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null | The Thomas Cook Travel Book Award originated as an initiative of Thomas Cook AG in 1980, with the aim of encouraging and rewarding the art of literary travel writing. The awards stopped in 2005 (2004 being the last year an award was given). As of 2008, the only other travel book award in Britain is the Dolman Best Travel Book Award, begun in 2006.
Winners
Source: | 9bdf8e6b-edbe-4317-be97-50f6e2c173ea |
null | Gambian footballer (born 1999)
Kebba Badjie (born 22 August 1999) is a Gambian professional footballer who plays as a left winger for 3. Liga club VfB Oldenburg.
Career
Born in Serekunda, The Gambia, Badjie grew up in the country before fleeing to Germany aged 14. After playing youth football for Blumenthaler SV and Niendorfer TSV [de], he started his senior career at VfL Oldenburg in the Regionalliga Nord in 2018, whilst working in a warehouse. After nine goals in 21 games for VfL Oldenburg, he joined Werder Bremen II in summer 2019. He signed a professional contract with Werder Bremen in January 2021, and joined Hallescher FC in the 3. Liga on a year-long loan in summer 2021.
In June 2022 Badjie moved to VfB Oldenburg, newly promoted to the 3. Liga. | cf090f95-2c7a-4b19-b935-c627911dc735 |
null | Chilean soldier (1946–2017)
Basclay Humberto Zapata Reyes (22 October 1946, in Chillán – 3 December 2017, in Santiago) was a Chilean military officer and agent of the secret police of Augusto Pinochet.
Biography
He entered the army in 1965 in a regiment in the area of Chillán, where he reached the degree of corporal. In 1974 Zapata was commissioned to the Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional, DINA, where he became part of the Halcón I Group, dedicated to the repression of the Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR). He was under the orders of Miguel Krassnoff and worked alongside Osvaldo Romo. He was nicknamed "El Troglo" reportedly because he used to rape detainees.
During that time he married fellow agent María Teresa Osorio, alias "Marisol" and "María Soledad", who worked at Villa Grimaldi. In 1992 he was promoted to sergeant and was assigned to the DINE, also doing teaching work in the NCO School.[citation needed]
He was prosecuted for several cases of human rights violations . He was responsible for the death of Eulogio del Carmen Fritz Monsalve, participated in the capture of Diana Arón Svigilisky and was, together with Romo, responsible for the disappearance of Alfonso Chanfreau Oyarce.[citation needed]
In May 2007, he was sentenced to 10 years in prison for the kidnappings of the brothers Hernán Galo and María Elena González Inostroza and of Elsa Leuthner Muñoz and Ricardo Troncoso Muñoz, detained by the DINA in a department of calle Bueras 172, in the commune from Santiago. In June 2007, he entered the penal center of Punta Peuco, where he was held until his death. He served three years for the kidnapping of the missing Manuel Cortez Joo, and twenty years for several other disappearances.
Last years and death
In 2016, Zapata wrote letters to the families of some of his victims, asking for forgiveness. He died of cancer on 3 December 2017 in Punta Peuco prison. | 8284134a-6d22-4cf1-948a-4d0871805855 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fels%C5%91j%C3%A1nosfa"} | Place in Vas, Hungary
Felsőjánosfa is a village in Vas county, Hungary. | 39130472-138d-44be-b88e-e3fa62e359fb |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizza_puff"} | Filled deep-fried dough pocket
A pizza puff is a deep-fried dough pocket filled with cheese, tomato sauce, and other pizza ingredients such as sausage or pepperoni. Indigenous to Chicago, pizza puffs can be found at many casual dining restaurants there.
Pizza puffs are similar to panzerotti. They are also somewhat like calzones, but calzones are baked instead of fried, and do not always include tomato sauce.
Some Italian restaurants and casual dining establishments make their own pizza puffs from scratch. These pizza puffs feature a pizza dough wrapper, and tend to be somewhat larger than the pre-made ones.
Commercial varieties
Some hot dog stands in the Chicago area serve mass-produced pizza puffs that they purchase from the Iltaco company. The frozen pizza puffs are deep-fried before serving. The dough wrapper of these pizza puffs is similar to a flour tortilla. Iltaco was founded in 1927 and was originally called the Illinois Tamale Company ("Il-Ta-Co"). It has been suggested that Iltaco invented the pizza puff. Iltaco pizza puffs are also sold in the frozen food section of some local area grocery stores.
Arco Frozen Foods is another company that mass-produced pizza puffs, and introduced a retail pizza puff circa 1968. | 751378a6-d476-482d-97e2-00f831a380c6 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donacidae"} | Family of bivalves
The Donacidae, the "bean clams" or "wedge shells", are a family of bivalve molluscs of the superfamily Tellinoidea. The family is related to the Tellina.
The Donacidae are prolific filter feeders and are an important part of coastal food chains where they occur. The family is sensitive to coastal industry such as dam-building and dredging.
