thicker form of spaghetti, while spaghettini is a thinner form. Capellini is a very thin spaghetti, sometimes known colloquially as "angel hair pasta". | The shape of spaghetti is long, thin, and cylindrical. It traditionally comes from Italy and has a two variations - those being Spaghettoni, which is thicker, and capellini, which is thiner and sometime called 'angel hair pasta'. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Michael Clarke hit a supreme 74 as the departing Australian captain led his country to World Cup glory against New Zealand with a seven-wicket victory in Melbourne on Sunday. A crowd of 93,013 witnessed Australia claim their fifth world title as a match that promised so much ended up being incredibly one-sided. New Zealand were always looking for a miracle after being bowled out for a below-par 183 in 45 overs, despite 83 from Grant Elliott – as Mitchell Starc bowled Brendon McCullum for a duck in the first over. VIDEO Scroll down to watch highlights . Australia captain Michael Clarke lifts the World Cup after his country's seven-wicket victory against New Zealand . Australia's players spray champagne as they celebrate their convincing win at Melbourne Cricket Ground on Sunday . The World Cup trophy is held aloft as Australia's players stand triumphant in front of a record crowd of 93,013 . Australian captain Clarke holds aloft the World Cup (left) and receives a kiss from his wife Kyly (right) Shane Watson (left) and Steve Smith celebrate after securing victory in the World Cup final against New Zealand . Australia's players sprint on to the field after beating rivals New Zealand by seven wickets at Melbourne Cricket Ground . Australia captain Michael Clarke (right) shakes hands with Brendon McCullum after being dismissed for 74 . New Zealand's players look dejected after their disappointing innings cost them the chance of glory in Melbourne . In response, Clarke and Steve Smith shared a 112-run third-wicket partnership as Australia cruised to victory in 34 overs. McCullum called right at the toss and on a sun-bathed Melbourne Cricket Ground the New Zealand captain understandably chose to bat. So often the 33-year-old’s own innings sets the tempo of the Black Caps innings and on Sunday it was no different. Having come out swinging and twice been beaten, McCullum was bowled for a duck by a full, in-swinging Starc delivery that cannoned into off-stump. It sent the MCG crowd into a fit of delirium as a wicket fell in the first over in a World Cup final for the first time ever. Aggressive starts to matches with the bat has seen New Zealand boast an average run-rate of 7.70 in first 10 overs of their innings during this tournament but Australia’s early stranglehold on their opposition saw them make just 31 for one. Clarke’s inspired bowling change provided the next breakthrough as the impressive Glenn Maxwell bowled Martin Guptill (15) with just his second ball. And six balls later New Zealand were reduced to 39 for three as Kane Williamson departed for 12 having attempted to block the explosive Johnson but only succeeded in sending the ball straight back to the bowler. It was the perfect start for Australia and Clarke remained on the attack with two new New Zealand batsman at the crease. But Ross Taylor and semi-final hero Elliott steadied the ship and slowly began to rebuild, with the latter top-edging Starc for a 72-meter six into the leg side. The pair shared a 111-run fourth-wicket partnership and looked to have brought New Zealand back into the match only for the batting powerplay to spark a dramatic collapse. James Faulkner, who is quickly becoming one of the best powerplay and death bowlers, was brought back into the attack and immediately had Taylor caught behind for 40. The 24-year-old Tasmanian deceived the batsman with a slower ball and Brad Haddin took an exceptional low catch, diving to his right, with the ball dying on him. Two balls later the heavy-hitting Corey Anderson was sent back to the pavilion having failed to score as he was beaten for pace as the ball came back off his pads and shattered the stumps. A double-wicket maiden in a World Cup is impressive, a double-wicket maiden in a powerplay to induce a collapse is sensational and looked to be the potential match-winning moment. Five out quickly became six as wicketkeeper Luke Ronchi’s time at the crease lasted just six minutes as he edged Starc to Michael Clarke at first slip for a four-ball duck – the first two overs of the powerplay accounting for three wickets and just a single run. Meanwhile, Elliott – fresh from his semi-final match-winning unbeaten 84 - continued to time the ball sweetly as all those around him played as if they had never picked up a bat before. Australia captain Michael Clarke plays a shot as he helps his country to victory in the World Cup final against New Zealand . Batsman David Warner watches one of his shots as Australia close in on victory at Melbourne Cricket Ground . Mitchell Starc (left) celebrates with his Australia team-mates after taking the wicket of Luke Ronchi . New Zealand's Trent Boult (right) looks on as Warner (centre) sees a shot reach the boundary . Australia's Steve Smith attempts an acrobatic catch after a shot from New Zealand's Grant Elliott . And, whereas Clarke’s one-day international swansong was going to plan Daniel Vettori could only muster nine before a full in-swinging yorker from Johnson hit the 36-year-old’s pad and rattled onto the stumps. New Zealand were crumbling and Elliott having effortlessly moved to 83 became Faulkner’s third victim of the afternoon as he mistimed his shot and an outside edge was gleefully taken by Haddin. When needed most, the Black Caps tail failed to wag and the final wicket run-out perfectly summed up both side’s days up to that point. Boult defended a short Johnson ball to Maxwell at short leg and in a single move the allrounder picked up the ball and hit the non-striker’s stumps. Tim Southee’s bat stuck in the ground and he was run-out, as New Zealand stumbled to 183 all out. It was telling that Australia leaked just 12 fours and three sixes against such a fierce and deep batting line-up and added further proof of their remarkable day in the field. Early wickets were going to be vital if New Zealand were going to make their first World Cup final they have featured in competitive and their best bowler, Boult, delivered. New Zealand's Martin Guptill walks off the field after being dismissed by Australia's Glenn Maxwell . Starc celebrates after taking the wicket of Brendon McCullum during a disappointing day for New Zealand . Steve Smith helps Australia regain control after the early wicket of Aaron Finch in Melbourne . New Zealand's Ross Taylor is left on the turf after dropping a potential catch following a shot from Warner . New Zealand's Grant Elliott bats on his way to 83 - the highest score by any player during the Black Caps' innings . Both Australia and New Zealand stand for the national anthems at a packed Melbourne Cricket Ground on Sunday . Aaron Finch attempting to push a fuller ball off his legs only succeeded in hitting the ball into his pads, up into the air and into the waiting Boult’s hands. The Kiwi fans, silent for large parts of the first innings, were now making themselves heard but David Warner soon quieted them once again. Warner found the boundary seven times in his 45 off 46-balls before Matt Henry claimed his first wicket of the World Cup having batsman caught at deep square leg, attempting to pull the ball. The loss of the second Australian wicket put McCullum back into an aggressive mindset and Clarke was welcomed to the field with seven catchers and only one man outside the 30-yard circle. But the right-handed batsman was equal to the task and having passed fifty he smacked Southee for four successive fours before chopping on a slower ball from Henry, having made 74 off 72-balls. And, Smith (56 not out) hit his fifth consecutive half-century as the MCG erupted in jubilation as the celebrations begun. It was a disappointing end for New Zealand who had been brilliant with the bat and ball and in the field throughout the World Cup. But the day and night belonged to the Australians who once again were crowned as the best one-day team in the world. | New Zealand batted first but set Australia a target of just 184 to win after a disappointing innings . Brendon McCullum, Kane Williamson and Martin Guptill were all out early for Mike Hesson's side . Aaron Finch fell in the second over but Australia regained control through Steve Smith and David Warner . Captain Michael Clarke managed 74 before being bowled by Matt Henry just before the finish . Smith scored the decisive runs for Australia as they regained the trophy they last won in 2007 . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Long-serving goalkeeper Petr Cech says he will leave Chelsea rather than spend another season as understudy to Thibaut Courtois. The 32-year-old Czech Republic international has lost his place to the young Belgian this term, starting only four Premier League games and being primarily used in the domestic cup competitions. While accepting manager Jose Mourinho's decision, Cech said the situation could not go on indefinitely. Petr Cech would be willing to leave Chelsea in search for first-team football after losing his place . 'I don't know what the club's idea will be. It looks like it works well with me and Thibaut as a duo,' he told the Idnes newspaper. 'But that can work for one season only. I don't want another one like this,' he added while on international duty for the Czechs who play Latvia in a Euro 2016 qualifier in Prague on Saturday. Cech joined Chelsea in 2004 and has won three Premier League titles, four FA Cups, the Champions League and three League Cups, the last of which was this season when he was in goal for the 2-0 defeat of Tottenham Hotspur at Wembley. The Czech international is still considered one of the best in the world and wouldn't be short of offers . With Mourinho clearly favouring Courtois, Cech's future will be of interest to a host of top clubs across Europe. 'There always will be speculation, I leave it for the summer,' Cech said. 'It will be important to sit down with the club, with the manager, to consider all the pros and cons. We will see what will work out the best.' Asked about a possible move to European champions Real Madrid, Cech said: 'When a specific offer comes I will consider it. There are offers one cannot turn down'. Thibaut Courtois is Chelsea's first choice and it looks unlikely that Cech will be able to budge him . | Petr Cech admits he'd be willing to leave Chelsea for first-team football . The Czech international lost his place to Belgian Thibaut Courtois . Real Madrid have previously been linked with a move for the stopper . Click here for all the latest Chelsea news . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | A loving granddaughter skipped her high school graduation ceremony in Wyoming and instead wore her cap and gown to a Texas hospital to surprise her grandmother who was battling leukemia. Sharon Thompson, who was recovering from brain surgery at the Houston Methodist Hospital, was proudly watching a live feed of her eldest grandchild Taylor Thompson's graduation in Cody, Wyoming. However, when Taylor's name was called she burst into her 70-year-old grandmother's hospital room instead of appearing on stage. And now a video of the touching moment has become an internet sensation, with the YouTube clip – which was first shared last June – accumulating more than a million views, the majority of which were amassed during the last two days. Perfect prank: Taylor Thompson (left) skipped her graduation and surprised her grandmother Sharon Thompson (right), who was in the hospital recovering from brain surgery as she battled cancer . The touching footage shows Sharon, who was diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia, enjoying the graduation ceremony from the confinements of her hospital bed. But before her granddaughter's name was called, the speaker made a surprising announcement. 'The next graduate is not here this evening because she has a surprise for someone special in her life,' the announcer said. 'Her grandmother has been battling cancer this past year and can't be at graduation, so she is watching the ceremony live over the internet right now.' He added: 'Dressed in her cap and gown, our graduate is going to walk into her grandmother's hospital room as I call her name.' Sharon burst into tears of joy when she realized what was happening. 'I can't believe it,' she told her granddaughter who was also moved to tears. 'I am so happy to see you.' Proud grandma: Last June, Sharon watched a live feed of her eldest grandchild's graduation ceremony on the internet . Shocking surprise: She was filled with joy when she realized that Taylor had come to visit her instead of walking in the ceremony, which was taking place in Cody, Wyoming that very moment . Unforgettable gift: Sharon happily cupped Taylor's face in her hands, later telling her that everyone should have a granddaughter like her . In the middle of the emotional moment, Sharon joked: 'This is enough to push me over the edge.' Sharon then held Taylor's face in her hands and told her how pretty she looked in her cap and gown. Taylor explained to her grandmother that she had flown to Houston the day before and that she had been pulling her leg the entire time. 'Everybody should have a granddaughter like you,' Sharon replied. Hanging above Sharon's hospital bed was a banner that the nurses had made her, which read: 'Congratulations Taylor Class of 2014.' But she couldn't get over the unexpected surprise. Magic moment: Taylor took a moment to hug her grandfather, who was also unaware of her plan . 'It's like a dream - a good dream,' Sharon said. 'It's real. I got to touch you.' At the end of the clip, Taylor kept with the commencement tradition and moved the tassel to the left side of her cap before throwing it in the air. 'To me, graduation was much more special how I did it,' Taylor told Cody Enterprise last year. 'It was the ultimate graduation for me.' And Sharon confirmed that she had ‘no idea' what her granddaughter was planning. 'I had given her pearl earrings, her birth stone, and she was wearing them,' she explained. 'I had brain surgery the day before and thought I was hallucinating.' She added: 'Oh my gosh, it was the surprise of a lifetime. Really wonderful, it made my day. My husband didn’t even know.' | Sharon Thompson, who was battling acute myeloid leukemia, was watching her eldest grandchild's graduation on the internet . But when Taylor Thompson's name was called, she burst into her grandmother's hospital room instead of appearing on stage . |
From the passage note down the various celebrities who joined TikTok . List the results in comma separated format. | ByteDance planned on Douyin expanding overseas. The founder of ByteDance, Zhang Yiming, stated that "China is home to only one-fifth of Internet users globally. If we don't expand on a global scale, we are bound to lose to peers eyeing the four-fifths. So, going global is a must."
The app was launched as TikTok in the international market in September 2017. On 23 January 2018, the TikTok app ranked first among free application downloads on app stores in Thailand and other countries.
TikTok has been downloaded more than 130 million times in the United States and has reached 2 billion downloads worldwide, according to data from mobile research firm Sensor Tower (those numbers exclude Android users in China).
In the United States, celebrities, including Jimmy Fallon and Tony Hawk, began using the app in 2018. Other celebrities, including Jennifer Lopez, Jessica Alba, Will Smith, and Justin Bieber joined TikTok as well as many others.
In January 2019, TikTok allowed creators to embed merchandise sale links into their videos.
On 3 September 2019, TikTok and the U.S. National Football League (NFL) announced a multi-year partnership. The agreement occurred just two days before the NFL's 100th season kick-off at Soldier Field, where TikTok hosted activities for fans in honor of the deal. The partnership entails the launch of an official NFL TikTok account, which is to bring about new marketing opportunities such as sponsored videos and hashtag challenges. In July 2020, TikTok, excluding Douyin, reported close to 800 million monthly active users worldwide after less than four years of existence. | Jimmy Fallon, Tony Hawk, Jennifer Lopez, Jessica Alba, Will Smith, Justin Bieber |
What's a gaya melon? How does it taste like? | Gaya melon, also known as snowball melon, ghost melon, dinosaur melon, dinosaur egg melon, dino melon, and dino egg melon, is a small to medium-sized honeydew melon developed originally in Japan and Korea and now grown in China, Mexico, southern California, and South America.
The rind is very thin and is ivory in color with green streaking and the interior flesh is white. They are round in shape and may be slightly oblong. The flesh is juicy and soft towards the center but crisper towards the rind. It has been described to have a mild, sweet flavor with floral notes. It is best kept at room temperature and cut melons will stay good in a refrigerator for up to 5 days. | Gaya melon is a type of honeydew melon originally developed in Japan and Korea. They are very juicy and soft towards the center but crisper towards the grind. It has been described to have a mild, sweet flavor with floral notes. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | We've divided the Premier League into teams from the north and south of England - with Welsh side Swansea included in the south. Rob Draper had the choice to pick any players from the south teams, in any formation, with no limit on the number of players from each club. Here's how we split the clubs: . South . Arsenal, Aston Villa, Chelsea, Crystal Palace, Leicester City, QPR, Southampton, Swansea City, Spurs, West Brom, West Ham United . North . Burnley, Everton, Hull City, Liverpool, Manchester City, Manchester United, Newcastle United, Stoke City, Sunderland . North vs South. It is perhaps the fiercest argument between the people of England. But without dipping into the political allegiances, property prices and weather, we're sticking to the ultimate debating point – football. This week we are starting a new North vs South debate - who would you pick and who would win? In the NBA, each season they stage an All-Star match that pits the best from the West against the cream of the East. And wouldn't it be fascinating if the Premier League adopted a similar event? Kicking off today, Rob Draper selects his South XI - plus seven subs. A full explanation of the criteria is below. Tomorrow, Joe Bernstein will reveal his North XI. Then on Wednesday, we'll reveal who would win the match thanks to our friends at Football Manager. And, as always, we want you to tell us who you would have picked in your team... Chelsea are top of the Premier League, and they provide the back-bone of our south XI to face the north . Goalkeeper: Thibaut Courtois (Chelsea) Not much to say – either him or David de Gea as goalkeeper of the season, so he’s a natural for the southern No 1 slot. Right back: Nathaniel Clyne (Southampton) You can wrestle this one back and forth with Branislav Ivanovic who has been superb. But I want a little more pace from my full backs and also am looking to the future by giving Clyne the nod. Centre back: Jose Fonte (Southampton) Everyone thought Dejan Lovren was the mainstay of the Southampton defence – but quietly getting on with his job and holding together the best back four in the country has been Fonte. Thibaut Courtois has proven himself to be a genuine Premier League star in his first season in England . Nathaniel Clyne (left) has earned himself an England spot, and keeps Branislav Ivanovic out of our side . Despite losing his centre back partner last summer, Jose Fonte has marshalled the best defence in the league . Centre back: John Terry (Captain) (Chelsea) Would be ridiculous not to pick him – the best defender in the Premier League at present. Left back: Cesar Azpilicueta (Chelsea) Outstanding. Unfussy and consistently good. Best left back in the Premier League. Defensive midfield: Nemanja Matic (Chelsea) For months he has been the pivotal player for Chelsea in providing balance – in the mould of Patrick Vieira and there is no higher praise. Defensive midfield: Morgan Schneiderlin (Southampton) The steadying influence in Southampton’s rise, all the more remarkable given his disaffection at the start of the season. John Terry - still the best defender in the Premier League - will captain our south XI, as he does Chelsea . Morgan Schneiderlin has bounced back from his uncertain summer to be a mainstay for Southampton . Nemanja Matic, Eden Hazard and Terry have been at the heart of Chelsea's table-topping form this season . Right wing: Alexis Sanchez (Arsenal) Better on the left but nevertheless we need to find room for him in this team. The Sanchez-Cazorla-Hazard axis would terrify any team. Attacking midfield: Santi Cazorla (Arsenal) Appears to be at the absolute peak of his career. Previously you wondered if he had the authority and character to dominate games - now, in his favoured central role, he is showing that. Left wing: Eden Hazard (Chelsea) Potential player of the year. Impish, quick and delightfully skilful. A pleasure to watch – and a much more mature player now after two years in the Premier League. Alexis Sanchez has been superb since signing for Arsenal, and is on the right wing for this side . Hazard's goals have helped take Chelsea top of the league, and he is a player of the season contender . Santi Cazorla has shown his best form since returning to a central role, and will operate behind the striker . Striker: Harry Kane (Tottenham) The easiest pick of all. The south is blessed with the best strikers, so much so that maybe we’ll go 4-4-2 later in the game to get Diego Costa or Olivier Giroud on. But there’s no doubt as to who is in best form at present. Subs . Rob Green (QPR) Petr Cech is probably the next best goalkeeper in the south; but we need a keeper who is sharp and playing regularly and Green has been superb. Harry Kane has emerged this season as one of the Premier League's leading strikers, and is a must-pick . Branislav Ivanovic is unlucky to miss out on a starting spot, but stays on the bench for our south XI . Branislav Ivanovic (Chelsea) Very hard to leave him out. He has been a monster this season, rarely dipping below a 7/10 performance. Laurent Koscielny (Arsenal) I’m a little worried that pace may be an issue for my centre halves – if it is we have Koscielny to cover. Excellent defender as well, despite Arsenal’s frequent debacles. Fabien Delph (Aston Villa) No doubt he will be outraged at being in a southern team – but we had to draw the line somewhere. Just a really good, solid midfielder now. Yannick Bolasie (Crystal Palace) Has come on enormously this season and the Africa Cup of Nations break doesn't appear to have affected him at all – causes problems to every team he plays against. Olivier Giroud (Arsenal) Unfashionably good. His strike rate has been superb and his physicality and ability to hold the ball up is now perhaps the best in the Premier League, alongside... (4-2-3-1): Courtois, Clyne, Fonte, Terry, Azpilicueta; Matic, Schneiderlin; Sanchez, Cazorla, Hazard; Kane. Subs: Green, Ivanovic, Koscielny, Delph, Bolasie, Costa, Giroud . Diego Costa (Chelsea) The season has ebbed and flowed at times but through it all he has remained the striker you want to have on your side. Edged out by Kane at present but he’ll play a part in this game. Honourable mentions to Gylfi Sigurdsson (Swansea) and Charlie Austin (QPR) who have both been excellent and who will be on the stand-by list. Fabian Delph - though not particularly southern - has done enough this season to earn a spot on the bench . Crystal Palace winger Yannick Bolasie has caused problems for every defender he has faced this season . Olivier Giroud, underrated but efficient, celebrates yet another Premier League goal for Arsenal . | No place for Diego Costa or Olivier Giroud as Harry Kane leads the line . Southampton and Chelsea - the Premier League's meanest defences - make up the entire back seven of our Southern XI . Eden Hazard and Alexis Sanchez will play with Santi Cazorla behind Kane . We'll test who is better with help from Football Manager . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | A non-league football match had to be postponed after a groundsman demolished the goalposts while mowing and rolling the pitch. The groundsman was dragging a heavy roller around the goal-mouth part of the pitch at the home of Brokenhurst FC when the bulky contraption firmly struck the left-hand post. Such was the force of the collision it caused the goal frame to snap at the join of the crossbar, leaving it dismantled on the turf. Brockenhurst's home clash against Bournemouth Poppies was postponed when the groundsman demolished the goalposts with a heavy roller - the home team were unable to get replacement posts in time . The damage to the goalposts was so bad it meant yesterday's Sydenhams Wessex League clash between Brockenhurst and Bournemouth Poppies had to be cancelled. Pete Lynes, chairman of Brockenhurst FC, told MailOnline: 'I heard about it on the day itself and at first I didn't believe it. 'But when I went down I saw the damage to the post and I immediately telephoned the manufacturers to see if they would be able to provide replacements. 'But they could not deliver new ones until the middle of next week, so we had to call the game off. It's just one of those things.' A spokesman for Bournemouth said: 'We are disappointed, especially after our midweek win, but it is one of those freak things that cannot be helped.' Brockenhurst's home pitch at Grigg Lane where the goalposts were uprooted by the groundsman . Bournemouth Poppies had been hoping to emulate their mid-week success, when they defeated Andover Town 3-1. Their impressive form is in contrast to Brockenhurst who have lost their previous five matches - so the week off may have been a welcome relief. The mid-table clash has been rescheduled for Saturday, March 28. | Match between Brockenhurst and Bournemouth Poppies was cancelled . Postponed when groundsman demolished the goalposts while rolling pitch . Wessex League clash has been rescheduled to take place in a fortnight . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Lewis Hamilton has spoken of the stresses and intense pressure of competing in Formula One as the world champion posed for the front cover of men's lifestyle magazine Man of the World. The Mercedes driver features in Issue 11 of the magazine hitting the shelves on March 24 as the 30-year-old opens up about his rags to riches story in an intimate interview. Hamilton became a double world champion last season as he drove to victory after an intense season-long battle with team-mate Nico Rosberg, to add to his 2008 success for McLaren. Lewis Hamilton features on the new issue of men's lifestyle magazine Man of the World, which will hit the shelves on March 24 . The double Formula One champion looks back through the rear windscreen as he poses for a picture in issue 11 of the magazine . Hamilton, pictured posing with his British bulldog Roscoe, opens up in an intimate interview in the new issue . The Mercedes driver discusses the intense pressure and stresses of racing in the Formula One championship . The former McLaren driver, styled by Adam Rogers and pictured by Cyrill Matter, poses with bulldog Roscoe . Hamilton and Mercedes got the new season off to the perfect start after the Briton won the Australian Grand Prix in Melbourne last Sunday with Rosberg following him across the finish line in a close second as the team dominated the race weekend. During the interview with Spencer Morgan, Hamilton discussed the pressures that drivers have to contend. 'The thing with Formula One is, people perhaps struggle to understand what's going on inside of the driver. There's the stress of millions of people watching. 'You've got the pressure of the massive corporations sponsoring you. And then, on top of it, you put pressure on yourself, because you really want to succeed.' Hamilton celebrates his Australian GP win in front of second-placed Nico Rosberg and Sebastian Vettel who completed the podium . World champion Hamilton stormed to victory at the season-opening Australian Grand Prix following a dominant performance . Nico Rosberg, who finished runner-up last year, kept Hamilton honest, but in truth he was no match for his Mercedes team-mate . VIDEO Hamilton cruises to victory in Australian GP . 'I want to empower young guys with the same belief I had instilled in me as a kid. Not everyone who gets beaten down by other people can overcome and use those experiences to get stronger.' With all the stresses that come with competing, Hamilton understands the need to relax and unwind during time off and so kits his homes in Colorado and Monaco out with a plethora of leisure activities. 'Of course you have to work, but I like to maximize every day, enjoy it, because you never know when it's your last. 'I'm very, very, very conscious of that, so I just like to make sure I enjoy the time I get, and I like to share it with people. That's why we have the Mega Zone. I like to share it with all my friends.' Rebirth of the Cool | Publication: MAN of the WORLD | Issue: No 11 | Text: Spencer Morgan | Photography: Cyrill Matter | Fashion: Adam Rogers . | Double world champions Lewis Hamilton features on the cover of lifestyle magazine Man of the World . The Mercedes driver opens up about his rags to riches story as he became a double Formula One champion . Issue 11 of the quarterly men's magazine will be hitting the shelves on March 24 . READ: Hamilton takes the wheel of a yacht on Sydney Harbour . CLICK HERE for all the latest news from the world of F1 . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Staff and patrons were in for a shock after spotting a severed pig's head on a stake left outside a fast food restaurant. Michelle Louise stopped in for a cup of coffee at Coolalinga McDonald's, south-east of Darwin, after dropping her daughter off at work when they made a grisly discovery at about 7.45am on Monday. Ms Louise told NT News that she had noticed a group of people standing around a post so she walked over to see what it was when she was confronted by the bizarre sight. Staff and patrons were stunned to find a severed pig's head on a stake left outside a fast food restaurant . 'It was this pig's head, it was really strange,' she told NT News. 'I joked to my son that it looked like there was now pork on the menu.' Ms Louise said she was stunned to see the head left near the new site where a local shopping centre will be built. ‘I don’t know how long it had been there, it obviously happened in the night,’ she said. Michelle Louise and her daughter made a grisly discovery outside of McDonald's on Monday morning . When Ms Louise returned to the fast food giant to pick her daughter up after work, the head had been removed. 'I know people like pigging around here but I have never seen something like this,' she added. Northern Territory police spokesman told Daily Mail Australia that the incident is currently being ‘looked at’ for possible leads. ‘We’re certainly looking into it to figure out how, why and who someone would put it there,’ the police spokesman said. | A severed pig's head was left on a stake outside of a fast food restaurant . Michelle Louise and her daughter were stunned to see the head on Monday . Staff and patrons were confronted by the bizarre sight outside McDonald's . A NT police spokesman said the incident is currently being 'looked at' |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | British hope Kyle Edmund failed to take advantage of his wildcard entry when he was swept out of the Miami Open first round. The 20-year-old from Yorkshire was beaten 6-2 6-2 in just 68 minutes by Holland's Robin Haase, the world number 98. Edmund reached the semi-final in a strong Challenger field in Texas last week but could not replicate that form. Kyle Edmund returns a shot during his first round Miami Open match with Holland's Robin Haase . World number 98 Haase only needed 68 minutes to defeat Edmund 6-2, 6-2 . Haase can be inconsistent but this was one of his better days and the British number three has no answers. He may have been better off trying to come through the qualifying rather than getting a privileged entry through his management company IMG, who own the tournament. Edmund finds the going tough as he struggles to deal with the challenge of Haase in Miami . | Kyle Edmund was beaten 6-2 6-2 in just 68 minutes by Robin Haase . Edmund reached the semi-final in the Challenger field in Texas last week . But he could not repeat that form at the Miami tournament . |
Does Grigorievna Nazarenko live in Moscow? | Professor Tatyana Grigorievna Nazarenko is one of the leading Russian contemporary painters who has set new directions in Russian Art and Painting starting from the 1970s. She was born in Moscow where she still lives and works. | Yes, she lives in Moscow |
Given this paragraph about Outlander, who stars in Outlander? | Outlander is a historical drama television series based on the Outlander novel series by Diana Gabaldon. Developed by Ronald D. Moore, the show premiered on August 9, 2014, on Starz. It stars Caitríona Balfe as Claire Randall, a former Second World War military nurse in Scotland who, in 1945, finds herself transported back in time to 1743. There she encounters, falls in love with and marries a dashing Highland warrior named Jamie Fraser (Sam Heughan), a tacksman of Gabaldon's fictionalized version of Clan Fraser of Lovat. Here, Claire becomes embroiled in the Jacobite rising. | Outlander stars Caitriona Balfe (as Claire Randall). Her co-start is Sam Heughan (as Jamie Fraser). It is a Starz TV Series portraying star crossed lovers who meet across time. Claire travels from 1945, back in time to 1743 and encounters: adventure, mystery, and political intrigue of the Jacobite uprising; all the time growing closer and closer to her true love Jamie Fraser. The 2014 (to present) show is based on the Outlander book series written by Diana Gabaldon, originally published in the 1990's. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Borussia Dortmund's mini renaissance which had seen them win four Bundesliga games in succession came to a halt, as they were held to a frustrating goalless draw at Hamburg. The tight contest saw the visitors dominate possession, with Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang and Marco Reus typically at the heart of Dortmund's attacks, but try as they might, they could not circumvent a well-drilled Hamburg defence. Despite an early injury to captain Johan Djourou, the hosts were able to weather the storm from Jurgen Klopp's men. Borussia Dortmund playmaker Marco Reus (top) is brought down by Hamburg's Nicolai Mueller (bottom) Hamburg's Cleber Reis (right) shields the ball from Dortmund striker Patrick Emerick Aubameyang (left) Hamuburg's Mohamed Gouaida (right) surges forward with the ball ahead of Dortmund's Oliver Kirch (left) The result will benefit neither team much at all. For Dortmund, it is a blow to their aspirations of qualifying for continental football next season, while relegation-threatened Hamburg remain without a win in their last four league outings. Dortmund had started the game strongly with Reus, passed fit after an injury scare earlier in the week, finding Aubameyang with a free-kick only for Hamburg's Djourou to make a timely intervention. Hamburg striker Nicolai Muller fired wide a few minutes later, but chances otherwise came at a premium during the first-half. Djourou, following a head collision with a Dortmund player, was substituted in the 18th minute. Hamburg head coach Josef Zinnbauer is incensed after a refereeing decision goes against his side . Cleber Reis (right) tussles for the ball with Dortmund's midfielder Ilkay Gundogan (left) Dortmund introduced Kevin Kampl to the game after the restart and the Sloveninan nearly made an instant impact on 55 minutes, but blasted his shot just wide from the edge of the box, before Reus squandered a similar chance a few moments later. It was a routine that seemed to repeat, with every Dortmund effort finding itself wide, blocked through the final pass. Oliver Kirch (left) cuts across Hamburg winger Mohamed Gouaida (right) during the Bundesliga match . Dortmund's attacking midfielder Shinji Kagawa kneels on the ground frustrated after missing scoring chance . Dortmund midfielder Henrikh Mkhitaryan (left) competes with Hamburg's Cleber Reis (right) Cleber Reis (centre) plays a through ball for Hamburg as Dortmund's Kagawa (left) and Gundogan give chase . Hamburg's Mohamed Gouaida (right) lines up a shot, as Dortmund midfielder Oliver Kirch attempts to block . | Borussia Dortmund were held 0-0 by relegation battlers Hamburg . The result ends Dortmund's recent four-game winning streak . It deals a blow to their continental qualification hopes . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Cristiano Ronaldo headed Real Madrid into the quarter-finals of the Champions League with two first half goals against Schalke but an awful performance from the holders suggested their crown is very much up for grabs this season. Carlo Ancelotti’s team were booed off after losing 4-3 on the night. They stumbled into the last eight 5-4 on aggregate but Ronaldo’s goals and the return of Luka Modric apart, there was little to cheer. Ancelotti was even asked if he would be surprised if he was sacked after the performance. He said he was just concentrating on doing his job and apologised for the display: ‘It was bad for the image of the club,’ he said. Cristiano Ronaldo scored a brace for Real Madrid as they made it through to the Champions League quarter-finals . The Portuguese forward heads the ball past Schalke goalkeeper Timon Wellenreuther at the Bernabeu on Tuesday night . Ronaldo is now the highest goalscorer in European competitions after overtaking Lionel messi and Raul with brace . Klaas-Jan Huntelaar beats Pepe to the ball and fires home Schalke's fourth goal against Real Madrid at the Bernabeu . The comeback was well and truly on for Schalke after Huntelaar's strike to make it 4-3 to the visitors in Madrid . Iker Casillas looks dejected on his home turf - the experienced goalkeeper was out of sorts against the German side . Schalke players congratulate midfielder Leroy Sane after his fine strike in the Champions League last-16 second leg . Schalke players salute their fans at the end of the game after beating the Champions League holders 4-3 . Real Madrid were booed off at the end of the game by the home faithful on Tuesday night . A group of Real Madrid fans wave a white handkerchief after the final whistle at the Bernabeu . REAL MADRID: Casillas, Arbeloa (Nacho 83), Varane, Pepe, Fabio Coentrao (Marcelo 58), Khedira (Modric 58), Kroos, Isco, Ronaldo, Benzema, Bale. Subs not used: Navas, Hernandez, Jese, Illarramendi. Booked: Ronaldo, Coentrao . Goals: Ronaldo 25, 45, 52 . SCHALKE: Wellenreuther, Howedes, Nastasic, Matip, Fuchs, Meyer, Neustadter, Hoger (Goretzka 57), Barnetta (Uchida 81), Choupo-Moting (Sane 29), Huntelaar. Subs not used: Wetklo, Ayhan, Sobottka, Kehrer. Booked: Fuchs . Goals: Fuchs 25, Huntelaar 40, 84, Sane 57 . Referee: Damir Skomina (Slovenia) ‘The reaction of the crowd was totally justifiable but it will serve to wake us up. I still believe in the team because I know what they can give but at the moment they are not giving it. We are playing very badly. We need to train more, work more, we need more of everything.’ Ronaldo headed in a Toni Kroos corner on 25 minutes to cancel out Christian Fuchs’ shock opener and when Schalke took the lead again on 40 minutes through Klass-Jan Huntelaar, Ronaldo headed in a Fabio Coentrao cross to equalise. It was his rage at the lacklustre performance from some of his team-mates more than his finishing that was most striking. Karim Benzema scored eight minutes into the second half but Real still allowed Schalke to level on the night with substitute Leroy Sane beating Casillas with a long range shot and when Huntelaar got his second five minutes from time it left Roberto Di Matteo’s team needing just one more goal for one of the all-time Champions League shocks. The fifth goal never came and Madrid stumbled over the line but this was hardly a performance to put fear into the rest of Europe. The mood was set before kick-off when supporters jeered Ancelotti’s name as it was announced. The credit he earned for winning this competition last season seems to have long since disappeared. He needed a positive Champions League display from his players – he never got one. Real looked flat going forward and were slow to cover space at the back and when Tranquillo Barnetta crossed from the right on 25 minutes, he found Fuchs with time and space to shoot past Iker Casillas. Sami Khedira, who will leave on a free transfer at the end of the season had failed to follow Fuchs’ run and Casillas was beaten too easily. Ronaldo turned to shout at his sleepy team-mates after he rose to head in Kroos’ corner five minutes later but Madrid did not wake up. Karim Benzema was also on the scoresheet for Real Madrid as he re-found his goalscoring touch against Schalke . Benzema is congratulated by Real team-mate Pepe after netting past Schalke goalkeeper Timon Wellenreuther (left) Schalke left back Christian Fuchs gave the visitors a shock lead at the Bernabeu on Tuesday night . Fuchs' goal fave the German side a lift as they looked to pull off a shock victory against Real Madrid . Schalke players congratulate the defender after his goal in the 20th minute in Madrid in the Champions League . Klaas-Jan Huntelaar restored Schakle's one-goal advantage when he followed up after Iker Casillas parried the ball into the danger area . The Dutch striker ran back to the halfway line with the ball after scoring against his former club . Huntelaar's goal at the Bernabeu put Schalke back in front with the score at 2-1 in the Champions League clash . Schalke are starting to gain a reputation for spectacular exits from the Champions League. The German club have been on the losing end of the highest-scoring tie of the round each time they've been dumped out in the knockout phase. They might not have made progress, but Schalke get full marks for entertainment, as these aggregate scores show... 2014, last 16 . Real Madrid 9-2 Schalke . 2013, last 16 . Galatasaray 4-3 Schalke . 2011, semi-final . Manchester United 6-1 Schalke . James Restall . A Raphael Varane back pass almost let in Huntelaar who then rattled the bar. And with his third chance inside five minutes he found the back of the net. Casillas spilled Meyer’s shot straight to the Dutchman and, against his old club, he made it 2-1. Ronaldo stepped forward to level once again but a crescendo of whistles still greeted the half-time whistle. Benzema put them 3-2 up on the night on 53 minutes but Leroy Sane beat Casillas from distance to cause further embarrassment. This was the first time since 2009 Madrid had conceded three at home in Europe. Ancelotti immediately brought on Modric and Marcelo for Khedira and Coentrao. The Croatian looked to restore some control to midfield but when Huntelaar got his second of the game off the underside of Casillas’ bar the miracle looked back on for Schalke’s 4,000 following. Gareth Bale was jeered when he shot well wide from a good position. He is a victim rather than the cause of Madrid’s malaise but is starting to struggle in front of the club’s unforgiving supporters. He will be glad that former Tottenham team-mate Luka Modric is now back in the side alongside him. His return and Ronaldo’s reliability were the plus points for Madrid on a night when they answered more questions than provided answers. Around 1,000 Real Madrid supporters had voted for Ronaldo to be dropped earlier this week in a poll organized by Spanish newspaper Diario AS. Whether they were at the Bernabeu on Tuesday night or at home clicking other online surveys it is impossible to know. Once again Real Madrid’s Ballon d’Or had been head and shoulders above the rest and had he not been, next Friday’s quarter-final draw might even have been missing the name of the ten-times winners. Like our Real Madrid Facebook page. Ronaldo stands motionless as Schalke players celebrate scoring a goal at the Santiago Bernabeu on Tuesday night . Gareth Bale looks to get the better of Manchester City loanee Matija Nastasic down the wing on Tuesday night . Carlo Ancelotti gives instructions from the touchline during the Champions League last-16 second leg at the Bernabeu . Huntelaar looks to get away from Real Madrid defender Alvaro Arbeloa as Schalke started positively in Madrid . Luka Modric made his return for Real Madrid after three months out injured after replacing Sami Khedira in the second half . Around 4,000 Schalke fans made the trip to Madrid to watch their team play in the Champions League last-16 second leg on Tuesday . Schalke midfielder Marco Hoger is sandwiched by Real Madrid duo Toni Kroos (left) and Raphael Varane (right) in the air . Karim Benzema skips past the challenge of German World Cup winner Benedikt Howedes on Tuesday night . Galacticos: The Real Madrid starting XI line up for a photo prior to the Champions League clash at the Bernabeu . Ronaldo didn't see the funny side after he was shown a yellow card by Slovenian referee Damir Skomina . Eric Maxim Choupo-Moting holds his head in his hands after missing an opportunity against Real Madrid . Max Meyer skips past the challenge of Real Madrid midfielder Toni Kroos (centre) as Pepe (right) closes in on the youngster . Former Chelsea boss Roberto di Matteo prepares to send on young German midfielder Leon Goretzka . Tranquilo Barnetta is tackled by both Isco (left) and Fabio Coentrao (right) of Real Madrid on Tuesday night . | Cristiano Ronaldo overtakes Lionel messi and Raul as highest goalscorer in European competitions after brace . Portuguese forward scored twice as Real Madrid survived a scare against Schalke at the Bernabeu . Karim Benzema also on target for the hosts as Champions League holders reach quarter-finals . Christian Fuchs, Klaas-Jan Huntelaar and Leroy Sane on target for Schalke but victory is not enough . Champions League last-16 first leg in Germany finished 2-0 to Real Madrid . |
Given this paragraph about Berwick, what was its population during the most up to date census? | Berwick is a borough in Columbia County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is part of Northeastern Pennsylvania and is located 28 miles (45 km) southwest of Wilkes-Barre. As of the 2020 census, Berwick had a population of 10,355. It is one of the two principal communities of the Bloomsburg–Berwick metropolitan area, which covers Columbia and Montour counties, and had a combined population of 85,562 at the 2010 census. | 10,355 |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | (CNN)If you (or, more likely, your kids) are still singing those "Frozen" tunes over a year later, you'll have a brand new set of tunes in the not-too-distant future. Disney officially announced the most obvious sequel in recent years, "Frozen 2," on Thursday to stockholders, along with more major movie news. The original creative team of Chris Buck, Jennifer Lee and Peter Del Vecho will return, and Josh Gad (Olaf himself) was on hand to make the announcement. Cast member Kristen Bell also shared the news with her Twitter followers. No release date yet, fans, but don't "let it go," as you should know soon. | Disney officially announced "Frozen 2" on Thursday . Olaf and friends will return to theaters soon . Same creative team will return . |
