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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aji"} | Look up aji in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Aji or AJI may refer to:
Location
Other
Topics referred to by the same term | 184abc0a-e9f0-4b01-ac51-dbd713d0e9ab |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleg_Serebrian"} | Moldovan politician
Oleg Serebrian (born 13 July 1969) is a Moldovan politician, writer, diplomat and political scientist, President of the Latin Union between 2010 and 2012.
Biography
He studied law and history at the Ion Creangă State Pedagogical University in Chișinău and international relations at the European Institute of High International Studies in Nice, France. Serebrian entered the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Moldova in 1992. In 1998 he was awarded his doctorate in political sciences. In 1998-1999 he served as spokesperson of Moldova's Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Between 1999 and 2003, he was Deputy Rector of the Free University of Moldova.
Between May 2001 and February 2008 Serebrian was Chairman of the Social Liberal Party. On February 10, 2008, after merging of Social Liberal Party with Democratic Party of Moldova (DPM) he was elected First Deputy Chairman of DPM. Between March 2005 and July 2010 he was Member of the Parliament of Moldova (reelected for a second term in 2009).
Between July 2010 and 13 July 2015 he was Ambassador of Moldova to France and UNESCO. Since 13 November 2015 he is the Moldovan Ambassador to Germany.
He is the author of several books on international affairs and geopolitics.
Since 19 January 2022, Serebrian is the Deputy Prime Minister for Reintegration of the Bureau for Reintegration of the Republic of Moldova. His predecessor in this post was Vladislav Kulminski, who resigned in 2021 due to personal reasons.
Major works | 5912a0a8-3149-4c2b-a032-a283e3f792ac |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_SCCA_Grand_Prix_Championship"} | 1968 SCCA Grand Prix Championship
Previous
1967
Next
1969
The 1968 SCCA Grand Prix Championship was the second annual running of the Sports Car Club of America's open wheel automobile racing series later to become known as the SCCA Continental Championship. The championship was open to SCCA Formula A, Formula B and Formula C cars, with Formula A expanded to include vehicles powered by 5 liter production-based engines, with the Formula A category later being renamed to Formula 5000.
Race results
The 1968 SCCA Grand Prix Championship was contested over eight rounds.
Points system
Championship points were awarded to drivers on a 9-6-4-3-2-1 basis.
Championship results | 138bd037-c8c9-40b8-9629-f7c10c6005e2 |
null | American police officer (1931–2020)
Thomas Anthony Reppetto (August 17, 1931 – May 5, 2020) was a police officer, crime watchdog, historian, educator, and author. He was a commander of detectives in the Chicago Police Department and the president of New York City's Citizens Crime Commission for over 25 years. He was the dean of the John Jay College of Criminal Justice in New York.
Childhood
Reppetto was born in Chicago. His mother was a secretary for the Chicago Police Department and his father was a saloonkeeper who spent time in prison for a variety of criminal activities. Reppetto visited his father in prison on Sundays.
Education
Reppetto attended Roosevelt University in Chicago. While he was working in the Chicago Police Department, he got a PhD in public administration from Harvard University.
Career
Reppetto joined the Chicago Police department in 1952 and became the commander of detectives. While working there, he pursued his PhD, but once it was completed and he rejoined the force, but, however, he was sidelined from holding advanced positions.
In 1970 he became a criminal justice researcher at the Joint Center for Urban Studies of M.I.T. and Harvard. In 1971 he moved to be a professor at New York City's John Jay College of Criminal Justice; he eventually served as dean and vice president of the school.
In 1979, Reppetto was approached by a group of businessmen who formed the nonpartisan New York City's Citizens Crime Commission. He served as the president of the commission for over 20 years. He advised New York City mayors on how to reduce crime, pointing to many historical mistakes which led to public distrust and unrest of police officers.
Publications
He wrote American Mafia, Bringing Down the Mob, Blue Parade, Battleground New York City, American Detective, and Shadows over the White House.
He also wrote about the criminal justice system for the New York Post. | 86ba86b2-5f63-4911-a6c8-d17446672c89 |
null | Professional ice hockey exhibition game
The 18th National Hockey League All-Star Game took place at Maple Leaf Gardens on October 10, 1964. The NHL All-Stars defeated the hometown Toronto Maple Leafs 3–2.
All-Star uniforms
The unusual shoulder loops introduced to the All-Star jerseys in 1960 gave way to more traditional striping. The shoulder yoke featured a thin orange-black-orange stripe on the front and back, and the sleeves and waist featured a pair of orange-black-orange stripes. The ends of the sleeves and waistline were black. The orange tie-up collar from the previous set remained, and the two large orange stars outlined in black on the front of the jersey were matched with another pair of stars on the back. The player numbers on the front and back of the jersey were displayed in plain black block numbers. The jerseys would continue to be used through the 1970 game - the league would actually continue to reuse the actual game jerseys year after year until they needed to be replaced.
The game
Both Johnny Bower of the Toronto Maple Leafs and the All-Stars' Glenn Hall of the Chicago Black Hawks were unbeatable through the first half of the game. However, in the second half, the All-Stars managed to put three pucks behind Terry Sawchuk while the Leafs could only score twice on Charlie Hodge of the Montreal Canadiens. Montreal's Jean Béliveau scored the go-ahead goal, on assists from Chicago's Bobby Hull and Gordie Howe of the Detroit Red Wings, late in the second period. Murray Oliver of the Boston Bruins and Jim Pappin of the Leafs traded goals in the third. Hodge became the first goaltender to be penalized in the eighteen-year history of the All-Star game when he was whistled down in the second period for holding the puck.
Game summary
Rosters | 235e78c5-29d0-49c5-ae74-3d5af81b09c7 |
null | This is a list of administrators and governors of Nasarawa State. Nasarawa State, Nigeria was created on October 1st, 1996 when it was split from Plateau State. | e481826f-21a6-41cc-89e0-261c30fd935d |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Honey"} | Liqueur brand from New York
Celtic Honey is a liqueur brand owned by Castle Brands Inc, based in New York, NY. It is a sweet, honey-based, 30% ABV liqueur made from Irish whiskey, honey and spices. Produced in Ireland, it can be served straight, on the rocks or added to mixed drinks.
It is similar to other honey-based liqueurs such as Barenjager.
History
Originally sold as “Celtic Crossing” to honor the large number of Irish immigrants who came to America in the 19th and 20th centuries, the liqueur was re-launched as Celtic Honey in 2011 to emphasize its ingredients. It was also re-launched with a new bottle and label, which utilizes traditional Celtic knot designs in the shape of a honeybee and the font Cezanne, by P22 type foundry.
The recipe is based on the fermented honey drink, mead.
Tasting notes
“Pure golden color. Aromas of buckwheat honey, dried flowers and nougat with a soft, sweet light-to-medium body and a touch of delicate blended whiskey notes on the honeyed nut finish. A light, feminine liqueur for sipping on the rocks.” | 4fd36aa5-c0e5-4d90-a21a-b7e1369f1968 |
null | Welsh Anglican bishop (1613–1689)
William Thomas (2 February 1613 – 25 June 1689) was a Welsh Anglican bishop. He was ejected from his living at Laugharne during the English Civil War. He was restored in 1660 and became the Bishop of St David's and later the Bishop of Worcester.
Life
Thomas was educated at Carmarthen Grammar School and the University of Oxford, matriculating at St John's College, Oxford in 1629 and graduating from Jesus College, Oxford with a BA degree in 1632 and a MA degree in 1635. He became a fellow of Jesus College. After ordination as deacon in 1637 and as priest in 1638, Thomas became vicar of Penbryn in Ceredigion and chaplain to Algernon Percy, 10th Earl of Northumberland. With the apparent help of his patron, he also became vicar of Laugharne and Llansadwrn, Carmarthenshire. He was incumbent at Laugharne and Llansadurnen from 1639 until 1644. In that year he was famously ejected from the church at pistol point by the Cromwellian cavalry and later deprived of his livings Throughout the Commonwealth period he kept a private school in the town, which continued until 1670. He was re-instated at the restoration of Charles II and remained as vicar until 1683 when he was transferred from his St Davids see. Thomas was rewarded for his brave loyalty by being immediately appointed as precentor of St David's Cathedral in 1660 and was awarded the Oxford degree of Doctor of Divinity. In the following year, Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon had him promoted by the crown to the living of Llanbedr Felffre, Pembrokeshire. He was noticed by James, Duke of York (later King James II) who appointed him as one of his chaplains. He became dean of Worcester in 1665 and continued to hold his deanery ‘in commendam' after leaving Laugharne when translated to the see of Worcester. He was elected Bishop of St David's on 19 November 1677 and consecrated on 27 January 1678; he was allowed to remain in his position as Dean of Worcester. He was regarded as an active bishop, with strong family links to west Wales and fluency in the Welsh language. He was translated to Worcester in 1683, gaining a reputation for generosity to the poor in his time there. He died in Worcester in 1689, and was buried in the cathedral cloisters. His tomb was designed by Thomas White.
In Antiquities of Laugharne p. 101 Mary Curtis records “He faithfully served Church and State in this See until the Revolution of 1688, when, refusing to take the oath of allegiance to William III, he would have been turned out of his See had not his death intervened to spare him this indignity. His objections to the oath were conscientious, and could not be overcome.’’ In a letter to a friend, he says: If my heart do not deceive me, and God’s grace do not fail me, I think I could suffer at the stake rather than take this oath.” I have obtained this account of Rev. W. Thomas from ‘ Curiosities of the Pulpit,’ by Rev. Prebendary Jackson. It is surprising that Mr. Thomas should hesitate to take this oath, or could be so blind to the miseries and dangerous state James II's policy was bringing on the country, and that any faithful Protestant clergyman could uphold a popish sovereign.” | 884113d0-c1a5-45f3-b70d-d46082cf9eb4 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chonghou"} | Chinese diplomat
Chonghou (Chinese: 崇厚; pinyin: Chónghòu; Wade–Giles: Ch'ung-hou, 7 October 1826 – 26 March 1893), of the Wanyan clan, was a Qing dynasty official and diplomat.
Early life and career
He was the second son of Lin-ching of the Jurchen Wanyan clan, and is thus said to have been a lineal descendant of the Imperial House of Jin of the 12th and 13th centuries. Graduating as juren in 1849, he became a department magistrate in Gansu province in 1851. His brother Chongshi contributed 10,000 taels to the government for military expenses, and as a result, Chonghou was named as a prefect in Henan province. In 1853, the Xianfeng Emperor appointed him to the army to aid in suppressing the Taiping Rebellion. Following that, he served in various posts in Zhili for several years, including as a Taotai in 1858. He assisted Prince Gong during the negotiations of the Convention of Peking (1860), and the prince made him Superintendent of Trade in 1861 for the three northern treaty ports of Tianjin (where he was stationed), Yantai, and Yingkou. During this time, Chonghou negotiated with Denmark, the Netherlands, Spain, Belgium, and Austria.
Tianjin Massacre
He was occupying this post when the Tianjin Massacre occurred on 21 June 1870. Several Chinese people were arrested for kidnapping children and selling them to Catholic orphanages. There were rumors that the orphanages were extracting the children's hearts and eyes for magical purposes, and anti-Catholic elements rioted against the missionaries. The French consul, Henri-Victor Fontanier, was to meet with Chonghou to discuss options, but Fontanier lost his temper and killed a Chinese official. Fontanier and his assistant were then killed by a mob. After the riot was quelled, Chonghou was sent to France with a letter of apology, which he was to be given to Adolphe Thiers, making him the first Chinese official to visit the West since those who accompanied Anson Burlingame to the United States in 1868. Thiers, however was preoccupied with the Franco-Prussian War and was unable to meet with him. He then spent time in London and New York, before returning to France to finally deliver the apology in November 1871.
On his return in 1872 he was appointed Vice President of the Board of War and made a member of the Zongli Yamen (Ministry of Foreign Affairs). In 1874 he was Vice President of the Board of Revenue, and in 1876 he was sent as acting General of Shengyang, replacing his brother, who had died that year. In 1878 he proceeded as Ambassador to Russia, and sent to Saint Petersburg to negotiate a treaty after the Qing reconquest of Xinjiang.
Treaty of Livadia
The resulting Treaty of Livadia turned out to be very unfavorable to China: a large portion of Ili was to be ceded to Russia, Russia would have unprecedented access to trade routes in the interior of China, and China would pay an indemnity of five million rubles. When the terms became known among Chinese government officials, there was an uproar and Chonghou was branded as a traitor.
Upon his return to China, he was arrested, stripped of his rank, and sentenced to death. He was denounced by Li Hongzhang and Zuo Zongtang, nominally for returning without authorization; and also by the then Censor Zhang Zhidong for having exceeded his powers. He was characterized variously as naive, too eager to return home, acting on his own, incompetent, and ignorant.
Chonghou himself described his reasoning as such:
Only because our military forces were exhausted, our treasury was short of money, our border defenses were also inadequate to rely on, and because I wanted to safeguard our national interests, I had no choice but to agree under pressure.
Zeng Jize replaced Chonghou, but Russia refused to renegotiate the treaty unless Chonghou was pardoned. After months of tension and appeals by foreign ambassadors and leaders, including Queen Victoria, and Zeng as well, the Qing government relented, and commuted his death sentence, but Chonghou still had to make a contribution of 300,000 taels to purchase his freedom. Zeng eventually negotiated the Treaty of Saint Petersburg, and Chonghou retired to private life. In 1885, he was allowed to present Empress Dowager Cixi greetings on her 50th birthday, and restored to a rank two levels lower than his original rank. He died in obscurity in 1893.
Historical reputation
Historian S. C. M. Paine believes that given his prior experience in France and in negotiating trade agreements in Tianjin, it is very unlikely that Chonghou would have agreed to the terms of the treaty on his own. Instead, it is more likely that he was poorly advised by the Zongli Yamen. Russia had been in communication with the Qing government during its occupation of Xinjiang, so Russian demands should have been well-known long before Chonghou left for Saint Petersburg. During his voyage, he was also in frequent contact with the Zongli Yamen via mail and telegraph. Back in China, Prince Gong, who was the head of the ministry and who had years of experience dealing with foreigners, was involved in a power struggle with Cixi regarding who would replace the Tongzhi Emperor: her nephew or the prince's son. Another experienced diplomat, Wenxiang, had died a few years previously. Furthermore, the Zongli Yamen was only one of several agencies involved in international relations, and even within itself there was an ideological split between those who were open to foreigners and those who were more xenophobic. The power struggle meant the bureaucrats were unsure of which faction would be in charge and thus unwilling to do any more than their immediate responsibilities. In short, he was made into a scapegoat to cover for the shortcomings of the Zongli Yamen.
Paine acknowledges that much of that argument is speculation, as Chonghou was made into a nonperson. He was expunged from government records and his letters were not published posthumously, as was the custom for Chinese court officials. Furthermore, neither the Chinese nor Russian governments retained any documents from the negotiations, thus making it difficult to determine how China ended up with an unequal treaty despite being in the better negotiating position (the Russian army in Xinjiang was outnumbered and the Russian treasury was drained due to the Russo-Turkish War). But evidence remains in the writings of others such as Zuo that points to that explanation. | 823420c1-d72d-4c01-a522-72c6fee25d91 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czart%C3%B3w"} | Village in Lubusz Voivodeship, Poland
Czartów [ˈt͡ʂartuf] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Krzeszyce, within Sulęcin County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland. It lies approximately 18 kilometres (11 mi) north of Sulęcin and 21 km (13 mi) south-west of Gorzów Wielkopolski.
The village has a population of 70. | 20ac554b-6b93-412d-b2c0-f07210e39cf5 |
null | San Leone was a town and Catholic bishopric in Calabria, southern Italy, which remains a Latin titular see.
Ecclesiastical history
Episcopal ordinaries
(all Roman Rite)
Suffragan Bishops of San Leone
Titular see
In 1968 the diocese was nominally restored as Latin Titular bishopric, of the Episcopal (lowest) rank.
It has had the following incumbents, mostly of fitting episcopal rank, with some exceptions of archiepiscopal rank:
Sources and external links | 022f6eb4-aa5e-437e-8396-3a42082bcc16 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Hill_Anderson_Rosenwald_School"} | Historic school building in North Carolina, United States
United States historic place
Mars Hill Anderson Rosenwald School (also known as Anderson School) is a historic school building in Mars Hill, North Carolina.
History
In 1928, the school was built to educate Mars Hill's African-American children.
It served Madison County and portions of Yancey County from 1928 to 1965, when it closed as a result of North Carolina's school integration. It is one of only two surviving Rosenwald schools in the state's westernmost region, and was restored between 2009 and 2019.
In 2018, it was inscribed on the National Register of Historic Places. | ba41007a-e70d-42a0-b61d-0f2ddf1d2919 |
null | Jennie Widegren is a choreographer, and one of the members of the Bounce Streetdance Company.
Widegren has choreographed for So You Think You Can Dance - Scandinavia. She also choreographed the opening segment of the second semifinal of the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 on May 14. | 3670816a-7c4d-4d7d-929c-686aefc041ad |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Radio_Won%27t_Play_This_Record"} | 1992 studio album by Mother's Finest
Black Radio Won't Play This Record is an album by the American rock band Mother's Finest, released in 1992. The title of the album comes from a comment made by a Scotti Brothers executive.
Production
Three original members of Mother's Finest played on the album: Joyce Kennedy, Glenn Murdock, and Jerry Seay. It was produced by Thom Panunzio.
Critical reception
The Washington Post wrote that "lead singer Joyce Kennedy wastes no time bemoaning lack of black fan support for black rockers, singing in the first song, 'Negro': 'Like a rebel without a cause/ I play my music to no applause'." Spin called the album "loud, irreverent, and oozing integrity," writing that it "dishes out a Chaka-Khan-meets-alternametal onslaught." The Indianapolis Star deemed it "unadulterated hard rock," declaring that the band "manages to rage pretty effectively against racial and sexual stereotypes with an infectious metallic beat."
AllMusic wrote: "Taking off the gloves (both musically and lyrically) and throwing urban contemporary considerations to the wind, MF excels by doing what it does best: scorching heavy metal and hard rock with a touch of Ike & Tina Turner-ish soul." Washington City Paper declared that "Kennedy’s voice is bred for the band’s ability to go from downtempo soul all the way up to power metal sprinkled with funk influences." Miami New Times called Black Radio Won't Play This Record "one of the best rock albums of the Nineties."
Track listing | e0a58f2e-6ea6-4edb-9465-a08bfdee9e05 |
null | Brazilian footballer
Yann Motta Pinto (born 24 November 1999) is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a centre-back.
Career
Tanjong Pagar United
Motta joined Tanjong Pagar United from Sampaio Corrêa in February 2020, and on 6 March, scored on his debut in the Singapore Premier League.
Persija Jakarta
It was reported on 16 Dec 2020 that he will move to Indonesia club, Persija Jakarta, for the new season. This season was suspended on 27 March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The season was abandoned and was declared void on 20 January 2021.
He made his league debut on 5 September by starting in a 1–1 draw against PSS Sleman, and he also scored his first goal for Persija in the 16th minute.
Career statistics
Club
As of 11 December 2021.
Notes
Honours
Club
Persija Jakarta | cf33a42e-c394-492d-a961-323fb99a4e9a |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Archangels,_Foc%C8%99ani"} | The Church of the Holy Archangels (Romanian: Biserica Sfinții Voievozi) is a Romanian Orthodox church located at 7 Garofiței Street in Focșani, Romania. It is dedicated to the Archangels Michael and Gabriel.
The church was built between 1744 and 1746. It is listed as a historic monument by Romania's Ministry of Culture and Religious Affairs. | d8d45a9d-b0e5-4b4d-9558-99455ffe11c1 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanrah_Wakefield"} | Australian Writer and Actress
Shanrah Wakefield (born April 18, 1985) is an Australia born writer and actress. Her writing credits include the Lifetime movie Wrong Swipe (2016), which she co-wrote with Sophie Tilson. In acting, she was one of the stars of the 2009 web series, OzGirl, and joined the Australian sketch comedy series, Kinne in 2015.
Early life
Wakefield was born in Moe, a city in Victoria, Australia, where her parents, David and Toni Wakefield, owned Safetech Pty Ltd, a manufacturer of materials handling equipment.
She is a graduate of Monash University in Melbourne, where she earned degrees in Liberal Arts and Law. She also studied, for a time, at the Lee Strasburg Theater Institute in Los Angeles.
Career
In 2009, Wakefield starred in the Australia-based web series, OzGirl. The series won several awards including best actor at the 4th Annual ITVfest, which Wakefield shared with her co-star Sophie Tilson as well as the Streamy Award for best foreign web series.
In 2011, she co-starred in ElfQuest: A Fan Imagining a web trailer endorsed by the creators of the comic book series, ElfQuest.
In 2015, she joined the cast of the Australian sketch comedy show, Kinne, for its second season.
In 2015, her screenplay for the movie, Wrong Swipe, which she wrote with her former OzGirl co-star, Sophie Tilson, was produced for Lifetime TV and aired on February 13, 2016. She has had a number of subsequent TV movie writing credits.
Filmography
Awards and recognitions | a3a1127e-aa27-482a-a33c-6f9b6f01dbc0 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Peterson"} | American classical composer
Matthew Peterson (born July 22, 1984) is a classical composer of operas, choral works, orchestral and chamber music.
Biography
Matthew Peterson was born and raised in Grand Forks, North Dakota. He studied music composition at St. Olaf College, Indiana University Jacobs School of Music and Gotland School of Music Composition where his teachers included Mary Ellen Childs and Sven-David Sandström.
Peterson is a freelance composer based in Smedjebacken, Sweden, first arriving on a Fulbright Award in 2008. His Fulbright project was the true-crime chamber opera Voir Dire, a work that received critical-acclaim after its 2017 world premiere at Fort Worth Opera. He is a member of FST (the Association of Swedish Composers) and has been commissioned by Swedish musicians and ensembles including the Swedish Radio Choir, Dalasinfoniettan, guitarist Mårten Falk, Gustaf Sjökvist Chamber Choir, Uppsala Vokalensemble, Sofia Vokalensemble, and Stockholm Saxophone Quartet. His music has been featured at international music festivals Svensk Musikvår, Purpur (South Africa), Ljudvågor, Lund Choral Festival, Jubilate and Sound of Stockholm.
In 2014 Peterson was awarded the ASCAP Rudolph Nissim Award for orchestral composition. The same year he won both first prize and the audience/radio-listener's prize at the Uppsala composer competition for And all the trees of the field will clap their hands for chamber orchestra, and his true-crime opera Voir Dire was the winner of the Fort Worth Opera Frontiers showcase for new opera. In 2021 Peterson was awarded the first Sven-David Sandström Choral Composition Award from the Royal Swedish Academy of Music.
Concert works
Peterson's music has been performed at venues across Europe and North America such as the Kennedy Center, Berwaldhallen, Stockholms Konserthuset, Minneapolis Orchestra Hall and Gothenburg Konserthuset by ensembles including the Swedish Radio Choir, Stockholm Saxophone Quartet, Minnesota Orchestra, Washington National Opera, Atlanta Symphony Orchestra, Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra, VocalEssence, Malmö Symphony, Chanticleer, Vanemuine Symphony, Fort Worth Opera, Colorado Springs Philharmonic, and others. His works are regularly performed on St. Olaf College’s annual Christmas concerts.
Operas
Voir Dire
The courtroom opera Voir Dire is adapted from true-crime stories witnessed by librettist Jason Zencka while he was court reporter for the Stevens Point Journal. The 2017 world premiere production by Fort Worth Opera received national critical acclaim. Opera Now called Voir Dire “startlingly immediate and journalistic in feel, made memorable by the depth and texture of the music.” Heidi Waleson, in her review for The Wall Street Journal, wrote: “The opera drills unsentimentally into the tragedies of ordinary people...its power lies in how believable their emotions are.”
Lifeboat
Lifeboat, an opera with libretto by Emily Roller, is inspired by the Syrian refugee crisis. A John F Kennedy Center Commission for Washington National Opera, it premiered January 14, 2017 at the Kennedy Center. Classical Voice America praised Peterson's “admirable mastery of both vocal writing and colorful orchestration,” and Anne Midgette of the Washington Post wrote “Lifeboat began dramatically with a storm scene, then moved onto the tranquility of the becalmed, focusing on three shipwreck survivors in a lifeboat, and culminating in a vocal trio that Peterson was able to make truly beautiful.”
The Binding of Isaac
Peterson's first opera, The Binding of Isaac, is a modern retelling of the Biblical story of Abraham, set in a religious-fundamentalist compound. This was Peterson's first collaboration with librettist and writer Jason Zencka. It premiered at St. Olaf College in 2006 and was awarded the 2007 BMI Student Composer Award.
Awards
Recordings
Works
Symphonies
Operas
Orchestral works
Choral works
Solo works
Chamber music
Electronic music | 8188cdf2-0637-4369-807b-100c697d362d |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwan_Rheon"} | Welsh actor, singer, and musician
Iwan Rheon (/ˈreɪɒn/, Welsh: [ˈɪuan ˈr̥ɛɔn]; born 13 May 1985) is a Welsh actor, singer, and musician. He is best known for his roles as Simon Bellamy in the E4 series Misfits, Ramsay Bolton in the HBO series Game of Thrones, and Mötley Crüe guitarist Mick Mars in the film The Dirt. He has also appeared in the series Vicious, Riviera, and Inhumans.
Early life
Rheon was born in Carmarthen on 13 May 1985, the son of Einir and Rheon Tomos. When he was five years old, his family moved to Cardiff. His older brother, Aled, is a musician; the two performed together on the 2015 single "Rhodd". Rheon attended Ysgol Gyfun Gymraeg Glantaf, a Welsh-speaking school, where he began acting in school drama productions at age 17. He was later spotted by a talent scout at a National Eisteddfod of Wales.
Career
Acting
At age 17, Rheon joined the Welsh language soap Pobol Y Cwm, in which he originated the role of Macsen White, but later left to train at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art. His first notable stage part came in Eight Miles High, which was staged in 2008 at the Royal Court Theatre in Liverpool. Also in 2008, he was cast as the haunted Moritz Stiefel in the London production of the Tony Award-winning rock musical Spring Awakening. He played this role from January 2009 at the Lyric Hammersmith and continued when the show was transferred to the Novello Theatre, until it closed in May 2009, five months earlier than planned. He earned a What's on Stage Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor in a Musical, which was eventually won by Oliver Thornton (Priscilla Queen of the Desert). For his performance he won the award for Best Supporting Actor in a Musical at the 2010 Olivier Awards.
Immediately after Spring Awakening, Rheon was cast in the E4 channel's Misfits, a BAFTA winning programme that was described by 247 Magazine as "a mix of Skins and Heroes". He plays nervous, shy Simon Bellamy, who gains the superpower of invisibility and precognition in season 3. On 20 December 2011, Rheon announced via Twitter that he had left the show, along with fellow cast member Antonia Thomas.
In 2011, he also appeared in the final episode of Secret Diary of a Call Girl. In 2011, he was nominated for a Golden Nymph in the "Outstanding Actor – Drama Series" category for his role in Misfits. Rheon also made two guest appearances as the character Ben Theodore in Simon Amstell's comedy Grandma's House. In early 2012, Rheon filmed the crime heist drama The Rise. In spring 2012, he began shooting Libertador in Venezuela and Spain. He plays Daniel O'Leary. In May 2012, it was announced that he had signed on to the gritty drama Driven. In 2013, Rheon was cast as the villainous psychopath Ramsay Bolton in the HBO series Game of Thrones. In the DVD commentary for the series' third season, producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss mentioned that Rheon previously auditioned for the role of Jon Snow, but lost to Kit Harington, with whom Rheon maintains a close friendship. He portrayed Ash Weston in the ITV sitcom Vicious from 2013 until 2016.
In 2013, Rheon played a lead role in the philosophical radio play, Darkside, based on the themes of Pink Floyd's The Dark Side of the Moon album. In September 2014, Rheon joined the cast of BBC One's Our Girl as Dylan "Smurf" Smith. In 2017, it was announced that Rheon had been cast in ABC's Inhumans series. Rheon played Mötley Crüe guitarist Mick Mars in the 2019 film The Dirt.
Music
Songwriting and singing since the age of 16, Rheon was lead singer in The Convictions until leaving the band to pursue his acting career. In 2010, he recorded his first solo work, Tongue Tied EP, at RAK Studios in London, produced by Jonathan Quarmby and Kevin Bacon. The EP, a four track release with acoustic guitar and voice, was released digitally in June 2010.