Description
Members of this family have asymmetric, elongated, compressed shells. The two siphons are short but are completely divided, and the foot is large. They are vigorous burrowers.
Genera | 722a92d8-3c62-4880-bcd5-dcf235446246 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aber%C3%A1sturi"} | Hamlet in Álava, Spain
Concejo in Basque Country, Spain
Aberásturi (Spanish pronunciation: [aβeˈɾastuɾi], Basque: Aberasturi) is a hamlet and concejo located in the municipality of Vitoria-Gasteiz, in Álava province, Basque Country, Spain. It is located in the eastern part of the municipality, some 8 km (5.0 mi) from the city center, along the Ertekaberri river at the foot of a mountain and on a hillside.
History
After the Cuadrilla de Añana separated from the Cuadrilla de Vitoria in 1840, Aberásturi remained within Vitoria. The village had previously belonged to the now extinct municipality of Elorriaga, which was absorbed by the municipality of Vitoria around 1870.
Demographics
In 1960, Aberásturi had a population of 242. This figured halved by 2000, and has remained stable since then.
Heritage
The Catholic parish church is under the patronage of Saint Stephen. It has a neoclassical portico designed by Justo Antonio de Olaguibel, built during the early nineteenth century. The rest of the building dates from the late fifteenth or early sixteenth century. | 20cd2f03-5b9b-45b6-873f-6e97b1f49be3 |
null | The Red Tree may refer to:
Topics referred to by the same term | 8079208a-cee2-406a-a706-a7ea1dffb423 |
null | British chemical engineer
Nina Frances Thornhill FREng (born 1953) is a British chemical engineer specialising in process automation. She is a professor emerita in the Imperial College London Department of Chemical Engineering, where she formerly held the ABB/Royal Academy of Engineering Chair of Process Automation.
Education and career
Thornhill read physics at the University of Oxford, earning a bachelor's degree there in 1976. She earned a master's degree in control systems in 1983 from the Imperial College London Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, and completed her Ph.D. in 2005 through part-time study at University College London.
From 1976 to 1984, she worked in industry at Imperial Chemical Industries and British Aerospace. She returned to academia in 1984, as a lecturer in the University College London Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, where she was promoted to senior lecturer in 1991, and professor in 2003. In 2007 she returned to Imperial College London to take the ABB/Royal Academy of Engineering Chair of Process Automation. She retired as professor emerita in 2021.
Recognition
Thornhill was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering in 2009, and is a Fellow of the International Federation of Automatic Control.
Imperial College London gave Thornhill the President’s Award for Excellence in Research Supervision in 2017.
Thornhill won the Nordic Process Control Award in 2019, for her "novel contributions in research to developing innovative approaches, tools and methods for process monitoring, fault diagnosis and detection and optimal operation of large-scale production facilities". | b1e4923b-ace2-4885-a85f-63304816e89b |
null | The Autonomous study program for teacher training in Albanian language (Montenegrin: Samostalni studijski program Obrazovanje učitelja na albanskom jeziku, Albanian: Programi studimor per arsimimin e mesuesve ne gjuhen shqipe) is an autonomous study program of the University of Montenegro in Podgorica.
Teaching at the study program is realized by the teachers of the University of Montenegro – Faculty of Philosophy, the University of Tirana and the teachers of the University of Shkodër, according to the Agreement on Cooperation with the University of Montenegro. | 57935838-24d7-4d6a-b7da-207821ea3d76 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.442_Webley"} | Revolver cartridge
The .442 Webley (also known as the ".442 Revolver Centre Fire" in Great Britain, the .442 Rook long (kangaroo) in Australia, the "10.5x17mmR" or ".442 Kurz" in Europe, and ".44 Webley" or ".442 R.I.C." in the United States) is a British centrefire revolver cartridge.
History
Introduced in 1868, the .442 (11.2mm) Webley round was used in the Webley RIC revolver. This was the standard service weapon of the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC, hence the revolver's name), which were also chambered in (among others) .450 Adams and 476/.455. Lt. Col. George Custer is believed to have carried a pair of RIC revolvers (presented to him in 1869 by Lord Berkley Paget) at the Battle of the Little Bighorn.
A black powder round, the .442 originally used a 15–19 grain (gr) (0.972–1.23 g) charge behind a 200–220 gr (13–14.3 g) bullet. This loading was later joined by a smokeless variety.
At one time, the .442 Webley was a popular chambering in self-defence or "pocket" guns (so named for being designed to be carried in a pocket, what today might be a known as a snubnose or carry gun), such as the widely copied Webley British Bulldog pocket revolver.
The cartridge was moderately effective, being roughly similar in power to the contemporary .38 S&W, .41 Colt, or .44 S&W American, and somewhat less potent than the later 7.65mm Parabellum, .38 Special or .45 ACP. It was not very suitable at anything but close range.