Which is the most populous city in the United States | New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over 300.46 square miles (778.2 km2), New York City is the most densely populated major city in the United States and more than twice as populous as Los Angeles, the nation's second-largest city. | New York |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Everton midfielder Leon Osman believes Sunday's 2-1 win at QPR proves the Toffees do have the fighting qualities to win ugly when they need to. Aaron Lennon sank Rangers with a 77th-minute winner to move Everton up to 13th in the Barclays Premier League and nine points clear of the relegation places. Everton have been accused of being too soft this season after failing to replicate last year's fifth-place finish, but Osman insists they showed their mettle with a battling display at Loftus Road. Leon Osman believes Everton's win over QPR on Sunday shows the Toffees can win ugly when needed . Osman points at goalscorer Seamus Coleman after the defender had fired Everton ahead at Loftus Road . 'Certain games sometimes call for certain styles of play and the way the game goes dictates how you end up playing,' Osman said. 'Every time we lost the ball it was sent up to the edge of our box so we had to fight and scrap for second balls. 'It was a scrappy match defensively but we proved we can do that side of the game and then once you've done that, you have the opportunity to hit teams on the counter attack, which we tried to do. 'There was probably not as much football played as we usually like but there's no problem winning like that as well.' Aaron Lennon (left) celebrates after scoring the winning goal for Everton against Queens Park Rangers . The victory was Everton's second in a row in the league and saw Roberto Martinez's side bounce back from a disappointing 5-2 Europa League defeat to Dynamo Kiev on Thursday. 'It was a massive win for us after we suffered a big disappointment in the week,' Osman continued. 'It hasn't quite happened in the league this season so to put back-to-back wins together was really important for us. 'We were terrific at the back, especially Phil Jagielka. I thought he was at his best and we dealt with all their situations quite well. The winger slots home the crucial goal to move the Toffees closer to safety with the win at Loftus Road . 'It was always going to be difficult with the pitch as it is and with the way they played. 'They made it difficult for us but we stood up to that challenge head on and came away with a victory. 'We've still got eight games left and we're going to concentrate on those games now and just see how many points we can pick up.' | Everton beat QPR 2-1 at Loftus Road in the Premier League on Sunday . Leon Osman believes the Toffees showed their mettle in victory . The Blues eased relegation fears with their second league win in a row . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Lewis Hamilton plans to toast his Australian Grand Prix triumph with Hollywood A-Lister Arnold Schwarzenegger in Melbourne. Hamilton issued an emphatic defence of his Formula One world championship with a flawless drive at the Albert Park Circuit in Sunday’s season opener. The 30-year-old Briton left Nico Rosberg chomping on his Mercedes exhaust fumes on the run down to Turn 1 and from then on in the result never appeared in doubt. Lewis Hamilton and Arnold Schwarzenegger share a joke on the podium at the Australian Grand Prix . Hamilton, who stormed to victory ahead of Nico Rosberg, made a joke about Schwarzenegger's height . They ended the interview by saying: 'I'll be back'; Schwarzenegger's catchphrase from the Terminator films . It was the perfect start to Hamilton’s hopes of becoming the first British driver to win back-to-back titles, and join the likes of Ayrton Senna, Niki Lauda and Sir Jackie Stewart with a hat-trick of F1 championships. And a jubilant Hamilton hopes to celebrate his latest victory, the 34th of his grand prix career, with Schwarzenegger who conducted the podium interviews after the race. 'If he is around I will go out for a drink with him,’ said Hamilton. ‘I am not starstruck by many people but I was with him. I am a big fan.' Hamilton provoked much hilarity on the podium when he appeared to be taken by surprise by the appearance of the Terminator star. Hamilton led from start-to-finish ahead of Mercedes team-mate Nico Rosberg in Australia . Sir Jackie Stewart runs for cover as Robserg and Hamilton drench the Scotsman with champagne . Hamilton is hopeful of hooking up with Schwarzenegger for a drink to toast his victory later on Sunday . ‘Hey, man! Wow,’ Hamilton said when Schwarzenegger walked on to the podium. ‘It’s an incredible feeling to continue winning, but also great to be up here with you… I thought you were taller!’ Schwarzenegger replied: 'I'm not wearing my high heels.' Moving to clarify his comments about the Austrian's height, Hamilton later said: ‘I don’t know what I said. I hope I didn't offend anyone. ‘It’s not like I said he was short, but I honestly thought he was taller.’ Hamilton and Schwarzenegger ended the interview by both saying 'I'll be back', the catchphrase made famous in the Terminator films. | Arnold Schwarzenegger conducted the post-race podium interviews . Hamilton, who won the race, admitted he is a fan of the movie star . British driver appeared startstruck by Schwarzenegger before joking about his height... 'I thought you were taller,' said the Briton . The pair then ended their interview by saying together: 'I'll be back' |
What type of music is featured in the album The Great Ray Charles | The Great Ray Charles is the second studio album by American musician Ray Charles, released in 1957 by Atlantic Records. An instrumental jazz album, it features cover art designed by Marvin Israel. Later CD re-issues of The Great Ray Charles often include six out of the eight songs from the 1961 album The Genius After Hours, as bonus tracks. | instrumental jazz |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | You could call Dominic Pace the ultimate film buff. The 39-year-old actor is so passionate about his craft that he has travelled with his wife and children to more than 250 film locations in an ‘epic road trip’ that began five years ago. Their travels have taken them to some of the world’s most popular spots – from the ‘Rocky steps’ in Philadelphia to the fire station featured in Ghostbusters – and lesser-known locations, including the house from Father of the Bride and the corner shop where McLovin tries to buy alcohol in the film Superbad. Scroll down for video . Dominic and Dante recreated a fight scene from Rebel Without a Cause at Los Angeles' Griffith Park . James Dean died in a car crash less than a month before Rebel Without a Cause was released in cinemas . Father and son faced off again at the Los Angeles gymnasium made famous in The Karate Kid's final scene . The Karate Kid's final scenes were filmed at California State University, Northridge in Los Angeles . Dante pretended to be McLovin, the underage character who tries to buy beer in a scene from Superbad . The 7 Days Food Store, where this scene from Superbad was set, is located in Glendale, California . Dominic, a character actor who works mostly in television, has been documenting his family’s travels, taken between breaks in work and school, with photos that show them recreating famous film scenes. It all stems back to a decision he made in 2010 when he returned from work one day and found his kids staring at the television and tablet computer in their Hollywood home. He thought it would be fun to take them to film locations in the Los Angeles area, and the idea snowballed into something that has taken them across the US and provided lasting memories. Dominic told MailOnline Travel: ‘I've always been a fan of film, and the artists who have made so many iconic projects over the past 100 years. These artists are what have always inspired me to become an actor, so that I may one day have the same impact on someone as they have had on me. One of the highlights of the family's travels as a visit to the Iowa farm from Field of Dreams . Tourists are lured to Dubuque County, Iowa, to visit the farm where Field of Dreams was filmed . Dominic and Geraldine recreate Pretty Woman's final scene outside the Las Palmas Hotel in Hollywood . The family's travels have taken them across the US, including the famous 'Rocky steps' in Philadelphia . Tourists flocked to the Philadelphia Museum of Art every day to recreate this scene from Rocky . In New York City, the Pace family visited the fire station featured in Ghostbusters . The fire station, which acted as a stand-in for the Ghostbusters' headquarters, is located in Manhattan . ‘I've always felt some of these locations were informal landmarks and tributes to the actors, directors, directors of photography and screenwriters who have done such great work. ‘To stand where Pacino and Brando performed, or even The Goonies, or where John Hughes directed in Chicago, it's always been very special to me. ‘The world is covered with so much negativity, and I thought it was the perfect way to sort of jump into these imaginary worlds that have given everyone so much happiness through our lives.’ Dominic said the hobby has provided invaluable bonding time with his wife, Geraldine, 40, and their sons, Dante, 9, and Benett, 6. One of the lesser-known locations was the New Jersey setting for Camp Crystal Lake in Friday the 13th . Scenes from the opening of Reservoir Dogs were filmed in this parking lot in Los Angeles . This scene from Reservoir Dogs was filmed in a car park at a bowling alley in on Eagle Rock Boulevard . Their first visit was to Los Angeles’ Griffith Park, where Dominic and Dante recreated James Dean’s knife fight scene from Rebel Without a Cause. Since then, they have visited homes from films or television programmes (The Godfather, A Christmas Story, All in the Family, Risky Business, and Michael Jackson’s Thriller music video, among them), sat on the bleachers at the Iowa farm which served as the setting for Field of Dreams, and walked on the beach where scenes from Jaws were filmed. Dominic, who has had guest roles in programmes such as NCIS, Bones, Desperate Housewives and NYPD Blue, even had his grandmother pose for a photo outside the New Jersey strip club which was the stand-in for the Bada Bing in The Sopranos. Dominic and Dante strike a pose outside the LA home from Michael Jackson's video for Thriller . Dante and Benett sit outside the Burbank home where the fictional Arnold family lived in The Wonder Years . Of the 250-plus locations he has visited, Dominic was blown away by the town of Brownsville, Oregon, which served as a fictional town in the classic coming-of-age film Stand by Me. He said: ‘It’s a town that really hasn’t changed much since the film. And it’s not just a house or a street, but the entire town was [featured]. 'When you’re there, you can really have a sense of being in one of the greatest Hollywood films. It was sad as well, as my Generation X shares the same age as the boys in the film when it was released. Dante channels Tom Cruise's character from Risky Business outside the Chicago home shown in the film . Tom Cruise starred in Risky Business as a teen who gets up to no good while his parents are away . The Pace family's road trips usually take them to Major League Baseball stadiums all over the US . Dominic said one of his favourite locations was Brownsville, Oregon, where Stand by Me was filmed . ‘When you’re there it’s a feeling as if time has moved on and the boys have grown up, as we have … but there’s still that beautiful feeling of youth and hanging out with our friends just like the characters did, without a care in the world at one time.’ Films from the 1980s – The Karate Kid, Back to the Future and any written and directed by John Hughes – hold sentimental value for Dominic, who watched plenty of them while spending summers at his grandparents’ home as he grew up in Ossining, New York. He said: ‘My grandparents were very special to me, and their house was the one place where there was so much love, with family and friends coming in and out all of the time. ‘Those films attach my memories to my grandparents, and some of the best years of my life I've had so far. Dominic and his sons pose for a snap at a Los Angeles hotel featured at the end of the 1982 film Poltergeist . Poltergeist tells the story of a California family affected by strange events after moving into a new home . Fans of the classic film ET are frequent visitors to this house in Tujunga, California . ‘My grandmother would be cooking, my grandfather either working in his tool shed or playing solitaire watching with us. I think ultimately that's the magic of being at some of these locations, a fond memory of who I was with when I watched the films for the first time.’ But not all locations lived up to the family’s expectations, given the passage of time. An Italian restaurant in the Bronx, which was featured in The Godfather, is now a yarn store, while, and the diner from the opening scene of Pulp Fiction is no longer there. They were unable to get close to the New Jersey lake where scenes from the original Friday the 13th were filmed, as it is now a private camp operated by the Boy Scouts of America. Dominic and Geraldine share a kiss as they recreate a scene from Moonstruck at a New York apartment . The family home featured in A Christmas Story has been preserved as a museum in Cleveland, Ohio . The family’s next trip will take them to Miami, where they plan to visit locations from Ace Ventura, Scarface, Porky’s, The Birdcage and Miami Vice. In the next few years they would love to visit locations in Europe. As they continue to scratch locations off their list, Dominic said he wants to publish a travel guide for other tourists who share his passion. ‘As well as being in the business as an actor, I am equally a fan, and have a tremendous appreciation for so many brilliant actors, directors, writers before me. ‘Ideally, I'd like to put together a book once I'm finished, combining not only the addresses within the states of these classic locations, but also GPS road maps to unique hotels and eats throughout the country.’ | Dominic Pace is an actor who has had roles in many TV programmes . He came up with the idea as a way for the family to spend time together . Over the last five years they have travelled to locations across the US . Dominic's favourite spots include the town where Stand by Me was filmed . He has an album of photos showing the family recreating scenes . |
Based on the reference text, who were the main parties who supported and opposed Prop 22? | 2020 California Proposition 22
Support
Lyft, Uber, DoorDash, Instacart, and Postmates contributed over $205 million into campaigns supporting Prop 22, making it the most expensive ballot measure in California's history. This included major funding for the Yes on Prop 22 campaign, and promoting the proposed legislation directly to customers when using their app. Beyond in-app messaging, Uber and Lyft also conducted extensive social media and television advertising to persuade voters. Such advertisements informed voters that a "no" outcome for the proposition would put many drivers' occupations in jeopardy, among other messages.
Sponsored support
Some of the companies also forced their workers to support and promote the legislation: Uber sent its drivers in-app messages forcing them to click on either "Yes on Prop 22" or "OK", Instacart ordered its workers to place pro-Prop 22 stickers in customers' shopping bags, and DoorDash forced delivery drivers to use bags saying "Yes on 22".
Title litigation
The ballot title, written by Attorney General Xavier Becerra, is "Exempts App-Based Transportation and Delivery Companies from Providing Employee Benefits to Certain Drivers. Initiative Statute". The Yes on Prop 22 campaign challenged this description as non-neutral in court, but their arguments were rejected by a Sacramento Superior Court judge.
Opposition
The No on Prop 22 campaign was funded by the California Labor Federation, with support from UC Berkeley Labor Center. The campaign received around $19 million in support, mostly from labor groups. Driver groups Rideshare Drivers United, Gig Workers Rising, We Drive Progress, and Mobile Workers United, spoke out against Prop 22. Editorial boards from the New York Times and Los Angeles Times also called on voters to reject Prop 22.
The proposition would add protections specific to app-based workers, different from other independent contractors, but these protections would only apply during the time the worker is "engaged" in fulfilling a specific request and not while the worker is logged in to the app and available to fulfill a request. | The main parties to support Prop 22 included Lyft, Uber, Doordash, Instacart, and Postmates. The main parties to oppose Prop 22 included California Labor Federation, Rideshare Drivers United, Gig Workers Rising, We Drive Progress, and Mobile Workers United. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | (CNN)The President repeated an unfortunate and ill-fated claim while campaigning hard for Obamacare. You remember it. "If you like your health care plan, you can keep it." With that false sloganeering, Barack Obama made sure he thoroughly owned a piece of the scorn spawned every time an insurance company changed or canceled plans after the ACA became law. Bad move. He's apologized, but history will record the affair as his "Read my lips, no new taxes" moment . Yet, there are worse moves politicians can make. Republicans are making one now. Republican leaders are stepping up to offer woefully inadequate stand-ins for Obamacare. They're offering these salves because they're hoping the Supreme Court issues a death blow to the federal exchanges that are now facilitating health coverage in 37 states and they want to have a possible alternative. There is plenty of potential the case, King v. Burwell, will succeed in halting the insurance subsidies that federal exchanges require to function. The Republican leadership is smart. They understand some of the anxiety already percolating up now could transform into a true panic. But in trying to contain fear, they're guaranteeing they'll own the anger that comes next. A collection of three congressmen, including Senate Finance committee chair Orrin Hatch (R-Utah), recently acknowledged the dire need for an alternative in the wake of Obamacare's demise and issued a "blueprint" that nods toward some of the key concepts. Rather than subsidize the cost of heavily regulated insurance plans, this proposal would free up the market more, including more price variability, and offer tax credits to help defray the cost for people making up to three times the poverty level. In place of Medicaid expansion, the Republican plan would cap the federal Medicaid support, linking it to the Consumer Price Index. The plan effectively kills universal access by offering people a one-time chance to sign up for coverage, and it doesn't require that anyone obtain coverage, making the individual insurance market unsustainable yet again as primarily those who already know they're in ill health will flood the market and premiums will become unaffordable. If anything, the massive outreach campaigns required to push traffic to HealthCare.gov demonstrate the difficulty in getting young, healthy people to act in their own best interests. While this outline potentially salvaged some semblance of the broad health care access the ACA is achieving, Senator Hatch showed his hand with a subsequent Washington Post op-ed he shared with two other senators. Insisting that "Republicans have a plan to help Americans harmed by the Administration's actions," you might be forgiven if you didn't realize the harm was simply enforcing one's civic duty to purchase affordable health insurance. Instead, Hatch and his colleagues hope to soften the blow by offering a transitional period so that marketplace health plans aren't immediately canceled after the Supreme Court issues its ruling, expected in June. The senators would generously allow states to develop their own plans, something only the intellectual powerhouse of Massachusetts managed to accomplish prior to the ACA. With most of the affected 37 states having one or more government branches controlled by a party that preferred the status quo prior to the ACA, such state-level innovation isn't likely. Louisiana governor and distant Republican presidential hopeful Bobby Jindal advocates a starker response: let's roll out the welcome mat for the apocalypse. He argues that canceling the subsidies in all 50 states would reduce taxes by $48 billion, so canceling them in 37 states is a great start. Jindal actually thinks the Supreme Court's potential decision against the ACA presents Republicans with an electoral "solution" -- the chance to bask in the glory earned by a massive tax cut. The White House got a bit desperate in the run up to Obamacare, that much is clear from the poor vetting they applied to President's own stock stump speeches. Beyond his unclear rhetoric, they pushed the law through both chambers of Congress hurriedly and didn't allow it to receive the normal careful editing and revisions in a joint committee. The President leaped to sign the bill, warts and all, as it very well could have flitted away altogether. Now one of those warts has turned cancerous. It surprised everyone involved with debating and covering the ACA at the time of its passage, including the lawyers behind this suit, to learn the bill erroneously specifies only state-run exchanges can dole out subsidies. Yet in their giddiness over the law's potential demise over its own inconsistencies, the Republicans are getting sloppy too. The case is driven by a small nonprofit outfit called the Competitive Enterprise Institute, which while it has tentacles throughout the Republican establishment, means that the case itself, at one point, couldn't be blamed as the GOP's own strategy. But now that multiple Republican leaders have stepped up to offer these farfetched fix-it plans, and several leaders have even supplied the court with amicus briefs in support of the plaintiffs, there's simply no separating the GOP itself from the Supreme Court's decision in King v. Burwell. Republicans aren't promising that you can keep your plan if you like it. They're promising, that for millions of Americans now receiving their health care through the federal marketplace, you won't be able to keep any plan at all. Over 9 million people would lose health insurance altogether if the plaintiffs win in King v. Burwell, and many more will suffer due to the destabilized markets that in many cases will shut down altogether as rates skyrocket and insurers pull out. None of the Republican plans can realistically come together to fill the gap anytime soon, so a gulf will emerge between states with the political will to operate their own exchanges and the red and purple states that don't have such fortitude. We suffered a rocky transition into the ACA, no question, but hospital systems, providers and patients are just now getting the lay of the land. We are seeing some great advantages, particularly in fields like mine. In rehabilitation medicine, we're seeing that serious injuries that once blocked access to insurance are no longer a barrier. The White House isn't making the mistake of owning what comes next. They're frank: there are no contingency plans. Republicans, apparently, want to own the next wave of insurance cancellations, while refusing to make a simple edit to a bill that for once guaranteed health care for the poor, injured and disabled. So be it -- 2016 is in sight. | Ford Vox: Democrats made errors in rush for Obamacare, but provided wide public access . Vox: Republicans are pushing a case that would upend Obamacare, but their alternative would be a disaster . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | One Capital One Cup final cameraman's afternoon got a whole lot wetter thanks to Chelsea boss Jose Mourinho. With his side a goal to the good on a wet afternoon at Wembley Stadium, the Chelsea boss decided to have a bit of fun with a member of the TV crew by giving him a cheeky soaking with a water bottle. Known for having an overall good relationship with members of the press, Mourinho followed his prank with a mischievous smile towards his unlucky victim. Chelsea boss Jose Mourinho takes aim and fires as he gives a camera man a soaking with a water bottle . With play going on in the background the Blues manager turned to squirt his unlucky victim with water . The Portuguese manager gives a cheeky smile to the television crew member after his prank at Wembley . And the smile continued on a successful outing for the Portuguese, as his side went on to beat Tottenham 2-0 to lift his first piece of silverware during his second stint in charge of the Blues. A goal from captain John Terry and an own goal from Spurs defender Kyle Walker handed Chelsea their fifth League Cup title, helping Mourinho get his hands on this particular cup for the third time in his managerial career. It was a solid performance from his men as they dampened Tottenham's week even further following their eviction from the Europa League on Thursday after defeat to Fiorentina. Chelsea skipper John Terry turns to celebrate after scoring the opener for his side on Sunday afternoon . Diego Costa blasts a shot goalward before it takes a deflection off Tottenham defender Kyle Walker . Diego Costa (left) celebrates Chelsea's second goal at Wembley with team-mate Cesar Azpilicueta (right) | Jose Mourinho squirted a camera with water during the game at Wembley . His side went on to lift the Capital One Cup after beating Tottenham 2-0 . It is Mourinho's third League Cup title in charge of the west London club . |
Extract from the passage, the first engine in the Jeep Compass | The Jeep Compass is a compact crossover SUV introduced for the 2007 model year, and is currently in its second generation. The first generation Compass and Patriot, its rebadged variant, were among Jeep's first crossover SUVs. The second-generation Compass debuted in September 2016 in Brazil and at the Los Angeles International Auto Show in November 2016, sharing a modified platform with the Renegade. It is positioned between the smaller Renegade and the larger Cherokee globally or the Commander in South America.
Concept
Four years prior to the introduction of the production Jeep Compass, a concept vehicle with the same name had its world premiere in Detroit at the 2002 North American International Auto Show. It featured a two-door body, all-wheel drive and a 3.7-liter V6 engine.