He returned to RAK Studios, in April 2011, to record his second EP Changing Times, again produced by Quarmby and Bacon, with the addition of three backing musicians. Changing Times was released on 10 October 2011. On 7 April 2013, Rheon released his third EP Bang! Bang! and on 9 April 2013, released the music video for the title track.
Rheon recorded his first album, Dinard, at RAK Studios in London and Tŷ Cerdd Studios in Wales. The album was released in April 2015 and produced by James Clarke and Jim Unwin. A "self-funded collection of emotive folk-pop songs recorded over several years", the album's title refers to Dinard, a town in Brittany, France, where Rheon met his girlfriend Zoë Grisedale. Music journalist Neil McCormick described the album as "an absorbing collection of moody, introspective songs, all written by Rheon, who plays acoustic guitar with a deft touch and sings in an expressive, gritty voice".
Personal life
Rheon is fluent in both Welsh and English, with Welsh being his first language. He lives in London and has a son, born in August 2018. His son's mother is Zoë Grisedale.
Filmography
Film
Television
Stage
Radio
Audiobook
Video games
Discography
EPs
Studio albums
Awards and nominations | bb68bd04-60d0-4540-85d6-4e42f33e71fe |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_submarine_Humait%C3%A1_(S20)"} | Brazilian submarine Humaitá (S20) was an Oberon-class submarine in the Brazilian Navy.
Design and construction
The submarine, built by Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering at their shipyard in Barrow, was laid down on 3 November 1970, and launched on 5 October 1971. She was commissioned into the Brazilian Navy on 18 June 1973.
Operational history
Decommissioning and fate
Humaitá left naval service in 1996. | 9019849d-3f82-4974-9f2a-fe27233ea61c |
null | Overview of the events of 1799 in music
Overview of the events of 1799 in music
Events
Classical music
Opera
Births
Deaths | a86e4085-7b35-4f55-ab16-a4922a84fc67 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MT-LB"} | Soviet combat vehicle
The MT-LB (Russian: Многоцелевой Тягач Легкий Бронированный, romanized: Mnogotselevoy tyagach legky bronirovanny, literally "multi-purpose towing vehicle light armored") is a Soviet multi-purpose, fully amphibious, tracked armored fighting vehicle in use since the 1950s. It was also produced in Poland, where (starting in the mid-1990s) its YaMZ engine was replaced by a Polish 6-cylinder SW 680 diesel engine.
Development
In the 1950s, the Soviet Central Auto and Tractor Directorate began a development program to replace the AT-P series of artillery tractors (which were based on the ASU-57 airborne self-propelled gun) with a new generation of vehicles. The MT-L was developed to meet this requirement based on the PT-76 amphibious light tank chassis. The MT-LB is the armored variant of the MT-L. Entering production in the early 1970s, it was cheap to build, being based on many existing components, e.g. the engine, which was originally developed for trucks. It is built at the Kharkiv Tractor Plant and Bulgaria. Formerly it was also manufactured under license in Poland by Huta Stalowa Wola
Description
The crew, a driver and a commander/gunner, sit in a compartment at the front of the vehicle, with the engine behind them. A compartment at the rear enables up to 11 infantry to be carried or a cargo of up to 2,000 kilograms (4,400 lb). A load of 6,500 kilograms (14,300 lb) can be towed. The vehicle is fully amphibious, being propelled by its tracks in the water.
A small turret at the front of the vehicle fits a 7.62 mm PKT machine gun with 360-degree manual traverse and an elevation of −5 to +30 degrees. The vehicle is lightly armored against small arms and shell splinters with a thickness of three to ten millimetres (0.12 to 0.39 in) of steel with a maximum of 14 millimetres (0.55 in) for the turret front.
Several weapon systems are based on this hull (for example Strela-10 or SNAR-10).
Variants
Former USSR
Russian Federation
Bulgaria
East Germany
Iraq
Poland
Polish HSW S.A. (Huta Stalowa Wola S.A.) license produced MT-LB since 1976, and it also developed a modified chassis SPG-2, with better floating capabilities.
Sweden
Ukraine
Operators
Current operators
Former operators | 1de1aa7f-a871-42f9-9923-cf655d3d31b3 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthurus_leucocheilus"} | Species of fish
Acanthurus leucocheilus is a tropical fish also known as the palelipped surgeonfish or the white-spine surgeonfish. It is used commercially in aquariums. | 22a4e2d4-160b-4ed1-b289-5ae0103fa651 |
null | Kollidam block is a revenue block in the Sirkazhi taluk of Mayiladuthurai district, Tamil Nadu, India. There are a total of 38 panchayat villages in this block. It is located 32 KM towards North from District head quarters Mayiladuthurai. It is a Block head quarter. | 1741d75c-fa74-4a47-8f76-b50ea0a164ba |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_flakes"} | Type of breakfast cereal
Corn flakes, or cornflakes, are a breakfast cereal made from toasting flakes of corn (maize). The cereal, originally made with wheat, was created by Will Kellogg in 1894 for patients at the Battle Creek Sanitarium where he worked with his brother John Kellogg who was the superintendent. The breakfast cereal proved popular among the patients and Kellogg subsequently started what became the Kellogg Company to produce corn flakes for the wider public. A patent for the process was granted in 1896, after a legal battle between the two brothers.
With corn flakes becoming popular in the wider community, a previous patient at the sanitarium, C. W. Post, started to make rival products. Kellogg continued to experiment with various ingredients and different grains. In 1928, he started to manufacture Rice Krispies, another successful breakfast cereal.
There are many generic brands of corn flakes produced by various manufacturers. As well as being used as a breakfast cereal, the crushed flakes can be a substitute for bread crumbs in recipes and can be incorporated into many cooked dishes.
Description
Corn flakes are a packaged cereal product formed from small toasted flakes of corn, usually served cold with milk and sometimes sugar. Since their original production, the plain flakes have been flavored with salt, sugar, and malt, and many successive products with additional ingredients have been manufactured such as sugar frosted flakes and honey & nut corn flakes.
History
Advertisement for Kellogg's Toasted Corn Flakes from the July 21, 1910 issue of Life magazine
A newspaper advertisement for Kellogg's Toasted Corn Flakes in 1919
The development of the flaked cereal in 1894 has been variously described by John Kellogg, his wife Ella Eaton Kellogg, his younger brother Will, and other family members. There is considerable disagreement over who was involved in the discovery, and the role that they played. According to some accounts, Ella suggested rolling out the dough into thin sheets, and John developed a set of rollers for the purpose. According to others, John had the idea in a dream, and used equipment in his wife's kitchen to do the rolling. It is generally agreed that upon being called out one night, John Kellogg left a batch of wheat-berry dough behind. Rather than throwing it out the next morning, he sent it through the rollers and was surprised to obtain delicate flakes, which could then be baked. Will Kellogg was tasked with figuring out what had happened and recreating the process reliably. Ella and Will were often at odds, and their versions of the story tend to minimize or deny each other's involvement, while emphasizing their own. Tempering, the process the Kelloggs had discovered, was to become a fundamental technique of the flaked cereal industry.
A patent for "Flaked Cereals and Process of Preparing Same" was filed on May 31, 1895, and issued on April 14, 1896 to John Harvey Kellogg as Patent No. 558,393. Significantly, the patent applied to a variety of types of grains, not just to wheat. John Harvey Kellogg was the only person named on the patent. Will later insisted that he, not Ella, had worked with John, and repeatedly asserted that he should have received more credit than he was given for the discovery of the flaked cereal.
The flakes of grain, which the Kellogg brothers called Granose, were a very popular food among the patients. The brothers then experimented with other flakes from other grains. In 1906, Will Keith Kellogg, who served as the business manager of the sanitarium, decided to try to mass-market the new food. At his new company, Battle Creek Toasted Corn Flake Company, he added sugar to the flakes to make them more palatable to a mass audience, but this caused a rift between his brother and him.[citation needed] In 1907, his company ran an ad campaign which offered a free box of cereal to any woman who winked at her grocer. To increase sales, in 1909 he added a special offer, the Funny Jungleland Moving Pictures Booklet, which was made available to anyone who bought two boxes of the cereal. This same premium was offered for 22 years. At the same time, Kellogg also began experimenting with new grain cereals to expand its product line. Rice Krispies, his next great hit, first went on sale in 1928.
There have been many mascots of Kellogg's Cornflakes. The most popular one is a green rooster named Cornelius "Corny" Rooster, which has been the mascot since his debut. In early commercials, he would speak the catchphrase "Wake up, up, up to Kellogg's Cornflakes!" Dallas McKennon and Andy Devine voiced him. Later, he stopped talking and simply crowed.[citation needed] The concept of using a stylized rooster originated from a suggestion by family friend Nansi Richards, a harpist from Wales, based on the similarity between ceiliog, the Welsh word for "rooster", and Kellogg's (unrelated) surname.
In cooking
There are a wide variety of different recipes for dishes involving corn flakes and crushed corn flakes can even be a substitute for bread crumbs.
Honey joys are a popular party snack in Australia. They are made by mixing corn flakes with honey, butter and sugar and baking in patty cases or muffin cups. A variant popular in the UK is chocolate corn flake cakes, or chocolate nests, made with corn flakes, dark chocolate, golden syrup and butter. Typically made at Easter for or by children, and topped with Mini Eggs In New Zealand, corn flakes are a core ingredient in Afghan biscuits, a chocolate biscuit made with corn flakes and topped with chocolate icing.
Gallery | 058adb10-c928-4338-aa56-8c293c67f68e |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermanville,_Mississippi"} | Census-designated place in Mississippi, United States
Hermanville is a census-designated place and unincorporated community in Claiborne County, in southwest Mississippi, United States. Its ZIP code is 39086.
It was first named as a CDP in the 2020 Census which listed a population of 692.
History
Hermanville was established on March 15, 1886. The town's economy was based on cotton, cattle, and timber products.
The Episcopal Church of the Epiphany was built in Hermanville in 1887. By 1982, the congregation had become inactive as population decreased. In 1985 the building was moved to the Mississippi Agriculture and Forestry Museum in Jackson, where it is used as a chapel.
The Natchez, Jackson and Columbus Railroad was completed in 1882, and a depot was established in Hermanville. Known locally as "The Little J", the line ran between the state capital of Jackson and Natchez. It had various owners; the last was the Illinois Central Railroad, which abandoned the line in railroad industry restructuring between 1979 and 1981.
During the early 1960s, a lumber mill in Hermanville was producing 10,000,000 board feet (24,000 m3) of high-quality southern pine annually.
The Pink Palace in Hermanville was described in 2000 as "probably the most photogenic juke joint in Mississippi". The building was constructed of three side-by-side mobile homes with their common walls removed. The inside walls were painted in folk art.
Author Nevada Barr wrote of Hermanville in 2000:
The town, if such a humble scatter of buildings around a crossroads and a single-room post office could be called a town, embodied the Northerner's view of the "real" Mississippi. The gracious homes of Natchez were not in evidence, nor was the classic architecture...seen in Port Gibson and the city of Clinton. Trailer houses and shacks sat at odd angles to the two-lane road as if they had fallen haphazardly from a passing cargo plane.
Demographics
2020 census
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.
Education
Hermanville is served by the Claiborne County School District. Port Gibson High School is the comprehensive high school of the district.
Notable people | 4b7219f3-090b-430d-9c83-975a665a7cbe |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_syndrome"} | Medical condition
Cross–McKusick–Breen syndrome (also known as "Cross syndrome", "hypopigmentation and microphthalmia", and "oculocerebral-hypopigmentation syndrome") is an extremely rare disorder characterized by white skin, blond hair with yellow-gray metallic sheen, small eyes with cloudy corneas, jerky nystagmus, gingival fibromatosis and severe intellectual disability and physical retardation.
It was characterized in 1967. | 9960accf-c109-4006-92bb-8f3eb6130863 |
null | Municipality and village in Catamarca Province, Argentina
San Pedro (Capayán) is a village and municipality in Catamarca Province in northwestern Argentina. | b5fa576c-7b6f-4fdd-a957-93cd44368546 |
null | Swedish independent commission
The Corona Commission (Swedish: Coronakommissionen) is a Swedish independent commission to evaluate the government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden. Formed of a panel of 8 experts, the commission was established by the Government of Sweden in 2020 following pressure from the Riksdag.
In December 2020, a report by the commission criticised the government for failing to protect elderly people in aged care due to the high level of community spread. In October 2021, the commission's second report characterised the government's response in early 2020 as "insufficient" and "late".
The commission said in their final report in February 2022 that the government's strategy of not introducing lockdowns, as many other countries had done, was "fundamentally correct" for maintaining individuals' personal freedoms over those in other countries, but was critical of the decisions not to introduce "more rigorous and intrusive disease prevention and control measures" in February and March 2020. It also said that the government had delegated too much responsibility to the Public Health Agency of Sweden and the responsible bodies for decision making were not always clear. | 43689d65-393a-486f-b2a7-048a3806be70 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian_Maria_Annovi"} | Italian poet, essayist, and professor
Gian Maria Annovi (born February 1, 1978) is an Italian poet, essayist, and professor. He has published four collections of poetry, along with appearing in various literary journals, and anthologies. He is currently an Associate Professor of Italian and Comparative Literature at the University of Southern California.
Life and work
Gian Maria Annovi was born and raised in Italy. He studied Philosophy at the University of Bologna where he graduated with a dissertation on Giacomo Leopardi and Andrea Zanzotto (Special Mention, Giacomo Leopardi Prize). He then pursued graduate research in the field of Contemporary Italian Literature under the direction of Niva Lorenzini at the University of Bologna. After studying abroad at the Universitat de Barcelona, Spain, and at the University of California Los Angeles, Annovi attended Columbia University and pursued a Ph.D. in Italian Studies under the direction of Paolo Valesio. In 2011, his Ph.D. dissertation on writer and filmmaker Pier Paolo Pasolini received the ‘Pier Paolo Pasolini Award for Best Doctoral Dissertation’. He taught at the University of Denver from 2011 to 2013 before joining USC.
As a scholar, Annovi has published a book on the relationship between subjectivity and corporeality in the poetry of Italian authors such as Rosselli, Zanzotto, Sanguineti, Porta, Spatola, and Pasolini. In 2017, his second book, Pier Paolo Pasolini: Performing Authorship, received the XVI International Flaiano Prize for Italian Studies. He is the editor of four volumes and the author of numerous book chapters and articles on Italian poetry, the Italian Neo-avant-garde, and Pier Paolo Pasolini. In 2015 he received a Creative Capital | The Andy Warhol Foundation Arts Writers Grant.
He debuted as a poet at age twenty with a collection of poems entitled Denkmal (1998). His second collection, Terza persona cortese (2007), received the Premio Mazzacurati-Russo. In 2010, he published the bilingual collection Kamikaze e altre persone, with an introduction by Antonella Anedda, and an original EP by Joseph Keckler. In 2013, La scolta received the Premio Marazza. The same year, Annovi won the Immaginare Poesia Prize and Elena Baucke realized a short film based on one of his poems. His work has been included in various anthologies and has been translated into English, French, and Spanish.
In 2017, New York-based Italian composer, Roberto Scarcella Perino realized a madrigal for women’s choir and mezzo based on La scolta.
Bibliography | 47fa6317-956c-4086-87d1-61a47225e605 |
null | Pakistani Thai is the Thai language variant used and spoken in Pakistan. | faf971a6-65f2-4423-8f3e-90360f9cce3f |
null | Leng Rong (Chinese: 冷溶; pinyin: Lěng Róng; born August 1953) is a Chinese politician and the current deputy director of the National People's Congress Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee. He served as president of the Institute of Party History and Literature of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party [zh] between 2018 and 2019. He is a member of the 19th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.
Biography
Leng was born in Pingdu County, Shandong, in August 1953. In September 1969, he became a soldier in the Fifth Division of the Heilongjiang Production and Construction Corps.In January 1973, he was transferred to Beijing No.2 Machine Tool Works. After the resumption of college entrance examination, in September 1979, he entered Peking University, majoring in philosophy.
After graduating in August 1983, he was despatched to the Party Documents Research Office of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party [zh], where he was promoted to deputy director in 1997 and to executive deputy director in 2001. He was vice president of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in November 2004, and held that office until December 2007. Then he succeeded Teng Wensheng as director of the Party Documents Research Office of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. He was also president of the Chinese Society of Scientific Socialism and Chinese Communist Literature Research Association. In March 2018, the Party Documents Research Office of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party was revoked and its function was merged into the newly founded Institute of Party History and Literature of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party [zh], he was made president. In March 2018, he was appointed deputy director of the National People's Congress Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee. | 174777ae-9eb8-478d-a856-b13b7f83d7be |
null | Malou Hansson (born 1983 in Järfälla, Uppland, Sweden) served as Miss Sweden in 2002. She was the first woman with black African ancestry to hold this beauty pageant title.
Hansson, competing as "Miss Uppland", was suggested as a potential candidate for the Miss Universe pageant by a celebrity panel, and the viewers selected her as the winner via a telephone poll. She served as Sweden's representative in the Miss Universe 2002 pageant but she did not place in the top 10.
Hansson, while the first woman of African ancestry to win the crown, was not the first woman of African ancestry to compete for the title of Miss Sweden. Other black Miss Sweden-contestants during the years have included such as Jessica Folcker (2nd R-UP 1993), Ida Sofia Manneh (1st R-UP 2001) and her own sister Nanna Hansson in 2001.
Film career
Since her time as Miss Sweden ended, Hansson has appeared in several Swedish films in small roles. These include Stockholm Boogie (2005), Blodsbröder (2005), and Sökarna: Återkomsten (2006). In 2007 Hansson performed her first leading movie role as "Nathalie" in the Swedish movie Gangster, alongside actors Kjell Bergqvist and Mikael Persbrandt. | 47779545-3447-4839-8c1b-1d95bcd4af0f |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astra_1A"} | Astra 1A was the first satellite launched and operated by SES (Société Européenne des Satellites), launched in December 1988. During its early days, it was often referred to as the Astra Satellite, as SES only operated one satellite originally. The satellite provided television coverage to Western Europe from 1989 to 2004. Astra 1A was retired and became derelict in December 2004.
Channels
Among the channels carried in the early years after launch were the entire four channel Sky Television (later British Sky Broadcasting, after the merger with rival British Satellite Broadcasting on the Marcopolo satellite), the services consisted of Sky Channel, Sky News, Sky Movies and Eurosport, the Scandinavian TV3 and TV1000, the German Pro7, Sat.1, RTL plus, 3sat and Teleclub, the Dutch RTL 4 as well as FilmNet, Screensport, MTV Europe, The Children's Channel and Lifestyle.
Astra 1A began television broadcasts on 5 February 1989. Until 1998 all of SES' satellites were co-located with Astra 1A at 19.2° East, leading that position to be known mostly as Astra 1 (later, Astra 19.2°E).
History
The satellite came into its position on 7 January 1989. FilmNet became the first channel on the satellite when it launched on transponder 11 on 1 February 1989. Other channels such as Sky Channel, Eurosport, Sky News and Sky Movies from Sky Television, as well as the Scandinavian TV3 (Sweden) and MTV Europe all launched in February 1989. The Children's Channel/Lifestyle and Screensport followed in March 1989. The Scandinavian pay channel TV1000 launched in August 1989.
Sky Television had originally planned to launch The Disney Channel and Sky Arts on the Astra satellite in 1989, but these plans failed to materialize. The transponders intended for these channels, were used for Eurosport and the Dutch RTL Veronique (which would later become RTL4), respectively. The first German language programmes, RTL plus, Sat.1 and Pro 7 all launched on 8 December 1989. With the launch of 3sat in March 1990 and Teleclub in June 1990 all transponders were occupied.
Lifestyle was replaced by VOX in January 1993. Soon thereafter, Screensport merged with Eurosport and its transponder was replaced by RTL2. RTL 4 moved to Astra 1D in 1995 and was replaced by Super RTL. Teleclub was replaced by Kabel 1 during the same year. TV3 and TV1000 left Astra in 1996 and their transponders were taken over by BSkyB who used them for Fox Kids/Sky Two and Granada Plus/Granada Men & Motors. Filmnet also left in 1996, to be replaced by Bloomberg Germany in 1997. BSkyB ended their analogue service in 2001, which meant that its services closed down. By the end of 2001, the satellite was moved from 19.2° East to serve few years at 5.2° East.
On 19.2° East, the satellite was replaced by Astra 1F. Many channels, including RTL II, RTL, Eurosport, VOX, Sat.1, Kabel Eins, Super RTL and ProSieben were still broadcasting in analogue on the same frequencies in 2009.
In December 2004, Astra 1A was moved into a "graveyard orbit" after some time at 5.2° East providing data services.
Technical issues
As with all GE Astro Space manufactured satellites, the AS-4000 Ku-band satellite design was used for the spacecraft bus, propulsion, thermal protection and solar array, the thermal protection made to protect Astra 1A's 16 transponder payload on board from the Sun's solar wind and cosmic rays.
While never confirmed by SES, Astra 1A is believed to have experienced a number of technical problems throughout its lifetime, including overheating and power system anomalies. After the launch of Astra 1C in 1993, two transponders (4 and 15) were moved from Astra 1A to Astra 1C. Transponder 1 was also moved to Astra 1F after its launch, leaving 13 operational transponders on Astra 1A in the late 1990s. Between February and April 1999, transponder 10 was also moved to Astra 1F.
In mid-1999, the satellite experienced a loss of power which reduced its usable payload to 6 transponders. Transponders 3, 7, 8, 11, 12 and 16 remained on Astra 1A while the others were transferred to Astra 1F; Astra 1C continued to carry transponders 4 and 15 as before. Documentation provided by SES since this event stated the usable payload as 5/6 transponders.
Transponders | 415ec658-4bd9-4d24-aff2-2759388e05e9 |
null | American landowner and philanthropist
Ransom Hunter (March 14, 1825 – September 24, 1918) was an American businessman, landowner, community developer and philanthropist. He is believed to be the first freed slave to own property in Gaston County, North Carolina. Between 1874 and 1913, Hunter conducted thirty financial transaction land deeds with prominent society members of the post-Civil War South. Hunter amassed over 1,920 acres of land during a period when only 1% of Gaston County's black population owned their own farms. Hunter owned the land that is known today as downtown Mount Holly, North Carolina.
Early life
Hunter was born to Mike and Julia Hunter in Charleston, South Carolina and spent his formative years on the Middleton plantation. He lived with his parents until December 19, 1835, when he was sold away from his parents to Hoyle plantation. Hunter became a master of carpentry, blacksmithing, and horse grooming, among other trades. He also learned to play the piano, and was known to play the piano for guest visiting and lodging at the Hoyle home. Hunter was granted his freedom from the Hoyle plantation in 1860 just before the Civil War.
Land acquisition
Hunter began purchasing land within ten years of the abolition of slavery. He conducted a total of thirty financial transactions for land deeds in Lincoln and Gaston counties between 1874 and 1913. His first recorded land deed was a transaction with Robert Calvin Grier Love (R.C.G. Love), a prosperous merchant, banker and textile pioneer, who sold Hunter six acres of waterfront property on the Catawba River. Confederate General Daniel Harvey Hill sold Hunter his second property in 1875. Later, Hunter sold land to two of the future mayors of Mount Holly, W. B. Rutledge and Abel Peterson Rhyne.
The Freedom Community
Hunter opened his first livery stable enterprise on Hawthorne Street in Mount Holly, North Carolina. He applied farrier and blacksmith skills, made horseshoes, and sold and rented a stable of draft horses. With his financial success at the livery stable, he used his profits to purchase surrounding land.
Hunter developed a community he named "Freedom" as a refuge for fellow former slaves who were fleeing post-Civil War hostilities in the South Carolina upcountry. For the first time in their lives, former slaves had their own plot of land to build and raise a family. Initially, much of the land was plagued by soil so rocky that it was deemed unsuitable for farming. As such, the Hunter family nicknamed the area Rock Grove. However, Ransom Hunter saw value in the granite rocks. He employed the men of Freedom to dig up the rocks and sold them to a company as material for the construction of local roads. After removing the rocks, much of the land became acceptable for home construction and arable for farming. Hunter and the community successfully grew acres of corn and cotton and groves of pecan, apple, peach and fig trees. As the Freedom Community thrived, Hunter opened a second livery stable on Main Street in Mount Holly and a general store. Hunter also built a large home for his family in Freedom where he raised livestock. Other freed slaves came to Freedom to start businesses and work on the farm.
Hunter donated land for a school, two churches, and land to become the first cemetery for negro people in Gaston County: Mt. Sinai Baptist Church and Rock Grove A.M.E. Zion Church, now known as Burge Memorial United Methodist Church. In addition to building two churches, Hunter saw the need to formally educate the children in the community. In 1887, Hunter formed a five-member Public School Committee and donated the land for the first school created for black children after slavery ended, named the District 12 Colored School.
Industrial Revolution
Hunter sold land to Abel Peterson Rhyne and Daniel Efird Rhyne to build the area's first cotton mill in 1875. The Mount Holly Manufacturing Mill was constructed on the land which Hunter purchased in 1874 from R.C.G. Love. It was the fourth mill to be built in Gaston County and is the oldest surviving cotton mill today. The name of the mill was derived from the famed yarn mill in Mount Holly, New Jersey, in hopes of taking after their success. The mill's success and the prosperity of the area led local residents to petition the North Carolina General Assembly for the incorporation of Mount Holly in 1879. In 1913, Hunter sold the Mayes Manufacturing Company a stretch of land near the South Fork Catawba River and the Southern Railroad, where they built a cotton textile mill.
Personal life
Hunter married his first wife Rebecca and had 11 children. Rebecca died in 1890. He married his second wife, Maggie Wells Hunter, seven years later and had two children named Torrance and Elmina (Mena). Maggie Hunter died on January 9, 1940, at the age of 79.
Death and legacy
Hunter died on September 24, 1918, at the age of 93. He is buried at the cemetery of Burge Memorial United Methodist Church.
In 2014, Hunter's great-grandson Dr. Eric Van Wilson published a booklet about Ransom Hunter and his descendants.
The Mount Holly Historical Society paid tribute to Ransom Hunter's life by naming him their 2017 Historic Person of the Year. Eric Van Wilson, then 58, was one of eight descendants able to attend the gathering. The descendants were joined by Mount Holly Historical Society President Mary Smith, who spoke briefly about the reason the society's board of directors selected Hunter for the honor.
On October 17, 2017, Hunter was featured and celebrated along with the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction in the AT&T 2018 Edition of The Heritage Calendar.
In 2018, two of Hunter's great-great-granddaughters created The Ransom Hunter Foundation to inspire others through his story and promote philanthropic investment in the community.
In 2021, the Gastonia Honey Hunters professional Atlantic League baseball team was named after Ransom Hunter. | 4614edd0-8ccb-4f22-a70b-c0223cfc623a |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Noble_Tyner"} | American politician
James Noble Tyner (January 17, 1826 – December 5, 1904) was a lawyer, U.S. Representative and U.S. Postmaster-General from Indiana. Tyner was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1869 serving three terms until 1875. While in the House, Tyner opposed granting railroad subsidies, promoted gradual western industrial expansion, and spoke out against Congressional franking privilege. In 1873, Tyner voted for the Salary Grab pay raise and bonus that prevented him from getting the fourth-term Republican Congressional nomination. President Ulysses S. Grant appointed Tyner Second Assistant Postmaster-General in 1875 then U.S. Postmaster-General in 1876 serving until 1877. Tyner served as Assistant Postmaster-General under President Rutherford B. Hayes until 1881. In October 1881 Tyner was forced to resign his Assistant Postmaster-General position by President Chester A. Arthur, for his assumed knowledge of Star Route postal frauds and for giving his son, whom Tyner had appointed Superintendent of the Chicago Post Office, a $1,000 salary increase. Afterwards, Tyner served as Assistant Attorney to the U.S. Post Office Department from 1889 to 1893 and from 1897 to 1903. Tyner was forced to resign his office of Assistant Attorney by Postmaster-General Henry C. Payne in April 1903, whereupon under investigation Tyner was indicted and put on trial for fraud and bribery charges. Tyner was acquitted from all charges for lack of evidence after his family controversially removed pertinent papers from his office safe. In poor health, Tyner died the following year. After a brief biographical article of Tyner in 1906, modern historical research on his life and career has been limited. Initially coming into Washington as a mid west Representative and reformer, Tyner's political career would be associated by controversy and scandal. He was the last surviving Grant cabinet who served in federal office into the 20th Century. Tyner, an expert in the Postal Service, was appointed and served as a delegate to the International Postal Congresses in 1878 and 1897, having the confidence of Republican Presidents Rutherford B. Hayes and William McKinley.
