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null | Life or Death may refer to:
Books
Film
Music
Topics referred to by the same term | a9efb3a4-4196-419b-8c4c-13851a83bb4b |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blimbing,_Malang"} | District in East Java, Indonesia
Blimbing is a district (kecamatan) in Malang, East Java, Indonesia. Blimbing is the entrance to northern side of Malang city proper.
History
In 1767, Malang was governed by a Duke of Malojo Kusumo who later surrendered to the Dutch colonial. To strengthen its position, the Dutch East Indies established a fortress on the side of the Brantas river. Followed by establishing a Dutch residence (loge) on either side of the fort. On 1 April 1914, the colonial government established Malang as Gemeente or Kotapraja, a government administered by the city council. On 12 November 1918, the city council of the election was formed. In 1919 the first Burgemeester was H.I. Bussemaker and in 1930 there was a change in village structure to become the Office of Environmental Government.
In 1942, in the Japanese era, there was a division of territory for Burgemeester, namely only the City area which oversees four neighborhoods or four Wijkmeester. After 1942, the Buergemeester area was divided into 3 sub-districts, namely Klojen, Blimbing and Kedung Kandang . In 1988, Malang City had 5 districts namely Blimbing, Klojen District, Kedungkandang, Lowokwaru, and Sukun. In 2002 the Blimbing District Office was originally located on Jalan Bantaran, moved location on Jalan Raden Intan Kav. 14 Malang.
Districts
There are 11 urban villages (kelurahan) in Blimbing:
Geography
Climate
The climate in Blimbing features tropical monsoon climate (Am) according to Köppen–Geiger climate classification system, as the climate precipitation throughout the year is greatly influenced by the monsoon, bordering with subtropical highland climate (Cwb). Most months of the year are marked by significant rainfall. The short dry season has little impact. The average temperature in Blimbing is 23.8 °C. In a year, the average rainfall is 2098 mm. | 0c789b3d-7bcc-4375-a17a-0261f87ee829 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3671_Dionysus"} | Binary Amor asteroid orbiting between Earth and the asteroid belt
3671 Dionysus is a small binary Amor asteroid, orbiting between Earth and the asteroid belt. It was discovered by Carolyn and Gene Shoemaker at Palomar Observatory on 27 May 1984. It is named after Dionysus, the Greek god of wine. Its provisional designation was 1984 KD. It is an outer Earth grazer because its perihelion is just within Earth's orbit.
Potentially hazardous object
3671 Dionysus is a potentially hazardous asteroid (PHA) because its minimum orbit intersection distance (MOID) is less than 0.05 AU and its diameter is greater than 150 meters. The Earth-MOID is 0.01989 AU (2,976,000 km; 1,849,000 mi). Its orbit is well-determined for the next several hundred years.
Dionysus makes modestly close approaches to Earth. On 19 June 1984 Dionysus passed 0.0305 AU (4,560,000 km; 2,840,000 mi) from Earth. On 18 June 2085 it will pass 0.028 AU (4,200,000 km; 2,600,000 mi) from Earth.
Moon
In 1997, a team of astronomers at the European Southern Observatory announced that lightcurve observations indicate the presence of a small moon orbiting Dionysus. Its provisional designation is S/1997 (3671) 1. This moon measures 300 meters in diameter, and orbits 3.6 km from Dionysus with an eccentricity of 0.07 and an orbital period of 27.72 hours. From the surface of Dionysus, S/1997 (3671) 1 would have an apparent diameter of roughly 3.02 degrees. For comparison, the Sun appears to be 0.5° from Earth. | cda6f394-7724-4e35-8f3d-bc2253c550f1 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_prodigy"} | Exceptionally precocious child
A child prodigy is defined in psychology research literature as a person under the age of ten who produces meaningful output in some domain at the level of an adult expert. The term is also applied more broadly to young people who are extraordinarily talented in some field.
The term wunderkind (from German Wunderkind; literally "wonder child") is sometimes used as a synonym for child prodigy, particularly in media accounts. Wunderkind also is used to recognize those who achieve success and acclaim early in their adult careers.
Examples
Memory capacity of prodigies
PET scans performed on several mathematics prodigies have suggested that they think in terms of long-term working memory (LTWM). This memory, specific to a field of expertise, is capable of holding relevant information for extended periods, usually hours. For example, experienced waiters have been found to hold the orders of up to twenty customers in their heads while they serve them, but perform only as well as an average person in number-sequence recognition. The PET scans also answer questions about which specific areas of the brain associate themselves with manipulating numbers.
One subject never excelled as a child in mathematics, but he taught himself algorithms and tricks for calculatory speed, becoming capable of extremely complex mental math. His brain, compared to six other controls, was studied using the PET scan, revealing separate areas of his brain that he manipulated to solve the complex problems. Some of the areas that he and presumably prodigies use are brain sectors dealing in visual and spatial memory, as well as visual mental imagery. Other areas of the brain showed use by the subject, including a sector of the brain generally related to childlike "finger counting", probably used in his mind to relate numbers to the visual cortex.
Working memory/cerebellum theory
"My mother said that I should finish high school and go to college first."
Saul Kripke in response to an invitation to apply for a teaching position at Harvard
Noting that the cerebellum acts to streamline the speed and efficiency of all thought processes, Vandervert explained the abilities of prodigies in terms of the collaboration of working memory and the cognitive functions of the cerebellum. Citing extensive imaging evidence, Vandervert first proposed this approach in two publications which appeared in 2003. In addition to imaging evidence, Vandervert's approach is supported by the substantial award-winning studies of the cerebellum by Masao Ito.
Vandervert provided extensive argument that, in the prodigy, the transition from visual-spatial working memory to other forms of thought (language, art, mathematics) is accelerated by the unique emotional disposition of the prodigy and the cognitive functions of the cerebellum. According to Vandervert, in the emotion-driven prodigy (commonly observed as a "rage to master") the cerebellum accelerates the streamlining of the efficiencies of working memory in its manipulation and decomposition/re-composition of visual-spatial content into language acquisition and into linguistic, mathematical, and artistic precocity.
Essentially, Vandervert has argued that when a child is confronted with a challenging new situation, visual-spatial working memory and speech-related and other notational system-related working memory are decomposed and re-composed (fractionated) by the cerebellum and then blended in the cerebral cortex in an attempt to deal with the new situation. In child prodigies, Vandervert believes this blending process is accelerated due to their unique emotional sensitivities which result in high levels of repetitious focus on, in most cases, particular rule-governed knowledge domains. He has also argued that child prodigies first began to appear about 10,000 years ago when rule-governed knowledge had accumulated to a significant point, perhaps at the agricultural-religious settlements of Göbekli Tepe or Cyprus.
Development
Some researchers believe that prodigious talent tends to arise as a result of the innate talent of the child, and the energetic and emotional investment that the child ventures. Others believe that the environment plays the dominant role, many times in obvious ways. For example, László Polgár set out to raise his children to be chess players, and all three of his daughters went on to become world-class players (two of whom are grandmasters), emphasizing the potency a child's environment can have in determining the pursuits toward which a child's energy will be directed, and showing that an incredible amount of skill can be developed through suitable training.
But on the other hand George Frideric Handel was an example of the natural talent ... "he had discovered such a strong propensity to music, that his father who always intended him for the study of the Civil Law, had reason to be alarmed. He strictly forbade him to meddle with any musical instrument but Handel found means to get a little clavichord privately convey'd to a room at the top of the house. To this room he constantly stole when the family was asleep". Despite his father's opposition, Handel became a skillful performer on the harpsichord and pipe organ.
Prodigiousness in childhood is not always maintained into adulthood. Some researchers have found that gifted children fall behind due to lack of effort. Jim Taylor, professor at the University of San Francisco, theorizes that this is because gifted children experience success at an early age with little to no effort and may not develop a sense of ownership of success. Therefore, these children might not develop a connection between effort and outcome. Some children might also believe that they can succeed without effort in the future as well. Dr. Anders Ericcson, professor at Florida State University, researches expert performance in sports, music, mathematics, and other activities. His findings demonstrate that prodigiousness in childhood is not a strong indicator of later success. Rather, the number of hours devoted to the activity was a better indicator.
Rosemary Callard-Szulgit and other educators have written extensively about the problem of perfectionism in bright children, calling it their "number one social-emotional trait". Gifted children often associate even slight imperfection with failure, so that they become fearful of effort, even in their personal lives, and in extreme cases end up virtually immobilized. | 199d862a-c838-4c13-b133-5703f68b1d16 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_reality_tree_(theory_of_constraints)"} | One of the thinking processes in the theory of constraints, a current reality tree (CRT) is a tool to analyze many systems or organizational problems at once. By identifying root causes common to most or all of the problems, a CRT can greatly aid focused improvement of the system. A current reality tree is a directed graph.
Simplified explanation
A CRT is a focusing procedure formulated by Eliyahu Goldratt, developer of the theory of constraints. This process is intended to help leaders gain understanding of cause and effect in a situation they want to improve. It treats multiple problems in a system as symptoms arising from one or a few ultimate root causes or systemic core problems. It describes, in a visual (cause-and-effect network) diagram, the main perceived symptoms (along with secondary or hidden ones that lead up to the perceived symptoms) of a problem scenario and ultimately the apparent root causes or core conflict. The benefit of building a CRT is that it identifies the connections or dependencies between perceived symptoms (effects) and root causes (core problems or conflicts) explicitly. If core problems are identified, prioritized, and tackled well, multiple undesirable effects in the system will disappear. Leaders may then focus on solving the few core problems which would cause the biggest positive systemic changes.
Contextual explanation
A CRT is a statement of an underlying core problem and the symptoms that arise from it. It maps out a sequence of cause and effect from the core problem to the symptoms. Most of the symptoms will arise from the one core problem or a core conflict. Removing the core problem may well lead to removing each of the symptoms as well. Operationally working backwards from the apparent undesirable effects or symptoms to uncover or discover the underlying core cause.
Example
A CRT begins with a list of problems, known as undesirable effects (UDEs.) These are assumed to be symptoms of a deeper common cause. To take a somewhat frivolous example, a car owner may have the following UDEs:
The CRT depicts a chain of cause-and-effect reasoning (if, and, then) in graphical form, where ellipses or circles represent an "and". The graphic is constructed by:
This approach tends to converge on a single root cause. In the illustrated case, the root cause of the above UDEs is seen as being a faulty handbrake. | 99c55164-cec9-4520-8edd-8ba110b893da |
null | Crni Lug (Serbian Cyrilic: Црни Луг) is a Serbian village situated in Vranje, Pčinja District. As of 2002, it has a population of 266.
Coordinates: 42°28′17″N 21°52′54″E / 42.4714°N 21.8817°E / 42.4714; 21.8817 | 2393dea8-f3d5-433c-bec4-d1bba752afc7 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ms._Jackson"} | 2000 single by Outkast
"Ms. Jackson" is a song by American alternative hip hop duo Outkast, consisting of André 3000 and Big Boi. It was released on October 24, 2000, as the second single from Outkast's fourth album, Stankonia. It topped the US Billboard Hot 100 chart for one week on February 17, 2001, and also reached number one in Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden. Rolling Stone ranked it at number 55 on their "100 Best Songs of the 2000s" list in June 2011 and at number 145 on their "Top 500 Greatest Songs of All Time" list in 2021. In October 2011, NME placed it at number 81 on its list of the "150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years".
"Ms. Jackson" won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group at the 44th Annual Grammy Awards. The music video, directed by F. Gary Gray, features animals nodding along to the song, won the BET Award for Video of the Year and MTV Video Music Award for Best Hip-Hop Video. The single helped sell the album following the commercial underperformance of the lead single, "B.O.B", which, despite near universal acclaim from critics, failed to chart on the Hot 100 and only reached number 69 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.
Background and writing
In Vibe magazine, a few years after the song was released, André Benjamin (André 3000) recalled creating the song, "'Ms. Jackson' was an acoustic guitar song that I was doing at home. Then I just converted it over into something people could understand a little bit more." The song was inspired, in part, by Benjamin's relationship with Erykah Badu and her mother. In November 2016, Badu described her initial reaction to the song, stating that, "It hit kind of a sore spot. I didn't wanna hear that, especially when I heard Big Boi's verse. When I heard André's verse, I felt very good because his verse was really, really inspiring. He just said how he felt and it was his honest feelings and I always respected that and listened to what he felt and appreciated it." Badu also noted that her mother loved the song, saying, "Baby, she bought herself a 'Ms. Jackson' license plate. She had the mug, she had the ink pen, she had the headband, everything."
Content
Lyrically, the song is a love profession to the mother of the narrator's romantic partner that examines the issues that arise from having a child out of wedlock. In the song, the narrator promises to support his child regardless of what happens. The instrumentation samples the Brothers Johnson's version (with various audio effects, prominently reversing) of "Strawberry Letter 23", by Shuggie Otis.[better source needed]
Critical reception
Billboard magazine wrote that song's message is genuine, noting its 1980s hip-hop sound and Outkast's "frantic" lyrics that emphasize the track's storyline. Reviewing the parent album, the same publication compared the track to an "old-school hip-hop love song" and called it "oh-so-radio-ready". Marci Kenon of Billboard called the "babies' mommas' mommas" hook memorable and later referred to the track as "infectious".
"Ms. Jackson" is widely considered one of Outkast's best songs. In 2020, The Ringer ranked the song number five on their list of the 50 greatest Outkast songs, and in 2021, The Guardian ranked the song number six on their list of the 20 greatest Outkast songs.
Music video
The song's music video, directed by F. Gary Gray and produced by Earthtone III, works as a possible metaphor for the duo's "stormy" relationships with the mothers of their children and their families.[better source needed] In the United States, a DVD single featuring the videos for "B.O.B" and "Ms. Jackson" was released in 2000, before the other physical formats. Along with Toni Braxton's "Just Be a Man About It", this single was the first to bear only a DVD credit on the Billboard Hot 100 until the other formats were issued. Because "Ms. Jackson" was the only Outkast song that was present on the Hot 100 at the time, sales points were added to this song instead of "B.O.B".
Track listings
Credits and personnel
Credits are lifted from the UK CD single liner notes.
Studio
Personnel
Charts
Certifications
Release history | 081a8b9b-5344-45dc-98d0-5cb1835b4761 |
null | Butler City may refer to multiple historic place names: | df45f136-e436-4de2-bb6f-3a7661775997 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1963_Pan_American_Games_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_4_%C3%97_100_metres_relay"} | International sporting event
The men's 4 × 100 metres relay event at the 1963 Pan American Games was held at the Pacaembu Stadium in São Paulo on 4 May.
Results | 69274fad-2a69-4061-a939-9f7794a6ef59 |
null | William Haskell may refer to: | 2abecadd-3808-4e04-ba2d-4d87fb808afc |
null | Tropical Inn Resort was a mixed-use motel and substance rehabilitation center formerly located along northeast Dixie Highway in Palm Bay, Florida.
Description and History
Established in 1964, the Tropical Inn Resort is currently owned by STF investments and was formerly a Days Inn and an LGBTQ-friendly resort. In 2013 it was licensed to operate as a substance rehabilitation center which it opened some time later as the Tropical Wellness Center. On April 12, 2018, it was reported that the Tropical Inn Resort would close permanently after the city of Palm Bay shut off its water due to the hotel's failure to pay an $80,000 water bill. | 99bdae1d-e931-4718-83b7-38ba0624cf66 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vila_(Vielha_e_Mijaran)"} | Locality in Catalonia, Spain
Vila is a locality located in the municipality of Vielha e Mijaran, in Province of Lleida province, Catalonia, Spain. As of 2020, it has a population of 57.
Geography
Vila is located 168km north of Lleida. | c980d868-b696-4045-a489-83c84d510619 |
null | Impacts to sending and receiving countries
The economic results of migration impact the economies of both the sending and receiving countries.
Economic impact on natives
According to David Card, Christian Dustmann, and Ian Preston, "most existing studies of the economic impacts of immigration suggest these impacts are small, and on average benefit the native population". In a survey of the existing literature, Örn B Bodvarsson and Hendrik Van den Berg write, "a comparison of the evidence from all the studies... makes it clear that, with very few exceptions, there is no strong statistical support for the view held by many members of the public, namely that immigration has an adverse effect on native-born workers in the destination country."
Studies show small but more mixed results (negative, positive or no impact), for low-skilled natives.
Research also suggests that cultural diversity has a net positive effect on the productivity of natives. A literature review of the economic impacts of immigration finds that the net fiscal impact of migrants varies across studies but that the most credible analyses typically find small and positive fiscal effects on average. According to the authors, "the net social impact of an immigrant over his or her lifetime depends substantially and in predictable ways on the immigrant's age at arrival, education, reason for migration, and similar". Studies of refugees' impact on native welfare are scant but the existing literature shows mixed results (negative, positive and no significant effects on native welfare).
Research on the economic effects of undocumented immigrants is even more scant but existing studies suggests that the effects are positive for the native population. A 2015 study shows that "increasing deportation rates and tightening border control weakens low-skilled labor markets, increasing unemployment of native low-skilled workers. Legalization, instead, decreases the unemployment rate of low-skilled natives and increases income per native."
United States
A survey of economists shows a consensus behind the view that high-skilled immigration makes the average American better off. A survey of the same economists also shows strong support behind the notion that low-skilled immigration makes the average American better off.
Overall immigration has not had much effect on native wage inequality but low-skill immigration has been linked to greater income inequality in the native population. According to labor economist Giovanni Peri, the existing literature suggests that there are no economic reasons why the American labor market could not easily absorb 100,000 Syrian refugees in a year.
Impact on the migrants and global poverty
Research suggests that migration is beneficial both to the receiving and sending countries. According to one study, welfare increases in both types of countries: "welfare impact of observed levels of migration is substantial, at about 5% to 10% for the main receiving countries and about 10% in countries with large incoming remittances". Studies show that the elimination of barriers to migration would have profound effects on world GDP, with estimates of gains ranging between 67 and 147%. According to Branko Milanovic, country of residency is by far the most important determinant of global income inequality, which suggests that the reduction in labor barriers would significantly reduce global income inequality. A study of equivalent workers in the United States and 42 developing countries found that "median wage gap for a male, unskilled (9 years of schooling), 35 year-old, urban formal sector worker born and educated in a developing country is P$15,400 per year at purchasing power parity". A 2014 survey of the existing literature on emigration finds that a 10 percent emigrant supply shock would increase wages in the sending country by 2–5.5%. According to economists Michael Clemens and Lant Pratchett, "permitting people to move from low-productivity places to high-productivity places appears to be by far the most efficient generalized policy tool, at the margin, for poverty reduction". A successful two-year in situ anti-poverty program, for instance, helps poor people make in a year what is the equivalent of working one day in the developed world. Research on a migration lottery that allowed Tongans to move to New Zealand found that the lottery winners saw a 263% increase in income from migrating (after only one year in New Zealand) relative to the unsuccessful lottery entrants. A longer-term study on the Tongan lottery winners finds that they "continue to earn almost 300 percent more than non-migrants, have better mental health, live in households with more than 250 percent higher expenditure, own more vehicles, and have more durable assets". A conservative estimate of their lifetime gain to migration is NZ$315,000 in net present value terms (approximately US$237,000). A slight reduction in the barriers to labor mobility between the developing and developed world would do more to reduce poverty in the developing world than any remaining trade liberalization.
Impact on trade and innovation
Research also finds that migration leads to greater trade in goods and services. Using 130 years of data on historical migrations to the United States, one study finds "that a doubling of the number of residents with ancestry from a given foreign country relative to the mean increases by 4.2 percentage points the probability that at least one local firm invests in that country, and increases by 31% the number of employees at domestic recipients of FDI from that country. The size of these effects increases with the ethnic diversity of the local population, the geographic distance to the origin country, and the ethno-linguistic fractionalization of the origin country." Mass migration can also boost innovation and growth, as shown by the Huguenot diaspora in Prussia, German Jewish emigration to the United States. Immigrants have been linked to greater invention and innovation in the U.S. Research also shows that labor migration increases human capital. Foreign doctoral students are a major source of innovation in the American economy.
Impact on the sending country
Remittances increase living standards in the country of origin. Remittances are a large share of the GDP of many developing countries. A study on remittances to Mexico found that remittances lead to a substantial increase in the availability of public services in Mexico, surpassing government spending in some localities.
Research finds that emigration and low migration barriers has net positive effects on human capital formation in the sending countries. There was found to be a "brain gain", instead of a "brain drain", because of emigration.
One study finds that sending countries benefit indirectly in the long run on the emigration of skilled workers because those skilled workers are able to innovate more in developed countries, which the sending countries are able to benefit on as a positive externality. Greater emigration of skilled workers consequently leads to greater economic growth and welfare improvements in the long-run. The negative effects of high-skill emigration remain largely unfounded. According to economist Michael Clemens, it has not been shown that restrictions on high-skill emigration reduce shortages in the countries of origin.
Research also suggests that emigration, remittances and return migration can have a positive impact on political institutions and democratization in the country of origin. Research also shows that remittances can lower the risk of civil war in the country of origin. Return migration from countries with liberal gender norms has been associated with the transfer of liberal gender norms to the home country.
Research suggests that emigration causes an increase in the wages of those who remain in the country of origin. A 2014 survey of the existing literature on emigration finds that a 10 percent emigrant supply shock would increase wages in the sending country by 2–5.5%. A study of emigration from Poland shows that it led to a slight increase in wages for high- and medium-skilled workers for remaining Poles. A 2013 study finds that emigration from Eastern Europe after the 2004 EU enlargement increased the wages of remaining young workers in the country of origin by 6%, while it had no effect on the wages of old workers. The wages of Lithuanian men increased as a result of emigration after the Lithuanian accession to the European Union in 2004. Return migration is associated with greater household firm revenues.
Some research shows that the remittance effect is not strong enough to make the remaining natives in countries with high emigration flows better off.
It has been argued that high-skill emigration causes labour shortages in the country of origin. This remains unsupported in the academic literature though.[citation needed]
Political philosopher Adam James Tebble argues that more open borders aid both the economic and institutional development of poorer migrant sending countries, contrary to proponents of "brain-drain" critiques of migration.
Push factors and pull factors
Push factors
Push factors are reasons that push people away from their countries. Examples of push factors are:
Pull factors
Pull factors are reasons that pull people to other countries. Examples of pull factors are: | 3b0b8d0a-f164-47ff-8e9c-26e27badbe34 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Sports_(Brazil)"} | Pay TV sports channel in Brazil
Fox Sports was a group of Brazilian sports channels that was launched on 5 February 2012 as Fox Sports by Fox International Channels (FIC), replacing the Brazilian variant of Speed. A second channel, Fox Sports 2 was launched on 24 January 2014, which continues to use the Fox Sports name temporarily due to contractual obligations. On May 6, 2020 Brazil's antitrust regulator CADE announced that Fox Sports and ESPN Brasil could merge with channel being kept for a year until January 1, 2022 due to the channel's broadcast rights and structure in the country.
In 2019, Disney acquires all of Fox's assets internationally, including Fox Sports. In Brazil, The Administrative Council for Economic Defense (Cade) approved, with restrictions, the acquisition of Twenty-First Century Fox by The Walt Disney Company. The operation received the guarantee conditional on the sale of the Fox Sports channels, among other measures negotiated in a Concentration Control Agreement (ACC).
The Court decided to apply the conditions as it understands that the merger of the companies' businesses raises competition concerns in the market of sports cable TV channels – which include ESPN (from Disney) and Fox Sports (from Fox). Currently, there is only one high-rated rival capable of competing with these channels.
Because Disney was unable to find a buyer for Fox Sports, on May 6, 2020 Brazil's antitrust regulator CADE announced that Disney could keep the channels, on the condition that it keep the main Fox Sports channel on the air until at least January 1, 2022, thus ending the 21st Century Fox merger with Disney.
Fox Sports main channel was rebranded as ESPN4 in Brazil on 17 January 2022, becoming the fourth network among those of the domestic version of ESPN.
Fox Sports 2 will remain on-air in Brazil under that name until sometime in 2022, and Disney has not announced whether the channel will be closed or renamed.
Events Previously Broadcast on Fox Sports and Fox Sports 2
Football
Baseball
Boxing
Motorsports
Professional wrestling
Starting January 11, 2021 Fox Sports and Fox Sports will not have any original programs, as part of Disney's new sports schedule.
Programs broadcast by Fox Sports in Brazil until 2021
Announcers from Fox Sports in Brazil | c15ee129-b884-4a18-a162-e5f6958b2c95 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82ocina"} | Village in Lubusz Voivodeship, Poland
Słocina [swɔˈt͡ɕina] (German: Reichenau) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kożuchów, within Nowa Sól County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) north of Kożuchów, 8 km (5 mi) west of Nowa Sól, and 20 km (12 mi) south-east of Zielona Góra.
The village has a population of 131. | 4a20ea66-edcc-416c-88f6-339a66bd11fa |
null | An Australian rules football tournament in the United States, similar to the National Basketball Association All-Star Game.
Pitches 44 of the best players in the USA against each other. The first of these games was held in 2003, and it became a much anticipated annual event. Each year, both All-American and All-Star sides take the field.
Past matches | ccb26f1a-726c-4392-83cc-24e173c24f62 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhardshagen"} | Municipality in Hesse, Germany
Reinhardshagen is a municipality in the district of Kassel, in Hesse, Germany. It is located 24 kilometers north of Kassel, and 21 kilometers west of Göttingen. | 3f9835ae-0a22-4835-930e-81f523ee7dc1 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Spring,_Wisconsin"} | Unincorporated community in Wisconsin, United States
Big Spring is an unincorporated community located in the town of New Haven, Adams County, Wisconsin, United States. Big Spring is 7 miles (11 km) east-northeast of Wisconsin Dells.
Notable people | 0525dc9e-8f58-4770-bed6-0aa59ed52495 |
null | The 2003 Atlantic Sun men's basketball tournament was held March 6–8 at the GSU Sports Arena at Georgia State University in Atlanta, Georgia.
Troy State defeated Central Florida in the championship game, 80–69, to win their first Atlantic Sun men's basketball tournament.
The Trojans, therefore, received the Atlantic Sun's automatic bid to the 2003 NCAA tournament, their first appearance in the Division I tournament.
Format
The Atlantic Sun's membership remained fixed at twelve, so no changes to the format were required. As such, only the top eight teams from the conference tournament were eligible for the tournament. These eight teams were seeded based on regular season conference records.
Bracket | d35175fb-10e0-4d47-be16-ccd7953db965 |
null | American politician
James P. Lordi (December 1, 1910 – June 1985) was an American Democratic Party politician who served in the New Jersey General Assembly.
A lawyer and former executive secretary to Newark Mayor Ralph A. Villani, Lordi was elected to the Assembly in 1969 to represent Essex County District 11A. Running with incumbent Paul Policastro, they easily defeated the Republican candidates, Raymond Bossert and Charles J. Chirichiello. Lordi did not seek re-election to a second term in 1971 and was replaced on the ticket by Democrat Frank Megaro.
Family
Lordi's brother, Joseph P. Lordi, was an Essex County Prosecutor and the first chairman of the New Jersey Casino Control Commission. | eecc8f21-f4e2-40dd-83eb-ca7be96a2b1c |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Ward"} | British tennis player
Alexander Ward (born 30 April 1990) is a retired British tennis player.
Early life
Ward was born on 30 April 1990 in Northampton, Northamptonshire, England. He was educated at Northampton School for Boys.
Tennis career
Ward has a career high ATP singles ranking of 242 achieved on 6 June 2016. He also has a career high ATP doubles ranking of 379 achieved on 9 September 2013.
Ward made his ATP main draw debut at the 2013 MercedesCup after defeating Sandro Ehrat, Dustin Brown and Ivo Minář in the qualifying rounds. In the main draw he drew fifth seed Fabio Fognini, but lost 3–6, 6–7(5–7)
Having come through qualifying as the world No. 855, Ward competed at the 2017 Wimbledon Championships, where he lost to compatriot Kyle Edmund in four sets in the first round.
In September 2018, Ward announced his retirement from professional tennis.
ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals
Singles: 27 (16–10)
Doubles: 12 (4–8) | 03690abf-2fb1-4a82-8990-5daaa6847a92 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upagraha"} | Shadow planets in Hindu astrology
In Jyotiṣa or Indian astrology, the term Upagrāha (Sanskrit: उपग्रह) refers to the so-called "shadow planets" (Sanskrit: छायाग्राह, chāyāgrāha) that are actually mathematical points, that are used for astrological evaluation. Upagrāha is a generic term used for two distinct and different calculations. One type of Upagrāha called Aprakāśa (अप्रकाश) is calculated from the degree of the Sun. Another type is more generally called Upagrāha or Kālavelā (कालवेला) is calculated by dividing duration of diurnal sky (from sunrise to sunset) or the duration of the nocturnal sky (from sunset to sunrise) into eight parts. The classic writers like Parāśara, Varāhamihira and later writers like Vankatesa Śarma, author of Sarvartha Chintamani, all classify the Upagrāhas in various ways.
Overview
The Vedic astrology is primarily based on the calculation of mathematical points. For instance, the Yoga, also referred to as the fifth part of Panchangam, is the sum of the combined longitudes of the Sun and Moon. Specifically, Upagraha is based on the longitude of the Sun so that astrological insights involving it needs the calculation of the sun's path in relation to other planets. For example, Rāhu and Ketu are determined according to the intersection of the sun and moon's paths in the sky. This serves a number of purposes and one of the most important of these is the determination of the power wielded by the upagraha to provide benefit or harm. For example, an upagrāha's interaction with Dhūma will result in excessive heat, risks of fire, and mental anguish.
Mantreśvara in the 25th chapter of his Phaladīpika deals with the nine traditional upagrāhas; the nine upagrāhas are – Māndi (मान्दि), Yamakaṇṭaka (यमकण्टक), Ardhaprahāra (अर्द्धप्रहार), Kāla (काल), Dhūma (धूम), Vyatipāta (व्यतीपात), Paridhi (परिधि), Indradhanu (इन्द्रधनु) and Upaketu (उपकेतु). Gopsh Kumar Ojha clarifies that Māndi is Gulika (गुलिक). With the exception of Yamakantaka the rest eight upagrahas are malefics and produce bad results. Yamakantaka is powerful in conferring benefits same as Jupiter but the other eight have evil influences in the bhavas (houses) they are found to occupy.
Aprakāśa Upagrāha calculation
The resulting calculations will always leave Dhūma in opposition (180°) to Indracāpa and Vyatīpāta in opposition to Pariveṣa. All the Aprakāśa Upagrāhas are always in a fixed distance from the Sun.
Kālavelā Upagrāha calculation
Daytime 8 part division
Nighttime 8 part division
Mapping the Kālavelā Upagrāha by Graha
The table below shows how the five Kālavelās correlate to five of the Grahas ("Su" for Sun, "Ma" for Mars, "Me" for Mercury, "Ju" for Jupiter, "Sa" for Saturn). Use this abbreviation of the Grahas to find the index of the 1/8th part of each Kālavelā in the daytime and nighttime tables above. If the intention is to calculate Kāla, use "Su" (Sun) in the tables above, if Gulika, use "Sa" (Saturn) to identify the index of the part sought.
The calculation steps below involve calculating units of time. In the Indian classics Ancient Indian units of time (kāla vyavahāra) were used, but modern units (24-hour day) can be used as well.
Identify the Diurnal and Nocturnal duration
Division of Diurnal and Nocturnal duration
The Position of the Kālavelā
Rising time of Upagrahas
Māndi’s rising is got by firstly finding out the duration of day and night; if the duration is equal i.e. of thirty ghatis each (one ghati=24 minutes), Māndi would rise at the end of ghatis 26 on Sunday, at the end of ghatis 22 on Monday, at the end of ghatis 18 on Tuesday, at the end of ghatis 14 on Wednesday, at the end of ghatis 10 on Thursday, at the end of 6 ghatis on Friday, and at the end of 2 ghatis on Saturday. In the case of "night-births" the 5th of that particular weekday will have to be considered, and if the day and night durations vary then the rising of Māndi will have to be altered proportionately. The rising times of Kala during day-time on weekdays are in order at the end of ghatis 2, 26, 22, 18, 14, 10 and 6; those of Yamakantaka are at the end of ghatis 18, 14, 10, 6, 2, 26 and 22, and those of Ardhaprahar are at the end of ghatis 14, 10, 6, 2, 26, 22, 18. Dhooma is got by adding 4 signs 13 degrees and 20 minutes to the Sun’s latitude; Vyatipata is got by subtracting the figures for Dhooma from 12 signs; Paridhi is obtained by adding six signs to the figures for Vyatipata; Indradhanu or Kodanda is got by subtracting Paridhi from 12 signs; and Upaketu is got by adding 16 degrees 40 minutes to Indradhanu. The simpler method for determining Māndi’s rising sign is - For day born, the duration of the day (Dinamāna) divided by 8 gives eight parts each part governed by a planet; the first part is ruled by the day-lord. For night born, the first part is ruled by the 5th planet in the given order; the sign rising in the east in the part ruled by Saturn is Māndi’s rising sign.
General effects
Mantresvara tells us:-
गुलिकस्य तु संयोगे दोषान्सर्वत्र निर्दिशेत् |
यमकण्टकसंयोगे सर्वत्र कथयेच्छुभम् ||
" Wherever Gulika is in conjunction (with a planet), in all those (instances), evil has to be predicted; whenever Yamakantaka is associated, good has to be expected."
He further clarifies that Gulika, which is Saturn in effect, is more powerful in giving bad results, the rest produce half of the evil it produces.
If Gulika (Mandi) is found situated in the Janma Lagna then the person will be a thief, hot-tempered, cruel, disrespectful, unintelligent, uneducated, heavy eater, not stoutly built, not long-lived, have defective eyesight and no sons. Situated in the 2nd house, Gulika makes one harsh in speech, misbehaved, quarrelsome, unreliable, unreasonable and illogical in thought and deeds, and suffer from want of wealth. If Gulika is in the 3rd house the person will be arrogant, hot-tempered, greedy, a loner, fearless, impervious, a show-off who derives no happiness through brothers. The 4th house Gulika makes one devoid of relatives and friends, devoid of wealth and conveyance. If Gulika is in the 5th house the person will be evil-minded and evil-tempered, unsteady and short-lived; if it is in the 6th house then one will be fond of the occult and the mysterious, brave, victorious and blessed with a very able son. If Gulika is in the 7th house the person will be quarrelsome, unfriendly towards all, envious, possess little knowledge and understanding and much married. Gulika situated in the 8th house makes one short-statured with a defective face, appearance, eyesight and speech. The 9th house Gulika does not give an able father, guide or teacher or son; if it is in the 10th house then the person engages in evil and unworthy deeds and is not generous. The 11th house Gulika gives happiness, a commanding over-bearing personality and good sons. Gulika occupying the 12th house makes one spend recklessly, lose wealth and suffer poverty. The rising sign in the Janam lagna will be a trikonasthana counted from the sign occupied by Gulika or the navamsa occupied by Gulika. Gulika in conjunction with the Sun indicates that the father will be short-lived, in conjunction with the Moon proves harmful for mother, in conjunction with Mars makes brothers unfortunate and unhelpful and separation from brothers, in conjunction with Mercury it makes one a fool or mentally ill, in conjunction with Jupiter, unscrupulous, in conjunction with Venus it makes one seek women of ill-repute, in conjunction with Saturn it makes one suffer many calamities, ailments, leprosy and be short-loved, and in conjunction with Rahu or Ketu gives infections and diseases and imbalance. If a person is born with Gulika situated in Tyajyakaala i.e. in Vishaghati or Vyatipata, Vaidhrti, Kulika, Ardhyaama, Paatayoga, Vishkumbha yogas or Bhadrakarana, Kshya-tithi or Vrddhi-tithi, the person even though born in a royal family will remain a daridra and a beggar.