The 3.7 L Power-Tech V6 engine from the Jeep Liberty was not available in the new Compass for 2007, though the production model Compass kept the concept car's styling cues and some of its features. The production model Compass also had four doors instead of the two doors on the concept car. | The initial engine in the concept was a 3.7-liter V6 engine. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | John Kerry tried to defuse the ongoing row over Benjamin Netanyahu's forthcoming speech to Congress - despite fears it will affect negotiations with Iran over their nuclear program. The Secretary of State said he did not want the Israeli's Prime Minister's forthcoming address to a joint session of Congress to become 'some great political football'. Netanyahu's speech, organized by John Boehner, the Republican House Speaker, was set up without the blessing of the Obama administration - and comes as the White House tries to strike a deal over Iran's nuclear ambitions. Scroll down for video . Play ball: Secretary of State John Kerry, right, tried to stop a feud over Israeli leader Benjamin Netanyahu (left) escalating in an interview Sunday . On his way: Netanyahu is pictured above with his wife Sarah, leaving Tel Aviv for the address to Congress on Tuesday . It is feared that such a public show of closeness to Israel, a firm foe of Iran, could dash Obama's hopes in the negotiations, in which he hopes to curb the nuclear program in exchange for easing economic sanctions. Kerry played up U.S.-Israeli unity in an interview on Sunday for ABC's This Week show, insisting 'the prime minister of Israel is welcome to speak in the United States, obviously. 'And we have a closer relationship with Israel right now in terms of security than at any time in history.' There is, however, a clear different in policy between Netanyahu and the White House - with the Israeli leader expected to urge Congress to stop Iran's nuclear ambitions by keeping up the current sanctions regime. Congress wants to keep the sanctions regime strong, but the President has said he would veto any new penalties to preserve the negotiations. Kerry reiterated Washington's determination to pursue negotiations with Iran, saying the White House deserved 'the benefit of the doubt' to see if a nuclear deal could be reached. By accepting an invitation from the Republican party to . address Congress on Tuesday, the Israeli leader infuriated the . Obama administration, which said it was not told of the speech . before plans were made public in an apparent breach of protocol. Solemn: Netanyahu has claimed his visit is above the political, and says he is standing up for all Jews by visiting Washington. He is pictured above praying at Jerusalem's Western Wall . But both sides have tried to downplay the rift. In remarks on Saturday at Jersualem's Western Wall, . Netanyahu said: 'I would like to take this opportunity to say . that I respect U.S. President Barack Obama.' He added that he . believed in the strong bilateral ties and said, 'that strength . will prevail over differences of opinion, those in the past and . those yet to come.' Netanyahu did not repeat those remarks as he departed on . Sunday. The Israeli prime minister, who is running for . re-election in a March 17 ballot, has framed his visit as being . above politics and he portrayed himself as being a guardian for . all Jews. 'I'm going to Washington on a fateful, even historic, . mission,' he said as he boarded his plane in Tel Aviv. 'I feel . that I am an emissary of all Israel's citizens, even those who . do not agree with me, and of the entire Jewish people,' he told . reporters. Not popular: Anti-Israeli demonstrator are pictured above protesting in D.C. ahead of Netanyahu's address . Netanyahu is expected to use his speech to urge Congress to . approve new sanctions against Iran despite Obama's pledge to . veto such legislation because it would jeopardize nuclear talks. U.S. officials fear he is seeking to sabotage the Iran . diplomacy, and critics have suggested his visit is an elaborate . election stunt that will play well with voters back home. While White House and Israeli officials insist that key . areas of cooperation, from counter-terrorism to intelligence to . cyber security, will remain unaffected, the divide over the Iran . talks has shaped up as the worst in decades. Previously Israel has always been careful to navigate . between the Republican and Democratic camps. The planned . address, however, has driven a rare wedge between Netanyahu's . government and some congressional Democrats. Some two dozen or . more of them plan to boycott the speech, according to unofficial . estimates. Iran itself has weighed in on the speech as well. Speaking in Tehran on Saturday, Iranian Foreign Minister . Mohammad Javad Zarif accused Netanyahu of trying to undermine . the nuclear talks in order to distract from the Palestinians' unresolved bid for an independent state. 'Netanyahu is opposed to any sort of solution,' Zarif said. Meanwhile a U.S. official, speaking on condition of anonymity, . said the 'politicized' nature of his visit threatened 'what . undergirds the strength of the relationship'. As one former U.S. official put it: 'Sure, when Netanyahu . calls the White House, Obama will answer. But how fast will he . be about responding (to a crisis)?' | Secretary of State tried to downplay rift over Israeli prime minister's speech . He will address joint session of Congress on Tuesday after GOP invite . White House said the speech was organized without their blessing . Administration worries it could tank negotiations with Iran . But Kerry today emphasized U.S.-Israeli unity in attempt to make up . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Real Madrid president Florentino Perez insists the La Liga giants will not sell Welsh star Gareth Bale this summer. Premier League duo Manchester United and Chelsea are believed to be interested in luring the former Tottenham Hotspur man back to England. Bale has struggled to win over the Los Blancos fans this season, but Perez insists the 25-year-old will not be leaving the Bernabeu despite the reported interest. Gareth Bale scores during the UEFA Champions League Final between Real Madrid and Athletico Madrid . Real Madrid president Florentino Perez insists the La Liga giants will not sell Welsh star Bale this summer . Manchester United and Chelsea are reportedly interested in bring Bale back to the Premier League . Perez told Spanish publication Marca: 'We would never listen to any offers for Bale no matter what the bid was. 'He is a unique player who has already given so much to the team. 'He is the key to the club's future, just like I cannot imagine a future without Cristiano Ronaldo.' Bale has struggled to win over the Los Blancos fans, but Perez insists he will not be leaving the Bernabeu . Bale was in international action on Saturday as Wales brushed aside Israel at the Sammy Ofer Stadium . | Real Madrid insist attacker Gareth Bale will not leave the club this summer . Bale has struggled to win over the Los Blancos fans in recent months . Manchester United and Chelsea had been linked with a move for Bale . Florentino Perez claims the club would never listen to any offers for him . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | A 40-year murder mystery has taken another dramatic twist with sensational new claims the victim's husband confessed to the triple killing on his deathbed. Queensland Police are investigating whether Bill McCulkin admitted shortly before he died in 2011 to killing his wife, Barbara, 34, and their two daughters, Vicki, 13, and Leanne, 11. Mrs McCulkin and her daughters disappeared from their Brisbane home in January 1974, and have not been seen since. Scroll down for video . Barbara McCulkin (right), 34, and their two daughters, Vicki, 13, and Leanne, 11, disappeared in January 1974 . The case has become one of Australia's most enduring cold-case mysteries. But a major break may have come in the case recenty, when a witness to McCulkin's alleged confession gave a statement to police. Police are trying to reconcile inconsistencies between the supposed confession and the other clues in the investigation and the conclusions detectives have reached previously. McCulkin, a petty gangster, reportedly took up with another woman just two months before his former partner and her girls disappeared. He was initially a suspect, but was later cleared of being involved in the crime. Vicki McCulkin, 13, Barbara McCulkin, 34, and her sister Barbara, 11, in 1974 . Vince O'Dempsey (left) leaves Southport watchhouse in December 1989, and Billy McCulkin (right) outside court in 1980 . Leanne McCulkin (left) and Barbara McCulkin befor etheir disappearance and murder . The court was told the motive for the killings was allegedly that Barbara McCulkin knew too much about the gang’s involvement in the Torino’s Nightclub fire, according to the Courier Mail. Crown prosecutor David Meredith argued Barbara’s loose lips were proof of motive for murder. Dubois and O'Dempsey face three counts of murder and deprivation of liberty. They are due back in court later this month. Vincent O'Dempsey on his farming property before his arrest . Gary Dubois (left) was charged with the murders along with O'Dempsey (right) Dubois and O'Dempsey are believed to be linked to the The Whiskey Au Go Go Nightclub fire through their involvement with the Clockwork Orange Gang . Sorry we are not currently accepting comments on this article. | Victim's husband allegedly confessed to murders on his deathbed . Bill McCulkin had been cleared by police of killing wife and children . Barbara, 34, Vicki, 13, and Leanne McCulkin, 11, disappeared in 1974 . Gary Reginald Dubois and Vincent O'Dempsey charged in last year . McCulkin's alleged confessors does not match with police investigation . Dubois and O'Dempsey were not granted bail by Brisbane court this week . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | (CNN)What's your company doing this year for March Madness? If your workplace is like most, the answer is a big fat nothing. Instead of leveraging the NCAA's annual tournament and turning it into a genuine bonding experience between colleagues, most organizations pretend it isn't happening. On the surface, ignoring a sporting event that takes place during regular work hours might appear like sound business practice. After all, companies need to generate profit, and it's hard to generate profit when your employees are huddled around a television, right? Wrong. What this perspective overlooks is that productivity isn't simply a function of how many hours we spend at the office. It also depends on the quality of our workplace experience. And one critical feature of that experience is how closely connected we feel to our colleagues. Research has consistently demonstrated that we are more effective at our jobs when we feel attached to the people around us. How do strong colleague relationships elevate our performance? For one thing, they make us more motivated. When you and your colleagues are close, failing to perform your duties generates more than a dissatisfied customer or an unhappy manager -- it means letting down your friends. The social pressure to achieve results can serve as a stronger motivator than anything a boss can say. Closer connections also foster a sense of trust and more candid dialogue. Studies comparing the collaboration patterns of friends to mere acquaintances indicate that friends are more willing to ask for help and more comfortable speaking up when a colleague is off on the wrong track. Performance aside, workplace friendships benefit organizations for another reason: Employees with richer friendships tend to stay on with their company for longer periods of time. Despite these considerable benefits, at most companies, friendships are an afterthought. To motivate employees, managers tend to rely on bonuses, promotions, and salary increases, ignoring the fact that as humans, we all have a basic psychological need for meaningful relationships. Yet the research is clear: When we feel valued and respected by those around us, we're not only more motivated -- we're also happier, healthier, and more productive. For too many organizations, investing in quality employee relationships means one thing: team-building exercises. Think ice breakers, trust falls and scavenger hunts. Every year, corporations spend millions on off-site retreats and weekend getaways packed with cringeworthy activities that purportedly foster better communication. But here's the truth: While awkward collaborations may spark brief experiences of closeness, they rarely translate into lasting friendships. So what does? Studies suggest three factors are essential to the development of authentic, meaningful friendships: familiarity (being around the same colleague often), similarity (finding commonalities in your background), and self-disclosure (revealing personal information about yourself every now and then, and having your co-worker do the same). Few activities include all three of these elements. This explains why close relationships usually take years to develop. But interestingly, office game-viewing parties come close. They present opportunities for colleagues to mingle with those from other departments and connect over shared interests. For many, the NCAA basketball tournament is associated with their experience at college, which leads them to share stories about their past, prompting co-workers to do the same. Unlike team-building experiences that compel employees to engage with one another, game-viewing parties position people to connect voluntarily. And that feature can make all the difference. In recent years, a number of forward-thinking workplaces have begun leveraging March Madness in intelligent ways. Ogilvy & Mather, for example, an international marketing agency based in New York, invites employees to watch tournament games on projection screens in conference rooms and the office cafeteria. To address the fact that not everyone has the time to follow college basketball, a Virginia financial services firm called The Motley Fool offers a free "Bracketology" class, where nonenthusiasts can get caught up on this year's favorites and collect advice before filling out their brackets. A number of organizations, including office furniture manufacturer Turnstone, even serve game-day snacks, such as pizza, popcorn, and chicken wings, to simulate the viewing experience of a sports bar, minus the alcohol. In addition to organizing a vibrant workplace gathering, there are also opportunities for making better use of the office tournament pool. Here's one idea: Instead of having employees pay an entry fee (which discourages nonfans from joining in), sponsor prizes so that everyone participates. Then, go beyond recognizing individual contestants and reward the team or department with the highest average score. This way, employees have reason to root for one another, fostering a sense of collaboration. Another approach worth considering: using the office pool as a motivational tool. Some years ago, NetTel Partners, a sales organization in Philadelphia, launched a competition among its salespeople in the weeks before the NCAA tournament. The more appointments a salesperson secured with potential clients, the sooner he or she could select a team in the office draft. The results were astonishing. Total cost to NetTel for furnishing prizes: $300, plus the price of a personalized basketball jersey. Total impact on the business: a 35% jump in appointments, not to mention a boost in office morale. As the NCAA tournament tips off this month, organizational leaders would be wise to re-examine their approach to March Madness. Instead of treating the tournament as a nuisance that prevents employees from working, perhaps it's time we considered embracing it for what it is: an inexpensive opportunity for bringing our work teams closer together. Without the trust falls. | Friedman: Companies should encourage their employees to bond over NCAA tournament games . Research shows the value of cultivating friendships among co-workers . |
Given the following paragraph about the nutrition profile of peanut butter, what minerals is peanut butter rich in? | In a 100 gram amount, smooth peanut butter supplies 597 Calories and is composed of 51% fat, 22% protein, 22% carbohydrates (including 5% dietary fiber), and 1% water (table). Both crunchy and smooth peanut butter are sources of saturated and monounsaturated fats (mainly oleic acid) as 25% of total serving amount, and polyunsaturated fat (12% of total), primarily as linoleic acid).
Peanut butter is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of dietary fiber, vitamin E, pantothenic acid, folate, niacin, and vitamin B6 (table, USDA FoodData Central). Also high in content are the dietary minerals manganese, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, copper, and sodium (added as salt during manufacturing). Peanut butter is a moderate source (10–19% DV) of thiamin, riboflavin, iron, and potassium (table). | Minerals that peanut butter is rich in include manganese, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, copper, and sodium. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Vincent Kompany lost his place in the Manchester City team following a dressing-room row with Fernandinho. Sportsmail understands the pair were involved in a heated exchange that threatened to boil over at half-time during their 2-1 defeat at Liverpool. A City insider told Sportsmail: 'Fernandinho had a bit of a go at Vinnie and he went right back at him. He was raging and didn't take well to the criticism. Others had to get involved to stop it getting worse.' Vincent Kompany (left) and Fernandinho (right) were involved in a dressing-room row at Liverpool . Kompany looked at ease during Manchester City training alongside Edin Dzeko (left) on Wednesday . Kompany was dropped to the bench when Manchester City hosted Leicester City last week . Kompany attempts to tackle Raheem Sterling during City's 2-1 defeat by Liverpool three days earlier . Tempers flared shortly after Manuel Pellegrini's men returned to the Anfield dressing room with the score at 1-1, according to the Mirror. Liverpool had opened the scoring when Fernandinho sold Kompany short and Philippe Coutinho nipped in before Jordan Henderson struck from long-range. A source told the paper team-mates feared the pair would come to blows after Fernandinho criticised his captain for his part in the goal. Kompany is said to have reacted furiously before Pellegrini told the Belgium centre-half that he should listen to his team-mate. The 28-year-old is then reported to have reacted even more angrily before rounding on anyone who challenged him. City went on to lose the game 2-1. Jordan Henderson and his Liverpool team-mates celebrate after Philippe Coutinho's winner at Anfield . Fernandinho started the game against Liverpool but was dropped out of the squad for the next game . City captain Kompany trains before his side's Premier League clash with Leicester . Kompany, who signed a new five-year contract last summer following a 2008 move from Hamburg, was an unused substitute for the following match, a 2-0 win over bottom-of-the-table Leicester City, with Pellegrini claiming he needed to freshen his side up. Brazilian Fernandinho, a £34m signing from Shakhtar Donetsk in 2013, was left out of the squad altogether. Manchester City declined to comment on the incident. However, they are understood to be happy that there is no lingering animosity, believe the row was over as quickly as it started and are of the opinion that it was similar to disagreements that happen on a regular basis in dressing rooms across the country. They are also keen to point out that it had nothing to do with Kompany not playing the next game. The Premier League champions are currently five points behind leaders Chelsea, who have a game in hand. They travel to Burnley in Saturday's late kick-off. Kompany looks dejected as he claps towards the visiting fans after the disappointing defeat on March 1 . | Vincent Kompany and Fernandinho involved in row at half-time at Anfield . Duo were dropped for game against Leicester City three days later . Insider says: 'Others had to get involved to stop it getting worse' Kompany said to have reacted furiously after Fernandinho criticism . City duo were at fault for Liverpool's first goal in defeat . Premier League champions play Burnley at Turf Moor on Saturday . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Courtney Lawes insists England fans will see a changed man at Twickenham on Saturday as he believes controlling his recklessness will preserve his career. The 26-year-old Northampton lock returns to Stuart Lancaster’s starting line-up against Scotland after recovering from ankle surgery in January and will be charged with running the line-out. Renowned as one of the world’s most physical players, Lawes has suffered several injuries since making his England debut aged 20 and the son of a nightclub bouncer accepts he needs to choose his battles. Northampton lock Courtney Lawes, in England training, returns to Stuart Lancaster's starting XV . ‘If I’m reckless then I’ll probably hurt myself which is why I keep a lid on things these days,’ said Lawes, who will win his 37th cap. ‘I’ve always been pretty chilled but when you’re younger, frustrations can get the better of you and you can be a bit rash. I’ve matured. I know I’m not made of steel.’ Lawes replaces George Kruis in the second row for the Calcutta Cup clash. The 26-year-old, working hard on Wednesday at England HQ, will win his 37th cap at Twickenham . The England squad played out a fiercely committed training match on Wednesday ahead of facing Scotland . | England take on Scotland in the Six Nations on Saturday at Twickenham . Courtney Lawes returns to the England starting XV alongside Mike Brown . 26-year-old lock Lawes has recovered from ankle surgery in January . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | The SFA’s new performance director, Brian McClair is being paid generously for his expertise. But many would have paid a penny for his thoughts on Tuesday night. The moment he read the quotes of his colleague Ricky Sbragia on young Jack Harper. To the uninitiated, Harper is Scottish football’s new wonderkid. Islam Feruz without the attitude. Mark Wotte – McClair’s predecessor – dubbed the Real Madrid youth player Scotland’s answer to Robin van Persie. Real Madrid youngster Jack Harper in action against Ludogorets in the UEFA Youth League match . Scotland Under-19s manager Ricky Sbragia has left Harper out of his squad for the upcoming games . He did so because, by all accounts, Harper does not fit the typical Scottish mould. He is not quite a No 9, not entirely a No 10. He is a creative type who scores goals under the watchful eye of Real coach Zinedine Zidane. So far this season he has scored three goals for Real in the UEFA Youth League and is midway through a five-year deal signed in 2012. Born in Fuengirola, near Malaga, the 18-year-old is Spanish. And Spain’s Under-19 coach Luis de la Fuente has used his birth certificate to try to recruit him. Marvellously, however, Harper does not want to play for Spain. His parents are from Barrhead. He wants to play for Scotland. Incredibly, Scotland seems less keen on him. Sbragia’s Under-19 squad are currently preparing for UEFA European Championships elite round with games against Austria, Italy and Croatia this week. And Harper, dubbed a ‘luxury’ player, is nowhere to be found. In a throwback to the old school thinking which preceded the SFA’s high-profile 2020 performance strategy, Sbragia explains his absence by saying: ‘Our concentration is on the opening game with Austria and we’ve deliberately got more height in our squad. That’s one of the reasons why Jack isn’t in. Highly rated forward Harper has already been linked with moves to Manchester United and Liverpool . ‘The last time he was with us, he did okay, but I wanted a little more impact. At Real Madrid, he can float all over the place. But with us, he has to be more disciplined. ‘It’s purely tactical and there certainly hasn’t been a lack of enthusiasm from Jack about playing for Scotland.’ There might be now, of course. Most of all when Harper learns that young Oliver McBurnie, an 18-year-old striker who plays for Bradford City is in the squad. Currently McBurnie, six foot two in his stocking soles, is on loan at Chester City – a non-league club in the English Conference Premier. Within the SFA, there is a recognition of how damaging and old-fashioned all this looks. Regarded as a progressive, forward thinking and intelligent coach within the corridors of Hampden, Sbragia’s quotes on Harper hint at something else. For McClair, a cerebral former Manchester United colleague of Sbragia’s, the Harper conundrum represents an early test of his diplomatic skills. Scotland boss Gordon Strachan – no giant himself – washed his hands of the matter on Tuesday, saying: ‘I’m not involved in that at all. I let the other guys get on with it. I’ve no idea if it’s physical or whatever.’ Harper is currently midway through a five-year deal with Real Madrid and is tipped to have a big future . Pointing out that most of the country has never seen Harper play, Strachan added: ‘I’ve seen a few people at Chelsea who never get a game anywhere. They go on loan somewhere and disappear into no man’s land.’ That was the fate of Feruz – the ‘wonderkid’ who turned his back on Scotland and was last heard of having a loan deal at Blackpool cancelled. Before leaving his post last October, Wotte urged Scottish youth football to rid itself of the ‘win at all costs’ mentality and develop skills. An appeal which fell on deaf ears with at least one SFA colleague. ‘We have to match these teams physically,’ said Sbragia of the challenge facing his under-19 side. ‘The more I’m seeing games, the more I see things going back to physicality and the height factor.’ The irony, of course, is that Harper is no midget. He is six foot tall. Taller than Aiden McGeady and James McCarthy, the Glasgow-born Everton stars allowed to slip through the SFA’s fingers and play for the Republic of Ireland instead. The worry is that when the SFA host European Championship games at Hampden in 2020, the nation will finally get the chance to see the prodigious talent of Jack Harper. In the red shirt of Spain. | Jack Harper has been left out of the Scotland Under 19s squad for the upcoming games by manager Ricky Sbragia . Sbragia’s Under-19 squad are currently preparing for UEFA European Championships elite round . Harper has scored three goals for Real in the UEFA Youth League . |
What are some of the ways that people celebrate the "Jindo's Sea Way" festival in South Korea? | A medium-sized hunting dog breed called the Korean Jindo Dog originates from Jindo. It is known in Korea for its fierce loyalty, attachment to home and hunting abilities. Since 1936, the dog is considered as a national cultural legacy and has been protected during the war times. There is a Jindo Dog Research and Testing Center on the island.
The tide-related sea level variations result in a land pass 2.9 km long and 10–40 meters wide opening for approximately an hour between the main Jindo island and the small Modo island to the south of Jindo. The event occurs about twice a year, around April–June. It had long been celebrated in a local festival called "Jindo's Sea Way", but was largely unknown to the world until 1975, when the French ambassador Pierre Randi described the phenomenon in a French newspaper. Nowadays, nearly half a million foreign and local tourists attend the event annually. It is accompanied by local festivals which include Ganggangsuwollae (Korean traditional circle dance), Ssitkim-gut (a shaman ritual, consoling the souls of the dead), Deul Norae (traditional farmers songs), Manga (burial ceremony songs), Jindo dog show, Buknori (drum performance) and fireworks.
The island has three art galleries, Sojun, Namjin and Sochi, containing collections of painters who worked here over the past centuries. | Almost half a million people travel to Jindo annually to celebrate the "Jindo's Sea Way" festival each year. Celebrations include traditional circle dancing, farmer songs, fireworks, and a Jindo dog show. |
Summarize Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka in one sentence. | Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), was a landmark decision by the U.S. Supreme Court, which ruled that U.S. state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional, even if the segregated schools are otherwise equal in quality. The decision partially overruled the Court's 1896 decision Plessy v. Ferguson, which had held that racial segregation laws did not violate the U.S. Constitution as long as the facilities for each race were equal in quality, a doctrine that had come to be known as "separate but equal".[note 1] The Court's decision in Brown paved the way for integration and was a major victory of the civil rights movement, and a model for many future impact litigation cases.
The underlying case began in 1951 when the public school system in Topeka, Kansas, refused to enroll local black resident Oliver Brown's daughter at the elementary school closest to their home, instead requiring her to ride a bus to a segregated black school farther away. The Browns and twelve other local black families in similar situations filed a class-action lawsuit in U.S. federal court against the Topeka Board of Education, alleging that its segregation policy was unconstitutional. A special three-judge court of the U.S. District Court for the District of Kansas rendered a verdict against the Browns, relying on the precedent of Plessy v. Ferguson and its "separate but equal" doctrine. The Browns, represented by NAACP chief counsel Thurgood Marshall, then appealed the ruling directly to the Supreme Court.
In May 1954, the Supreme Court issued a unanimous 9–0 decision in favor of the Browns. The Court ruled that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal", and therefore laws that impose them violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. However, the decision's 14 pages did not spell out any sort of method for ending racial segregation in schools, and the Court's second decision in Brown II (349 U.S. 294 (1955)) only ordered states to desegregate "with all deliberate speed".
In the Southern United States, especially the "Deep South", where racial segregation was deeply entrenched, the reaction to Brown among most white people was "noisy and stubborn". Many Southern governmental and political leaders embraced a plan known as "Massive Resistance", created by Virginia Senator Harry F. Byrd, in order to frustrate attempts to force them to de-segregate their school systems. Four years later, in the case of Cooper v. Aaron, the Court reaffirmed its ruling in Brown, and explicitly stated that state officials and legislators had no power to nullify its ruling. | Brown vs. the Board of Education of Topeka was a unanimous 1954 ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court that racial segregation in U.S. public schools was unconstitutional, which paved the way for civil rights and racial integration. |
From the passage note down the various streaming services which are supported by Alexa. List the results in comma separated format. | Alexa supports many subscription-based and free streaming services on Amazon devices. These streaming services include: Prime Music, Amazon Music, Amazon Music Unlimited, Apple Music, TuneIn, iHeartRadio, Audible, Pandora, and Spotify Premium. However, some of these music services are not available on other Alexa-enabled products that are manufactured by companies external of its services. This unavailability also includes Amazon's own Fire TV devices or tablets.
Alexa is able to stream media and music directly. To do this, Alexa's device should be linked to the Amazon account, which enables access to one's Amazon Music library, in addition to any audiobooks available in one's Audible library. Amazon Prime members have an additional ability to access stations, playlists, and over two million songs free of charge. Amazon Music Unlimited subscribers also have access to a list of millions of songs.