Smokeless .442 Webley loads continued to be commercially offered in the U.S. until 1940 and in the United Kingdom and Europe until the 1950s.
Sources | 98821376-3f4d-46f0-8a48-876dfe1108e9 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_California_Golden_Bears_men%27s_basketball_team"} | American college basketball season
The 2013–14 California Golden Bears men's basketball team represented the University of California, Berkeley in the 2013–14 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. This was head coach Mike Montgomery's sixth and final season at California. The Golden Bears played their home games at Haas Pavilion and participated in the Pac-12 Conference. They finished the season 21–14, 10–8 in Pac-12 play (which included a home victory against #1 ranked Arizona) to finish in a five way tie for third place. They lost in the quarterfinals of the Pac-12 tournament to Colorado. They received an at-large bid to the 2014 National Invitation Tournament where they defeated Utah Valley in the first round and Arkansas in the second round before losing in the quarterfinals to SMU.
Off-season
Departures
Recruiting class
Roster
Schedule
Source | 66f9303f-bffa-4e77-8866-2e023c372d82 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_the_Bride_(song)"} | 1983 song by Elton John
"Kiss the Bride" is a song by English musician Elton John, from his 17th studio album, Too Low for Zero released as the third single of the album. Written by John and Bernie Taupin, the up-beat song was a top 40 hit in many countries.
In 2021, it was included on a mashup song called "Cold Heart (Pnau remix)" that became an instant hit worldwide for Dua Lipa and Elton John, and created a revival in interest in John's music. The mashup song was made by the Australian dance trio Pnau using lyrics from four different Elton John songs including "Kiss the Bride", "Rocket Man", "Sacrifice" and "Where's the Shoorah?".
John played this song on setlists from 1983 until the 1989 leg of his Sleeping with the Past Tour. The music video of the song was directed by the rock duo Godley & Creme, formerly of the art rock group 10cc.
Song meaning
The song depicts a man being in love with a woman who is now about to marry someone else. They had a relationship before and they have parted, leaving on good enough terms for the narrator to attend her wedding to her new sweetheart.
He is still in love with her (the bride) and wishes he could be getting back with her but he accepts that she doesn't love him anymore as a romantic partner, but loved as a friend and she is happy with her husband-to-be. On the one hand, he is happy to see her happy, but secretly longs for her. He really wants to stop the ceremony but he doesn't know if it will work to make her love him again for the second time.
Chart performance
The song reached No. 20 on the UK Singles Chart, No. 25 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, No. 25 in Australia, No. 37 in Canada, No. 17 in Ireland, No. 32 in New Zealand, and No. 58 in Germany.
Charts
Personnel | 3a50abc5-6c12-4473-99a5-c2477464eadb |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsistence_Homesteads_Division"} | US federal agency of the 1930s known as DSH
The Subsistence Homesteads Division (or Division of Subsistence Homesteads, SHD or DSH) of the United States Department of the Interior was a New Deal agency that was intended to relieve industrial workers and struggling farmers from complete dependence on factory or agricultural work. The program was created to provide relatively low-cost homesteads, including a home and small plots of land that would allow people to sustain themselves. Through the program, 34 communities were built. Unlike subsistence farming, subsistence homesteading is based on a family member or members having part-time, paid employment.
Philosophy
The subsistence homesteading program was based on an agrarian, "back-to-the-land" philosophy which meant a partial return to the simpler, farming life of the past. Eleanor and Franklin Roosevelt both endorsed the idea that for poor people, rural life could be healthier than city life. Cooperation, community socialization, and community work were also emphasized. However, going "back-to-the-land" did not always sit well with people stuck in outlying "stranded communities" without jobs. According to Liz Straw of the Tennessee Historical Commission, the most controversial were those rural communities of long-unemployed miners or timber workers whom opponents of subsistence homesteading thought unlikely to thrive without better job opportunities.
Definition and description
In response to the Great Depression, the Subsistence Homesteads Division was created by the federal government in 1933 with the aim to improve the living conditions of individuals moving away from overcrowded urban centers while also giving them the opportunity to experience small-scale farming and home ownership. Subsistence Homesteads Division Director, Milburn L. Wilson, defined a "subsistence homestead" as follows:
A subsistence homestead denotes a house and out buildings located upon a plot of land on which can be grown a large portion of foodstuffs required by the homestead family. It signifies production for home consumption and not for commercial sale. In that it provides for subsistence alone, it carries with it the corollary that cash income must be drawn from some outside source. The central motive of the subsistence homestead program, therefore, is to demonstrate the economic value of a livelihood which combines part-time wage work and part-time gardening or farming.
DSH projects "would be initiated at the state level and administered through a nonprofit corporation. Successful applicants were offered a combination of part-time employment opportunities, fertile soil for part-time farming, and locations connected to the services of established cities." The homesteads were organized to combine the benefits of rural and urban living - communities meant to demonstrate a different path towards a healthier and more economically secure future.