Early life and family
James Noble Tyner was born in Brookville, Indiana, on January 17, 1826. Tyner came from a prominent Indiana family. Tyner was one of twelve children. His father was Richard Tyner and his mother was Martha Sedgwick Willis Swift Noble. Tyner's grandfather, William E. Tyner, was a pioneer Baptist minister who preached in Eastern Indiana for many years. Tyner's father Richard was a prominent Indiana business man. Tyner's mother Martha's brother was Indiana Governor Noah Noble serving from 1831 to 1837 and another one of her brothers was Indiana U.S. Senator James Noble serving from 1816 to 1831. Tyner pursued an academic course and graduated from Brookville Academy in 1844. From 1846 to 1854 Tyner was engaged and worked in his father's business. Tyner studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1857 commencing practice in Peru, Indiana.
Political career
From 1857 to 1861 Tyner was secretary of the Indiana State Senate. In 1860 Tyner served as presidential elector on the Abraham Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin Republican ticket during the 1860 presidential election. From 1861 to 1866 Tyner was a special agent for the United States Post Office Department. Although Tyner did not militarily serve during the Civil War his brother, Noah Noble Tyner, served bravely in the Union Army retiring with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel.
U.S. Representative (1869-1875)
In 1869, Tyner was elected a Republican to the United States House of Representatives to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Representative-elect Daniel D. Pratt (who instead took a seat in the Senate). Tyner represented the Indiana's 8th District during the 41st, 42nd, and 43rd U.S. Congresses. At the time Tyner was elected the Republicans controlled both the House and the Senate. He was reelected in 1870 and 1872, serving from 1869 to 1875. Tyner, considered a reformer his first two terms, gave few speeches in the House and was noted for his statistical accuracy and "sound reasoning". His vote for the unpopular Salary Grab in 1873 bill later cost him the Republican nomination in 1874.
Advocated repeal of franking privilege
U.S. Representative Tyner advocated the removal of the Franking Privilege in his first speech in the House on February 5, 1870. This allowed Congressmen to mail to their constituents free of charge. President Grant's Postmaster-General John Creswell also advocated the removal of the franking privilege.
Opposed railroad subsidies
Tyner spoke out against granting large land tract subsidies to the Northern Pacific Railroad. Tyner believed that land between the Mississippi and the Pacific Ocean should be settled gradually over time giving settlers free land to build houses. Tyner considered America to be an empire and U.S. citizens had a right to settle the West. On May 16, 1870 Tyner stated in a speech to the House, "Much as we desire to see the country lying between the Mississippi and the Pacific teaming with an industrious population, it would be far better to reach that end by slow marches, than to rush into a policy that will eventually retard its prosperity and check its growth."
Voted for Salary Grab
On March 3, 1873 President Grant on the last day of his first term in office having been elected for a second term signed into law a bill that increased the President's pay from $25,000 to $50,000 dollars and salaries in both the House and Senate were raised from $5,000 to $7,500 including a $5,000 bonus. Tyner voted for this pay increase and bonus, as a secret attachment to an appropriations bill, known as the Salary Grab. Although congressional and presidential pay raises were constitutional, reforming newspapers exposed the $5,000 bonus and the Congressmen who voted for the bill, later repealed in January 1874. Grant, however, retained the $50,000 a year presidential pay. The Salary Grab law was unpopular with the public and Tyner failed to receive the Republican Congressional nomination the same year.
Committees served on
House Education and Labor 7th-Majority
House Post Office and Post Roads 6th-Majority.
House Post Office and Post Roads 4th-Majority Chairman
House Public Buildings and Grounds 3rd-Majority.
Washington Monument Select
House Appropriations 3rd-Majority.
Second assistant Postmaster-General (1875-1876)
President Ulysses S. Grant appointed Tyner Second Assistant Postmaster General serving from February 26, 1875, to July 12, 1876.
Postmaster General (1876-1877)
On July 12, 1876, President Grant appointed Tyner Postmaster General serving until March 12, 1877. Tyner secured his old position of Second Assistant Postmaster-General to his fellow Indianan and Civil War general Thomas J. Brady appointed by President Grant. Brady would later be involved and associated with the Star Route postal scandal that was revealed after President James A. Garfield took office in 1881.
First assistant Postmaster-General (1877-1881)
After the end of the Grant administration, he was appointed to First Assistant Postmaster-General by President Rutherford B. Hayes, serving from 1877 until his resignation in October 1881. When President James A. Garfield took office on March 4, 1881, there were rumors of fraud taking place in the postal department where corrupt contractors made excessive profits on Star Routes. President Garfield had ordered an investigation on the matter by his appointed Postmaster-General Thomas L. James. Tyner was extremely familiar with the inner workings of the postal contract system and upon investigation by Postmaster-General James was assumed to have known and allowed postal contract profiteering. James ordered Tyner to resign office by July, but after Garfield was assassinated and incapacitated, Tyner refused to leave. Also involved in the Star Route frauds was Tyner's Indiana friend and Second Assistant Postmaster Thomas J. Brady. The investigation revealed that Tyner had given his son a lucrative job of $2,000 a year as Superintendent of the Chicago Post Office. When his son took the position Tyner had increased his salary from $1,000 to $2,000 dollars. When Garfield finally died on September 19 and his Vice President Chester A. Arthur took office, President Arthur finally forced Tyner to resign and vacate office on October 17, 1881.
Later career
On the evening of June 12, 1882 Tyner was seriously injured suffering a concussion and bruising on his face after being thrown from a buggy while riding near Brightwood. Tyner recovered after being taken to the city and his wounds were dressed.
Tyner was a delegate to the International Postal Congress in Paris, France, in 1878 and in Washington, D.C., in 1897. Tyner served as Assistant Attorney General of the Post Office Department from 1889 to 1893 and again from 1897 to 1903.
Post Office frauds and investigation (1903)
On March 7, 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt launched an investigation into frauds in the Post Office. Early in April, Postmaster-General Henry C. Payne informed Tyner who was under suspicion of corruption to resign office by a mutual friend. Tyner and Mrs. Tyner then pleaded with Payne to keep Tyner in office. Payne then postponed Tyner's resignation to May 1 and told Tyner he was suspended from duties as Assistant Attorney barring Tyner from his office. This left Tyner in a precarious position of technically being Assistant Attorney without administrative powers. Tyner instructed his wife to retrieve his official papers from the safe room in his Washington D.C. office on the fifth floor of the Postal Department. On Tuesday April 20 Mrs. Tyner arrived at Tyner's office at closing time 4 P.M. and was allowed to enter Tyner's office unsuspectedly alone. Tyner's wife then secretly let in her sister-in-law and a company safe man by another door who unlocked the safe, whereupon, Mrs. Tyner retrieved all of Tyner's official papers. Having bundled and packaged the papers Mrs. Tyner sent the papers by an African American messenger, who had also entered Tyner's office by another door, taking the papers to Tyner's residence. After her party had left by the other door, Mrs. Tyner then walked out of Tyner's office alone, and returned to Tyner's house. The head of the Post Office Bureau George Christiancy immediately discovered and informed Postmaster-General Payne of Mrs. Tyner taking Tyners papers from the safe. Payne sent two investigators to Tyner's house, but Tyner and his wife refused to give the investigators Tyner's papers nor allow the investigators into Tyner's residence.
On April 22, 1903 Assistant Attorney General Tyner was removed from office by Postmaster-General Payne. Four days later on April 26 Tyner and his wife denied any wrongdoing. Tyner stated that he had served his country faithfully and the officials at the Post Office had "lost their heads". Tyner stated he remained on as Assistant Attorney after March 9 to vindicate his honor. Mrs. Tyner stated that she and her husband had been labeled robbers by the Postal Department. Mrs. Tyner said that she had freely been allowed to go into Tyner's office room where the safe was located and nothing was done in secret. Mrs. Tyner said she returned papers in a box to the Postal Department that did not have any criminal evidence.
In mid-1903 Tyner was investigated for corruption in the Post Office by special prosecutor Charles J. Bonaparte and Fourth Assistant Postmaster General Joseph L. Bristow. Tyner was indicted three times for fraud and one count bribery. Also indicted was First Assistant Postmaster Perry S. Heath. President Roosevelt stated the postal investigation revealed a condition of "gross corruption" in their offices. Allegations against Tyner and Heath ranged from gross negligence of office, criminal collusion, to actual participation in frauds, bribery, and financial profiteering. Tyner was acquitted for lack of evidence since Tyner's wife had removed his papers from his office in April. Bristow's investigation resulted in 41 indictments against 31 persons connected to the postal frauds. Four postal officers and employees resigned while thirteen workers were removed from office.
Death
Tyner since July, 1902 had been suffering from paralysis and the postal investigation trial in 1904 had put a strain on his feebled health. He died in Washington, D.C., on December 5, 1904, and was interred there in Oak Hill Cemetery.
Historical reputation
Tyner was the only member of the Grant Administration cabinet to hold a federal office appointment in the 20th Century serving under President William McKinley and President Theodore Roosevelt. He has been relatively forgotten by historians after 1906 having not been mentioned in the 1936 Dictionary of American Biography edited by Dumas Malone. Elected three times to the House starting in 1869 Tyner was a successful mid western politician, however, he was not reelected in 1874 due to his vote for the controversial Salary Grab Act. His long career in the Post Office Department ended twice abruptly in 1881 and 1903 under suspicion of corruption. In 1903, Tyner and his wife's reputation were damaged after the controversy of taking official government documents from his office in Washington D.C. Tyner did not live long enough and was in feeble health to author and defend himself in a biography. Tyner was an expert on the inner workings of the Post Office during his lifetime having a history of working for the Postal Department starting in 1861.
Sources | 3dafeca7-f84c-4aad-80b9-4ecb41a50839 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mets,_Athens"} | Neighborhood in Athens, Attica, Greece
Mets (Greek: Μετς) is a neighborhood of Athens, Greece. It is located between Ardettos Hill, First Cemetery of Athens and Temple of Olympian Zeus.
Mets owes its name to a beer brewery, opened by Bavarian brewer Karl Fuchs (the same man who founded Greek beer company Fix). Beer was, at the time, an unheard of beverage in Greece and was brought over due to the influence of Bavarian Greek king Otto of Greece. | 84964329-4cb9-4ebe-8d1c-476a0e983be1 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubus_sieboldii"} | Species of flowering plant
Rubus sieboldii, the Molucca raspberry, is a flowering plant in the genus Rubus. The species is native to Australia, and mid-western Asia, in the Himalaya Mountains and foothills. The shrubs prefer low wetland areas, with very good sun exposure, though the plants can tolerate moderate shade.
Uses
The plant's leaves stimulate blood flow in the pelvic area and uterus. They are also abortifacient and astringent, lending to their use to treat urinary tract infections. Molucca Raspberries are edible, and contain large amounts of antioxidant power. They are rich with bioactive phytochemicals, antioxidant compounds, and show stronger radical scavenging activities than blueberries. | 226c20fa-2b95-4d62-af5f-af5d81f538c5 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aethapsis"} | Aethapsis is an actinolepid placoderm known from two species, A. major and A. utahensis.[citation needed] | 64373534-6883-4f22-b433-49642d5cf8c7 |
null | Sir Harry Graham Haig KCSI CIE JP ICS (13 April 1881 – 14 June 1956) was a British administrator in India.
Haig was an opponent of Mohandas Gandhi's campaign for Indian independence, describing it as a "menace". "We can do without the goodwill of Congress and in fact I do not believe for a moment that we shall ever have it, but we cannot afford to do without confidence of those who have supported us in the long struggle against the Congress." Haig remained a staunch critic of the Mahatma's policy of attacking British rule while at the same time negotiating with the government. In his position as Home Member on the Council he was responsible for overseeing Civil Martial Law. On 5 December 1934 he succeeded the Labour supporter, Sir Malcolm Hailey at Allahabad as the new governor of United Provinces. They feared a reaction against Swaraj Party's success at the polls would spark rioting and violence against landlords.
Family
Harry was born at 43 Kensington Gardens, Kensington, London to Henry Alexander Haig, a city merchant, and his wife Agnes Catherine Pollock. His family were wealthy upper-middle class that originated in trade from Scotland. Harry was educated at Winchester College. He won a scholarship to go up to New College, Oxford in 1900. Two years later he took a second in Mods (classical moderations) and after four years at Oxford he achieved a first in Literae humaniores. That autumn 1904 he was third place in the national examinations for the Indian Civil Service (ICS). He was appointed to the officer cadre of United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh) then considered the most senior civil service province in British India. He returned to England, but on 25 August 1908 he married Violet May, daughter of Joseph Deas of the Indian Civil Service. In 1910 he was appointed to be an Under-secretary to the government of United Provinces, yet only for two years.
Career
Haig liked India, and so resolved to remain there during World War One. He joined the Indian Army Reserves Corps of officers. In 1920 he resumed a civil service career in finance. Appointed a deputy secretary in the department of the Government of India. Now at the heart of Indian power, he was soon promoted to be Secretary to the Fiscal Commission, where he had a knowledge and understanding of taxation. The government in London was attempting to make savings by imposing more of the financial burden upon India for its own service upkeep. In 1923 he was attached to the Royal Commission on superior civil services. Two years later he became private secretary to the new Liberal Viceroy, the Marquess of Reading. In 1926 he was appointed secretary of the home department in India. His record of service, fifteen years at the top of the Indian service was only equalled by Sir Malcolm Hailey. Haig became expert in policing and home affairs. He was resolved to prevent Gandhi's non-cooperation movement from breaking up British rule, and yet knew how alarmist tactics could ignite an orgy of violence. Recommending a new Intelligence-led police operation to track rebels, Gandhi made a personal plea to end the Criminal Investigation Department (CID) feared for its rigorous methods of arrest and detention. By 1933 the civil disobedience movement had calmed down, its leaders in prison or disarmed. Gandhi was sentenced to six years in prison. In 1929 Haig was instrumental in the defeat of the Communist-inspired Meerut Conspiracy Case, in which violent revolutionaries aimed to disrupt Congress peaceful demonstrations, yet they were far from that, as Haig found out from the Nainital proceedings in his capacity as Secretary to the government.
Leaving the British India leaders to cajole Gandhi into attending the Second Round Table Conference in London. Haig attended both conferences in 1930-31. he was in the chair of the committee that expanded the jurisdiction of the North-West Frontier Province with full governor and provincial legislature powers. Emergency powers were in full operation throughout India invoking martial law in a region where many Muslims and Sikhs joined the British Indian Army. When Sir James Crerar retired in 1932 he was asked to become home member on Lord Willingdon's Council and appointed Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire. Haig encouraged the London drafters of Government of India bill in 1934 to make special constituency reserved seats in the North-West for Muslims and the other minorities that predominated in the province. He recognised the security and safety issues by pursuance of a dual policy during the negotiations with Gandhi-Dr. Ambedkar.
At once the home department deployed a tough policy of detention against the Congress while being on the telegraph hotline to London in conversation with the cabinet. Gandhi was an old man incapable of defeating the British forces, so they were happy for the policy to be to decline his position. Gandhi would later praise Haig's "rearguard action" which was conducted with firmness but fairness. Britain pursued a managed withdrawal from the 1930s onwards, offering concessions for "responsive government" within the Imperial federation. Haig had long worked with Hailey, becoming well acquainted with the United Provinces; he succeeded a mentor as governor at Allahabad on 6 December 1934. The Government of India Act 1935 was bitterly opposed by Conservatives, and Haig was fearful that Indians would become uncontrollable. In 1937 Congress won a landslide election victory. G B Pant was appointed President but resigned when the new Viceroy, Lord Linlithgow, a less tolerant aristocrat refused. on the home member's advice, to release the last of the political prisoners. Haig remained courteous and was thanked by the Congress, but it could be the end of his career in India. Chatari tried to form his own government, but failed when even his own brother refused a post in the new cabinet. In October 1939, war already declared police arrested a gang of Khaksars. They were taken to Bulandshahr district jail where five were shot dead and twenty wounded. The British security were on red alert during wartime, but Justice Hunter of Allahabad was appointed to investigate. Haig was sanguine about the situation in a secret report to the Viceroy Lord Linlithgow, that is said to vindicate surrender of arms.
When war broke out in Europe he returned to England. In 1940 he was appointed Regional Commissioner for Civil Defence in Manchester. Haig was an Anglican, and regularly attended church. He was appointed Chairman of the Indian Church Aid Association under the diocesan control of his brother-in-law, Bishop Eyre Chatterton. He became an active member of the Royal Institute of International Affairs in London. In 1952 he was invited to the silver jubilee of Agra University in the province he once governed. Sir Harry died at home, Valelands, Oxted, Surrey.
Bibliography | e9a1692b-e175-4001-b22a-ce80b3d3727e |
null | North Eaton is an unincorporated community in Lorain County, in the U.S. state of Ohio.
History
The origin of the name North Eaton is obscure; the name may be a transfer from Eaton, New York. A post office called North Eaton was established in 1833, and remained in operation until 1928. | b1f69876-dbe9-4f50-9f51-046f2bc2c2e8 |
null | 24 stundir (24 hours) was the third-largest daily newspaper in Iceland, first published in May 2005. The paper was originally named Blaðið (The Paper), but this was changed in October 2007. Between August and October 2007, its ratings were 42.1%, just behind the Morgunblaðið, which had 43.1%.
As a result of the Icelandic financial crisis, 24 stundir ceased publication on 10 October 2008, resulting in 20 jobs being cut.
List of editors
The newspaper was founded by Karli Garðarsson, Sigurður G. Guðjónsson, and Steini Kára Ragnarsson. | 39715ac7-c2a2-400f-9aeb-1913174b8f2a |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Federation_of_School_Administrators"} | American trade union
The American Federation of School Administrators (AFSA) represents public school principals, vice principals, administrators, and supervisors in the United States. The trade union is affiliated with the AFL–CIO.
The union was established by the Council of Supervisory Associations, a local union representing principals and other supervisors in the New York City Department of Education. Rather than becoming a directly affiliated local union, the AFL–CIO chartered the organization as the School Administrators and Supervisors Organizing Committee.
Because the Taft–Hartley Act does not recognize supervisors as union-eligible under federal law, AFSA only negotiates collective bargaining agreements in states where local labor rules permit them. In most areas, the organization functions as a professional association rather than a traditional union. A majority of the union's membership remains in New York City, however.
The organization publishes The School Leader and presents the Distinguished Leadership Award to highlight member achievements.
Composition
Total membership (US records)
Finances (US records; ×$1000)
Assets Liabilities Receipts Disbursements
According to AFSA's Department of Labor records (as of 2013[update]), about 36%, or more than a third, of the union's total membership are considered retirees, with eligibility to vote in the union. This accounts for 6,828 retirees, compared to 12,043 regular members. | f6bc40a7-8221-47ba-bc8a-16c92eb97e85 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Monz%C3%B3n"} | Jesús Monzón Reparaz (22 January 1910 – 24 October 1973) was a Spanish lawyer and communist politician. During World War II (1939–45) he helped organize Spanish members of the resistance to the Germans in France. In 1944 he organized a failed attempt to invade Francoist Spain. He was disavowed by the communist leadership in 1947 and spent many years in Spanish prisons.
Early years (1910–36)
Jesús Monzón Reparaz was born in Pamplona, Navarre, in 1910 to a wealthy family. His family was Carlist. He was an educated and tolerant bon vivant. He studied in Barcelona and Madrid, sympathized with Marxism, and joined the Communist Party of Spain. He returned to Navarre after completing his studies, and soon became prominent in the small local group of communists. Monzón was distrusted by some communists for his background and cultivated appearance, but was always loyal to the ideology. As a lawyer he was appointed a clerk in the council of Navarre. He married Aurora Gómez Urrutia, and they had one child, Sergio. They were separated after Sergio died, but much later were reunited in Mexico in 1959.
Monzón was one of the founders of the Navarre branch of the Partido Comunista Español (PCE, Spanish Communist Party). In June 1935 he organized a major strike of construction workers in cooperation with the Carlist unions, where he showed strong leadership and the ability to work with people of different ideologies. He was a Popular Front candidate in the 1936 elections in Navarre. Monzón was elected a deputy for the PCE in the Popular Front. The Popular Front triumphed nationally, but in Navarre Rafael Aizpún's Unión Navarra of the Bloque de Derechas (Right Block) took 70% of the votes.
Civil War (1936–39)
At the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in July 1936 Monzón was in Pamplona. He managed to hide, then escaped to France, and from there reached Bilbao. He and the other Basque communist leaders, Ramón Ormazábal and Juan Astigarrabía, became isolated in the North. Later Monzón was named in turn civil governor of Alicante, Albacete and Cuenca. He was Civil Governor of Alicante from 31 July 1937, and was named governor of Cuenca in May 1938. The fall of Catalonia in February 1939 virtually ensured that the rebels would win the war. The last actions of Juan Negrín's government made the situation worse. On 5 March 1939 Negrín issued a decree appointing Monzón to take charge of the general secretariat of the Ministry of Defense. When Monzón left the Civil Governorship of Cuenca, the move was seen in Cuenca as abandonment of his post at a critical moment. He left Spain the next day on the same plane as Dolores Ibárruri.
French Resistance (1939–44)
The PCE leadership left France after the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between Russia and Germany in August 1939 just before the outbreak of World War II. They moved to Mexico or the Soviet Union, safer countries that supported the Republic. Monzon remained behind with the younger and lower-ranking PCE exiles in France, and in the summer of 1939 formed the "Delegation of the PCE Central Committee in France", supported by Carmen de Pedro, Manuel Gimeno, Manuel Azcárate and Jaime Nieto. They reorganized and rejuvenated the PCE in France, improvising policy as needed. Monzón became the main leader of the communist exiles in France, defining ideology and strategy. He took the pseudonym "Mariano".
There were thousands of Spanish refugees in concentration camps in France. Monzón chartered ships on which many of the refugees escaped at the start of the German occupation of France in the summer of 1940. He organized those who remained into rural labor groups in Vichy France. These became the basis for the Agrupaciones de Guerrilleros Españoles (AGE), the Spanish maquis, which fought against the Germans. Monzón worked with Gabriel León Trilla in reorganizing the PCE members and placing them in the French Resistance. By the summer of 1944 the AGE veterans of the Spanish Republic's Popular Army had made a significant contribution to defeating the Germans in the south of France. The "Latin Americans" and "Russians" in the PCE leadership frowned on the independent action of the French PCE as "resisters".
Spanish National Union (1941–44)
In August 1941 the PCE in France started to form the Unión Nacional Española (UNE, Spanish National Union), which would unite all left-wing political sectors opposed to Francoism. In September 1942 the Central Committee of the PCE in France offered to join with all anti-fascists including Carlists, Monarchists and the Christian Right. The UNE was founded officially on 11 November 1942 in Toulouse. The press organ was Reconquista de España. The UNE was never dominated by Stalinists, but was more a precursor of the post-war democratic popular front. Monzón was president of the UNE from 1943 to 1945.
Monzón clandestinely entered Spain in the Spring of 1943. He settled in a villa near Madrid where he disguised himself and pretended to be a doctor. In September 1943 Monzón started work in Madrid on organizing the Guerrilla Army of the Center in Spain. That month he established the Junta Suprema de Unión Nacional (Supreme Council of National Union) in Madrid, which was more wishful thinking than reality. In February 1944 Monzon called for preparation for a national insurrection.
Monzón thought that if the UNE forces occupied part of Spain next to the newly liberated French territory, and held it for long enough, the Allies would be drawn into a conflict with Franco's forces. A provisional government would be declared, and it was hoped that the Allied powers, who were winning the war against Fascism, would recognize it. It was also hoped that the invasion would trigger a national uprising. The Val d'Aran was chosen for the attempt because it was on the north side of the Pyrenees and isolated from the rest of the country in winter. In October 1944 more than 10,000 guerrillas created a series of actions and diversions in Aragon and Navarre to create the conditions for revolution. The bulk of the forces entered the Val d'Aran unopposed on 19 October 1944. They raised tricolor flags and waited. The attempt failed miserably after ten days of fighting with the Spanish army.
In his memoirs Santiago Carrillo cast grave doubts on Monzón's ability or motives in launching the invasion. He said the PCE had told the Spanish communists in France not to attempt any mass invasion, but to infiltrate in small groups and settle inland. Carrillo was sent to France, and learned from the leaders of the invasion in the Val d'Aran, which they said had been ordered by a "Supreme Council of National Union". Carrillo said this existed only in the imagination of Monzón. Carrillo said he managed to persuade the French PCE to abandon the project, since ten thousand picked militants would have been massacred by José Moscardó Ituarte, who had 50,000 troops. The guerrilla group retreated to France, and became a commercial company dedicated to cutting firewood and reforestation.
Later years (1944–73)
In 1945 Monzon was disgraced because of his action and was removed from the presidency of the Unión Nacional. He was accused by the PCE of being opportunistic, of having prioritized the Unión Nacional Española and "diluted" the PCE. Santiago Carrillo accused Monzón and his followers of "deviationism". In July 1945, after waiting several months to travel to France, he was arrested by the police in Barcelona. Monzón was brought before a court martial and sentenced to 30 years in prison. Through the influence of Carlist friends he avoided the death sentence. After being condemned by the PCE leaders and imprisoned by Franco, Monzón was largely forgotten. In 1947 he was expelled from the PCE, who portrayed him as little more than a traitor. Monzón was released in 1959 and joined his wife in Mexico. He spent the last years of his life in the Balearic islands, and returned to Pamplona a few months before his death in 1973.
Sources | 68c01306-cdf6-4177-940b-2cc311b46340 |
null | 1924 film
Her Marriage Vow is a 1924 American drama film written and directed by Millard Webb. The film stars Monte Blue, Willard Louis, Beverly Bayne, Margaret Livingston, John Roche and Priscilla Moran. The film was released by Warner Bros. on July 20, 1924.
Plot
As described in a review in a film magazine, Carol Pelham (Bayne) turns down the wealthy idler, Ted Lowe (Roche), and marries a hard-working chap, Bob Hilton (Blue). For seven years their life is happy, even though Carol is kept pretty well confined to her home taking care of it and her two little girls. A flighty friend, Estelle (Livingston) takes an apartment in the same building and Carol again meets with Ted, who starts to make love to her. Piqued at the fact that Bob leaves her alone to work at night causes her to attend a party in Estelle's apartment where she imbibes too freely. Bob catches Ted kissing her and putting a necklace on her while she sleeps after finding roses from Ted in his own apartment. Mistrusting her, he casts her out and the court awards him the children, but he is lonely and continues to love Carol. Finally unable to stand it any longer, Carol steals into Bob's home and the children beg her to take them with her. A noise causes Bob to hear her and, stealing out on a balcony, he fires into the room. Carol is not hit, but faints, and when she revives, she and Bob' become reconciled.
Cast
Box office
According to Warner Bros. records, the film earned $210,000 domestically and $23,000 in foreign markets.
Preservation status
A print of Her Marriage Vow is preserved in Filmarchiv Austria. | ff564831-dfd9-4b4d-b316-7d3971bc1a04 |
null | The Sandeśarāsaka, also known by its Apabhraṃśa name Saṃneharāsaya, (Sanskrit: सन्देशरासक, Apabhraṃśa: संनेहरासय) is an epic poem written around 1000–1100 by Addahamāṇa (thought be the Apabhraṃśa form of the name Abdur Rahman) in Apabhramsha. Its language is considered to be a version of Apabhramsha, the language that gave rise to modern Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages like Punjabi and Sindhi.
The manuscripts of the book were discovered in Jain libraries by Muni Jinavijaya. According to Muni Jinavijaya, the work was written before the conquest by Ghori in 1192, when Multan was still a major Hindu pilgrimage center. The manuscripts include Sanskrit explanations by a Jain scholar in Sam. 1465.
Theme
This epic poem is inspired by Meghaduta of Kalidasa.
The author invoked God using an expression that combines Hindu and Muslim perspectives:
माणुस्सदुव्वविज्जाहरेहिं णहमग्गि सूर ससि बिंबे।
आएहिं जो णमिज्जइ तं णयरे णमह कत्तारं।
māṇussaduvvavijjāharehiṃ ṇahamaggi sūra sasi biṃbe.
āehiṃ jo ṇamijjai taṃ ṇayare ṇamaha kattāraṃ.
O citizens, salute the creator who is saluted by men, gods, vidyadharas, the sun and the moon.
Cultural influence
It is the only work by a Muslim in Apabhramsha, and it is a precursor of Baba Farid and books like Padmavat of Jayasi.
It is the first book that refers to a vernacular work based on Ramayana.