The planet in conjunction with Yamakantaka and the bhava occupied by it flourish, they give good results. Ardhaprahār situated in benefic vargas in the bhava that has gained more benefic bindus in the Ashtakavarga gives very good results. The rest produce evil results. The good or bad indicated by these Upagrahas is experienced during the course of the dashas of the lords of the bhavas they happen to be in and according to the status of their dispositors. If the dispositor of Gulika is in a kendra or a trikona vested with requisite strength in own or exaltation or friendly sign then one possesses a pleasing personality, is popular and famous and enjoys the benefits of Raja yoga, he becomes a powerful ruler. The kendras and the trikonas not occupied by taragrahas are indicative of a turbulent life; the chayagrahas tenanting the kendras in particular cause immense pain.
Rectification of rising sign in lagna
Kalidasa in his Uttara Kalamrita recommends the use of Mandi for the purpose of Lagna-shuddhi. He states – find out the rasis and the navamsas occupied by Mandi and the Moon, the rising lagna at the time of birth will be in the sign occupied by Mandi or the Moon or in the 7th sign or in the 5th or in the 9th from these two or from the navamsa occupied, whichever is stronger. | a1f97d9b-c8d2-476f-a918-317b9b0bf26d |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davidson_Herron"} | American golfer
Samuel Davidson "Dave" Herron (October 16, 1897 – January 27, 1956) was an American amateur golfer.
Herron won the 1919 U.S. Amateur at Oakmont Country Club, his home club, defeating Bobby Jones in the final, 5 and 4.
Herron played on the winning 1923 Walker Cup team. He also won the Pennsylvania Amateur twice.
Amateur wins
this list may be incomplete
U.S. national team appearances | c853de4f-1f7f-4f6b-b66a-63912d45047d |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaanbeikannemeyeria"} | Extinct genus of dicynodonts
Shaanbeikannemeyeria is an extinct genus of dicynodont known from the Early Triassic of China. It contains a single species, S. xilougoensis, which was described in 1980 by Zheng-Wu Cheng from a skull catalogued as IGCAGS V315. The specimen was lost, and a neotype skull IVPP V 11674 was later designated. A second species, S. buergondia, was named by Jin-Lin Li in 1980 from a partial skeleton, but it has since been regarded as a synonym of S. xilougoensis.
Paleobiology
Shaanbeikannemeyeria hails from the Ermaying Formation, which also yields the genera Fenhosuchus, Eumetabolodon, Halazhaisuchus, Guchengosuchus, Neoprocolophon, Ordosiodon, Wangisuchus and Shansisuchus. | 7aba2a09-d384-487a-8561-a19c0af3491f |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_North_Macedonia"} | Environmental issues in North Macedonia include air and water pollution, deforestation, threats to endemic species and climate change. There is substantial degree of pollution in the air, water and land of North Macedonia. According to 2019 estimates, the country is considered to have one of the highest degrees of pollution in Europe.
The country's tradition of measuring air quality started in 1965, after which urban environments could be monitored for the level of pollution present. Air pollution negatively affects the health of citizens, primarily their respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Some of the main causes for the increased air pollution in the country include the use of firewood and carbon during the winter period and heavy traffic dominated by the use of old cars. Government and citizen initiatives to tackle the problem of air pollution have appeared with various degrees of success.
There is significant water pollution in the country's water resources, primarily the biggest rivers Vardar, Bregalnica and Crna River and the Ohrid Lake. This is mostly due to unrestrained wastewater disposal from industry, mining, households and agriculture.
Background
Some of the most frequently polluted areas in the country include urban regions. Nevertheless, pollution has been noticed in some of the rural areas as well. Some of the most frequently polluted cities include the country's capital Skopje and bigger cities like Tetovo and Bitola.
Monitoring of the air quality started being recorded in 1965 when samples of harmful substances were being collected. Since the 1990s, more modern technologies have been implemented throughout the country. Airborne particles in Skopje have been estimated to exceed safety levels recommended by the World Health Organization by 20 times. Skopje is regularly ranked as one of the most polluted cities, both in Europe and the world. The PM10 levels in 2018 were above EU limits for 202 days; during that year they reached 2.5 PM, a measure that indicates the most dangerous air pollutants for health. The Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning is responsible for the recording of pollution in the country.
In 2022, it is expected that the pollution levels in the country will rise higher than before owing to the global economic crisis.
Air pollution
Main causes
The state of the air quality aggravates with the beginning of the heating season. Additionally, due to the country's location in a predominantly mountainous region and its Mediterranean climate, it is harder to tackle the problem. The rising of warm air upwards and its collision with the colder and heavier air downwards results in the formation of smog. The main causes of air pollution, in descending order of importance include:
As in other post-Yugoslav countries, a study by the Health and Environment Alliance found that the main pollutants of the air include the 16 lignite plants that are found on the territories of the countries.
Effects on health
According to health research, it is estimated that approximately 1350 (2015) and more than 3000 people (2019) died annually due to air pollution-related causes. Additionally, air pollution in the country is known to contribute to lost productive days. According to 2015 estimates, 253 million euros were lost, mainly due to premature death, health costs and reduced productivity.
Organs that are primarily affected by pollution are the lungs and the cardiovascular system. The most vulnerable population includes children between the age of 0 and 5, elderly people, people with chronic diseases, asthma patients, people who work outdoors and smokers (who have an increased risk of cardiac arrest). Additionally, heart diseases and strokes account for 80% of premature deaths related to pollution. Children are particularly prone to bronchitis and other infections due to the smaller size of their airways. Air pollution can have an effect on neural development and cognition that can lead to a decrease in performance and lower quality of life.
Additionally, numerous scientific studies have shown that PM10 and PM2.5 particles in the air could lead to metabolic disorders, such as those of the liver and to neurodegenrative effects, leading to worsened memory, speech, intelligence and tumor formations in pre-born children. It has been reported by Ratko Davidovski, a PhD in hygiene and health ecology, that several citizens of Tetovo who reported non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) despite leading healthy lives, which he attributed to the high levels of pollution in the air of that town.
Solutions
According to an analysis of air pollution in the period between 2005 and 2015, there was a decrease in the level of sulfur dioxide while the levels of other pollutants only decreased very slightly or remained unchanged. The same analysis found that the most important factors to tackle first include wood-burning heating systems and heavy traffic. Some of the proposed solutions to tackle air pollution problems include better public transport, using solar heating and pedestrianizing the city center. Additionally, nationwide gasification programs have been listed as the primary solution for the use of carbon and other pieces of furniture.
Water pollution
As there was no existing information on the level of water pollution in 2021, the discharge of harmful and dangerous substances in water bodies without a permit is not prohibited with sanctions for illegal actions. This includes wastewater from industry and mining that gets released into the soil, sewage, watercourses, reservoirs and lakes. Wastewater in turn, gets generated from several sources, including industrial and mining wastewaters, wastewaters from households and wastewaters from agriculture.
Public reactions and government initiatives
Many initiatives have been taken by the locals and the government to tackle and raise awareness about the issue of pollution. An AirCare application has been developed by an engineering student to monitor pollution levels and it gained widespread use by the wider public. Thousands of high school students protested on 20 December 2019 in front of the government building as part of global climate movements.
The judiciary system in the country is responsible to take measures against air pollutants when there is enough evidence that pollution is harmful to health through central and local politics. The country is receiving financial help from the European Union (EU). The country's president, Stevo Pendarovski, has emphasized that more financing is needed to tackle the air pollution problem. In early 2020, after the allowed toxic particles were eleven times higher than recommended, the government announced some measures such as free working days for pregnant women and the elderly, reduced outdoor work and banned sports and outdoor activities.
Legislation
Article 43 of the Constitution of the state is set in place to protect the environment. Since the 2000s, the harmonization process of the national legislation on environment with the EU legislation started and laws governing environmental protection started being implemented in the 2010s. | 548ff3db-cbb4-4fbd-9875-d1b4420260e6 |
null | British virologist whose main area of research is HIV/AIDS
Paul Darren Bieniasz is a British-American virologist whose main area of research is HIV/AIDS. He is currently a professor of retrovirology at the Rockefeller University. He received the 2015 KT Jeang Retrovirology Prize and the 2010 Eli Lilly and Company Research Award. Bieniasz has been a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator since 2008.
Early life and education
Paul Bieniasz was born in Norfolk in 1968. His grandfather moved to England from Poland at the outbreak of the World War II. Bieniasz grew up in Lincolnshire where he attended The King's School, Grantham. In 1990, he graduated from the University of Bath with a B.Sc. in biochemistry. Later, he joined the laboratory of Myra McClure at St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School, at the Imperial College London University of London. He completed his doctoral thesis in 1996 on foamy viruses entitled "Foamy viruses: Phylogeny, replication and exploitation for gene transfer."
Career
In 1996, Paul Bieniasz joined Bryan Cullen's lab at Duke University as a postdoctoral associate. At Duke, Bieniasz studied several aspects of the HIV-1 life cycle, including the determinants of specificity in the viral envelope with the cellular receptor CCR5 and HIV-1 Tat interaction with host factors. Bieniasz started his own independent lab in 1999 at the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center and Rockefeller University in New York. Initially he worked on understanding how later steps of viral infection, such as assembly and budding, were inhibited in rodent cells. This interest in viral budding came to define Bieniasz's career. Bieniasz showed that the retroviral protein Gag assembles at the plasma membrane, recruiting the viral genome by hijacking a specialized cellular protein complex involved in membrane vesicle trafficking, the ESCRT complex. Together with his wife and colleague, Theodora Hatziioannou, they identified several host-specific factors that restrict replication of HIV-1 in macaques. Tetherin, a potent antiviral factor, was also discovered in his lab and shown to be counteracted by the HIV-1 accessory protein Vpu. Subsequently, another inhibitor of HIV-1 replication was discovered in his lab, Mx2, a cellular protein shown to inhibit post-entry steps of the HIV-1 infection. In recent years, Paul Bieniasz's group has focused on viral RNA interactions with cellular proteins; in particular, his group showed that APOBEC3G is recruited to virions by interaction with the viral RNA, and that CG-depletion of HIV-1 genomes is a mechanism to evade the antiviral, RNA-binding protein ZAP. Bieniasz acted as Chair of the NIH AIDS Molecular and Cellular Biology study section from 2004 to 2009 and served on the NCI Board of Scientific Counselors from 2010 to 2014. | a6231332-fe9e-466a-ad66-1ff0347c856c |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidi_Merouane"} | Commune and town in Mila Province, Algeria
Sidi Merouane is a town and commune in Mila Province, Algeria. At the 1998 census it had a population of 20,018.
A substantial proportion of the Greek speaking inhabitants of Cargèse emigrated to Sidi Merouane in Algeria between 1874 and 1876. Of the total population of 1078 in 1872, it is estimated that 235 emigrated, all of them Greek speakers. According to anecdotal evidence from some Greeks in France and Corsican Greek descendents living in Greece, most of the Greek inhabitants of Sidi Merouane who survived the Algerian War of Independence resettled in Southern France following Algeria's independence from France in 1962, having largely assimilated with other French and European Pied-Noir settlers in Algeria, although a small number are known to have settled in Greece or emigrated to the United States.
Citations
Sources
Coordinates: 36°32′N 1°20′E / 36.533°N 1.333°E / 36.533; 1.333 | 6aaaf5ec-7092-45a2-a226-567d5897581a |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Cailleteau"} | French architect
Pierre Cailleteau (1655–1724), called Lassurance, was a French architect. He is not to be confused with his son Jean Cailleteau, also known as Lassurance, or Lassurance le Jeune to distinguish him from his father.
Biography: He was noticed by Jules Hardouin-Mansartin 1679 on the work-site of the Château de Clagny. In 1684, he started as a designer in the administration of the Bâtiments du Roi and played a major role in the new decoration of the royal residences. On the testimony of Saint-Simon, Hardouin-Mansart "was ignorant in his trade, and of Robert De Cotte his brother-in-law, it was hardly less. They both took an artist that they held close and secret to themselves, that was Lassurance, without which they could do nothing."
Lassurance is attributed to most of the decorative sketches commissioned for the Château de Versailles and the Trianon de Marbre around 1690: the King's apartments in the left wing of Trianon (round parlor, chapel parlor) and the apartments of the Duchess of Burgundy (oval parlor of the castle, mirror office, small gallery...). He allowed the panelling to continue to the ceiling, which he decorated with Rinceaux, Acanthus leaves and images of playing children. He introduced arcades in basket handle falling again on consoles, mirror panelling and fireplace surroundings to support height.
In 1699, Lassurance studied at the Royal Academy of Architecture. He left the Versailles architect office for the supervision of the Hôtel des Invalides. He then worked for important Parisian clientele, aristocrats and financiers, gaining recognition from François Duret, president of the Grand Conseil, with whom one finds him often associated.
Lassurance's Parisian hôtels reveal a sense of new comfort: from then on, the parade of apartments continue to develop, clearing antechambers and servant corridors and creating comfortable and independent apartments throughout the floors, more suitable for daily living.
On the other hand, the front elevations were criticized. Lassurance followed the rules of the central avant-corps, placing generally Ionic columns to the ground floor and attic pillars to the first floor. But some judged the height of this as too low, and caused confusion between the placement of the central window and the pediment sculpture.
The German lecturer Brice vigorously criticized the Rivié Hotel: "Which achieves to disfigure all, it has a big opening in the middle, in a displeasing manner, without any proportion of its height with its width. The side facing the courtyard is almost built in the same manner". But an avid other, Édouard Fournier, is of an opinion all opposed one: "The gigantic door of the hotel Desmarets, one of the masterpieces by the better student of Mansart, Lassurance, serves today entry to the passage of the Panoramas, opposite the small street of Montmorency."
The masterpiece of Lassurance was no doubt Château de Petit-Bourg, constructed for the Duke of Antin between 1716 and 1722.
Bibliography | 81c54773-b13e-4676-a32e-86147e9d425d |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaleh-ye_Tut"} | Village in North Khorasan, Iran
Qaleh-ye Tut (Persian: قلعه توت, also Romanized as Qal‘eh-ye Tūt) is a village in Badranlu Rural District, in the Central District of Bojnord County, North Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 151, in 42 families. | 92a4775b-9b76-42f0-9e33-b4da626b0e54 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Mary_O%27Donnell"} | Patrick Mary O'Donnell (1897–1980) was an Irish-born Roman Catholic priest in Australia. He was Roman Catholic Archbishop of Brisbane in Queensland.
Early life
Patrick O'Donnell was born on 2 February 1897 at Main Street, Fethard, Ireland, the son of Thomas and Johanna O'Donnell, who had a drapery business.
Religious service
Patrick O'Donnell was ordained as the priest of Sale in Victoria, Australia, on 15 April 1922.
On 8 November 1948 O'Donnell was appointed the coadjutor archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Brisbane with the right of succession. He served as coadjutor to Archbishop James Duhig for 16 years until Duhig's death on 10 April 1965, whereupon he succeeded him as Archbishop of Brisbane.
Later life
Patrick O'Donnell retired on 5 March 1973, as the Second Vatican Council had decided that bishops and archbishops should retire at 75 years of age. He installed his successor Francis Roberts Rush in a ceremony on 30 May 1973.
He lived quietly at his home Glengariff in Hendra in Brisbane until his death on 2 November 1980. He was buried in Cathedral of St Stephen, Brisbane beside Archbishop Duhig. | 49a68db3-dcbe-43c5-8507-8d5c50b03721 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Brazil_2013"} | Beauty pageant edition
Miss Brazil 2013, the 59th edition of the Miss Brazil pageant, was held in Belo Horizonte on September 28, 2013. The winner was Jakelyne Oliveira, who represented Brazil in the 2013 Miss Universe pageant. Twenty-six delegates from each state and the Federal District competed for the crown. The previous titleholder, Gabriela Markus of Rio Grande do Sul, crowned her successor at the end of the event.
Results
Placements
Special Awards
Order of Announcements
Top 15
Top 10
Top 5
Top 3
Contestants | 1ad586ec-9bef-43ba-b084-e4b8ce2df08f |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy"} | Muhammad Iqbal (1877 – 1938) is the national poet of Pakistan and is regarded as the soul behind creation of Pakistan. He is equally famous and well known in India and beyond for his philosophical, poetic and political works and services that he rendered for Pakistan, India, Afghanistan, Iran, and the Muslim world at large. The political objective condition of Indian subcontinent in pre-partition time influenced his poetry and politics in marked way. These political conditions ranged from British and Indian rivalry to the Muslim/Non Muslim or Muslim League and Congress rivalry. Iqbal in his poetry and practices has eloquently given expression to these conditions. Not only expressed it, but he also delivered speeches, addresses, and wrote about the amicable solutions of all these problems in the best interest of all. The political philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal went through several phases of development. The first (until 1905) was pan-Indian nationalism with a belief in the nationhood based on language, culture, race, and geography. The second (1905–08) was transitional/mental conflict and the third (1908–26) was Pan-Islamism/Muslim nationalism advocating political unity of the Muslim world. The fourth (1926–38) was Supranationalism or Internationalism wherein the Muslim ummah was universal, the boundaries of the state were for administrative convenience only and the affinity was spiritual.
In Iqbal's political philosophy and practice, parliamentary spiritual democratic system is universalistic and particularistic in its range. Global in nature, it is anchored in the religion of Islam that gives it a universal look. In 1926, when he entered politics to realize this ideal in practice, his ideas started to reflect the political scenario of the subcontinent. Besides Islam, Iqbal had made use of a good deal of western political concepts of nationalism, democracy, secularism, sovereignty, ethics of politics and communism. But he neither fully appreciates nor discards out rightly all these concepts. On the other hand, he has expounded his own political ideals of Tawhid, Khudi, Mumin, Islamic democracy, Millat, etc. Through these patterns of thought, Iqbal try to train an individual, a society and a global Islamic order. This universal order as it is construed from the concept of ummah will strive for the promotion of Panhumanism, i.e., freedom, brotherhood, and equality of humanity.
Overview
Iqbal's poetry and prose, despite their philosophical content and tone, are overtly political. This can be attributed to the political environment of British India in the late nineteenth and in the first half of the twentieth century; any intellectual of that period, whether Hindu or Muslim, could not help but join the struggle for freedom in their respective capacities. He has written many poems reflecting his first state of mind and philosophy i.e., pan-Indian nationalism. For instance, National Song for Hindustani Children takes pride in the beautiful features of the country like the great prophetic traditions, fertile soil, and heritage. Similarly, the Tarana-i-Hindi describes Hindustan as a lovely and lovable country; "Thou seest deity in the images of stone / For me there is deity in every particle of the country’s dust". According to Riffat Hassan a writer and political analyst: "Two things which stand foremost in Iqbal’s pre 1905 political poetry is: his desire to see a self-governing and united India free of both alien domination and inner dissension. This thinking of line portrayed the given political situation of India wherein British asserted its state authority against Indian and Indian asserted their identity-based politics against each other. This position denies of him as being ‘fanatics’, according to Dino and Ahmed (2018). Secondly his constant endeavor to draw attention to those factors of decadence which caused the decline of Muslims in India".
Iqbal visited Europe in pursuit of higher education and stayed there for three years, 1905–08. There he underwent a radical change. He became ambivalent towards pan-Indian nationalism and became pan-Islamist therein. He believed that self-centered competition between man and man and between nation and nation disintegrates human society. When he came back from Europe, he had already given up pan-Indian nationalism and adopted the cult of Pan-Islamism: from now onward started believing in one Muslim Ummah. He was no more believing in race and nationality and asked for unity among the Muslims. As he writes, "Break, break the idols of color and race / In the Millat yourself you must efface / Call not yourself of Turkish nationality, or an Irani, or an Afghani". Iqbal had now donned the mettle of pan-Islamism by advocating the role of religion in politics. He now believed that “politics has its roots in the spiritual life of man… [and] religion is a force of great importance in the life of individual as well as nations”. The membership of Islam is not determined by birth, locality, or naturalization. The expression ‘Indian Mouhammedan,’ however convenient it may be, is a contradiction in terms. Since, Islam is the religion which is considered above time and space condition. Muslim's nationality has no geographical basis. The Muslims looks for it in the holy town of Mecca. In the beginning Iqbal interest in practical politics remained very low rather he remained critic of Congress and Muslim League policies. However, against to his previous conviction, he entered the realm of politics in 1926 where he tried to combine “his Islamic universalism and territorial nationalism…”. “It seems to me that God is slowly bringing home to us the truth that Islam is neither nationalism nor imperialism but a League of Nations which recognizes artificial boundaries and racial distinctions for facility of reference only, and not for restricting the social horizon of its members”.
Western Ideas of Politics
After coming from Europe, where he closely observed and interacted with the Western life, Iqbal disapproved of the Western civilization. He discarded nationalism because of its divisive influence in society especially of Muslims. Zafar Ishaq Ansari writes that Iqbal observed that how “nationalism had destroyed the idea of universal brotherhood; how it had created barriers between man and man and between nation and nation; how it had sown seeds of international discords. Furthermore, he also became conscious of the dangerous possibilities of the idea of nationalism in the context of the Muslim world”. Again, the same author writes that “Iqbal’s condemnation of nationalism is not a condemnation of love of the fatherland. It is a condemnation of the modern concept of nation and fatherland, the significance of which is not merely geographical. ‘It is rather principle of human society’ which claim to be the only proper basis of cohesion and unity in human society and which exiles religion from playing a befitting role in human society”. It is this (nationalism) which divides the creatures of God into nations, It is this which strikes the roots of the nationality of Islam. For Iqbal religion was a unifying and central factor to politics and society of ummah. As he says, “Our heart is not of India, Turkey and Syria / Our commonplace is nothing but place”. Iqbal does not believe in the secularism of European political thought. He considers that separation of church and state occurred due to material advancement and nationalism demands from the people to switch over their loyalties from religion to nation-state. Khursheed Kamal Aziz writes that “one of the things on which Iqbal takes an uncompromising stand is the unique character of Islam as a combination of the spiritual and the worldly. It is as much an ethical system as a polity. It is not a religion in the ordinary sense of the word; it is a way of life”. Islam does not bifurcate the unity of man into an irreconcilable duality of sprit and matter. In Islam God and universe, sprit and matter, church, and state, are organic to each other. Man is not the citizen of a profane world to be renounced in the interest of a world of sprit situated elsewhere. To Islam matter is sprit realizing itself in space and time’. This is said to emphasize the fact that there is no place in Islam for a separation of religion and state, of things spiritual and secular. Iqbal also discusses positive and negative aspects of communism. Iqbal's condemnation of concentration of wealth in few hands, exploitation of workers by capitalist class, his welfare feeling for the Punjab's peasants and the landlords’ unjust treatment of peasants, are having socialistic appeal to the people. He writes few poems in this connection like: ‘Punjab Kai Dehqan Sey’ (To the Punjab Peasant) and ‘Lenin Khudda Kai Hazur Main’ (Lenin in the Presence of God) are socialistic in nature. Parveen Feroz Hassan writes that “Iqbal points out that though Marx is not a prophet, he has a book to his credit”. Iqbal appreciates communism for its stand on the equality, principle, labor rights and exploitative economic order of capitalism, but, in the words of Parveen Feroz, it is the ‘Godlessness’ of the communist doctrine which infuriated Iqbal. “In Javid Nama he advises the Communists to change their attitude of negation of God to positive recognition of the Almighty”. He praises Zakat institution of Islam and the equality of Islam. Iqbal was opposed to capitalism and communism for different reasons. How Iqbal views western democracy? Waheed Ishrat has deducted Iqbal's criticism of democracy from his poetry as following:
Own Innovative Ideas
His assumptions of Tawhid (Oneness of God and the prophet hood of Muhammad), Khudi (ego), Mumin (The Perfect Man), Millat (The Community, individual and community relationship), and Ijtihad (parliament spiritual democracy) are pivotal to his political philosophy. Tauhid is fundamental to all aspects of life. Writing about the importance of tauhid in politics Iqbal says “that the new culture finds the foundation of world-unity in the principle of tauhid. Islam, as a polity, is only a practical means of making this principle a living factor in the intellectual and emotional life of mankind. It demands loyalty to God, not to thrones. And since God is the ultimate spiritual basis of a life, loyalty to God virtually amounts to man’s loyalty to his own ideal nature”. His books The Secrets of the Self and others explain the concept of khudi. Iqbal does not use this term in the meaning of arrogance but rather ego is proportional strength of object. Firmness and determination are its activating virtues that lead man towards change, creativity and triumph as famously said for Iqbal by one author “I act, therefore I am”. His concept of Khudi is based on Quranic verse, “Verily God will not change the conditions of man till they change what is in themselves”. The individual himself takes the initiative in the development of khudi. In Iqbal's words an individual becomes a ‘dead matter’ if he ceases to know the importance of sprit within him. Ideas alone are not sufficient there must be action, movement, restlessness, love, and courageous sense of the importance of the self. Iqbal writes in the preface of his book which book that “the Quran is the book which emphasizes ‘deed’ rather than ‘idea’”, Khudi is continuous struggle in life for the higher mission. Certain qualities are essential for the growth and consolidation of khudi like: ishq (love) faqr (indifference to material possessions), courage and creativity. These qualities make khudi a powerful force. Similarly, some factors also weaken it like fear, beggary, and slavery. As he says, “The light of the self, and the fire of the self / Constitute the very essence of Islam, the fire of the Self nourishes life with enlightenment and consciousness / This is the nature of every object, and this is the cause of growth, however, the Nature has concealed its essence”. The concept of momin in Iqbal is also based on the Quran, which is a major inspirational source for his views. His momin is not only an embodiment of all the Quranic principles but is in fact, the Quran in action. The momin has great qualities of power, vision, action, and wisdom. These qualities in their perfect form are most noticeable in the character of Holy prophet. By these qualities when brought into action momin reaches to the stage of perfection and master of universe. Iqbal says that a momin is the replica of Divine qualities. Iqbal's momin is a moral creature, who is endowed with spiritual and religious prowess, and acting within the boundaries of the Canon Law is a mastercreator himself. His ceaseless struggle is directed towards the conquest of the universe and its culmination reaches when God and universe are absorbed in his being. The whole concept is, however, idealistic in nature. When such human emerges, is not clearly given in his thought but the momin will evolve from the inherent potentials and his spiritual and intellectual endeavors. As he says, “Transmute thy handful of dust into gold / Kiss the threshold of the Perfect man”.
Islam, Individual, Community and State
This community is bound by the belief of tauhid, and not by the factors of geography and ethnic bonds. He elaborates the same theme in the verses which say that our Master (the Holy Prophet), by leaving his native land resolved the problems of Muslim nationhood. Iqbal's millat is a universal community of Believers, transcending all barriers of caste, color, race, nationality, and territory. This concept of his is linked with the pan-Islamic movement that was going on in subcontinent and other Muslim countries at that time. He advocates like an individual the community must live a life of constant struggle and ceaseless endeavour. He further says that community has also its khudi which has all the attributes of the individual ego. Vigour, force, power, determination, will rise and move forward, and courage to fight, are the characteristics of the collective khudi of the community. He asks the Muslim world to consolidate the khudi as it was done by the Turks and Egyptian for their development, because without it state and religion cannot exist. After discussing these concepts separately, Iqbal then establishes a relationship between the individual and community. He says that the community is a great blessing for the individual who provides ample opportunities to the development of his heart and head. Similarly, community gets organization and strength from the individual. He connects khudi (self), self here means an individual, and bekhudi (selflessness), here means community. If self-inculcates uniqueness, initiative, determination and ambition, selflessness creates a spirit of sacrifice, devotion, and merger of the individual wills into the bigger will of the community for the greater good of all the members of community. The individual exists as a part of society. Alone he is nothing A wave is a wave only inside the river Outside of it, it is nothing. Now, how Iqbal conceives democracy in Islam and Muslim world? Iqbal criticism of western democracy was mainly due to the peculiar circumstances that Muslim were facing either in the Subcontinent or elsewhere, but he was not outright rejecter of this value. His political thought is akin to democratic government in the individual Islamic state or democracy-based Islamic an international order. He terms his democracy as a “spiritual democracy”, different in many respects from Western democracy. “Let the Muslim of today appreciate his position, reconstruct his social life in the light of ultimate principles, and evolve, out of hitherto partially revealed purpose of Islam, that spiritual democracy which is the ultimate aim of Islam”. Parveen Feroz writes that “Iqbal condemns the Western democracy and advocates in its place the spiritual democracy. In fact, the spiritual democracy is the only form of government that suits the ideological state of Iqbal”. Thus, Iqbal's belief is that Islamic political system which is democratic in nature, and rests on spiritualism’. The same author has noted down the following political principles that Iqbal considered that have a democratic essence.
About the ijtihad and parliament Iqbal writes in his book The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam, that the growth of republican spirit and the gradual formation of legislative assemblies in Muslim lands constitute a great step forward. The transfer of power of ijtihad from individual representatives of schools to a Muslim legislative assembly, which in view of the growth of opposition sects, is the only form ijma can take in modern times, will secure contributions to legal discussions from laymen who happen to possess a keen insight into affairs. Waheed Ishrat says that Iqbal favoured ‘elected assembly’ and its mandate to have ‘power of ijtihad’ instead a single individual for interpretation of sharia. Even he liked that ‘elected body’ functions on the line of a true caliphate system, and the legislature can make a ‘collective decisions’ as legislated collectively. So, he favored such system, as Turkey made it operative at that time, where Muslims are in majority. Anyhow, Iqbal, as such, was least concerned with the name of the system of the government but most concerned with the ‘principles of spiritual’ of Islam to be its permanent features. As Iqbal grew older and Indian became assertive in their demand in political arena-his thought became solid and mature, and so he was dictated by the political condition of subcontinent to do something practically if he were to realize these ideals of politics in the larger interest of the Muslim ummah. He enters practical politics in 1926. He complemented his pan-Islamism with territorial nationalism in the subcontinent context. After elaborating the basic postulates of Islamic ideology and its relevance to individual, society, and mankind, turned his attention to the Indian Muslims who were simultaneously menaced by British Imperialism and danger of permanent Hindu domination. Caught in the vortex of Indian politics, therefore, the basic problem of the Indian Muslims was how to regenerate their individual and collective selves and preserve their Islamic identity. A satisfactory solution of the problem implied policies and actions at three different levels:
Iqbal considered Muslim community as a separate nationality, and he wanted first, full autonomous status in the Muslim majority areas, and later an independent action of line from the Congress. His presidential address of 1930 is famous in this regard: I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sind, and Balochistan amalgamated into a single state. Self-government, within the British empire or without the British empire, the formation of a consolidated Indian Muslim state appears to me the final destiny of Muslim at least of North-West India. However, for Iqbal the establishment of a Muslim State in the Indian subcontinent was not an end by itself, but it was a means to achieve a higher goal-consolidation of the world-millat. Thus, the contradiction between Iqbal's theory of the Islami millat and his proposal for the establishment of a consolidated Muslim State in the North-West Indian region was, in fact more apparent than real... Hindu-Muslim conflict was a much deeper ideological cleavages between Islam and nationalism, and ‘therefore, the construction of a polity on national lines, if it means a displacement of the Islamic principle of a solidarity, is unthinkable to a Muslim”. “The Indian Muslims, by virtue of a common faith and history, are closely bound together with the rest of the Islamic millat living in the West Asia, and at the same time have their peculiarly Indian features. Therefore, in lending support to Two-nation theory, Iqbal was chiefly concerned with the consolidation of the Muslim community in the Northwest Indian region where they constituted majority. For this purpose, he used the theory of modern nationalism to counter the arguments of the All-Indian National Congress in defence of united Indian nationalism”. Iqbal believes ideally in a completely unified Muslim world.