History
The Division of Subsistence Homesteads was created by the Secretary of the Interior as an order to fulfill the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933. Milburn Lincoln Wilson, then belonging to the USDA's Agricultural Adjustment Administration, was selected by President Frank D. Roosevelt to lead the new Division under Secretary of the Interior, Harold Ickes. Wilson and his advisory committee determined that they wanted the project to prioritize areas hit especially hard by Depression. Initially, the cost of the houses was not to exceed $2,000 and the homesteads would fall under the administration of the Division and local non-profit corporation created specifically for the community. The same year, Carl Cleveland Taylor, the 36th President of the American Sociological Society, was appointed sociologist with the SHD. Some of the subsistence homesteading communities included African Americans; Assistant Supervisor John P. Murchison wrote to W. E. B. Du Bois in April 1934 for advice on racial integration and how to incorporate African Americans into the program. Eleanor Roosevelt took personal interest in the project, and became involved in setting up the first community, Arthurdale, WV after a visit to the stranded miners of Scotts Run.
There was strong opposition to the idea of subsistence homesteads, as undercutting agricultural prices, unions, and the labor supply for manufacturing. Nonetheless, as of 2011, some communities, such as Arthurdale, West Virginia, in which Eleanor Roosevelt was personally involved, maintain an active memory of the program. By March 1934, 30 projects had been started. Twenty-one were considered garden-home projects, two were full-time farming projects near urban areas, five were for unemployed miners and two were combinations of the aforementioned types. In June 1935, the powers granted to DSH under the National Industrial Recovery Act expired. On April 30, Executive Order No. 7027 had created the Resettlement Administration ; part of their mandate gave them authority "to administer approved projects involving resettlement of destitute or low-income families from rural and urban areas, including the establishment, maintenance and operation, in such connection, of communities in rural and suburban areas." By another Executive Order (No. 7530), the Subsistence Housing Project was transferred from the Department of Interior to the U.S. Department of Agriculture in 1936. By the next year, the program had been transferred once again, this time to the Federal Public Housing Authority, where it was formally abolished. Various architects including Mary Almy, helped design the buildings and homes built under the project.
List of Subsistence Homesteads Division communities
Austin Homesteads, Minnesota (1936)
Cumberland Homesteads, Tennessee (2012)
Phoenix Homesteads Historic District, Arizona (2012)
Tupelo Homesteads Historic District, Mississippi
Wichita Gardens, Texas (1936)
These communities were planned and built:
Current status
Of the communities listed, five are considered national or local historic districts, including Aberdeen Gardens (VA), Arthurdale (WV), Phoenix Homesteads (AZ), Tupelo Homesteads (MS), Cahaba Homesteads/ Slagheap Village (AL), and Tygart Valley Homesteads (WV). | 37938641-17d3-4610-b5ea-e149c851f600 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent%27s_Park_skating_disaster"} | Disaster in London in 1867
The Regent's Park skating disaster occurred on 15 January 1867 when 40 people died after the ice broke on the lake in London's Regent's Park pitching about 200 people into icy water up to 12 ft (3.7 m) deep. Most were rescued by bystanders but 40 people died either from hypothermia or by drowning. The incident was considered at the time to be the worst weather-related accident in Britain. One of the consequences of the incident was that the lake bottom was raised and the overall depth of the lake reduced to a maximum depth of 4 ft (1.2 m), to help prevent adult drownings in the future.
Background
January 1867 was an exceptionally cold month in Britain and many open water areas froze over. One of these was the boating lake in Regent's Park in London, England. Ice skating was a popular pastime in Britain at the time, and many hundreds of people went skating on the lake, taking advantage of the frozen waters. On 14 January 1867, the ice cracked: 21 people dropped into the water but all were pulled out alive.
Incident
Overnight, the ice refroze and the following day, about 500 people took to the ice with an estimated 2,000 more watching. At 3:30 pm the ice was heard to crack and almost half of the skaters fell into the water. As many could not swim and were wearing heavy clothing, they sank. Those watching attempted to rescue them by launching boats and pulling branches from trees to use as lifelines. Many were rescued unharmed, while survivors with hypothermia and recovered bodies were taken to the nearby Marylebone workhouse. Recovery of all the bodies took several days as the lake kept refreezing and several bodies had to be removed from the bottom of the lake by divers.
Inquest
An inquest was opened at the Marylebone workhouse on 16 January presided over by Edwin Lankester, the coroner for Central Middlesex, at which time 29 of the 34 bodies recovered had been identified. The inquest resumed on 19 January to identify the remaining bodies and on 21 January the formal taking of evidence began. Several witnesses were called and it emerged that, on the morning of the tragedy, workmen had been employed in breaking the ice around the islands on the lake to give wildfowl open water. Other evidence given concurred with this but it was also pointed out that there had been no breaking of the ice at the shoreline.