Amazon Music for PC allows one to play personal music from Google Play, iTunes, and others on an Alexa device. This can be done by uploading one's collection to My Music on Amazon from a computer. Up to 250 songs can be uploaded free of charge. Once this is done, Alexa can play this music and control playback through voice command options. | Prime Music, Amazon Music, Amazon Music Unlimited, Apple Music, TuneIn, iHeartRadio, Audible, Pandora, Spotify Premium |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | London (CNN)It might sound like a really old wives' tale, but a thousand-year-old Anglo-Saxon potion for eye infections may hold the key to wiping out the modern-day superbug MRSA, according to new research. The 10th-century "eyesalve" remedy was discovered at the British Library in a leather-bound volume of Bald's Leechbook, widely considered to be one of the earliest known medical textbooks. Christina Lee, an expert on Anglo-Saxon society from the School of English at the University of Nottingham, translated the ancient manuscript despite some ambiguities in the text. "We chose this recipe in Bald's Leechbook because it contains ingredients such as garlic that are currently investigated by other researchers on their potential antibiotic effectiveness," Lee said in a video posted on the university's website. "And so we looked at a recipe that is fairly straightforward. It's also a recipe where we are told it's the 'best of leechdoms' -- how could you not test that? So we were curious." Lee enlisted the help of the university's microbiologists to see if the remedy actually worked. The recipe calls for two species of Allium (garlic and onion or leek), wine and oxgall (bile from a cow's stomach) to be brewed in a brass vessel. "We recreated the recipe as faithfully as we could. The Bald gives very precise instructions for the ratio of different ingredients and for the way they should be combined before use, so we tried to follow that as closely as possible," said microbiologist Freya Harrison, who led the work in the lab at the School of Life Sciences. The book included an instruction for the recipe to be left to stand for nine days before being strained through a cloth. Efforts to replicate the recipe exactly included finding wine from a vineyard known to have existed in the ninth century, according to Steve Diggle, an associate professor of sociomicrobiology, who also worked on the project. The researchers then tested their recipe on cultures of MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, a type of staph bacterium that does not respond to commonly used antibiotic treatments. The scientists weren't holding out much hope that it would work -- but they were astonished by the lab results. "What we found was very interesting -- we found that Bald's eyesalve is incredibly potent as an anti-Staphylococcal antibiotic in this context," Harrison said. "We were going from a mature, established population of a few billion cells, all stuck together in this highly protected biofilm coat, to really just a few thousand cells left alive. This is a massive, massive killing ability." Diggle said the team also asked collaborators in the U.S. to test the recipe using an "in vivo" wound model -- meaning it's in a live organism -- "and basically the big surprise was that it seems to be more effective than conventional antibiotic treatment." The scientists were worried they wouldn't be able to repeat the feat. But three more batches, made from scratch each time, have yielded the same results, Harrison said, and the salve appears to retain its potency for a long time after being stored in bottles in the refrigerator. The team says it now has good, replicated data showing that the medicine kills up to 90% of MRSA bacteria in "in vivo" wound biopsies from mice. Harrison says the researchers are still not completely sure how it works, but they have a few ideas -- namely, that there might be several active components in the mixture that work to attack the bacterial cells on different fronts, making it very hard for them to resist; or that by combining the ingredients and leaving them to steep in alcohol, a new, more potent bacteria-fighting molecule is created in the process. "I still can't quite believe how well this 1,000-year-old antibiotic actually seems to be working," Harrison said. "When we got the first results we were just utterly dumbfounded. We did not see this coming at all." She added: "Obviously you can never say with utter certainty that because it works in the lab it's going to work as an antibiotic, but the potential of this to take on to the next stage and say, 'yeah, really does it work as an antibiotic' is just beyond my wildest dreams, to be honest." Lee, who translated the text from Old English, believes the discovery could change people's views of the medieval period as the "Dark Ages." "The Middle Ages are often seen as the 'Dark Ages' -- we use the term 'medieval' these days ... as pejorative -- and I just wanted to do something that explains to me how people in the Middle Ages looked at science," she said. | Researchers say a medieval remedy made of garlic, onion, wine, bile may be able to defeat MRSA superbug . Ancient recipe was found in 10th-century medical book at the British Library . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | (CNN)The world of Mexican wrestling wrestling has been deeply shaken by the death of star fighter Hijo del Perro Aguayo, who collapsed after being kicked during a bout. The lucha libre fighter, whose real name is Pedro Aguayo Ramirez, was left slumped against the ropes after a flying kick from one of his opponents, Rey Mysterio, during the match Friday night. The other wrestlers continued with the fight as Aguayo's limp body slid down onto the mat, according to video footage of the bout posted on social media. The video showed ringside personnel repeatedly shaking Aguayo and talking to him without any response. He eventually received medical attention and was rushed out of the arena in the city of Tijuana. But doctors were unable to revive him. AAA, the wrestling promotion company for which Aguayo worked, said it was informed of his death around 1 a.m. Saturday. He was 35 years old. "Mexican lucha libre is in mourning over the death of one of its star talents," the AAA said in a statement. Questions remained over what exactly caused Aguayo's death and why it took so long for him to receive medical treatment. Ernesto Franco, the duty doctor at the fight, told Mexico's state news agency Notimex that at the time of Aguayo's collapse, he was attending to other injured wrestlers, according to CNN Mexico. Franco said Aguayo's injury was the result of a blow to the neck region, adding that he spent about an hour trying to revive him using "all possible resuscitation measures." The Associated Press reported that the state prosecutor's office has opened an investigation into possible manslaughter. The AAA said Friday's fight was organized by another promotion company named The Crash. Aguayo's death prompted an outpouring of grief on social media from fans and members of the wrestling industry. "I will miss you and carry you with me for the rest of my life," tweeted Rey Mysterio, who landed the flying kick on Aguayo. "Rest in peace, Hijo del Perro." He posted two images on Instagram that appeared to show him and Aguayo at a young age and again later in life. "I had the privilege to share a ring for the first time with Hijo del Perro Aguayo in his debut as a professional wrestler and an honor to be in the ring with this great legend for the last time!" he wrote. "You will be missed, Perro." WWE wrestler Mark Henry tweeted, "Respect to fallen brother in arms!" "I and the WWE universe pray for your peace and comfort to your family!" Henry wrote. Aguayo is the son of one of the giants of Mexican wrestling, Pedro "Perro" Aguayo. The younger Aguayo began his career in 1995 at the age 15, according to the AAA. But he emerged from his father's shadow to become a big name in his own right. "El Hijo del Perro Aguayo was among the most decorated AAA stars in recent memory as a three-time Mexican National Tag Team champion as well as a former Mexican National Light Heavyweight champion and Mexican National Atomicos champion," wrote Bleacher Report columnist Mike Chiari. "There is no question that El Hijo del Perro Aguayo was among the most popular and successful luchadores in Mexico," Chiari said. | Pro wrestler Hijo del Perro Aguayo collapses in the ring after being kicked . Doctors were unable to revive him; he died at the age of 35 . "Mexican lucha libre is in mourning," wrestling promotion company says . |
Given this reference text about the Flex Computer System, why was it created? | The Flex Computer System was developed by Michael Foster and Ian Currie of Royal Signals and Radar Establishment in Malvern, England, during the late 1970s and 1980s. It used a tagged storage scheme to implement a capability architecture, and was designed for the safe and efficient implementation of strongly typed procedures. | It was designed for the safe and efficient implementation of strongly typed procedures. |
Given this information about Vietnam, which country does it share its northern border with? | Vietnam or Viet Nam[n 3] (commonly abbreviated VN; Vietnamese: Việt Nam, [vîət nāːm] (listen)), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV),[n 4] is a country in Southeast Asia. It is located at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of 331,212 square kilometres (127,882 sq mi) and population of 99 million, making it the world's fifteenth-most populous country. Vietnam borders China to the north, and Laos and Cambodia to the west. It shares maritime borders with Thailand through the Gulf of Thailand, and the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia through the South China Sea. Its capital is Hanoi and its largest city is Ho Chi Minh City (commonly referred to by its former name, Saigon). | China |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | (CNN)Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and . . . a criminal? A sanitation worker in an Atlanta suburb already served two weekends in jail -- and faced several more until officials relented Monday-- after authorities charged him for doing his job too early in the morning. Kevin McGill, a garbage collector in Sandy Springs, Georgia, had been sentenced to a total of 30 days in jail for violating the city's noise ordinance that states that "trash collection must be conducted between the hours of 7 a.m. and 7 p.m." He was cited one recent morning after starting work about 5 a.m. McGill said that when he appeared in court, he was "stunned" when he learned he'd have to serve time for collecting garbage too early. "The solicitor said, 'It's automatic jail time,'" McGill told CNN affiliate WSB. McGill said it was the first time he'd violated the ordinance, but the solicitor "didn't want to hear nothing I had to say." "I was shocked," McGill told WSB. City spokeswoman Sharon Kraun said McGill appeared in court with his employer and agreed to a plea deal, which included a 30-day jail sentence. The court said the sentence could be served on weekends, and Kraun confirmed Monday that McGill already spent two weekends behind bars. After news of McGill's punishment went viral, the solicitor's office announced Monday that prosecutors would amend his sentence, saying in a statement, "The actions of the court with regards to Mr. McGill's sentence for violating the city's noise laws was disproportionate to a first-time offense." "As such, the court has amended its sentence to time served and further probation (is) suspended," the statement said. Chief prosecutor Bill Riley told WSB that the jail sentence was his idea because, he said, "fines don't seem to work." "The only thing that seems to stop the activity is actually going to jail," McGill said. Still, McGill said being locked up with "real criminals" was hard, and so was being away from his family. "I just want this to be over with," he told WSB before getting word of the "time served" adjustment. "I'm away from my family, my wife, and she's got to take care of the two little boys and I have four dogs." | Kevin McGill was initially ordered to serve 30 days in jail for picking up trash too early in the morning . McGill already began his sentence, doing two weekends behind bars . City relents, letting him off with "time served" after story goes viral . |
Give a bullet point list of all the names mentioned in this included paragraph. | When Mohammad inherited the newly born sultanate from his father Alauddin, the land was still infested with thieves and robbers. As such he spent the entire part of his reign in establishing law in his land. He ordered his governors to never give refuge to anyone who defied his authority. This campaign was successful and at the end of his reign,the land became peaceful and law abiding. He also sat on the takht-ē-firoza or The Turquoise throne which was gifted to him by Kapaya Nayaka. | - Mohammad
- Alauddin
- Kapaya Nayaka |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | NFL star Tom Brady worried Patriots Nation and probably caused Bill Belichick to spit out his morning coffee on Saturday after he posted a video of himself jumping off a giant cliff. The 37-year-old, who was with Gisele Bundchen when he made the leap, shared the video on Facebook along with the message: 'Never doing that again! #AirBrady'. After the 15-year veteran shared the video on Facebook in the morning, video of him playing basketball with NBA legend Michael Jordan began to emerge on social media during the afternoon. Scroll down for video . Tom Brady posted a video of himself going cliff diving while he was vacationing during the NFL offseason . Brady was with supermodel wife Gisele Bundchen and their children when he made the leap in Costa Rica . The New England Patriots quarterback launched himself off the edge of a cliff and didn't look back . The 37-year-old star, who has won four Super Bowls during the course of his career, landed safely below . Brady posted the video on Facebook on Saturday and then was seen playing basketball with Michael Jordan . After Brady posted the video of the dive onto his Facebook page, he indicated it might be his last big jump . Brady and his family were recently in Costa Rica on a family holiday, NESN reported. The pickup basketball game, which also featured golfer Keegan Bradley, took place in the Bahamas, according to FanSided. Jordan, who won six NBA titles over the course of his career and is now the majority owner of the Charlotte Hornets, can be heard talking trash during the video clip of the pickup game. Tom Brady (left) golfed with NBA legend Michael Jordan (right) and PGA pro Keegan Bradley (next to him) Before he was seen on the cliff or in the Bahamas, Brady hit the beach with Bundchen and their kids . The three professionals also played golf together at some point, as shown in a photo Bradley posted on Instagram. Brady is taking a well-earned break after guiding New England to a thrilling Super Bowl victory over the Seattle Seahawks in Glendale, Arizona last month. The 28-24 victory over Seattle at the University of Phoenix Stadium on February 1 clinched an elusive fourth Super Bowl ring for Brady, a decade after he won his third. The four-time Super Bowl winning quarterback has earned nearly $150million in salary alone over the course of his career, according to Spotrac. If Brady wins another title, he will be the only quarterback in history with five Super Bowl wins. He would have to win the big game two more times to equal Jordan's six. Jordan, 52, earned about $94million in salary during his 16 seasons in the National Basketball Association . Bundchen and daughter Vivian rocked their two-piece bikinis for the beach trip on the clear and sunny day . The tight-knit family took a walk down the beach shoreline just before sunset to end their day at the beach . The win in Glendale, Arizona, was Brady's fourth Super Bowl title and it might not be his last . | Tom Brady was with wife Gisele Bundchen when he took the daring dive . The New England Patriots star is enjoying a break during NFL offseason . Brady, 37, guided the Pats to their fourth Super Bowl victory in February . He was seen playing basketball with Jordan in the Bahamas on Saturday . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | An opulent London home that was to be given an extravagant makeover by Italian designer Gianni Versace, who was murdered before he was able to move in, has been put up for sale for £15million. Versace decided on the 18th century four-bedroom home in Charles Street in Mayfair while looking for a London base as he considered floating his fashion empire on the stock exchange in the 1990s. He ordered an overhaul of the inside of the expensive Grade II listed townhouse, which included plans to install a giant diamond patterned marble slab entrance hall and 30-foot high double doors - believed to be the largest of their type in a private home in London. Gianni Versace ordered a radical makeover of a Mayfair mansion he planned to buy, but never got to complete the sale because he was murdered before he could move in. The opulent four bedroom grade II listed property has now gone on the market for £15million . The house (blue door) was to be a London base for Versace who was considering floating his company on the stock market . But the designer never got to live in the palatial home because he was shot dead outside his Miami beach mansion in 1997 by Andrew Cunanan, a serial killer he had met in San Francisco whilst designing costumes for the opera. The purchase of the house was never completed. Following his death the ambitious conversion plans for the property were scaled down and it was quietly sold to a businessman later that year. However the house, which was owned by various members of the aristocracy and wealthy merchants before being converted into offices after World War Two, has retained some of its extravagant elements. A designer kitchen takes up almost the entire lower ground floor and leads into an atrium. While the second floor is dominated by a master bedroom suite which features a large double bedroom opening onto a private balcony, a walk-in dressing room and a large master bathroom with oversize oval bathtub. A kitchen and dining room covers almost an entire floor of the London townhouse, and has been extensively modernised . Wetherell estate agents, who are handling the sale, said the glass back of the mansion makes it particularly unique for prospective buyers . There are three further bedrooms and lifts to all floors, including extensive storage vaults on the lower ground floor. The first floor boasts a reception room with gold leaf ceiling coving along with a marble fireplace and a separate study. The Versace home that never was has now been put on the market with Wetherell estate agents for £15 million and also boasts a 34ft garden. It covers 5,756 sq ft. Peter Wetherell, chief executive of Wetherell, said: 'The Charles Street mansion is a striking fusion of highly traditional and contemporary, with a brick front and a glass back, and inside classic rooms and modern open plan spaces. The 18th century property has four bedrooms and includes lifts to all its floors and was to be extensively redecorated by Versace . The house has a grand sweeping spiral staircase, which links the lower floors to the four bedrooms above including the master suite . The Grade II listed property was owned by various members of the aristocracy and the wealthy and was to be extensively redeveloped . An oval oversize bath tub sits in the bathroom adjoining the master suite of the property, which covers almost an entire floor . Versace (left) was killed in 1997 and never got to live in the house, where oversized glass doors lead to a 34ft garden at the back (right) 'The patio garden flows into the glass conservatory, the largest of its kind in a private home in London's West End. 'It will appeal to a buyer who wants a statement home with space to entertain on a large scale . Versace, who died at the age of 50, owned property in Miami, Manhattan and Milan. Last year the Ocean Drive mansion where he was shot dead was reopened as a luxury boutique hotel. The mansion boasts a number of elements that may have been seen in the London home had he had the chance - including a 54-foot 'thousand mosaic' swimming pool lined in 24-carat gold. Cunanan, a 27-year-old ‘high-class’ gay prostitute, was said to be responsible for Versace's murder. After an international manhunt he was was found to have committed suicide in the upstairs bedroom of the Miami houseboat where he had been hiding out. | Gianni Versace chose opulent Mayfair home as his London base as he prepared to float business on stock market . He ordered a number of renovations including the installation of a giant diamond patterned marble entrance hall . But Versace was shot dead in 1997 outside his Miami mansion and never got to live in property or complete the sale . Conversion plans were scaled down and the four bedroom grade II listed property was sold to a businessman . It has now been put on the market for £15million and boasts a master bedroom which takes up an entire floor . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | (CNN)NASA's tractor-trailer sized Dawn spacecraft will snuggle up to Ceres on Friday, getting close enough to be pulled into orbit and to complete the first mission to a dwarf planet. "I'm just delighted that Dawn is now on the doorstep of Ceres," Jim Green, director of NASA's planetary science division said in a news conference on Monday. Dawn is expected to begin orbiting Ceres around 7:20 a.m. ET, but NASA says it may take an hour or two to confirm it. Ceres was discovered in 1801 (Pluto wasn't found until 1930) and was the first object found in our solar system's main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. It's about 310 million miles from Earth and was initially classified as planet, then later demoted to an asteroid, only to be reclassified again as a dwarf planet. The early images from Dawn already have mission scientists excited. "Ceres has really surprised us," said Carol Raymond, Dawn's deputy principal investigator. "The first images have produced some really puzzling features." One of the puzzles -- two bright white spots that showed up in photographs taken by Dawn in February. "These spots were extremely surprising to the team, and they have been puzzling to the team and to everybody who's seen them." The spots are in a 57-mile wide (92 kilometer) crater. The spot in the center of the crater is about twice as bright as the spot on the side of the crater. "This extreme brightness was really unexpected," Raymond said. The Dawn team is "really, really excited about this feature because it is unique in the solar system." Raymond says the brightness is consistent with highly reflective materials such as ice or salts. This might help add more credence to a discovery made in 2014 by ESA's Herschel infrared space observatory. The telescope detected water vapor around Ceres coming from the same area where the spots are located. "It might be related to that water vapor emission," Raymond said. Herschel's scientists also said their research showed Ceres has an atmosphere. Raymond said her team is keen to confirm that. Scientists expect to learn more as Dawn is gradually lowered to about 235 miles above the surface of Ceres in December. "The mystery will be solved," she said. But Ceres seems to have lots of oddities. "We see many strange features," Raymond said. "We see smooth areas, some areas that are chaotically fractured and we see craters of all sizes." One of the other things scientists noticed is how round Ceres is. Being round is very important because it is the main characteristic of a planet -- a title that Ceres had -- then lost. Ceres was demoted to an asteroid because 19th century astronomers couldn't be sure it was round. But it was bumped up to a dwarf planet when that category was created in 2006. According to the International Astronomical Union -- the group that came up with the definition -- a dwarf planet is similar to the eight main planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune) except it has a lot of other stuff orbiting with it around the sun. The IAU recognizes five dwarf planets: Eris, Pluto, Ceres, Makemake and Haumea. Scientists say there could be many more of these small worlds that haven't been discovered. Dawn was launched on September 27, 2007, from Cape Canaveral, Florida. Its journey has taken it past Mars and on a short layover at the asteroid Vesta. On Friday, Dawn will make its closest approach yet to Ceres, flying about 25,000 miles from it, according to Robert Mase, project manager for the Dawn mission at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. "That's about 10 times closer than the moon is to the Earth," he said. But the beautiful images coming in from Dawn will stop for awhile. "We're now on the dark side, so we're going to have a blackout for about the next month until we get back over toward the lit side of the body," he said. But he says the "floodgates will open" when its main science mission starts in April. Dawn will stay in orbit around Ceres for years, even after its primary mission ends in June 2016. But at some point, it will run out of hydrazine, the fuel used to guide the spacecraft. Between now and then -- mission managers hope Dawn will help solve the mysteries of Ceres and add to our knowledge of how our solar system formed. | NASA's Dawn spacecraft arrives Friday at Ceres . The spacecraft is the first to visit a dwarf planet . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Three women have come forward to say that a Catholic priest already facing child sexual abuse accusations molested them in the 1990s and he allegedly forced one to perform oral sex while in the confessional. Two of the three cases occurred when Reverand Mark Haynes was assigned to St. Ann's parish in Phoenixville and all women were minors at the time, say police. One of those three women said that Haynes attacked her when she confessed that she performed oral sex on a teenage boy. He then made her repeat the sex act on him. Three women have come forward to say that Reverand Mark Haynes (pictured) molested them in the 1990s and he allegedly forced one to perform oral sex while in the confessional . Philly.com reports that Haynes, formerly assigned to SS. Simon and Jude Parish in Westtown, hasn't yet been charged with sexual abuse and has denied all allegations. Spokesman Ken Gavin of the Archdiocese of Philadelphia is asking anyone with more information about Hayes to come forward. Recent search terms on Haynes' computer are 'nude teen girls' and '8th grade girls tumblr.' Haynes was charged with multiple counts of sexual abuse of children for possessing and disseminating child pornography last year and last month was arrested by FBI agents after federal prosecutors took over the child-pornography case. MyFoxPhilly.com reports that while posing as his 16-year-old alias he was sending lewd emails to a 14-year-old girl. Police say that Haynes posed as a fictional teenage girl named Katie Caponetti online and that he reached out to 25 teenage girls asking them to send nude photos of themselves. Decades ago: Reverand Mark Haynes allegedly abused three teenage girls while working at St. Ann's parish in Phoenixville in the 1990s . He also swapped hundreds of pornographic images of children online with other online users. Federal prosecutors say that Haynes' arrest last year didn't stop him from soliciting minors. While out on bail and local charges last year, he still used his Katie Caponetti name online while using a personal laptop he kept in the rectory at SS. Simon and Jude's. Despite the new allegations against Haynes he was released on Tuesday and was ordered to pay $5,000 bail at the end of the week. U.S. District Judge Lawrence F. Stengel has scheduled a new detention hearing for Wednesday after prosecutors appealed the decision to let him go. Haynes has served at eight parishes in the Pennsylvania suburbs and also worked as a chaplain at Archbishop Wood High School in Warminster, and at the Office for Youth and Young adults. | Reverand Mark Haynes, 55, allegedly forced a female into oral sex in a confessional booth after she confessed to the act on a teenage boy . Three women have come forward recently to say they were abused by Haynes two decades ago . Two of the three alleged cases occurred when Haynes was assigned to St. Ann's parish in Phoenixville and all women were minors at the time . Haynes was charged with multiple counts of sexual abuse of children for possessing and disseminating child pornography last year . Last month Haynes was arrested by FBI agents after federal prosecutors took over the child-pornography case . While out on bail, Haynes is accused of soliciting nude images from over 25 teenage girls while under the alias Katie Caponetti . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | (CNN)Could mobile technology turn the tide in the fight to eliminate racism from football? Anti-racism organization Kick It Out (KIO) says there's been a 35% rise in fans reporting abusive behavior committed by other fans -- and that's largely due to a new phone app. "The app has had a massive impact," KIO media and communications manager Richard Bates told CNN, noting that it accounted for 27% of all complaints. "Self-policing is so important when it comes to stamping out racism in football. People are confident that their complaints will be taken seriously." The 184 reported incidents recorded during the last five months of 2014 covered racial and religious discrimination, as well as sexual orientation, gender and disability offenses. The increase was measured against the same period the year before. KIO's mobile phone application, which was released in 2013, encourages fans to report incidents anonymously by pressing a "Report It!" tab and entering the name of the football ground, positioning of the offender, and incident details. Although contact details of the person reporting the incident are requested, KIO emphasized that the anonymity of the tool is key. Every single objection logged by fans, either on the phone, via email, or on the app, triggers an investigation by the English Football Association (FA). These include 73 incidents on social media (a 24% increase), which have so far led to 21 instances of the offender being identified, and at times having their accounts deleted. The FA, which released its own witness complaint guidelines in 2013, encouraged fans to be proactive in flagging up incidents. "Reporting abuse, whether witnessed or experienced, is an important part of the game's overall anti-discrimination work," said an FA spokesperson. "There are clear ways for players and fans to do this, and these improved procedures should result in more reports in the future." Bates admitted that it takes "bravery and courage" for fans to record photographic evidence on their phones, but pointed to the effect British expatriate Paul Nolan has had after he filmed Chelsea fans physically stopping a black man from getting on the Paris metro last month. The amateur video obtained by The Guardian newspaper, and posted on its website, shows the man make multiple attempts to board a train at Richelieu-Drouot station, only to be pushed away each time by a group of passengers. The Chelsea fans can then be heard chanting: "We're racist, we're racist and that's the way we like it." Chelsea were in France to play Paris Saint-Germain in a Champions League first-leg tie - Europe's premier football tournament -- which finished 1-1. Five people have been identified and suspended by Chelsea, who have launched an ongoing investigation. Later in February, KIO says it contacted the police over social media footage which showed men, thought to be West Ham fans, singing anti-Semitic songs on a train while traveling to Tottenham Hotspur's White Hart Lane ground ahead of an English Premier League game. "Would we know that these Paris and London incidents had happened if they weren't on video?" Bates asks, adding that KIO is considering an option to upload video and still images of offenders directly to a complaint log on the app. "If you have video footage and you can issue that retrospectively, it can make it easier to identify the perpetrators," he says. In a report released in 2013 entitled "English Football's Inclusion and Anti-Discrimination Action Plan", the FA explicitly talks about "raising confidence in the reporting and disciplinary process at grassroots level." KIO's jurisdiction extends to all of English football, including the amateur ranks. It is one of the few independent bodies in world sports which solicits complaints from fans in order to weed out abusive behavior. It also polices the actions of players, which has embroiled the organization in controversy of its own in the past. In 2012, Rio Ferdinand refused to wear a KIO T-shirt before a match while playing for Manchester United. He was protesting a perceived lack of response by the governing bodies against John Terry after the Chelsea defender was accused of racially abusing his brother, Anton Ferdinand of Queens Park Rangers. Terry was banned for four matches and fined £220,000 by the FA for his actions. | Thirty-five percent increase in abuses reported . All complaints lead to an inquiry by England's Football Association . Self-policing fans encouraged to be careful . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | West Ham chairman David Gold is 'hopeful' Winston Reid will snub Tottenham Hotspur and Arsenal by signing a new contract. The New Zealand central defender is out of contract this summer and had looked set for a move to Tottenham on a £60,000-a-week deal while Arsenal also showed an interest. Talks between West Ham and Reid have led to a contract offer and, with the club sitting ninth in the Barclays Premier League, the 26-year-old is close to agreeing to stay. Winston Reid looks set to sign a new deal at West Ham after being linked with a move away in the summer . Reid was linked with a move at the end of the season to either Tottenham Hotspur or Arsenal . Reid has been at West Ham since 2010 after joining from Danish club FC Midtjylland . In reply to a question on Twitter about whether Reid will stay, Gold replied: 'I am hopeful that Winston will sign for us.' It would reflect another step forward for West Ham as they look to qualify for Europe this season, despite losing 3-1 against Crystal Palace at home on Saturday. Sam Allardyce's team welcome Chelsea to Upton Park on Wednesday night where defender Reid is likely to have his hands full against the Premier League's leaders. Reid joined West Ham from Danish club FC Midtjylland in 2010 and has been an impressive performer at the heart of their defence since his arrival, playing a key role this season. West Ham chairman David Gold (right) is hopeful Reid will sign a new contract with the Premier League club . West Ham chairman Gold replied to a question on Twitter about whether Reid will stay at Upton Park . | Winston Reid looks set to sign a contract extension at West Ham . West Ham chairman David Gold: 'I am hopeful that Winston will sign for us' Reid is out of contract this summer and had been linked with other clubs . Tottenham Hotspur and Arsenal were among those interested . The New Zealand defender has been at Upton Park since 2010 . |
Please summarize the MECE principle, give an example and explain how it can be used in business | The MECE principle, (mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive) is a grouping principle for separating a set of items into subsets that are mutually exclusive (ME) and collectively exhaustive (CE). It was developed in the late 1960s by Barbara Minto at McKinsey & Company and underlies her Minto Pyramid Principle, and while she takes credit for MECE, according to her interview with McKinsey, she says the idea for MECE goes back as far as to Aristotle.