State and Religion
Muhammad Iqbal existed in the era connecting two periods: the former feudal culture and contemporary capitalism. Because of the place of his origin, his education, and his journey in Europe, he was able to weigh and measure the advantages and deficiencies of both eras. Indeed, he was primarily a poet by nature, who observed and reacted to the stillness of the Muslims and the inner calamity which confronted Islam. He had a high regard for the attainments of the West, its energetic spirit, academic custom, and scientific advancements. But at the same time he condemned the imperialism of European colonial rule, the ethical decline of secularism and the economic exploitation of capitalism. Thus, he supported the idea to revert to the basics of Islam so as to create an Islamic substitute for contemporary Muslim culture. His appeal to action and his cachet have been exploited by the Ulama and politicians. Therefore, rather than to criticize Iqbal's imperfect perception of clarity as a shortcoming, it ought to be considered as Ulama's and politicians insufficiencies, who in their impulsive anxiousness believed that they are following him, but this was not the case in reality. If Iqbal did not propose an absolute principled formation of Islam, he certainly inferred the fundamentals of religion on profound and sound basis for further development. So, that the edifice developed on them would be unlike conventional Islam, and thus Iqbal's inferred fundamentals could advance into a more efficient society. On the other hand, the Ulama did not realize that the decisive factor of authority has altered in the contemporary world: authority is at present calculated in scholarly and scientific stipulations, and this is the actual foundation on which Western civilization has developed and sustained its status of supremacy in the world. In fact, Muslims also had in the past accomplished their pre-eminence through education, and their enthusiasm for learning. However, they shifted their focus from learning to following, and thus their decline started. The Ulama inclined to consider this supremacy in complete political stipulations, lacking the perception, that it was indeed a result of the earlier scholars‘ thoughtful reformations. They persist exclusively on the political image of the world, so that the importance of new reformations is lessened. Instead of fulfilling the immense requirement of adaptation, the Ulama have maintained the approach of averting these reformations. They use Iqbal's poetry as a valid evidence for their arguments and tried to fascinate the sentiment of the people. In contrast, to his lectures, the Ulama are in complete agreement with his poetry. His ardent admiration of Islam, not simply as a religion, but as an all-inclusive political approach, in fact acted in reaching a persuasive sway on Muslim intellectual academics. The novels of Abdul Halim Sharar, the poems of Altaf Hussain Hali and Iqbal, and the writings of Muhammad Ali enthralled Indian Muslims and reinforced the consciousness of a distinct Muslim identity. This was essential on emotional basis rather than by rational arguments. Iqbal stressed on the complexity of forces for acquiring advancement, and he believed that every effort to struggle with this complexity is a sacred deed. He stated: An act is temporal or profane if it is done in a spirit of detachment from the infinite complexity of life behind it; it is spiritual if it is inspired by that complexity. Iqbal did not seem to support aloofness or impartiality, but a moral fiber of dedication and loyalty to the source of religion. Life is complex, and spiritualism exists in identifying this complexity. Hence he stated: ...in Islam it is the same reality which appears as the Church looked at from one point of view and the State from another. It is not true to say that Church and State are two sides or facets of the same thing. Islam is a single unanalyzable reality which is one or the other as your point of view varies. As we do not intend to delve into philosophical inquiry at present, it might be significant to state that Iqbal supported internal association among state and religion. The essence of Tauhid, as a working idea, is equality, solidarity, and freedom. The state from the Islamic standpoint is an endeavor to transform these ideal principles into space-time forces, an aspiration to realize them in a definite human organization. It is in this sense alone that the state in Islam is a theocracy, not in the sense that it is headed by a representative of God on earth who can always screen his despotic will behind his supposed infallibility. Thus he truly believed that the main concentration and desire of an Islamic formation of government is to uplift the morals of its society. For this reason Iqbal believed final truth as spiritual, and life as exists on Earth is terrestrial, in which the spirit traces its chances to build up in the existing natural conditions through substantial progress with the secular developments. Likewise the Quran states:"We have created the heavens and the earth and all that is between the two in accordance with the requirements of truth and wisdom. The Hour is surely coming, so overlook (their faults) with gracious forgiveness."[Quran 15:85]
This is in complete contradiction of the superficial Islamic jurisprudential laws, which was indeed an idealistic approach, since no Islamic state practiced those isolated outline set of laws as prescribed by the orthodoxies for Islamic state. All Muslim states have their own distinct law formation legislative bodies. Like Turkey, for whom Iqbal felt great affection to, is significantly established as a secular state and does not primarily empower religion and thus became one of the few Muslim countries who have progressed. Iqbal attributed the deteriorating force of Islam to the Muslim societies moving away from Islamic virtues. His political theory, similar to his philosophy in other aspects, was distinguished by a deliberate return to history to revive those ideas and morals which could present a paradigm for the present as well as the future. His poetry reflected his disappointment for Muslims denial of the facts. Although we have both examples of modesty and authority in the life of the Prophet, the Ulama, who were influenced by Iqbal's poetry, highlighted his period of authority and regarded his modest period as mere struggling time. Thus the Islamic ideology took a far-reaching transformation through Iqbal's poetry. Before him, Syed Ahmad Khan strongly believed that Muslims should concentrate solely on their education so that they could be socially upgraded. He believed that the ability to rule came subsequently when the nation becomes mature, educated and open minded. Moreover, political authority is completely a worldly accomplishment that could be regard as worldly benefit, and the complete focus on it will result in lessening the worth of religious values. However, Sayed's reaction on Urdu-Hindi conflicts influenced Iqbal, and he based all his political thought on the differences between Hindus and Muslims.....Sir Sayyed Ahmad Khan (d.1898) who, after the Hindi-Urdu conflict, reached the conclusion that these two nations could not live together. He was followed by Iqbal (d.1938) and finally Jinnah(d.1948), who reiterated the concept of the two-nation theory and emphasized the separateness of the two communities. Although he was in agreement with Sir Sayyed in the concept of a two-nation theory, in this next quote, Iqbal is against him and believed that there is no essential division between religion and politics in Islam. He regarded the split among religion and politics as an aversion from the spirit of Islam. The religious and philosophical thoughts of people were mainly the demonstration of their political situations. He also believed that the execution of sound political formation was fundamental for the moral and spiritual growth of people in a Muslim society....politics requires religion to survive and to play an active role in the Muslim society. In the words of poet Iqbal if religion is separated from politics, it becomes tyranny. Thus, when Iqbal supported a cooperative mutually beneficial connection between religion and politics, he actually contemplated legitimatizing the appreciated principles of human unity, egalitarianism and liberty. His idea of the distinct objective for Muslims in history, and his considered opinion of the essential impact of the competent regime in the character building of society, became the source for his upcoming persistence on the requirement of a divided territory for the Muslims of the Indian Subcontinent. Ideologically, Iqbal was against secular form of government. In this regard, he seemed to support the orthodox to some extent, however, he did not support the view of caliphate as the traditionalist claim, but he had a soft heart for the Ulama, since essentially he was afraid of fragmentation among Indian Muslims. He said: In India circumstances are much more peculiar. This country of religious communities where the future of each community rests entirely upon its solidarity is ruled by a Western people who cannot but adopt a policy of non-interference in religion. This liberal and indispensable policy in a country like India has led to most unfortunate results.... Any religious adventurer in India can set up any claim and carve out a new community for his own exploitation. This liberal State of ours does not care a fig for the integrity of a parent community, provided the adventurer assures it of his loyalty and his followers are regular in the payment of taxes due to the State. Iqbal's most important contribution was his restoration of a conscious energetic spirit of Islam. He was symbolic to Muslims whose Islamic principles that needed a fresh spirit to their Islamic society. He rebuilt the basic ideals in his poetry that could rouse Muslims, educated and uneducated, to an intuition of what ideal they ought to have, and blaze their intellects with a longing to discover means of seizing such ideals. Iqbal, like most men, was limited by his temperament. A poet draws heavily upon his feelings and emotions as he attempts to convey his intuition of reality.... However, neither poetic temperament nor the poem itself is concerned with the practical implementation of social reforms or the realization of the ideal.....He expressed the need of the Muslim community when he called for the formation of Pakistan but its practical implementation was to fall to Jinnah and others. Still there is a place in our world for the idealists. To have clothed his insights in poetic form and thus to have fired the hearts and minds of millions to pursue and implement these ideals is an extraordinary achievement, one which more than justifies the great esteem that Muhammad Iqbal had enjoyed. Iqbal had an insight of a perfect society, which is a significant inspiration. However, he did not completely resolve this perfect society as an idealistic world-Utopia. He perceived to be Muslim in the meaning of personifying the ideals and principles of religion or the experiential Muslim society like the Government of India's opinion poll identifies it. ....To my mind, government, whatever its form, is one of the determining forces of a people's character. Loss of political power is equally ruinous to nations‘ character. Ever since their political fall the Musalmans of India have undergone a rapid ethical deterioration.
Democratic system
The twentieth century undertook generally the whole Islamic world, more specifically Indian-Subcontinent, into a politically decisive moment. Consequential to a wide period of colonial reign, Muslims brought up a series of mounting struggles to respond to the political and cultural domination of the West. Cherishing the centuries of unmitigated history of Islamic supremacy and influence in the lives of the Muslims, Islam contributed a momentous role in Muslim response and retort to Western imperialism. This stimulated the advancement of Islamic modernism, and was an issue to instigate Muslim independence and nationalist movements. Fascinated with their Islamic legacy and tradition, Islamic reformers wanted to bring back Muslim pride and selfconfidence to restore Muslim society politically and communally. Their formation of Islamic reconstruction called for a fresh interpretation: a development of Islam that could bring about harmony between Islam and modernity, which restated the privileged circumstances and significance of Islamic ideology to politics, law, and society. Since, the Indian Muslims did not obtain enough potency of temperament to resist those forces, which inclined to fragment their communal being, the distinguished South Asian Muslim intellectual reformer Muhammad Iqbal had mentioned in the 1930s the correlation among consensus, democratization, and Ijtihad. Iqbal's vision of the powerful, life-affirming self would exert its influence among opinion-makers of South Asia. Abul A'la Maududi (1903-1979), founder of the Jamaat-e-Islami movement, was a working associate of Iqbal.... For Iqbal it was incomprehensible that a religion that passed authority to the powerless, can lay political authority to a privileged minority. Since, Iqbal was renowned as one of the main personage in modern Islam, and was not considered as a dogmatic nationalist or religious fundamentalist, he presented an exceedingly sound criticism of Western democracy. Iqbal believed that the desired harmonization in Western democracy and the progression of spirituality in Muslim society does not depend on the perseverance of formations of organizations. This constancy brought insignificant results. According to him: ... the ultimate fate of the people does not depend so much on organization as on the worth and power of individual men. For him it was a complicated situation to settle an open-minded and advance ethical temperament with a refined and positive political orderliness. In the ideal Muslim society, the political power has been assigned to the whole society and every individual who can put into effect these authorities consistent with their designated affiliates as a sanctified accountability, and with-in the restrictions set by God. The particular technicalities of election and political organizations can be described consistent with the essence of the times, and the altering needs of all societies, but the principle of election shall remain unquestionable. He founded democracy distasteful since "colossal oppression masquerades in the robes of democracy", and at best he considered it a mechanistic device in which only numbers are counted, not the worth of the individuals. Iqbal considered a religious foundation as the first principle for any society and proclaimed that "be it a monarchy or a democratic show, if faith is removed from politics what is left is mere tyranny". The phase of mechanically borrowing methods and ideas from Western competency has passed, and at present the required attempt was to set up genuinely Islamic democratic methods. However, this attempt was not innately opposed to Western democratic methods, but it included acknowledgment that there were considerable shortcomings with the Western approach of democracy. Humanity was in need of a spiritual interpretation of the universe, spiritual emancipation of the individual and basic principles of a universal import of directing an evolution of human society on a spiritual basis. Thus Iqbal believed that the major task of Muslim societal order is to conserve the piety of the person and to generate chances for his spiritual progress. So, Iqbal indeed had articulated in his writings that he detested the modern democratic system of counting heads in the debate of political issues; this aversion, though, is not in opposition to the fundamental tenet of democracy, which is specifically, egalitarianism of everyone before law, but in opposition to the system use for determining the desires of layman. Iqbal, for that reason, cannot be blamed as totally opposed to democracy in its fundamental nature. Iqbal was undoubtedly a democrat.... yet he bitterly denounced Western democratic systems. Now, the essence of his criticism is that Western democratic societies aim only at accomplishing materialistic ends... Iqbal rejected Western democratic systems because of their lack of ethical and spiritual concerns. It is not their democratic forms and process which are in error but their orientation and value systems. Iqbal respected the concept of classless and divine democracy that is a method which recognized the dormant capability of individuals, where men of working-class benefit from political attribute, and where the country does not owe a favor only to the affluent and influentially advantaged elite. It was a method that assisted the powerless and the deprived more than the affluent; as stated by the first caliph Abu Bakr when he undertook authority: "The weak among you is powerful for me until I obtain what is owing to him and the powerful among you is weak for me until I acquire from him what is owed from him." His hatred for democracy is due to the particular form which it has taken in the West and which, in Iqbal's eyes, is nothing less than the rule of a certain privileged class which knows no law except of its own making, intended to usurp power for the exploitation of the weaker members of society. He says in Javid Nama: "Woe to the constitution of the democracy of Europe! o The sound of that trumpet renders the dead still deader; o Those tricksters, treacherous as the revolving spheres, o Have played the nations by their own rules, and swept the board." Iqbal had dreamt of a Muslim State that would advocate the dignified morals of individual nobility, communal impartiality, and spiritual and material liberty. In fact Iqbal wanted to develop a high moral society so that every organization in it will be self righteous. In this manner it will be Islamically democratic. Western democracy, if imitated superficially, will not be beneficial for society as it is obvious in the current political circumstances of Pakistan. Iqbal's insight, regarding the political standard of Islam is democratic in essence. He considered no innate conflicts with Western democracy and the original principles of Islam. His writings evidently depict the democratic character behind Iqbal's political philosophy. Hence democracy was the fundamental essence of his political ideal. The republican form of government is not only thoroughly consistent with the spirit of Islam, but has also become a necessity in view of the new forces that are set free in the world of Islam. Islamic democracy could not be implemented without communal support; otherwise it would be a kind of tyranny, which is against the teachings of Islam, as it is indispensable for every impartial and egalitarian government to satisfy the needs of common man. Besides, for the implementation of Islamic morals or values, we have to bring intellectual progress to our general public, to educate them regarding the morals of Islam. Thus there would be substantial improvement in the sincere enthusiasm towards Islamic ethics. And at the same time the interpretation of Islamic basics should develop according to the needs of time. This would enhance Islamic influence in Muslims. Thus the God fearing society would be aroused. For Iqbal religion could not be separated from politics since religion alone could endow men with the moral fiber necessary for good governance. Iqbal, however, did not favor theocracy, a government run by the Ulama. As a matter of principle Iqbal was against the Ulama assuming state roles or the establishment of a council of Ulama because that would separate the functionaries of religion from laymen and for Iqbal there cannot be a juxtaposition of the spiritual and the temporal. Iqbal's ideal polity would be a society firmly anchored on a religious foundation and ruled by what may perhaps be described as an aristocracy of Islamic intellect. Moreover, Iqbal considered the belligerent warfare as one of the terrors of modern civilization. He was habituated to saying that the utmost disaster of Islam was when it turned into a kingdom. The abolition of the Caliphate and the subsequent growth of a republican spirit in the Muslim countries was a return to the original purity of Islam. According to him this development was the underlying principle of Islam, which was displaced by Arab imperialism, especially after the fourth Caliph. Iqbal's era was under the sway of two major philosophies important in twentieth century: Capitalism and Socialism. However, Iqbal beautifully treated both of them, and did not get influenced by them as many of his contemporaries. Using his Islamic perspective, Iqbal sought to assess capitalism and socialism, the two major ideologies dominating the twentieth century and vying for power in the Muslim world. His criticism of Western democracy followed from his belief that the Western capitalist system suppressed the individual and his growth and made true democracy an impossibility: The Democratic system of the West is the same old instrument whose chords contain no note other than the voice of the Kaiser, "The Demon of Despotism is dancing in his democratic robes, Yet you consider it to be the Nilam Pari of Liberty". And again in Persian Psalms we read: "Of the hireling‘s blood outpoured, Lustrous rubies makes the Lord, Tyrant squire to swell his wealth, Desolates the peasant‘s tilth." In Javid Nama, Iqbal ultimately finds the fundamental faults of capitalism and communism to be the same: "Both fail to recognize the Lord, deceive, Mankind. The one for revolution thirsts, The other for tribute: they‘re two millstones, That pulverizes the humankind." He condemns the gross materialism and godlessness of both systems: The soul of both is impatient and intolerant; both of them know not God and deceive mankind. One lives by production, the other by taxation and man is a glass caught between these two stones. Islam does not approve stern and inflexible domination of the individual for the benefit or welfare of public, nor does it allow the individual's absolute liberty to proceed in the path of his self-centeredness and consequently jeopardizing the living of powerless communal members. It imposes essential restrictions upon both the individual and society which must not intrude upon in any circumstances. This is anticipated as the outcome of spread of Divine Law and also brings into line the communities welfare. The law of God is absolutely supreme. Authority, except as an interpreter of the law, has no place in the social structure of Islam. Islam has a horror of personal authority. We regard it as inimical to the enfoldment of human individuality.... the absolute equality of all the members of the community. There is no aristocracy in Islam. "The noblest among you", says the Prophet, "are those who fear God most". There is no privileged class, no priesthood, no caste system... Now, this principle of the equality of all believers made early Musalmans the greatest political power in the world. Islam worked as a leveling force; it gave the individual a sense of his inward power; it elevated those who were socially low. The elevation of the down-trodden was the chief secret of the Muslim political power in India....... On the other hand, the current state of Muslims morale in India was in contrast to the desired prerequisite for acquiring the needed development. Thus Iqbal brought to light that: ...We are suffering from a double caste system –the religious caste system, sectarianism, and the social caste system, which we have either learned or inherited from the Hindus. This is one of the quiet ways in which conquered nations revenge themselves on their conquerors. Islam does not bifurcate the unity of man into an irreconcilable duality of spirit and matter. In Islam God and the universe, spirit and matter, Church and State, are organic to each other.
Pan-Islamism
It is possible to discuss about an earlier Pan-Islamic illustration in Iqbal's political idea which had a place for caliphate. But, political proceedings in his era heralded for quite a few changes. This did not suggest an entire desertion of a Pan-Islamic principle. It was the objective of his guidance that all Muslim states ought to look inside to reinforce and reconstruct them, so that the Muslim nations will take part in a League of Nations-like association. Such a ‘League‘ would be ingrained in the shared principle of its members. This mutual ‘in agreement‘ would move rapidly in a single movement from their Islamic traditions with their general principles of equality, fraternity, and solidarity and their communal law—the shariah. Hence, Muslim nations possibly would shun disagreement or hostility so that it is probable to bring to an end to the drawbacks of nationalism with its propensity to the fragmentation of society into adversary ethnic groups. Thus he visualized an international Muslim nation, as he declared that Islam was neither ‘nationalism‘ nor ‘imperialism‘ but a ‘League of nations‘, which recognizes artificial boundaries and racial distinctions for facility of reference only, and not for restricting the social horizon of its members. Besides, he also considered that for the present time, each Muslim nation should focus on itself until all became sufficiently powerful to establish a living family of republics by reconciling their reciprocal enmities, through integrating the affiliation of Islam. The standardized spiritual culture in the Islamic world would make possible the political unanimity of Muslim nations. Iqbal hoped this integration could further lead us towards the outline of a perfect global nation, or develop into a League of Muslim Nations, or become a range of self-governing Muslim nations interwoven with each other through discourse, deals or agreements. Nationality with us is a pure idea; it has no geographical basis. But inasmuch as the average man demands a material centre of nationality, the Muslim looks for it in the holy town of Mecca, so that the basis of Muslim nationality combines the real and the ideal, the concrete and the abstract....The best form of Government for such a community would be democracy, the ideal of which is to let man develop all the possibilities of his nature by allowing him as much freedom as practicable. The Caliph of Islam is not an infallible being; like other Muslims he is subject to the same law; he is elected by the people and is deposed by them if he goes contrary to the law. Thus for him democracy did not only mean to imitate Western style of government, rather a just kind of government by which humanity and kindness prevails and progresses. For that reason he extensively pointed out towards a national league of Muslim states that could unite and give the world, what was needed. As Quran states: "Strive for the cause of God as you ought to strive, as He has chosen you and laid no burden in the matter of your religion……so that the Messenger may be a witness over you and so that you may be witnessed over mankind."[Quran 22:78] While Iqbal did express misgivings about Western democracy and its suitability for Muslims, or for Muslims, or for multi-cultural societies in general, he argued that the republican form of government was not only thoroughly consistent with the spirit of Islam. The road to the restoration of the khalifa, and with it the unity of the umma must come at the end of a quest for national independence and identity, and take the form of a ‘league of nations‘, a commonwealth of autonomous national entities. Like his other ideas, his political supposition is distinguished by the deliberate rotating of history to find those values and ideals which could offer an example for the contemporary and the future. Similar to the majority of Muslim revivalists, Iqbal credited the deterioration of Islam to the Muslim's moving away from Islamic values. The result of which were the worsening conditions. The life force of the Indian Muhammadan, however, has become woefully enfeebled. The decay of the religious spirit, combined with other causes of a political nature over which he had no control, has developed in him a habit of self-dwarfing, a sense of dependence and, above all, that laziness of spirit, which an enervated people call by the dignified name of ‘contentment‘ in order to conceal their own enfeeblement. Iqbal's immense input was his regeneration of the conscious energetic spirit of Islam. He symbolized to society those Islamic principles that could create fresh life for the Islamic political entity. He tried to revise primary values and propagated through his poetry that could possibly stir his fellow Muslims to the instinct which could have triggered their intellects with a craving to discover means of understanding such principles. At the beginning of the 20th century when Iqbal illustrated his poetic skills, he created some rousing poems that throbbed with the lasting emotions of nationalism. However, subsequent to 1908, his considerations underwent harrowing changes. His initial eagerness for Indian nationalism diminished and he appeared as one of the greatest Pan-Islamist of this century. Slowly his ideas took a new shape. During his stay in Europe, He had come into closer contact with the German vitalist philosophy, and there is no doubt that this Weltanschauung appealed very much to him, and helped him to discover a new approach to his own religion and culture, in rediscovering the original dynamism of Islam. He had begun as a patriot in the Western sense; hence his anthem: Our India is the best of all countries in the world. But then he reverted to the Islamic notion of patriotism, and corrected himself in another famous anthem: China and Arabia are ours, India is ours,Muslim we are, the whole world is ours ... O water of the river Ganges, thou rememberst the dayWhen our torrent flooded thy valleys...In a speech in Aligarh Oriental College in 1910: Islam, as a social and political Ideal‘, he reminded the audience of the past glorious development of the Islamic peoples, since he understood that the Indian Muslim has long since ceased to exploit the depths of his inner life. Several of his outstanding poems are brilliant with the faultless descriptions of his poetic brilliance and he mourned over the vanishing of Muslim universalism. Shikwa and Jawab-e-Shikwa, Shama aur Shair (The Poet and the Candle), Khizr-I Rah (The Guide) and Talu-e Islam (The Rise of Islam) explain Islam's historical magnificence and its current agony and dissatisfaction with a splendor of expressions and thoughts which is only one of its kind in the history of Urdu literature. Jawab-I Shikwa, which was read at a community gathering at Lahore in 1913, states compassion and high regard for the Turks, which combatted the enemy in the Balkan wars. The whole poem is a work of art of expressiveness and demonstrates vast profundity of emotions, and it depicts the reasons why Muslims of the world require to be unified. In a passage of the poem, he fervently condemned the Muslims, and considered them accountable for their individual and collective collapse. Ever since the conversion of Mohammad Iqbal, sometime during his stay in Europe, from territorial nationalism to Islam, he considered certain values of ethical orientation as crucial both to the survival and development of mankind, values which, in his view, constituted the essence of Islam. In fact, Iqbal professed that God, who gave them honor in the history, is the same. His blessings were the same, but it was Muslims who have distorted, and have dissociated themselves from the character which permitted them to be the beneficiaries of God's everlasting blessings. Men by and large acquired what they be worthy of. A hunter ultimately finds what he targets. The Muslims in history were genuine in their loyalty to Islam as such their rewards were immense. The approach of the contemporary Muslims are un-Islamic since they have shattered the universality of millat, and have separated this commonwealth of believers into regional bodies founded on race and region. The Muslims of the world have one Quran, one Faith, one Belief, one Kaaba, and this is the entire basis for them to be cohesive as one nation. Though, it seems that since Iqbal was confronted by the political environment that was complemented with profound tendency to be easily swayed by emotions, and even if Iqbal as a philosopher might have ascended over it, Iqbal as a poet might not. When Iqbal pointed to certain events in past Islamic history, he did so not because he wanted to go back to the past but because they yielded some sort of inspiration. His values were vertically ‘up’, not horizontally in the past. To bring these values into play in the arena of the spatio-temporal world was the task of a Muslim- his “man of faith” (mard-i-mumin) or “perfect man” (insane kamil), who could comprise the Muslim Community if only it could recover solidarity and its true being culture. It was for this realization of this ideal that Iqbal dreamed of Muslim autonomy to be carried out in the Muslim majority areas of the Indian sub-continent. And it was for this reason that he explicitly rejected Indian territorialism as the basis for nationhood since nationhood, for him, was squarely based on ideology. Iqbal did not talk merely of two nations in India but of “nations”—apparently more than two—in his correspondence with Jinnah. Yet, since he did not explicitly speak of a multiplicity of sovereign states in India (perhaps because he did not think it realistic under the then conditions in the sub-continent). It seems he was in favor of diverse states (according to the diversity of nation which existed) within India, and also wanted to arouse the nationalistic spirits in Indian Muslims. What's more, here again Iqbal became an idealist when he overlooks the existing circumstances and relationships between Hindus and Muslims. In regard to the defense of the subcontinent, he stated: "I am sure that the scheme of a neutral Indian army based on federated India, will intensify Moslem patriotic feeling, and finally set at rest the suspicion, if any of the Indian Moslems joining Moslems from beyond the frontier in the event of an invasion…. Thus possessing full opportunity of development within the body politic of India, the north-western Moslems will prove the best defenders of bayonets. These statements indicate that the north-western Moslem state that he envisioned was to be part of an Indian Confederation. He failed to answer the question of how this plan could work without creating friction between Hindus and Moslems. Nevertheless, Iqbal ended up as a romantic utopian when it comes to the concept of Muslim nationalism and ideas according to Hussain Ahmed Madani with whom Iqbal had a series of conflicts. Although he was a traditional Alim, for a Muslim nationalist, he had sound and bona-fide arguments. Iqbal gives emotional reasoning and took the isolated words of Quam, Ummat and Millat from Quran and had his own insignificant explanations for them. In a statement the Madani said, "Nations are made by territory." Although Iqbal was seriously ill at the time, however, he decided to give a detailed refutation to this statement. He wrote some very forceful, verses castigating Madanis contentions and pointed out that to say that nationalism is not contrary to Islam is highly sacrilegious, and the gravity of this in increases manifold when it is committed from the pulpit of a mosque. He charged Madani of being completely ignorant of the mission of the Holy Prophet. These sentiments he expressed in a poem in Gift from Hijaz, and told the Madani that he should search for light in the life of Holy Prophet and if he could not do that, he was ignorance personified. On the other hand, Madani advocated that Islam includes the values that lie behind the morality of principle, feasible, and ethical issues. It was the way not just for personal spiritual revolution, but also for the supervision of the community in its domestic as well as political facets. It gave light on all provisions of life, and it provided every kind of directives. At present, we ought to study that Islam comprises values controlling personal and mutual collective life. Other regional similarities nationalism was shared with nonMuslims as well. Moreover, in refuting Iqbal's accusations he stated that: "Millat means sharia or deen or tariqa (law or faith or system) weather it is true or false and Qaum means a group of men or men and women, weather pious or impious or different, with a condition that they have something in common within themselves.…the prophets illustrated in the Quran while addressing to their people belonged to the same qawm as did their infidel addressees. "And O my people! How is it that I call you to salvation while you call me to the Fire! (40:41) and many more verses like 40:29, 30 and 39, 36:20-21 and 26-28." Iqbal advocated that nationhood is death of Islam. Muslims comprise an ummah, and an ummah cannot be restricted to any territorial boundary. According to Iqbal, notion like sovereignty of the state, and sanctimonious character of the boundaries drawn around it are completely alien to Islamic faith. The collective existence of the Islamic community is not based on family ties, and ethnic connections. The unity among Muslims is rooted in religion. If Muslims want to solidify their ranks, their only option is to strengthen the bonds of religion. If they fail to abide by religion, the millat would be fragmented, and once this happens that would be its swan song. On the contrary, Madani upheld that a nation is a geographical idea while ummah is a religious or sacred notion. Muslims are an ummah and are, in that logic, an international society. However, Madani stated, one must not be confused between the idea of nation and the idea of ummah. The previous is a political group while the later is a religious group. Therefore, it is appealing to observe that Madani who was also the president of the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind, declined to uphold the two nation theory. He in his place assisted the Composite nationhood and had written a book called Composite Nationalism and Islam. It is significant to observe that Madani also mentioned, the covenant which the Prophet (PBUH) drafted with people of Madina belonging to assorted religions and tribes (it is called the Mithaq-I-Madinah). Madani called it the forerunner of the current idea of nation. The Prophet drafted the covenant among diverse religions (Jews, Muslims and pagans) and different tribes (Jewish, Muslim and Pagan) and explained this compound society as ummah wahidah i.e. one community. Consequently, the Prophet (PBUH) went beyond the limitations of religion to comprise a geographical community. The situation in Madina was pluralistic there was no single community.... So, the Holy Prophet drew up this covenant with leaders of different religions... And it has very close parallel to the Indian situation..... when the Holy Prophet could accept plurality and give full freedom to the followers of all religions including tribal religion where there was no question of book...., they were also given freedom to practice their religion. Misaqe Madina can become our guide if we are prepared to reread the text. And there even the concept of Umma was very different. It was not Muslim community but it was Madinese community, all were included Jews were included; tribals were included and Muslims were included. The concept of Umma in Madina was very different from its later meaning which confined only to Muslim later on. But as far as the Holy Prophet was concerned, he did not confine it to the Muslims alone. This provided evidence to set down the establishment of the foremost political society in Madina, in which diverse ethnic groups, religions, and other cliques were equivalent associates in every element, including been permitted liberty to adhere to their own religion. It can be noticed that the Prophet set down an agreement ordaining reciprocally settled conditions more willingly than founding theological territory. All the religious and tribal groups were allowed to retain full autonomy in respect of their customs and traditions. In the event of any dispute the case had to be settled in keeping with these customs and traditions. ... The foundational principles of this document are autonomy to various constituent groups, freedom of professing and practicing ones religion, customs and traditions and equal rights in matters common to all the constituents. Secondly, the document clearly emphasizes democratic form of governance, which should be based on consensus and agreement and not on coercion and compulsion. Here it would also be important to note that the Prophet, in matters of political governance, has refrained from invoking theological authority. While it is a fact that Muslim universalism, which has at all times been customary as an essential part of the religious dogma, has hardly ever been carried out in the essence like Iqbal believed. Muslims throughout the world do not constitute a political community. It was possible only in early period of caliphate—during what is called the period of Rashidun Caliphate when Muslims could move from one part of the Caliphate to another part. There were no restrictions. But when many Muslim rulers emerged on the scene restrictions began to appear. And now in the modern nation-states no Muslim can go and settle in any other Muslim territory unless permitted to do so according to the rules..... Even Saudi Arabia, which claims that the Quran is its constitution, does not allow Muslims from other parts of world to settle in its nationally defined territory. Even for the purpose of Haj one has to obtain visa.... Thus in modern times the concept of ummah can only be spiritual and religious and not political. Since the establishment of caliphate provided the Muslim world only a representative unity, the Muslim realm was always divided into self-governing autonomous states. Moreover, even now we observe both nationalism and secularism in numerous Muslim states. Turkey, for example, is equally secular and a nationalistic country. Same is the case for Malaysia. Even Indonesia, the largest Muslim country in the world at moment, is a secular country. And these are only the few Muslim countries who have accomplished progress. No specific Muslim country is Iqbal's ideal: it is rather the ideal realm of Islam or the ideal of existence emanating from the spirit of Islam with which Iqbal's thought is imbued. In idolizing Islam, Iqbal was often carried away and contrasts it with Christianity—not the ideal world of Christianity but the actual one as Iqbal saw it exist in Europe. ....His views on Muslims as a nation were not fully understood at the time since he rejected territorial nationalism yet demanded a separate territorial homeland for Muslims. Yet although Iqbal is concerned with polity and society and propounds ideal solutions, he did not concern himself with details: he offered no specific scheme pertaining to the socioeconomic structure and the political system he would like established. Maulana Madani persuasively reasoned in the support of multiple nationalisms by substantially citing from the Quran. The Maulana's chief line of reasoning was that Qaumiyat was a territorial idea, and was not a religious one. It is millat which has religious implication. Moreover, Maulana Madani contended through assorted historical paradigms to explain that collective nationality is not hostile to the teachings of Islam. He stated that when an individual can execute numerous characters simultaneously as a father, a son, a son-in-law, a teacher, a student, a ruler, then why he is not capable of uniting dissimilar identities and purposes as a resident of a state, a Muslim, a speaker of a particular language, and the rest? In short, the Muslims of India can live as Indian nationals with other nonMuslim populations and pursue their personal religion, individual law, converse their language and so on. The idea that Islam is an inflexible religion is further than my understanding. To the point that I can comprehend its laws, it[Islam] can live collectively with non-Muslims in one country; it can be peaceful with them; it can make agreement with them, and in business-related dealings, alliance, occupancy, the exchange of gifts, loans, trusts, etc. He [Muslim] can intermingle with them, partake in affairs of happiness and sorrow, and eat with them...A Muslim can go in and settle in the nonbeliever's lands of non-belief and the ‘abodes of war.’ ...There are innumerable laws and principles governing social structure in Islam that discloses its thoughtfulness for and open-mindedness for others and that are not found in other religions... This is the meaning of [Islam's] flexibility (lachack). But this flexibility does not mean subjection, or an eagerness to make untrue and prohibited deeds matters of satisfactory practice. Most of all it inspired hatred among the Indian Muslims for their Hindu compatriots, who could be in fact the object of proselytizing. Hence, this approach was another critical hindrance in the propagation of Islam. He further proposed that other varied measures might be taken on to defend Muslim's Political rights, and they could remain liberated to create interactions with other sections of the Islamic world, be it Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Central Asia, Africa, Europe or America. Madani wrote all this as contradictory to the two- nation theory. Indeed, as stated by him the actual essence of the Quran was to support congruent coexistence in a multi-cultural, multi-racial and multi-religious world. The Quran states: "For every one of you we appointed a law, and a way. And if Allah had pleased, He would have made you a single people, but that He might try you in what He gave you. So vie one with another in virtuous deeds."[Quran 5:48] Indian Muslims were fellow-nationals with other communities and groups in India, though separate from them in religion. At present, he said, nations are made by homelands, as for instance England, where members of different faiths make up one nation. Diversities of religion make no difference to the formation of a qawm, because they are essential to a millat. However, at the same time as a millat, the Muslims of India were not a divided individual, for they were the element of the worldwide society of Muslims, and it was improper for one part of this worldwide society to identify itself in defensive terms to the segregation of Muslims and aims to depart. Indeed, Madani dynamically argues and gives his factual rationales in the opposition of Muslim League's manifestoes. The Jamiyyat al Ulama-i-Hind regarded the Muslim league's ‘hostage‘ theory that is the minority on both sides of the border, not only as political none sense but also as contrary to the Muslim Holy Law. Furthermore, the hatred of Muslims which, in the nineteen-forties was already being generated by the demand for partition, together with the stirring up of feelings of contempt and fear towards Hindus, would render the peaceful spread of Islam by the Ulama impossible. Madani believed that the large increase in the Muslim population of India since the end of Muslim rule – he put it at 400 per cent – was attributable to this peaceful missionary activity. Madani asserted that as the Muslims of India were a separate religious entity between the religious communities that existed in the subcontinent, they were component of the same ‘nation‘ (qaum) as their Hindu fellow citizens. A nation was not comprised by ties of faith; such ties were the origin of a milla, which represents a religion, a religious law, and a faith-based path and the community of those who pursue it. Therefore, it is clear that Iqbal was fundamentally a poet and as far as his ideas for nationalism are concerned, they were based on sentiments and were not rationally grounded. With this debate between Madani and Iqbal, the deficiencies of two-nation theory and its inconsistency with Islam were lucidly evident. Moreover, it is obvious that Madani has a more logical and valid arguments than Iqbal's sentimental poetic ideology. So, Islam does not in any way encourage political unity on the basis of religion and it has never existed in entire Islamic history. Political unity broke immediately after the death of the Holy Prophet. So there is no question that 1400 years after his death, there will be political unity. There was political unity only in his lifetime. But after his death, Muslims differs from each other politically and different political power centers came into existence. So, modern nationalism which is territorial in concept does not conflict with the basic teachings of Islam as long as we separate religious unity from political unity. Iqbal's idea of a Muslim state was, as a matter of fact, to create a place for Muslims to experiment and revitalize the deadwood that Islam had become into throughout the centuries, and to rediscover its active and swaying qualities. However, in 1930 it was again Iqbal who realistically wanted mutual harmony and co-operation within Indian nationalism. It seemed that his rational attitude at times guided him, but his overall poetic idealist nature overwhelmed his rationality. The unity of an Indian nation, therefore, must be sought, not in the negation but in the mutual harmony and co-operation of the many..... And it is on the discovery of Indian unity in this direction that the fate of India as well as Asia really depends. India is Asia in miniature....If an effective principle of cooperation is discovered in India, it will bring peace and mutual good will to this ancient land which has suffered so long, more because of her situation in historic space than because of any inherent incapacity of her people. And it will at the same time solve the entire political problem of Asia. It is, however, painful to observe that our attempts to discover such a principle of internal harmony have so far failed. Why have they failed? Perhaps we suspect each other's intentions and inwardly aim at dominating each other. Perhaps in the higher interests of mutual co-operation we cannot afford to part with the monopolies which circumstances have placed in our hands and conceal our egoism under the cloak of nationalism, outwardly as narrow minded as a caste or a tribe. Perhaps, we are unwilling to recognize that each group has a right to free development according to its own cultural traditions. But whatever may be the causes of our failure, I still feel hopeful. Events seem to be tending in the direction of some sort of internal harmony. And as far as I have been able to read the Muslim mind, I have no hesitation in declaring that if the principle that the Indian Muslim is entitled to full and free development on the lines of his own culture and tradition in his own Indian home-lands is recognized as the basis of a permanent communal settlement, he will be ready to stake his all for the freedom of India.... It is quite obvious that Iqbal had a deep desire of Indian nationalism for Indian Muslims. How could he be charged for the immense hatred among Muslims and Hindus for forever, or the inclination for the bloody division of India? All he wanted the Muslims to be united for their own benefit. India is a continent of human groups belonging to different races, speaking different languages and professing different religions. Their behavior is not at all determined by a common race-consciousness. Even the Hindus do not form a homogenous group. The principle of European democracy cannot be applied to India without recognizing the fact of communal groups. The Muslim demand for the creation of a Muslim India within India is, therefore, perfectly justified. I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sind and Baluchistan amalgamated in to a single State. Self-government within the British Empire or without the British Empire, the formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim State appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of North-West India. Therefore, in his speech, he mentioned the continuance of segregate electorates and the formation of a centralized constitution to fulfill Muslim wants. Iqbal was in support of the formation of different states within India according to their similarity of race, religion and culture. Hence, he clearly said ―Muslim India within India, instead of dividing India. Indeed, a federation, not an independent Muslim state. On account of his historic Allahabad speech, Iqbal was regarded as the architect of the state of Pakistan, a term formulated three years afterwards. This understanding was only in some measure genuine. He was quiet for the destiny of the Muslims of East Bengal, who were actually more numerous than the north-western Muslims. Whether this was a failure to notice an intentional omission, it was not evident. Perhaps Iqbal might have had the insight that Bengalis were from the beginning more advanced and enlightened than the rest of the Indian Muslims. Moreover, they were entirely different in their language and culture from the other Indian Muslims. This perception proved accurate in 1971, when Bangladesh came into being. Moreover, Iqbal is also known responsible for generating skeptic thinking, through his poetry towards everything which comes from West. He thinks that the rise of nationalism in the Muslim world is a conspiracy planned by the Western powers. The purpose of the whole design is to weaken Islam as a dynamic force in the political and social life of mankind. One of the grave outcomes of this stress on the political aspect of Muslim deterioration is that it perceived only unfairness, plots, and sufferings, but not the weakness in the Muslim psyche which did not stand up to the demands of modernity. The Quranic verse, "Verily, along with every hardship is relief. Verily, along with every hardship is relief."[Quran 94:5–6] in which God assures that ‘adversity‘ is escorted by ‘ease‘, or ‘release‘, have been misconstrued by a number of interpreters of Quranic texts to indicate that release will arrive subsequent to adversity. However, the verse under consideration in fact converses of ease together with adversity, which indicates that unfavorable situations could themselves have fresh opportunities. Therefore, Muslims are suffering the adverse state of affairs consequent upon colonial rule and Western ascendancy. Muslims have not availed the opportunities brought by adversity. For example, in existing times, the emphasis rests on assurance of freedom of thought and protections from religious persecution, which together with contemporary measures of communication, have exposed the latest possibilities for the propagation of Islam. The political activists and Ulama have although acquired the benefits of modern technologies but live on as though in denial of the challenges of the modern era. In a world that is indebted to freedom of faith and expression, the concept of departing from the planned course of blind following has been constantly objectionable to the Ulama, since this carries the potent thought that it could be legitimate to analytically study the intellectual works of their forebears.