The jury returned their verdict in the afternoon of 21 January and, despite the evidence regarding intentional breaking of the ice, the verdicts were of accidental death in all 40 cases; 39 due to drowning and one due to hypothermia.
Aftermath
The inquest jury also made a recommendation that the depth of the lake ought to be reduced; Lord John Manners, the First Commissioner of Works was in agreement and in June 1868 it was reported that the lake had been drained, the bottom levelled and lined with concrete and that the depth would be such that a "person of adult stature—might not be drowned". | 9809997a-6a01-4a95-a9d7-59f9b8f93ce0 |
null | The molecular formula C16H24N2 (molar mass: 244.37 g/mol, exact mass: 244.193949) may refer to: | 64af0f86-c2a8-4e1c-8e27-bade6b43bf15 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_of_Blanche-Couronne"} | The Abbey of Our Lady of Blanche-Couronne (Abbaye Notre-Dame de Blanche-Couronne) is a former Benedictine and Cistercian abbey located in La Chapelle-Launay in the department of Loire-Atlantique in France.
History
The abbey is situated on a rocky prominence above a floodplain of an arm of the Loire River. During its heyday, it controlled the revenues of a number of priories and other properties.
Some historians hold that the abbey was founded in 1160 for sixteen monks who migrated from another abbey. The earliest documented date for the abbey is 1161, with a reference to "Ernaud, abbot of Blanche-Couronne" in documents pertaining to a property dispute.
In 1234, a papal bull issued by Pope Gregory IX conferred special privileges on the abbey and put it under the "rule of Saint Benedict and the institution of the Cistercians". In 1236, the abbot asked for the abbey to be affiliated with the Cistercians, and in 1336, a new papal bull from Pope Benedict XI placed it under the Cistercians. Then in 1410, the French Pope John XXIII placed it under the Benedictines.
Starting in the 16th century, a series of commendatory abbots — often laymen appointed by the king but also prelates like Jean, Cardinal of Lorraine — began the financial ruination of the abbey. The abbey underwent a revival in the early-mid 18th century, when the Benedictines repaired the chapel (1719) and rebuilt some of the buildings (1743). Nonetheless, by 1767 it was down to 4 monks and was shortly thereafter abandoned. During the French Revolution it was nationalized and in 1791 it was sold to René Vigneron, a lawyer and director of the nearby department of the Vendée.
By 1815, it was in the possession of the Laval family. In 1841, it became the property of the Lecadres, a prosperous French merchant family. In the late 19th century it was inherited by Marie Lecadre, the wife of the painter Auguste Toulmouche, and it became a gathering place for Parisian artists and musicians.
In 1922, the department acquired it with an eye to setting up an insane asylum, but this plan never came to fruition. Reprivatized in 1929, it was occupied first by the English and then by the Germans during World War II.
In 1978, an association was formed to preserve the abbey for the future. By then, it was in very bad repair, with several roofless areas (the abbey choir, the east wing). In 1994, the abbey was classified as a national historic monument and restoration efforts have continued in the years since.
Architecture
The abbey's columns and capitals date back to the 12th century. The chapter house dates from the 12th to the 18th centuries. The old cloister dates back to the 12th century, while the frescoes date from the 14th century.
The south façade has a carving of the coat of arms of Jean Briçonnet, vice-chancellor of Brittany and the abbey's first commendatory abbot. In the 19th century, this coat of arms was painted in one of the abbey rooms by Jules-Élie Delaunay, who also painted some large murals.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Abbaye de Blanche-Couronne. | 601ddab3-8bc1-4be8-9d9d-12d53fbea81b |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Thomas_Severn"} | British civil engineer and earthquake engineering expert
Professor Roy Thomas Severn CBE DSc PhD FREng FICE (6 September 1929 – 25 November 2012) was a British civil engineer and earthquake engineering expert. Severn studied mathematics at Imperial College London and achieved a doctorate in civil engineering based upon his work on the design of Dukan Dam. After completing his National Service he accepted a position as lecturer in civil engineering at the University of Bristol, where he would spend the rest of his career. Severn specialised in earthquake engineering and established the Earthquake Engineering Research Centre at the university which became one of the foremost institutions in the world within the field. He served as pro-vice chancellor of the university and as president of the Institution of Civil Engineers.
Early life and army service
Severn was born in Hucknall in Nottinghamshire on 6 September 1929. His father was originally a coal miner before he found work at the Hucknall co-operative shop and later became manager of the Great Yarmouth branch. Severn was educated at Deacon's School, Peterborough and Great Yarmouth Grammar School before gaining a place at the Royal College of Science (RCS), part of the Imperial College London, to study mathematics.