The MECE principle has been used in the business mapping process wherein the optimum arrangement of information is exhaustive and does not double count at any level of the hierarchy. Examples of MECE arrangements include categorizing people by year of birth (assuming all years are known), apartments by their building number, letters by postmark, and dice rolls. A non-MECE example would be categorization by nationality, because nationalities are neither mutually exclusive (some people have dual nationality) nor collectively exhaustive (some people have none). | MECE stands for Mutually Exclusive, Collectively Exhaustive and serves as an organizing framework used by management consulting firms, such as McKinsey and BCG as a way to organize reports and complicated data. Due to its effectiveness, it has made it's way into the larger business community. An example MECE arrangement would be departments within an organization, year hired for employees, the choice to eat in or eat out. MECE can be used to simplify complex ideas. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Arsenal, Manchester City and Chelsea have all made enquiries for Palermo striker Paulo Dybala. Manchester United have also been to watch the Argentine but he is not high on their list. The 21-year-old is valued at £30million by Palermo president Mauro Zamparini and Juventus are considered favourites even though they have had an opening offer rejected. Paulo Dybala of Palermo is a transfer target for three British clubs in the summer, but may cost £30million . Palermo are also expecting to sell Italy midfielder Franco Vazquez in the summer transfer window . Arsenal, Chelsea and Manchester City are three English clubs interested in signing striker Dybala . Palermo also expect to sell Italy midfielder Franco Vazquez this summer. Zamparini said: 'Dybala and Vazquez will probably be sold this summer. Will they go to Milan? No. 'They are being tracked by Juventus, Arsenal, Barcelona, Manchester City, Chelsea and Paris Saint-Germain.' | Arsenal, Man City and Chelsea have enquired about Paulo Dybala . The Palermo striker is valued at £30million by the club's president . Italy midfielder Franco Vazquez is also expected to leave Palermo . Palermo president Mauro Zamparini expects both to leave in the summer . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | (CNN)Each week, Passion to Portfolio brings you inspiring profiles of people who dared to chase their dreams and turn their passions and hobbies into successful careers. Now we want to hear from you -- who do you think should be featured on our program? Is there someone you know of who took the plunge and made a career change that he or she pined for? The person you nominate could be featured on Passion to Portfolio. They don't need to be famous -- they can be a friend, relative or neighbor, as long as they successfully changed professions to pursue something they were passionate about. To see a few of the interesting people we featured before, have a look through the gallery above. So let us know who you would like to see on Passion to Portfolio next and why, by leaving a comment, below, with their website or social media details. | We want to know who you want to see featured on Passion to Portfolio . It can be anyone who successfully turned their passion or hobby into a career . Let us know by leaving a comment below the story . |
When was Bobby Moore born and when did he die? | Robert Frederick Chelsea Moore OBE (12 April 1941 – 24 February 1993) was an English professional footballer. He most notably played for West Ham United, captaining the club for more than ten years, and was the captain of the England national team that won the 1966 FIFA World Cup. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest defenders in the history of football, and was cited by Pelé as the greatest defender that he had ever played against. | Bobby Moore was born in 1941 and died in 1993. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | (CNN)Last summer, amid startling news reports of manipulation, mismanagement and possibly death caused by failures at the Department of Veterans Affairs, Congress came together and passed legislation to overhaul veterans' access to health care. I was proud to sponsor the Veterans Access, Choice and Accountability Act of 2014 (the Choice Act), and deliver good news to veterans: They would have a choice when it comes to accessing health care they deserve, and many would have the option of seeing their local physician. Now, the VA is trying to take the choice away. A mere six months after the Choice Act was signed into law, and only three months after veterans began to receive their Choice Cards, the President's budget attempts to reallocate the law's emergency funds that are solely meant to pay for veterans' health care in their communities. The VA says these funds aren't being used quickly enough because veterans aren't interested in getting care from their local physicians. That could not be further from the truth. Thousands of veterans are struggling to access the care they were promised through the Choice Act because of the VA's flawed implementation of the law and foolish interpretation of the 40-mile rule in the distance criteria. When Congress passed the Choice Act, the intent was that veterans be allowed to access local health care if they cannot receive the VA care they need within 40 miles of their home, or their wait time for an appointment is more than 30 days. Unfortunately, the VA decided to narrow the interpretation of the 40-mile rule, choosing to take into account only the distance of a VA medical facility from a veteran's home and not whether the VA facility can actually provide the services the veteran needs. Veterans are being told they cannot use their Choice Cards because they live within 40 miles of a VA facility, even though that facility does not offer the care they require. The VA is denying the access the law was intended to provide and forcing veterans to choose between traveling hours to a VA medical facility, paying out of pocket or going without care altogether. Veterans simply want what they were promised in the Choice Act: the choice to access the care they deserve in their community. In my hometown of Hays, Kansas, a veteran is forced to drive 200 miles several times a month for routine cortisone shots because the VA outpatient clinic just 25 miles from his home does not offer the shots he needs. One would think this veteran could use his Choice Card to visit a local physician or local hospital to get the shots he needs -- but the VA is denying access to this care. Thousands of veterans across the country are facing this same frustration. Why is common sense not prevailing at the VA? Why is the VA not bending over backward to take care of veterans? As a member of the Senate Veterans' Affairs Committee, I have questioned VA Secretary Bob McDonald and other VA officials for months in hearings, personal meetings, phone calls and correspondence about the VA's flawed interpretation of the 40-mile rule and what can be done to fix the problem. Congress specifically included language in the Choice Act that gives the VA the authority and flexibility it needs to provide veterans with access to care outside the VA when the care needed by a veteran is "either unavailable or not cost-effective to provide at a VA facility." But for some reason, the VA refuses to use the authority Congress gave it and put the best interest of veterans first. Enough is enough. In the absence of VA action, I authored legislation that would make certain veterans are not dismissed or forgotten just because of where they live. The Veterans Access to Community Care Act of 2015 (S. 207) would require the VA to utilize its authorities, including the Choice Act, to offer community care to veterans who are currently unable to receive the health care services they need from a VA medical facility within 40 miles of where they live. This legislation enjoys broad bipartisan support in Congress and has been endorsed by numerous veterans' organizations, including the American Legion, Veterans of Foreign Wars, AMVETS, Vietnam Veterans of America and the National Guard Association of the United States. When Congress passed the Choice Act, we called on the VA to live up to its commitment to care for those who have sacrificed for our country -- and we will not back down. We ought to always err on the side of what is best for the veteran, not what is best for the Department of Veterans Affairs. | Veterans' Choice Act was signed into law in August 2014 . Jerry Moran: VA is denying the access the law was intended to provide . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | The police in Valencia tweeted this week that they would be investigating the ‘crime’ of Vicente del Bosque not having picked enough Valencia players in his 23-man squad. They later tweeted that the World Cup winning coach was ‘beyond reproach’ and ‘thanks to everyone for their sense of humour’. Some had not seen the funny side of the forces of law and order spending time tweeting about the national team but others were too busy agreeing to criticize the tweet. Valencia could easily have had striker Paco Alcacer, midfielder Dani Parejo and defender Jose Gaya in the squad. Likewise Spain’s Premier League contingent could point to Juan Mata, Cesar Azpilicueta and West Ham goalkeeper Adrian as unlucky absentees. Spain's squad trains at the Ramon Sanchez Pizjuan Stadium in Seville ahead of their game against Ukraine . Vicente del Bosque will be hoping to build a new golden generation after Spain's World Cup nightmare . Del Bosque takes training on Thursday ahead of their clash with Ukraine in Group C of Euro 2016 qualifying . Barcelona midfielder Andres Iniesta in action on the pitch in Seville ahead of the match . The strength of a squad can always be judged by the quality of players that don’t make it and the controversy about this squad selection shows just how Spain’s options should make them optimistic ahead of France 2016. The hangover from their dismal group exit at the last World Cup still hangs over the team but Del Bosque has been at pains to remind everyone this week that they remain European Champions and go to France next year to defend their title. Against Ukraine Iker Casilas looks set to keep his place but David De Gea’s time will come sooner rather than later. In front of the goalkeeper, Spain’s defence tonight against Ukraine brings together Gerard Pique – enjoying his best season for several years – and Sergio Ramos. At full-back Atletico Madrid right-back Juanfran will play on one side and Barcelona’s Jordi Alba on the other side. All four are in the final stages of the Champions League – something that is true of the entire expected XI. Del Bosque has players playing regularly at the highest level for their clubs. Spain's players stand to attention during their training session in Sevill . Iker Casillas is set to retain his place in goal despite a string of mixed displays for club and country . But Casillas is coming under increased pressure at international level from David de Gea (right) (Left-right) David Silva, Vitolo, Santi Cazorla and Alvaro Morata in training for Spain . In the centre of midfield he will pick two from the trio Sergio Busquets, Mario Suarez and Koke. The Atletico Madrid pair could play together if Busquets is still considered not to be 100 per cent having only returned from an ankle injury at the weekend. The three behind the striker are expected to be Andres Iniesta, Isco and Pedro, and in-form Juventus striker Alvaro Morata should lead the line. In the expected XI only Koke, Mario Suarez and Juanfran have not already won the European Cup. And the strength in depth is evident with Cesc Fabregas, David Silva and Santi Cazorla all pushing for a starting berth too. Add to these names, those of the injured Diego Costa, and long term absentees Victor Valdes, Javi Martinez and Thiago, who will return as soon as they start playing for their clubs again and the squad still looks stronger than any other in Europe with the possible exception of the World Champions Germany – no wonder Del Bosque is calling for optimism. If there is a problem it may be the lack of a prolific scorer in Costa’s absence – with 13 goals Manchester City’s Silva is this group’s top scorer but the goals can come from anywhere including the back four, and there is even talk of Del Bosque eventually recalling David Villa so he can win the three remaining caps to take him to 100. Silva is currently Spain's top goal scorer at club level this season in the absence of Diego Costa . Spain forward Alvaro Morata could lead the line on Friday after his good form with Juventus . Sergio Ramos (left) and Cesc Fabregas (right) in training at Sevilla's stadium . Ramos is set to feature in the game just over 10 years after he made his debut for Spain as an 18-year-old . All that remains is to move to the top of the group currently led by Slovakia and to reignite the fire in the supporters who are still having nightmares about the defeat to Holland in Brazil. Spain have never lost at Sevilla’s Sanchez Pizjuan in 24 games played there but on Friday morning were still trying to sell the last 12,000 tickets of the 45,000 on sale for the game. The match will be especially important for defender Ramos who goes back to his home city one day after he clocked up ten years since his first appearance for Spain in a friendly against China aged 18. In that decade, Spain have never lost a competitive home game. He was part of one golden generation – and wants to be part of another. Steady evolution is Del Bosque’s watchword. ‘We kept a solid group of the players that brought us success in the past,’ he said on Thursday. ‘And we have new blood too. If we bring a player in, it’s because we believe in him. It’s not because we are experimenting’. | Spain face Ukraine in Euro 2016 qualifier on Friday night in Seville . Vicente del Bosque hoping to build a new golden generation . Squad options suggest that Spain will be contenders in France next year . His side still recovering from their World Cup nightmare last summer . |
Extract the criticisms that modern portfolio theory faces from this link https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_portfolio_theory, place them in a bullet list | Despite its theoretical importance, critics of MPT question whether it is an ideal investment tool, because its model of financial markets does not match the real world in many ways
The risk, return, and correlation measures used by MPT are based on [expected values](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expected_value), which means that they are statistical statements about the future (the expected value of returns is explicit in the above equations, and implicit in the definitions of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variance)
and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covariance)). Such measures often cannot capture the true statistical features of the risk and return which often follow highly skewed distributions (e.g. the [log-normal distribution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log-normal_distribution)) and can give rise to, besides reduced (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatility_(finance)), also inflated growth of return. In practice, investors must substitute predictions based on historical measurements of asset return and volatility for these values in the equations. Very often such expected values fail to take account of new circumstances that did not exist when the historical data were generated.
More fundamentally, investors are stuck with estimating key parameters from past market data because MPT attempts to model risk in terms of the likelihood of losses, but says nothing about why those losses might occur. The risk measurements used are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability) in nature, not structural. This is a major difference as compared to many engineering approaches to [risk management](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_management).
Mathematical risk measurements are also useful only to the degree that they reflect investors' true concerns—there is no point minimizing a variable that nobody cares about in practice. In particular, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variance) is a symmetric measure that counts abnormally high returns as just as risky as abnormally low returns. The psychological phenomenon of [loss aversion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss_aversion) is the idea that investors are more concerned about losses than gains, meaning that our intuitive concept of risk is fundamentally asymmetric in nature. There many other risk measures (like [coherent risk measures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coherent_risk_measure)) might better reflect investors' true preferences.
Modern portfolio theory has also been criticized because it assumes that returns follow a [Gaussian distribution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_distribution). Already in the 1960s, [Benoit Mandelbrot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benoit_Mandelbrot) and [Eugene Fama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Fama) showed the inadequacy of this assumption and proposed the use of more general [stable distributions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable_distributions) instead. [Stefan Mittnik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Mittnik) and [Svetlozar Rachev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetlozar_Rachev) presented strategies for deriving optimal portfolios in such settings.
[Contrarian investors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrarian_investing) and [value investors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_investing) typically do not subscribe to Modern Portfolio Theory. One objection is that the MPT relies on the [efficient-market hypothesis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficient-market_hypothesis)
and uses fluctuations in share price as a substitute for risk. [Sir John Templeton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Templeton)
believed in diversification as a concept, but also felt the theoretical foundations of MPT were questionable, and concluded (as described by a biographer): "the notion that building portfolios on the basis of unreliable and irrelevant statistical inputs, such as historical volatility, was doomed to failure. | - The risk, return, and correlation measures used by Modern portfolio theory (MPT) are based on expected values, such expected values fail to take account of new circumstances that did not exist when the historical data were generated
- The risk measurements used in MPT are probabilistic because MPT models risk in terms of the likelihood of losses based on past market data and not why the losses occur.
- MPT attempts to minimize risks in the form of variance. However, this metric doesn’t reflect investors’ true concerns in practice. Variance is symmetric, so it punishes high returns the same way as high losses. However, investors care more about loss than gain, so the perception of risk is asymmetric in nature. Coherent risk measures should be a better metric that reflects investors’ preference
- MPT assumes that returns follow Gaussian distribution. However, many scholars suggest that returns might follow other distributions such as stable distributions
- MPT relies on the efficient-market hypothesis and assumes that share price fluctuation is a risk measure. However, building a portfolio based on historical volatility is a questionable premise criticized by Sir John Templeton |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | World Cup winners Germany resume their qualifying campaign for Euro 2016 with a trip to Georgia on Sunday and Lukas Podolski was delighted to be back with his international team-mates at training on Monday. Striker Podolski, who is on loan at Inter Milan from Arsenal, uploaded an image to Instagram alongside Bastian Schweinsteiger and Holger Badstuber, who has returned to the international fold after recovering from a long term thigh injury. 'Happy reunion with DFB mates - even better with Holger being back!' Podolski wrote alongside the picture of the trio. Joachim Loew (centre) watches on as his players undergo a passing exercise in training on Monday . Lukas Podolski (left) poses with Holger Badstuber (centre) and Bastian Schweinsteiger of Germany . Germany have begun preparations for a friendly against Australia and a qualifier away to Georgia . Germany manager Joachim Loew (fourth right) talks to his side ahead of the start of training on Monday . Germany have struggled to take their imperious World Cup form into qualifying for France 2016. Joachim Loew's side are currently second in Group D with seven points from four games. Rivals Poland are the early pacesetters on 10 points. But before Loew's team aim for three points against Georgia, they will take on Australia in a friendly, which promises to be a challenging fixture with the Socceroos riding the crest of a wave after their Asian Cup triumph in January. Oliver Bierhoff, first team caretaker for Germany, wants his team to return to their best over the course of the two matches. 'The aim is to qualify comfortably for the Euros,' Bierhoff said. 'We want to finish top of the group. The game against Australia will allow us to regain our momentum. 'The aim is to win in Georgia, even thought it might be awkward playing against a supposedly small opposition.' Mesut Ozil (left) of Arsenal and Sami Khedira of Real Madrid pictured training for Germany on Monday . Khedira (left) and Ozil warm up ahead of Germany's preparations for Australia on Wednesday . Oliver Bierhoff (right) wants Germany to rediscover their form from the 2014 World Cup in Brazil . Bierhoff also praised Badstuber on his return to the international setup, who is back in the Germany squad alongside Ilkay Gundogan, who has had problems with a back injury. 'We’re very happy to have both players back,' Bierhoff said. 'It’s often the case that players come back even better after setbacks.' | Germany face Australia in a friendly and Georgia in a Euro 2016 qualifier . The World Cup winners are currently second in Group D on seven points . Lukas Podolski posted an Instagram snap with Bastian Schweinsteiger and Holger Badstuber . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Fabrice Muamba is taking initial steps to become a coach after putting on sessions at Liverpool. Muamba, 26, retired from football after collapsing on the pitch following a cardiac arrest during Bolton’s FA Cup game away to Tottenham in March 2012. He is now taking his coaching badges and has been invited to help out at Liverpool. Former Bolton midfielder Fabrice Muamba is working at Liverpool as he attempts to get his coaching badges . Muamba's career was cut short when he suffered cardiac arrest on the pitch in March 2012 . Coach Of Liverpool U21s Michael Beale said: 'Fabrice came in to do a talk for the Premier League about his situation and how he progressed from a young player right through to recovering from his near-fatal accident. 'I was so taken aback by Fabrice’s enthusiasm and I spoke with him. Fabrice is friends with our physio, Andy Renshaw, from his Bolton days and he is starting his coaching badges. 'We invited Fabrice in and his personality has lit up the Academy in the days that he comes in, and he was with us this week watching our Chelsea game.' Muamba received support from football fans all over the country, including at Liverpool . | Fabrice Muambe had to retire young after collapsing during FA Cup tie . Muamba is now completing his coaching badges . The 26-year-old has 'lit up the academy' at Liverpool in recent weeks . |
How many species of Stingrays are there? | Stingrays are a group of sea rays, which are cartilaginous fish related to sharks. They are classified in the suborder Myliobatoidei of the order Myliobatiformes and consist of eight families: Hexatrygonidae (sixgill stingray), Plesiobatidae (deepwater stingray), Urolophidae (stingarees), Urotrygonidae (round rays), Dasyatidae (whiptail stingrays), Potamotrygonidae (river stingrays), Gymnuridae (butterfly rays) and Myliobatidae (eagle rays). There are about 220 known stingray species organized into 29 genera. | There are about 220 known stingray species organized into 29 genera. |
Tell me some key points about Narmada river from the given text. | The Narmada River, also called the Reva and previously also known as Narbada or anglicised as Nerbudda, is the 5th longest river and overall longest west-flowing river in India. It is also the largest flowing river in the state of Madhya Pradesh. This river flows through the states of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat in India. It is also known as the "Life Line of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat" due to its huge contribution to the two states in many ways. The Narmada River rises from the Amarkantak Plateau in Anuppur district Madhya Pradesh. It forms the traditional boundary between North India and South India and flows westwards over a length of 1,312 km (815.2 mi) before draining through the Gulf of Khambhat into the Arabian Sea, 30 km (18.6 mi) west of Bharuch city of Gujarat. | 1.The Narmada is the largest flowing river in madhya pradesh.