Two of the verses were quoted by Acharya Hemachandra (1088-1173). | 0688e2f0-4242-4315-b54d-f43d400fb3d4 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borwin,_Duke_of_Mecklenburg"} | Head of the House of Mecklenburg
Borwin, Duke of Mecklenburg (German: Borwin Herzog zu Mecklenburg; given names: Georg Borwin Friedrich Franz Karl Stephan Konrad Hubertus Maria; born 10 June 1956) has been the head of the House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz since 1996 and of the entire House of Mecklenburg since 2001. The death of Friedrich Franz, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin – his godfather – the last male member of the House of Mecklenburg-Schwerin on 31 July 2001 made Strelitz the only remaining line of the House of Mecklenburg, which ruled in Mecklenburg until 1918.
Borwin and his sons, Alexander and Michael, are the only known surviving legitimate male-line descendants of the medieval princely dynasty descended from Niklot of the Obotrites, which has included Albert, King of Sweden.
Education and career
Duke Borwin of Mecklenburg was born in Freiburg im Breisgau the youngest child and only son of Duke Georg Alexander of Mecklenburg and his wife Archduchess Ilona of Austria (1927–2011) the daughter of Archduke Joseph Francis of Austria and Princess Anna of Saxony. He is an agnatic descendant of Grand Duke Georg of Mecklenburg-Strelitz and through his mother a descendant of King Frederick Augustus III of Saxony and Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria.
Duke Borwin became the heir apparent to headship of the House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz on 6 July 1963 when his grandfather died and his father succeeded as head of the house. Borwin has studied Viticulture at the Geisenheim Grape Breeding Institute and served as an officer in the German Army. He has also managed a Swiss drinks company.
In politics, Duke Borwin is a former local party chairman for the Christian Democratic Union in the village of Hinterzarten in the Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald district of Baden-Württemberg, leaving his post in May 2009.
Head of the house
In 1928 his grandfather George was adopted by his uncle and the head of the House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Duke Charles Michael. His grandfather subsequently assumed the title of Duke of Mecklenburg with the style Serene Highness which was confirmed on 18 July 1929 by the head of the Imperial House of Russia, Grand Duke Cyril Vladimirovich and then recognised on 23 December by the former Grand Duke Frederick Francis IV of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. On 18 December 1950, Hereditary Grand Duke Friedrich Franz of Mecklenburg-Schwerin confirmed the ducal title and also granted the style Highness, which in conjunction with the title, is the style enjoyed by dynastic members of the House of Mecklenburg.[citation needed] His grandfather was also confirmed as head of the house.
Duke Borwin succeeded as head of the House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz following his father's death on 26 January 1996. With the death of Hereditary Grand Duke Friedrich Franz on the 31 July 2001, the House of Mecklenburg-Schwerin has become extinct in the male line leaving Mecklenburg-Strelitz as the only surviving branch of the grand ducal house.
Duke Borwin is the patron and protector of the Order of the Griffon which was revived in September 1984. The order was founded by Grand Duke Frederick Francis III of Mecklenburg-Schwerin on 15 September 1884. He has also served on the Almanach de Gotha's Comité de Patronage.
In 2005 Duke Borwin along with the head of the House of Hohenzollern, Georg Friedrich, Prince of Prussia attended the seasonal opening of Hohenzieritz Castle in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. It was the castle where Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, who married Frederick William III of Prussia and became Queen of Prussia, died in 1810.
Marriage and children
Duke Borwin married Alice Marianne Wagner (born 2 August 1959 in Hinterzarten, Baden-Württemberg, West Germany), daughter of Dr. Jürgen-Detlev Wagner and wife Marianne Biehl (3 February 1930 – Hinterzarten, 26 April 2008), in a civil marriage on 24 December 1985 in Hinterzarten followed by a religious ceremony on 19 July 1986 also in Hinterzarten. They have three children.[citation needed]
Honours
National dynastic honours
Foreign dynastic honours
Ranks
Ancestry
Patrilineal descent | 858072d7-0b54-47c0-b74e-5c78189cfb5d |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazzb%C3%BChne_Berlin_%2782"} | Live album by Abdullah Ibrahim
Jazzbühne Berlin '82 is an album by Abdullah Ibrahim. It was recorded in concert in East Berlin in 1982.
Recording, release and reception
The album was recorded in concert on 12 June 1982 at Volksbühne in East Berlin. It was released on CD by Repertoire Records. The Penguin Guide to Jazz criticised the sound quality, describing it as "tinny, echoing and rather flat. It's difficult to judge whether the fault lies with the acoustic, the piano itself (which doesn't sound that responsive) or the recording technology, for the 'Liberation Suite' medley is in every other regard an absolutely characteristic performance."
Track listing
Personnel | 011e49a4-0e62-40a2-a328-3a6d1910237c |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guldbagge_Award_for_Best_Original_Score"} | Swedish film award
The Guldbagge for Best Original Score is a Swedish film award presented annually by the Swedish Film Institute (SFI) as part of the Guldbagge Awards (Swedish: "Guldbaggen") to film composers working in the Swedish motion picture industry.
Winners and nominees
Each Guldbagge Awards ceremony is listed chronologically below along with the winner of the Guldbagge Award for Best Original Score and the film associated with the award. In the columns under the winner of each award are the other nominees for best music.
2010s
2020s
Notes and references | 982f549a-c53e-4021-9ba2-9c36f826e28e |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchenkamp_station"} | Buchenkamp is a station in Volksdorf on the Großhansdorf branch of Hamburg U-Bahn line U1. It is the last station on the Großhansdorf branch that is within the city of Hamburg, as the Schleswig-Holstein state line is shortly after the east end of the platform.
History
The station was built in 1914 based on schematics by Eugen Göbel, and opened in 1921, with only one track, as the second track was taken apart in order to obtain material to build a third rail for the electrification of the line. The second track was rebuilt in 1935.
Services
Buchenkamp is served by Hamburg U-Bahn line U1. | 02fe90e1-884f-422f-9445-8ceaebc43cdc |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetragastris"} | Genus of flowering plants
Tetragastris is a genus of plants in family Burseraceae. It contains the following species (but this list may be incomplete): | 8fe6791a-7bf4-45fc-bc4b-bff4a856445d |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_U21,_Junior_%26_Cadet_World_Championships"} | The 2022 World Cadet, Junior and U21 Karate Championships, was a karate event held in Konya, Turkey from 26 to 30 October 2022.
Age divisions
Cadets 14-16 / Juniors 16-18 / Espoirs 18-21
Medal table
* Host nation (Turkey)
U-21
Men
Women
Junior
Men
Women
Cadet
Men
Women
Participating nations
1779 athletes from 98 countries participated:
|} | 12e94473-0b81-4068-9519-848b770d40d8 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatosu_and_Goblu"} | Fictional towns
Beatosu and Goblu are two non-existent towns in Fulton and Lucas counties in the US state of Ohio, respectively. They were inserted into the 1978–1979 edition of the official state of Michigan map. The names refer to the slogan of University of Michigan fans ("Go Blue!") and a reference to their archrivals from Ohio State University ("Beat OSU").
History
Peter Fletcher, a Michigan alumnus and chairman of the State Highway Commission with a "sly sense of humor", ordered the inclusion of the fake towns of "Goblu" (near the real town of Bono, Ohio, off State Route 2) and "Beatosu" (near Archbold, Ohio, just south of Interstate 80/Interstate 90/Ohio Turnpike at exit 25). On the printed map, the fictitious town names appear in all lowercase letters ("goblu" and "beatosu"), while every other town name is capitalized. As well, while all real locations are clearly marked, there is no specific dot, boundary line or other marker to identify the precise location of the two fictitious towns.
In a 2008 interview, Fletcher explained that a fellow Michigan alumnus had been teasing him about the Mackinac Bridge colors: green and white, the colors of Michigan State University. Fletcher noted that the bridge colors were in compliance with federal highway regulations, so he had no choice in that matter; he did, however, have more control over the state highway map. Fletcher said that he thus ordered a cartographer to insert the two fictitious towns.
In their 2012 obituary of Fletcher, AnnArbor.com noted that the maps containing the fictional cities had a limited print run and have become collectors items. The map's publication has also been noted as a good luck charm for the University of Michigan Wolverines that year; the team beat their arch rivals 14–3 in the 1978 edition of The Game, which was once called the greatest North American sports rivalry by a writer for ESPN.com.
In popular culture
The fictional G.I. Joe comic book character Road Pig is recorded as having been born in Goblu, Michigan.
The movie Paper Towns refers to the concept of paper towns. In their description, it refers to fake towns on a map created by cartographers to deter copyright infringement. A map extent of Beatosu is shown as an example.[citation needed] | d3cb7644-a7b5-4cb2-9098-fc1ca07298b2 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seraphima_Blonskaya"} | Ukrainian artist (1870–1947)
Seraphima Iasonovna Blonskaya (Leontovskaya) (Russian: Блонская, Серафима Иасоновна, 3 October 1870 – 9 August 1947) was a Russian artist and art teacher.
Seraphima Blonskaya was born on October 3, 1870 in Verkhnodniprovsk of Yekaterinoslav Governorate, Russian Empire (now in Ukraine). In 1875 her family moved to Taganrog. In 1887 Blonskaya graduated with a golden medal from the Mariinskaya Gymnasium (Таганрогская мариинская гимназия) and entered the Art School of Mykola Burachek in Kiev that she finished in 1891. In 1892-1900, she studied at the Imperial Academy of Arts in Saint Petersburg. In 1900 Blonskaya was honored with the title of the artist for her degree work painting The Girls (Palm Sunday).
In 1909 Blonskaya returned to Taganrog with her husband artist Leontovski, and in 1910 they founded an art school. After the death of her husband in 1928, the school was closed. In 1930s Seraphima Blonskaya worked at the art union Vsekohudozhnik, since 1944 - at the Taganrog department of the Art Fund of RSFSR. Most paintings of Blonskaya are exhibited at the Taganrog Museum of Art.
Seraphima Blonskaya died in Taganrog on August 9, 1947 and was buried at the Taganrog Old Cemetery. In 1990s one of the children's art schools in Taganrog was named after Blonskaya. | 6e074243-5a9b-42b4-978a-dcc09e97652e |
null | Venezuelan human geneticist
Sergio Arias Cazorla (born 1952) is a human geneticist who worked as a geneticist in the Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research (Spanish: Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciónes Científicas).
He first started studying medicine at the Universidad Central de Venezuela, in Caracas, Venezuela from 1952 to 1959, then did postgraduate studies in internal medicine from 1959 to 1961. He worked as a zoology professor from 1952 to 1953 at the Escuela de Capacitación Forestal de El Junquito (English: Forest Capacitation School El Junquito), then from 1964 to 1966 he became a fellow in medical genetics at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, United States, then in June 1969 he founded the Human Genetics laboratory, at the Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research, which he created to do research on hereditary/genetic disorders that are present in Venezuela, then from 1970 to 1975 he worked as a biology professor at the Universidad Simón Bolívar (English: Simón Bolívar University), and finally from 1975 to 1996 he worked as a human genetics professor at the Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research, where he documented the first case of and consequently discovered Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciónes Científicas syndrome, or IVIC syndrome for short. | 9530bcd8-8bc5-4c54-b232-f3ef5ea56345 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_International_German_Open"} | Tennis tournament
The 2010 International German Open was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor red clay courts. It was the 104th edition of the event known that year as the International German Open and was part of the ATP World Tour 500 series of the 2010 ATP World Tour. It took place at the Am Rothenbaum in Hamburg, Germany, from 19 July through 25 July 2010.
ATP entrants
Seeds
*Seedings based on the July 12, 2010 rankings.
Other entrants
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
Withdrawals
The following notable players withdrew from the event:
Finals
Singles
Andrey Golubev defeated
Jürgen Melzer, 6–3, 7–5
Doubles
Marc López /
David Marrero defeated
Jérémy Chardy /
Paul-Henri Mathieu, 6–3, 2–6, [10–8] | d83a200f-5560-4bc4-9f1a-c58a8ef586e5 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift-share_analysis"} | A shift-share analysis, used in regional science, political economy, and urban studies, determines what portions of regional economic growth or decline can be attributed to national, economic industry, and regional factors. The analysis helps identify industries where a regional economy has competitive advantages over the larger economy. A shift-share analysis takes the change over time of an economic variable, such as employment, within industries of a regional economy, and divides that change into various components. A traditional shift-share analysis splits regional changes into just three components, but other models have evolved that expand the decomposition into additional components.
Overview
A shift-share analysis attempts to identify the sources of regional economic changes. The region can be a town, city, country, statistical area, state, or any other region of the country. The analysis examines changes in an economic variable, such as migration, a demographic statistic, firm growth, or firm formations, although employment is most commonly used. The shift-share analysis is performed on a set of economic industries, like those defined by the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). The analysis separates the regional economic changes within each industry into different categories. Although there are different versions of a shift-share analysis, they all identify national, industry, and regional factors that influence the variable changes.
Traditional model
The traditional form of the shift-share analysis was developed by Daniel Creamer in the early 1940s, and was later formalized by Edgar S. Dunn in 1960. Also known as the comparative static model, it examines changes in the economic variable between two years. Changes are calculated for each industry in the analysis, both regionally and nationally. Each regional change is decomposed into three components.
Formula
The regional change in the variable e within industry i between the two years t and t+n is defined as the sum of the three shift-share effects: national growth effect (NSi), industry mix effect (IMi), and local share effect (RSi).
The beginning and ending values of the economic variable within a particular industry are eit and eit+n, respectively. Each of the three effects is defined as a percentage of the beginning value of the economic variable.
The total percent change in the economic variable nationwide for all industries combined is G, while the national and regional industry-specific percent changes are Gi and gi, respectively.
These three equations substituted into the first equation yield the following expression (from where the decomposition starts), which simply says that the regional economic variable (for industry i) grows at the speed of the regional industry-specific percent change. Note that usually (in case of slow growth) 0 < gi < 1 and that gi refers to the whole period from t to t+n.
Example
As an example, a shift-share analysis might be utilized to examine changes in the construction industry of a state's economy over the past decade, using employment as the economic variable studied. Total national employment may have increased 5% over the decade, while national construction employment increased 8%. However, state construction employment decreased 2%, from 100,000 to 98,000 employees, for a net loss of 2,000 employees.
The national growth effect is equal to the beginning 100,000 employees, times the total national growth rate of 5%, for an increase in 5,000 employees. The shift-share analysis implies that state construction would have increased by 5,000 employees, had it followed the same trend as the overall national economy.
The industry mix effect is equal to the original 100,000 employees times the growth in the industry nationwide, which was 8%, minus the total national growth of 5%. This results in an increase in 3,000 employees (100,000 employees times 3%, which is the 8% industry growth minus the 5% total growth). The analysis implies that the state construction would have increased by another 3,000 employees had it followed the industry trends, because the construction industry nationwide performed better than the national economy overall.
The local share effect in this example is equal to the beginning 100,000 employees times the state construction employment growth rate of −2% (it is negative because of the loss of employees), minus the national construction growth rate of 8%. This results in 100,000 employees times -10%, for a loss of 10,000 employees. However, the actual employment loss was only 2,000 employees, but that equals the sum of the three effects (5,000 gain + 3,000 gain + 10,000 loss). The analysis implies that local factors lead to a decrease in 10,000 employees in the state construction industry, because the growth in both the national economy and the construction industry should have increased state construction employment by 8,000 employees (the 5,000 national share effect plus the 3,000 industry mix effect).
Names and regions
Shift-share analysts sometimes use different labels for the three effects, although the calculations are the same. National growth effect may be referred to as national share. Industry mix effect may be referred to as proportional shift. Local share effect may be referred to as differential shift, regional shift, or competitive share.
In most shift-share analyses, the regional economy is compared to the national economy. However, the techniques may be used to compare any two regions (e.g., comparing a county to its state).
Dynamic model
In 1988, Richard Barff and Prentice Knight, III, published the dynamic model shift-share analysis. In contrast to the comparative static model, which only considers two years in its analysis (the beginning and ending years), the dynamic model utilizes every year in the study period. Although it requires much more data to perform the calculations, the dynamic model takes into account continuous changes in the three shift-share effects, so the results are less affected by the choice of starting and ending years. The dynamic model is most useful when there are large differences between regional and national growth rates, or large changes in the regional industrial mix.
The dynamic model uses the same techniques as the comparative static model, including the same three shift-share effects. However, in the dynamic model, a time-series of traditional shift-share calculations are performed, comparing each year to the previous year. The annual shift-share effects are then totaled together for the entire study period, resulting in the dynamic model's shift-share effects.
Formula
The regional change in the variable e within industry i between the two years t and t+n is defined as the sum of the three shift-share effects: national growth effect (NSi), industry mix effect (IMi), and local share effect (RSi).
If the study period ranges from year t to year t+n, then traditional shift-share effects are calculated for every year k, where k spans from t+1 to t+n. The dynamic model shift-share effects are then calculated as the sum of the annual effects.
The growth rates used in the calculations are annual rates, not growth from the beginning year in the study period, so the percent change from year k-1 to k in the economic variable nationwide for all industries combined is Gk, while the national and regional industry-specific percent changes are Gik and gik, respectively.
Esteban-Marquillas Model
In 1972, J.M. Esteban-Marquillas extended the traditional model to address criticism that the regional share effect is correlated to the regional industrial mix. In the Esteban-Marquillas model, the regional share effect itself is decomposed into two components, isolating a regional shift component that is not correlated to the industrial mix. The model introduced a then-new concept to shift-share analyses, a homothetic level of the economic variable within an industry. This is the theoretical value of the variable within an industry assuming the region has the same industrial mix as the nation.
In the Esteban-Marquillas model, the calculations of the national share and industrial mix effects are unchanged. However, the regional share effect in the traditional model is separated into two effects: a new regional share effect that is not dependent on the industrial mix, and an allocation effect that is. The allocation effect indicates the extent to which the region is specialized in those industries where it enjoys a competitive advantage.
Formula
The regional change in the variable e within industry i between the two years t and t+n is defined as the sum of the four shift-share effects: national growth effect (NSi), industry mix effect (IMi), regional share effect (RSi), and allocation effect (ALi).
The beginning and ending values of the economic variable within a particular industry are eit and eit+n, respectively. The beginning value of the regional homothetic variable within a particular industry is hit. It is based on the regional and national values of the economic variable across all industries, et and Et respectively, and the industry-specific national value Eit.
Each of the four shift-share effects is defined as a percentage of either the beginning value of the economic variable, the homothetic variable, or the difference of the two.
The total percent change in the economic variable nationwide for all industries combined is G, while the national and regional industry-specific percent changes are Gi and gi, respectively.
Arcelus Model
In 1984, Francisco Arcelus built upon Esteban-Marquillas' use of the homothetic variables and extended the traditional model even further. He used this method to decompose the national share and industrial mix effects into expected and differential components. The expected component is based on the homothetic level of the variable, and is the effect not attributed to the regional specializations. The differential component is the remaining effect, which is attributable to the regional industrial mix.
Arcelus claimed that, even with the Esteban-Marquillas extension, the regional share effect is still related to the regional industry mix, and that the static model assumes all regional industries operate on a national market basis, focusing too heavily on the export markets and ignoring the local markets. In order to address these issues, Arcelus used a different method for separating the regional share effect, resulting in a regional growth effect and a regional industry mix effect. Both of these are decomposed into expected and differential components using the homothetic variable.
Formula
The regional change in the variable e within industry i between the two years t and t+n is defined as the sum of the eight shift-share effects: expected national growth effect (NSEi), differential national growth effect (NSDi), expected industry mix effect (IMEi), differential industry mix effect (IMDi), expected regional growth effect (RGEi), differential regional growth effect (RGDi), expected regional industry mix effect (RIEi), and differential regional industry mix effect (RIDi).
The eight effects are related to the three traditional shift-share effects from the comparative static model.
The homothetic variable is calculated the same as in the Esteban-Marquillas model. The beginning value of the regional homothetic variable within a particular industry is hit. It is based on the regional and national values of the economic variable across all industries, et and Et respectively, and the industry-specific national value Eit.
Each of the eight shift-share effects is defined as a percentage of either the beginning value of the economic variable, the homothetic variable, or the difference of the two.
The total percent changes in the economic variable nationally and regionally for all industries combined are G and g respectively, while the national and regional industry-specific percent changes are Gi and gi, respectively. | 4dd3f85b-dc81-49e3-87d4-5be617eb9260 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_Cam%C3%B5es"} | Theatre in Parque das Nações, Portugal
Theatre Camões (Portuguese: Teatro Camões) is a concert hall situated in the civil parish of Parque das Nações, municipality of Lisbon.
History
Originally conceived by the Gabinete de Arquitectura Risco, the building was constructed in 1997 during the International World Exhibition Expo 98, following the design laid down by Manuel Salgado. An acclaimed Portuguese architect, Manuel Salgado, was also responsible for the design of the Centro Cultural de Belem (a multi-purpose cultural centre in Lisbon) and the Estádio do Dragão (the FCP football stadium in Oporto). It was inaugurated in 1998 and has been used by the Lisbon Symphony Orchestra and the National Ballet of Portugal.
The theatre was situated in a privileged location between the southern international area and Oceans Pavilion, and was conceived with specific acoustic characteristics and auxiliary spaces in order to present opera, theatre spectacles and various musical events. At the time of its inauguration the opera Corvo Branco, with music by Philip Glass, musical director Robert Wilson and libreto Luísa Costa Gomes, in addition to the events to celebrate national days.
Following Expo’98, the first project to expand the theatre was initiated, in order to install the headquarters for the Portuguese Symphonic Orchestra; the theatre, initially integrated into the Instituto Português das Artes e Espectáculo (IPAE) (Portuguese Institute of Arts and Spectacle) was transferred to the São Carlos National Theatre (Decree 354/99, 3 September 1998). It was defined as an extension for "cultural production and artistic character that produced, realized or welcome spectacles of theatrical, musical or dance, and that programmed complementary activities in art and culture".
In 2002, the Companhia Nacional de Bailado (National Dance Company) assumed the programming and management of the theatre; by dispatch 7721/2002 (13 March 2002), the minister for culture, Dr. Augusto Santos Silva, initiated the transition of legal and financial responsibilities of the Theatre Camões, from the National Theatre to the National Dance Company. They were ultimately authorized to assume, the programming at Theatre Camões. The theatre company took-up its management in 2003.
Architecture
Integrated into the former Expo 98 grounds, today known as Parque das Nações, the theatre was built near the Pavilhão do Conhecimento and Lisbon Oceanarium. It is a simple composition that integrates with the public spaces, but visible along the pedestrian passageways along the riverbank, that includes the Passeio do Neptuno and the gardens of Jardim da Água.
The entrance to the hall is across an atrium, with a large glazed window (Mar da Palha), which is open to two floors. With three foyers, the atrium includes 304 square metres (3,270 sq ft) on the first floor and 233 square metres (2,510 sq ft) on the second floor, with support bars.
The auditorium has space for 873 visitors.
The main hall consists of a 19 by 24 metres (62 ft × 79 ft) space and stage area of approximately 19 by 22.7 metres (62 ft × 74 ft), while the orchestra pit encompasses an area 16 by 5.5 metres (52 ft × 18 ft). | 7c690348-bff4-444a-8d2f-2146ddaaaf89 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Korean_League_Cup"} | Football tournament season
The Adidas Cup 2000 was the 14th competition of the Korean League Cup, and one of two Korean League Cups held in 2000.
Bracket
Matches
First round
15:00 UTC+9
Dongdaemun Stadium
Attendance: 857
17:00 UTC+9
Dongdaemun Stadium
Attendance: 857
Quarter-finals
15:00 UTC+9
Dongdaemun Stadium
Attendance: 1,892
17:00 UTC+9
Dongdaemun Stadium
Attendance: 1,892
17:00 UTC+9
Dongdaemun Stadium
Attendance: 823
19:00 UTC+9
Dongdaemun Stadium
Attendance: 823
Semi-finals
16:00 UTC+9
Dongdaemun Stadium
Attendance: 1,657
18:00 UTC+9
Dongdaemun Stadium
Attendance: 1,657
Final
15:00 UTC+9
Dongdaemun Stadium
Attendance: 8,452
Awards
Source: | bd3cf12d-5e5a-4406-a789-a4aa677f4e9c |
null | Airport in Morgan, Utah
Morgan County Airport (FAA LID: 42U) is a county-owned, public-use airport in Morgan County, Utah, United States. It is located eight nautical miles (9 mi, 15 km) northwest of the central business district of Morgan.
Facilities and aircraft
Morgan County Airport covers an area of 28 acres (11 ha) at an elevation of 5,020 feet (1,530 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 3/21 with an asphalt surface measuring 3,904 by 50 feet (1,190 x 15 m).
For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2010, the airport had 13,258 aircraft operations, an average of 36 per day: 99.8% general aviation and 0.2% air taxi. At that time there were 78 aircraft based at this airport: 69% single-engine, 24% glider, 3% multi-engine, 3% ultralight, and 1% helicopter. | 56f7afd2-bd87-4a0c-a59f-6de0a9691c1e |
null | Operation Inco I was a World War II operation by the Netherlands East Indies Forces Intelligence Service on the island of Java. On 7 July 1945, the Dutch submarine HNLMS K XV landed personnel and supplies of the shore party Inco I at six different places on the coast of the Damar islands. | 1281c818-a651-4591-b785-cac4bf407b0b |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_O._Kelso"} | American lawyer
Louis Orth Kelso (/ˈkɛlsoʊ/; December 4, 1913 – February 17, 1991) was a political economist, corporate and financial lawyer, author, lecturer and merchant banker who is chiefly remembered today as the inventor and pioneer of the employee stock ownership plan (ESOP), invented to enable working people without savings to buy stock in their employer company and pay for it out of its future dividend yield.
Biography
He was born on December 4, 1913, in Denver, Colorado.
Kelso began to think seriously about economics in 1931, during the Great Depression. He was determined to launch his own investigation into the cause of a phenomenon no one was able to explain to his satisfaction.
This quest took him to the University of Colorado at Boulder, where in 1937 he was graduated with a B.S. degree in business administration and finance; he went on to law school in Boulder, receiving a J.D. in 1938. He then joined a Denver law firm, Pershing, Bosworth, Dick & Dawson from 1938 to 1942.
Then came Pearl Harbor. Kelso was commissioned in the U.S. Naval Service, and assigned to intelligence duty first in San Francisco and then in the Canal Zone. Working tropical hours, Kelso used his free afternoons to work on his seminal manuscript, The Fallacy of Full Employment. With the war over, the completed manuscript in his footlocker, the Navy sent him back to civilian life in 1946. But 1946 was also the year the Congress passed the Full Employment Act. This legislation, still in force, defines economic policy in the United States 170 years after the official birth of the Industrial Revolution as the right to a job. Kelso concluded that the time for his ideas had not yet come.
He then taught constitutional law at University of Colorado at Boulder. He then moved to San Francisco, California. There he became a law partner with Kelso, Cotton, Seligman & Ray.
He died on February 17, 1991, at the Pacific Medical Center in San Francisco, California.
Development of ESOPs
Kelso created the ESOP in 1956 to enable the employees of a closely held newspaper chain to buy out its retiring owners. Two years later Kelso and his co-author, the philosopher Mortimer J. Adler, explained the macro-economic theory on which the ESOP is based in The Capitalist Manifesto (Random House, 1958). In The New Capitalists (Random House, 1961), the two authors present Kelso's financial tools for democratizing capital ownership in a private property, market economy. These ideas were further elaborated and refined in Two-Factor Theory: The Economics of Reality (Random House, 1967) and Democracy and Economic Power: Extending the ESOP Revolution Through Binary Economics (1986, Ballinger Publishing Company, Cambridge, Massachusetts; reprinted 1991, University Press of America, Lanham, Maryland), both co-authored by Patricia Hetter Kelso, his collaborator since 1963.
Kelso's next financing innovation, the Consumer Stock Ownership Plan (CSOP), in 1958 enabled a consortium of farmers in the Central Valley to finance and start up an anhydrous ammonia fertilizer plant. Despite fierce opposition from the major oil companies who dominated the industry, Valley Nitrogen Producers was a resounding success. Substantial dividends first paid for the stock and then drastically reduced fertilizer costs for the farmer-shareholders.
Kelso regarded the ESOP and CSOP as pragmatic proof that his revolutionary revision of classical economic theory, and the financial techniques he derived from this new perspective, were sound and workable in the economic and business world. Kelso gained that worldly knowledge from his work as a corporate and financial lawyer, and later as senior partner in the law firm he founded. He was further motivated by his conviction that lawyers had a special responsibility to maintain and improve society's institutions in the light of its democratic values. He further believed that the business corporation was society's greatest social invention and that its executives had a fiduciary responsibility in exercising its vast power.