Propagation of Islam
Iqbal strongly believed that Islam is the religion of peace and its spread was occurred through peaceful measures. Politically, the solidarity of Islam would break up if Muslim nations were to be at war with each other, and religiously this solidarity would vanish if Muslims rise against the main values of Islam. He regarded all the wars of the Prophet as defensive actions. Iqbal affirmed: It has been said that Islam is a religion which implies a state of war. Now, there can be no denying that war is an expression of the energy of a nation; a nation which cannot fight cannot hold its own in the strain and stress of selective competition, which constitutes an indispensable condition of all human progress: Defensive war is certainly permitted by the Quran; but the doctrine of aggressive war against unbelievers is wholly unauthorized by the Holy book of Islam. Here are the words of the Quran:―Summon them to the way of thy Lord with wisdom and kindly warning; dispute them in the kindest manner. Say to those who have been given the book and to the ignorant: “Do you accept Islam‘? Then, if they accept Islam they are guided aright: but if they turn away then thy duty is only preaching; and God's eye is on His servants.” He further gave examples from Prophet's life in confirmation of his argument. ...All the wars undertaken during the life-time of the Prophet were defensive. His war against the Roman Empire in 628A.D. began by a fatal breach of international law on the part of the Government at Constantinople who killed the innocent Arab envoy sent to their court. Even in defensive wars he forbids wanton cruelty to the vanquished...... Moreover, Iqbal justly maintained that Islamic history demonstrated that the growth of Islam is under no circumstances linked to the victories of its wars..... The history of Islam tells us that the expansion of Islam as a religion is in no way related to the political power of its followers. The greatest spiritual conquests of Islam were made during the days of our political decrepitude. When the rude barbarians of Mangolia drowned in blood the civilization of Baghdad in 1258 A.D., when the Muslim power fell in Spain and the followers of Islam were mercilessly killed or driven out of Cordova by Ferdinand in 1236, Islam had just secured a footing in Sumatra and was about to work the peaceful conversion of the Malay Archipelago. Iqbal further argued through Thomas Walker Arnold's point that Islam attained its luminous conquests when the political degradation arouse in Islamic history. Two of them, according to Arnold, were the Seljuk Turks in eleventh and the Mongols in thirteenth century: .....in each case the conquerors have accepted the religion of the conquered. “We undoubtedly find, says the same learned scholar elsewhere, ―that Islam gained its greatest and most lasting missionary triumphs in times and places in which its political power has been weakest, as in South India and Eastern Bengal. Thus, political pre-eminence is not necessary for the propagation and progression of Islam.
Role in politics
By 1935, Iqbal was convinced that the All-India Muslim League was the only political party among the Muslims, which could galvanize the national potential to safeguard the interests of the Muslim masses. At its Bombay Session in 1936, the All-India Muslim League authorized Jinnah to organize a Central Parliamentary Board to work for the forthcoming elections under the Government of India Act 1935. Jinnah approached Fazl-i-Hussain to help him in forming the Punjab Parliamentary Board on behalf of the Muslim League, but the latter refused to co-operate in this matter. Jinnah then turned to Iqbal, who readily agreed to give every possible help in the formation of the Punjab Parliamentary Board. The Punjab Muslim League under the leadership of Iqbal made every possible effort to mobilize men and material for the coming election. Towards the close of Iqbal's life, the picture of Muslim politics was encouraging. He worked ceaselessly, with supreme honesty and sincerity, to bring unity of purpose and ideals among the Muslims. In 1937, he fell seriously ill and died in April 1938, but the later political currents in the sub-continent showed that his endeavors were not wasted. Leadership in Iqbal's ideal state would arise as a result of an effort to replicate the qualities of the Prophet, whose leadership in all spheres of community life provides an eternal guide to the Muslims. Magnanimity, prudence, piety, courage to fight for righteous cause, forgiveness in a moment of triumph, fear of God and love of people are some of the characteristics which form the most suitable equipment for a Muslim leader. Loyalty to the Sharia and services to the people are the criteria to judge the competence of a leader. According to Iqbal leadership is not monopolistic in nature. Monopoly of power by an individual or a group in contrary to the Canon Law.
Indian Sub-Continent's Politics (1905-1926)
The evolution of Iqbal's thoughts on nationalism with particular reference to the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent, has been noticed earlier in detail. To begin with, he was a fervent nationalist, but even at the height of his nationalistic fervor, he was a Muslim first and a nationalist afterwards. His primary concern was the fate of the Muslim community in India. It was their interest, prestige and welfare which constantly kept his mind occupied. Both as an observer and a participant in practical politics, he kept the interests of his people in the forefront. Although, it was during his later years that Iqbal became involved with practical politics, even early in his life he did not hesitate to participate in movements which were meant to safeguard the political rights of the Muslim community. After his return from England, Iqbal was mostly busy with his professional affairs, but he was fully aware of the political climate around him. An organization by the name of Muslim League was in existence in Punjab, even before the creation of the All-India Muslim League in 1906. Later the Punjab Muslim League was affiliated with the All-India Muslim League. Mian Shah Din, who later on became the Chief Judge of the Punjab Chief Court, was the President of the Provincial Muslim League and Mian Muhammad Shafi (later Sir Mohammad Shah) acted as the Secretary of this body. During this period, Iqbal was closely associated with the work of this organization, and used to participate in its deliberations. It is to be kept in mind that from 1910 to 1923 Iqbal's participation in politics was not active. His primary concentration was on poetic and philosophic works. He wrote stirring poetry which created political and religious awakening among the Muslims. It does not mean that Iqbal was a religious fanatic. His primary objective was to secure peace and freedom for all communities. This is meant to show that in spite of his specific views on Indian politics, Iqbal was ever desirous of promoting friendship and understanding among the various political parties. It is meant to answer those critics who, in view of Iqbal's advocacy of a separate Islamic state, accuse him of religious fanaticism.
Nehru Report and Simon Commission
Although in the beginning Iqbal desired non-participation in the party politics of the country, from 1926 onwards he swiftly developed a close association with various Muslim political parties in which he held important offices. The political movements were extremely animated and Iqbal was conscious of the fact that contemporary political activity was crucial for the future political status of all communities. Nehru Report was the issue of the day. Muslim leaders held different opinions regarding this report. They were divided into three groups. The first group led by Maulana Azad and Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari advocated the acceptance of the report in totality. The second group headed by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Raja of Mahmudabad and the third group consisted of Sir Mohammad Shafi and his followers who wanted to reject the Nehru Report completely. Iqbal belonged to the third group. It was on the question of the Nehru Report that the dissenting group of the Muslim League left the organization and under the leadership of Sir Mohammad Shah formed a parallel League called the “Shah League”. In regard to the Nehru Report Iqbal entirely sided with Sir Mohammad Shah. He became the Secretary of the Shafi League. While the Congress and the Muslim League were wrangling about the Nehru Report, the British Government sent the Simon Commission to make an on-the-spot enquiry about the future constitutional advancement of the country. The Simon Commission was boycotted both by the Congress and the Muslim League. But the Shah wing of the Muslim League had decided to co-operate with the Simon Commission. In order to prepare the draft of the representation, the Shah League had constituted a committee and Iqbal was one of its members. While the committee was busy drafting the representation, Iqbal was suddenly taken ill and went to Delhi for treatment. The Committee prepared the draft in his absence, and on return, Iqbal found that some vital points had been omitted from the final draft. Because of this, he was most annoyed and resigned from the secretary ship of the Shah League. The effect of this resignation was that the representation was reshaped in the light of Iqbal's suggestions. As a matter of principle Iqbal believed that in politics, debates and discussions were better than sticks and brickbats. In his opinion, the Muslims were not to hesitate to explain their position before the commission, and along with Sir Mohammad Shah, he played a significant role in putting before the commission the Muslim point of view. He also wrote a small poem in praise of the Simon Commission, in which he pointed out that the work of the Commission might open new vistas of hope and happiness. The Muslim leadership had not been divided so badly as during the-late twenties of this century. The Muslim League Jinnah wing which had decided to co-operate with the Congress and accepted the Nehru Report was thoroughly disappointed when, at the final meeting of the All-Parties Conference, its three minor amendments were rejected. It was at this juncture that the Muslim Conference came into existence with which Iqbal associated very closely.
Muslim Conference
The Muslim Conference emerged from a reaction which was felt among certain Muslim leaders against the conciliatory attitude of the AIML towards the Nehru Report. The moving spirit behind it was Fazl-i-Hussain, who was, at that time at the peak of his political career. Mohammad Shah also worked effectively behind the scene in its deliberations. These leaders had support from all those elements of Muslim population who thought that the Nehru Report should be rejected in totality by the Muslims. On the 28th August, 1928, the Second Session of the All-Parties Conference was convened under the Chairmanship of Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari. It was in this meeting that the Nehru Report was given its final shape. Mohammad Ali Jauhar and Jinnah had gone abroad, Shaukat Ali was present, but his protestations were completely ignored. Iqbal's association with the Muslim Conference was close and long. At first, he was the member of its Executive Council, and after that he presided at its annual session held at Lahore on the let March 1932. In his Presidential Address, he explained many complex issues of Indian politics with perspicacity and eloquence. He again voiced his apprehensions about the political philosophy of the Hindu community, which was patently western in origin and substance and thus, in his opinion, entirely unsuited to the conditions prevailing in the country. There was a climate of confusion. A reconciliation and synthesis of the two attitudes was an urgent need. Not only did Iqbal provide the keystone on which the ideological arch of Pakistan hinges, the one side of which consists of ulemas and the other of completely westernized people with a secular outlook, but he was also in favor of a new culture. As a provincial legislator, he also kept a keen eye on the interests of his own community. He was conscious of the fact that the Muslims were not getting their due share in the administrative and educational life of the country. The Hindus had established many educational institutions and most of the educational funds were consumed by them. He often brought this disparity to the notice of the government. In practical politics Iqbal's conduct was equally inspired by this spirit. He had an advantage over the professional politicians because he could bring forth the cool reflection of a philosopher to bear upon the complexities of public life.
Round Table Conferences
The most significant political events of the early thirties were the three Round Table Conferences, convened by the British Government in London to resolve some of the basic political and constitutional problems. In 1927, The Central Assembly in Delhi had passed a resolution suggesting that a Round Table Conference be convened in which representatives of the British Government and Indian people could participate in a face to face discussion and iron out the differences about the future constitution of India. The British Government at that time completely ignored this resolution. The Labor Party in England had always been favorably disposed towards the freedom movement of India. It came to power in 1929 and wanted to show some gesture of sympathy to the Indian aspirations. So, it decided to convene a Round Table Conference in London, where British and Indian representatives could meet to find solutions to the main problems. The Viceroy had mentioned that the Indian representatives of various communities would be nominated by the Government, but maximum efforts would be made to provide representation to all major political parties. The Indian National Congress resented the Viceroy's suggestion and decided to boycott the conference. The Government, however, went ahead with its programme. At the Conference, the Muslim leaders emphasized their demands about the future constitution of India, they also referred to the type of relationship that would be maintained between Great Britain and India, and they also mentioned the gravity of the situation in the light of fast deteriorating communal conditions. At the primary session of the Round Table Conference, which began in London on November 12, 1930. Iqbal participated in the second and the third sessions of the Conference. The representation was through Government nomination. Gandhi strove hard for the nomination of Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari but failed to achieve this object. Fazl-i-Hussain again played a decisive role in the selection of the Muslim delegation. All the four new members were from the Muslim Conference, so that there was no danger to the unity of the Muslim view-point. The Agha Khan led the delegation. Iqbal was among the four new members. The Conference had two committees, the one on ‘Federalism’ and the other on ‘Minorities’. Iqbal was selected as a member of the ‘Minorities Committee’. In the Committee-meetings, he explained to Gandhi all the possible implications of the minority question and worked tirelessly to evolve some kind of compromise with the majority community but all efforts ended in failure. After negotiating for a week behind the scene with minorities, Gandhi reported failure and suggested that the communal problem should be referred to the judicial tribunal after the constitution had been drafted. All the minorities jointly protested against this move, saying that the Hindus by indefinitely postponing the question of minorities, wanted to grab power themselves. Seeing that the various communities had failed, to find a solution to the ‘minority problem’ in August, 1932, the-Prime Minister of England announced his famous “Communal Award”. It did not give the Muslims all that they had demanded, for instance they were given majority seats in Punjab but not in Bengal, but the “Award” did maintain that the communal electorates should continue. On 24 August 1932, Iqbal issued a comprehensive statement on the Communal Award. He made many statement and made critical investigation of all aspects of the Award from the Muslim point of view, and through statistics and common sense, he tried to prove that the Muslims of the sub-continent were in no way gainers in this decision of the Government. But at the same time he felt that the Award, though inadequate from the point of view of the Muslims, was much better than the claims of the Congress, which was bent upon wiping out the very existence of the Muslim community as a separate political entity. The Congress working committee, in its resolution, neither accepted nor rejected the Award. On 19 June 1934, Iqbal issued a statement, condemning the Congress for such a nebulous stand on such a vital issue, and at the same time he advised the Muslims to hold fast to the Award with all its imperfections. The Third Session of the Round Table Conference was convened in November, 1932. Iqbal was again nominated by the Government as a member of the Muslim delegation. He was nominated as a member of the Educational Committee of the Anglo-Indian community in the Conference, but it appears that he did not attend any meeting of this committee in most of the meetings of the conference his role was more or less of an observer. This time Iqbal took an opportunity to acquaint the political circles of Britain with his scheme, which he had formulated in the Allahabad Address. The preceding discussion clarifies Iqbal's point of view on the communal problem to a considerable extent. He detested the establishment of a secular democracy of the western pattern, because it would reduce the Muslim community to a position of permanent minority, where its survival would depend upon the sweet will of the majority community. He opposed territorial nationalism because it would mean the disappearance of the Muslims as a historical and cultural entity in the land they had ruled with such distinction, for several centuries. Moreover, it would damage the religious and political ideology of the Muslims, which was their distinguishing feature. He wanted an honorable solution of the problem, which could assure the Muslims a respectable status in the political and constitutional system of the subcontinent, wherein they could live in the light of their religious and cultural requirements. The need for a separate Muslim State was rooted in the political speculations of Iqbal, which he conveyed in his writings, all his life. He was dedicated to the cause of the Sharia and believed that Islam could play a vital role in the world of today. The Islamic social system, in his opinion, had some very effective principles which could guarantee peace and order for humanity. The Islamic socio-economic system provided enough scope to remove poverty of the Indian Muslims, and the laws of Islam still had enough potency to control the unrighteous and anti-social acts of man. The new state that he visualized would be a sort of pioneer project to demonstrate the basic utility of the Islamic ideology, and would afford an opportunity for the Muslims to develop through Ijtihad, an Islamic system which would be in consonance with the needs of modern times. | 6dcfa62f-6f9c-4266-92ad-a9293d3171e1 |
null | The Complementary and Natural Healthcare Council (CNHC) is a regulatory body in the United Kingdom which provides a voluntary register of complementary, rather than alternative medicine, therapists. The key purpose of CNHC is to act in the public interest and enable proper public accountability of the complementary therapists that it registers.
The CNHC was founded in 2008 with government funding and support and became fully operational in early 2009. In 2013 it was approved as the holder of an 'Accredited Voluntary Register' by the Professional Standards Authority for Health and Social Care (PSA). In December 2014 it became an 'Accredited Register', for the PSA.
Origins
The need for regulation
In November 2000, the House of Lords Select committee on Science and Technology reported on complementary and alternative medicine and considered the public health policy needs and NHS provision of these treatments. In one of its many areas of consideration, the report considered the needs to provide public protection by regulating practitioners. It noted that those practices that could injure patients were either already statutorily regulated (chiropractic and osteopathy) or were soon to be (herbalism and acupuncture).
The remaining largely placebo based therapies and those without a sound evidence base for their efficacy and robust regulatory systems (e.g. reiki, massage therapy, aromatherapy, yoga and homeopathy), suffered from having a large number of fragmented registration bodies with considerable diversity of standards. The House of Lords found this unacceptable and that "in the best interests of their patients such therapies must each strive to unite under a single voluntary regulatory body".
The House of Lords described the necessary features of an effective voluntary self-regulatory body. These included having a register of members, educational standards, a code of ethics and practice, a public complaints mechanism, and the capacity to represent the whole profession.
The Federal Working Group
Following publication of the report, the Department of Health (DH) asked The Prince's Foundation for Integrated Health (FIH), a not for profit organisation founded by The Prince of Wales, to facilitate the development of a federal 'umbrella' regulator for these therapies. The Foundation, which is now defunct, promoted the inclusion of non-evidence based alternative therapies into public healthcare in the UK. The process was funded by a DH grant of £900,000 over a three-year period from 2005 to 2008.
On behalf of the FIH, Professor Dame Joan Higgins was asked to be Chair of a Federal Working Group which was to look into setting up what was to become the Complementary and Natural Healthcare Council. Therapies who participated in the Working Group were Alexander technique, aromatherapy, Bowen technique, cranial therapy, homeopathy, massage therapy, naturopathy, nutritional therapy, reflexology, reiki, shiatsu and yoga therapy. Other eligible therapists were aromatherapists, reflexologists and reiki practitioners, although these practices were not represented.
Structure
The Complementary and Natural Healthcare Council is a not-for-profit private limited company made up of three elements:
The Council has five lay and four registrant members. Each Profession Specific Board has up to four registrants from the relevant profession. The Professional Committee is a pool of lay people from which investigating, conduct & competence and Health Panels are drawn.
CNHC Code of Practise supports Evidence-Based Approach
The CNHC’s Code of Conduct, Performance and Ethics states:
15. You must follow CNHC guidelines in relation to advertising your services
Any advertising you undertake in relation to your professional activities must be accurate. Advertisements must not be misleading, false, unfair or exaggerated. You must not claim that your personal skills, equipment or facilities are better than anyone else’s.
If you are involved in advertising or promoting any other product or service, you must make sure that you use your knowledge, healthcare skills, qualifications and experience in an accurate and professionally responsible way. You must not make or support unjustifiable statements relating to particular products or services. Any potential financial rewards to you should be made explicit and play no part at all in your advice or recommendations of products and services that you give to patients, clients and users.
Progress since start-up
In December 2008, CNHC stated on their website that they hoped to have 10,000 practitioners registered with them by the end of 2009. This was later amended without comment to 4,000 by Spring 2010. However, by August 2009 a total of only about 500 registrations had been made in four disciplines: Massage Therapy, Nutritional Therapy, Aromatherapy and (from 24 August) Reflexology.
By February 2011 practitioners in eleven disciplines were eligible, but according to the organisation's website the total number of registrants was still less than 4,000.
Lack of enthusiasm for the CNHC among practitioners may be partly ascribed to the fact that at present anyone may legally practise in the UK without qualifications as a reflexologist, aromatherapist, homeopath, naturopath, nutritional therapist, acupuncturist, etc., and that voluntary registration by the CHNC will make no difference to this.
Funding
In response to a Freedom of Information request, the Department of Health has confirmed that since the CNHC was set up the DH has provided funding as follows: £293,496 in 2007/8/9 (including start up costs), £409,300 in 2009/10 and £127,748 in 2010/11
Request was made for funding to be continued but this was dependent on satisfactory progress having been made, and as this was not the case official funding ceased in March 2011.
The CNHC do not publish details of the number of registrants it has attracted, but these are certainly only a fraction of the target of 10,000 set in 2007 and it is unlikely that income from fees is currently sufficient to cover running costs.
Criticism
CNHC to tighten up on unjustified claims for which there is no evidence-base
Following complaints submitted by Simon Perry, a blogger and member of Leicester Sceptics in the Pub, regarding 14 reflexologists claiming to treat specific diseases without any credible evidence, Maggie Dunn, CEO of CNHC, has said that they will tighten up on therapists making unjustified claims for which they have no evidence. CNHC reviewed the claims made by the reflexologists against the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) guidelines - and told the reflexologists to remove their claims. In a personal communication to Simon Perry from Maggie Dunn, the CNHC’s Chief Executive Officer, CNHC said that in the future:
However CNHC has made no public statement in this regard - possibly because many therapists will not want their public and private claims for efficacy to be regulated. The CNHC has attracted criticism, mainly for its role in appearing to legitimize what critics regard as quackery and for its efforts to promote alternate therapies which are often of dubious or unproven efficacy. It is satirized by skeptics as "OfQuack", mimicking other bodies such as OfCom. "How does a regulator decide what is good practice and what is charlatanry when none of it has peer-reviewed, scientific evidence that it works?... Professor Michael Baum protested that 'this is like licensing a witches' brew as a medicine so long as the batwings are sterile'... It matters that Newsnight found homeopaths advising patients visiting malaria areas not to take anti-malarial drugs. And that patients are told not to give their children the MMR jab." Polly Toynbee, The Guardian.
Private Eye magazine argued that the council had a conflict of interests between promoting and regulating alternative medicine: "Everyone would say that propagandists cannot be regulators because they cannot be trusted to act in the public interest." It quoted Edzard Ernst, professor of complementary medicine at the University of Exeter, as saying: "This is ridiculous. It really is a farce. All they will need to prove is that [practitioners] are following an established technique they believe to be appropriate. It's a ludicrous system."
Private Eye and The Economist reported that critics have nicknamed the council 'OfQuack'. Private Eye quoted a joke slogan, 'OfQuack - making quacks look professional since 2008'.
In January 2009, an online petition was started at the UK Government Petition website, asking for stricter requirements on efficacy and safety as a condition of certification. An official response to this was posted, but simply reiterated the terms of the current requirements. However, in response to the point made by the petitioners and others, the CNHC has now amended its website, deleting its original statement that regulation by them gives a guarantee of the efficacy of the procedures carried out by their registrants. In addition to the medical criticism, CNHC have also been censured by the British Standards Institute for use of their trademarked term "kitemark", and have also been criticised for poor openness and an inconsistent approach to data protection. It has, to date, failed to register more than a tiny proportion of the tens of thousands of CAM[clarification needed] practitioners in the UK; it is argued that it is failing in its stated aim to protect the public against incompetence or malpractice in the disciplines it claims to regulate, let alone in those - homeopathy for example - whose practitioners have no interest in the CNHC and claim to regulate themselves. While there has been considerable criticism of CNHC with regard to "quack" therapies their Code of Practise may support an evidence-based approach. | 185c6111-8d89-4231-8104-4986b5097532 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardangerfjord"} | Fjord in Norway
Body of water
The Hardangerfjord (English: Hardanger Fjord) is the fifth longest fjord in the world, and the second longest fjord in Norway. It is located in Vestland county in the Hardanger region. The fjord stretches 179 kilometres (111 mi) from the Atlantic Ocean into the mountainous interior of Norway along the Hardangervidda plateau. The innermost point of the fjord reaches the town of Odda.
Location
The Hardangerfjord starts at the Atlantic Ocean about 80 kilometres (50 mi) south of the city of Bergen. Here the fjord heads in a northeasterly direction between the island of Bømlo and the mainland. It passes by the larger islands of Stord, Tysnesøya, and Varaldsøy on the north/west side and the Folgefonna peninsula on the south/east side. Once it is surrounded by the mainland, it begins to branch off into smaller fjords that reach inwards towards the grand Hardangervidda mountain plateau. The longest branch of the Hardangerfjord is Sørfjorden which cuts south about 50 kilometres (31 mi) from the main fjord. Its maximum depth is more than 860 metres (2,820 ft) just outside the village of Norheimsund in the middle of the fjord.
Norway's third largest glacier is found on the Folgefonna peninsula, along of the Hardangerfjord. With its three parts, the Folgefonna glacier covers an area of 220 km2 (85 sq mi), and in 2005 it became protected as Folgefonna National Park.
The area of the fjord is divided among several municipalities in Vestland county: Bømlo, Eidfjord, Etne, Kvam, Kvinnherad, Stord, Sveio, Tysnes, Ullensvang, Ulvik, and Voss. The total number of inhabitants living in all these municipalities along the fjord is only slightly more than 70,000 - on a total area of 8,471 square kilometres (3,271 sq mi).
History
About 8,000 BC, the Scandinavian land mass started to rise up as enormous glacial ice started to melt. The lower parts of the valleys became flooded, and so created what we today know as the Hardangerfjord. The valley was originally not only made through glacial erosion but by the high pressure melting water which pushed its way beneath the ice.
The history of the fjord goes far beyond its Viking history, back to the time of hunters on the surrounding mountains, and later on, farming along this fertile area which today is considered the "fruit orchard of Norway". Later the fjord became the birthplace for a large tourism influx to Norway, and in 1875 Thomas Cook started weekly cruise departures from London to the Hardangerfjord, due to its spectacular nature, glaciers, and grand waterfalls. Soon after this, many of the major waterfalls became the power source for large industries in fjord settlements such as the town of Odda.
Economy
Hardangerfjord has recently seen an increase in tourism. New infrastructure was built for travelers and the location has once again become an industry for the local communities along the fjord.
The fjord has good conditions for fish farming. Fish farms yearly produce more than 40,000 tons of salmon and rainbow trout which makes the Hardangerfjord one of four major fish farming regions in the world.
Hardangerfjord's melt-water is also bottled at source to form the product Isklar, sold worldwide.
Geography
There are many fjord arms that branch off of the main Hardangerfjord. There are also certain sections of the main fjord that have special names. Below is a list of the sections of the fjord and the arms that branch off them. From west to east:
Bømlafjorden (west entrance to the fjord)
Husnesfjorden (around the Husnes area)
Onarheimsfjorden (around the Onarheim area)
Kvinnheradsfjorden (around the Rosendal area)
Sildefjorden (around the island of Varaldsøy)
Hissfjorden (around the Kysnesstranda area)
Ytre Samlafjorden (around the Norheimsund area)
Indre Samlafjorden (around the Ålvik area)
Utnefjorden (around the Utne area)
Eid Fjord (around the Eidfjord area) | 499cb02c-e2af-43ed-965e-1412d91e5829 |
null | Arros is an Aquitanian placename that may refer to:
River
Places
France
Spain | 52020187-d900-49c0-acc9-12ae83cca3fd |
null | Definitivamente may refer to:
Topics referred to by the same term | 2b643146-54e2-4df2-b136-c4fc9fb0a958 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson,_Kansas"} | Unincorporated community in Montgomery County, Kansas
Unincorporated community in Kansas, United States
Jefferson is an unincorporated community in Montgomery County, Kansas, United States.
History
Jefferson was laid out in 1886 when the railroad was extended to that point. It was named for Albert Jefferson Broadbent, the original owner of the town site.
A post office was opened in Jefferson in 1888, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1954. | 3b8b8464-23cd-43bb-9d61-8fbaa90c7b1f |
null | Fred Ford may refer to: | 1f725f8f-cd73-47ac-9d11-5e4eb17db33a |
null | Canadian politician
Susan Sullivan is a Canadian politician in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. She represented the electoral district of Grand Falls-Windsor-Buchans in Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly from 2007 to 2015. She was a member of the Progressive Conservative Party.
She served in the provincial cabinet as Minister of Education and Early Childhood Development, Minister of Innovation, Business and Rural Development, Minister of Health and Community Services, Minister of Innovation, Trade and Rural Development and Minister of Human Resources, Labour and Employment. Prior to her entrance into provincial politics Sullivan had a 30-year teaching career and was the Deputy Mayor of Grand Falls-Windsor.
Background
Sullivan was born and raised in Grand Falls-Windsor, Newfoundland and Labrador. She studied at Memorial University of Newfoundland, where she obtained a Bachelor of Arts, majoring in French, and a Bachelor of Education. She received her Masters of Education from Mount St. Vincent University, in Halifax, as well she was awarded a French immersion diploma from Université Laval, in Quebec City. Sullivan had a 30-year teaching career and retired in June 2007. In her last seven years as an educator she was French Department Head for the Centre for Distance Learning and Innovation, during this time she taught senior high French to all parts of the province via the Internet. In 2005, she was elected Deputy Mayor of Grand Falls-Windsor and held this post until entering provincial politics.
Provincial politics
In June 2007, Sullivan defeated two others to win the Progressive Conservative Party nomination for the district of Grand Falls-Windsor-Buchans. In the three-person race, Sullivan captured 53 per cent of the 1,700 votes cast. The provincial election was set for October 9, 2007, but during the campaign Sullivan's Liberal opponent died suddenly. The election in the district was postponed due to the death and was held on November 6, 2007. After a big victory by the Progressive Conservatives in the general election, Sullivan took 72 per cent of the vote in the deferred election. On October 31, 2008, Premier Danny Williams appointed Sullivan to cabinet as the Minister of Human Resources, Labour and Employment and Minister responsible for Francophone Affairs. On December 6, 2010, Premier Kathy Dunderdale appointed Sullivan as Minister of Innovation, Trade, and Rural Development, Minister responsible for the Status of Women and she continued as Minister responsible for Francophone Affairs.
In the October 11, 2011 provincial election, Sullivan was easily re-elected as the member of the House of Assembly (MHA) for Grand Falls-Windsor-Buchans. Weeks later she was sworn in as the Minister of Health and Community Services. On May 1, 2014, Sullivan was moved to the Department of Innovation, Business and Rural Development. On September 5, 2014, she was given an additional role in cabinet as Minister responsible for the Status of Women. When Paul Davis took over as premier in September 2014, Sullivan was appointed Minister of Education and Early Childhood Development. On October 16, 2015, Sullivan announced that she would not seek re-election in the 2015 election.
Electoral record | 5cb14043-159d-4911-a6de-58b77931b7bd |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost_Tower_(San_Antonio)"} | Skyscraper in San Antonio, Texas
The Frost Tower is a 23-story skyscraper in San Antonio, Texas, USA. It opened in 2019 at a cost of $142 million and is the first new office tower built in downtown San Antonio since 1989 when Weston Centre was built. Frost Tower replaced the old Frost Bank Tower as the headquarters of the eponymously named Frost Bank when it opened in 2019.
Reception
The building won the 2019 Best Office/Retail/Mixed-Use Project by Engineering News-Record (ENR Texas & Louisiana) and has been compared to Queen Elsa's ice palace, a drill bit, and a can opener. | affe101e-d7ac-4b37-90d8-d9d9735c74ab |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emine_Demirta%C5%9F"} | Badminton player
Emine Demirtaş (born 1 August 1997) is a Turkish badminton player.
Achievements
BWF International Challenge/Series (2 runners-up)
Mixed doubles
BWF International Challenge tournament
BWF International Series tournament
BWF Future Series tournament | 2eb96e48-b4f6-4acf-bce3-c06833c0b7bb |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanischer_Garten_der_Universit%C3%A4t_Osnabr%C3%BCck"} | The Botanic Garden of Osnabrück is an institution of Osnabrück University. It is located in the Westerberg area of the city in a former Muschelkalk quarry. Muschelkalk is a shell-bearing limestone typical to Central and Western Europe. The Botanic Garden is part of the University’s Faculty of Biology and Chemistry and was established in 1984. Main tasks of the Garden are education and research, as well as public relations.
Description
It comprises an area of 8.4 ha, subdivided between two quarries. One quarry of 5.6 ha houses the outdoor display gardens as well as the glasshouse. The second quarry of 2.8 ha is a conservation area and home to rare plant associations typical to recently abandoned limestone quarries. The garden’s outdoor display areas show different plant communities from all over the world such as Mediterranean and alpine plants, or North American and Eurasian forests. There are also thematic collections of medical and aromatic plants and plant families (e.g. the garlic family or the heath family). In the Lowland Rainforest House more than 800 species of tropical plants provide an example for the vegetation of the Amazon basin.
Research
Research in the Botanic Garden of Osnabrück focuses on biodiversity and the evolution of land plants. Special interest lies in the phylogeny of the genus Allium, which is in common name referred to as the onion genus. The Allium collection of the Botanic Garden comprises 230 species. Different departments, especially the Departments of Botany and Ecology, use the Botanic Garden for outdoor testing. The Botanic Garden of Osnabrück houses the Loki Schmidt-Genbank, a seed bank for wild plant conservation founded in 2003. The Garden also coordinates the WEL-Genbank (Genbank Wildpflanzen für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft). This seed bank, focusing on the conservation of the wild relatives of economically used plants, is under construction in cooperation with the Botanic Gardens of Berlin-Dahlem, Regensburg and Karlsruhe as well as the University of Education Karlsruhe.
Education
The collections of the Botanic Gardens are intensively used in biological education on the university level as well as on school level. Many biologists working on Bachelor-, Master-, Diplom- and Ph.D. theses collaborate with the Botanic Garden.