2.The Narmada is also known as Rewa or Narbada.
3.It is also known as life line of madhya pradesh and Gujarat.
4.The Narmada rises from the Amarkantak (m.p.)and drain into Arabian sea through the gulf of khambat.
5. It flows westwards over a length of 1312 km & forms boundary between North India & South India. |
Given a reference text about Britney Spears, tell me when they were born and why they are famous. | Britney Jean Spears (born December 2, 1981) is an American singer, actress, and dancer. Often referred to as the "Princess of Pop", she is credited with influencing the revival of teen pop during the late 1990s and early 2000s. After appearing in stage productions and television series, Spears signed with Jive Records in 1997 at age fifteen. Her first two studio albums, ...Baby One More Time (1999) and Oops!... I Did It Again (2000), are among the best-selling albums of all time and made Spears the best-selling teenage artist of all time. With first-week sales of over 1.3 million copies, Oops!... I Did It Again held the record for the fastest-selling album by a female artist in the United States for fifteen years. Spears adopted a more mature and provocative style for her albums Britney (2001) and In the Zone (2003), and starred in the 2002 film Crossroads. | Britney Spears was born December 2, 1981 she is famous for being the "princess of pop" and being the best selling teenage artist of all time. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | When Tony Ansell was given an Airfix kit at was six-years-old, it was something of an inspiration. Twenty years on the keen model maker has created a fleet of radio controlled warships at his workshop in Ferndown in Dorset. Each warship is made to scale, using original Royal Navy blueprints and photographs to ensure they capture a snapshot in time when the vessels were in action. Model maker Tony Ansell spent the last 20 years making scale models of radio controlled navy warships. His Dorset workshop features models of HMS Campbeltown (top), HMS Hood (middle) and HMS Fencer (bottom) Mr Ansell, a former plumber, uses original Royal Navy blueprints to make the scale models of the warships . And so dedicated is the former plumber to his craft that he is in the process of writing to the Queen to ask for permission to name one of his ships - a G3 battlecruiser - Beatty because the original was cancelled and therefore never named. 'You need to put in the research and I tend to pick a particular time in the ship's life to make it at because warships went in for refits lots and could be different from year to year,' said Mr Ansell, 63. 'I like to make ships you don't see at model shows very often and bigger ones are more of a challenge because you have to be more detailed.' Mr Ansell uses fibreglass to make the hull of the ships and flexible sheets of 1mm thick plastic for the rest of the structure. He researches each of the vessels before he makes them, using photographs to ensure accuracy. Most of the other items such as guns and aircraft are made from resin and mini Airfix kits. Constructing the models is a painstaking process, sometimes taking longer than it took to make the actual warships themselves. It took nine years for Mr Ansell to complete HMS Dreadnought laying each of the planks individually . Replica fighter planes sit on the deck of one of Mr Ansell's boats that make up his fleet of model warships . HMS Campbeltown was an American ship that was eventually transferred to the Royal Navy in 1940 . Mr Ansell's most recent build, the battleship HMS Dreadnought, is a 6ft long, 1:196 scale model and has as taken him nine years to finish - nine times longer than it took to build the actual warship in 1906. But the project was delayed by a lack of photographs of the vessel and he built two other models during that time. He has also made models of aircraft carrier HMS Fencer, HMS Campbeltown and HMS Hood, the ship sunk by the Germans in World War Two. As well as his scale warships, Mr Ansell has also created replicas of tanks, keeping them all to precise scale . The 63-year-old makes the models in his Dorset workshop and is seen consulting an original blueprint . The HMS Dreadnought replica (left) was the most time consuming of all Mr Ansell's models and each additional part, from aircraft to weapons and fighters is made with similar attention to detail from resin or airfix kits (right) He is making a G3 battlecruiser - a ship that was planned but not built because a naval treaty came into place that limited the weight of warships. Because the G3 was cancelled, it was never given a name, so Tony plans to write to the Queen to ask her permission to name his HMS Beatty, after the British admiral at the Battle of Jutland. HMS Fencer - 1:196 scale model . The original HMS Fencer was an aircraft carrier, commissioned in February 1943 . Escorted Atlantic, African and Russian convoys . Also took part in a strike on a German battleship . HMS Hood - 7ft long, 1:1,128 scale model . Original was an Admiral Class battlecruiser . Warship sunk by the Germans during World War Two . Had an overall length of 860ft . HMS Dreadnought - 6ft long, 1:196 scale model . Took Mr Ansell nine years to finish . The Dreadnought was introduced in 1906 and became an important development in naval technology . It was the first naval warship to have a uniform battery, rather than just a few guns . He added: 'With the Dreadnought I even laid the planks on the deck one by one. It took six months just to do the deck but it looks like the real McCoy. 'The G3 was never named because it wasn't built. Some names were banded about but they were then put to other ships. 'So I want to keep with naval tradition and write to the Queen to ask for permission to name it after Admiral Beatty. 'The Navy do it when they name ships and I want to make things official. I'll ask her if there's something else she'd rather I called it.' On average, a ship takes about three years to build and his hobby has cost Mr Ansell several thousands over the years. He said: 'Back in the 90s, my ambition was to make a 10-foot model and I got laughed at, but I kept making models bigger and bigger. 'The next one I'm going to do is nine-foot so I think I've proved the doubters wrong.' Mr Ansell belongs to a model boat display team in Portsmouth who stage battles with their ships and even use pyrotechnics, which means they have to have a health and safety team at the ready. | Tony Ansell has been making model warships for the last 20 years at home . Mr Ansell uses original Royal Navy blueprints to make scale model ships . On average ships take three years to make but HMS Dreadnought took nine . Each is made from fibreglass and flexible plastic and is radio controlled . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | The student skydiver who suffered a seizure while free-falling at 2743 m (9000 ft) was an epilepsy sufferer who believed he had his condition under control. Incredible footage shows the terrifying moment Christopher Jones, 22, had an epileptic seizure while free-falling at 2743 m (9000 ft). Mr Jones, from Perth, suffered the near-death experience while trying to do a left-hand turn in mid-air and was saved by his fast-acting sky diving instructor who opened his parachute with seconds to spare. Christopher Jones - with his parents Mike and Lia Jones - suffered an epileptic seizure while skydiving . Skydiving instructor Sheldon McFarlane's quick action to release Mr Jones' parachute saved his life . Skydiving instructor Sheldon McFarlane, 40, said Mr Jones had epilepsy but hadn't had a seizure in four years and had been given the all-clear by his doctor. 'He had all the documentation and had been to his doctor, he had been seizure-free for a number of years and believed he had it under control,' Mr McFarlane told Daily Mail Australia. Mr Jones said he dreamed of being a pilot but was unable to because of his condition, so he had decided to try skydiving instead. 'I'd been seizure-free for four years,' he told ABC. 'I've always wanted to have the feeling of flight, so I just thought, considering I can't fly a plane due to my condition, I thought I'd give it a go.' Footage filmed from Mr McFarlane's helmet camera shows Mr Jones quickly lose consciousness after jumping out of a plane over Pinjarra, south of Perth, last November. The terrifying moment a skydiving student has a seizure while free-falling at 2743 m (9000 ft) Mr Jones suffered the near death experience while trying to do a left-hand turn . The 22-year-old was completing stage five of his Accelerated Free Fall program with an instructo . He can be seen flipping over and convulsing as he plummets 1524 m (5000 ft) towards the earth in 30 seconds. Mr McFarlane said he could see Mr Jones was spinning out of control but he did not realise he was having a seizure. 'He rolled over and was unconscious on his back and he started spinning,' he said. 'I thought he was having sensory overload or something, I wasn't quite sure what was going on. 'He was in the foetal positon.' Mr McFarlane said it was a tricky manoeuvre to get to Mr Jones and open his parachute, but said he was well-trained and had more than 20 years' experience as an instructor. Mr Jones pictured before jumping out of the light plane that was flying at 3658 m (12,000 ft) He quickly lost consciousness and can be seen convulsing as he plummets 1524 m in 30 seconds . 'I thought it would be better to go down and make him stop,' he said. 'I just wanted to make sure he was safe and his parachute was open sooner rather than later.' Mr Jones regained consciousness at 914 m (3000 ft) and managed to land safely on the ground. He was completing stage five of his Accelerated Free Fall program with an instructor at the WA Skydiving Academy in Jandakot, southern Perth. Mr McFarlane only found out Mr Jones had suffered a seizure once the ground, after Mr Jones entered the hangar and told him. At first, the footage shows Mr Jones enjoying the free fall and smiling at the camera . His jump master expertly manoeuvred himself closer to Mr Jones and managed to pull his ripcord . The 22-year-old regained consciousness at 914 m (3000 ft) and managed to land safely on the ground . | A skydiving student had a seizure while free-falling at 2743 m (9000 ft) Christopher Jones, 22, from Perth, was saved by his fast-acting sky diving instructor who managed to release his parachute . Footage shows him convulsing as he plummets 1524 m in 30 seconds . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Cancer-survivor Jonas Gutierrez made an emotional return to St James' Park during Wednesday night's 1-0 defeat to Manchester United. The 31-year-old has twice beaten testicular cancer and only returned to the club after being given the all-clear following chemotherapy in November. He has since been building fitness with the Under-21s and was named on the bench for the first time last weekend. Newcastle winger Jonas Gutierrez (centre) has defied the odds to battle back from testicular cancer . Gutierrez replaced Newcastle defender Ryan Taylor in the second-half to the delight of the home fans . But Gutierrez finally made his first appearance in black and white in 17 months when he emerged midway through the second half as replacement for Ryan Taylor. St James' stood as one to welcome the fan favourite and close friend Fabricio Coloccini immediately handed the captain's armband to his Argentinian comrade. Gutierrez was booked soon after for a chop on Adnan Januzaj, but looked sharp with his every touch cheered by the Toon Army. And Newcastle head coach John Carver praised the substitute's impact, 'Maybe I should have started him!' 'The crowd came alive. He's worked tirelessly and it showed what the fans think of him – the roof nearly came off the stadium.' Newcastle, though, were beaten by Ashley Young's close-range strike in the dying seconds of what had been a feisty encounter. The 31-year-old received a standing ovation from the St James' Park crowd in an emotional display . Gutierrez joined Newcastle in 2008 from Mallorca after he was signed by former Magpies boss Kevin Keegan . Despite the heartwarming return of the fan favourite, however, Newcastle slumped to a 1-0 defeat . After the game Gutierrez was embraced by Manchester United goalkeeper David de Gea (right) | Jonas Gutierrez has battled back from testicular cancer . He was given the all-clear following chemotherapy in November . The winger returned to first-team action against Manchester United . Gutierrez joined Newcastle from Mallorca in 2008 . He has clocked nearly 200 appearances for the club . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Militants fighting for the Islamic State have released a video claiming to show the execution of two Libyan soldiers. Footage shows three balaclava-clad gunmen standing behind the prisoners who are believed to have been captured in battles for the terror group's Libyan stronghold of Derna. The soldiers - one of whom was reportedly a colonel - are then shot in the back of the head by the jihadists, understood to belong to the ISIS-affiliate Ansar Al Sharia. One report said the men were accused of fighting for General Khalifa Hifter, who has been leading an offensive against Islamic militias for the internationally recognised Libyan government. Condemned to die: Video released by the Islamic State appears to show two soldiers being executed by jihadi gunmen after apparently being captured in battles for the terror group's Libyan stronghold of Derna . Executed: The soldiers - one of whom was reportedly a colonel - are seen slumped on the ground after being shot in the back of the head by the gunmen, understood to be from the ISIS affiliate Ansar Al Sharia . Fate sealed: Images purporting to show the two men. They were reportedly accused of fighting for General Khalifa Hifter, who has been leading an offensive against Islamic militias for the Libyan government . The shootings are the latest in a disturbing rise of executions in Libya in the wake of the terror group's advance across the North African coast. It has now gained control of a number of Libyan coastal towns including Benghazi, Sirte, Derna and Nofilia. Last month, the jihadists filmed the bloody executions of 21 Egyptian Christians on a beach in Libya as it seeks to take a stranglehold on the region. ISIS also claimed responsibility for a series of suicide bombings that killed at least 45 people in the town of Qubba, around 20 miles from Derna, nearly three weeks ago. The extremist organisation's deadly grip now stretches across the Middle East and into northern-Africa where today, only the Mediterranean Sea separates the militants from Europe. Growth of terror: Since its formation as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria in 2013 - ISIS has conquered regions of Iraq, Syria and recently Libya - while building support among marginalised Muslims in Turkey, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Egypt's Sinai Province, Afghanistan, Tunisia and Algeria . It has conquered regions of Iraq, Syria and recently Libya while building a terrifying support structure in Turkey, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Egypt's Sinai Province, Afghanistan, Tunisia and Algeria. And over the weekend, Nigerian terror group Boko Haram also pledged its allegiance to ISIS, stretching its influence across the west Africa. The tyrannical expansion is part of its 'global strategy' to seize destablised countries to 'engage in all-out battle against the West,' the Institute for the Study of War told MailOnline last month. Counter-terrorism analyst Harleen Gambhir said: 'What we've started to see is ISIS has begun to accelerate its operation to activate these sleeper groups that its reaching out to and it's having international effects.' | 'Soldiers - one thought to be a colonel - shot in the head by jihadi gunmen' Latest brutal killings by ISIS in wake of its advance across northern Libya . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | A bizarre headed goal from Zlatan Ibrahimovic put Sweden on the road to a 2-0 victory over Moldova in their Euro 2016 Group G qualifier in Chisinau on Friday, with the striker also netting a late penalty. Sweden's captain gave his side the lead immediately after half-time when Moldova goalkeeper Ilie Cebanu's attempt to deal with a back pass failed to clear the frontman. Ibrahimovic reacted with lightning reflexes to head the ball into an empty net from the edge of the penalty area to notch his 52nd goal in 102 international appearances. Zlatan Ibrahimovic closes down the Moldovan goalkeeper as he looks to clear the ball from danger . The Moldovan goalkeeper is left red-faced as his clearance only reaches as far as Ibrahimovic's forehead . The Sweden striker reacts quickly to head the ball in to the empty Moldovan net following the poor clearance . The Moldovan goalkeeper can only look on in disbelief as he is made to pay for his error . Ibrahimovic has an effort on goal as Sweden look to see off minnows Moldova during their match . PSG ace Ibrahimovic looks to hold off Moldova's Victor Golovatenco during the game at Zimbru Stadium . Bottom of the group on a single point, Moldova chose to defend deep for most of the game and created little, their occasional forays forward on the counter-attack failing to trouble the Swedish rearguard. Ibrahimovic almost doubled his tally in the 75th minute, but his thunderous free kick found Cebanu in a less generous mood and he swatted the ball away to safety. Ibrahimovic vies for the ball with Moldova's defender Igor Armas during the Euro 2016 qualifying match . Sebastian Larsson of Sweden fights for the ball with Vadim Bolohan of Moldova at the Zimbru Stadium . Cebanu continued to redeem himself, performing a smart double-save to deny Sweden substitutes Marcus Berg and Emil Forsberg in the 81st minute. But there was little he could do in the 84th minute when winger Forsberg was upended and Ibrahimovic smashed home the resulting penalty to secure the win for Sweden. With group leaders Austria winning 5-0 away to Liechtenstein, the result means the Swedes stay in second place on nine points, four behind the Austrians. | Zlatan Ibrahimovic scored twice as Sweden eased past minnows Moldova . Swedish striker took advantage of goalkeeping error as he headed opener . Ibrahimovic doubled Sweden's lead from the penalty spot on 84 minutes . Sweden's Andres Granqvist saw red in second-half injury time . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | (CNN)"India's Daughter," the BBC Four documentary about the infamous 2012 gang rape in Delhi, premiered in the U.S. last week. If you haven't seen it, you have likely heard selections from the film's interview with Mukesh Singh, who is on death row for the crime. "A decent girl won't roam around at nine o'clock at night. A girl is far more responsible for rape than a boy," he says. "When being raped, she shouldn't fight back. She should just be silent." Certain other men interviewed for the documentary say such things as, "In our culture, there is no place for a woman" and that if a daughter or sister "engaged in pre-marital activities ... I would put petrol on her and set her alight." Note: Those men are not rapist-murderers. They are their lawyers. Many (I'd like to think most) of us cringed at these comments and their garishly clear misogyny. But these words were not just a window into one uniquely deranged soul. Let's be clear: Singh is just reading -- perhaps more loudly and cruelly than others, but still -- from a cultural script we all share. Yes, we all. Perhaps your first thought when you heard or read those words was, "Violence against women is really bad...in India." And in many ways, of course, it is. Reports this weekend of a robbery at a Christian school in eastern India, in which, officials said, one of the assailants allegedly raped a 70-year-old nun, add to the narrative. But as unfathomable as this brutality is, we must resist the temptation to presume some sort of American violence-against-women exceptionalism, making others the bad guys while crowing about "how far women have come" in the United States. Or to say, "Sure, we still have issues, but not like that." I know that temptation is there. Our global human rights organization, based in the U.S. and India, works to inspire individuals and institutions to drive the culture change needed to make violence against women unacceptable. When I describe our work -- including our campaigns and issues in both countries and beyond -- the questions people ask often reveal their at least initial assumption: that we here in the U.S. are working solely to stop violence against women in India. Yet we do have issues in the U.S., issues "like that." We have mass murderer Elliot Rodger, who before he killed six people and injured 14 others in Isla Vista California last year, wrote his own 137-page version of that same misogynist script. We know from "The Hunting Ground," documentarian Kirby Dick's film about sexual assault on college campuses -- also now in theaters -- that multitudes of women, and many men, have had violated their right to an education free from violence. We know that women are leaving the tech industry, Wall Street, and Internet feminism in droves due to untenable discrimination and violence. We know that women (and people of all genders) are assaulted by strangers and intimates every day. And what of the response? As Zak Cheney-Rice noted, discussing "India's Daughter" in Mic.com, "from India to the U.S., citizens and officials alike display a troubling inclination to sympathize with rapists and vilify their victims." A United Nations report released last week, marking the 20th anniversary of the landmark women's rights conference in Beijing, confirms that (as The New York Times put it) "violence against women -- including rape, murder and sexual harassment -- remains stubbornly high in countries rich and poor, at war and at peace." Everywhere. We can't relegate such violence to "the other," to the "not here, not us, not me." To do so is not only incorrect, it is damaging. Yes, we must be concerned for the human rights of all the world's citizens. Yes, violence against women varies in form and degree. But to imagine that violence against women happens only, or mostly, "somewhere else," is exactly what keeps the culture of violence alive at home. Concern for others does not absolve us of responsibility for ourselves. Likewise, the extreme actions or words of a few marquee misogynists, wherever they live, do not absolve us. We must all ask ourselves: To what degree do we repeat those scripts, or stay silent when we hear them from others? Our actions, and inactions, fuel the culture from which both extreme and everyday violence and discrimination emerge. We cannot furrow our brows about India, or any of those "others" -- abusive men in fraternities, for example -- and be done. Indeed, "India's Daughter" premiered in the U.S. with the intent of drawing attention to gender inequality and sexual violence worldwide. So let's bring about the day when the next buzzworthy documentary is about the women and men and allies of all genders who have stepped up, together, to say no more: not in my home, not in my school, not in my country, not anywhere. | Phoebe Schreiner: We react in horror at comments in BBC doc where India rapist says women err in fighting back . But she says Americans should look inward at their own tolerance for violence against women, demonstrated in sobering assault stats . Schreiner: We dodge accountability for misogyny and sexual abuse in our own culture by focusing on countries that are "the other" |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Arsenal manager Arsene Wenger will target a central defender, a holding midfielder and a goalkeeper this summer with a £50million transfer war chest. Per Mertesacker could pay for some poor performances this season, with Dortmund centre half Neven Subotic and Aleksandar Dragovic of Dynamo Kiev on the Gunners’ radar. Arsenal goalkeepers David Ospina and Wojciech Szczesny will also be sweating on their futures. Petr Cech is a possible target, although Chelsea may not be prepared to sell to a rival. Arsene Wenger is said to be eyeing a swoop for Borussia Dortmund defender Neven Subotic (left) Aleksandar Dragovic (second right) of Dynamo Kiev is also on Wenger's radar for a summer swoop . Arsenal manager Wenger reportedly has a budget of £50million to spend on his squad in the summer . Wenger is a long-term admirer of Southampton’s Morgan Schneiderlin, who is the leading contender for the midfield holding role. Gabriel and Laurent Koscielny's place in Arsene Wenger's plans for next season look secure. But the arrival of a new centre back in the summer is likely to have repercussions for Mertesacker. The German's performances have been criticised this season, though he was excellent in Monday's euphoric FA Cup win over Manchester United. Wenger has been repeatedly linked with Southampton midfielder Morgan Schneiderlin (left) Chelsea keeper Petr Cech is also said to be of interest to Arsenal but Chelsea may not want to sell to a rival . He was recently dropped by Wenger, but Gabriel's hamstring injury has seen the defender handed an instant route back into the first-team. And the arrival of a new centre-half could marginalise Mertesacker's role in Wenger's plans. The capture of a new central defender could also have consequences for Calum Chambers. The England international has been used as cover at centre-back this season, but the club's transfer plans could mean Wenger sees his long-term future at right-back or holding midfield. | Arsene Wenger wants to improve his defensive options at Arsenal . Wenger is after goalkeeper Petr Cech and defender Neven Subotic . He has been repeatedly linked with Southampton's Morgan Schneiderlin . |