Kelso long believed that he had not originated a new economic theory but only discovered a vital fact that the classical economists had somehow overlooked. This fact was the key to understanding why the private property, free market economy was notoriously unstable, pursuing a roller coaster course of exhilarating highs and terrifying descents into economic and financial collapse.
This missing fact, which Kelso had uncovered over years of intensive reading, research and thought, drastically modifies the classical paradigm which has dominated formal economics since Adam Smith. It concerns the effect of technological change on the distributive dynamics of a private property, free market economy. Technological change, Kelso concluded, makes tools, machines, structures and processes ever more productive while leaving human productivity largely unchanged. The result is that primary distribution through the free market economy (whose distributive principle is "to each according to his production") delivers progressively more market-sourced income to capital owners and progressively less to workers who make their contributions through labor.
Differential productiveness over time concentrates market-sourced income in the hands of those who will not recycle it back through the market as payment for consumer goods and services. They already have most of what they want and need, so they invest their excess in new productive power. This is the source of the distributional bottleneck which makes the private property, free market economy ever more dysfunctional. The symptoms of dysfunction are capital concentration and inadequate consumer demand, the effects of which translate into poverty and economic insecurity for the majority of people who depend entirely on wage income and cannot survive more than a week or two without a paycheck. And since, as Adam Smith laid down, economic demand begins with the consumer and consumer purchasing power, the production side of the economy is under-nourished and hobbled.
All of Kelso's financing tools and economic proposals are designed to correct the imbalance between production and consumption at its source, in conformity with the private property/free market principles identified by Smith and his followers.
In a biographical summary written for the National Center for Employee Ownership in 1988, Kelso described "the area in which first I alone, and then, beginning about 25 years ago, Patricia and I, have made our contribution to the world of economics and corporate (and other) finance. The Kelso contribution lies partly in the area of macro-economic discovery, and partly in practical ways to implement and make good use of those discoveries in human affairs."
Although going along with Random House's cold-war title, The Capitalist Manifesto, Kelso and Adler believed that capitalist was not the right term. But they could not come up with a better one. In their book they had called Kelso's new concept the theory of capitalism. Later Kelso and Hetter, wrestling with the same semantic problem, came up with the term universal capitalism. Not until after their last book was already in print did Kelso discover the term they had been searching for all along: binary economics.
Kelso & Company
In 1971, Louis Kelso founded Kelso Bangert & Company as a merchant bank that would be both an advisor and investor in mergers and acquisitions involving employee stock ownership plans. The firm, which would later come to be known as Kelso & Company, would transition toward private equity investments in the late 1970s and would raise its first private equity fund in 1980. Today Kelso & Company is a $10 billion private equity firm and was among the 50 largest private equity firms globally.
Quotes
The Roman arena was technically a level playing field. But on one side were the lions with all the weapons, and on the other the Christians with all the blood. That's not a level playing field. That's a slaughter. And so is putting people into the economy without equipping them with capital, while equipping a tiny handful of people with hundreds and thousands of times more than they can use.
— Louis O. Kelso in Bill Moyers: A World of Ideas II, Public Opinions from Private Citizens (1990, both book and video) page 214, ISBN 0385416644
Publications
Other writings by Louis O. Kelso
Other writings by Louis O. Kelso (with Patricia Hetter Kelso) | c70109e6-bc16-4380-9841-6a32cb802682 |
null | The Kholzunskoye mine is a large iron mine located in southern Russia in the Altai Republic. Kholzunskoye represents one of the largest iron ore reserves in Russia and in the world having estimated reserves of 680 million tonnes of ore grading 30% iron metal. | cf5740ca-1840-4e77-b55f-ff689dc5ea77 |
null | American judge
Walter Pettus Gewin (December 9, 1908 – May 15, 1981) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit.
Education and career
Born in Nanafalia, Alabama, Gewin received an Artium Baccalaureus degree from Birmingham–Southern College in 1930, a Bachelor of Library Science from Emory University in 1932, and a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Alabama School of Law in 1935. He was in private practice in Birmingham, Alabama from 1935 to 1936, in Greensboro, Alabama from 1936 to 1951, and in Tuscaloosa, Alabama from 1951 to 1961. He was prosecuting attorney of Hale County, Alabama from 1942 to 1951.
Federal judicial service
Gewin received a recess appointment from President John F. Kennedy on October 5, 1961, to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, to a new seat authorized by 75 Stat. 80. He was nominated to the same position by President Kennedy on January 15, 1962. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on February 5, 1962, and received his commission on February 9, 1962. He assumed senior status on November 1, 1976. He was a Judge of the Temporary Emergency Court of Appeals from 1977 to 1981. His service terminated on May 15, 1981, due to his death in Tuscaloosa.
Sources | 22d5b314-bf8c-4b5e-b294-b9a2f6bf9fc7 |
null | British socialist activist and dentist
Charles Herbert Fox (1861 – 1939) was a British socialist activist and dentist.
Born in Gloucester, the son of a dentist, Fox studied at Sidcot School. His father died when he was fifteen, and he worked as a building supplies manufacturer. However, his health broke down when he was twenty, and the co-operative advocate Samuel Saunders helped him recuperate with gentle work on a smallholding. This led Fox to support the Whiteway Colony, and also to become a vegetarian.
In the 1890s, Fox moved back to Gloucester, where he qualified as a dentist, and also attended to the health of residents during a smallpox epidemic. He stood unsuccessfully for the Labour Party in Tewkesbury at the January 1910 general election, and was also active in the Independent Labour Party.
Fox stood again for Labour at the 1931 general election, this time in Gloucester, but was again unsuccessful. He died in 1939. | 16796672-beb0-4b0c-b8f4-6335e23469b7 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro_Sacatep%C3%A9quez,_San_Marcos"} | Municipality of Guatemala in San Marcos
San Pedro Sacatepéquez (Spanish pronunciation: [sam ˈpeðɾo sakateˈpekes]) is a city, with a population of 49,589 (2018 census), and a municipality in the San Marcos department of Guatemala. The municipality covers an area of 114 km2 at an altitude of 2330 metres and has a population of 79,158 (2018 census).
The city of San Pedro was named after Saint Peter Apostle, and a rooster is the official mascot. People born in the City are known as "Shecanos" because of a local pastry "sheca" that is famous throughout Guatemala. The City is located en route to the city of Quetzaltenango in a valley called La Ermita y la Esmeralda and is directly adjacent to the city of San Marcos. There is a strong rivalry with the capital city of the province of San Marcos that has existed from its beginnings. This rivalry manifests itself mostly at sporting events with some events unfortunately turning violent. San Pedro is thought by some to be the real capitol of the department because for many years the majority of businesses were located there as opposed to San Marcos however, universities, private schools and a military school are within San Marcos. The area as a whole is also known for its sweaters and warm clothing. It has a large market near the town square. The Mayan population wears some of the most colorful typical garments in the country usually bright yellows, greens and blues. The indigenous population in San Marcos speaks both the ancient Mayan language Ma'am and Spanish
History
The first documented historical account of San Pedro Sacatepéquez is from 1 May 1543, when in Barcelona, Spain a Royal letter from emperor Carlos V thanked the services of the people from Sacatepéquez during the pacific conquest of Lacandón and the Verapaz, granting them special privileges.
After the Independence of Central America
On 13 October 1876, according to decree 165 of the government of Justo Rufino Barrios and considering that it was convenient to improve the condition of the natives and a petition from some leaders from San Pedro Sacatepéquez, then president Barrios authorized that, for legal purposes, the natives from San Pedro Sacatepéquez be declared ladinos so they could use western clothing.
1897 Quetzaltenango Revolt
In September 1897, after the failure of both the interoceanic railroad and the Central American Expo and the deep economic crisis that Guatemala was facing after the plummeting of both coffee and silver international prices, Quetzaltengo people raised in arms against the decision of present José María Reina Barrios to extend his presidential term until 1902. A group of rebels, among them a former Secretary of Reina Barrios's cabinet -Próspero Morales-, began to combat on 7 September 1897 attacking San Marcos; after several battles and some gains, the rebels were definitely defeated on 4 October 1897. As a result, on 23 October 1897, San Pedro Sacatepéquez became the capital of San Marcos Department.
20th century
In 1902 the eruption of the Santa María volcano in the neighboring department of Quetzaltenango was responsible for the destruction of the twin towns of San Marcos and San Pedro Sacatepéquez. Before 1902 the volcano had been dormant for at least 500 years and possibly several thousand years, but its awakening was clearly indicated by a seismic swarm in the region starting in January 1902, which included a major earthquake in April 1902. The eruption began on 24 October, and the largest explosions occurred over the following two days, ejecting an estimated 5.5 cubic kilometres (1.3 cu mi) of magma.
The pumice formed in the climactic eruption fell over an area of about 273,000 square kilometres (105,000 sq mi), and volcanic ash was detected as far away as San Francisco, 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi) away. The eruption tore away much of the south-western flank of the volcano, leaving a crater about 1 kilometre (0.6 mi) in diameter and about 300 metres (980 ft) deep, stretching from just below the summit to an elevation of about 2,300 metres (7,500 ft). The first evidence of the eruption was a sprinkling of sand on Quezaltenango. The wind then changed from the south to the east and ashes began to fall at Helvetia, a coffee plantation six miles to the South-West. Because of the lack of previous Holocene activity at Santa María, local people did not recognise the preceding seismicity as warning signs of an eruption. At least 5,000 people died as a result of the eruption itself, and a subsequent outbreak of malaria killed many more.
The towns were rebuilt and on 3 December 1926, San Pedro was designated as a city, but on 16 December 1935, it was annexed to San Marcos forming the municipality of La Unión San Marcos. However, this system did not work and La Unión San Marcos was broken apart on 20 July 1945, but San Pedro Sacatepéquez lost the capital of San Marcos Department to the municipality of San Marcos.
On 21 August 1940 the main fair of the town was set to be celebrated on the last week of June, being the main event on 29 June, day of the Apostles Saint Peter and Saint Paul. The celebration is known as "Flor de Retana" (Spanish: Flower of Retana) and the people dresses up with vintage ceremonial clothing to celebrate their ancestors.
Culture
Catholic church bell
The bell is the oldest of its kind in Central America as it was put in place by friar Francisco Bravo, O.P. in 1577. On the top of the bell one can read the inscription "Año de 1577" (Spanish: "Year of 1577") and a Latin prayer "Pro Novis Virgo María alleluya ore tuorpis".; in the midsection it has a Spanish inscription that read "Siendo comendador el Padre Francisco Bravo, año MDLXXVII" (Spanish: When father Francisco Bravo was in charge of this town, year 1577); and, finally, at the bottom one can read "Ptrus Apostulus et Paulus. Doctor genetium-ipsinos-Docueon. Legetuan Domine". It is now inside the church, close to the main entrance; it is one meter high, with an outer diameter of 0.95m and is 0.08 m thick; it weighs half a ton. Over the centuries it has developed cracks that rendered it useless for its main purpose.
Letter from Carlos V
In a Royal communication, dated in Barcelona, Spain in 1543, Spanish Emperor Carlos V, among other things, thanks native chief Pedro from Sacatepéquez his help for friars Pedro de Angulo, Rodrigo de Ladrada and Bartolomé de las Casas, O.P. during the pacific conquest of the Teculiclán and Lacandón provinces (which became the Verapaces), a process known as the "Tezulutlan Capitulations".
Silver medal from king Fernando VII
With 2.54 cm in diameter and 1 cm thick, this medal was a gift from king Fernando VII to the people of San Pedro Sacatepéquez. On the tail side one can read the inscription "A la fiel generosidad de los indios del reyno de Guatemala]]" (Spanish: "To the loyal generosity of the Indians of the Kingdom of Guatemala. On the flip side, on top says "Viva Fernando VII rey de España e Indias." (Spanish: Long life to king Fernando VII of Spain and the Indies") and the bottom it reads "Año de 1,809" (Spanish:Year of 1809).
Sports
Deportivo San Pedro football club have been playing in the second tier of Guatemalan football since 1996; its play its home games in the Estadio Municipal San Pedro Sacatepequez.
Climate
San Pedro Sacatepéquez has temperate climate (Köppen: Cwb).
Geographic location
San Pedro Sacatepéquez is at 249 km west of Guatemala City and 48 km from Quetzaltenango. However, it is only one km away from San Marcos.
Notes and references | 4c4e7bb3-5fce-4b32-8b8c-5fb8571dbe3f |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_(Australia)"} | Military rank of Australia
General (abbreviated GEN) is the second-highest rank, and the highest active rank, of the Australian Army and was created as a direct equivalent of the British military rank of general; it is also considered a four-star rank.
Prior to 1958, Australian generals (and field marshals) were only appointed in exceptional circumstances. In 1958, the position which is currently called Chief of the Defence Force was created, and since 1966, the rank of general has been held when an army officer is appointed to that position.
General is a higher rank than lieutenant general, but is lower than field marshal. General is the equivalent of admiral in the Royal Australian Navy and air chief marshal in the Royal Australian Air Force.
A general's insignia is St Edward's Crown above a star of the Order of the Bath (or 'pip') above a crossed sword and baton, with the word 'Australia' at the bottom.
Australian generals
This along with the * (asterisk) indicates that the officer was subsequently promoted to field marshal. This along with the + (plus sign) indicates that the officer was promoted to the honorary rank of general.
The following have held the rank of general in the Australian Army:
In addition, Sir John Northcott held the honorary rank of general while acting as Governor-General of Australia in 1951 and 1956. The Australian-born Sir John Hackett also attained the rank of general in the British Army. | e63441bd-e6c0-437b-9430-fb4c18558bf3 |
null | Republic of Ireland international footballer
Michael Thomas Walsh (born 20 June 1956) is an Irish former professional footballer who played for many clubs. A defender, he was probably best known as a captain of Bolton Wanderers and also for gaining honours representing the Republic of Ireland national football team.
Playing career
Born and raised in Manchester, Walsh was snapped up as a 17-year-old by Bolton Wanderers He made his debut as an 18-year-old and quickly established a reputation as a no-nonsense defender. This was rewarded by his manager Ian Greaves who made him captain.
Walsh stayed with Bolton from 1974 to 1981. During this time he made 169 league appearances (+8 as sub), scored 4 goals, and in 1978 led the club to the top flight as champions of the old second division, after narrowly missing promotion the season before.
In 1981, Walsh was snapped up by Howard Kendall at Everton for £90,000 plus Jim McDonagh. Walsh was one of Howard Kendall's famous 'magnificent seven' signings. He later took up loan spells at Norwich City and Burnley.
In 1983, he was offered the opportunity to play in Florida for George Best's old team Fort Lauderdale Strikers. The club went bust within a season though and Walsh was quickly back home. Next stop was Manchester City but within four months he signed for Blackpool where he went on to give a further 144 league appearances.
International career
Though born in Manchester, Walsh qualified to play for the Republic of Ireland national football team through his Irish ancestry. He made his international debut on 21 May 1982 in a 1–0 defeat to Chile in Santiago and went on to play three more times for his adopted country.
Post-playing career
Walsh followed his Blackpool manager Sam Ellis to Bury as the first team coach. Upon Ellis' departure to Maine Road to join Peter Reid as his assistant, Walsh took up the reins as manager in September 1990.
His time as manager lasted five years, during which he took the club to the play-offs three times, including the club's first appearance at Wembley. All this was during a time where the club had a massive financial burden and many players had to be sold to keep the club afloat. Just five games after losing in the Wembley play-off final, Walsh was cruelly sacked as the chairman became impatient despite the club having no finances to improve the team.
After a brief spell of taking Barrow to the top of their division, Walsh's old Everton teammate Steve McMahon asked Walsh to join him at Swindon Town as his assistant in 1997. Walsh also stayed on to assist Jimmy Quinn after McMahon's resignation late in 1998.
After being made redundant by Swindon Town, he became Peter Reid's Chief Scout at Sunderland. In 2003, he had a brief spell as manager of Southport, where, despite being in the top half of the table upon his arrival, they suffered relegation out of the Conference, only slipping into the relegation places on the last day of the season after a defeat away at Stevenage Borough. After a successful start to the season, Southport went on a long win less streak which saw them fall from top spot to the brink of not qualifying for the newly formed Conference North league, this was something deemed unthinkable for the Southport board who left with no decision but to sack Walsh and replace him with Liam Watson in an attempt to secure qualification. In 2004, Walsh was then asked back to Swindon Town as Andy King's assistant, but and decided to retire from the game a year later, and is now running a restaurant in Javea, Spain.
Honours
Bolton Wanderers
Blackpool | 20c8f700-f41a-4286-8f75-875955b76724 |
null | Mountain in New York, United States
Richtmyer Peak is a mountain in Greene County, New York and partly in Schoharie County, New York. It is located in the Catskill Mountains southwest of West Durham. Mount Pisgah is located east, and Richmond Mountain is located southwest of Richtmyer Peak. | 2a6c0425-4c19-4642-950d-e77ec09d1e9c |
null | CEO of Simutronics Corporation
David Whatley (born 1966) is the president and CEO of Simutronics Corporation, a multiplayer game company in St. Charles, Missouri. He was the co-founder of the company in 1987, and has been a key developer on all of the company's products, including the GemStone series, DragonRealms, Modus Operandi, Alliance of Heroes, and CyberStrike, which won the Online Game of the Year award from Computer Gaming World magazine in 1993.
Early years
Whatley was born August 10, 1966, in St. Louis, Missouri, the youngest of three children to Oscie Whatley, a day lily hybridizer, and Dorothy Whatley, who ran a miniatures store. Whatley attended McCluer North High School, graduating in 1984, and was involved in the early BBS culture, writing the FRPBBS software for his privately owned company, Deep Pan Software. He briefly attended the University of Missouri, St. Louis, in 1985, majoring in communications, but left early to found his own software company.
Simutronics
A passionate gamer, in 1987, at the age of 20, he co-founded Simutronics with Tom and Susan Zelinski, and ran the company from his bedroom in his parents' home. Whatley was president, CEO, and chairman of the board.
The company grew rapidly to the point of grossing $5 million per year, and made the Inc. 500 list in 1999 as one of the fastest-growing companies in the country, with offices in Missouri and Maryland. Simutronics had approximately 50 full-time employees, and 500 contractors and volunteers.
Business relationships were developed with every major online service available at the time, including General Electric's GEnie to America Online, Prodigy, and CompuServe. Other partners have included Time Warner, Sony, and Universal Studios.
Simutronics games were the #1 third-party content on America Online, breaking industry records with 2 million user hours per month. Simutronics' flagship product GemStone is the longest-running product line of its type in the world, with customers who have been with the company since 1988. Whatley innovated the concept of online 3D action games, developing the CyberStrike 3D multiplayer game in 1993. The first of its type, it caused Computer Gaming World magazine to create the new category of "Online Game of the Year" so it could be awarded to CyberStrike.
In 2007, Inc. magazine again cited Simutronics, this time as one of the 5000 fastest growing companies of the year.
In 2010, Whatley announced that Simutronics would reorganize into two companies, Simutronics Games and HeroEngine, with Whatley taking over the role as president of Simutronics Games, and Neil Harris as president of HeroEngine.
Critical Thought Games
In 2009, Whatley founded Critical Thought Games to develop his own line of iPhone games. His first title, geoDefense was a critical and financial success, and has continued to be a top seller on the app store. His second title, geoDefense Swarm went on to receive even more critical acclaim, and was named one of Time magazine's "Top 10 Video Games of 2009".
Products
Public speaking
Writing
Awards | c9f0cb14-a53a-45e4-ad3c-16e82d68f080 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odites_approximans"} | Species of moth
Odites approximans is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Aristide Caradja in 1927. It is found in the Russian Far East, Korea and China.
The wingspan is 19–23 mm. | a3c1b89a-e8b9-4c3c-931c-e921b2d0d6bf |
null | Electoral constituency in Kenya
Narok East is an electoral constituency in Kenya. It is one of six constituencies of Narok County. The constituency was established for the 2013 elections. Since the 2013 Kenyan General Elections, Hon. Lemanken Aramat has represented the constituency in the Kenyan National Assembly. In 2017, Aramat won re-election as a member of the Jubilee Party. | c8e594e0-e57f-485f-833d-3190105e1b7f |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmet_Catch"} | Iconic American football play in 2008
The Helmet Catch was an American football play involving New York Giants quarterback Eli Manning and wide receiver David Tyree in the final two minutes of Super Bowl XLII on February 3, 2008. It featured Manning escaping from the grasp of three New England Patriots defensive players and throwing a forward pass, followed by Tyree making a leaping catch by pressing the ball against his helmet. The play, a 32-yard gain during a drive on which the Giants scored the game-winning touchdown, was instrumental in the Giants' 17–14 upset victory over the Patriots, who were on the verge of becoming the first National Football League (NFL) team to finish a season undefeated and untied since the 1972 Miami Dolphins, and the first since the NFL adopted a 16-game regular season in 1978. NFL Films' Steve Sabol called it "the greatest play the Super Bowl has ever produced". The play was also named by NFL Films as "The Play of the Decade (2000s)". It was also the final catch of Tyree's NFL career.
Background
Tyree had been used primarily on special teams and had only 4 receptions for 35 yards and no touchdowns during the 2007 regular season. Although Tyree was seldom used as a receiver during the regular season, he caught the Giants' first touchdown of the Super Bowl early in the fourth quarter, giving his team a 10–7 lead. On their next drive, the Patriots scored a touchdown on a pass from Tom Brady to Randy Moss to take a 14–10 lead with 2:42 remaining in the game.
On their next possession, the Giants faced a 3rd & 5 from their own 44-yard line with 1:15 remaining. On the previous play, Patriots' cornerback Asante Samuel dropped what could have been a game-sealing interception.
Play
Manning was given the play call "62 Sail-Y Union" from the Giants' playbook in hopes of connecting with a receiver downfield. On third and 5 from the Giants' 44 yard line, Manning took the snap in the shotgun formation and immediately faced pressure from the Patriots defensive ends Richard Seymour, Jarvis Green, and linebacker Adalius Thomas. Green grabbed Manning by the shoulder while Seymour grabbed him by the back of his jersey and attempted to pull him down for a sack. Manning, however, was able to stay on his feet and duck under the arms of the Patriot defenders before scrambling backwards into space at around the 34 yard line. Linebackers Mike Vrabel and Junior Seau attempted to sack Manning, but he was able to throw the ball towards David Tyree. After Eli Manning released the football, he was immediately hit by Mike Vrabel. He threw the ball downfield to Tyree at the 24 yard line of the Patriots. Fox announcer Troy Aikman said after the play, "I don't know how he got out of there." Had Manning been sacked, the Giants would have faced a fourth down with around 8 yards to go for a first, and would have needed to convert for the second time on the drive to keep their chances to win alive (halfback Brandon Jacobs converted on a 4th and 1 three plays earlier in the drive).
Tyree was unable to run his intended route due to a jam by Ellis Hobbs. Starting cornerback Asante Samuel was on the left side of the field, walking to the line of scrimmage right before the snap to jam Plaxico Burress. Tyree saw Manning under pressure and instead came back towards the line to give Manning an option down the field, stopping at the 25 yard line. As the ball arrived Tyree made a fully extended leap for it, while Patriots strong safety Rodney Harrison, also leaping fully extended in tight coverage, attempted to knock it down. Initially, Tyree caught the ball with both hands, but a swipe by Harrison's arm caused his left hand to be knocked off the ball. However, Tyree was able to secure possession of the ball by pressing it against the top of his helmet with his right hand. Harrison pulled him down, and Tyree landed on top of him with the ball still pressed against his helmet. Free safety James Sanders and cornerbacks Asante Samuel and Ellis Hobbs were there, but neither had the time to assist Harrison in trying to prevent Tyree from making the catch.
The play gained 32 yards for the Giants and gave them a first down with 58 seconds left. After the play, the Giants called timeout. Four plays later, Plaxico Burress scored the touchdown that won the game for the Giants, 17–14. It was the Patriots' only loss of the season, preventing them from finishing with a perfect 19–0 record.
Nickname
Like other famous plays in the NFL, this play has been given nicknames, but largely due to two separate, unique occurrences in the play, consensus was not reached on a single name for some time. In 2009, readers of the New York Daily News voted on nicknaming the play "Catch-42" as the favored name in reference to Super Bowl XLII and the kind of coverage the Patriots deployed against the Giants' four-receiver set. Since then, David Tyree has adopted the "Catch-42" nickname as well as ESPN.com. Other proposed nicknames include "The Escape and the Helmet Catch", "The E-mmaculate Connection" (a pun on the Immaculate Reception; the 'E' standing for Eli), "The Double Miracle", and "The Reception that Ended Perfection". "The Great Escape" was used by U.S. President George W. Bush during the Giants' White House visit. "David and Eliath" was also suggested by David Tyree due to biblical reference. Bill Simmons named it "The Helmet Catch" five days after the game, and as time passed by, this became the consensus name for the play.
Aftermath
The catch won the 2008 Best Play ESPY Award. The award ceremony featured a spoof by host Justin Timberlake, who "revealed" that he had left gum on David Tyree's helmet, which helped him catch the pass (since he caught it close to the top of his helmet). During the acceptance speech, Tyree jokingly stated, "Justin, thanks for the gum." Eli Manning also jokingly thanked his offensive line, "for giving me zero pass protection."
Tyree would never catch another pass in the NFL. He missed the following season with a training camp injury and played just 10 games in 2009, recording no receptions, before announcing his retirement in 2010.
In an NFC Divisional playoff game against the defending Super Bowl XLV champion Green Bay Packers on January 15, 2012, Manning threw a Hail Mary pass at the end of the first half, which was caught in the end zone by Hakeem Nicks, giving the Giants a 20–10 lead. Nicks caught the ball by cradling it against his head, which prompted commentators Joe Buck and Troy Aikman to note the similarity to Tyree's catch. Coincidentally, Buck and Aikman were also the commentators of Super Bowl XLII. The Giants would go on to beat the Packers 37–20, as well as win another Super Bowl against the New England Patriots.
Legacy
"It’s probably the luckiest play in NFL history. No one really blocked anybody, I’m almost sacked, just kind of rolled out, throw it up for grabs, and David Tyree catches it off his helmet. That’s how we drew it up in practice. I never thought it would work, but sure enough, it did."
—Manning, 2017
Fox Sports lists Eli Manning's pass to David Tyree as the greatest play in Super Bowl history; editor Adrian Hasenmeyer called the play "an insult to physics and Albert Einstein". NBC Sports and NFL.com have also listed the play as the greatest Super Bowl play of all time. NFL Films founder Steve Sabol compared Manning to Fran Tarkenton and said that the play "defied logic, history, gravity and just about anything else you care to mention".
For the NFL’s 100th season, the play was declared #3 in greatest 100 plays in NFL history. | 587ec13b-22cb-4e9d-8692-004b6254dc3f |
null | The Pacific Union College Academy basketball tournament is a tournament for Seventh-day Adventist high schools, held every January or February at Pacific Union College.
The tournament attracts teams from California, but also other states.
Results: | 3488f0c5-60a4-4293-a0f6-e559536e6c0d |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzhhorod_Synagogue"} | Former synagogue in Uzhhorod, Ukraine
The Uzhhorod Synagogue building is located in Uzhhorod, in the present day Zakarpattia Oblast of western Ukraine.
Synagogue
The synagogue was completed and dedicated on July 27, 1904. It was then within the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria within the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
The building was designed by the architects Gyula Papp and Ferenc Szabolcs, in a flamboyant Romantic style that boldly intermingled Byzantine Revival and Moorish Revival architectural elements.
Concert hall
Since World War II the building has served as Uzhhorod's concert hall, prized for its acoustics. It has housed the Regional Philharmonic Society with the Transcarpathian Folk Choir.
All Jewish symbols were removed from the building, although as of 2012 there is a plaque on the facade commemorating the 85,000 Jews from Zakarpattia Oblast who were murdered in The Holocaust. There are now plans to restore the glass dome with its mosaics.
Gallery
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Synagogue in Uzhhorod. | ea77b44b-cf85-4e93-9c82-967f8ba39919 |
null | British charity working in Afghanistan
Afghan Connection is a UK-registered charity working in Afghanistan. The charity aims to improve access to education for Afghan children. Working with partners, Afghan Connection has built 39 schools, which currently educate more than 50,000 children. The charity also trains Afghan teachers, to ensure the sustainability of the schools and improve the nation's long-term educational prospects.
In addition, Afghan Connection runs a cricket project for schoolchildren, both girls and boys. The project is supported and sponsored by the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) and has achieved positive results through building pitches, running training camps and training coaches.