Public Relations
The Botanic Garden of Osnabrück attracts approximately 70,000 visitors a year. Entry is free. There are guided tours of the Garden on a regular basis, the so-called “Sonntagsspaziergänge”. The “Grüne Schule” offering these Sunday tours also provides a range of different thematic and seasonal tours which can be booked by interested groups. The offers and services of the “Grüne Schule” are especially aimed at children and groups of pupils, but there is also a variety of tours for adults. In 2010 400 guided tours of the Garden took place. Since 2011 there is also a self-guided tour available which is based on GPS Points of Interest. The Botanic Garden and its public relations are strongly supported by the about 300 members of the Friends of the Garden, organized in the “Freundeskreis des Botanischen Gartens der Universität Osnabrück e.V.”. | 94ee8cb2-ce01-4464-ae3b-2eeed9322570 |
null | As a location, Rigsby may refer to:
As a surname, Rigsby may refer to:
As a character name, Rigsby may refer to: | 14057dd1-b9f9-4bc3-b0e3-08bdab4acdbb |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzersfeld"} | Place in Lower Austria, Austria
Enzersfeld is a town in the district of Korneuburg in the state of Lower Austria in Austria.
Geography
Enzersfeld lies in the Weinviertel in Lower Austria east of Korneuburg. About 4 percent of the municipality is forested. | 425d7841-ec3d-4b14-bf98-26cd975e673e |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closure_of_the_Suez_Canal_(1967%E2%80%931975)"} | On 6 June 1967 the Suez Canal was closed shortly after the start of the Six-Day War or Third Arab–Israeli War. Israel bombed most of Egypt's airfields and then entered and occupied the Sinai Peninsula, all the way to the Suez Canal, for 15 years. Gamal Abdel Nasser, the leader of Egypt at the time, was aligning himself with the Soviet Union and had the Suez Canal closed earlier from October 1956 until March 1957 during the Suez Crisis, when he nationalized the Suez Canal from French and British investors. Oil through the Suez Canal accounted for 60% of Italy's, 39% of France's, and 25% of Britain's total oil consumption in 1966 before the canal was closed for 8 years. The canal opened again in June 1975 after the 1974 Suez Canal Clearance Operation of mines and debris.
Oil embargo
In October 1973 the Yom Kippur War started when Egypt crossed the Suez Canal in Operation Badr that ended in a failed attempt to take back the Sinai Peninsula from Israel. That resulted in OAPEC countries cutting production of oil and placing an embargo on oil exports to the United States and other countries backing Israel, when Richard Nixon requested $2.2 billion to support Israel in the Yom Kippur War on 19 October 1973. The embargo only lasted a few months until January 1974, but the price of oil remained high even after the embargo was lifted. | f7a150f7-65d1-4ebe-8087-ec2119110d49 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olearia_tenuifolia"} | Species of shrub
Olearia tenuifolia, commonly known as the thin-leaf daisy-bush, is a small shrub with narrow leaves and clusters of blue, deep mauve to purple flowers.
Description
Olearia tenuifolia is a shrub to 2 m (6 ft 7 in) high with scattered leaves arranged alternately along the stem. The leaves are linear shaped, 5–35 mm (0.20–1.38 in) long, 1–2.5 mm (0.039–0.098 in) wide, pointed at the apex, margins smooth or toothed and distinctly rolled under, both surfaces glandular. The flowers are mauve, purple or blue with a yellow disc floret, borne singly or in loose clusters at the end of branches on a peduncle 30 mm (1.2 in) long. Flowering may occur anytime throughout the year and the fruit is a dry, silky achene.
Taxonomy and naming
Olearia tenuifolia was first formally described in 1867 by George Bentham and the description was published in Flora Australiensis. The specific epithet (tenuifolia) means "slender".
Distribution and habitat
Thin-leaf daisy-bush grows in New South Wales in woodland, mallee and sclerophyll forests mostly in rocky locations south of Dunedoo and west of Griffith. In Victoria it is considered rare and grows in rocky, dry locations in the Licola Creek and Valencia Creek area, and the upper Buchan River valley and Pine Mountain district. | 3aabecb3-7436-459d-bc75-66f5f462a7bb |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomorrow_Will_Never_Come"} | 2003 EP by Agalloch
Tomorrow Will Never Come is a 2003 EP by American metal band Agalloch. It was released by The End Records in a limited edition of 500 copies, hand-initialed by bassist Jason William Walton.
Track listing
Information
When asked about the title track ("Tomorrow Will Never Come") during a lecture at the University of Victoria, Agalloch guitarist Don Anderson said:
"It’s a song that is close to me in many ways. The idea was developed during a time when I was very interested in schizophrenia and the mentally ill. The sample was taken from a documentary I watched whilst taking a 'domain of the sciences & society' course at the university. We were studying medicine and the mentally ill. We watched this video (from the prof's personal library) and I was incredibly moved by the son's conversation with his father. I wanted to use it for Sculptured originally, but this track really provided a better opportunity for it." | 78c2c672-f2f5-4b68-887e-028bf03d8b8a |
null | Village in Maharashtra
Village in Maharashtra, India
Kalamdevi is a village in the Palghar district of Maharashtra, India. It is located in the Dahanu taluka.
Demographics
According to the 2011 census of India, Kalamdevi has 214 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 63.49%. | 598bd0fd-afd9-4b73-be29-1d9a8701804f |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Balcarov%C3%A1"} | Czech Politician
Dana Balcarová (born September 22, 1960, in Pardubice) is a Czech manager, environmentalist and politician, a member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic from 2017 to 2021, a representative of the Prague 9 district from 2014 to 2018, a member of the Czech Pirate Party.
Early life
Balcarová studied computer technology at SPŠE Pardubice and computer science at the University of Economics in Prague (she graduated in 1985 and obtained the degree of Ing.). She also received an additional education in the field of environmental economics at the University of Economics in Prague.
She worked in several companies, where she worked at the managerial level on information systems and databases (Lidové noviny, Czech Environmental Inspectorate, Scio, civic association Hestia). Since 2006, she has been the vice-chairwoman of the Krocan initiative in Prague 9, where she focuses on green protection, civic events and territorial development.
Dana Balcarová has lived in Prague since 1979.
Political influence
In the municipal elections in 2014, she ran as a non-partisan for the Pirate Party in the Prague City Council, but failed. At the same time, however, she was elected a representative of the Prague 9 district, as a non-partisan for the Greens on the candidate of the SZ Troika Coalition, KDU-ČSL, NK. In the elections in 2018, she no longer defended the mandate of the district representative.
In 2015, she became a member of the Pirate Party. In the elections to the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic in 2017, she was elected a second-place candidate in Prague.
Following her election as a Member of Parliament, she was elected Chair of the Environment Committee in November 2017. She considers climate change and sustainable development to be his profile topics in particular. In 2021, the deputy did not defend her mandate. The daily Referendum was Dana Balcarová as one of the Czech personalities of 2019.
In the elections to the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic in 2021, she ran as a member of the Pirates in 12th place as a candidate of the Pirates and Mayors coalition in Prague, but she was not elected. She thus failed to defend her mandate. | c1d21972-7211-4feb-bf74-4bce141e1278 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olena_Antypina"} | Ukrainian tennis player
Olena Volodymyrivna Antypina (also known as Olena Schmelzer) (Ukrainian: Олена Володимирівна Антипіна; born 19 March 1979) is a retired tennis player from Ukraine.
Her highest singles ranking is world No. 180, which she reached in November 2005. She played on the ITF Circuit from 2000 through to 2006.
In her professional career, Antypina won 14 titles, of which one was in singles and 13 in doubles. She tried qualifying for Grand Slam tournaments on multiple occasions, but was unsuccessful with each one. She qualified for one WTA Tour event in 2005, where she lost in round one of the Tier IV tournament in Tashkent to compatriot Kateryna Bondarenko.
Her biggest ITF title came when she won the doubles of the $75k tournament at Washington D.C. in 2005, partnering Tatiana Poutchek of Belarus.
ITF Circuit finals
Singles: 5 (1–4)
Doubles: 23 (13–10) | d39f4f6b-a06d-46e7-a7bb-832dce962117 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Peru"} | The Supreme Court of Justice is the highest judicial court in Peru. Its jurisdiction extends over the entire territory of the nation. It is headquartered in the Palace of Justice in Lima. The current president of the Supreme Court is Javier Arévalo Vela.
Structure
The supreme court is composed of three Supreme Sectors:
Integrated into the Supreme Court are the Supreme Speakers and Supreme Provisionary Speakers, who substitute the Supreme Speakers in case of absence. The Supreme Speakers are distributed into each one of the Supreme Sectors that the law establishes. The President of the Supreme Court and the Chief Speaker of the Office of the Control of the Magistrature are not integrated into any Supreme Sector. The Supreme Court consists of three permanent Supreme Sectors (Civil, Criminal, and Constitutional and Social). Each Supreme Sector has five Supreme Speakers who elect a president within each other.
Mechanisms
The Constitution guarantees the right to the double instance, which the Supreme Court recognizes. In event that this right is failed, the appeals in the processes that interpose before the Superior Sectors, or it is brought before the Supreme Court. The Abrogation doctrine is also recognized by this court.
Members
President
Justices | 4516b5f4-27d6-42e1-bed3-59cf24fc47e7 |
null | Spanish footballer
Juan Antonio Larrañaga Gurruchaga (alt.spelling Ion Andoni; born 3 July 1958) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a defender.
Club career
Larrañaga was born in Azpeitia, Gipuzkoa, Basque Country. He started playing as a defensive midfielder, being signed by Real Sociedad in 1977 from local CD Lagun Onak. In January 1980 he made his first-team debut in the Copa del Rey, against Navarre neighbours Peña Sport FC.
Although he featured sparingly in the 1980–81 season, as Real won the first of their two consecutive La Liga titles, Larrañaga did take the field in the decisive draw at Sporting de Gijón in the last round, and featured in all the matches the following campaign whilst adding two goals. From 1986 to 1992, he only missed a total of two games; after manager John Toshack was appointed, he began playing as a sweeper. On 1 October 2021, his record of 202 consecutive Spanish top tier appearances was eclipsed by Athletic Bilbao forward Iñaki Williams in a match against Deportivo Alavés.
Larrañaga retired at 36 at the end of 1993–94, having made 460 top-flight appearances (589 overall, only behind teammate Alberto Górriz in the club's record books). He was the only member of the league-winning sides to have played at both of the club's grounds: Atotxa and Anoeta.
International career
Larrañaga won one cap for Spain, playing the entire 1–2 friendly defeat to Czechoslovakia on 24 February 1988, in Málaga. He also appeared four times for the under-21 team.
Post-retirement
After retiring, Larrañaga took up coaching, but only in the lower leagues (for six years). He also appeared as a commentator for ETB 1, which lasted until the end of the 2005–06 season.
From 2006 to 2008, Larrañaga served as the youth coordinator of his only professional club, being fired at the end of the second division campaign.
Honours
Real Sociedad
Individual | 8588cc5f-7bee-4279-9e0d-2b7cdb497eb0 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedition_39"} | Long-duration mission to the International Space Station
Expedition 39 was the 39th expedition to the International Space Station. It marked the first time the ISS had been under command of a Japanese astronaut, space veteran Koichi Wakata. After Expedition 21 in 2009 and Expedition 35 in 2013, it was only the third time an ISS crew was led by neither a NASA nor an RSA crew member.
During Expedition 39, Astronauts Mastracchio and Swanson installed the "Veggie" project on the International Space Station.
Crew
Source
JAXA, NASA, ESA | 4b9153ab-353c-4083-be3e-741c82e13c41 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Davis_Jr._Sings_Mel_Torm%C3%A9%27s_%22California_Suite%22"} | 1964 studio album by Sammy Davis, Jr.
Sammy Davis Jr. Sings Mel Tormé's "California Suite" is a 1964 album by Sammy Davis Jr.
Track listing
All songs written by Mel Tormé and Robert Wells, except "California Suite" and "A Stranger in Town" (Tormé).
Personnel | 130e6680-1f0e-44f4-9177-32407bbf2815 |
null | English footballer
Aaron Mark Taylor is an English professional football striker. He currently plays for Bamber Bridge F.C. having previously been at Morecambe.
Taylor was signed from the academy and made his debut as a sub in Morecambe's 2–2 draw with Chesterfield. He made his full debut against Rochdale on 18 October 2008 and marked his full debut with a goal. He regularly featured in Sammy McIlroys side.
He then went on to start the FA Cup game against Grimsby in the 1st round. He scored twice and was named man of the match to continue fulfilling his shown potential. He joined Barrow on a five-week loan at the start of the 2009/10 season before returning to Morecambe. He was released by Morecambe in May 2010.
He signed for Kendal Town, before switching to Witton Albion on 22 October 2010.
He quickly moved back to Lancashire to join Bamber Bridge on 26 November 2010. Aaron has also played for England youth. | b889018d-9ad3-4346-b7ac-9632417ee46e |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._H._Lawrence_Ranch"} | United States historic place
The D. H. Lawrence Ranch, as it is now known, was the New Mexico residence of the English novelist D. H. Lawrence for about two years during the 1920s and the only property Lawrence and his wife Frieda owned. The 160-acre (65 ha) property, originally named the Kiowa Ranch, is located about eighteen miles (29 km) northwest of Taos, New Mexico, near Lobo Mountain and San Cristobal in Taos County, at about 8,600 feet (2,600 m) above sea level. The gate of the ranch is 4.2 miles (6.8 km) by road from a historic marker and turnoff on state route NM 522.
The ranch was briefly owned by Mabel Dodge Luhan as part of more extensive holdings nearby, although it had been occupied by homesteaders and several structures existed on the property dating back to the 1890s. When Mabel donated it to Frieda Lawrence (after Lawrence himself declined) in 1924, it became first the summer home of the couple and then Frieda's home until her death in 1956, at which time she bequeathed it to the University of New Mexico. The ranch is on the National Register of Historic Places and the New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties. It was closed to visitors from 2008 to 2014 for repairs, but re-opened to the public in March 2015.
Lawrence in New Mexico
Lawrence and his wife Frieda received an invitation dated November 1921 from Mabel Dodge Sterne, who had read some of Lawrence's Sea and Sardinia, excerpts from which had appeared in The Dial, a literary magazine to which Lawrence contributed. Sterne was a wealthy society hostess and arts patron who had taken up residence in Taos and who was to marry Tony Lujan (stylized Luhan by Sterne), a Native American from Taos Pueblo, thus becoming Mabel Dodge Luhan in 1923. Traveling via Australia, then to San Francisco, Lawrence and Frieda arrived in Taos in mid-September 1922.
After some conflict between the Lawrences and Sterne and Lujan, during which the Lawrences moved into one of Tony's guest houses, then into another belonging to friends, Lawrence and Frieda went south to Mexico in March 1923, after which Frieda returned to Europe. Finally, a reluctant Lawrence sailed for England that November. In London, an attempt to lure friends to return to Taos with him brought only one recruit, Dorothy Brett, an artist in her own right and daughter of a lord. Lawrence, Frieda, and Dorothy Brett arrived in Taos in March 1924, again as guests of Sterne. Again, tensions arose and possibly to keep Lawrence in New Mexico, it was proposed to give Lawrence the Kiowa Ranch, some 20 miles from Taos. He refused, saying, "We can't accept such a present from anybody." However, Frieda accepted, telling Lawrence that "we'll give Mabel the manuscript" of one of Lawrence's most well-known novels, Sons and Lovers. The deed was in her name.
While the couple spent a relatively short time there, the ranch became the only property that they ever owned during their marriage, and it became a place of rest and relaxation, where Lawrence wrote much of his novel St Mawr and began The Plumed Serpent, during five months of the summer of 1924. Aldous Huxley is known to have visited the Lawrences at the ranch.
By October 1924, Lawrence and Frieda left for Mexico and it was while they were in Oaxaca that he was diagnosed with tuberculosis. The couple returned to the U.S., and by April 1925, they were back at the ranch where they spent the summer, Lawrence continuing work on the novel which became The Plumed Serpent. However, with his better health and their six-month visa about to expire, Lawrence was determined to return to Europe. They left Taos on September 11, Lawrence's 40th birthday, and settled in Italy. Although he never returned to New Mexico, in a letter to Brett in December 1929 from Bandol, France, Lawrence expressed some interest in doing so: "I really think that I shall try to come back in the spring. I begin to believe that I shall never get well over here."
However, D. H. Lawrence died in France on March 2, 1930 and his body was buried near Vence. In 1935, at Frieda's request, his remains were exhumed and then cremated and his ashes were brought to the ranch by Angelo Ravagli (Frieda's lover and the man who became her third husband in 1934) with the intention that they be buried there.
Memorial
After Lawrence's death, Frieda returned to the ranch and lived there with Ravagli, who constructed the white plastered 12 ft. x 15 ft. Memorial building in 1934.
While some controversy surrounds the issue of what exactly happened to the writer's ashes after the cremation, it generally is agreed that they were brought to New Mexico and then mixed with concrete to form part of the large memorial stone which was placed in a small covered building on the ranch site, now known as the Lawrence Memorial, although the term "shrine" had been used in the past.
At her death in Taos in 1956, Frieda was buried on the ranch property and she bequeathed it to the University of New Mexico at Albuquerque, its present owner (overseen through the UNM D. H. Lawrence Ranch Initiatives, co-chaired through the Department of English and Institutional Support Services/Physical Plant Department). Her grave is located just outside the Memorial building and visible on the left of the picture.
A guest book allows visitors to sign in, see who has been there and from where they have traveled. For example, in Spring 1979, the guest book showed the bold, black signature of English novelist "Iris Murdoch, Oxford, England."
The UNM D. H. Lawrence Ranch Initiatives was created the end of 2014. "The purpose of the Ranch Initiatives is to preserve the legacy of novelist D. H. Lawrence and his wife, Frieda Lawrence. The Ranch Initiatives program will seek to place the operation of the property on a firm financial basis and to restore and develop the site so that it can support educational, cultural, and research activities for students, faculty, and the greater New Mexico community. This mission honors the directives of Frieda Lawrence's will, which stipulated that the property 'be used for educational, cultural, charitable, and recreational purposes.'"
Rananim, the online writing community of the D. H. Lawrence Ranch Initiatives, began offering its first set of online workshops in October 2014 to bring awareness to the ranch. Net proceeds benefit the renovation and promotion of the ranch. Rananim was the name of the utopian society Lawrence wished to create with other writers and artists.
Other features
Dwellings
"Two dwellings and a small barn existed on the property" when Lawrence, Frieda, and Dorothy Brett went to live there in early May, 1924. The largest, "The Homesteader's Cabin" was chosen by the couple while Lady Brett occupied the small one-room cabin, which may be visited. Neither log cabin was in good repair and renovations were necessary in the early months of their occupancy.
The Lawrence Tree
A striking feature of the exterior is the very large pine which became known as the Lawrence Tree. The writer frequently worked at a small table at its base and he expressed his love for it as follows:
The big pine tree in front of the house, standing still and unconcerned and alive ... the overshadowing tree whose green top one never looks at ... One goes out of the door and the tree-trunk is there, like a guardian angel. The tree-trunk, the long work table and the fence!
In the summer of 1929, on one of her early visits to New Mexico, Georgia O'Keeffe visited the Lawrence Ranch. The visit inspired her painting The Lawrence Tree, with its unusual viewpoint gained from lying on a long bench and looking up into the branches of the tree. | f1e9b92c-a130-44bf-a853-e023decb6d21 |
null | Mismo is an alcoholic beverage based on Bacardi rum and seltzer. In 1899, Santiago was swept by a craze for a new drink called mismo. It arose when a group of Cubans and Americans met at the Cosmopolitan Club, and one experimenting Cuban ordered a seltzer rum. The next Cuban ordered Lo mismo, which means "the same" in Spanish. The Americans, eager to explore the novel idea, also ordered Lo mismo, and found it to their liking; the next day, they returned and ordered it again. The same bartender was on duty, and served it straight away. "It spread with remarkable rapidity," reported the New York Tribune, "until now every barkeeper in Santiago knows what you are after when you ask for a 'mismo'. In fact, you rarely ever hear Barcadi rum and seltzer spoken of in any other way now."
It continued to be a popular drink in Cuba during and after Prohibition. | f32aecac-5ad9-44da-bdc2-756f6b3786cd |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Up_and_Boogie"} | 1976 studio album by Silver Convention
Get Up and Boogie (sometimes also known simply as Silver Convention) is the second studio album by the German disco group Silver Convention, and perhaps best known for including the song "Get Up and Boogie", which hit #1 on June 15, 1976 in Canada and reached #2 in the United States. Released in 1976, it proved popular on the dance floors and experienced some commercial success as well, reaching #9 on the Billboard Black Albums chart and #13 on the Billboard Pop Albums chart. Critical reception of the album, both back then and today, was mixed, although an Allmusic review called it "a respectable, if uneven, Euro-disco effort that boasts the disco smash 'Get Up and Boogie'". The album has since been released on iTunes in several countries, sometimes under the title Silver Convention.
Track listing
All tracks are written by Sylvester Levay and Stephan Prager.
Personnel
Charts
Certifications | 8e6a2379-aa7e-4cb5-ab1d-237faa98032b |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bredon_Hill_Hoard"} | The Bredon Hill Hoard (also known as the Bredon Hill Roman Coin Hoard) is a hoard of 3,784 debased silver Roman coins discovered in June 2011 by two metal detectorists on Bredon Hill in Worcestershire, approximately 400 metres north of Kemerton Camp, an Iron Age hill fort. The coins were found in a clay pot that had been buried around the middle of the 4th century in a Roman villa, identified by the subsequent archaeological excavation. The coins include the reigns of sixteen different emperors during the mid to late 3rd century, and are the largest hoard of Roman coins to have been discovered in Worcestershire to date.
Discovery
The hoard was discovered by metal detectorists Jethro Carpenter and Mark Gilmour from Redditch on 18 June 2011 on Bredon Hill, where they had often metal detected in the past with the permission of the landowner. After their metal detector indicated a metal object they found a nail, but they kept digging when the metal detector continued to register more metal objects, and they found several sherds of pottery, and then some coins, about 50 cm beneath the surface. Once they realised that there were a large number of coins in the ground they filled in the hole, and on the 20 June they reported the find to Richard Henry, the Portable Antiquities Scheme Finds Liaison Officer for the Worcestershire and West Midlands region.
Excavation
A preliminary survey of the site was carried out by archaeologists on 21 June, and a full excavation of the find site was made at the beginning of July, for a period of two weeks. The excavation showed that the hoard had been deposited in the remains of a villa, which is unusual as most Roman hoards were buried in the open countryside, away from buildings. The archaeologists uncovered three distinct layers at the find site. The lowest level contained stone foundations for a half-timbered villa, with artefacts and coins dating to the 2nd through late 3rd centuries. The next level contained postholes for a wooden building, and included pottery datable to the 3rd or 4th century, as well as two coins that dated to the late 3rd century. The top level comprised rubble with late 4th or early 5th century pottery. The hoard was buried in a hole dug through the top level. A single coin dating to about 355–361 was found in the soil around the hoard pit, suggesting that the hoard was buried around the mid 4th century, nearly a hundred years later than the date of the latest coins in the pot.
After the coins had been removed and separated from the soil, they were dried. Then on 15 July the coins, which weighed 11 kg, were taken to the British Museum in London for conservation and identification.
Items discovered
The hoard comprises 3,874 base silver radiate coins, covering the reigns of ten emperors of the central Roman Empire and the reigns of six emperors of the breakaway Gallic Empire over a range of 38 years, from 244 to 282. The coins were discovered in a clay pot of Severn Valley ware type, also dating to the 3rd century.
Although all the coins in the hoard are nominally silver coins, and should have about 90% silver content, most of them are severely debased, containing as little as 1% silver. Some of the coins issued after a reform of the coinage system by Aurelian in 274 are marked with the letters PXXI, and these have a slightly higher silver content, about 5% silver and 95% copper.
The coins were hand struck, and exhibit a number of errors such as mis-striking and double-striking. There are also examples where the coin has been struck using mismatched obverse and reverse dies, or where two blanks have been struck together, resulting in one coin with a blank reverse and a matching coin with a blank obverse.
Valuation and display
A coroner's treasure inquest was held on 16 November 2011 to determine the status of the hoard, and the coins were declared treasure, which means that they become property of the Crown. Under the terms of the 1996 Treasure Act the coins will be officially valued by the Treasure Valuation Committee, and they may then be purchased by a museum, in which case the purchase price will be shared jointly by the finders and landowner as a reward.
Worcester City Art Gallery & Museum has indicated that it wants to purchase the hoard, and has started a public appeal to raise the required money. Some of the coins from the hoard have been put on temporary display at the museum from 22 October to 26 November 2011.
Footnotes | 078ef49f-54d4-407d-9755-a764e185ac52 |
null | Kaia Ranch Tropical Botanical Gardens is a small botanical garden located on the grounds of the Kaia Ranch Bed and Breakfast (27 acres), 470 Ulaino Road, Hāna, Maui, Hawaii.
The garden contains tropical flowers and fruits, as well as Polynesian introductions and Hawaiian native species. | 1a7a4101-3390-44c8-9bea-c16a344fd988 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVT_Records"} | American record label
TVT Records (Tee-Vee Tunes) was an American record label founded by Steve Gottlieb. Over the course of its 24-year history, the label released 25 Gold, Platinum and Multi-Platinum releases. Its roster included Nine Inch Nails, Ja Rule, Lil Jon, Underworld, KMFDM, Gravity Kills, The KLF, The Baldwin Brothers, Sevendust, Nothingface, the Wellwater Conspiracy, Brian Jonestown Massacre, The Holloways, The Cinematics, Buck-O-Nine, DJ Hurricane, Speech and Pitbull. The label had a triple platinum release with Nine Inch Nails's Pretty Hate Machine, two double platinum releases by Lil Jon, and platinum releases by Snoop Dogg and Tha Eastsidaz, Dashboard Confessional, Default and Ying Yang Twins, as well as gold releases by Sevendust, Gravity Kills, and The Black Crowes and Jimmy Page. Additionally, TVT achieved a gold release in Germany and Sweden with The Connells, and scored platinum and gold records in Canada with Default. In 2008, it filed for bankruptcy.
History
Early years
TeeVee Toons was founded in August 1984 by Steve Gottlieb, a graduate of Yale University and Harvard Law. Gottlieb launched the label from his New York City apartment with the release of Television's Greatest Hits, an album featuring theme songs from classic TV shows that became a respectable seller. The San Francisco Chronicle called the album "the most fun you can have with your pants on", and the New York Times highlighted it as one of 1985's most notable business ideas.
In 1986, TeeVee Toons was shortened to TVT Records. In 1988–89, TVT signed industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails, and they released their debut studio album Pretty Hate Machine on October 20, 1989. But there was tension between Gottlieb and NIN frontman Trent Reznor throughout the promotion. According to Reznor, Gottlieb called Nine Inch Nails' record an "abortion". He said to him: "You fucked up what could have been a good career." When Pretty Hate Machine sold 1,000,000 copies, Gottlieb reacted rudely, ordering the band to sell 4 million copies of the follow-up. While NIN was on tour, TVT released an EP for the single "Head Like a Hole" that was longer in length than the original album, and started underpaying Reznor, along with pressuring him to make a follow-up record that sounded identical to Pretty Hate Machine. Scared that TVT would interfere with his creative control, Reznor, in secret, started recording what would become Broken in 1992. He met Jimmy Iovine, founder of Interscope Records, and finally, in 1992, Reznor and TVT reached an agreement where NIN would leave TVT and move to Interscope, but TVT would receive some of the royalties made from future NIN releases.
In 1996 Crain's named Gottlieb one of its Forty Under 40 Rising Stars to Watch, citing the 50% yearly growth of TVT. In 1999 TVT completed a securitization that enabled it to raise $23.5 million in growth capital.
Later years
In 2000, TVT became the first label to put its entire catalog online available for downloading and free streaming by fans. In 2001, the label reached an amicable arrangement with Napster for use of TVT's artist copyrights, and TVT's CEO joined the Napster advisory board. Gottlieb appeared before the Senate Judiciary Committee in 2001 on a panel that included Richard Parsons, then head of Time Warner; Ken Berry, head of EMI; and artists Alanis Morissette and Don Henley. CEO Gottlieb served on the Board of Directors of Musicmatch (sold to Yahoo!).
TVT was one of the founding members of the Association of Independent Music (A2IM), an organization devoted to protecting independent labels' interests.
In 2002, the label got into a dispute with Lyor Cohen, then head of Island Def Jam. The dispute involved Cohen and Universal paying former TVT artist Ja Rule $8 million to not deliver an album paid for by TVT, and promised to TVT and instead deliver it to Universal. In the resulting litigation Universal was prohibited by the courts from releasing the album created with TVT's funding. In the ultimate trial over the claims of fraud and tortious interference, a jury awarded TVT a $132 million judgment. Universal appealed the ruling. On appeal, Cohen and Universal argued the existence of an agreement between the parties meant that their behavior was only a breach of contract and not a fraud or tort. The court agreed, reducing TVT's award to $126,000.
In 2002, Prudential Financial acquired the rights to Pretty Hate Machine, The Connells, the "Mortal Kombat" soundtracks, the first seven volumes of Television's Greatest Hits, and a Wax Trax boxed set; certain publishing rights in compositions from KMFDM, Gil Scott-Heron and Nine Inch Nails, among others; and trademarks, including the Television's Greatest Hits logo, after TVT had defaulted on a loan to Prudential. In 2005, Prudential placed the catalogue up for sale.
Slip-N-Slide lawsuit/Bankruptcy
In 2007, TVT lost a $9 million lawsuit to Slip-N-Slide Records when a Florida judge ruled that Slip-N-Slide had legal rights to distribute an unreleased album it owned by rapper Pitbull that he recorded for Slip-N-Slide in 2001. TVT, who signed Pitbull several years later, had sought to notice third parties (such as record stores or digital download entities) that the distribution and sale of this album would violate TVT's exclusive right to create new music by the artist. The judge, however, ruled against TVT as Pitbull had made the recordings prior to signing with TVT, and awarded Slip-N-Slide the $9 million judgement as TVT had attempted to block the sale of the album. TVT filed for appeal but was unable to post the required bond, thus TVT filed for bankruptcy.
On February 19, 2008, Gottlieb stated "This is not the end of TVT." In June 2008, however, the digital music label The Orchard was declared the winning bidder by a New York bankruptcy court, paying $6.05 million. The Orchard gained control of TVT's artist contracts, catalogue recordings, and its distribution infrastructure, thus ending the TVT Records label imprint. The music publishing assets were transferred to TVT Music Enterprises, and later purchased by Reservoir Media. On April 6, 2010, The Bicycle Music Company acquired 700 master recordings across 80 albums, including the catalogues of Nine Inch Nails, The Connells and Television's Greatest Hits, from Prudential. | 0f72c7c7-7bde-4aa3-81f3-b4a3dde92342 |
null | Indian cricketer
Devendra Pal Singh (born 7 August 1975) is an Indian first-class cricketer who represented Rajasthan. He made his first-class debut for Rajasthan in the 1993–94 Ranji Trophy on 12 February 1994. | be8cbe5b-4070-44ef-b0a8-927ca8192fcd |
null | Hungarian sailor
Gábor Zalai (born 13 December 1953) is a Hungarian sailor. He competed in the 470 event at the 1980 Summer Olympics. | d006c547-c4d0-4073-8c35-e3810a470b13 |
null | Saynab Qayad is a Somali politician, and was a member of the Transitional Federal Parliament. She was the chair of the Parliament's commission on human rights. Saynab was staying at the Muna Hotel in Mogadishu when it was attacked by Islamist militants in 2010. | bfff30ce-4ba9-47e5-9517-44d3629fb7cd |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweep_(puppet)"} | Puppet
Sweep is a British puppet and television character popular in the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Australia, Ireland, New Zealand and other countries.
Sweep is a grey glove puppet dog with long black ears who joined The Sooty Show in 1957, as a friend to fellow puppet Sooty. He is a smart dog[citation needed] but chooses to be dim-witted with a penchant for bones and sausages. Sweep is notable for his method of communication which consists of a loud high-pitched squeak that gains its inflection from normal speech and its rhythm from the syllables in each word.
The rest of the cast, namely Soo and the presenter, could understand Sweep perfectly, and would (albeit indirectly) translate for the viewer. The sound of Sweep's voice was achieved using a saxophone reed. Versions of the puppet later sold as toys had an integral squeaker connected to an air bulb that was squeezed by hand.
Sweep's family first appeared on the Sooty Show in an episode called Sweep's Family. He has his mother and father, a twin brother Swoop, two cousins Swipe and Swap and another seven brothers in the litter (all of whom look exactly like him, except that they each wear different coloured collars to tell each other apart). However Swipe and Swap are stated to be Sweep's brothers in the Sooty & Co. episode Sweep's Family and the Sooty Heights episode the Hounds of Music.
Voice actors | 2f0e88e5-a6e6-420d-8e45-907e4f5a7a8b |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lytoceras_batesi"} | Species of mollusc (fossil)
Lytoceras batesi is an ammonite species belonging to the family Lytoceratidae. These cephalopods were fast-moving nektonic carnivores. They lived in the Cretaceous period. | 686f8a89-2361-43dc-814d-d709e37fd34d |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliades_Ochoa"} | Cuban singer and composer
Musical artist
Eliades Ochoa Bustamante (born 22 June 1946) is a Cuban guitarist and singer from Loma de la Avispa, Songo La Maya in the east of the country near Santiago de Cuba.
He began playing the guitar when he was six and in 1978 he was invited to join Cuarteto Patria, a group founded in 1939, as its leader. Although he looks like a guajiro, and he still wears his trademark cowboy hat, his roots are in the son, and he only agreed to take on the role of leader if he was allowed to introduce new elements to the repertoire. He plays the guitar, tres and also a variant of the guitar, with two additional strings. His involvement with the Buena Vista Social Club and the Wim Wenders film of the same name (1999), has led him to worldwide fame.
In 2010 he recorded an album with a number of Cuban and Malian musicians, including Toumani Diabaté, titled AfroCubism.
Discography
Albums
Compilations
Collaborations | 1ed9c4d5-42fe-4292-bbfa-ec43870f1a64 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_State_Route_205"} | State Route 205 (SR 205) is a 15.185-mile-long (24.438 km) state highway that serves as a connection between the towns of Guntersville in Marshall County and Boaz in Etowah County. The highway serves as an alternate to U.S. Route 431 (US 431) through the area.
Route description
The southern terminus is at an intersection with US 431 in Sardis City. From this point, the highway travels in a northerly direction through Boaz and Albertville prior to turning to the northwest en route to its northern terminus at another intersection with US 431 near Guntersville.
History
SR 205 is routed along the roadway formerly designated as U.S. Route 241. During the 1940s, US 241 was relocated to the current routing of US 431. US 241 was changed to US 431 in 1953. In 2006, the portion of SR 205 in Etowah County is called The Jack Toney Memorial Highway.
Major intersections | 8669428c-6138-4fde-85c9-0b7538b45522 |
null | Shimakawa (written: 島川 lit. "island river") is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include: | d83b6e93-1018-463f-8e8f-3bca92c864e6 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_%26_Eisen"} | Walker & Eisen (1919−1941) was an architectural partnership of architects Albert R. Walker and Percy A. Eisen in Los Angeles, California.
Partners in addition to Walker and Eisen included: Clifford A. Balch, William Glenn Balch, and Burt William Johnson.
Walker & Eisen worked on many cinema−theater designs with Clifford A. Balch.
Selected projects
Some of their notable buildings include:
A number of their buildings are designated as Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments. They are mentioned in the film (500) Days of Summer.
National City Bank of Los Angeles building
Built in 1924, the 12-story Beaux-Arts building at 810 South Spring Street was the headquarters of National City Bank of Los Angeles. With the important banks and financial institutions being concentrated there, the Spring Street Financial District was the financial center of Los Angeles in the first half of the 20th century, known as Wall Street of the West. The building was designated a Historic Cultural Landmark (HCM #871) in 2007.