Is Moore's law still viable? | Moore's law is the observation that the number of transistors in an integrated circuit (IC) doubles about every two years. Moore's law is an observation and projection of a historical trend. Rather than a law of physics, it is an empirical relationship linked to gains from experience in production. The observation is named after Gordon Moore, the co-founder of Fairchild Semiconductor and Intel (and former CEO of the latter), who in 1965 posited a doubling every year in the number of components per integrated circuit, and projected this rate of growth would continue for at least another decade. In 1975, looking forward to the next decade, he revised the forecast to doubling every two years, a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 41%. While Moore did not use empirical evidence in forecasting that the historical trend would continue, his prediction held since 1975 and has since become known as a "law". Moore's prediction has been used in the semiconductor industry to guide long-term planning and to set targets for research and development, thus functioning to some extent as a self-fulfilling prophecy. Advancements in digital electronics, such as the reduction in quality-adjusted microprocessor prices, the increase in memory capacity (RAM and flash), the improvement of sensors, and even the number and size of pixels in digital cameras, are strongly linked to Moore's law. These ongoing changes in digital electronics have been a driving force of technological and social change, productivity, and economic growth. Industry experts have not reached a consensus on exactly when Moore's law will cease to apply. Microprocessor architects report that semiconductor advancement has slowed industry-wide since around 2010, slightly below the pace predicted by Moore's law. In September 2022 Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang considered Moore's law dead, while Intel CEO Pat Gelsinger was of the opposite view. | Moore's law is the observation that the number of transistors in a circuit doubles about every two years. Through advancements in technology, Moore's law is still viable since 1975 with some experts believing the observation still holds and some seeing a slowing of Moore's observation. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | After winning the Super Bowl, Darrelle Revis is heading back to the New York Jets. Two years after his acrimonious departure to Tampa Bay, the shutdown corner again showed his mastery of free agency, signing a vast five-year, $70million deal. With $39m guaranteed, Revis will pocket $16m-a-season in the first three years, NFL insider Ian Raport reports. At 29, the six-time Pro Bowler and four-time All-Pro is among a number of new additions as the Jets look to break their four-year spell without a play-off place. Darrelle Revis defends Jeremy Kerley in the Patriot's narrow 17-16 win over the Jets in December . Revis lasted a year with the Buccaneers after penning a six-year, $96m deal with no guaranteed money. The Patriots moved swiftly following his release last year, with the parties agreeing on a $32m two-year deal. Owner Robert Kraft declined to take up the $20m second-year option, opting to re-sign safety Devin McCourty on big money instead. The deal appears a questionable one for the Super Bowl-winning Patriots. Revis and the recently released Brandon Browner gave them a secondary that was the envy of the AFC. But they lose a locker room leader to an AFC East rival and Bill Belichick has to rebuild his secondary once more. With $50m cap space, it has already been a busy free agency for Gang Green and new head coach Todd Bowles. Alongside the marquee signing of Brandon Marshall, cornerback Buster Skrine joined from Cleveland, guard James Carpenter comes in from Seattle and linebacker David Harris was re-signed. | Revis rejoins the Jets, the franchise who exchanged picks with Carolina to move up and draft him 14th overall in the 2007 . The shutdown corner left the Jets in bitter circumstances two years ago, joining Tampa Bay . Revis won the Super Bowl in his only year with New England but heads back to Gang Green on big money . |
Extract the pupils of Abraham van Strij from the text. Separate them with a comma. | Van Strij was born and died in Dordrecht. According to the RKD he was the son of Leendert and the brother of Jacob. Both he and his brother were pupils of his father, and after taking lessons from Joris Ponse, Abraham joined his father's workshop. He was a member of the Dordrecht Guild of St. Luke and later its director. His son Abraham II also became a painter, and besides his son, he and his brother took on pupils after taking over their father's workshop. Their pupils were Pieter Rudolph Kleijn, Johannes van Lexmond, Jacob de Meijer, Johannes Rutten, Johannes Schoenmakers, Johannes Christiaan Schotel, and Gillis Smak Gregoor. | Pieter Rudolph Kleijn, Johannes van Lexmond, Jacob de Meijer, Johannes Rutten, Johannes Schoenmakers, Johannes Christiaan Schotel, Gillis Smak Gregoor. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | (CNN)Nigeria's military says its forces have retaken the northeastern town of Gwoza, which Boko Haram militants last year declared the headquarters of their "caliphate." The announcement comes on the eve of the West African country's general elections. "Just this morning, the gallant troops of the Nigerian military in a concerted and well-coordinated land and air operations have liberated Gwoza, the headquarters of their so-called caliphate," Major General Chris Olukolade said in a Defense Ministry statement Friday. Olukolade said the troops had routed Boko Haram fighters in towns and villages leading to Gwoza. "Several of the terrorists have died and many of them captured in the process. A lot of arms and ammunition have been recovered and the administrative headquarters completely destroyed. A massive cordon and search has commenced to locate any of the fleeing terrorists or hostages in their custody," Olukolade said. Boko Haram declared its own "caliphate" after seizing the area around Gwoza, in Borno state, in August 2014, according to the Chatham House think tank. The militant group has purportedly pledged allegiance to ISIS and says its aim is to impose a stricter enforcement of Sharia law across Nigeria, which is split between the majority Muslim north and the mostly Christian south. Nigeria's general elections take place Saturday . The polls had been scheduled for February 14, but on February 7, Nigeria's election commission announced they would be postponed for six weeks due to security concerns, with the military needing more time to secure areas controlled by Boko Haram. The controversial decision was unpopular among many Nigerians and led to widespread protests. Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan, who is running for reelection, has been criticized for not doing enough to combat Boko Haram. On Friday, Jonathan referenced the Gwoza victory in a broadcast to the nation, praising Nigeria's armed forces for their "immense sacrifices" in defending the nation. "We are also glad that our gallant armed forces have successfully stemmed the seizure of Nigerian territories in the northeast by the terrorist group, Boko Haram," Jonathan said. "They have recaptured most of the communities and territories formerly occupied by the insurgents, making it possible for thousands of internally displaced Nigerians to begin returning to their homes and communities." Jonathan said security agencies were fully prepared to deal decisively with "any group or persons who attempt to disrupt the peaceful conduct of the elections." "Those who may harbor any intentions of testing our will by unleashing violence during the elections in order to advance their political ambitions should think again as all necessary measures have been put in place to ensure that any persons who breach the peace or cause public disorder during or after the elections are speedily apprehended and summarily dealt with according to our laws," the President said. On Thursday, Jonathan and Maj. Gen. Muhammad Buhari, the other leading presidential candidate, issued a pledge reaffirming their commitment to "free, fair and credible elections" following their signing of a nonviolence pledge -- the Abuja Accord -- in January. The International Criminal Court also issued a warning that anyone inciting or engaging in electoral violence "at a time when abhorrent levels of violence already plague parts of the country" is subject to prosecution, "either by Nigerian Courts or by the ICC." "No one should doubt my Office's resolve to prosecute individuals responsible for the commission of ICC crimes, whenever necessary," ICC Chief Prosecutor Fatou Bensouda said in the statement. Boko Haram attacks have killed at least 1,000 civilians so far this year, according to a Human Rights Watch (HRW) statement released Thursday. Citing interviews with witnesses, it said the militants rounded up 300 Gwoza residents when it overran the town, then took them to a camp in the Sambisa Forest. "After five months during which other residents remained trapped on the hills, hiding in caves and weakened by hunger, Boko Haram attacked the civilians there, killing many and forcing others to escape over the border into Cameroon," the rights group said. "Each week that passes we learn of more brutal Boko Haram abuses against civilians," said HRW researcher Mausi Segun, adding that Nigeria "needs to make protecting civilians a priority in military operations against Boko Haram." The rights group said Nigerian security forces had "failed to take all feasible precautions to protect the civilian population" when fighting Boko Haram but noted that, according to the government, military police were investigating those claims. Amnesty International said in September that reports of alleged abuses by Nigerian security forces had increased since the government stepped up its fight against Boko Haram. The rights group alleged systemic use of torture by the police, based on hundreds of witness testimonies and other evidence gathered over a 10-year span. A spokesman for the Nigeria Police Force disputed the claims, saying torture and abuse were not "repeat, not an official policy of the Nigeria Police" and that the Amnesty report contained "some blatant falsehoods." Earlier this month, ISIS purportedly said it welcomed Boko Haram after the latter pledged allegiance to it. In an audio message purportedly from an ISIS spokesman, the group announced that it had accepted a pledge of allegiance from Boko Haram. ISIS supporters posted the audio online. CNN cannot independently authenticate the 28-minute message. The message said that ISIS, which calls itself the Islamic State, had expanded to West Africa and congratulated "our jihadi brothers" there. It followed the posting online of an unauthenticated audio message purportedly from Boko Haram's leader, Abubakar Shekau, on March 9 in which the speaker announced that the terror group wanted to join ISIS. Since 2009, Boko Haram, whose name translates as "Western education is sin," has waged a campaign of terror aimed at instituting a stricter version of Sharia law in Nigeria. Boko Haram's tactics have intensified in recent years, from battling Nigerian government soldiers to acts disproportionately affecting civilians -- such as raids on villages, mass kidnappings, assassinations, market bombings and attacks on churches and unaffiliated mosques. Much of this violence has taken place in Nigeria. But neighboring countries, such as Cameroon and Chad, have also been hit increasingly hard and have committed troops to fight the militants. An African Union-mandated Multinational Joint Task Force has also been formed, involving troops from Cameroon, Chad, Niger and Benin as well as Nigeria. On Friday, the UK Foreign Office announced Britain would provide 5 million pounds ($7.4 million) to help the task force tackle Boko Haram. Foreign Secretary Philip Hammond expressed hope that the United Nations Security Council would adopt a resolution, currently being negotiated, to endorse the task force. Nana Karikari-apau contributed to this report from Atlanta and Susannah Cullinane wrote from London. Christian Purefoy contributed from Lagos. | Nigeria's military says it has retaken the northeastern town of Gwoza from Boko Haram . The announcement comes on the eve of the West African nation's general elections . Boko Haram declared Gwoza the headquarters of its "caliphate" last August . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Paris Saint-Germain midfielder Blaise Matuidi believes his side's 4-1 win over Lens on Saturday night was the perfect preparation for their Champions League last-16 second leg against Chelsea. The French champions recorded their 15th league win of the season to regain first place - if only temporarily due to Lyon's game in hand - and Matuidi is confident that a positive result has set them up nicely for a trip to London. 'It was very important to go top of the table, even if it's only provisional. It's a good way to prepare for the Champions League match against Chelsea on Wednesday,' he told reporters. Paris Saint-Germain midfielder Blaise Matuidi believes that his side's league win has set them up for Chelsea . Matuidi came off the bench to score as PSG beat Lens to return to the top of Ligue 1 on Saturday . 'We are heading to London with plenty of confidence. I think we can still do better in terms of converting our chances into goals, but we're working on it. 'Wednesday's match will be a very tough one against a team full of confidence. But we're heading there to qualify.' The first leg of the tie, at Parc des Princes, saw Chelsea take the lead through Branislav Ivanovic, before Edinson Cavani equalised in the second half to salvage the tie. Laurent Blanc's side will know that they need to score in west London to have any chance of progressing, but the tie is firmly in the balance going into the decider. In the first leg at Parc des Princes, Branislav Ivanovic scored to put Chelsea 1-0 up, but PSG equalised . Javier Pastore celebrates with his PSG team-mates after scoring on Saturday; they head to London this week . | Paris Saint-Germain drew 1-1 with Chelsea in the Champions League last 16 first leg at Parc des Princes in February . Now, the French champions head to Stamford Bridge for the second leg . PSG won 4-1 in Ligue 1 on Saturday night to go two points clear . Blaise Matuidi believes that their win was perfect preparation for this week . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | David Cameron was facing a growing Tory mutiny over defence spending last night, amid claims the Foreign Secretary said there were ‘no votes in defence.’ Conservative MPs are plotting a major rebellion next week when the Commons debates calls for the UK to honour its commitment to spend at least two per cent of national income on defence. The Prime Minister lectured other Western leaders over the need to hit the target during last year’s Nato summit in Wales. Conservative MPs are plotting a rebellion against Prime Minister David Cameron next week when the Commons debate will call for the UK to honour its commitment to spend at least 2% of its income on defence . But Mr Cameron has refused to guarantee that the spending pledge will continue after the election, and – to the anger of many MPs – Tory sources say it will not feature in the party’s manifesto. Instead, the Prime Minister has said only that a future Tory government would protect the defence equipment budget and maintain troop numbers. Foreign Secretary Philip Hammond was yesterday reported to have warned Tory MPs there are ‘no votes in defence’. Aides to Mr Hammond, a former defence secretary, said they ‘did not recognise the comments’, adding that the minister is a staunch supporter of defence spending. But former defence minister Sir Gerald Howarth said the reported comments were symptomatic of the view of the party leadership. Sir Gerald, MP for Aldershot, said: ‘There is a view at the top of the government – I don’t think the Prime Minister shares it – that defence isn’t a vote winner. Foreign Secretary Philip Hammond (pictured) was reported to have warned Tory MPs there are ‘no votes in defence’ ‘But what they have to understand is that defence is part of the DNA of the Conservative Party. And that’s true even in constituencies which don’t have a garrison. ‘Conservative voters instinctively believe that defence of the realm is the first priority of government.’ ‘And if people around the country do not see that is the case they will ask themselves what is the Conservative Party for?’ ‘We are following through a Lib Dem promise to spend 0.7 per cent on aid but we won’t commit to defence spending. People are asking is this the right order of priorities?’ Rory Stewart, chairman of the Commons defence committee said: ‘The fundamental point is the world is unfortunately more dangerous now than it has been in the past 20 years at least. ‘That means major powers like Britain have to spend more on defence.’ Fellow Tory James Gray said it would be a major error for Britain to drop its guard at a time of increased Russian aggression and the growing threat from Islamic State. Mr Gray said: ‘The people of the UK want to see strong defence of the realm, and they see the attacks carried out by ISIS and the Russian Bear bombers over Brighton and they realise the world is an extremely dangerous place. And they want the government to step up and hold to the promise they made at the Nato Summit.’ Conservative MPs now plan to use a Commons debate next Thursday to force a vote on the issue. A senior Tory MP last night said there was a ‘determination’ to force a vote, despite pressure from Downing Street to avoid a damaging split in the run-up to the election. Although the vote will not be binding on Government policy, defeat would be embarrassing for the Tory leadership and increase the pressure on ministers to back the spending target. China is to boost its military budget by 10 per cent this year to £94billion, making it the world’s second-biggest spender on defence. Last year, it spent £85billion, compared with Britain’s £37.4billion – but that is still only around a third of what the US spends. Beijing is seeking to assert itself as a growing power and officials say the money is to modernise the People’s Liberation Army – the world’s largest standing military force. China's growing force: Only the US spends more on defence . The US fears that China considerably understates its actual defence spending. Beijing has recently taken a more assertive stance on territorial disputes with Japan and other neighbours, leading to a rise in regional tensions. In response, Japan and India have increased their military budgets. | David Cameron is facing a growing Tory mutiny over defence spending . Conservative MPs plotting major rebellion during Commons debate . Debate will call for UK to honour commitment to spend at least 2% of national income on defence - but Cameron has refused to guarantee pledge . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | England's record caps holder Peter Shilton is excited by striker Harry Kane and feels the national team 'need a lot more' like him. Kane has been in tremendous form for Tottenham this season, scoring 29 goals in all competitions, and it took him just 79 seconds to open his England account against Lithuania on Friday night. The 21-year-old is set to lead the line against Italy in Turin on Tuesday night and Shilton, who played 125 internationals, is impressed with what he has seen. Harry Kane scored from the bench just seconds into his England debut, and Shilton called him 'exciting' The Tottenham striker is set for his first start for England when they face Italy in Turin on Tuesday . 'He is a very exciting home grown player,' he told BBC Radio 5 Live. 'He's what we are looking for and what we need a lot more of. 'But let's take it steady with him. International football is a big step up. He's playing tonight, an even bigger test.' Kane is also set to take part in this summer's European Under-21 Championship and while Shilton would not go so far as former team-mate Gary Lineker, who said on Twitter on Monday 'If clubs try and pull their players out it would be a national disgrace', the 65-year-old agrees about the importance of the competition. Kane is likely to start alongside Wayne Rooney, but Shilton says he should not be rushed . The Spurs star has scored 29 goals in all competitions this season, the leading English goalscorer . 'Winning things is a great incentive, it boosts your confidence at whatever level it comes,' Shilton said. 'I think the Under-21s is very important. To go and win a tournament like that would be great for the country.' | England's most capped player praises Tottenham striker . Harry Kane has scored 29 goals for his club this season . Kane set to start for England in Italy, which Shilton calls 'a big step up' Spurs star could still go to European U21 championships this summer . READ: Italy vs England is the real test for Roy Hodgson's new wave . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Fresh from his return to England colours in the Six Nations, Danny Cipriani was back in action on Tuesday to front the ‘Welcome Back to Milk’ campaign for a2 Milk. Cipriani's superb form for Sale Sharks saw the talented fly half called up to Stuart Lancaster's squad for the 2015 championship. The former Wasps and Melbourne Rebels playmaker made a number of impressive cameos from the bench during the championship and capped off his first appearance at Twickenham since November 2008 with a late try in the 47-17 victory against Italy in February. Scroll down for videos . England rugby star Danny Cipriani promotes the Welcome Back to Milk campaign for a2 milk . England and Sale Sharks fly half Cipriani has been named official ambassador for a2 Milk . Cipriani revealed that milk is a big part of his training regime but ordinary milk makes him feel lethargic . Cipriani pictured with ex-girlfriend Kelly Brook at an event in June 2013 . Cipriani runs at the French defence during England's pulsating 55-35 victory at Twickenham on Saturday . And Cipriani, who also made appearances against Scotland and France during the tournament, has cited his switch to a2 Milk as a key change to his training regime. 'Milk has always been a vital part of my training regime, but for some reason ordinary milk was making me feel lethargic and bloated. Since I discovered a2 Milk I have been feeling fantastic,' said Cipriani. 'I know a2 Milk has become huge in Australia where it was initially launched and I once lived. I want to do the same here and help change the lives of kids and adults who have had trouble with ordinary milk like me. It has changed my life – I want to encourage others to try it for themselves. Cipriani came off the bench to score a late try for England in their 47-17 victory against Italy in round two . 'Milk is such an important food - for growth, bone health and also for post-training recovery. If I hadn't ditched ordinary milk and taken up a2 Milk, I wouldn't be feeling as good as I do today.' Cipriani will back in Sale colours on Sunday as Steve Diamond's side welcome Gloucester to the AJ Bell Stadium for a crucial Aviva Premiership clash. | Danny Cipriani made a number of impressive cameos from the bench during England's 2015 RBS 6 Nations campaign . Cipriani has been in excellent form for Sale Sharks this season . Cipriani scored a try in his first appearance at Twickenham since November 2008 during England's 47-17 victory against Italy . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Montabaur, Germany (CNN)Co-pilot Andreas Lubitz's voice isn't heard in a recording of the final moments of Germanwings Flight 9525. But investigators say he was the one at the controls inside the cockpit, deliberately locking out the plane's captain and setting the plane on a crash course for the French Alps. Andreas Lubitz had medical note for day of crash, hid illness, officials say . The only sound the recorder picked up from Lubitz as the Airbus A320 went down, Marseille prosecutor Brice Robin said, was the co-pilot's steady breathing. Authorities didn't mince words Thursday as they blamed Lubitz for the crash, but questions are still swirling over the 27-year-old's past. Officials say Lubitz passed a psychological test when he was hired, had no known ties to terrorism and showed no sign of medical distress during the flight. It seems, Robin said, that Lubitz "wanted to destroy the aircraft." But why? Lufthansa CEO 'speechless' It's a question police were trying to answer as they searched Lubitz's apartment in Dusseldorf. Police spokesman Markus Niesczery said a team of five investigators went "through the apartment looking for clues as to what the co-pilot's motivation might have been, if he did indeed bring the plane down." About 85 miles (136 km) away in the town of Montabaur, the house where Lubitz's parents live was shuttered and guarded by police. A group of men, perhaps investigators, were the only ones granted access. This town in western Germany is where Lubitz pursued his love of flying from a young age. At a club on the outskirts of Montabaur, pilots who knew Lubitz said they were shocked to hear what investigators said. They said the man they know never would have deliberately crashed a plane. Between the ages of 14 and 20, Lubitz was a regular fixture at the gliding club. "(He was) a very normal young person, full of energy," Klaus Radke said. "What can I say? He had a bright future. He made his hobby into his job. What more can you hope to achieve?" The authorities' explanation doesn't ring true for Peter Ruecker, another pilot who knew him from the flight club. "Knowing Andreas, this is just inconceivable for me," Ruecker told the Reuters news agency. "He was a lot of fun, even though he was perhaps sometimes a bit quiet," Ruecker said. "He was just another boy, like so many others here." A neighbor told Reuters that Lubitz "was very interested in things which are going on around him." "It's a very good family," the neighbor said. "They have a good connection within the family and they are engaged in the community." An 8-minute descent to death . Lubitz had been with Germanwings, a budget airline owned by Lufthansa, since September 2013 and had completed 630 hours of flight time, the airline's media office said. Lufthansa CEO Carsten Spohr told reporters that Lubitz "interrupted" his training, which he began in 2008. That break lasted several months, he said, but added that such an interruption isn't uncommon. Spohr said he couldn't give any information about why the co-pilot had stopped and then restarted his training. If it was for medical reasons, he said, then that information would have been private before the crash, he said, but it will be part of information gathered during the investigation. Most of Lubitz's training took place at the Lufthansa flight training center in Bremen. He also trained in the United States, spending six months at facility in Arizona as part of a required program to get his license, a Lufthansa spokesperson said. Spohr said Lufthansa pilots get medical testing but do not undergo regular or routine psychological testing once they are flying. However, the airline does consider an applicant's psychological state, along with other factors, when hiring pilots, he said. Lubitz and the captain passed a psychological test when they were hired, he said. "We don't only look at competence but we also give a lot of room to psychological capabilities," Spohr said. "He was 100% set to fly without restrictions," he added. "His flight performance was perfect. There was nothing to worry about." Students, singers among the victims . 5 cases of pilots intentionally crashing . Diana Magnay reported from Montabaur. Catherine E. Shoichet and Ashley Fantz reported from Atlanta. CNN's Fred Pleitgen contributed to this report from Cologne, Germany. CNN's Mark Thompson, Eliott C. McLaughlin Laura Smith-Spark, Bharati Naik and Sara Sidner also contributed to this report. | Police search co-pilot Andreas Lubitz's apartment for clues . A pilot who knew Lubitz calls him a "very normal young person" Investigators say they believe he deliberately crashed Germanwings Flight 9525 . |
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