History
Dr. Sarah Fane OBE founded Afghan Connection in 2002. Drawing from her experience as a wartime doctor in Afghanistan, when she had witnessed the Afghan population suffering from lack of proper infrastructure, medical facilities and education.
Health and Education
Initially, Afghan Connection set out to provide much needed medical equipment and training, supporting vaccination programmes responsible for immunising over 72,000 women and children every year.
Education has now become the charity's primary focus. Each year, Afghan Connection aims to fund two school constructions, in addition to supporting 40 community schools through the provision of educational equipment and staff training. The charity also routinely provides latrines, a well and a surrounding wall for girls’ schools.
In 2011, the charity launched the Worsaj Education Project in the Takhar Province of North Eastern Afghanistan. The initiative was designed to focus resources on a smaller geographic area to create more dramatic results on a shorter time scale. The impact of the project in Worsaj has been remarkable and the charity has been asked to support educational development in the neighbouring district of Rustaq.
Sport
Since 2008, the charity has built cricket pitches at 38 schools. In 2012 alone, Afghan Connection's cricket project built pitches for 16,000 children in 10 schools across 8 provinces. The charity aims to build 10 new pitches every year, and has received support from donors like The Guardian.
Partners
Pro-Bono Partners | f99ad75a-1627-4815-9f16-b5777c618f44 |
null | American politician
Dana Lee Lynch (born March 26, 1949) is an American politician and a Democratic member of the West Virginia House of Delegates representing District 44 from January 12, 2013 to January 9, 2019. He was defeated on November 8, 2018 by 19-year-old Caleb Hanna.[citation needed]
Elections | fe73e42a-92a4-45d3-b82c-771d9ecf379c |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFYX-FM"} | Radio station in Rimouski, Quebec
CFYX-FM is a French-language Canadian radio station located in Rimouski, Quebec.
Owned and operated by Radio Rimouski, part of Groupe Radio Simard, it broadcasts on 93.3 MHz with an effective radiated power of 18,197 watts using an omnidirectional antenna (class C1).
The station had a hot adult contemporary format under the FM 93 branding; although some programming from Cogeco-owned CHMP-FM and CKOI-FM in Montreal was aired. It is now a relay for the programming of CHMP-FM, with the exception of local shows airing in the morning, lunch and afternoon segments.
The station received CRTC approval in 2006 and went on the air on October 9, 2007 at 7 a.m.; part of its programming comes from the Cogeco Diffusion network. The station's original call sign (as assigned in November 2006) was CIEL-FM-6, but it was changed to CFYX-FM in May 2007.
On December 11, 2008, the station was authorized by the CRTC to add a rebroadcaster on 103.1 FM in Rivière-du-Loup.
On July 6, 2011, the station applied to add a new FM transmitter at Amqui. The proposed transmitter in Amqui was to be operated at 92.7 MHz; the application was withdrawn on September 23, 2011.
On February 28, 2012 at 5:30pm, station management had shut down the station; executives deemed the station unprofitable. The station was put back on air on July 10, 2013. | 9b66f0a4-fb69-4645-8628-986d03df37d4 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_furniture"} | Furniture associated with King Louis XVI of France
Louis XVI furniture is characterized by elegance and neoclassicism, a return to ancient Greek and Roman models. Much of it was designed and made for Queen Marie Antoinette for the new apartments she created in the Palace of Versailles, Palace of Fontainebleau, the Tuileries Palace, and other royal residences. The finest craftsmen of the time, including Jean-Henri Riesener, Georges Jacob, Martin Carlin, and Jean-François Leleu, were engaged to design and make her furniture.
History
With the death of Louis XV on May 10, 1774, his grandson Louis XVI became King of France at age twenty. The new king had little interest in the arts, but his wife, Marie-Antoinette, and her brothers-in-law, the Comte de Provence (the future Louis XVIII) and the Comte d'Artois (the future Charles X), were deeply interested in the arts, gave their protection to artists, and ordered large amounts of furniture in the neoclassical style, inspired by Greco-Roman art. They were followed by the wealthy nobles who furnished their chateaux and Paris town houses in the new style.
The transition from the baroque and the rocaille style to the neoclassical style had begun in about 1760, near the end of the reign of Louis XV. It was advanced by the reports of the discoveries at the archeological sites at Herculaneum and Pompeii. Madame de Pompadour, mistress of Louis XV, had dispatched a group of scholars to Italy to report on the findings. The group included the designer Jean-Charles Delafosse and the Flemish architect, sculptor and engraver Jean-François de Nefforge. Their engravings of Greek and Roman art inspired many furniture designers and particularly the ébénistes, who made the fine marquetry inlaid ornament that decorated chests and tables.
Marie-Antoinette was a promoter of the new style even before she became queen. In 1770, after her marriage to the Dauphin Louis, she took over the apartments of the former queen, Marie Leczinska, who had died in 1768. In 1779, she commissioned the architect Richard Mique to completely redo the Cabinet of the Queen. He covered the walls with white satin embroidered with flowers, arabesques and medallions. In 1783, she decided to renew the decor once again, this time with wood panels sculpted and painted white, decorated with gilded neoclassical frames and designs, including sphinxes and tripods, given lightness by bouquets of flowers. The fireplace, made of dark red stone, was ornamented with gilded bronze caryatides. The furniture for the room was made by Jean Henri Riesener and included a commode, a corner table and a secretary inlaid with cedar wood, amarante, and medallions of gilded bronze. It also included a sofa with a gilded frame placed in a niche surrounded by mirrors, and facing the window. This room, with its combination of comfort, intimacy and luxury, is among the most classic examples of Louis XVI style. It has been restored to its original appearance, while some of the original furniture is now in the Wallace Collection in London.
Another notable influence to the style was the work of the British designer Robert Adam, particularly in the design of chairs, and in the use of mahogany wood, which was quickly adapted in France.
A majority of the top ébénistes were German or of German descent, which gave them a common language with Marie-Antoinette. The most prominent figures under Louis XVI were Jean Henri Riesener, who received the title of ébéniste ordinaire of the royal household in 1774. His main rival was Jean-François Leleu, one of the few who was not German. Other ébénistes, including Martin Carlin and Adam Weisweiler, worked primarily for furniture merchants who supplied the wealthy Parisian upper class. They developed a new genre, decorating furniture with plaques of Sevres porcelain or lacquered wood panels. The ébéniste David Roentgen kept his workshop in Germany, though many of his clients were in Paris. He became particularly famous for his elaborate desks, which frequently had mechanical folding features.
The French Revolution caused the dispersal of the royal furniture; most of the owners went to the guillotine, or fled into exile. Their furniture confiscated and was sold by the successive governments in enormous lots, with the proceeds helping the finance the long wars of the period. The furnishings of the Palace of Versaille was auctioned off between Sunday, August 25, 1793 until 11 August 1794, and were widely scattered. Many of the buyers were British, and some of the finest items went to the British royal family and to the Wallace Collection. In the 19th century, many of the pieces of furniture migrated again, sold by British aristocrats to wealthy Americans. Extensive collections are found today in the Museum of Decorative Arts and Louvre in Paris; the Wallace Collection and Victoria and Albert Museum in London; the Metropolitan Museum in New York; and the Getty Museum in Los Angeles.
Craftsmen, merchants, designers
The fine furniture of the period was made by craftsmen who belonged to guilds or corporations which strictly regulated the work of their members, as well as the access to the profession. The reform-minded prime minister of Louis XVI, Turgot, attempted to suppress the power of the corporations in 1776, but, meeting fierce resistance from the artisans, he withdrew his reforms, and then, a few months later, was forced to resign himself.
The work of making furniture was strictly divided into several crafts:
In addition to the craftsmen, there were the marchands-merciers, the merchants who met with clients, took the orders and commissioned the work, and the ornementistes, gradually becoming known as décorateurs, who designed the furniture.
An estampille, or stamp of the craftsmen, was required on the finished work. The menuisiers made the stamp of their name or initials on the bottom of chairs, while the ébénistes put their names under the crossbeam of bureaus or under the marble tops of consoles. Many of the marks today are difficult to read, and counterfeit marks were not unknown, since they could greatly increase the value of the furniture.
Materials
The body of the furniture, the part crafted by menuisiers, was usually made of woods found in France. Cherry wood and walnut were often used, especially in regional furniture. Beech was commonly used for chairs, since it was solid, easily sculpted, and could be easily gilded and painted. Oak was rarely used, because it was hard and difficult to carve. It was usually reserved for frames and mountings.
The decorative woods for marquetry were termed Bois des Indes and usually came from South America or the West Indies. They were often named by their color rather than botanical name; bois de rose, bois de violette, and bois d,amaranthe. The late Louis XVI period, and a passion for things English, brought an enthusiasm for mahogany.
Chairs and sofas
The chairs of the Louis XV period were characterized by elegance, lightness and simplicity of form. The most notable craftsmen of chairs were Georges Jacob, furnisher to the Royal Garde-Meuble, or furniture depot, from 1774, and Jean-Baptiste-Claude Sené who obtained the title of official fourniseur in 1785.
The basic types of chairs were little changed from the Louis XV style, but a wider variety of forms appeared, particularly in the dossier, or back, of the armchairs. These included en raquette, en chapeau, en lyre, en grebe, en anse de pannier, and, the most popular, en médaillon. Another popular variation of dossier was the à chapeau du gendarme, or policeman's hat. The most classical elements of the chairs were the legs; they were usually carved like Roman or Greek columns tapering to the end, a style called effilés. The decoration of upholstery, following the taste of Marie-Antoinette, and to match the decoration on the walls, was usually floral,
The chaise voyeuse, a type invented under Louis XV, remained popular, It featured an armrest on the top, was designed so the person sitting could sit astride with his arms on the top of the chair back, for playing cards. A set of four of these chairs was made by Jean-Baptiste-Claude Sené for Madame Elizabeth, sister of Marie-Antoinette, and was delivered in 1789, the year of the beginning of the French Revolution.
Another original type that appeared under Louis XVI was the Fauteul de Bureau, or office chair. A set was made by Henri Jacob, brother of Georges Jacob, in about 1785, made of carved walnut, cane and lester. The seat was mounted on a circular platform, and could turn around, the first recorded swivel chair. In 1790 Henri Jacob produced a series of drawings of fanciful "Etruscan" furniture, inspired by a British movement and anticipating the wave of neoclassicism of the French Directory.
Tables
The console table, which had first appeared under Louis XV, was designed to be against or attached to the wall, and was often made by the same menuisiers who created the wooden wall panelling. It was decorated only on the front and sides. The top was made of marble or other stone, and was either rectangular of half-moon shaped. It usual had four feet, joined together an X-shaped or H-shaped brace for stability. The central point of the brace under the console often had a pedestal, where pieces of fine porcelain could be displayed. Some smaller consoles had only a single foot, decorated with carved garlands of flowers.
Unlike the highly-ornamented consoles of Louis XV furniture, with twisting rocaille sculpture, Louis XVI consoles, particularly in the late years, had an elegant simplicity. They included small varieties, such as the Console-Desserte, half-moon shaped, with a white marble and a simple wooden platform below supporting the legs, it was made of oak and mahogany, with slender tapering straight legs, with small drawers, discreet gilded bronze ornament, and a delicate ring of gilded bronze around the top. Other small consoles featured discreet marquetry of ebony, rosewood, tinted beech, and ash wood.
A variety of smaller, more portable tables, also appeared, made either by menuisiers of sculpted wood or by ébénistes with inlaid marquetry of exotic woods and materials. These included tables for playing cards, tables for writing, and tables de toilette, or dressing tables, which were usually of a simple form covered with fabric with embroidered designs or with lace.
During the late reign of Louis XVI, between 1780 and 1790, the British custom of having a round dining room table permanently positioned in the center of a dining room, gradually took hold in France. These tables often had casters on the legs, so they could be moved more easily, and had an extra two legs in the center, so additional sections could be added to enlarge the table.
Another type of table adapted from the British model was the guéridon, a small round table on a single column, with a base of three legs, often with small wheels or roulettes. The German-born ebeniste David Roentgen made a small oval table with drawers that folded out in around 1780, It was crafted of oak, rosewood, sycamore, boxwood and ebony, ornamented with guilder bronze and extremely fine marquetry in delicate floral patterns made of different colored woods. There were also tables for the popular salon game of Trictrac, as well as small writing tables, which sometimes had surfaces decorated with marquetry images of envelopes, pens, and books.
Another new type of small table was the Bonheur-du-jour, usually used as a dressing table. It had long legs, a semi-circular parquet platform, a drawer, and several small compartments and drawers on top. An oval shelf supported the legs. and oval tray supporting the legs.
Commodes and cabinets
The commode was the grand showcase of the marquetry skills of the ébénistes. A new form of commode appeared, called a la greque, which was cubic in form, with very short gilded bronze feet, and a face covered with inlaid decoration in geometric patterns of rosewood, amaranth, boxwood, and ebony, sometimes in a pattern of cubes, or a checkerboard, or the batons romp or broken stick pattern. Neoclassic themes appeared especially in the gilded bronze decoration; it commonly featured gilded bronze masks of Apollo or Mercury, gilded bronze drawer handles in the form of garlands of leaves or drapery, and a frieze in a geometric pattern around the top. Another popular form late in the period was a chest decorated with plaques of Sevres porcelain, usually with floral patterns. These were a specialty of the designer Martin Carlin. A more exotic material appeared in a cabinet for medals made for Louis XVI in 1788. The drawers were decorated with gilding and with real feathers and insect wings waxed and applied to the surface.
The marquetry decoration of commodes usually featured trophies or designs representing of love or music, flowers, and sometimes, in the passion for exotic themes, Chinese or Japanese objects. They began to have panels attached which were varnished to appear like Japanese lacquer.
The meuble d'appui was a type of commode with doors on the front, which, like commodes, had a marble top and a highly decorated face, and was designed to display decorative objects, either porcelain or candlesticks or clocks. Some variations had a central cupboard with a door, and shelves on either side for displaying vases or other objects. The commodes at the end of the reign often had friezes of stylized palm leaves abad other vegetal designs.
Later in the reign, a new variant was the commode a vantaux, where the drawers or shelves inside the cabinet were concealed with two doors. The ébéniste Jean-François Leleu went even further and designed a commode with no legs, which was simply placed on a wooden base, the version that became common in the 19th century. Later commodes often took a half-moon form, and had less decoration and ornament; their beauty came from the quality of the mahogany employed for the facing.
Some other specialized cabinets appeared under Louis XVI, thanks to the improved technology for making larger panes of glass. These included bibliotheques or bookcases with glass doors, and Vitrines, or cabinets with glass doors, where precious objects could be displayed. These had very ornate marquetry patterns on the doors in the earlier years of the reign, but became much simpler, with mahogany and oak trimmed with gilded bronze, in the later years.
At the very end of the reign of Louis XVI, even after the Revolution had begun in 1789, the Japanese influence was popular. Adam Weisweiler made commodes with Chinese and Japanese decoration made with oak and ebony, coated with Japanese lacquer and varnished, and richly decorated with gilded bronze. These pieces were often used to display imported vases and other porcelain placed on top.
Desks
The basic forms of writing table, the drop-front desk and cylinder desk had all appeared in the furniture of Louis XV, but their appearance became more classical, geometric and sober under Louis XVI, and the quality marquetry inlays became much finer. The writing tables varied in size, but had leather tops, tapering legs, and usually three drawers. The corners were often decorated with gilded brass rosettes or other ornaments. The woods used were generally oak, rosewood and amaranth, sometimes with additional mahogany, boxwood and ebony inlays. Some writing tables had additional shelves that could be pulled out for writing surfaces, and some models and a surface that would lift up at an angle. The bureau à cylinder, or roll top desk, had been invented by Oeben for Louis XV in 1760. The updated versions by Jean-Henri Riesener, were made of oak covered with mahogany, and had simple but elegant gilded bronze drawer handles, keyholes, and a lacy decorative trim fence around the top.
The Secretaire an armoire was a vertical piece of furniture which resembled an armoire. The writing surface was pulled down, and the shelves and drawers inside were reveaed. The Secretaire en cabinet also had a writing surface that pulled down, with shelves on either side and drawers beneath. Clocks and other decorative objects could be placed on the marge shelf on top.
The designers who were most celebrated for desks included, besides Jean-Henri Riesener, Jean-Francois Leleu; Claude-Charles Saunier, and particularly David Roentgen, who made desks not only for Louis XVI, but also for Catherine the Great, the King of Prussia and the Emperor of Austria. His desks were famous for the mechanical mechanisms and secret compartments rather than their elegance.
Beds
In the reign of Louis XVIII, nobles often received visitors while in bed. The official waking-up of the King was a formal ceremony, could be attended by anyone in the palace. and nobles often received visitors while they were in bed. In the bedchambers of the King and Queen, the bed was behind a balustrade, and a row of stools was placed behind the balustrade for guests.
The beds of the nobility and wealthy were usually square or rectangular, with four high posts supporting a canopy called the ciel, or sky. The ciel could either be fixed to the bedposts, or to the wall. Curtains were usually hung from the ciel and could be drawn to enclose the bed. In the 18th century different variants of the canopy appeared. In a bed a la Duchesse the canopy covered the entire bed, while in a bed a l'ange, or "like an angel", the canopy covered only the head of the bed. The head of the bed, with its ornate chevet or headboard, was usually placed against the wall.
Several other variants appeared in the 18th century, including the lit en chair à prêcher, which had a canopy attached to the wall by sloping poles, which resembled the pulpit attached to the wall of a church. A more casual variant, the lit de jour or day bed, was midway between a bed and a sofa, with an upholstered chevet or headboard at one end attached to a long cushion with six legs.
The Lit à la polonaise (Polish bed), with the ciel suspended directly over the bed, had first appeared under Louis XV, but was simplified and given a classical look under Louis XVI. Marie Antoinette had a version made for the bath of her apartments in Versailles.
Notable designers and craftsmen
Notes and citations
Bibliography | 542f1a3e-9445-4fce-8c7d-6cc3ed494896 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertie_Millar"} | British actor and singer (1879-1952)
Gertrude Ward, Countess of Dudley (née Millar; 21 February 1879 – 25 April 1952), known as Gertie Millar, was an English actress and singer of the early 20th century, known for her performances in Edwardian musical comedies.
Beginning her career at age 13, Millar was a prominent star of musical comedies for two decades. In 1902, she married the composer Lionel Monckton, who wrote the scores of many of her shows and songs that she made famous. She was one of the most prominent West End theatre performers of the early 20th century, starring in such long-running hits as The Toreador (1901), The Orchid (1903) The Spring Chicken (1905), The New Aladdin (1906) The Girls of Gottenberg (1907), Our Miss Gibbs (1909), The Quaker Girl (1910), Gipsy Love (1912), The Dancing Mistress (1912), The Marriage Market (1913), and A Country Girl (1914).
After Monckton died in 1924, Millar married the 2nd Earl of Dudley.
Life and career
Millar was born in Manningham, Bradford, where her father, John Millar, was a mill worker, and her mother, Elizabeth (née Miller), was a worsted-stuff worker and dressmaker.
Early career
As a child, Millar performed in London pantomimes, beginning with Babes in the Wood at the St. James Theatre in Manchester, at the age of 13. She started out as a singer and dancer in the music halls of Yorkshire. Later, she moved to London where she was soon earning good notices and better pay appearing in variety show bills. By 1897, she was playing the role of Phyllis Crosby in A Game of Cards at Shodfriars Hall, Boston, Lincolnshire. Next she toured in The New Barmaid in the role of Dora; in The Silver Lining; and as Sadie Pinkhose, the "other woman", in The Lady Detective. In 1899, she played Dandini in a version of Cinderella at the Grand Theatre, Fulham.
In the new century, she starred in a series of hit musical comedies produced by George Edwardes. In 1900, she played Isabel Blythe in the touring production of The Messenger Boy. Edwardes's next show was The Toreador in 1901 at the Gaiety Theatre in London. Lionel Monckton, one of the show's composers, had seen Millar in The Messenger Boy and requested that she be given the role of the bridesmaid Cora in the new musical, singing "Keep Off the Grass". She made the song popular and earned a second song, "Captivating Cora", and a third, "I'm not a simple little girl". These hits established Millar in London. The Gaiety Theatre closed for renovations in 1902, and the last show at the old theatre was The Linkman; or, Gaiety Memories, with Millar starring as Morgiana. She married Monckton on 25 December 1902 in St. Mark's Church, Surbiton, England. Monckton continued to write hit songs for her in subsequent shows.
Millar became one of the most photographed women of the Edwardian period. She had top billing as the Hon. Violet Anstruther in The Orchid, the show that opened the new Gaiety (1903; introducing the songs "Little Mary", "Liza Ann", and "Come with me to the zoo"). She starred as Rosalie in The Spring Chicken (1905; singing "Alice sit by the fire" and "The Delights of London") and as Lally in The New Aladdin (1906). She next starred as Mitzi in The Girls of Gottenberg (1907; singing the duet "Two Little Sausages", with Edmund Payne, and the Wagnerian parody "Rhinegold"). Soon afterwards, Edwardes cast her as Franzi at the Hicks Theatre in the English-language production of Ein Walzertraum (A Waltz Dream, 1908) by Oscar Straus. Although Millar was able to sell the light musical comedy songs composed for her at the Gaiety, Oscar Straus's music was too demanding for her small voice, and she was sent to New York to star in the Broadway production of The Girls of Gottenberg.
On the morning of 30 October 1905 at Millar's and Monckton's residence in Russell Square, London, Baron Gunther Rau von Holzhauzen, an infatuated young admirer of Millar's, shot himself with a revolver in Millar's boudoir. A maid discovered him hiding there, and she ran upstairs screaming to wake the Moncktons as the gun was fired. Von Holzhauzen died hours later at a nearby hospital. He visited and lunched with Millar occasionally over a period of many months and had written letters to her professing to love her and later expressing despondency over his finances.
Later years
After she returned to London, from New York, some of Millar's biggest successes were still in front of her. They included the title role of the hit Gaiety musical, Our Miss Gibbs (1909), with Millar introducing the songs "Moonstruck", "Yorkshire", and "Our farm", all written for her by Monckton. Monckton and Millar then moved to Edwardes' newest theatre, the Adelphi, where she played the title role, Prudence Pym, in another international hit, The Quaker Girl (1910). In this, she popularised the songs "The Quaker Girl", "The Little Grey Bonnet", and "Tony from America". After this, she returned to continental operetta, playing Lady Babby in Edwardes's English language version of Franz Lehár's Gipsy Love (1912) at Daly's Theatre. In this role, the musical demands were light, and the show was a success. She returned to the Adelphi to play Nancy Joyce in The Dancing Mistress (1912), and back at Daly's she played Kitty Kent in The Marriage Market (1913). This was followed by the role of Nan in a major revival of A Country Girl (1914). She also played Sallie Denbigh in The House of Bondage, a 1914 film.
World War I brought a change in the tastes of the theatregoing public. Edwardes died in 1915, and Millar's husband was in poor health. After appearing in two Monckton revues (Bric à Brac (1915; she sang "Neville was a Devil") and Airs and Graces (1917)), two unsuccessful musical comedies (Houp La! (1916) and Flora (1918)) and some productions in the provinces, Millar left the stage in 1918. Monckton died on 15 February 1924. Two months later, on 30 April 1924, Millar married the 2nd Earl of Dudley. Before the war, he had been the Governor-General of Australia. Lord Dudley died in 1932.
Millar (now Lady Dudley), survived her second husband by two decades and died at her home in Chiddingfold in 1952, aged 73. She left an estate valued at £52,354.
Gallery | 8a995189-e193-4c33-9188-d1a0516b42cd |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecithocera_semirupta"} | Species of moth in the genus Lecithocera
Lecithocera semirupta is a moth in the family Lecithoceridae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1910. It is found in Assam, India.
The wingspan is about 16 mm. The forewings are rather dark ashy fuscous. The stigmata are dark fuscous, the plical beneath the first discal, the second discal connected with the dorsum by a dark fuscous bar. The hindwings are grey. | 918bc354-8753-4787-b986-6830421977d3 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala"} | Village outside Uppsala in Sweden
Gamla Uppsala (Swedish: [ˈɡâmːla ˈɵ̂pːˌsɑːla], Old Uppsala) is a parish and a village outside Uppsala in Sweden. It had 17,973 inhabitants in 2016.
As early as the 3rd century AD and the 4th century AD and onwards, it was an important religious, economic and political centre. Early written sources show that already during prehistory, Gamla Uppsala was widely famous in Northern Europe as the residence of Swedish kings of the legendary Yngling dynasty. In fact, the oldest Scandinavian sources, such as Ynglingatal, the Westrogothic law and the Gutasaga talk of the King of the Swedes (Suiones) as the "King at Uppsala". It was the main centre of the Swedes.
During the Middle Ages, it was the largest village of Uppland, the eastern part of which probably originally formed the core of the complex of properties belonging to the Swedish Crown, the so-called Uppsala öd, of which the western part consisted of the royal estate itself, kungsgården.
It was also the location of the Thing of all Swedes which was a thing (general assembly) held from prehistoric times to the Middle Ages, at the end of February or early March. It was held in conjunction with a great fair called Disting, and a Norse religious celebration called Dísablót. The Law of Uppland says that it was at this assembly that the king proclaimed that the fleet levy would be summoned for warfare during the summer, and all the crews, rowers, commanders and ships were decided.
It was not only the Norse cultic centre, it also became Sweden's archbishopric in 1164.
Geographical description
Gamla Uppsala lies on Fyris Wolds, a cultivated plain in the valley of the River Fyris which is densely populated in its southern part, while the northern part consists of farms.
Religious importance
Medieval Scandinavians held Gamla Uppsala as one of the oldest and most important locations in Scandinavia. The Danish chronicler Saxo Grammaticus held Odin himself to have resided in Gamla Uppsala far back in the mists of time:
At this time there was one Odin, who was credited over all Europe with the honour, which was false, of godhead, but used more continually to sojourn at Uppsala; and in this spot, either from the sloth of the inhabitants or from its own pleasantness, he vouchsafed to dwell with somewhat especial constancy.
This tradition was also known by the Icelandic historian Snorri Sturluson, who, however had Odin reside in nearby Fornsigtuna, whereas the god Freyr lived in Gamla Uppsala. Freyr is also said to have founded two of the central institutions of Iron Age Sweden, the Uppsala öd and the Temple at Uppsala:
Frey took the kingdom after Njord, and was called drot by the Swedes, and they paid taxes to him. He was, like his father, fortunate in friends and in good seasons. Frey built a great temple at Uppsala, made it his chief seat, and gave it all his taxes, his land, and goods. Then began the Upsal domains, which have remained ever since.
Saxo Grammaticus adds that Freyr began the human sacrifices at Gamla Uppsala:
Also Frey, the regent of the gods, took his abode not far from Uppsala, where he exchanged for a ghastly and infamous sin-offering the old custom of prayer by sacrifice, which had been used by so many ages and generations. For he paid to the gods abominable offerings, by beginning to slaughter human victims.
The sacrifices at the Temple at Uppsala are described by Adam of Bremen:
At this point I shall say a few words about the religious beliefs of the Swedes. That nation has a magnificent temple, which is called Uppsala, located not far from the city of Sigtuna. In this temple, built entirely of gold, the people worship the statues of three gods.
A general festival for all the provinces of Sweden is customarily held at Uppsala every nine years. Participation in this festival is required of everyone. Kings and their subjects, collectively and individually, send their gifts to Uppsala; and – a thing more cruel than any punishment – those who have already adopted Christianity buy themselves off from these ceremonies. The sacrifice is as follows: Of every kind of male creature, nine victims are offered. By the blood of these creatures it is the custom to appease the gods.
Their bodies, moreover, are hanged in a grove which is adjacent to the temple. This grove is so sacred to the people that the separate trees in it are believed to be holy because of the death or putrefaction of the sacrificial victims. There even dogs and horses hang beside human beings. (A certain Christian told me that he had seen seventy-two of their bodies hanging up together.) The incantations, however, which are usually sung in the performance of a libation of this kind are numerous and disgraceful, and it is better not to speak of them.
In the scolia, there is an additional description:
Near that temple is a very large tree with widespread branches which are always green both in winter and summer. What kind of tree it is nobody knows. There is also a spring there where the pagan are accustomed to perform sacrifices and to immerse a human being alive. As long as his body is not found, the request of the people will be fulfilled. A golden chain encircles that temple and hangs over the gables of the building. Those who approach see its gleam from afar off because the shrine, which is located on a plain, is encircled by mountains so situated as to give the effect of a theatre. For nine days feasts and sacrifices of this kind are celebrated. Every day they sacrifice one human being in addition to other animals, so that in nine days there are 72 victims which are sacrificed. This sacrifice takes place about the time of the vernal equinox.