The building was converted from offices to 93 residential units in 2008, and was renamed the National City Tower. The building also has retail space. | 7df4f1ca-ccbf-433a-b26c-91b686c85374 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Berres%27_Church,_Llanferres"} | Church in Denbighshire, Wales
St Berres' Church, Llanferres, is in the village of Llanferres, Denbighshire, Wales on the A494 road between Mold and Ruthin. It is an Anglican church in the Bro Famau Group of Churches, the Mission Area of Mold, the archdeaconry of Wrexham and the diocese of St Asaph. The church is designated by Cadw as a Grade II listed building.
History
The earliest documentary evidence to the church is in 1291, although it is possible that it has a medieval origin. Alterations were made to the church in the 17th century, which are indicated by a datestone of 1650. Some rebuilding took place in 1774, probably under the direction of the Chester architect Joseph Turner. Another Chester architect, Thomas Jones, added the south transept, the west tower, and possibly two galleries. A third Chester architect, John Douglas carried out an internal restoration in 1891–92. This included stripping of the plaster, removal of the galleries, and a new screen. Glass was removed from the east window and inserted into windows at the west end.
Architecture
Exterior
The church is built in limestone with slate roofs and grey ridge tiles. Its plan consists of a nave and chancel in one cell, a south transept, a west tower, and a porch near the northwest angle of the nave. The tower has three stages. In the lowest stage, on the west wall is a doorway, and above this is a two-light window. The second stage has a quatrefoil window on each face. The top stage consists of an octagonal bellcote with a weathervane.
Interior
The font has a bowl with quatrefoils and is dated 1684. There are two sepulchral slabs which date from the late 13th century. One of the monuments dates from the late 14th century, and others from the 17th and 18th centuries.
External features
The gate piers in the church yard are also designated as a Grade II listed building. The churchyard contains the war graves of a Welsh Guards soldier and an airman of World War II. | ea4e4799-5616-4644-b902-06216fca0994 |
null | Spanish footballer
Raúl González Robles (born 25 April 1991), sometimes known simply as Raúl, is a Spanish footballer who plays as a forward for Hércules CF.
Club career
Raúl was born in Alicante, Valencian Community, playing youth football for three local clubs including Hércules CF. In the 2012–13 season he was promoted to the first team, finally settling on jersey 26 (a youth squad number) for financial purposes.
Raúl made his debut in Segunda División on 26 August 2012, coming on as a 60th-minute substitute for Alberto Escassi in an eventual 1–2 derby home loss against Elche CF. On 9 January of the following year, however, he was loaned to neighbouring Orihuela CF until the end of the season. | 525cdf47-0c4d-4f15-bcc3-2c84dc80e90a |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropidolaemus"} | Genus of snakes
Common names: temple pit vipers.
Tropidolaemus is a genus of venomous pit vipers found in southern India and Southeast Asia. Currently, 5 species are recognised and no subspecies.
Description
Tropidolaemus are sexually dimorphic. Females can attain total lengths of up to 1 metre (39⅜ inches), but males are typically only around 75 cm (29+1⁄2 in). They have a distinctly broad, triangular-shaped head and a relatively thin body.
They are found in a wide variety of colours and patterns, which are often referred to as "phases". Some sources even classify the different phases as subspecies. Phases vary greatly from having a black or brown colouration as a base, with orange and yellow banding, to others having a light green as the base colour, with yellow or orange banding, and many variations therein.
Geographic range
Tropidolaemus is native to southern India and Southeast Asia.
Behaviour
These species are primarily arboreal, and are excellent climbers. They spend most of their time nearly motionless, in wait for prey to pass by. They may be diurnal or nocturnal, with their activity period depending on the temperature.
Feeding
The diet includes small mammals, birds, lizards and frogs.
Reproduction
The average litter consists of between twelve and fifteen young, with the neonates measuring 12–15 cm (4¾-5⅞ inches) in total length.
Species
T Type species.
Taxonomy
Two species here were once classified as Trimeresurus, but were given their own genus due to distinct morphological characteristics.
One new species, T. laticinctus, was described recently by Kuch, Gumprecht and Melaun (2007). It is found on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi. The type locality is "between L. Posso and Tomini Bay, Celebes" [= between Lake Poso and Tomini Bay, Province of Sulawesi Tengah, Indonesia]." | af5e28f6-cd79-4c06-90c6-330b4e918e4a |
null | Ukrainian handball coach
Leonid Anatolyevich Ratner (Ukrainian: Леонід Анатолійович Ратнер; born 26 December 1937) is a Ukrainian handball coach for the Ukrainian women's national team. | 458311fc-f3aa-482b-8722-9d738f6fa786 |
null | Durandus (died 1024/5) was an 11th-century bishop of Liège.
Life
Durandus was born to an obscure family in Morialmé, in the principality of Liège, and was a vassal of the local lord. Recommended to Notker of Liège by his lord, he was educated in the bishop's school. On the recommendation of Wolbodo, Emperor Henry II appointed him vice-chancellor of the Empire and scholaster of Bamberg Cathedral.
After Wolbodo's death, in 1021, Durandus succeeded him as bishop of Liège. He consecrated the church of Gembloux on 25 July 1022. In 1023 he took part in the Synod of Cologne.
He died in Liège on 23 January 1024 or 1025. | 5f5000f0-aa6e-40e1-935e-120685a898c5 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meizu_MX"} | Smartphone
The Meizu MX is a smartphone designed and produced by the Chinese manufacturer Meizu Technology, which runs on a modified Android operating system, dubbed as Flyme OS. It is the company's second Android-based smartphone, after the Meizu M9. The MX is Meizu's first smartphone to be released outside mainland China, as its launch also happened in Hong Kong at the same time, on January 1, 2012.
Since the development phase, Meizu announced that the MX would come in a dual-core and a quad-core model, the second being due to be released later than the first. This made Meizu the first company to announce a quad-core smartphone and, later, the first to announce an Exynos 4-based smartphone, beating the Samsung Galaxy S III in marketing time (even though the latter went on sale first).
The MX was the first Meizu phone to achieve extensive coverage on tech blogs and websites outside China because of its features comparable to the flagship phones of major mobile phone manufacturers. Thanks to the good reception, rumors stated the MX could arrive on Western markets.
History
Design
The first rumors about a successor of the Meizu M9 leaked out in Q4 2010, even before M9's official launch itself, suggesting that a so-called M9II phone was in development, with a dual-core processor, 4-inch screen and 1 GB of RAM. Initially, this phone was supposed to look almost identical the M9, although with upgraded hardware, and some media thought it could have been a competitor in China to the iPhone 5, rumored to be in development, as happened with the Meizu M9.
In mid-April 2011 Meizu officially confirmed that the company was developing the phone, along with declaring that its name would be MX (M10, following the company's product name numeration). In this period the MX was attributed a Retina-like display resolution (1280x854 or 1200x900 pixels), which is not the one of the production models' display.
The device's final design, price and release date. were changed many times, as happened before with the M9.
Release
Pre-orders for the dual-core MX started on December 15, 2011, and granted a guarantee to receive the phone exactly on January 1, 2012, the day that official distribution started through the company's flagship stores (in China and Hong Kong). On launch day many customers waited for their turn outside the stores, forming queues (not as long as the ones for the M9 though); some reports claim that Meizu wanted to avoid attracting big crowds (for a matter of public order), so the customers who pre-ordered the devices were invited to arrive at the store only after receiving a phone confirmation. Even so, people started arriving the night before January 1. Meizu assured that production and supplies would be able to meet customers' demand by 2012 Chinese New Year's Day (January 23), advising people to order the MX as soon as possible to receive it by that date. Meanwhile, the quad-core version was rumored to be going on sale around mid-2012 and on April 16, 2012, it was officially announced that it would start selling in June.
Meizu, in partnership with PCCW Mobile, held a launch party in Hong Kong on June 25, 2012, formalizing the release date of the MX 4-core: June 30. On that day many customers went to pick up their new phone at Meizu stores, resulting some cities running out of stock the same day.
On July 14 a new, improved dual-core model was released, replacing the old model in Meizu's product lineup. It features a 32 nm SoC, a bigger capacity battery and an improved Wi-Fi module.
Features
Models
The Meizu MX is available in two variants, differing primarily for the system on a chip they use: one model uses an Exynos 4 Dual 32 nm with a dual-core 1.4 GHz ARM Cortex-A9 CPU, an ARM Mali 400 quad-core GPU and 1 GB of RAM, while the other model, named MX 4-core, uses the Exynos 4 Quad 32 nm with a quad-core 1.4 CPU (the other characteristics being equal). Meizu declares that the Exynos 4 Quad used by the MX 4-core model has a CPU 60% faster and a GPU 50% faster, compared to the previous model, while at the same time consuming 20% less battery. The dual-core model is equipped with a 16 GB flash memory for internal storage, while the quad-core model is available with either a 32 GB or a 64 GB memory. The current dual-core model was preceded by another one, currently discontinued, which used a battery 100 mAh less powerful than the one mounted on the quad-core model, had a display with lower contrast and a Wi-Fi module with poorer reception. The present dual-core model has been updated with the corresponding components from the 4-core variant. (See the Launch and sale section for further information)
Hardware and design
The Meizu MX has a plastic body with a Gorilla Glass display cover; it measures 121.3 mm (4.78 in) x 63.3 mm (2.49 in) x 10.3 mm (0.41 in) and weighs 139 g (4.9 oz). It has a classic candybar shape, being rectangular with rounded corners, and presents only one central physical button at the front, like many modern touchscreen smartphones. The MX features also two situation aware capacitive keys (which are also haptic enabled), a technology patented by Meizu; these soft keys have different functions based on the device's orientation and functions. The front of the phone, including the key and the metal border around it, is completely black, and so is the internal chassis, while the back cover is available in five different colors (pure white, ivory white, misty pink, lilac purple and milky lime). These covers are made from double-layer plastics: the bottom one is colored and the top one is transparent, giving the back a glossy finish, similarly to other smartphones like the Samsung Galaxy S III and the Huawei Honor.
The MX features a 4-inch diagonal, 960x640 pixel (DVGA resolution) ASV multi-touch capacitive touchscreen display, with an aspect ratio of 3:2, supporting up to 16 million colors and with a pixel density of 288 ppi.
In addition to the touchscreen input and the front keys, the device has a volume/zoom control on the right side and the power/lock button on the top. The MX doesn't have a camera shutter key, but it is possible to capture a photo using the volume key or by swiping a finger on the proximity sensor (via a software update).
The Meizu MX has a VGA front-facing camera and an 8.0 MP camera on the back. The main camera has a backside illuminated CMOS sensor with autofocus; the optics have an aperture of f/2.2 and the macro focus is capable of clearly capturing objects as close as 5–10 cm. The software settings includes support for geotagging, smile detection, panorama mode and wide dynamic range.
Reception
The MX4 received generally positive reviews.
Engadget gave the MX a score of 74 out of 100 possible points and praised the sharp display, great audio quality and good build quality. | 05da8e81-e8cf-4a41-9dba-ac9e3eb94bce |
null | Mountain in Peru
Paxsi (Aymara for "moon", Hispanicized spelling Pacsi) is a mountain in the Andes of Peru, about 4,941.1 metres (16,211 ft) high. It is situated in Pampamarca District of La Unión Province in the Arequipa Region. Paxsi lies south of the Chawpimayu (Quechua for "central river", Hispanicized Chaupimayo) or Wayllapaña (Huayllapaña), a right affluent of the Cotahuasi River. | dd4320fa-64cc-4c54-8605-3798938ee216 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_S._Edmiston"} | Canadian architect (1857–1903)
William Somerville Edmiston (November 10, 1857 – July 24, 1903) was an architect and politician in present-day Alberta, Canada. He was a member of the Edmonton Town Council and for two terms, the mayor of Edmonton.
Originally a native of Scotland, Edmiston came to Canada to settle in Clover Bar, Northwest Territories in the early 1880s. After living there for about ten years, he relocated to nearby Edmonton where he would employ himself as an architect, the first ever in the town. Engaging in a partnership with another fellow architect, his firm would design some of the first buildings in the newly developing town. He would also involve himself with the town's politics, sitting on the Edmonton Town Council, and later serving out two terms as Mayor of Edmonton, from 1897 to 1899. During his time as mayor, he involved himself in local affairs as well as run his architectural business. He would also lobby for a new bridge to be built over the North Saskatchewan River, connecting Edmonton with the town of Strathcona. He would voluntarily relinquish his position as mayor and not run in the 1899 election, opting to retire.
Edmiston was also very active in the sporting affairs of Edmonton, participating in and managing many sporting activities and clubs. He died after an accident which resulted in heart failure in 1903; an industrial park in Edmonton was subsequently named after him.
Early life
Edmiston was born in 1857 at the Hutchesontown section of Glasgow, Scotland, the son of William Thomson and Jessie (née Mitchell) Edmiston. He immigrated to Canada in 1882, and settled in Clover Bar, Northwest Territories where he farmed. His siblings, Janet Hamilton Edmiston and Herbert William Edmiston had also immigrated to Canada. In Clover Bar, he was named justice of the peace, and served as a trustee in the local school board.
Career
He relocated to the town of Edmonton in 1892, becoming the town's first architect. He also operated a brickyard upon settling. In 1892, Edmiston, working independently at the time, was contracted by the Edmonton Town Council to draft a map of the town. In that same year, he was also a member of a committee tasked with a project to establish a brewery in Edmonton. In 1893, he established a partnership with local architect Nathaniel G. Flater, and operated under the name Edmiston & Flater, headquartered at the Edmonton Imperial Bank Building. The firm designed many notable buildings for the town, including the first post office, the city's first brick school (for the Edmonton Public School District), the All Saints' Anglican Cathedral, a home for Herbert Charles Wilson, the McDougall & Secord retail store, and a fire hall. In 1899, he would end his partnership with Flater and enter into a new one, with Henry D. Johnson of Calgary, under the firm name Edmiston & Johnson Architects, Draughtsmen, Valuators and Insurance Agents. This firm was responsible for constructing, amongst many, a hospital building, a new Presbyterian church and making alterations to the Robertson Hall Theatre.
In 1900, an article was published in the Edmonton Bulletin, praising the firm Edmiston & Johnson, specifically for their "skill and artistic tastes", stating that they had "built for themselves a reputation that is second to none in their line".
William Edmiston was also briefly involved in the meat industry, establishing a pork packing business, the Edmonton Pork Packing Company, around 1896. During the 1890s he was also a director of the Edmonton District Railway Company.
Civic politics
In 1895, Edmiston was nominated for and subsequently elected to Edmonton Town Council, finishing first in the aldermanic race in a field of nine candidates, with 175 votes. He was re-elected in 1896, finishing second of eight candidates. During this term, Edmiston sat as the chair of the board of works. He also sat on the council's finance, public works and market committees. He did not seek re-election in the next election. In early 1897, he was a member of a planning committee for Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee celebrations within the town. In the ensuing December 1897 election, having been nominated for mayor by Colin Strang and George Roy, he was the only candidate put forth for the position, and thus was acclaimed to the position. In 1898, in response to getting nominated for re-election as mayor, Edmiston responded by purchasing an advertisement in the Edmonton Bulletin, stating:
As I have been requested by a large number of taxpayers to run for Mayor for 1899, I thank them for the honor and beg to say I have much pleasure and pride in accepting the nomination.
— Will S. Edmiston
He would be re-elected in the election later that year, defeating former mayor Cornelius Gallagher by 81 votes. He did not seek re-election in 1899, opting to retire. Following his last council meeting, after thanking members of the council, he treated members of the council and press members to "an excellent oyster supper" at a dining hall. During his two terms as mayor, he was involved in petitioning the dominion government for the bridge that became the Low Level Bridge, which would be constructed shortly after his final mayoral term, in 1900. He also introduced bylaws that permitted a new flour mill to operate with reduced taxation rates, authorized the widening of Queen Street, and provided for the purchase of additional property for the expansion of the town.
In May 1900, Edmiston, along with notables Alex Taylor, John Alexander McDougall, James McDonald, William Johnston Walker, Robert Manson, Thomas Bellamy, Herman McInnes, and Hedley C. Taylor, were named to The Edmonton Public Hospital corporate governing board, on the advice of the Legislative Assembly of the North-West Territories.
Personal life
William Edmiston was a Mason and a member of the Old Timers' Association, the Sons of Scotland, Knights of Pythias, Edmonton Liberal-Conservative Association and Edmonton Board of Trade. Edmiston was active in the sporting community of Edmonton, serving on football and rugby committees in the 1890s, the honorary president of the Victoria Football Club, and as a member of the local hockey, curling and rifleman's clubs. He also played on a local cricket team in the 1890s and in local billiard tournaments. He resided in the Riverdale neighbourhood of Edmonton, where former mayor Matthew McCauley had also lived. At the time of the 1901 Census of Canada, Edmiston was living in Edmonton with his wife, Georgina Edmiston (born in New Brunswick), sister Janet Edmiston, and his two children, Kenneth William and Jessie Gertrude Edmiston. His son, Kenneth would serve in World War I with the 19th Alberta Dragoons.
Death and legacy
Edmiston died suddenly of heart failure July 24, 1903, at his Cliffe Street home in Edmonton. He was 45 years old. He had been recovering from an accident suffered a week prior in which he sustained a broken leg. After his funeral on July 26, 1903, he was buried at the Edmonton Cemetery. His obituary lauded that he was a well-respected citizen who had "always taken a prominent part in all matters pertaining to the welfare of [Edmonton]."
Edmiston Industrial, an industrial park located in the Northwest portion of the Edmonton near the Yellowhead Trail, was named in his honour in 1975. The architectural firm of Edmiston & Johnson lasted up until the 1960s, changing partners multiple times, and ultimately folding in 1964 under the name Howard and Robert Bouey Architects. | 55f0cde1-c1b8-43d4-ae3a-8a624daaf7d1 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manadeva"} | Ancient Nepali king
King Mānadeva (464–505 AD), also Mandev or Mandeva (Nepali: मानदेव), was a king of Licchavi dynasty in present-day Nepal. He was the son of Dharmadeva, grandson of Shankardeva and the great grandson of Vrsadeva. He suppressed the feudal chiefs of the east and west and also conquered Mallapuri. He minted coins called Mananka and constructed the palace of Managriha for himself which later became a centre of administration of the Licchavi kings.
Reign
Mandev's father died when he was only a young boy and he was crowned as the king in his early age. His mother Rajyabati, upon her husband's death, chose to assist her son in ruling the kingdom rather than going Sati. After he ascended the throne, the Thakui governers of the eastern provinces tried to revolt with the aim of gaining independence from the Licchavi rule. Manadev marched with an huge army and suppressed the rebellion forcefully.
After crushing the rebels, he, along with his maternal uncle, marched towards west and conquered Mallapuri, Nabalpur and various other tiny states. He expanded his kingdoms up to the Himalayas in the north, to the other side of Gandaki River in the west, and to the Kosi River in the east.
He installed 14 inscriptions during his reign. His inscription in the Changu Narayan Temple is dated 464 C.E making it the earliest inscription from the Licchavi period.
He ruled for more than 41 years without any challenge to his authority was succeeded by his son, Mahideva.
Personal life
He had at least three queens - Bhogini, Ksemasundari, and Gunavati. Although he was an ardent worshipper of Lord Vishnu, he was tolerant of other religions as shown by the installation of Lord Shiva's images by his queens and his daughter. | 3831acf3-e663-4215-8d10-961536f1b9d5 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Ewing"} | American opera singer (1950–2022)
Maria Louise Ewing (March 27, 1950 – January 9, 2022) was an American opera singer. In the early part of her career she performed solely as a lyric mezzo-soprano; she later assumed full soprano parts as well. Her signature roles were Blanche, Carmen, Dorabella, Rosina and Salome. Some critics regarded her as one of the most compelling singing actresses of her generation.
Early life and education
Maria Louise Ewing was born in Detroit, Michigan, on March 27, 1950. She was the youngest of four daughters of Hermina Ewing, née Veraar, a Dutch-born homemaker, and Norman Isaac Ewing, an electrical engineer at a steel company. Her father claimed to be of Sioux descent, but he was the son of parents who were both part European, part African; an episode of the genealogical television show Finding Your Roots devoted to Ewing's daughter, the actress Rebecca Hall, revealed that he was the son of John William Ewing, born into slavery, a prominent figure in the African-American community of Washington DC, and a descendant of Bazabeel Norman, a notable African-American veteran of the American Revolutionary War. (Rebecca Hall's interest in her mother's ethnicity inspired her to make a film, Passing, the protagonist of which is an African-American woman whose skin is light enough for her to be perceived as white.) According to Ewing's former husband, her father's African roots caused her family so much anxiety that a particularly dark-skinned relative of theirs was forbidden from visiting their home during the hours of daylight. Ewing herself was unembarrassed by her racial make-up, regarding her African roots not with shame but with pride.
Ewing's parents were both musical enthusiasts: her mother was a keen collector of classical recordings, and her father played the piano well enough to attract an audience of admiring neighbors. Ewing's own musical education began with piano lessons when she was thirteen. As well as playing solo piano pieces, she sometimes acted as an accompanist for one of her sisters, Frances, occasionally singing duets with her; their mother was sufficiently impressed by her voice to encourage her to complement her keyboard work by studying singing too. Coached by a local voice teacher, Ewing joined the alto section of the chorus at her Detroit high school—Jared W. Finney High School—and was soon participating in and winning singing competitions. When she was seventeen, she became a pupil of Marjorie Gordon, a coloratura soprano (not to be confused with an English Gilbert and Sullivan soprano of the same name). After only a year of teaching her, Gordon suggested that she should apply to take part in Oakland University's Meadow Brook Music Festival. She auditioned for the role of Maddalena in a production of Rigoletto that was to be conducted by a young James Levine. Their meeting proved to be wonderfully serendipitous: Levine was so struck by her expressive power that he assured her that she had the potential to become a major artist, while for her part, she found in him a teacher, mentor, guide, champion and friend. It was in order to study with Levine that she sought and won a scholarship at the Cleveland Institute of Music, where her other instructors included the soprano Eleanor Steber. And after her graduation in 1970, it was at Levine's urging that she continued her training in New York City as a private pupil of the great mezzo-soprano Jennie Tourel, supporting herself by working in offices and clothing stores.
Career
Ewing began her professional life as a lyric mezzo-soprano. Her debut was as Rosina in an English-language production of Il barbiere di Siviglia in Detroit in 1970, staged by a company now known as the Michigan Opera Theatre. (She returned to the role many times, including at Houston Grand Opera in 1976 and 1983, at Glyndebourne Festival Opera in 1981 and 1982 and at the Metropolitan Opera in 1982.) After three years of gradually building a career as a recitalist, concert artist and opera performer, she made her first appearance at a high-profile venue on June 29, 1973, when she starred at the Ravinia Festival singing a program of songs by Alban Berg accompanied by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and conducted by Levine. "I cannot remember a young singer who has excited me more on a first hearing", wrote the Chicago Tribune's Thomas Willis. "Still in her early twenties, she has the clear stamp of greatness in every movement and tone".
The first leading opera company that engaged Ewing was San Francisco's. She was their Mercédès in Carmen in 1973, and their Sicle in Francesco Cavalli's Ormindo in 1974. In 1975, Santa Fe Opera presented her in Così fan tutte as Dorabella, one of the parts with which she became most closely associated: she was highly praised in the role both at Glyndebourne in 1978 and at the Metropolitan Opera, with Levine on the podium, in 1982. In his history of Glyndebourne, Spike Hughes remembered Ewing's Dorabella as "a particular joy, with a natural gift of timing and an enchantingly comical face", while for Levine, Ewing was "the funniest, most stylish Dorabella you could imagine, absolutely sensational".
It was as Cherubino in Le nozze di Figaro that Ewing first appeared in Europe, playing the farfallone amoroso at Salzburg in 1976; she repeated the role there in 1979 and 1980. It was as Cherubino too that she first sang at the Metropolitan Opera on October 14, 1976 in a production to which she returned in 1977. In his autobiography, the director Lotfi Mansouri remembered Ewing at this stage in her career as "an alluring mezzo who could convince audiences possibly better than anyone else that her enchantingly sung Cherubino was really a boy". She offered another Mozart trousers role in 1977, when she sang Idamante in his opera seria Idomeneo at the San Francisco Opera. In 1980 and 1984, she appeared in his second da Ponte work when she was Zerlina in Don Giovanni at the Geneva Opera and the Met respectively. Her other bel canto mezzo-soprano role was Angelina in La Cenerentola (Houston Grand Opera, 1979; Geneva Opera, 1981).
As Ewing's career in opera progressed, her choice of parts became ever more eclectic, spanning the gamut from seventeenth century works by Monteverdi and Purcell to twentieth century pieces by Shostakovich and Poulenc. Ultimately she went so far as to adventure beyond the boundaries of her mezzo Fach and sing as a soprano too. Among the parts that she assumed were the title role in La Périchole (San Francisco Opera, 1976; Geneva Opera, 1982 and 1983); Blanche in Dialogues des Carmélites (Metropolitan Opera, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981 and 1987); Mélisande in Pelléas et Mélisande (La Scala, 1977; San Francisco Opera, 1979); Charlotte in Werther (San Francisco Opera, 1978); the Composer in Ariadne auf Naxos (Glyndebourne Festival Opera, 1981; Metropolitan Opera, 1984 and 1985); Susanna in Le nozze di Figaro (Geneva Opera, 1983; Lyric Opera of Chicago, 1987); Poppea in L'incoronazione di Poppea (Glyndebourne Festival Opera, 1984 and 1986); the title roles in Carmen (Glyndebourne Festival Opera, 1985 and 1987; Metropolitan Opera, 1986; Royal Opera House, 1991), Salome (Los Angeles Opera, 1986; Royal Opera House, 1988; Lyric Opera of Chicago, 1988; San Francisco Opera, 1993), Die lustige Witwe (Lyric Opera of Chicago, 1986 and 1987), Tosca (Royal Opera House, 1991) and Madama Butterfly (Los Angeles Opera, 1991); Didon in Les Troyens (Metropolitan Opera, 1993 and 1994); Katerina Ismailova in Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk (Metropolitan Opera, 1994); Dido in Dido and Aeneas (Hampton Court, 1995); Marie in Wozzeck (Metropolitan Opera, 1997); the title role in Fedora (Los Angeles Opera, 1997); and the Queen of the Fairies in Iolanthe (Gielgud Theatre, London, 2008). It was for her performance in Salome that she attracted the warmest plaudits, not least for the succès de scandale that she achieved in the opera's notorious Dance of the Seven Veils. At Los Angeles in 1986, she ended Salome's strip-tease with her modesty protected by a gold lamé G-string, but at Covent Garden two years later, she dispensed with even that minimal concession to prudery and became one of the few opera singers to dare full-frontal nudity. "I felt the G-string was vulgar," she said. *I think the nudity is more pure. It's a mixture of purity and decadence, that's what's so fascinating."
The non-operatic music that Ewing performed was as diverse as her theatrical repertoire: it included Berg's Sieben Frühe Lieder, Berlioz's La damnation de Faust, Debussy's La damoiselle élue and Trois ballades de François Villon, Mozart's Great Mass in C minor and Verdi's Quattro pezzi sacri. She could be as dramatic in concert as when performing as a singing actress—the conductor Simon Rattle recalled her interpretation of Ravel's Shéhérazade as "easily the most X-rated Shéhérazade you can imagine". Her recital repertoire extended from an aria by Handel to art songs by Debussy, Duparc, Schubert and Wolf. As regards genres of music outside the classical realm, she had an especial affection for jazz ever since being introduced to it by Dave Brubeck's Take Five at the age of eight; she sometimes spent an entire night compulsively listening to one jazz record after another. During the BBC Proms festival of 1989 she performed cabaret numbers with Richard Rodney Bennett, and her videography includes a DVD of her performing with the band Kymaera at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club in London.
Personal life
Ewing's relationship with the English director Peter Hall began when they worked together in a production of Così fan tutte at Glyndebourne in 1978. He found her "delightful, provocative and very, very attractive; formidable too, but wonderfully funny". For her, "it was a meeting of minds and sympathies". "We played piano duets", Hall recalled, "and found that we both hated the dead conventions, the laziness and the silliness of much opera production". When Hall visited her in New York the following year, their friendship metamorphosed into romance: "I am deeply in love with Maria Ewing", he confided to his diary on Christmas Day. "We plan to make our life together in the new year when she will come to London". They married on Long Island on Valentine's Day, 1982. Their only child, Rebecca, was born three months later. Hall described his time with Ewing as "years of passion, of highs and lows, excitements and despair"."Her blazing integrity and refusal to compromise do not make her an easy person to live with", he wrote. "The mixture of our two volatile natures and our two careers... made for a turbulent life, sometimes gloriously happy, sometimes acutely miserable". Six years after their wedding, and after directing her in productions of Carmen, L'incoronazione di Poppea and Salome, he abandoned her and began a relationship with Nicki Frei, a press officer at London's National Theatre. Hall and Ewing were divorced in 1990. She never remarried, but in her later years she found a platonic lover in Amir Hosseinpour, a Tehran-born director and choreographer.
In 2003, Ewing lived in Sussex, England.
Reputation
Opinions of Ewing were extremely diverse. Lotfi Mansouri thought her "highly gifted", but described her conduct in San Francisco Opera's 1993 production of Salome as "a nightmare...She became difficult, stubborn, and wrongheaded. In the easier sections, she would drag the rhythms, then rush like crazy in the more difficult parts... Married to Sir Peter Hall at the time, she expected to be addressed as 'Lady Hall', then put a sign on her dressing room saying that she was not to be spoken to at all". The critic and musical historian Peter G. Davis condemned her 1986 Metropolitan Opera Carmen as "a loopy Gypsy who might have just landed from the moon as she lurched spastically from one scene to the next without allure, consistency, credibility, or vocal distinction. That Ewing continued to be taken seriously over the next decade in the face of ongoing vocal collapse, whooping and scooping through one part after another, only indicated how decadent the Farrar-Garden tradition had become". On the other hand, Simon Rattle praised her as "the most interesting singing actress of the stage", and despite a six-year hiatus in their friendship when he broke a promise to cast her in a new production of Carmen at the Met, James Levine never ceased to admire her: "She had the whole gift: brilliant on the stage, brilliant musician, brilliant linguist, very striking timbre. Maria started off with maybe the most full-scale and versatile gifts of any artist I ever worked with, able to sing every language, every style, recital, oratorio, opera, the whole business". Peter Hall too always remained as enthusiastic about Ewing's art as he was when he first collaborated with her. "Her whole being is about performing, and truthful performing. She can only work with complete commitment and honesty... Her performances are incandescent. Even if you don't like them you cannot ignore them... Some people cannot take her highly personal approach; they say she pulls the music about, remaking it in her own image. This is not true; she is a meticulous musician. But her need to express leads her to emphasise and inflect outside the well-bred norm...She is a disturbing performer, a star". "She is not a well-mannered artist and does not live her life calmly. I love her for that."
Death
Ewing died of cancer at her residence near Detroit on January 9, 2022, at the age of 71.
Recordings
Videography
Discography | ebe72b3c-a34a-45ae-baf8-c43e79aabaf9 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Storage_%26_Transfer_Cold_Storage_Warehouse_and_Armour_Creamery_Building"} | United States historic place
The Union Storage & Transfer Cold Storage Warehouse and Armour Creamery Building in Fargo, North Dakota, United States, was built in 1930. It includes work by Fargo architect William F. Kurke. | fe3d3da5-78d4-4066-8738-6a5db923bff0 |
null | 1931 Mickey Mouse cartoon
The Barnyard Broadcast is a 1931 animated short film produced by Walt Disney Productions. It is part of the Mickey Mouse film series. | aada8a35-9aa7-4c1c-aba3-a01e1febdb27 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temburong_District"} | District of Brunei
District in Brunei
Temburong District (Malay: Daerah Temburong; Jawi: دائيره تمبوروڠ) or simply Temburong (Malay: [tǝmburoŋ] (
listen)) is the easternmost district in Brunei. It is an exclave — the land is separated from the rest of the country by Malaysia and Brunei Bay, and accessible from the mainland via the Sultan Haji Omar Ali Saifuddien Bridge. It has a total area of 1,306 km2 (504 sq mi). The population was 10,251 in 2016; it is the least populous district in the country. Bangar is the district town and administrative centre.
Geography
The district is surrounded by Brunei Bay to the north and Sarawak, Malaysia to the east, south and west.
The Temburong River flows through the district, and the Sungai Pandaruan river forms the western section of the border with Malaysia.
The highest point is Bukit Pagon with the height of 1,850 metres (6,070 ft). It is also the highest point in the country.
Brunei's first national park, the Ulu Temburong National Park, is located south of the Temburong district, covering 550 km2 (210 sq mi) of the Temburong forest. The national park has a scientific research centre facility, the Kuala Belalong Rainforest Field Studies Centre, which is only accessible by boat. 25 hectares (62 acres) of the Kuala Belalong area had been allocated for joint venture research projects conducted by the Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Kuala Belalong Field Studies and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. It is called the "Belalong Rainforest Experience," and is funded by The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation: Brunei. An Outward Bound centre can also be found within the national park.
Temburong has 67 km (42 mi) of roads connecting Bangar to interior villages. In addition a further 54 km (34 mi) of roads connect villages in the interior.[citation needed]
A new 30 km (19 mi) roadway connecting the Muara and Temburong districts of Brunei was completed in March 2020. 14 km (8.7 mi) of this roadway crosses the Brunei Bay.
Administration
The district administration is the responsibility of Temburong District Office (Jabatan Daerah Temburong), a government department under the Ministry of Home Affairs.
Temburong District is divided into five mukims:
These are further subdivided into 76 Kampongs (Villages), however only 57 have a permanent population.
According to the Constitution, the district is to be represented in the Legislative Council, the state legislature, by up to 2 members. As of 2017, one member has been appointed to represent the district in the legislature.
Demographics
Temburong District is the least populous district in Brunei. According to the 2016 census update, the population was 10,251 and made up about 2.5% of the country's total population. 52.2% were males and 47.8% were females. The racial make-up were as follow: 65.7% were Malays, 10.3% were Chinese, and 24% were those other than the aforementioned races. In terms of residency status, 80.7% were citizens, 12% were permanent residents and 7.3% were temporary residents. In terms of professed religions, 73.3% were Muslims, 13% were Christians, 1.3% were Buddhists, and 12.4% professed other than the aforementioned religions or irreligious. The age groups were as follow: 22% were 14 years old and below, 19.1% were 15 to 24 years old, 52.3% were 25 to 64 years old, and 6.5% were 65 years old and above. The population is predominantly rural, whereby 93.9% lived in rural areas in contrast to 6.1% in urban areas.
The census also recorded 2,007 households living in 1,894 dwellings in the district.
In 2020, the district's population was estimated to have increased to 11,200.
Tourism
Pristine forest still covers most of the district. This leads to the intensive development of the eco-tourism industry in Temburong district. Eco-Tourism promotion events such as "Cuti-Cuti Temburong" ('Temburong holidays') was launched at the end of 2008 by the local tourism group known as "Kenali Negara Kitani" (KNK) ('Know Your Country') to encourage locals and tourists from foreign countries to travel to the Temburong district. The promotion event is a kick-start of the Heart of Borneo project at Brunei vicinity.
Infrastructures
Education
In 2019, there were 14 schools in Temburong District under the Ministry of Education, out of which 12 were government and 2 were private. The number of teachers were recorded at 238, in which 91.6% taught in government schools and 8.4% in private schools. The number of students were recorded at 1,816, whereby 90.7% were enrolled in government schools and 9.3% in private schools. For the formal Islamic religious education which is under the Ministry of Religious Affairs, there were 12 religious schools (7.6% of the country's total), employing 106 teachers and enrolling 770 students.