Severn was a keen sportsman whilst a student and played cricket, rugby and football. Whilst playing for Wasps (Rugby) Football Club he met Professor Sammy Sparkes, also of Imperial College, who persuaded him to study civil engineering as a post-graduate, and also Deryck Norman de Garrs Allen, who became his PhD supervisor. Allen, who had studied under Sir Richard V. Southwell, was asked by Geoffrey Binnie's engineering consultancy to apply Southwell's equation-solving techniques to the design of the Dukan Dam in Iraq. Allen involved Severn in the project, as part of which the pair visited several arch dams and spent a significant amount of time solving complex design equations on mechanical calculators via relaxation methods. The project formed the basis of Severn's doctoral thesis.
Severn was required to serve in the British Army under the National Service programme and carried this out as an officer in the Royal Engineers. Entering as an officer cadet in 1954 he was commissioned as a second lieutenant on 4 June 1955. Severn studied at the Royal School of Military Survey in Curridge, Berkshire and served in Egypt, Cyprus and Aden before his service ended and he was placed in the Army Emergency Reserve of Officers on 29 September 1956. He was promoted to lieutenant in the reserve on 25 January 1957, and remained eligible for recall until he retired (with permission to retain use of his rank) on 1 April 1967.
University of Bristol
After he was demobilised from the army Severn, who decided he did not wish to work as a mathematician, entered upon a career in civil engineering academia and was appointed to lecture at the University of Bristol by Sir Alfred Pugsley, who was then professor of Civil Engineering. Within a year of working there he had met and married Hilary Saxton. The appointment of Alfred Pippard, a proponent of structural analysis, as president of the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE), led to the establishment of the institution's Arch Dams Committee to remedy a perceived lack of experience in the field. Sir Thomas Paton was installed by Pippard as head of the committee and Severn was appointed its most junior member. Paton recognised Severn's mathematical abilities and recommended that he apply himself to the study of earthquakes, which he described as the "most mathematical task of all". This field would become Severn's primary interest for the remainder of his career.
Puglsey left Bristol in 1968 and Severn was appointed his successor as professor and head of department, a move that was viewed with surprise by some contemporaries owing to Severn's youth – he was 38 years-old at the time of his appointment. Severn continued his focus on the effects of earthquakes upon dams, particularly embankment dams which were widespread in the hydro-electric power stations being constructed during this period and outnumbered the previously dominant arch dams by ten to one in new construction. The accurate modelling of embankment dams is difficult due to their mix of rocks and soil and little work had been carried out previously on their reaction to dynamic loading, such as was exerted by earthquakes. Severn was a proponent of the use of finite element analysis in the modelling of such dams and pioneered the application of early digital computers to this task. In the late 1970s Severn installed a 2m by 1m shaking table at Bristol and used it to derive a set of guidelines for the design of earthquake resistance in embankment dams, they were the first of their kind in the world. Severn's table was computer controlled and used a series of eccentricly-mounted weights to exert forces upon embankment dam models that he constructed of sand and wax. He refined his models using real-world data collected from a dam in Wales. Under Severn's direction Bristol's Department of Civil Engineering became the top-rated such department in the world and his Earthquake Engineering Research Centre, the largest institution of its kind in the UK, was internationally renowned.
International renown
Severn became a fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering in 1981 and, in the same year, received the ICE Telford Medal for a paper co-written with two members of the Building Research Station. He served as pro-vice chancellor of Bristol University from 1981 to 1984 (having served two periods as dean of the faculty of engineering). Severn insisted on remaining involved with the teaching of students and for many years led the teaching of basic structural engineering to first-year students. He was appointed chairman of the Seismic Effects Committee of the International Commission on Large Dams in 1982 and in 1984 was appointed to the Science and Engineering Research Council's Civil Engineering Committee. At SERC Severn established the Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team which continues to send British engineers to every major earthquake to study the effects on structures. In 1984 he was able to use a SERC grant to establish a large-scale shaking table at Bristol as part of an initiative to allow earthquake-struck countries gain access to British expertise. This improved table was computer-controlled and driven by six hydraulic rams operating in all three rotational and three translational axes. Severn was invited by the European Commission to co-ordinate the improvement and calibration of new shaking tables at the Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil in Lisbon, Portugal the Istituto Sperimentale Modelli E Strutture in Italy and a facility in Athens.
Severn was elected president of the ICE for the November 1990 to November 1991 session and was heavily involved in the running of the ICE's South-West region. Severn was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1992 for his services to civil engineering and in January 1995 he led a team of European experts to carry out a detailed study of structural failures that occurred during and after the Kobe earthquake. Following his retirement from the university later in 1995 was granted the position of Emeritus Professor of Civil Engineering. In 1997, Severn delivered the sixth Mallet-Milne memorial lecture (entitled Structural Response Prediction Using Experimental Data) for the Society for Earthquake and Civil Engineering Dynamics, in London. Severn authored several books including a history of Victorian engineering and a discussion of structural modelling. His last major project was a book on the history of engineering at Bristol to mark the faculty's centenary in 2009, he funded this himself and donated the royalties to establish a university scholarship fund.