The 16th century Johannes Magnus, the Archbishop of Uppsala, asserted that the city was anciently founded by, and named for, an early Swedish king named Ubbo (Uppsala = Ubbo's Hall), who would have supposedly reigned c. 2300 BCE. However, in the absence of any corroborating evidence, Magnus' accounts no longer enjoy widespread acceptance among scholars today.
It was a symbolic moment when Pope John Paul II visited Scandinavia in 1989 and held an open-air mass at the royal mounds in Gamla Uppsala, as this was a Norse religion cultic centre, which became Sweden's first archbishopric in 1164.
In 2000,[citation needed] the Swedish AsatruSociety restarted the tradition of holding blóts at Gamla Uppsala.
History
It is a testimony to the sanctity of the location in the mindset of followers of medieval Norse religion that Gamla Uppsala was the last stronghold of pre-Christian, Norse Germanic kingship. During the 1070s and 1080 there appears to have been a renaissance of Norse religion with the magnificent Temple at Uppsala described in a contested account through an eye-witness by Adam of Bremen. Adam of Bremen relates of the Uppsala of the 1070s and describes it as a pagan cult centre with the enormous Temple at Uppsala containing wooden statues of Odin, Thor and Freyr.
Sometime in the 1080s the Christian king Ingi was exiled for refusing to perform the sacrifices. Instead Blot-Sweyn was elected, but he was killed by Ingi who could then reclaim his throne.
Its great importance in Swedish tradition led to the location of Sweden's first Archbishopric in Gamla Uppsala in 1164. In practice, however, it had lost its strategic importance when it gradually lost ready access to navigable waters as the land rose owing to the constant post-glacial rebound.
Archaeology
People have been buried in Gamla Uppsala for 2,000 years, since the area rose above water. Originally there were between 2,000 and 3,000 mounds in the area but most have become farmland, gardens and quarries. Today only 250 barrows remain.
In the parish there are more than 1,000 preserved archaeological remains, but many more have been removed by agriculture. There are cairns of splintered stone that reveal that the area was settled during the Nordic Bronze Age, but most of the grave fields are from the Iron Age and the Viking Age.
The great grave field south of the Royal Mounds is from the Roman Iron Age and the Germanic Iron Age. Near the vicarage, a few unburnt graves from the Viking Age have been excavated.
Under the present church in Gamla Uppsala have been found the remains of one or several large wooden buildings. Some archaeologists believe that they are the remains of the Temple of Uppsala, while others hold that comes from an early Christian wooden church. Churches were often built on pre-Christian sacred sites, though.
Adjacent to the present church there is a plateau of clay, the Plateau of the Royal Estate (Kungsgårdsplatån), on which archaeologists have found the remains of a large hall.
The Royal Mounds
The Royal Mounds (Swedish: Kungshögarna) is the name of the three large barrows located in Gamla Uppsala. According to folklore, the three gods Thor, Oden and Freyr would be at rest in Kungshögarna or Uppsala högar (from the Old Norse word Haugr meaning mound or barrow; cognate English Howe). In the 19th and 20th centuries, they were speculated to hold the remains of three kings of the semi-legendary House of Ynglings and were thus known as Aun's Mound, Adils's Mound and Egil's Mound. Today their geographical locations are used instead and they are called the Eastern mound, Middle Mound and Western Mound.
They are dated to the 5th and 6th centuries. As Sweden's oldest national symbols they are even depicted on the covers of books about the Swedish national identity. In the 6th century, Gamla Uppsala was the location of royal burials. The location was chosen carefully and in order to make them majestic. The tumuli were constructed on top of the ridge.
By burning the dead king and his armour, he was moved to Valhalla by the consuming force of the fire. The fire could reach temperatures of 1500 °C. The remains were covered with cobblestones and then a layer of gravel and sand and finally a thin layer of turf.
Thus he (Odin) established by law that all dead men should be burned, and their belongings laid with them upon the pile, and the ashes be cast into the sea or buried in the earth. Thus, said he, every one will come to Valhalla with the riches he had with him upon the pile; and he would also enjoy whatever he himself had buried in the earth. For men of consequence a mound should be raised to their memory, and for all other warriors who had been distinguished for manhood a standing stone; which custom remained long after Odin's time. [...] It was their faith that the higher the smoke arose in the air, the higher he would be raised whose pile it was; and the richer he would be, the more property that was consumed with him.
—Ynglinga saga
An old controversy and its solution
In the 1830s, some scholars claimed that the mounds were pure natural formations and not barrows. This affront to ancient Swedish national symbols could not be accepted by the future Swedish king Karl XV and in order to remove any doubt, he decided to start an excavation.
The task was given to Bror Emil Hildebrand, the director-general of the National Archives. In 1846, he undertook the excavation of the nine-metres-tall (30 ft) Eastern mound with the hope of finding the grave of a Swedish king of old.
The eastern mound
The excavation was complex and generated a lot of publicity. A 25-metre-long (82 ft) tunnel was dug into the mound, where they found a pot of clay filled with burnt bones and around it there were the remains of the charred grave offerings.
Among the most important finds in the eastern mound were many fragments of decorated bronze panels with a dancing warrior carrying a spear. These panels have probably adorned a helmet of the Vendel Age type, common in Uppland (the only foreign examples being the Sutton Hoo and Staffordshire helmets). There were also finds of gold which probably had adorned a scramasax, but according to another interpretation, they were part of a belt. The dead was also given several glass beakers, a tafl game, a comb and a hone.
Most scholars agree that the mound was either raised for a woman or for a young man and a woman as the remains of a woman and boy were found. Hildebrand reburied most of the remains, so a new excavation will need to be undertaken before the controversy can be settled. What is quite certain is that the dead belonged to a royal dynasty.
The western mound
In 1874, Hildebrand started an excavation of the western mound and opened an enormous shaft right into the cairn in the centre of the mound. Under the cobble stones, there were the charred remains of the funeral fire.
In the western mound were found the remains of a man and animals, probably for food during the journey. The remains of a warrior's equipment were found. Luxurious weapons and other objects, both domestic and imported, show that the buried man was very powerful. These remains include a Frankish sword adorned with gold and garnets and a board game with Roman pawns of ivory. He was dressed in a costly suit made of Frankish cloth with golden threads, and he wore a belt with a sumptuous buckle. There were four cameos from the Middle East which were probably part of a casket. The finds show the distant contacts of the people of Uppland in the 6th century.
Gamla Uppsala Church
Gamla Uppsala Church (Gamla Uppsala kyrka) was the seat of the Archbishopric of Sweden prior to 1273, when the seat was moved to Östra Aros (Östra Aros was then renamed Uppsala due to a papal request). The old cathedral was probably built in the 11th century, but finished in the 12th century. The stone building may have been preceded by a wooden church and probably by the large Temple at Uppsala. After a fire in 1240, the nave and transepts of the cathedral were removed, leaving only the choir and central tower, and with the addition of the sacristy and the porch gave the church its present outer appearance. In the 15th century, vaults were added as well as chalk paintings. Among the medieval wooden sculptures there are three crucifixes from the 12th, 13th and 15th centuries.
Archbishop Valerius was buried here. King Eric IX of Sweden was as well, before being moved to Uppsala Cathedral. Astronomer, physicist and mathematician Anders Celsius (1701–1744) was also buried at Gamla Uppsala Church next to his grandfather Magnus Celsius (1621–1679). | 8d3df3c2-0939-4da8-9007-2ef7c08d3222 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madan_Mohan"} | One who mesmerizes everyone
Madan Mohan is a form of the Hindu god, Krishna. Krishna is celebrated as Madan Mohan, who mesmerizes everyone. His consort, Radha is glorified as Madan Mohan's Mohini, who can even mesmerise Madan Mohan (her Kahn). Radha is known as the mediator without whom access to Krishna is not possible.
Originally from Shri Vrindavan, Madan Mohan ji went to Amer in Jaipur with Raja Sawai Jai Singh II — the founder of Jaipur and from there was brought to Karauli in Rajasthan by Maharaj Gopal Singh after he conquered the battle of Daulatabad.[citation needed] | 47e243d9-fe98-4522-a134-e4e047d20f23 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellsford"} | Place in Auckland, New Zealand
Wellsford (Māori: Whakapirau) is a town on the Northland Peninsula in the northern North Island of New Zealand. It is the northernmost major settlement in the Auckland Region, and is 77 kilometres northwest of the Auckland CBD.
Wellsford is close to a narrowing of the Northland Peninsula caused by an arm of the Kaipara Harbour on the west coast extending inland for 20 kilometres from the body of the harbour, stretching to within 15 kilometres of the east (Pacific Ocean) coast.
It is a major regional centre, being located at the junction of State Highways 1 and 16, almost halfway between Auckland and the Northland city of Whangārei. It is on the North Auckland Line railway, which has been goods-only since the last regular passenger service ceased in 1975. It is the rural service town for the local areas of Tauhoa, Tapora, Wharehine, Port Albert, Te Hana, Tomarata, Te Arai, Whangaripo and Pakiri.
The local Ōruawharo Marae is a traditional meeting ground for Te Uri o Hau and the Ngāti Whātua hapū of Ngāti Mauku and Ngāti Tahuhu. It includes the Rangimārie meeting house.
Albertland Heritage Museum is located in Wellsford. It opened in its modern form in 1990.
History
In the early 1860s English settlers arrived, establishing themselves at Port Albert, on the Kaipara Coast about 10 kilometres west of Wellsford. These settlers called themselves the Albertlanders, after Prince Albert, Queen Victoria's consort. They were a "breakaway group from the Anglican Church looking for a new world". However, not many of the settlers arrived at Port Albert and the ones who did found it difficult to make a living. The majority of the Albertlanders moved inland, to more fertile areas in the region. As a result, Wellsford was founded.
According to local tradition, the name Wellsford is an acronym based on the surnames of the first families who settled in the region. The names were Watson, Edger, Lester, Levet, Simpson, Foster, Oldfield, Ramsbottom and Dibble.
Wellsford was part of the Rodney District during its existence from 1989 to 2010.
Demographics
Wellsford is described by Statistics New Zealand as a small urban area. It covers 4.55 km2 (1.76 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 2,250 as of June 2022, with a population density of 495 people per km2.
Wellsford had a population of 1,929 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 216 people (12.6%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 258 people (15.4%) since the 2006 census. There were 654 households, comprising 984 males and 948 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.04 males per female. The median age was 34.4 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 447 people (23.2%) aged under 15 years, 384 (19.9%) aged 15 to 29, 777 (40.3%) aged 30 to 64, and 327 (17.0%) aged 65 or older.
Ethnicities were 79.5% European/Pākehā, 24.4% Māori, 5.3% Pacific peoples, 6.1% Asian, and 1.7% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.
The percentage of people born overseas was 17.3, compared with 27.1% nationally.
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 50.4% had no religion, 36.5% were Christian, 3.0% had Māori religious beliefs, 1.1% were Hindu, 0.2% were Muslim, 0.8% were Buddhist and 1.4% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 135 (9.1%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 381 (25.7%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $25,400, compared with $31,800 nationally. 138 people (9.3%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 681 (46.0%) people were employed full-time, 213 (14.4%) were part-time, and 66 (4.5%) were unemployed.
Education
Rodney College is a secondary (years 9-13) school with a roll of 357 students. Wellsford School is a full primary (years 1–8) school with a roll of 410 students. Rodney College's Board of Trustees was dismissed in August 2008 and a Ministry of Education commissioner appointed. By 2016, the college was performing well.
Living Way Christian School closed at the end of 2018 due to falling rolls.
Wellsford, Tauhoa, Pakiri, Tapora, Tomarata and Mangawhai Primary Schools all cater for students from year 1–8, and collectively contribute to the annual in take of roughly 80 year 9 students at Rodney College.
All the schools are coeducational. Rolls are as of July 2022.
Sport
Being a rural town, sport plays a big part in Wellsford's day-to-day life with rugby, soccer, netball, cricket, tennis and athletics being amongst the more popular sports played. The Wellsford Golf Club is popular among the locals and also houses squash courts. Rollerskating, archery and bowling, (indoors and outdoors) are also available, while equestrian is also popular in the area. | 5f541cce-19f9-4ae3-9599-fe9ab81b6071 |
null | Canadian art director and production designer
Dany Boivin is a Canadian art director and production designer. He is most noted for his work on the film The Twentieth Century, for which he won both the Canadian Screen Award for Best Art Direction/Production Design at the 8th Canadian Screen Awards and the Prix Iris for Best Art Direction at the 22nd Quebec Cinema Awards.
His prior credits included the films Bydlo and The Tesla World Light. | a90ed696-0f2c-4c8d-af41-e69458bdbdd2 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4MV"} | Design used for Soviet space probes to Mars and Venus
The 4MV planetary probe (short for 4th-generation Mars-Venus probe) is a designation for a common design used for Soviet unmanned probes to Mars and Venus. It was an incremental improvement of earlier 3MV probes and was used for Mars missions 2 to 7 and Venera missions 9 to 16. The same base design was used for some earth-orbiting space observatories.
Design
The spacecraft bus has a height of 2.8 meters (9 ft 2 in) and a solar panel span of 6.7 meters (22 ft). The central section of the bus has a diameter of about one meter (3 ft 3 in) and contained propellant. The main engine (KTDU-425) is encircled by a conical instrument compartment with the diameter of 2.35 meters (7 ft 9 in) at the base. While Mars 2,3 and Kosmos 419 used the KTDU-425, 4MV buses after 1971 used the KTDU-425A).
Variants
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Category:4MV. | 73a21d38-bee8-49f6-b790-62ebb15fb589 |
null | Human settlement in Canada
St. Joseph's Cove is a settlement in Newfoundland and Labrador.
Coordinates: 47°54′58″N 55°48′11″W / 47.916°N 55.803°W / 47.916; -55.803 | f3f656c1-ae56-4acb-806e-7f934e4ebd0f |
null | Pablo Hernández may refer to: | 70930720-8608-48ee-8d1b-aeab05c25b58 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Asbury_Methodist_Episcopal_Meeting_House"} | Historic church in New Jersey, United States
United States historic place
New Asbury Methodist Episcopal Meeting House, now known as Asbury United Methodist Church, is a historic church in Middle Township, Cape May County, New Jersey, about six miles north of Cape May Court House.
It was built in 1852 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.
It should not be confused with the First United Methodist Church in Cape May Court House which stands immediately north of the Old Cape May County Courthouse Building. | d6044b09-20a8-472e-9d02-6b42a1f9b9e8 |
null | This article is a list of French MPs by Parliament.
List | 4c9918a8-d625-4603-a178-01177a6d6e3a |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Subodharama_Raja_Maha_Vihara"} | Sri Subodharama Raja Maha Vihara (Also known as Karagampitiya Vihara) is a historic Buddhist temple situated at Dehiwala in the Western province, Sri Lanka. The temple is located at the Dehiwala junction on the Colombo-Galle main road, about 9 miles south of Colombo city. The temple has been formally recognised by the Government as an archaeological site in Sri Lanka. The designation was declared on 23 February 2007 under the government Gazette number 1486.
History
Background
In the early periods, Karagampitiya area was belonged to the Kingdom of Kotte and came under the region of Medimala (Nedimale). During the reign of king Parakramabahu VI (1412-1467) the Medimala village was gifted to the Natha Devalaya at Pepiliyana. The western area of the Medimala village was allocated to the fishing community and known as Karagampitiya as they supply fish to the royal palace. In order to protect the fishermen from calamities and to safeguard the kingdom from foreign invasions, the king constructed a new Devalaya at the collum of a Na tree (Mesua ferrea) on a hillock at Karagampitiya.
During the Portuguese presence in the island, the Devalaya at Karagampitiya was destroyed and its stone pillars were used to erect the St. Anthony's church at Mount-Lavinia. In between the period of Dutch (AD 1658–1796) in the island, a Dutch church and an Ambalama were built in the Karagampitiya area. It is said that the first incumbent of the Karagampitiya Vihara, Ven. Hikkaduwe Indrajothi thera have lived at that Ambalama. In 1881 during the period of British, the old stone pillars those were brought from the destroyed Devalaya to Dutch built church were again returned to the Karagampitiya temple when the Methodist church of Mt. Lavinia was built by British rulers.
The temple
The Buddha statues of the Vihara are dated back to the year 1780 and believed to be the creation of the same artist of Kelaniya Raja Maha Vihara. In 1795 during the reign of king Rajadhi Rajasingha the construction of the Vihara work was completed and the work of the Stupa (Cetiya) was finished in 1796. As soon as the completion of the Vihara work, a plant from the Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi at Anuradhapura has been implanted in the premises. The preaching hall and the Sath-Sathi-Geya (A shrine room depicting the first seven week of Buddha) at the Vihara have been completed in the year 1895. The monastery of Subodharama at the Karagampitiya is believed to be established in the 1820s.
Recent records about the Subodhara temple has been made in The Book of Ceylon written by Henry William Cave (1909) and in A New Model of the Universe by P D Ouspensky (1914).
Temple layout
The layout of the Vihara consists of several sand terraces. The upper terrace is assigned for the Stupa and the Sath-Sath-Geya and the small chamber of Sri Pada (Foot print of Buddha) are located south to it. The image house is a rectangular building located at the center of the middle terrace and faces to south. To the west of the image house is the lower terrace where the Bodhi tree has been planted. The bell tower, Dhammasala (Preaching hall) and pilgrims' rest are also spread out on the lower terrace while the Awasa geya (Dwelling house of monks) is positioned on the south side, further away from them.
Murals
A large amount of paintings belonging to the Kandyan era adorn interior walls of many buildings in the Vihara complex. The earliest and also the main publication of these painting series are preserved on the three inner walls of the ambulatory of the image house.
The image house consists of an inner chamber (shrine room) surrounded by an outer shelter. The inner chamber opens towards the south direction and has two entrances, framed with sculpted Makara Thorana (Dragons arches). A portrait of the Queen Victoria has been painted over the right side entrance door in a framed portrait, accompanied by two unicorns. Also some Delftware fragments and VOC coins have been used to decorate the door surface as well as the floor of the image house.
The outer walls of the inner chamber contain a large number of narrative paintings arranged in five horizontal bands of nearly 26 inches in height. These bands are adorned with various drawings related to the Buddhism. The upper most horizontal bands of the three walls are illustrated with proclamation of the twenty four Buddhas of the past while the lower band decorated with floral scrolls and lotus petal motif. The middle bands of the walls display the episodes from the life of the Gautama Buddha and Jataka stories. (Khadirangara Jataka, Nimi Jataka, Mahajanaka Jataka, Manicora Jataka and Katthahari Jataka). All the paintings show the features of conventional style of the hill-country (18th century) and the realistic style of the low-country (19th century).
The ceiling and the upper part of the outer walls of the ambulatory of the image house have also been covered with paintings done in 1897. The upper part of the outer wall represent the story of Maha Ummagga Jataka while Buddhist heavens are depicted on the ceiling panels. | 29856fc0-ced6-4ba7-9a9f-cf921da0932e |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anghel_Iord%C4%83nescu"} | Romanian footballer and manager
Anghel Iordănescu (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈaŋɡel jordəˈnesku]; born 4 May 1950), also known as "Tata Puiu", is a Romanian former footballer and former manager of the Romania national team, who played as a forward. In 2007, Iordănescu retired from football, and the following February, after his predecessor resigned, he became a member of the Romanian Senate, sitting on the Social Democratic Party benches. On 26 December 2011, he became an independent senator, affiliated to the National Union for the Progress of Romania. His son, Edward Iordănescu, is also a former footballer and current manager.
Club career
One of Steaua București's greatest players, Iordănescu was a forward or attacking midfielder with a well-developed scoring technique and uncommon dribbling ability. He was also well known for his vision and set-piece ability. In Romania, he played only for Steaua, a team he joined as a youth in 1962, aged 12. Six years later, he made his debut for the first team, followed by his first appearance for the Romania national team in 1971. During this period, he scored 155 goals, becoming the team's highest ever goalscorer.
Iordănescu won two league championships (in 1976 and 1978) and four Cupa Romaniei (in 1970, 1971, 1976, and 1979). In 1981–82, he was Divizia A's top goalscorer.
In 1982, aged 32, Iordănescu left Romania to play for OFI Crete in Greece under head coach Les Shannon, but returned to Steaua two years later to become the club's assistant manager. Together with Emerich Jenei, then head coach, he won the championship in 1985 and helped lead the team to its European Cup triumph in 1986, playing as a substitute in the final against Barcelona.
International career
Iordănescu made his international debut on 22 September 1971 against Finland and scored the opening goal of a 4-0 win. The highlight of his international career came in the 1977-80 Balkan Cup, when he scored a hat-trick in the second leg of the final to defeat Yugoslavia 4-3 on aggregate and give Romania a record-breaking fourth title (Bulgaria won 3 times), and subsequently being the tournament's top goal scorer with 6 goals.
International goals
Romania's goal tally first.
Coaching career
Emerich Jenei was appointed as Romania's manager in the summer of 1986, leaving Iordănescu as Steaua's new head coach. From his new position, he led his side to victory in three championships (1987, 1988 and 1989) as well as three Cupa Romaniei in the same years. At international level, Steaua and Iordănescu reached the European Cup semi-final in 1988 and the final one year later.
In 1990, he left Steaua for the second time as he signed a two-year contract with Cypriot club Anorthosis Famagusta. After being released from his contract, he returned to Steaua in 1992 to lead the club to the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup quarter-finals in 1993, and then a new league championship.
In the summer of 1993, he was asked to replace Cornel Dinu as Romania's coach and managed to lead the team to qualification for the 1994 FIFA World Cup, where Romania reached the quarter-finals, the best-ever performance of Romanian football at the national team level. He continued as Romania's coach after the World Cup and led the team to a new qualification, for UEFA Euro 1996 and the 1998 World Cup, where Romania reached the knockout stage as winners of Group G.
However, although he had led the team to a new qualification for a World Cup, Iordănescu was harshly criticized by the media, with some journalists accusing him of the low level of the team during the process. After losing against Croatia in the second round of the 1998 World Cup, he resigned and took over the managerial position of Greece, from where he would be sacked in 1999 after Greece failed to qualify for Euro 2000.
In the 1999–2000 season, Iordănescu was appointed head coach of Saudi club Al-Hilal, where he won the Saudi Crown Prince Cup and the Asian Club Championship (the forerunner to the AFC Champions League). Despite these performances, he left the club to lead Rapid București. He led Rapid to the first round of the 2000–01 UEFA Cup, losing 1–0 on aggregate to eventual winners Liverpool. However, he was sacked after only three months, after which he signed with Emirati club Al Ain, guiding them to UAE President's Cup title.
After Romania failed to qualify for the 2002 World Cup, Iordănescu was asked to replace Gheorghe Hagi, thereby becoming the national football team's coach for the second time. His main objective was to qualify the team for Euro 2004, but failed to do so. Saying that there was no one else both better than he and available to take charge of the national team, the Romanian Football Federation gave him credit for the 2006 World Cup qualifying stage, but after a poor performance away against Armenia, he was finally sacked.
After his second stint as Romania's coach, Iordănescu returned to Saudi Arabia to manage Al-Ittihad, with whom he won his second AFC Champions League (in 2005) and the Arab Champions League, but one year later was sacked after drawing with Al-Ettifaq. Just as the 2006–07 UAE League season began, Iordănescu returned to coach Al Ain for a few months before announcing his retirement from professional football.
In October 2014, Iordănescu came out of retirement to take charge of Romania for a third time. On 27 June 2016, he resigned as Romania coach after an unsuccessful Euro 2016 finals campaign, finishing last place in Group A with just one point earned, from a 1–1 draw with Switzerland.
Career honours
Player
Steaua București
Romania
Manager
Steaua București
Al-Hilal
Al Ain
Al-Ittihad
Managerial statistics
As of 19 June 2016. | 214fd500-8591-4848-b806-3ebae1095058 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_v%C3%ADas_del_amor"} | Television series
Mexican TV series or program
Las vías del amor (The Tracks of Love) is a Mexican telenovela produced by Emilio Larrosa for Televisa in 2002.
The series stars Aracely Arámbula, Jorge Salinas, Enrique Rocha and Daniela Romo.
Plot
Gabriel is an electronic engineer and former seminarian who is consumed with remorse and guilt; when he was a child he lost his brother Nicholas. That loss caused Gabriel's father a heart attack. His mother has never forgiven him for that.
Gabriel tried to purge his guilt in the priesthood, but left the seminary because of an affair with Sonia, a humble washerwoman. Gabriel never forgot Sonia, despite being in a relationship with Sandra who he does not love. Upon discovering that truth, Sandra attempts suicide. Adolfo, a millionaire and owner of a chain of nightclubs, is in love with Sandra. Gabriel returns to be with Sonia and discovers that she is working as a prostitute and offers to pay all her expenses, her mother’s treatment, and an apartment to make her quit being a prostitute. But Gabriel's true love is far away, in Tlacotalpan.
Perla is a young, cute, and poor waitress who is also a clairvoyant. Her powers let her know that her boyfriend Paco is in danger, but he ignores her. Paco is killed and Perla discovers through her visions that his killer has a tattoo of a skull on the arm. Elmer is an employee of Don Geronimo, the owner of many properties in Tlacotalpan and Perla's boss. Once discovered, Elmer blackmails Perla to accept the marriage proposal from Don Geronimo if she does not want him to kill her father. After Gonzalo, who is Paco's best friend, comes to where Perla lives, Gonzalo wants to find the assassin of his friend and he gets into some problems——one being that he is trafficking with Sebastian and Enrique. Additionally, he is also Elmer's enemy. Gonzalo tells Perla that Paco will protect Perla from Don Geronimo and Sebastian.
Perla accepts Don Geronimo's proposal who will show her a world of luxury and beauty which she always dreamed of. On a trip to Mexico City with her boyfriend Don Geronimo, Perla encounters Gabriel, who will be her true love.
The wedding takes place and, during the banquet, someone murders Don Geronimo. Enrique blames Fidel who flees to the Capital. Sick and penniless, Fidel is rescued by Leticia, a good, hardworking merchant who, by a twist of fate, is harassed and stalked by Sebastian, brother of Don Geronimo. Perla decides to go to the Capital to find her dad with the help from Gabriel, and the two slowly fall in love. But Sonia will make Perla's life miserable to win for Gabriel's love.
But these are not Perla's only problems. First is Sebastian, a criminal who seeks Perla and her father to avenge the death of his brother; there's also 'El Dandy', the pimp of Sonia, who Gabriel confronts in order to defend Sonia, and who now seeks revenge; and Enrique, the son of Don Geronimo who killed him because of the obsession he has with Perla; and he will not rest until he finds her.
Cast
Starring
Also starring
Recurring
Awards and nominations | f2f58ca8-c06c-42af-a4e2-4f7b0297274c |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord,_Vaughan"} | Suburban district in York, Ontario, Canada
Concord is a suburban industrial district in the City of Vaughan in York Region, located north of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. According to the 2001 Census, Concord has 8,255 residents.
It is accessed by two provincial highways: Highway 407 and Highway 400. Concord's approximate boundaries are Steeles Avenue to the south, Highway 400 to the west, Dufferin Street to the east, and Rutherford Road to the north, though it includes the Carrville neighbourhood east to Bathurst Street between Rutherford and Highway 7. The area along Highway 7, from Highway 400 to just east of Jane Street, though still often considered by many to be part of Concord, is now officially a new district, the Vaughan Metropolitan Centre, which is Vaughan's planned urban core.
History
Concord became a postal village in 1854 when John Duncan became postmaster at the northwest corner of Dufferin Street and Centre Street. The area's name is likely linked to Hiram White (1788-1859) who came to Vaughan from Concord, Vermont in 1818. White farmed in the area (Lot 8 Concession 3) north of the village. The Northern Railway of Canada established a stop at Thornhill in 1853, located to the north of present-day Highway 7 along the GO Barrie line. In 1853, Canadian Northern Railway renamed the stop Concord. It was closed in the 1960s and demolished by CNR in 1978. The village had two churches (Concord Methodist Church and Cober Dunkard Church) in the 1880s and a school in 1842. By the 1930s, the 19th century school buildings and all other village structures were demolished.