The highest education level available is secondary and provided at Sultan Hassan Secondary School, the sole secondary school in the district.
Healthcare
Pengiran Isteri Hajjah Mariam Hospital is the district hospital. It was inaugurated on 3 September 1987. The construction cost B$15 million; it sits on a 2.8-hectare (6.9-acre) site. The hospital has 50 beds and the clinical services provided include maternity, dental, optical and intensive care units. It is named after Mariam binti Abdul Aziz, a former second wife and Pengiran Isteri (princess consort) of Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah.
Roads
As of 2019, the district's road network comprised a total length of 196.73 kilometres (122.24 mi), out of which 67.5% were paved.
The road network is connected to the rest of the country primarily via Sultan Haji Omar Ali Saifuddien Bridge, commonly known as Temburong Bridge, which traverses the Labu Forest Reserve and the Brunei Bay. The other end of the bridge terminates in Brunei-Muara District. There is also the alternative road which crosses the Brunei–Malaysia border and is through the Limbang District in the Malaysian state of Sarawak. Prior to the opening of the bridge in 2020, the route which passes through Malaysia was the only land route to the rest of the country.
Security
The district has an army presence at Bangar Camp. There is one main police headquarters in Bangar and numerous police posts around the district.
Use by SAF
The SAF Commandos regularly conducts jungle training here. A Singapore army camp is also located in between Kampung Negalang and the other town that is called the Lakiun. | 2bc2dc26-1fc4-4b87-86f4-289ef5c8350d |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28_(album)"} | 2005 studio album by Aoki Takamasa and Tujiko Noriko
28 is an electronic music album by Aoki Takamasa and Tujiko Noriko, released on Fat Cat Records in 2005. Reviewers have compared Noriko's vocals and Takamasa's production to the Vespertine-era work of Björk and Matmos, with the track "Vinyl Words" particularly highlighted.
Track listing
Production
All tracks written, performed, and produced by Takamasa and Noriko.
Equipment | 343f7a2c-3e61-4cf1-a258-46b7259622b7 |
null | Australian rugby union footballer
Rugby player
Justin Turner (born 12 March 1990) is an Australian rugby union footballer. His regular playing position is scrum-half. He currently represents the Western Force in Super Rugby. He made his debut for the franchise during the 2010 Super 14 season against the Stormers in Perth.
Turner was a member of the Australia under 20 team that competed in the 2010 IRB Junior World Championship. | b31138b9-657c-457e-8b93-793f6cd67181 |
null | This is a list of electoral results for the Electoral district of North Murchison in Western Australian state elections.
Members for North Murchison
Election results
Elections in the 1900s
Elections in the 1890s | 04863afa-b6f5-4cd6-85eb-80ad5da722df |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsdale,_New_South_Wales"} | Suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Hillsdale is a suburb in the Eastern Suburbs of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Hillsdale is located 6 kilometres south-east of the Sydney central business district in the Bayside Council. The suburb is named after Pat Hills, former Deputy Premier of New South Wales.
Retail
Hillsdale has a shopping centre called Southpoint Shopping Centre (formerly known as Hillsdale Town Centre) on Bunnerong Road, which is a high-rise mixed-use complex with commercial and residential space and is opposite the large Heffron Park. Southpoint is anchored by TK Maxx, Aldi, Woolworths and a large Australia Post office.
Recreation
Heffron Park, at 44 hectares it is the largest sporting reserve in Randwick City. A range of sports are played in the park through winter and summer including netball, rugby league, soccer, touch football, oz tag, cricket, cycling, tennis and gymnastics. Located on the south-east corner of the park is the Des Renford Leisure Centre, a council-owned gym, aquatic and fitness centre.
The park is popular with local residents for walking, jogging and cycling. The Hensley Athletic Field is located on Wentworth Avenue, close to Botany and the Westfield Eastgardens shopping centre. Matraville Public School is located in Hillsdale at the corner of Bunnerong and Beauchamp Roads.
History
Hillsdale was part of the suburb of Matraville until the 1960s. Matraville was originally reserved for the Church and Schools Corporation with income generated intended to support clergy and teachers. It reverted to the crown in 1917 and was allocated for a settlement for soldiers returning from World War I. The suburb was split between Randwick and Botany Councils. When problems arose from the division in 1961, Botany Council decided to rename its portion Gilmore, to honour Australian poet Dame Mary Gilmore (1864–1962). After the post masters general office pointed out that there already was a Gilmore, New South Wales, the council chose Hillsdale to honour Patrick Darcy Hills, who was the New South Wales minister for local government. It was a controversial choice since most residents believed that a name should have been chosen that reflected Australia's history.
Many homes were built in Hillsdale after World War II including some by the Housing Commission.
Population
At the 2016 census, there were 5,501 residents in Hillsdale. The most common country of birth was Australia (39.9%), with the top other countries of birth being Bangladesh 5.8%, China 4.7%, Philippines 3.8%, Iraq 3.3% and India 2.9%. 39.6% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Bengali 7.5%, Spanish 4.4%, Assyrian Neo-Aramaic 4.2%, Mandarin 3.9% and Cantonese 3.3%. The top responses for religious affiliation were Catholic 26.5%, No Religion 20.7%, Not stated 11.7% and Islam 11.6%,. The majority of dwellings were units or apartments and there were few separate or semi-detached houses in the suburb.
Education
Matraville Public School is a primary school in Hillsdale, drawing its students predominantly from the surrounding suburbs of Hillsdale, Banksmeadow and Matraville. In 2007 the school had approximately 300 students from kindergarten to Year 6. The school opened as Cross Road Public School in 1903, named after the school's location at the intersection between Beauchamp and Bunnerong Roads. It was renamed as Matraville Public School in 1904.
Housing
Housing in Hillsdale is primarily units or flats, with few detached dwellings. More than half the households in Hillsdale rent, significantly higher than the Sydney average.
About 2% of Hillsdale is public housing
Transportation
There are about 4 bus stops in the suburb of Hillsdale. The nearest train station is the Domestic Airport railway station in Mascot and it is 5 km from Hillsdale. The nearest light rail stop the Juniors Kingsford light rail stop in Kingsford and it is about 3.3 km from Hillsdale.
Gallery | c569f15d-d04e-4929-a3ec-e62a04147c86 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Freddy%27s_Drop_discography"} | Fat Freddy's Drop have released seven studio albums, two live albums, and several singles. Their songs have appeared on compilation albums both in New Zealand and internationally. In 2007, they released a DVD, Fantastic Voyages Vol. 1, with live footage from their 2006 World Cup Tour, music videos, and behind the scenes footage.
Studio albums
Live albums
Extended plays
Singles
Other charted songs
DVDs
Music videos
Featured appearances | e629da2f-9552-4967-9010-3fe5f1f06e19 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harrison_Stonehouse"} | English bookseller (1864–1937)
John Harrison Stonehouse (1864 – 27 August 1937) was an English bookseller and Charles Dickens scholar at long-established London booksellers Sotheran's where he rose from apprentice to managing director through hard work and a strong entrepreneurial instinct. He introduced and popularised the "Cosway" binding and commissioned the opulent edition of Edward FitzGerald's The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam that was lost when RMS Titanic sank in 1912. He published a book on the subject in 1933.
He became a specialist in manuscripts and acquired a previously unknown collection of Dickens material relating to a youthful romance between the author and Maria Beadnell, his notes on which were turned into a book published in the United States. He later published a book about Dickens's early life. He also acquired 37 volumes of material relating to the prophetess Joanna Southcott, and a collection of "intimate" letters between the playwright Richard Brinsley Sheridan and Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire.
He was president of the Antiquarian Booksellers' Association in 1936. He died in 1937 and received an obituary from the poet Siegfried Sassoon titled "Adventurer in Bookselling". He left little money, forcing his widow to seek financial assistance from his former employers.
Early life and family
John Stonehouse was born in Wilton, Wiltshire, in 1864. He married Mary Martha. In 1891 they were living in Albert Street, Camden Town, and in 1901, Bramshill Gardens, Dartmouth Park, to the north of Kentish Town. By 1901 they had children Dorothy, Joseph, and Ida. Later, the Stonehouses lived at 19 Grand Avenue in Muswell Hill, north London.
Career
In 1884, Stonehouse joined the London book dealers Sotheran's as an apprentice, ultimately rising to the position of managing director through his skills of literacy, invention, and marketing. There, he worked with figures such as Henry Cecil Sotheran ("Cecil Sotheran" 1861-1928), the last Sotheran to run the firm, the scientific literature specialist and bibliographer Heinrich Zeitlinger, and manager and book scout Alexander Railton. He became a specialist in manuscripts and in 1905 acquired for his employers a previously unknown collection of Dickens material. In 1906 he acquired 37 volumes of material relating to the prophetess Joanna Southcott, and in 1908 purchased the "intimate" letters between Richard Brinsley Sheridan and Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire.
When Cecil Sotheran was killed in a motor accident in 1928, it was Stonehouse that prevented the firm from being wound-up by persuading his friend and fellow bookseller Gabriel Wells to buy it and recoup his outlay by selling shares in the firm. One investor was the banker and collector Anthony de Rothschild which ultimately led to the banking firm of that name buying the whole firm in 1957.
In 1933, he began to produce Piccadilly Notes, a continuously paginated publication that combined offers from Sotheran's stock with a column penned by Stonehouse titled "Adventures in Bookselling" featuring romantic recollections from his career and observations on the book world. It continued until his death and then for two more issues, the first being a memorial issue with text by Stonehouse, and the second a simple price list issued in 1938 as No. 23. It was revived in 1989. In 1936, he was president of the Antiquarian Booksellers' Association.
Cosway bindings
In 1901 or 1902, Stonehouse introduced what became known as the Cosway binding, a book in a fine binding, in which Sotheran's already specialised, but with the addition of a miniature portrait on the front cover relating to the author or subject of the book. The name came from the 18th-century miniaturist and macaroni Richard Cosway whose work had been the subject of several exhibitions in London in the 1890s.
The books were bound by the Rivière bindery, who already did a lot of work for Sotheran's, and the portraits painted by Miss C. B. Currie (Caroline Billin Curry, died 1940) in oil on ivory. They were protected by a thin glass cover. Currie produced several thousand miniatures during her career with Sotheran's, as well as at least 164 numbered fore-edge paintings for the firm, but her identity was kept secret until 1911 when the success of the books was so great that Stonehouse decided to use her as part of the firm's marketing. Similar bindings had been made in 18th-century France and 19th-century America, and a number of competitors copied Sotheran's success, but it was the Cosways from Sotheran's that popularised that style of binding.
The "Great Omar"
In 1909, Stonehouse commissioned the bookbinders Sangorski & Sutcliffe to produce an edition of Edward FitzGerald's The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam (1859), a translation of the poetry of Omar Khayyam. As Stonehouse later recalled, he told Francis Sangorski:
Do it and do it well; there is no limit, put what you like into the binding, charge what you like for it; the greater the price, the more I shall be pleased; provided only that it is understood, that what you do, and what you charge for, will be justified by the result; and the book when finished is to be the greatest modern Binding in the world; these are the only instructions.
The book, based on the large 1884 American edition illustrated by Elihu Vedder, took two years to complete at Sangorski & Sutcliffe's bindery in Southampton Row and included 1,050 jewels of topaz, turquoise, ruby, amethyst, garnets, and olivines. These were set in a binding of 5,000 pieces of coloured leather on a green morocco leather base. Stonehouse named the book the "Great Omar". According to company legend, he once played a prank on Sangorski by hiding the book when they met for dinner, causing Sangorski to think that he had lost it.
Despite the book not being finished, Stonehouse made it the centrepiece of Sotheran's shop display for the Coronation of King Edward VII in June 1911. It was priced at £1,000, more than three times the price of any other single volume offered by the firm at the time. He was confident it would sell as there was already strong demand for jewelled bindings, particularly in the United States, but despite wide publicity it failed to find a buyer. It was refused by the King's librarian at Windsor, who was repelled by it, and Gabriel Wells refused it at £900. In 1912, an attempt to send it to the United States for the viewing of wealthy book buyers there, failed due to customs problems. Finally, Cecil Sotheran, whom Stonehouse had not consulted before commissioning the book, ordered it to be sold without reserve at auction. It came up at Sotheby's in March 1912 and was sold to Gabriel Wells for £405. Wells sent it to New York on RMS Titanic but the book was lost when that ship sank in April 1912. Stonehouse published his history of the book in 1933.
The troubled history of the book and its loss on the Titanic has caused some to view it as "cursed". The front cover featured three peacocks, a bird traditionally associated with immortality but in the modern era also with pride and vanity, sins possibly reflected in the commissioning, pricing, and decorating of the book which featured 97 topazes on the cover with a border of 250 amethysts. The back cover showed an innocuous Persian mandolin, but inside the front doublure was a snake (or serpent) in an apple tree, evoking the story of the temptation of Eve by the serpent in the Garden of Eden which introduced evil into the world, while the back doublure showed a skull with teeth made of ivory. Among the flowers decorating the end pages were poppies and deadly nightshade, the whole creating a theme more of death than immortality. In 1912, Francis Sangorski drowned in an accident, while a later replica of the book created by Sangorski & Sutcliffe was destroyed during the London Blitz.
Charles Dickens
Stonehouse's personal literary interests centred on the works of Charles Dickens. In 1905, an employee of Sotheran's overheard a man in a hotel bar talking about documents that he thought were by Dickens and would be of great value if only they could be authenticated. Stonehouse became involved as the firm's specialist in manuscripts and found a poem titled "The Bill of Fare" and a number of letters of a romantic nature from Charles Dickens to Maria Beadnell (1811-86, later Mrs Maria Winter), who ultimately married a merchant with better prospects than the unestablished young Dickens. After a number of visits to the owner, a daughter of Maria Winter, Stonehouse managed to obtain 18 letters which he transcribed with notes sufficient to form the basis of a book that for the first time identified Beadnell as the model for Dora in Dickens's autobiographical novel David Copperfield and as Flora Finching in Little Dorrit.
Finding the letters to be unpublishable in England, in 1905, Stonehouse took them and his book manuscript to the United States, hoping to find a buyer. They were refused by John Pierpont Morgan but accepted by the industrialist and collector William K. Bixby of St Louis who also agreed to publish Stonehouse's book. It appeared in 1908 as Charles Dickens and Maria Beadnell: Private correspondence, published for the members of The Bibliophile Society of Boston, Massachusetts, with a preface by Henry H. Harper and edited by George Pierce Baker of Harvard University. Despite the book being substantially based on Stonehouse's work, his name did not appear anywhere, the only possible reference to him being in the preface as "one who realized their [the letters] worth".
In 1921, Stonehouse produced editions of Dickens's readings from David Copperfield and Oliver Twist based on the original printed editions, the former including his essay on the relationship between Dickens and Maria Beadnell. The readings from Oliver Twist, titled Sikes and Nancy, included Stonehouse's "A First Bibliography of the Reading Editions of Charles Dickens's Works". In 1930-31, he produced in five parts the biographical Green Leaves: New chapters in the life of Charles Dickens which dealt principally with Dickens's early life and its influence on his writings. It was issued in bound form in 1931. A revised and enlarged edition was published by Haskell House Publishers of New York in 1973. In 1931-32, he provided the introduction for and edited an edition in parts of The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (The Pickwick Papers). In 1935, he edited the catalogue of Dickens's library at Gadshill which was combined with the library of novelist William Thackeray in one volume drawn from Sotheran's price lists.
Death and legacy
Stonehouse died on 27 August 1937. His address at the time of his death was 19 Grand Avenue, Muswell Hill, London. He was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium and received an obituary from Siegfried Sassoon in The Bookseller titled "Adventurer in Bookselling" that referenced Stonehouse's column "Adventures in Bookselling" in Piccadilly Notes. There was also an obituary in The Publishers' Circular and the Publisher & Bookseller titled "Death of a Noted Bookseller and Bibliophile".
Probate was granted to his widow Mary Martha Stonehouse on an estate of £604 but in November that year she wrote to Sotheran's asking for financial assistance as she had little money left and was unable to work. Her income then came from letting out rooms to lodgers. The firm gave her £20 and a pension of £1 per week.
In 2001, Stonehouse featured as a character in Craig O. Thompson's Omar: A novel, in which an attempt is made to recover the "Great Omar" from the wreck of the Titanic. In 2011, his activities at Sotheran's featured heavily in Victor Gray's history of that firm titled Bookmen London: 250 years of Sotheran bookselling, chapter 12 of which is titled "The reign of Stonehouse".
Selected publications | bb407a22-1b51-4bb6-9b14-25513bdf58da |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_Southeast_Asian_Games"} | Football tournament
Football has been part of the Southeast Asian Games sport since the 1959 edition. The women's football competition was held for the first time in 1985 in Thailand.
From the 2001 Southeast Asian Games to the 2015 Southeast Asian Games, the age limit for men's teams was under-23 plus up to three over-aged players for each squad.
Since the 2017 Southeast Asian Games, the age limit for men's teams is under-22. At the 2019 Southeast Asian Games, two over-aged players were allowed for each team.
Thailand and Vietnam are the only two nations have won both Gold medals of Men's and Women's tournament in a Southeast Asian Games.
Results
Men's tournament
Southeast Asian Peninsular Games
1 Decided by round-robin standings. 2 The title was shared. 3 There was no bronze medal game held.
Southeast Asian Games
4 Indonesia did not turn up at the appointed time. After waiting for 15 minutes the referee called off the game and reported to the technical committee which awarded the bronze to Burma. 5 Decided by round-robin standings.
Women's tournament
Southeast Asian Games
Medal tally
Men's tournament
Women's tournament
All tournaments
Top goalscorer
Winning managers | 65090cf4-ef2c-4620-b6d1-9fc5784b9479 |
null | The Sternenbote is a monthly scientific journal on astronomy published by the Astronomisches Büro (Vienna). It was established in 1958, and contents include ephemerides of comets and other Solar System objects and observation reports. It is abstracted and indexed in the Astrophysics Data System. | 1803b679-02f2-4340-8c2b-73cc6f611976 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haematopota_subcylindrica"} | Species of fly
Haematopota subcylindrica is a species of horse-flies that can be found in such European countries as Austria, Belgium, Great Britain including the Isle of Man, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, the Netherlands, and in all states of former Yugoslavia (except for North Macedonia). It can also be found in Near East including Middle East. | b47a8dbc-4ad9-4cf8-a124-0b256e682332 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Moon"} | English rock drummer (1946–1978)
Keith John Moon (23 August 1946 – 7 September 1978) was an English drummer for the rock band the Who. He was noted for his unique style of playing and his eccentric, often self-destructive behaviour.
Moon grew up in Alperton, a suburb of Wembley, in Middlesex, United Kingdom, and took up the drums during the early 1960s. After playing with a local band, the Beachcombers, he joined the Who in 1964 before they recorded their first single. Moon was recognised for his drumming style, which emphasised tom-toms, cymbal crashes, and drum fills. Throughout Moon's tenure with the Who, his drum kit steadily grew in size, and (along with Ginger Baker) he has been credited as one of the earliest rock drummers to regularly employ double bass drums in his setup. Moon occasionally collaborated with other musicians and later appeared in films, but considered playing in the Who his primary occupation, and remained a member of the band until his death. In addition to his talent as a drummer, Moon developed a reputation for smashing his kit on stage and destroying hotel rooms on tour. He was fascinated with blowing up toilets with cherry bombs or dynamite, and destroying television sets. Moon enjoyed touring and socialising, and became bored and restless when the Who were inactive. His 21st birthday party in Flint, Michigan, has been cited as a notorious example of decadent behaviour by rock groups.
Moon suffered a number of setbacks during the 1970s, most notably the accidental death of chauffeur Neil Boland and the breakdown of his marriage. He became addicted to alcohol, particularly brandy and champagne, and acquired a reputation for decadence and dark humour; his nickname was "Moon the Loon". After moving to Los Angeles with personal assistant Peter "Dougal" Butler during the mid-1970s, Moon recorded his only solo album, the poorly received Two Sides of the Moon. While touring with the Who, on several occasions he passed out on stage and was hospitalised. By the time of their final tour with him in 1976, and particularly during production of The Kids Are Alright and Who Are You, the drummer's deterioration was evident. Moon moved back to London in 1978, dying that September from an overdose of Heminevrin, a drug intended to treat or prevent symptoms of alcohol withdrawal.
Moon's drumming continues to be praised by critics and musicians. He was posthumously inducted into the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame in 1982, becoming the second rock drummer to be chosen, and in 2011, Moon was voted the second-greatest drummer in history by a Rolling Stone readers' poll. Moon was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990 as a member of the Who.
Early life
Keith John Moon was born to Alfred Charles (Alf) and Kathleen Winifred (Kit) Moon on 23 August 1946 at Central Middlesex Hospital in northwest London, and grew up in Wembley, in the UK. He was named as hyperactive as a boy, with a restless imagination and a particular fondness for The Goon Show and music. Moon attended Alperton Secondary Modern School after failing his eleven plus exam, which precluded his attending a grammar school. His art teacher said in a report: "Retarded artistically. Idiotic in other respects". His music teacher wrote that Moon "has great ability, but must guard against a tendency to show off."
Moon joined his local Sea Cadet Corps band at the age of twelve on the bugle, but found the instrument too difficult to learn and decided to take up drums instead. He was interested in practical jokes and home science kits, with a particular fondness for explosions. On his way home from school, Moon would often go to Macari's Music Studio on Ealing Road to practise on the drums there, learning his basic skills on the instrument. He left school at age fourteen, around Easter in 1961. Moon then enrolled at Harrow Technical College; this led to a job as a radio repairman, enabling him to buy his first drum kit.
Career
Early years
Moon took lessons from one of the loudest contemporary drummers, Screaming Lord Sutch's Carlo Little, at 10 shillings per lesson. Moon's early style was influenced by jazz, American surf music and rhythm and blues, exemplified by noted Los Angeles studio drummer Hal Blaine. His favourite musicians were jazz artists, particularly Gene Krupa (whose flamboyant style he subsequently copied). Moon also admired Elvis Presley's original drummer DJ Fontana, the Shadows' original drummer Tony Meehan and the Pretty Things' Viv Prince. He also enjoyed singing, with a particular interest in Motown. Moon idolised the Beach Boys; Roger Daltrey later said that given the opportunity, Moon would have left to play for the California band even at the peak of the Who's fame.
During this time Moon joined his first serious band: the Escorts, replacing his best friend Gerry Evans. In December 1962 he joined the Beachcombers, a semi-professional London cover band playing hits by groups such as the Shadows. During his time in the group Moon incorporated theatrical tricks into his act, including "shooting" the group's lead singer with a starter pistol. The Beachcombers all had day jobs; Moon, who worked in the sales department at British Gypsum, had the keenest interest in turning professional. In April 1964, aged 17, he auditioned for the Who as a replacement for Doug Sandom. The Beachcombers continued as a local cover band after his departure.
The Who
A commonly cited story of how Moon joined the Who in 1964 is that he appeared at a show shortly after Sandom's departure, where a session drummer was used. Dressed in ginger clothes and with his hair dyed ginger (future bandmate Pete Townshend later described him as a "ginger vision"), he claimed to his would-be bandmates that he could play better; he played in the set's second half, nearly demolishing the drum kit in the process. In the words of the drummer, "they said go ahead, and I got behind this other guy's drums and did one song-'Road Runner.' I'd several drinks to get me courage up and when I got onstage I went arrgggGhhhh on the drums, broke the bass drum pedal and two skins, and got off. I figured that was it. I was scared to death. Afterwards I was sitting at the bar and Pete came over. He said: 'You ... come 'ere.' I said, mild as you please: 'Yes, yes?' And Roger, who was the spokesman then, said: 'What are you doing next Monday?' I said: 'Nothing.' I was working during the day, selling plaster. He said: 'You'll have to give up work ... there's this gig on Monday. If you want to come, we'll pick you up in the van.' I said: 'Right.' And that was it." Moon later claimed that he was never formally invited to join the Who permanently; when Ringo Starr asked how he had joined the band, he said he had "just been filling in for the last fifteen years."
Moon's arrival in the Who changed the dynamics of the group. Sandom had generally been the peacemaker as Daltrey and Townshend feuded between themselves, but because of Moon's temperament the group now had four members frequently in conflict. "We used to fight regularly", remembered Moon in later years. "John [Entwistle] and I used to have fights – it wasn't very serious, it was more of an emotional spur-of-the moment thing." Moon also clashed with Daltrey and Townshend: "We really have absolutely nothing in common apart from music", he said in a later interview. Although Townshend described him as a "completely different person to anyone I've ever met", the pair had a rapport in the early years and enjoyed practical jokes and improvised comedy. Moon's drumming style affected the band's musical structure; although Entwistle initially found Moon's lack of conventional timekeeping problematic, it created an original sound.
Moon was particularly fond of touring, since it was his only chance to regularly socialise with his bandmates, and was generally restless and bored when not playing live. This later carried over to other aspects of his life, as he acted them out (according to journalist and Who biographer Dave Marsh) "as if his life were one long tour." These antics earned him the nickname "Moon the Loon".
Musical contributions
I suppose as a drummer, I'm adequate. I've got no real aspirations to be a great drummer. I just want to play drums for the Who and that's it.
—Keith Moon, Melody Maker, September 1970
Moon's style of drumming was considered unique by his bandmates, although they sometimes found his unconventional playing frustrating; Entwistle noted that he tended to play faster or slower according to his mood. "He wouldn't play across his kit", he later added. "He'd play zig-zag. That's why he had two sets of tom-toms. He'd move his arms forward like a skier." Daltrey said that Moon "just instinctively put drum fills in places that other people would never have thought of putting them."
Who biographer John Atkins wrote that the group's early test sessions for Pye Records in 1964 show that "they seemed to have understood just how important was ... Moon's contribution." Contemporary critics questioned his ability to keep time, with biographer Tony Fletcher suggesting that the timing on Tommy was "all over the place." Who producer Jon Astley said, "You didn't think he was keeping time, but he was." In the opinion of Atkins, early recordings of Moon's drumming sound tinny and disorganised; it was not until the recording of Who's Next, with Glyn Johns' no-nonsense production techniques and the need to keep time to a synthesizer track, that he began developing more discipline in the studio. Fletcher considers the drumming on this album to be the best of Moon's career.
Unlike contemporary rock drummers such as Ginger Baker and John Bonham, Moon hated drum solos and refused to play them in concert. At a Madison Square Garden show on 10 June 1974, Townshend and Entwistle decided to spontaneously stop playing during "Waspman" to listen to Moon's drum solo. Moon continued briefly and then stopped, shouting "Drum solos are boring!" On 23 June 1977, he made a guest appearance at a Led Zeppelin concert in Los Angeles.
Moon also aspired to sing lead vocal on some songs. While the other three members handled most of the onstage vocals, Moon would attempt to sing backup (particularly on "I Can't Explain"). He provided humorous commentary during song announcements, although sound engineer Bob Pridden preferred to mute his vocal microphone on the mixing desk whenever possible. Moon's knack for making his bandmates laugh around the microphone led them to banish him from the studio when vocals were being recorded; this led to a game in which Moon would sneak in to join the singing. At the end of "Happy Jack", Townshend can be heard saying "I saw ya!" to Moon as he tries to sneak into the studio. The drummer's interest in surf music and his desire to sing led to his performing lead vocals on several early tracks, including "Bucket T" and "Barbara Ann" (Ready Steady Who EP, 1966) and high backing vocals on other songs, such as "Pictures of Lily". Moon's performance on "Bell Boy" (Quadrophenia, 1973) saw him abandon "serious" vocal performances to sing in character, which gave him (in Fletcher's words) "full licence to live up to his reputation as a lecherous drunk"; it was "exactly the kind of performance the Who needed from him to bring them back down to earth."
Moon composed "I Need You", the instrumental "Cobwebs and Strange" (from the album A Quick One, 1966), the single B-sides "In The City" (co-written with Entwistle) and "Girl's Eyes" (from The Who Sell Out sessions featured on Thirty Years of Maximum R&B and a 1995 re-release of The Who Sell Out), "Dogs Part Two" (1969), "Tommy's Holiday Camp" (1969) and "Waspman" (1972). Moon also co-composed "The Ox" (an instrumental from their debut album, My Generation) with Townshend, Entwistle and keyboardist Nicky Hopkins. The setting for "Tommy's Holiday Camp" (from Tommy) was credited to Moon; the song was primarily written by Townshend and, although there is a misconception that Moon sings on it, the album version is Townshend's demo.
The drummer produced the violin solo on "Baba O'Riley". Moon sat in on congas with East of Eden at London's Lyceum Ballroom, and afterwards suggested to violinist Dave Arbus that he play on the track.
Equipment
Moon played a four- and later a five-piece drum kit during his early career. During much of 1964 and 1965 his setups consisted of Ludwig drums and Zildjian cymbals. He began to endorse Premier Drums in late 1965, and remained a loyal customer of the company. His first Premier kit was in red sparkle and featured two high toms. In 1966 Moon moved to an even larger kit, but without the customary hi-hat—at the time he preferred keeping ride rhythms with ride and crash cymbals, but he later reinstated the hi-hats. His new larger configuration was notable for the presence of two bass drums; he, along with Ginger Baker, has been credited as one of the early pioneers of double bass drumming in rock. This kit was not used at the Who's performance at the 1967 Monterey Pop Festival. From 1967 to 1969 Moon used the "Pictures of Lily" drum kit (named for its artwork), which had two 22-inch (56 cm) bass drums, two 16-inch (41 cm) floor toms and three mounted toms. In recognition of his loyalty to the company, Premier reissued the kit in 2006 as the "Spirit of Lily".
By 1970 Moon had begun to use timbales, gongs and timpani, and these were included in his setup for the rest of his career. In 1973 Premier's marketing manager, Eddie Haynes, began consulting Moon about specific requirements. At one point, Moon asked Premier to make a white kit with gold-plated fittings. When Haynes said that it would be prohibitively expensive, Moon replied: "Dear boy, do exactly as you feel it should be, but that's the way I want it." The kit was eventually fitted with copper fittings and later given to a young Zak Starkey.
Destroying instruments and other stunts
At an early show at the Railway Tavern in Harrow, Townshend smashed his guitar after accidentally breaking it. When the audience demanded he do it again, Moon kicked over his drum kit. Subsequent live sets culminated in what the band later described as "auto-destructive art", in which band members (particularly Moon and Townshend) elaborately destroyed their equipment. Moon developed a habit of kicking over his drums, claiming that he did so in exasperation at an audience's indifference. Townshend later said, "A set of skins is about $300 [then £96] and after every show he'd just go bang, bang, bang and then kick the whole thing over."
In May 1966, Moon discovered that the Beach Boys' Bruce Johnston was visiting London. After the pair socialised for a few days, Moon and Entwistle brought Johnston to the set of Ready Steady Go!, which made them late for a show with the Who that evening. During the finale of "My Generation", an altercation broke out on stage between Moon and Townshend which was reported on the front page of the New Musical Express the following week. Moon and Entwistle left the Who for a week (with Moon hoping to join the Animals or the Nashville Teens), but they changed their minds and returned.
On the Who's early US package tour at the RKO 58th Street Theatre in New York in March and April 1967, Moon performed two or three shows a day, kicking over his drum kit after every show. Later that year, during their appearance on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, he bribed a stagehand to load gunpowder into one of his bass drums; the stagehand used about ten times the standard amount. During the finale of "My Generation", he set off the charge. The intensity of the explosion singed Townshend's hair and embedded a piece of cymbal in Moon's arm. A clip of the incident became the opening scene for the film The Kids Are Alright.
Although Moon was known for kicking over his drum kit, Haynes claimed that it was done carefully and the kit rarely needed repairs. However, stands and foot pedals were frequently replaced; the drummer "would go through them like a knife through butter".
Other work
Music
While Moon generally said he was only interested in working with the Who, he participated in outside musical projects. In 1966 he worked with Yardbirds guitarist Jeff Beck, pianist Nicky Hopkins and future Led Zeppelin members Jimmy Page and John Paul Jones on the instrumental "Beck's Bolero", which was the B-side to "Hi Ho Silver Lining" and appeared on the album Truth. Moon also played timpani on another track, a cover of Jerome Kern's "Ol' Man River". He was credited on the album as "You Know Who".
Moon may have inspired the name for Led Zeppelin. When he briefly considered leaving the Who in 1966, he spoke with Entwistle and Page about forming a supergroup. Moon (or Entwistle) remarked that a particular suggestion had gone down like a "lead zeppelin" (a play on "lead balloon"). Although that supergroup was never formed, Page remembered the phrase and later adapted it as the name of his new band.
The Beatles became friends with Moon, and this led to occasional collaborations. In 1967, he contributed backing vocals to "All You Need Is Love". On 15 December 1969, Moon joined John Lennon's Plastic Ono Band for a live performance at the Lyceum Theatre in London for a UNICEF charity concert. In 1972 the performance was released as a companion disc to Lennon and Ono's album Some Time in New York City.
Moon's friendship with Entwistle led to an appearance on Smash Your Head Against the Wall, Entwistle's first solo album and the first by a member of the Who. Moon did not play drums on the album; Jerry Shirley did, with Moon providing percussion. Rolling Stone's John Hoegel appreciated Entwistle's decision not to let Moon drum, saying that it distanced his album from the familiar sound of the Who.
Moon became involved in solo work when he moved to Los Angeles during the mid-1970s. Track Records-MCA released a Moon solo single in 1974, comprising cover versions of the Beach Boys' "Don't Worry, Baby" and "Teenage Idol". The following year he released his only solo album, entitled Two Sides of the Moon. Although it featured Moon on vocals, he played drums on only three tracks; most of the drumming was left to others (including Ringo Starr, session musicians Curly Smith and Jim Keltner, and actor-musician Miguel Ferrer). The album was received poorly by critics. New Musical Express's Roy Carr wrote, "Moonie, if you didn't have talent, I wouldn't care; but you have, which is why I'm not about to accept Two Sides of the Moon." Dave Marsh, reviewing the album in Rolling Stone, wrote: "There isn't any legitimate reason for this album's existence." During one of his few televised solo drum performances (for ABC's Wide World), Moon played a five-minute drum solo dressed as a cat on transparent acrylic drums filled with water and goldfish. When asked by an audience member what would happen to the kit, he joked that "even the best drummers get hungry." His performance was not appreciated by animal lovers, several of whom called the station with complaints.
Film
In the 2007 documentary film Amazing Journey: The Story of The Who, Daltrey and Townshend reminisced about Moon's talent for dressing as (and embodying) a variety of characters. They remembered his dream of getting out of music and becoming a Hollywood film actor,[better source needed] although Daltrey did not think Moon had the patience and work ethic required of a professional actor. Who manager Bill Curbishley agreed that Moon "wasn't disciplined enough to actually turn up or commit to doing the stuff."
Nevertheless, the drummer landed several acting roles. His first was in 1971, a cameo in Frank Zappa's 200 Motels as a nun afraid of dying from a drug overdose. Although it only took 13 days to film, fellow cast member Howard Kaylan remembers Moon spending off-camera time at the Kensington Garden Hotel bar instead of sleeping. Moon's next film role was J.D. Clover, drummer for the fictional Stormy Tempest (played by Billy Fury) at a holiday camp during the early days of British rock 'n' roll, in 1973's That'll Be the Day. He reprised the role for the film's 1974 sequel, Stardust, in Jim MacLaine's (David Essex) backing band the Stray Cats and played Uncle Ernie in Ken Russell's 1975 film adaptation of Tommy. Moon's last film appearance was in 1978's Sextette.
Destructive behaviour
When you've got money and you do the kind of things I get up to, people laugh and say that you're eccentric, which is a polite way of saying you're fucking mad.