Severn died on 25 November 2012. A memorial service for Severn was held on 1 March 2013 at the University of Bristol, in a lecture theatre named after Pugsley, his former mentor, and including tours of the latest shaking tables in the Bristol laboratories. | 751902a7-da3c-4934-8954-96838f898b47 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_J._Wickson"} | American entomologist
Edward James Wickson (August 3, 1848 – July 17, 1923) was an American agronomist and journalist who was a leader in agricultural education in California in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Edward was the son of George Guest and Kitty Ray Wickson, the grandson of James and Jane Tuesman Wickson, immigrants to Canada in 1834.
Biography
Edward James Wickson was born on August 3, 1848, in Rochester, New York. He graduated from Hamilton College, New York, in 1868 or 1869 with distinction in classics and chemistry. After graduation, he joined his father's agricultural tools factory, but it was destroyed by fire in 1870, ruining the family's finances. In 1871, he joined the staff of the Utica Morning Herald, a champion of the state's cheese industry. This position led to his election as the secretary of the New York Dairymen's Association (1871) and as president of the Utica Dairymen's Board of Trade (1873). His expertise in matters pertaining to the dairy industry was such that in 1874 and 1875 he was chosen to speak to state dairymen's conventions from New England to the Midwest.
In 1875, Wickson moved to California to join the Pacific Rural Press (which later merged with California Farmer magazine). He became a special contributor in 1894 and was promoted to editor in 1899, a position he held until 1923. During his tenure at Pacific Rural Press, he wrote widely on the agricultural topics of the day and published several encyclopedic books on growing fruit and vegetable crops that remain useful resources for farmers. He also wrote on historical topics, such as the roots of the state's agriculture in the Spanish mission system, and he wrote various bulletins for the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Wickson married Edna Harmon in 1875 at Washington College in Irvington (now a district of Fremont, CA).
Wickson was an advocate for the experimental horticulturist Luther Burbank and wrote about him in Luther Burbank; Man, Methods and Achievements, published in book form in 1902. They had both come to California in 1875, and they knew of each other very soon thereafter. By the 1880s, Wickson was praising Burbank's hybrids in the pages of Pacific Rural Press, so much so that Burbank renamed his green Perfection plum to the Wickson plum in 1894. Wickson is credited with being one of the two men (the other being former Stanford University president David Starr Jordan) who helped created the legend of Burbank as one of the great self-taught leaders of modern agricultural science. Wickson is also said to be one of the half dozen authors who anonymously wrote the text for the 12-volume set Luther Burbank: His Methods and Discoveries, published by the Luther Burbank Press in 1914–15.
In 1876, Wickson organized California's first dairy association, and in 1879 he became one of the organizers of the California State Horticultural Society. He was elected secretary of the horticultural society, a position he held for 15 years. At the founding of the California Floral Society in 1888, Wickson was chosen as its first president; when he stepped down, he retained the title of honorary president.
In 1879, he joined the University of California as a lecturer in practical agriculture, specializing in dairy husbandry. All told, he worked in the UC system for 33 years, rising from lecturer to assistant professor of agriculture (in 1891), associate professor of agriculture, horticulture, and entomology (in 1892), professor of agricultural practice (in 1897) and superintendent of the Agricultural Extension service (in 1898). In 1906 he succeeded Eugene W. Hilgard as dean of the College of Agriculture, and he also became director of the Agricultural Experiment Station, holding both positions until his retirement in 1912. He was also an emeritus professor of horticulture from 1915 to 1923. In 1905–06, he helped to select the sites for what became the University Farm at Davisville (now Davis), the Southern California Pathological Laboratory at Whittier, and the Citrus Experiment Station at Riverside. Throughout his career in both agricultural publishing and education, he retained a strong bias towards knowledge gained in the field over laboratory-oriented forms of training. At the same time, he and Hilgard are credited as halting determined efforts by the Grange and other agricultural interests that would have split the College of Agriculture off from the University of California system.
From 1877 to 1906, he was a member (and later secretary and president) of the San Francisco Microscopical Society, an organization that championed the emerging use of microscopy for scientific research. The society went defunct after its laboratory was destroyed in the 1906 earthquake.
In 1913, Wickson spent six months in Europe as one of two California delegates on the American Commission to Study Agricultural Cooperation and Rural Credit in Europe.
Around 1919, Wickson consulted with real estate developer J.C. Forkner (eventual founder of the J.C. Forkner Fig Gardens) on the potential of fig farming as a viable commercial enterprise in California.
He died in Berkeley, California, on July 17, 1923. His papers are held in the University of California, Davis, Special Collections.
In 1969, the University of California, Berkeley, named an area of the campus around the north fork of Strawberry Creek as the Wickson Natural Area in his honor. This area contains the oldest stand of coast redwoods on the Berkeley campus.