Prior to the opening of Highway 400 in the 1950s, Concord was an agricultural community, covered mostly by farmlands. The suburbanization of Concord began in the 1950s in the Keele Street and Highway 7 area, 2 km (1.2 mi) west of the original settlement, with a small housing development southeast of the intersection. This decade also saw industrial development stretching west to Jane Street south of Highway 7. as well as construction of a Canadian National Railway by-pass of Toronto with a major freight yard, MacMillan Yard. In the 1970s, the industrialization and commercialization of the northern part of the district began, mostly along Highway 7 and Keele, with development continuing into the 2000s. A residential area, Glen Shields, was built in the 1970s and 1980s in the southeast, west of Dufferin. Construction of Highway 407 commenced in the mid-1990s and opened in 1997, with three Concord interchanges. Another residential section, Dufferin Hill, was built in the 2000s in the northeast, near Dufferin and Rutherford. In the early 2000s, construction of the Vaughan Mills shopping mall began, being completed in 2004.
Until the opening of Canada's Wonderland to the north in Maple in 1981, when an interchange was constructed at Rutherford Road to provide better access to the theme park, Concord had only one interchange, at Highway 7. A third was added in 1996 when a partial interchange at Langstaff Road was opened, and three more were opened following the completion of the tolled Highway 407 in 1997. A partial interchange, connecting Highway 400 with Vaughan Mills, opened several years later. Today, Concord has eight interchanges, of which three connect with the toll highway, two are partial, one is a four-level stack and the other two connect to the 400. A plan for an interchange at Centre Street was proposed, but was later cancelled.
Much of Concord is industrial while empty spaces remain in the southern part, in the Black Creek and 407 area, and along the CN railway line. Wooded areas are located in the north and within Black Creek and along the Don River. One tract of forest is located to the northwest. All main roads except for Langstaff east of Creditstone Road are four-lane roadways,
Concord is the main industrial district of Vaughan. Many large multi-national and domestic corporations have headquarters there, including Toys R Us Canada. and Tootsie Roll Industries. Its access to several major highways is a key factor in the locations of these businesses.
Proposed Concord GO Centre
The draft Concord GO Centre secondary plan was presented in an open house for the public on November 4, 2013. The plan is for a new GO Transit station and a development with mixed uses and multimodal transportation access, including residential, commercial, and recreational areas, cycling trails, and connections to several transportation systems. The site is bounded by Rivermede Road on the north, the electrical power corridor to the south and east, Bowes Road on the west north of Highway 7, and the Barrie line railway tracks on the west south of Highway 7. The area to be developed consists of the land immediately adjacent to the intersection of Highway 7 and the Barrie line railway tracks.
The plan enables the location of a railway station for the Barrie line, but does not incorporate it into the design. Creation of the station and its location are the responsibility of Metrolinx, which would have to complete an environmental assessment for a potential station. The plan also provides provisions for a Viva bus station, but does not incorporate it into the design.
Education
Public schools in the area are managed by the York Region District School Board, while Catholic schools are managed by the York Region Catholic District School Board.
Public elementary
Concord Public School (now Patrica Kemp Community Centre) on Dufferin Street was the area's first public school. The school dated back to an 1842 log schoolhouse, replaced by a brick schoolhouse in the 1880s. The second school burned down in 1930 and was replaced by current structure in 1931.
Catholic
Post-secondary
Surrounding neighbourhoods | e9cc5793-cae5-406b-a890-8c8b6ca89e9f |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watou_Churchyard"} | CWGC cemetery in Belgium
Cemetery in Sint-Bavokerk, Watou
Watou Churchyard (Kerkhof van Watou) is a municipal cemetery in the Belgian village of Watou. The churchyard is adjacent to Sint-Bavokerk
British War Graves
On the north side next to the church there are 12 British war graves commemorating deaths from World War I. There are 11 British and one Canadian that were buried here between April 1915 and April 1918. The graves are maintained by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission. The graveyard is noted in the CWGC Registers as Watou Churchyard. | 61ef1930-2537-461d-919c-d259c3974750 |
null | The Online Bible (OLB) is a Bible Reference software package created in 1987 by Larry Pierce, who believed the Bible should be freely shared. Online Bible also provides a Mac version (for OS X 10.1 above) of its software. As of 2015, Online Bible is also available in App Store and Play Store.
Features
Version history | a0aa01c5-19f5-4aa4-b28a-626b218def9e |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_Hetpet"} | The Tomb of Hetpet (Hetepet) is a 4,400 year old Egyptian tomb of a priestess. It was discovered in 1909 by Carl Maria Kaufmann at Gizeh, a location close to the pyramids of Cairo. Many decorated stone blocks were taken out and brought to the Egyptian Museum of Berlin and to the Liebieghaus in Frankfurt.
The tomb was rediscovered during 2017 by an Egyptian expedition. The remaining parts of the tomb chapel have well preserved paintings. The existence of Hetpet was already established from indications of her name upon objects discovered sometime during 1909. She was a priestess of Hathor, alive during the 5th Dynasty, Tenant Landholder and king's acquaintance.
There is not much known about her family. Her father's name is only partly preserved and started with Nef. The tomb chapel has so far not shown any indication of anyone she might have married. | dca176b8-6750-4cbd-ba0c-d1ecfbb9f491 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-stability"} | In mathematics, and especially differential and algebraic geometry, K-stability is an algebro-geometric stability condition, for complex manifolds and complex algebraic varieties. The notion of K-stability was first introduced by Gang Tian and reformulated more algebraically later by Simon Donaldson. The definition was inspired by a comparison to geometric invariant theory (GIT) stability. In the special case of Fano varieties, K-stability precisely characterises the existence of Kähler–Einstein metrics. More generally, on any compact complex manifold, K-stability is conjectured to be equivalent to the existence of constant scalar curvature Kähler metrics (cscK metrics).
History
In 1954, Eugenio Calabi formulated a conjecture about the existence of Kähler metrics on compact Kähler manifolds, now known as the Calabi conjecture. One formulation of the conjecture is that a compact Kähler manifold
admits a unique Kähler–Einstein metric in the class
. In the particular case where
, such a Kähler–Einstein metric would be Ricci flat, making the manifold a Calabi–Yau manifold. The Calabi conjecture was resolved in the case where
by Thierry Aubin and Shing-Tung Yau, and when
by Yau. In the case where
, that is when
is a Fano manifold, a Kähler–Einstein metric does not always exist. Namely, it was known by work of Yozo Matsushima and André Lichnerowicz that a Kähler manifold with
can only admit a Kähler–Einstein metric if the Lie algebra
is reductive. However, it can be easily shown that the blow up of the complex projective plane at one point,
is Fano, but does not have reductive Lie algebra. Thus not all Fano manifolds can admit Kähler–Einstein metrics.
After the resolution of the Calabi conjecture for
attention turned to the loosely related problem of finding canonical metrics on vector bundles over complex manifolds. In 1983, Donaldson produced a new proof of the Narasimhan–Seshadri theorem. As proved by Donaldson, the theorem states that a holomorphic vector bundle over a compact Riemann surface is stable if and only if it corresponds to an irreducible unitary Yang–Mills connection. That is, a unitary connection which is a critical point of the Yang–Mills functional
On a Riemann surface such a connection is projectively flat, and its holonomy gives rise to a projective unitary representation of the fundamental group of the Riemann surface, thus recovering the original statement of the theorem by M. S. Narasimhan and C. S. Seshadri. During the 1980s this theorem was generalised through the work of Donaldson, Karen Uhlenbeck and Yau, and Jun Li and Yau to the Kobayashi–Hitchin correspondence, which relates stable holomorphic vector bundles to Hermitian–Einstein connections over arbitrary compact complex manifolds. A key observation in the setting of holomorphic vector bundles is that once a holomorphic structure is fixed, any choice of Hermitian metric gives rise to a unitary connection, the Chern connection. Thus one can either search for a Hermitian–Einstein connection, or its corresponding Hermitian–Einstein metric.
Inspired by the resolution of the existence problem for canonical metrics on vector bundles, in 1993 Yau was motivated to conjecture the existence of a Kähler–Einstein metric on a Fano manifold should be equivalent to some form of algebro-geometric stability condition on the variety itself, just as the existence of a Hermitian–Einstein metric on a holomorphic vector bundle is equivalent to its stability. Yau suggested this stability condition should be an analogue of slope stability of vector bundles.
In 1997, Tian suggested such a stability condition, which he called K-stability after the K-energy functional introduced by Toshiki Mabuchi. The K originally stood for kinetic due to the similarity of the K-energy functional with the kinetic energy, and for the German kanonisch for the canonical bundle. Tian's definition was analytic in nature, and specific to the case of Fano manifolds. Several years later Donaldson introduced an algebraic condition described in this article called K-stability, which makes sense on any polarised variety, and is equivalent to Tian's analytic definition in the case of the polarised variety
where
is Fano.
Definition
In this section we work over the complex numbers
, but the essential points of the definition apply over any field. A polarised variety is a pair
where
is a complex algebraic variety and
is an ample line bundle on
. Such a polarised variety comes equipped with an embedding into projective space using the Proj construction,
where
is any positive integer large enough that
is very ample, and so every polarised variety is projective. Changing the choice of ample line bundle
on
results in a new embedding of
into a possibly different projective space. Therefore a polarised variety can be thought of as a projective variety together with a fixed embedding into some projective space
.
Hilbert–Mumford criterion
K-stability is defined by analogy with the Hilbert–Mumford criterion from finite-dimensional geometric invariant theory. This theory describes the stability of points on polarised varieties, whereas K-stability concerns the stability of the polarised variety itself.
The Hilbert–Mumford criterion shows that to test the stability of a point
in a projective algebraic variety
under the action of a reductive algebraic group
, it is enough to consider the one parameter subgroups (1-PS) of
. To proceed, one takes a 1-PS of
, say :\mathbb {C} ^{*}\hookrightarrow G}
, and looks at the limiting point
This is a fixed point of the action of the 1-PS
, and so the line over
in the affine space
is preserved by the action of
. An action of the multiplicative group
on a one dimensional vector space comes with a weight, an integer we label
, with the property that
for any
in the fibre over
. The Hilbert-Mumford criterion says:
If one wishes to define a notion of stability for varieties, the Hilbert-Mumford criterion therefore suggests it is enough to consider one parameter deformations of the variety. This leads to the notion of a test configuration.
Test Configurations
A test configuration for a polarised variety
is a pair
where
is a scheme with a flat morphism :{\mathcal {X}}\to \mathbb {C} }
and
is a relatively ample line bundle for the morphism
, such that:
We say that a test configuration
is a product configuration if
, and a trivial configuration if the
action on
is trivial on the first factor.
Donaldson–Futaki Invariant
To define a notion of stability analogous to the Hilbert–Mumford criterion, one needs a concept of weight
on the fibre over
of a test configuration
for a polarised variety
. By definition this family comes equipped with an action of
covering the action on the base, and so the fibre of the test configuration over
is fixed. That is, we have an action of
on the central fibre
. In general this central fibre is not smooth, or even a variety. There are several ways to define the weight on the central fiber. The first definition was given by using Ding-Tian's version of generalized Futaki invariant. This definition is differential geometric and is directly related to the existence problems in Kähler geometry. Algebraic definitions were given by using Donaldson-Futaki invariants and CM-weights defined by intersection formula.
By definition an action of
on a polarised scheme comes with an action of
on the ample line bundle
, and therefore induces an action on the vector spaces
for all integers
. An action of
on a complex vector space
induces a direct sum decomposition
into weight spaces, where each
is a one dimensional subspace of
, and the action of
when restricted to
has a weight
. Define the total weight of the action to be the integer
. This is the same as the weight of the induced action of
on the one dimensional vector space
where
.
Define the weight function of the test configuration
to be the function
where
is the total weight of the
action on the vector space
for each non-negative integer
. Whilst the function
is not a polynomial in general, it becomes a polynomial of degree
for all
for some fixed integer
, where
. This can be seen using an equivariant Riemann-Roch theorem. Recall that the Hilbert polynomial
satisfies the equality
for all
for some fixed integer
, and is a polynomial of degree
. For such
, let us write
The Donaldson-Futaki invariant of the test configuration
is the rational number
In particular
where
is the first order term in the expansion
The Donaldson-Futaki invariant does not change if
is replaced by a positive power
, and so in the literature K-stability is often discussed using
-line bundles.
It is possible to describe the Donaldson-Futaki invariant in terms of intersection theory, and this was the approach taken by Tian in defining the CM-weight. Any test configuration
admits a natural compactification
over
(e.g.,see ), then the CM-weight is defined by
where
. This definition by intersection formula is now often used in algebraic geometry.
It is known that
coincides with
, so we can take the weight
to be either
or
. The weight
can be also expressed in terms of the Chow form and hyperdiscriminant. In the case of Fano manifolds, there is an interpretation of the weight in terms of new
-invariant on valuations found by Chi Li and Kento Fujita.
K-stability
In order to define K-stability, we need to first exclude certain test configurations. Initially it was presumed one should just ignore trivial test configurations as defined above, whose Donaldson-Futaki invariant always vanishes, but it was observed by Li and Xu that more care is needed in the definition. One elegant way of defining K-stability is given by Székelyhidi using the norm of a test configuration, which we first describe.
For a test configuration
, define the norm as follows. Let
be the infinitesimal generator of the
action on the vector space
. Then
. Similarly to the polynomials
and
, the function
is a polynomial for large enough integers
, in this case of degree
. Let us write its expansion as
The norm of a test configuration is defined by the expression
According to the analogy with the Hilbert-Mumford criterion, once one has a notion of deformation (test configuration) and weight on the central fibre (Donaldson-Futaki invariant), one can define a stability condition, called K-stability.
Let
be a polarised algebraic variety. We say that
is:
Yau–Tian–Donaldson Conjecture
K-stability was originally introduced as an algebro-geometric condition which should characterise the existence of a Kähler–Einstein metric on a Fano manifold. This came to be known as the Yau–Tian–Donaldson conjecture (for Fano manifolds). The conjecture was resolved in the 2010s in works of Xiuxiong Chen, Simon Donaldson, and Song Sun, The strategy is based on a continuity method with respect to the cone angle of a Kähler–Einstein metric with cone singularities along a fixed anticanonical divisor, as well as an in-depth use of the Cheeger–Colding–Tian theory of Gromov–Hausdorff limits of Kähler manifolds with Ricci bounds.
Theorem (Yau–Tian–Donaldson conjecture for Kähler–Einstein metrics): A Fano Manifold
admits a Kähler–Einstein metric in the class of
if and only if the pair
is K-polystable.
Chen, Donaldson, and Sun have alleged that Tian's claim to equal priority for the proof is incorrect, and they have accused him of academic misconduct. Tian has disputed their claims. Chen, Donaldson, and Sun were recognized by the American Mathematical Society's prestigious 2019 Veblen Prize as having had resolved the conjecture. The Breakthrough Prize has recognized Donaldson with the Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics and Sun with the New Horizons Breakthrough Prize, in part based upon their work with Chen on the conjecture.
More recently, a proof based on the "classical" continuity method was provided by Ved Datar and Gabor Székelyhidi, followed by a proof by Chen, Sun, and Bing Wang using the Kähler–Ricci flow. Robert Berman, Sébastien Boucksom, and Mattias Jonsson also provided a proof from the variational approach.
Extension to constant scalar curvature Kähler metrics
It is expected that the Yau–Tian–Donaldson conjecture should apply more generally to cscK metrics over arbitrary smooth polarised varieties. In fact, the Yau–Tian–Donaldson conjecture refers to this more general setting, with the case of Fano manifolds being a special case, which was conjectured earlier by Yau and Tian. Donaldson built on the conjecture of Yau and Tian from the Fano case after his definition of K-stability for arbitrary polarised varieties was introduced.
Yau–Tian–Donaldson conjecture for constant scalar curvature metrics: A smooth polarised variety
admits a constant scalar curvature Kähler metric in the class of
if and only if the pair
is K-polystable.
As discussed, the Yau–Tian–Donaldson conjecture has been resolved in the Fano setting. It was proven by Donaldson in 2009 that the Yau–Tian–Donaldson conjecture holds for toric varieties of complex dimension 2. For arbitrary polarised varieties it was proven by Stoppa, also using work of Arezzo and Pacard, that the existence of a cscK metric implies K-polystability. This is in some sense the easy direction of the conjecture, as it assumes the existence of a solution to a difficult partial differential equation, and arrives at the comparatively easy algebraic result. The significant challenge is to prove the reverse direction, that a purely algebraic condition implies the existence of a solution to a PDE.
Examples
Smooth Curves
It has been known since the original work of Pierre Deligne and David Mumford that smooth algebraic curves are asymptotically stable in the sense of geometric invariant theory, and in particular that they are K-stable. In this setting, the Yau–Tian–Donaldson conjecture is equivalent to the uniformization theorem. Namely, every smooth curve admits a Kähler–Einstein metric of constant scalar curvature either
in the case of the projective line
,
in the case of elliptic curves, or
in the case of compact Riemann surfaces of genus
.
Fano varieties
The setting where
is ample so that
is a Fano manifold is of particular importance, and in that setting many tools are known to verify the K-stability of Fano varieties. For example using purely algebraic techniques it can be proven that all Fermat hypersurfaces
are K-stable Fano varieties for
.
Toric Varieties
K-stability was originally introduced by Donaldson in the context of toric varieties. In the toric setting many of the complicated definitions of K-stability simplify to be given by data on the moment polytope
of the polarised toric variety
. First it is known that to test K-stability, it is enough to consider toric test configurations, where the total space of the test configuration is also a toric variety. Any such toric test configuration can be elegantly described by a convex function on the moment polytope, and Donaldson originally defined K-stability for such convex functions. If a toric test configuration
for
is given by a convex function
on
, then the Donaldson-Futaki invariant can be written as
where
is the Lebesgue measure on
,
is the canonical measure on the boundary of
arising from its description as a moment polytope (if an edge of
is given by a linear inequality
for some affine linear functional h on
with integer coefficients, then
), and
. Additionally the norm of the test configuration can be given by
where
is the average of
on
with respect to
.
It was shown by Donaldson that for toric surfaces, it suffices to test convex functions of a particularly simple form. We say a convex function on
is piecewise-linear if it can be written as a maximum
for some affine linear functionals
. Notice that by the definition of the constant
, the Donaldson-Futaki invariant
is invariant under the addition of an affine linear functional, so we may always take one of the
to be the constant function
. We say a convex function is simple piecewise-linear if it is a maximum of two functions, and so is given by
for some affine linear function
, and simple rational piecewise-linear if
has rational cofficients. Donaldson showed that for toric surfaces it is enough to test K-stability only on simple rational piecewise-linear functions. Such a result is powerful in so far as it is possible to readily compute the Donaldson-Futaki invariants of such simple test configurations, and therefore computationally determine when a given toric surface is K-stable.
An example of a K-unstable manifold is given by the toric surface
, the first Hirzebruch surface, which is the blow up of the complex projective plane at a point, with respect to the polarisation given by
, where :\mathbb {F} _{1}\to \mathbb {CP} ^{2}}
is the blow up and
the exceptional divisor.
The measure
on the horizontal and vertical boundary faces of the polytope are just
and
. On the diagonal face
the measure is given by
. Consider the convex function
on this polytope. Then
and
Thus
and so the first Hirzebruch surface
is K-unstable.
Alternative Notions
Hilbert and Chow Stability
K-stability arises from an analogy with the Hilbert-Mumford criterion for finite-dimensional geometric invariant theory. It is possible to use geometric invariant theory directly to obtain other notions of stability for varieties that are closely related to K-stability.
Take a polarised variety
with Hilbert polynomial
, and fix an
such that
is very ample with vanishing higher cohomology. The pair
can then be identified with a point in the Hilbert scheme of subschemes of
with Hilbert polynomial
.
This Hilbert scheme can be embedded into projective space as a subscheme of a Grassmannian (which is projective via the Plücker embedding). The general linear group
acts on this Hilbert scheme, and two points in the Hilbert scheme are equivalent if and only if the corresponding polarised varieties are isomorphic. Thus one can use geometric invariant theory for this group action to give a notion of stability. This construction depends on a choice of
, so one says a polarised variety is asymptotically Hilbert stable if it is stable with respect to this embedding for all
sufficiently large, for some fixed
.
There is another projective embedding of the Hilbert scheme called the Chow embedding, which provides a different linearisation of the Hilbert scheme and therefore a different stability condition. One can similarly therefore define asymptotic Chow stability. Explicitly the Chow weight for a fixed
can be computed as
for
sufficiently large. Unlike the Donaldson-Futaki invariant, the Chow weight changes if the line bundle
is replaced by some power
. However, from the expression
one observes that
and so K-stability is in some sense the limit of Chow stability as the dimension of the projective space
is embedded in approaches infinity.
One may similarly define asymptotic Chow semistability and asymptotic Hilbert semistability, and the various notions of stability are related as follows:
Asymptotically Chow stable
Asymptotically Hilbert stable
Asymptotically Hilbert semistable
Asymptotically Chow semistable
K-semistable
It is however not know whether K-stability implies asymptotic Chow stability.
Slope K-Stability
It was originally predicted by Yau that the correct notion of stability for varieties should be analogous to slope stability for vector bundles. Julius Ross and Richard Thomas developed a theory of slope stability for varieties, known as slope K-stability. It was shown by Ross and Thomas that any test configuration is essentially obtained by blowing up the variety
along a sequence of
invariant ideals, supported on the central fibre. This result is essentially due to David Mumford. Explicitly, every test configuration is dominated by a blow up of
along an ideal of the form
where
is the coordinate on
. By taking the support of the ideals this corresponds to blowing up along a flag of subschemes
inside the copy
of
. One obtains this decomposition essentially by taking the weight space decomposition of the invariant ideal
under the
action.
In the special case where this flag of subschemes is of length one, the Donaldson-Futaki invariant can be easily computed and one arrives at slope K-stability. Given a subscheme
defined by an ideal sheaf
, the test configuration is given by
which is the deformation to the normal cone of the embedding
.
If the variety
has Hilbert polynomial
, define the slope of
to be
To define the slope of the subscheme
, consider the Hilbert-Samuel polynomial of the subscheme
,
for
and
a rational number such that
. The coefficients
are polynomials in
of degree
, and the K-slope of
with respect to
is defined by
This definition makes sense for any choice of real number
where
is the Seshadri constant of
. Notice that taking
we recover the slope of
. The pair
is slope K-semistable if for all proper subschemes
,
for all
(one can also define slope K-stability and slope K-polystability by requiring this inequality to be strict, with some extra technical conditions).
It was shown by Ross and Thomas that K-semistability implies slope K-semistability. However, unlike in the case of vector bundles, it is not the case that slope K-stability implies K-stability. In the case of vector bundles it is enough to consider only single subsheaves, but for varieties it is necessary to consider flags of length greater than one also. Despite this, slope K-stability can still be used to identify K-unstable varieties, and therefore by the results of Stoppa, give obstructions to the existence of cscK metrics. For example, Ross and Thomas use slope K-stability to show that the projectivisation of an unstable vector bundle over a K-stable base is K-unstable, and so does not admit a cscK metric. This is a converse to results of Hong, which show that the projectivisation of a stable bundle over a base admitting a cscK metric, also admits a cscK metric, and is therefore K-stable.
Filtration K-Stability
Work of Apostolov–Calderbank–Gauduchon–Tønnesen-Friedman shows the existence of a manifold which does not admit any extremal metric, but does not appear to be destabilised by any test configuration. This suggests that the definition of K-stability as given here may not be precise enough to imply the Yau–Tian–Donaldson conjecture in general. However, this example is destabilised by a limit of test configurations. This was made precise by Székelyhidi, who introduced filtration K-stability. A filtration here is a filtration of the coordinate ring
of the polarised variety
. The filtrations considered must be compatible with the grading on the coordinate ring in the following sense: A filtation
of
is a chain of finite-dimensional subspaces
such that the following conditions hold:
Given a filtration
, its Rees algebra is defined by
We say that a filtration is finitely generated if its Rees algebra is finitely generated. It was proven by David Witt Nyström that a filtration is finitely generated if and only if it arises from a test configuration, and by Székelyhidi that any filtration is a limit of finitely generated filtrations. Combining these results Székelyhidi observed that the example of Apostolov-Calderbank-Gauduchon-Tønnesen-Friedman would not violate the Yau–Tian–Donaldson conjecture if K-stability was replaced by filtration K-stability. This suggests that the definition of K-stability may need to be edited to account for these limiting examples. | 0298605d-3451-4a48-81a4-aad89dd3a6ad |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_on_the_Embankment"} | Apartment building in Moscow, Russia
The House on the Embankment (Russian: Дом на набережной) is a block-wide apartment building on the banks of the Moskva River on Balchug in downtown Moscow, Russia. It faces Bersenevskaya Embankment on one side and Serafimovicha Street on the other side. Until 1952, it was the tallest residential building in Moscow. It is considered an example of constructivist architecture. It is most known as the place of residence of the Soviet elite, many of whom were arrested and executed during Stalin's Great Purge.
Location
This residential complex of 505 apartments and 25 entrances is located on Zamoskvorechye Island, a district connected with the rest of the city by two bridges: Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge and Maly Kamenny Bridge. The ensemble covers an area of 3.3 hectares and comprises 8 buildings with a varying height of 9 to 11 floors. It overlooks Serafimovich Street and Bersenevskaya Embankment.
The official address of the building is 2 Serafimovich street. Organizations located on the river side sometimes use the address 20 Bersenevskaya Embankment.
History
The relocation of the capital from St. Petersburg to Moscow caused an increased need to house civil servants in Moscow. In 1927, a commission decided that a building would be constructed in the Bersenevka neighborhood, opposite the Kremlin, which had been occupied by the Wine and Salt Court, an old distillery and excise warehouse. During the Tsarist era, the area had been used mainly as a mushroom market.
The new apartment block was completed in 1931 as the Government Building, a residence for the Soviet elite. Previously, they had lived mostly in the Kremlin itself or in various luxury hotels around Moscow, such as the National, the Metropol and the Loskutnaya.
It was designed by Boris Iofan, who lived in the building from 1931 to 1976. (He also designed the Palace of the Soviets, which was never built.)
The building is considered to be constructivist in style. The apartments were luxurious for their time: telephones, central heating and high ceilings were standard. At the time, most Muskovites had to make do with communal apartments. The building also featured a sports hall, tennis court, kindergarten, library, laundrette and a kitchen from which meals could be ordered for collection.
Many residents and their families were detained during the Great Purge under Stalin in the late 1930s; to the extent that the building was dryly referred to as "The House of Preliminary Detention." (That is a play on the Russian initialism Допр, from the building's original name: Дом прави́тельства). During this period it was known as having the highest rate of per-capita arrests and executions of any residential building in Moscow. Fully a third of its residents disappeared during the purge. Professor Yuri Slezkine published in 2017 The House of Government: A Saga of the Russian Revolution (Princeton University Press) which records the fates of about eighty tenants and their families. He notes that some of the apartments in the Government Building held up to five successive sets of occupants between 1937 and 1940, as senior officials were arrested for execution or imprisonment.
Present day
The building has 505 apartments (some used as offices), a theater, a movie theater, restaurants, retail stores and an Azbuka Vkusa supermarket, not dissimilar to the situation when it was originally built. Although other areas of the city have much more luxurious apartments, the apartments in the House on the Embankment are still sought after and very expensive because of their location and the prestige associated with the building. Apart from the descendants of the former Soviet elite, the building also home to pop stars, film producers, cultural figures and expats. A small museum was opened in 1989 on the first floor of the building, containing exhibits about its history, as well as providing a more general social history of the 1930s and 1940s. There are 25 memorial plaques on the facade of the building. From 2001 to 2011 an 8-metre high Mercedes Benz logo was placed on the roof (as advertising).
The House on the Embankment Museum
In the 1980s, an initiative group arose among residents to create the House on the Embankment museum. The museum was opened in 1989 in the former flat of the guard of the first entrance. The first director of the museum was Tamara Ter-Yegiazaryan, who had lived in the house since 1931. The exhibition was enriched with personal belongings, books, photographs, and documents from the GARF, RGASPI and other archives. The everyday circumstances of the 1930s were recreated, lists of tenants, victims of Stalinist repressions and participants of the Second World War were also made.
In 1992, the House on the Embankment gained the status of a state museum. In 1998, by a resolution of the Moscow Government, it was given the status of a municipal museum of local history, and Olga Trifonova, the widow of the writer Yury Trifonov, became its director. Also in the mid-1990s, memorial plaques to the residents of the house began to be installed.
In 2014, the museum House on the Embankment became a department of the museum association "Museums of Moscow", and from 2016 it became part of the State Museum of the History of the Gulag.
In popular culture
Notable past residents
Memorial plates
Bibliography
See Also | 9af7d099-f0f5-420b-ae13-b56aaa78bcc5 |
null | Usun-Kyuyol (Russian: Усун-Кюёль) is the name of several rural localities in the Sakha Republic, Russia: | 68aee5bf-401c-44f7-9f27-1887bafc5475 |
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