—Keith Moon
Moon led a destructive lifestyle. During the Who's early days he began taking amphetamines, and in a NME interview said his favourite food was "French Blues". He spent his share of the band's income quickly, and was a regular at London clubs such as the Speakeasy (where manager Roy Flynn recalls having to throw him out on three occasions) and The Bag O'Nails; the combination of pills and alcohol escalated into alcoholism and drug addiction later in his life. "[We] went through the same stages everybody goes through – the bloody drug corridor", he later reflected. "Drinking suited the group a lot better."
According to Townshend, Moon began destroying hotel rooms when the Who stayed at the Berlin Hilton on tour in late 1966. In addition to hotel rooms, Moon destroyed friends' homes and even his own, including throwing furniture from upper-storey windows. Andrew Neill and Matthew Kent estimated that his destruction of hotel toilets and plumbing cost as much as £300,000 ($500,000). These acts, often fuelled by drugs and alcohol, were Moon's way of demonstrating his eccentricity; he enjoyed shocking the public with them. Longtime friend and personal assistant Butler observed, "He was trying to make people laugh and be Mr Funny, he wanted people to love him and enjoy him, but he would go so far. Like a train ride you couldn't stop."
In a limousine on the way to the airport, Moon insisted they return to their hotel, saying "I forgot something." At the hotel he ran back to his room, grabbed the television and threw it out of the window into the swimming pool below. He then jumped back into the limo, saying "I nearly forgot."
Fletcher argues that the Who's lengthy break (15 December 1971 – 11 August 1972) between the end of their 1971 Who's Next Tour and the beginning of the Quadrophenia sessions devastated Moon's health, as without the rigours of lengthy shows and regular touring that had previously kept him in shape, his hard-partying lifestyle took a greater toll on his body. He did not keep a drum kit or practise at Tara, and began to deteriorate physically as a result of his lifestyle. Around the same time he became a severe alcoholic, starting the day with drinks and changing from the "lovable boozer" he presented himself as to a "boorish drunk". David Puttnam recalled, "The drinking went from being a joke to being a problem. On That'll Be the Day it was social drinking. By the time Stardust came round it was hard drinking."
Exploding toilets
Moon's favourite stunt was to flush powerful explosives down toilets. According to Fletcher, Moon's toilet pyrotechnics began in 1965 when he purchased a case of 500 cherry bombs. Townshend remembers walking into the bathroom of Moon's hotel room and noticing the toilet had disappeared, with only the S-bend remaining. The drummer explained that since a cherry bomb was about to explode, he had thrown it down the toilet and showed Townshend the case of cherry bombs. "And of course from that moment on," the guitarist remembered, "we got thrown out of every hotel we ever stayed in."
Moon moved from cherry bombs to M-80 fireworks to sticks of dynamite, which became his explosive of choice. "All that porcelain flying through the air was quite unforgettable," Moon remembered. "I never realised dynamite was so powerful. I'd been used to penny bangers before." He quickly developed a reputation for destroying bathrooms and blowing up toilets. The destruction mesmerised him, and enhanced his public image as rock's premier hell-raiser. Tony Fletcher wrote that "no toilet in a hotel or changing room was safe" until Moon had exhausted his supply of explosives.
Entwistle recalled being close to Moon on tour and both were often involved in blowing up toilets. In a 1981 Los Angeles Times interview he admitted, "A lot of times when Keith was blowing up toilets I was standing behind him with the matches."
Once, a hotel manager called Moon in his room and asked him to lower the volume on his cassette recorder because it made "too much noise." In response the drummer asked him up to his room, excused himself to go to the bathroom, put a lit stick of dynamite in the toilet and shut the bathroom door. Upon returning, he asked the manager to stay for a moment, as he wanted to explain something. Following the explosion, Moon turned the recorder back on and said, "That, dear boy, was noise. This is the 'Oo."
Flint Holiday Inn incident
On 23 August 1967, on tour opening for Herman's Hermits, Moon celebrated what he said was his 21st birthday (although it was thought at the time to be his 20th) at a Holiday Inn in Flint, Michigan. Entwistle later said, "He decided that if it was a publicised fact that it was his 21st birthday, he would be able to drink."
The drummer immediately began drinking upon his arrival in Flint. The Who spent the afternoon visiting local radio stations with Nancy Lewis (then the band's publicist), and Moon posed for a photo outside the hotel in front of a "Happy Birthday Keith" sign put up by the hotel management. According to Lewis, Moon was drunk by the time the band went onstage at Atwood Stadium.
Returning to the hotel, Moon started a food fight and soon cake began flying through the air. The drummer knocked out part of his front tooth; at the hospital, doctors could not give him an anaesthetic (due to his inebriation) before removing the remainder of the tooth. Back at the hotel a mêlée erupted; fire extinguishers were set off, guests (and objects) thrown into the swimming pool and a piano reportedly destroyed. The chaos ended only when police arrived with guns drawn.
A furious Holiday Inn management presented the groups with a bill for $24,000, which was reportedly settled by Herman's Hermits tour manager Edd McCann. Townshend claimed that the Who were banned for life from all of the hotel's properties, but Fletcher wrote that they stayed at a Holiday Inn in Rochester, New York, a week later. He also disputed a widely held belief that Moon drove a Lincoln Continental into the hotel's swimming pool, as claimed by the drummer in a 1972 Rolling Stone interview. However, Roger Daltrey, in an interview on BBC's Top Gear, stated that the group was banned from 'an entire state's worth of Holiday Inns', presumably then Michigan. He also claimed that, while he had not personally seen a car in a swimming pool, he had seen a bill for damages and removal.
Passing out on stage
Moon's lifestyle began to undermine his health and reliability. During the 1973 Quadrophenia tour, at the Who's debut US date at the Cow Palace in Daly City, California, Moon ingested a mixture of tranquillisers and brandy. During the concert, Moon passed out on his drum kit during "Won't Get Fooled Again". The band stopped playing, and a group of roadies carried Moon offstage. They gave him a shower and an injection of cortisone, sending him back onstage after a thirty-minute delay. Moon passed out again during "Magic Bus", and was again removed from the stage. The band continued without him for several songs before Townshend asked, "Can anyone play the drums? – I mean somebody good?" A drummer in the audience, Scot Halpin, came up and played the rest of the show.
During the opening date of the band's March 1976 US tour at the Boston Garden, Moon passed out over his drum kit after two numbers and the show was rescheduled. The next evening Moon systematically destroyed everything in his hotel room, cut himself doing so and passed out. He was discovered by manager Bill Curbishley, who took him to a hospital, telling him "I'm gonna get the doctor to get you nice and fit, so you're back within two days. Because I want to break your fucking jaw ... You have fucked this band around so many times and I'm not having it any more." Doctors told Curbishley that if he had not intervened, Moon would have bled to death. Marsh suggested that at this point Daltrey and Entwistle seriously considered firing Moon, but decided that doing so would make his life worse.
Entwistle has said that Moon and the Who reached their live peak in 1975–76. At the end of the 1976 US tour in Miami that August, Moon became delirious was treated in Hollywood Memorial Hospital for eight days. The group was concerned that he would be unable to complete the last leg of the tour, which ended at Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto on 21 October (Moon's last public show). During the band's recording sabbatical between 1976 and 1978, Moon gained a considerable amount of weight. By the time of the Who's invitation-only show at the Gaumont State Cinema on 15 December 1977 for The Kids are Alright, Moon was visibly overweight and had difficulty sustaining a solid performance. After recording Who Are You, Townshend refused to follow the album with a tour unless Moon stopped drinking, and said that if Moon's playing did not improve he would be fired. Daltrey later denied threatening to fire him, but said that by this time Moon was out of control.
Financial problems
Because the Who's early stage act relied on smashing instruments, and owing to Moon's enthusiasm for damaging hotels, the group were in debt for much of the 1960s; Entwistle estimated they lost about £150,000. Even when the group became relatively financially stable after Tommy, Moon continued to rack up debts. He bought a number of cars and gadgets, and flirted with bankruptcy. Moon's recklessness with money reduced his profit from the group's 1975 UK tour to £47.35 (equivalent to £423 in 2021).
Personal life and relationships
Birthdate
Before the 1998 release of Tony Fletcher's Dear Boy: The Life of Keith Moon, Moon's date of birth was presumed to be 23 August 1947. This erroneous date appeared in several otherwise-reliable sources, including the Townshend-authorised biography Before I Get Old: The Story of The Who. The incorrect date had been supplied by Moon in interviews before it was corrected by Fletcher to 1946.
Kim Kerrigan
Moon's first serious relationship was with Kim Kerrigan, whom he started dating in January 1965 after she saw the Who play at Le Disque a Go! Go! in Bournemouth. By the end of the year she discovered she was pregnant. Her parents, who were furious, met with the Moons to discuss their options, and she moved into the Moon family home in Wembley. She and Moon were married on 17 March 1966 at Brent Register Office, and their daughter Amanda was born on 12 July. The marriage (and child) were kept secret from the press until May 1968. Moon was occasionally violent towards Kim: "if we went out after I had Mandy", she later said, "if someone talked to me, he'd lose it. We'd go home and he'd start a fight with me." He loved Amanda, but his absences due to touring and fondness for practical jokes made their relationship uneasy when she was very young. "He had no idea how to be a father", Kim said. "He was too much of a child himself."
From 1971 to 1975 Moon owned Tara, a home in Chertsey where he initially lived with his wife and daughter. The Moons entertained extravagantly at home, and owned a number of cars. Jack McCullogh, then working for Track Records (the Who's label), recalls Moon ordering him to purchase a milk float to store in the garage at Tara.
In 1973 Kim, convinced that neither she nor anyone else could moderate Keith's behaviour, left her husband and took Amanda; she sued for divorce in 1975 and later married Faces keyboard player Ian McLagan. Marsh believes that Moon never truly recovered from the loss of his family. Butler agrees; despite his relationship with Annette Walter-Lax, he believes that Kim was the only woman Moon loved. McLagan commented that Moon "couldn't handle it." Moon would harass them with phone calls, and on one occasion before Kim sued for divorce, he invited McLagan for a drink at a Richmond pub and sent several "heavies" to break into McLagan's home on Fife Road and look for Kim, forcing her to hide in a walk-in closet. She died in a car accident in Austin, Texas, on 2 August 2006.
Annette Walter-Lax
In 1975 Moon began a relationship with Swedish model Annette Walter-Lax, who later said that Moon was "so sweet when he was sober, that I was just living with him in the hope that he would kick all this craziness." She begged Malibu neighbour Larry Hagman to check Moon into a clinic to dry out (as he had attempted to do before), but when doctors recorded Moon's chemical intake at breakfast – a bottle of champagne, Courvoisier and amphetamines – they concluded that there was no hope for his rehabilitation.
Friends
Moon enjoyed being the life of the party. Bill Curbishley remembered that "he wouldn't walk into any room and just listen. He was an attention seeker and he had to have it."
Early in the Who's career, Moon got to know the Beatles. He would join them at clubs, forming a particularly close friendship with Ringo Starr. Moon later became friends with Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band members Vivian Stanshall and "Legs" Larry Smith, and the trio would drink and play practical jokes together. Smith remembers one occasion where he and Moon tore apart a pair of trousers, with an accomplice later looking for one-legged trousers. In the early 1970s Moon helped Stanshall with his "Radio Flashes" radio show for BBC Radio 1, filling in for the vacationing John Peel. Moon filled in for Peel in 1973's "A Touch of the Moon", a series of four programmes produced by John Walters.
Guitarist Joe Walsh enjoyed socialising with Moon. In an interview with Guitar World magazine, he recalled that the drummer "taught me how to break things." In 1974, Moon struck up a friendship with actor Oliver Reed while working on the film version of Tommy. Although Reed matched Moon drink for drink, he appeared on set the next morning ready to perform; Moon, on the other hand, would cost several hours of filming time. Reed later said that Moon "showed me the way to insanity."
Dougal Butler
Peter "Dougal" Butler began working for the Who in 1967, becoming Moon's personal assistant the following year to help him stay out of trouble. He remembers managers Kit Lambert and Chris Stamp saying, "We trust you with Keith but if you ever want any time off, for a holiday or some sort of rest, let us know and we'll pay for it." Butler never took them up on the offer.
He followed Moon when the drummer relocated to Los Angeles, but felt that the drug culture prevalent at the time was bad for Moon: "My job was to have eyes in the back of my head." Townshend agreed, saying that by 1975 Butler had "no influence over him whatsoever." Although he was a loyal companion to Moon, the lifestyle eventually became too much for him; he phoned Curbishley, saying that they needed to move back to England or one of them might die. Butler quit in 1978, and later wrote of his experiences in a book entitled Full Moon: The Amazing Rock and Roll Life of Keith Moon.
Neil Boland
On 4 January 1970 Moon accidentally killed his friend, driver and bodyguard, Neil Boland, outside the Red Lion pub in Hatfield, Hertfordshire. Pub patrons had begun to attack his Bentley; Moon, drunk, began driving to escape them and hit Boland. After an investigation, the coroner ruled Boland's death an accident; Moon, having been charged with a number of offences, received an absolute discharge.
Those close to Moon said that he was haunted by Boland's death for the rest of his life. According to Pamela Des Barres, Moon had nightmares (which woke them both) about the incident and said he had no right to be alive.
Death
In mid-1978, Moon moved into Flat 12, 9 Curzon Place (later Curzon Square), Shepherd Market, Mayfair, London, renting from Harry Nilsson. Cass Elliot of the Mamas and the Papas had died there four years earlier, at the age of 32; Nilsson was concerned about letting the flat to Moon, believing it was cursed. Townshend disagreed, assuring him that "lightning wouldn't strike the same place twice".
After moving in, Moon began a prescribed course of Heminevrin (clomethiazole, a sedative) to alleviate his alcohol withdrawal symptoms. He wanted to get sober, but because of his fear of psychiatric hospitals, he wanted to do it at home. Clomethiazole is discouraged for unsupervised detoxification because of its addictive potential, its tendency to induce tolerance, and its risk of death when mixed with alcohol. The pills were prescribed by Geoffrey Dymond, a physician who was unaware of Moon's lifestyle. Dymond prescribed a bottle of 100 pills, instructing him to take one pill when he felt a craving for alcohol but not more than three pills per day.
By September 1978 Moon was having difficulty playing the drums, according to roadie Dave "Cy" Langston. After seeing Moon in the studio trying to overdub drums for The Kids Are Alright, he said, "After two or three hours, he got more and more sluggish, he could barely hold a drum stick."
On 6 September, Moon and Walter-Lax were guests of Paul and Linda McCartney at a preview of a film, The Buddy Holly Story. After dining with the McCartneys at Peppermint Park in Covent Garden, Moon and Walter-Lax returned to their flat. He watched a film (The Abominable Dr. Phibes), and asked Walter-Lax to cook him steak and eggs. When she objected, Moon replied, "If you don't like it, you can fuck off!" These were his last words. Moon then took some clomethiazole tablets. When Walter-Lax checked on him the following afternoon, she discovered he was dead.
Curbishley phoned the flat at around 5:00 p.m. looking for Moon, and Dymond gave him the news. Curbishley told Townshend, who informed the rest of the band. Entwistle was giving an interview to two journalists when he was interrupted by a phone call with the news of Moon's death. He quickly ended the interview when the journalist asked him about the Who's future plans.
Moon's death came shortly after the release of Who Are You. On the album cover, he is straddling a chair to hide his weight gain; the words "Not to be taken away" are on the back of the chair. Police determined that there were 32 clomethiazole pills in Moon's system. Six were digested, sufficient to cause his death; the other 26 were undigested when he died. Max Glatt, an authority on alcoholism, wrote in The Sunday Times that Moon should never have been given the drug. Moon was cremated on 13 September 1978 at Golders Green Crematorium in London, and his ashes were scattered in its Gardens of Remembrance.
Townshend persuaded Daltrey and Entwistle to carry on touring as The Who, although he later said that it was his means of coping with Moon's death and "completely irrational, bordering on insane". AllMusic's Bruce Eder said, "When Keith Moon died, the Who carried on and were far more competent and reliable musically, but that wasn't what sold rock records." In November 1978, Faces drummer Kenney Jones joined the Who. Townshend later said that Jones "was one of the few British drummers who could fill Keith's shoes"; Daltrey was less enthusiastic, saying that Jones "wasn't the right style". Keyboardist John "Rabbit" Bundrick, who had rehearsed with Moon earlier in the year, joined the live band as an unofficial member.
Jones left the Who in 1988, and drummer Simon Phillips (who praised Moon's ability to drum over the backing track of "Baba O'Riley") toured with the band the following year. Since 1996, the Who's drummer has been Ringo Starr's son Zak Starkey, who had been given a drum kit by Moon (whom he called "Uncle Keith"). Starkey had previously toured in 1994 with Roger Daltrey.
The London 2012 Summer Olympic Committee contacted Curbishley about Moon performing at the games, 34 years after his death. In an interview with The Times Curbishley quipped, "I emailed back saying Keith now resides in Golders Green Crematorium, having lived up to the Who's anthemic line 'I hope I die before I get old' ... If they have a round table, some glasses and candles, we might contact him."
Legacy
Moon's drumming has been praised by critics. Author Nick Talevski described him as "the greatest drummer in rock", adding that "he was to the drums what Jimi Hendrix was to the guitar." Holly George-Warren, editor and author of The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame: The First 25 Years, said: "With the death of Keith Moon in 1978, rock arguably lost its single greatest drummer." According to AllMusic critic Bruce Eder, "Moon, with his manic, lunatic side, and his life of excessive drinking, partying, and other indulgences, probably represented the youthful, zany side of rock & roll, as well as its self-destructive side, better than anyone else on the planet." The New Book of Rock Lists ranked Moon No. 1 on its list of "50 Greatest Rock 'n' Roll Drummers", and he was ranked No. 2 on the 2011 Rolling Stone "Best Drummers of All Time" readers' poll. In 2016, the same magazine ranked him No. 2 in their list of the 100 Greatest Drummers of All Time, behind John Bonham. Adam Budofsky, editor of Drummer magazine, said that Moon's performances on Who's Next and Quadrophenia "represent a perfect balance of technique and passion" and "there's been no drummer who's touched his unique slant on rock and rhythm since."
Several rock drummers, including Neil Peart have cited Moon as an influence. The Jam paid homage to Moon on the second single from their third album, "Down in the Tube Station at Midnight"; the B-side of the single is a Who cover ("So Sad About Us"), and the back cover of the record has a photo of Moon's face. The Jam's single was released about a month after Moon's death. Animal, one of Jim Henson's Muppet characters, may have been based on Keith Moon due to their similar hair, eyebrows, personality and drumming style. Jazz drummer Elvin Jones praised Moon's work during "Underture", as integral to the song's effect.
Ray Davies notably lauded Moon's drumming during his speech for the Kinks' induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, in 1990: "... Keith Moon changed the sound of drumming."
"God bless his beautiful heart ..." Ozzy Osbourne told Sounds a month after the drummer's death. "People will be talking about Keith Moon 'til they die, man. Someone somewhere will say, 'Remember Keith Moon?' Who will remember Joe Bloggs who got killed in a car crash? No one. He's dead, so what? He didn't do anything to talk of."
Clem Burke of Blondie has said "Early on all I cared about was Keith Moon and the Who. When I was about eleven or twelve, my favourite part of drum lessons was the last ten minutes, when I'd get to sit at the drumset and play along to my favourite record. I'd bring in 'My Generation'. At the end of the song, the drums go nuts. 'My Generation' was a turning point for me because before that it was all the Charlie Watts and Ringo type of thing."
In 1998 Tony Fletcher published a biography of Moon, Dear Boy: The Life of Keith Moon, in the United Kingdom. The phrase "Dear Boy" became a catchphrase of Moon's when, influenced by Kit Lambert, he began affecting a pompous English accent. In 2000, the book was released in the US as Moon (The Life and Death of a Rock Legend). Q Magazine called the book "horrific and terrific reading", and Record Collector said it was "one of rock's great biographies."
In 2008, English Heritage declined an application for Moon to be awarded a blue plaque. Speaking to The Guardian, Christopher Frayling said they "decided that bad behaviour and overdosing on various substances wasn't a sufficient qualification." The UK's Heritage Foundation disagreed with the decision, presenting a plaque which was unveiled on 9 March 2009. Daltrey, Townshend, Robin Gibb and Moon's mother Kit were present at the ceremony.
Discography
Solo albums | 5b3ad067-d97a-4b84-9bfd-34f5da08d6cf |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawbridge%27s"} | Defunct department store chain
Strawbridge's, formerly Strawbridge & Clothier, was a department store in the northeastern United States, with stores in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware. The Center City Philadelphia flagship store was, in its day, a gracious urban emporium. The retailer started adding branch stores starting in the 1930s and, by their zenith in the 1980s, enjoyed annual sales of over a billion dollars By the 1990s, Strawbridge's became part of the May Department Stores conglomerate until May's acquisition by Federated Department Stores on August 30, 2005.
May operated the Strawbridge's stores under the Northern Virginia-based Hecht's Department Store division. On February 1, 2006, the former May Company divisions were all dissolved, and operating control of the remaining Strawbridge's stores was assumed by Macy's East.
Macy's closed Strawbridge's flagship Center City store on May 23, 2006. On September 9, 2006, the Strawbridge's and Hecht's nameplates were completely phased-out in favor of the Macy's brand.
Early history
1800s
Strawbridge & Clothier began as a dry goods store founded by Quakers Justus Clayton Strawbridge (1838–1911) and Isaac Hallowell Clothier (1837–1921) in Philadelphia in 1868. Strawbridge & Clothier purchased the 3-story brick building on the northwest corner of Market and 8th Streets in Center City Philadelphia that had been Thomas Jefferson's office from 1790 to 1793 while he served as Secretary of State, and opened their first store. They soon replaced the old building with one of 5 stories, and then expanded into neighboring buildings as well.
1900s
In 1928, the company decided to replace all but one of its buildings with a new edifice, and began construction in phases on the 13-story building which stands on the corner of Market and North 8th Street today. Designed in the Beaux Arts-style by the Philadelphia architectural firm Simon & Simon, the cost of the limestone building was expected to be $6.5 million, an amount which caused some concern to the store's owners. By the time of the ribbon-cutting in 1931 in the depth of the Great Depression, the staggering $10 million cost (equivalent to $178 million in 2021) of such grand construction nearly suffocated the cash-strapped company.
The building subsequently became the eastern anchor in 1977 of The Gallery, an urban mall connecting Strawbridge & Clothier with Gimbels, which had relocated from across Market Street to join the mall. It was the vision of S&C Chairman Stockton Strawbridge that was instrumental in revitalizing the Market East retail district in the 1970s, a vision that is still apparent today despite the demise of both Gimbels and Strawbridge's. He once said that his goal was to transform fading east Market Street into "the Champs-Élysées of Philadelphia."
Late 20th-century demise
After successfully fighting off a hostile takeover attempt by Ronald S. Baron in 1986, Strawbridge & Clothier survived as an independent, locally owned department store into the 1990s. In 1995, in an attempt to become the dominant retailer in the Philadelphia region, S&C partnered with Federated Department Stores, Pomeroys, and the Rubin Brothers real estate development company to acquire their rival Wanamaker's, but were outbid in bankruptcy court by May Department Stores Company. Subsequently, the 13 Strawbridge & Clothier department stores were themselves bought by May in 1996, when the Strawbridge & Clothier directors (mostly members of the Strawbridge and Clothier families) elected to liquidate operations over the vehement objections of patriarch Stockton Strawbridge. Strawbridge died not long after the sale. "He was the store, and the store was him," said his attorney Peter Hearn to the Philadelphia Daily News. Store employees and the public-at-large felt a sense of loss as well: many employees rushed to pay off their credit card accounts in full before the sale was finalized, "hoping that the proceeds would go to the founding families rather than [the new buyers]."
After the sale, the stores operated simply as "Strawbridge's", although exterior signage reading "Strawbridge & Clothier" remained in place at many locations until the stores became Macy's in 2006. May had merged the former John Wanamaker into its Hecht's banner, but converted them to Strawbridge's as well (except for Wanamaker's former flagship on Market Street, which eventually became a Lord & Taylor and is now Macy's). However, the Strawbridge & Clothier head office was closed and its operations were consolidated with Hecht's in Arlington, Virginia.
Cultural significance
Radio station
For 13 years, from 1922 to 1935, the store operated WFI, an AM radio station. In 1935, the station merged with WLIT, owned by the Lit Brothers store across the street, to form WFIL, an NBC Blue network affiliate. WFIL remains on the air today on its original frequency, AM 560.
Dickens Village
In November 1985, Strawbridge's unveiled Dickens Village on the fourth floor of their flagship store. This Christmas display featured animatronic figures in a 6,000 sq. ft walk-through of 26 scenes from Charles Dickens's classic A Christmas Carol. As of 2022, Macy's, in the former Wanamaker's building, displays Dickens Village during the holiday season.
Suburban branch stores
In May 1930, Strawbridge & Clothier helped remake the American retail scene by opening one of the first suburban branch department stores in the nation, located in the Suburban Square shopping center in Ardmore, Pennsylvania.[9] In 1931, it followed with its second suburban "satellite" store at Jenkintown, Pennsylvania, the building for which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.[10]
Strawbridge's opened up a number branch stores throughout Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware. These branch stores typically were opened in shopping malls. Prominent stores throughout the Philadelphia area included the stores in Wilmington (1952), Cherry Hill (1961), Springfield (1964), Plymouth Meeting (1966), Bensalem (1968), Echelon (1970) and Exton (1973). By the 1970s, Strawbridge's had nearly a dozen branch stores in malls across eastern Pennsylvania, southern New Jersey, and northern Delaware. The branches proved to have been a wise step, as the flagship store posted only a few years of actual profitability, all of them during the 1940s. The last S&C store built was at the Concord Mall in Wilmington, Delaware in 1983.
In 1969, Strawbridge set his sights on competing with the emerging Target-grade retailers,[6] launching the Clover discount store chain; the first Clover store opened in 1971. Located in strip centers rather than malls for the most part, Clover grew to have 26 locations, more than the 21 full-service S&C stores. Most Clover stores closed in the winter of 1997.
Store features and branding
Some Strawbridge's stores had restaurants inside, like at the Christiana Mall, Exton Square Mall, Neshaminy Mall, Cherry Hill Mall, Jenkintown store, and the Corinthian Room on the sixth floor of the flagship store.
The company also revolutionized retailing with their introduction of revolving charge account cards.
Strawbridge's was well known for its handled shopping bags which kept up with the fashion of each era. It was a paper bag, with navy blue handles with Strawbridge's printed in blue twice and red once on one side of the bag, and vice versa on the other. Once May assumed the company, the Strawbridge & Clothier Seal of Confidence was no longer a prominent marketing image. Late 1970s and 1980s bags were a bright glossy yellow with that era's pseudo calligraphic trademark in a vertical orientation in black along the bag's edge. 1960s bags featured a "modern" script-like trademark with their famous "seal of confidence".
Strawbridge's was also known for its friendly employees.
In the center of the flagship store was a large bronze statue of a wild boar, a replica of Pietro Tacca's Il Porcellino. Local legend had it that good luck would follow those who rubbed the boar's nose. The boar consequently had a very shiny nose from all the rubbing.
Repurposing of flagship store
In July 2006, Pennsylvania Real Estate Investment Trust (PREIT), owners of The Gallery at Market East, agreed to purchase the lower floors of the flagship Strawbridge's store. PREIT sought retail tenants for the areas of the building closest to street level and converted some higher floors to office space. The uppermost floors had previously been sold and converted to offices; they are currently owned by American Financial Realty Trust of Jenkintown.
On February 26, 2009, it was announced that the developers of Foxwoods Casino Philadelphia were looking into locating their new casino on three floors of the former Strawbridge's flagship store currently owned by PREIT.
In April 2012, it was reported by one of the sub-contractors that the building was undergoing additional renovation for both office and residential use. In July 2012, The Philadelphia Inquirer and Philadelphia Daily News relocated to the third floor of the building from their former headquarters at 400 North Broad Street.
On October 23, 2014, the Century 21 Department Stores company of New York City opened its first location outside of the greater New York City area on a portion of the street level, and the entire second level of the Strawbridge's building. Century 21 closed in 2020 as a result of the chain filing for bankruptcy and closing all stores. On December 16, 2021, a Giant Heirloom Market grocery store opened in the ground level of the former Strawbridge's department store at 8th Street. | 8129fe55-ff5a-4139-9f70-bc5cb6582778 |
null | John Strode may refer to: | faddf3f0-0248-4a77-8a44-1c4881de357d |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saurauia_clementis"} | Species of flowering plant
Saurauia clementis is a species of flowering plant in the family Actinidiaceae. It is endemic to the Philippines. Elmer Drew Merrill, the American botanist who first formally described the species, named it after Mary Strong Clemens, the American botanist who collected the specimen that he examined.
Description
It is a bush or small tree. Its membranous leaves are 10–16 centimeters (3.9–6.3 in) by 4–7 centimeters (1.6–2.8 in) and their tips come to a shallow point. The leaves are dark on their upper side, paler below, and bristly on both surfaces. The leaves have 7–8 pairs of secondary veins emanating from their midribs. The leaf margins have bristly serrations. Its densely bristly petioles are 1 millimeter (0.039 in) long. Inflorescences are axillary cymes with a few flowers organized on densely bristly peduncles 4–8 centimeters (1.6–3.1 in) in length. Its flowers have 5 oval-shaped, overlapping sepals, 8 millimeters (0.31 in) long. The exposed parts of the outer surface of the sepals have dark purple bristles that are 3 millimeters (0.12 in) long. The flowers have corollas that are 10 millimeters long with 5 lobes; each lobe is notched at the top. Its flowers have 20 stamens that are 3 millimeters (0.12 in) long. Each flower has a 3-chambered ovary. Each ovary contains numerous ovules. Its flowers have 3 styles that are 6 millimeters (0.24 in) long and fused at their base for the last 1 millimeter (0.039 in).
Reproductive biology
The pollen of S. clementis is shed as permanent tetrads. | c9b3cffc-614d-4fac-b6fb-b586efcad64a |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr%C3%B3w,_Gmina_Strzelce"} | Village in Łódź Voivodeship, Poland
Aleksandrów [alɛkˈsandruf] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Strzelce, within Kutno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 2 kilometres (1 mi) north of Strzelce, 11 km (7 mi) north of Kutno, and 61 km (38 mi) north of the regional capital Łódź. | 5438cb70-b2ec-49b4-97ef-f3a0a0e1b490 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Tovmasyan"} | Arthur Tovmasyan (Armenian: Արթուր Թովմասյան; born 2 December 1962) is the President of the National Assembly of the internationally unrecognized Republic of Artsakh since 21 May 2020. | e9f00826-996a-4d12-b83c-d0ec12ba1605 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._A._Venkatachalam"} | Indian academic
Paruvachi Ammasai Venkatachalam is an Indian academic.
Career
Venkatachalam is among the first 3 people to do a PhD in Computer Science in India when Doctoral Degree in Computer Science was introduced in India for the first time by Professor Vaidyeswaran Rajaraman at Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur in 1968-69 and he was part of this batch. After obtaining his PhD degree, he joined the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering of College of Engineering, Guindy, Chennai, India as a faculty member in 1973 and served as the Professor and Head of that department from 1978-1987. During this period, he introduced a number of Bachelor's and Master's courses. In 1978, he founded the Department of Computer Science at College of Engineering, Guindy which is the first Computer Science department among all Engineering Colleges in Tamil Nadu State. He was the Professor and Head of that department also in addition to Electronics and Communications Engineering department until 1987. During this period he introduced Bachelor of Science in Computer Science and Master of Computer Applications (MCA) degrees in Tamil Nadu State. Venkatachalam is the first to introduce industrial training programs for Bachelor's and Master's students by collaborating with well known industries in Tamil Nadu state. He then founded the School of Computer Science and Engineering at College of Engineering, Guindy in 1986, of which he was the first Director and Professor until 1988. He then moved to be Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Universiti Sains Malaysia in Ipoh Campus, Malaysia until 2000.
Venkatachalam served as Senior Professor of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering at Universiti Teknologi Petronas in Tronoh Campus, Malaysia between 2001-2009. During his time in these Malaysian universities (1988-2009), he established and led a strong Research and Development Lab in the field of Bio Medical Engineering and Image Processing and won several industry grants to carry out research work. Venkatachalam won over 40 international and national awards during this period including Lifetime Achievement Award from USA and it is a testimony to the great research and development work that was undertaken under his leadership.
In 1986, Venkatachalam was seconded by the Government of India to serve as a visiting faculty to Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand where he helped Asian Institute of Technology, with setting up the Computer Science Program. He served as fellow of many professional organisations including Computer Society of India, IETE, Indian Academy of Sciences, IEEE, and others. He has written many books on electrical, electronics and computer science which are used as text books in engineering colleges. Venkatachalam has served as member of several committees of universities and engineering colleges in India, as committee member for industries such as ITI, and as Staff Selection Committee Member/Chairman for Indian Space Research Organisation. He has also served as member of many educational and industry committees of Tamil Nadu State and Central governments. He sat in many international and national conference program and advisory committees. He has supervised many Master's and PhD Thesis. Professor Venkatachalam also has the distinction of being the first in India to introduce a computer software application for generating Horoscope in 1977.
International awards and recognition
Venkatachalam has won numerous international and national awards (over 40) including in international research work competitions for his research work in the field of computer science and biomedical engineering. Notable awards include:
Education
Background
Venkatachalam was born in a small village called Paruvachi between Bhavani town and Anthiyur town. Anthiyur is a taluk[circular reference] and panchayat town in Erode district in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. He was born in an average agricultural family and his father was Ammasai Gounder and mother was Chinnamal. None in Venkatachalam's family completed primary school until he broke the trend. He completed his schooling at Government High School, Anthiyur. He was the first to go to college in his family generation and also among the surrounding villages of Anthiyur. Dr.Venkatachalam's first college degree (Bachelor's degree) inspired many in the surrounding villages of Paruvachi to go for college education. | 9a12da89-64d5-48c3-a3ac-571dcba7ebe3 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Christian_University"} | Private university in Chiba, Japan
Tokyo Christian University (東京基督教大学, Tōkyō kirisutokyō daigaku) is a private university in Inzai, Chiba, Japan, offering an undergraduate liberal arts degree in both Japanese and English. TCU is the only evangelical university fully accredited by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT).
History
Tokyo
TCU's history spans 125 years of Japan's 140-year Protestant history. The university emerged from a merger of three Christian schools. The oldest, founded in 1881 in Yokohama, focused on women's education at a time when Japan offered women few opportunities for higher education. In 1949, the Tokyo Christian Theological Seminary came into existence, and in 1950, the Japan Domei Institute was established. The Domei Institute later offered both a three- and a four-year course, achieving accreditation as a junior college. In 1979, the three schools merged with the intention of upgrading the junior college into a university, while maintaining the seminary as a distinct graduate program with its own identity.
Chiba
In 1989, the merged school moved from Kunitachi in the West of Tokyo to its present location in Chiba New Town, a part of the greater Tokyo metropolitan area. Having achieved the approval of the Japanese Ministry of Education, the transition from the junior college to the university took place between 1990 and 1993. The university admitted its first group of students in 1990, when the junior college graduated its final class. In 1993, the university gained full recognition from the Japanese Ministry of Education, and it continues in this status until today. TCU is an accredited member of Asia Theological Association (ATA) and affiliated to Council for Christian Colleges & Universities (CCCU). | 138710d6-dea4-4a94-a85e-4bcc221b7a39 |
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