Plant species named after Wickson
Books | cbc96e04-2400-413c-b033-8bab5d00bb7c |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_of_Venus_(film)"} | 1994 American film that was released in 1995
Delta of Venus is a 1994 American erotic drama film directed by Zalman King and starring Audie England, Costas Mandylor, and Marek Vašut. It is inspired by the posthumously published 1977 short story collection Delta of Venus by Anaïs Nin. NC-17 and R-rated versions of the film exist; the NC-17 rating is due to explicit sex. The DVD release contains both versions of the film. The film was released in June 1995 in the United States.
Plot
Set in Paris, France, in 1940 in the early days of World War II before the German invasion and conquest of France, Elena Martin (Audie England) is a young American writer struggling to get by in Paris while searching for inspiration for her first novel. Elena meets and has a sordid affair with a fellow American expatriate named Lawrence Walters (Costas Mandylor). With some encouragement from her friends, her lover, and her publisher, Elena gets involved in nude modeling and progresses onward through many other forms of voyeuristic and participatory sexual adventures as she further researches for inspiration to write her book and become an author of erotic fiction.
Cast
Background
The novel by Anaïs Nin on which the film is based is not autobiographical, nor does it have a frame narrative. The film imposes a frame-narrative about a "Nin-like" American who begins an affair with another expatriate American in pre–World War II Paris, and who writes erotic stories that represent her fantasies. Some of these stories/fantasies, based on those of Nin, are explored on-screen. | eb1b7053-69e4-4a79-90d0-cbdcf2c96e9f |
null | Fijian chief, civil servant and politician
Ratu Julian Nasaroa Brown Toganivalu (1932 – 5 December 1977) was a Fijian chief, civil servant and politician. He was a member of the House of Representatives for three days in 1977.
Biography
Toganivalu was the son of George Toganivalu, a member of the Legislative Council. He enlisted in the Fijian Military Forces and at the age of 19 he became the first Fijian to attend the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. He later worked as a civil servant and was seconded to Nauru, where he was appointed chief executive of the Local Government Council.
In 1968 Toganivalu resigned from the civil service to join the Indo-Fijian-dominated Federation Party, becoming its organising secretary. He subsequently became a member of its successor, the National Federation Party, Toganivalu was elected to the House of Representatives as a member of the Flower faction of the party in the September 1977 elections. He was proposed as Leader of the Opposition by K. C. Ramrakha, but Jai Ram Reddy was appointed instead. He died in December the same year only three days after being sworn into office. | 0eb7bf22-d327-4b22-9967-bf0ab6a616cb |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maitighar_Mandala"} | Symbolic monument
The Maitighar Mandala (Nepali: माइतीघर मण्डला) is a symbolic monument located in the heart of Kathmandu, Nepal. It is an island at the intersection of roads from Thapathali, New Baneshwor, Bhadrakali and at the southeast corner of Singhadurbar, the administrative centre of Nepal. It forms an important landmark in the beautification of Kathmandu city and a master piece of art depicting Buddhist relics. It also marks the initiation mark stone of one of the major highways of Nepal, Araniko Highway, that links Nepal with China.
History
The Mandala was built in 2001 for the 11th SAARC summit in Nepal to showcase Nepali culture after clearing many multi-story buildings during the tenure of mayor Keshav Sthapit.
Etymology
The name "Maitighar" literally means the "Parental Home' of the married women. Actually, there was a movie theater in today's Maitighar in the past, and a classic Nepal film, Maithighar (1966) was run for about a year. As there was a large poster depicting the name of the movie, people started calling the place as Maitighar.
The native name of the monument in Newar language is Fibwa Khya (फिब्वः ख्यः).
Symbolism
The Mandala was designed to be in the form of a series of concentric circles. The outer-most has 32 vajras, the one next to it has 16 lotus petals and the inner has 32 garlands. Various colors on the Mandala (blue background, black, orange, and blue circles) symbolize man's characteristics - too much of one would result in an imbalanced temperament. Black stands for Krodh (anger), orange for Prem (love) and blue for Karuṇā (compasion). At the four corners of the mandala are symbols of the Ashtamangal.
Significance
During the Nepalese Civil War, peace advocates gathered at the Mandala to show solidarity for peace and against violence.
Despite the government declaring the Mandala a protest-free-site, it continues to be one of Kathmandu's most common venues for rallies, peace vigils, protests and demonstrations.
Maintenance
By 2010, the Mandala artwork fell into disrepair. In 2011, the Agriculture Development Bank, Nepal pledged to devote resources to restore the Mandala. The Mandala got a face-lift for the 18th SAARC summit along with the overall enhancement of roads in Kathmandu.
Gallery
See Also | 13b76a82-8f2e-4c93-8eb4-5bddb0191c54 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vihterpalu"} | Village in Estonia
Village in Harju County, Estonia
Vihterpalu (German: Wichterpal) is a village in Lääne-Harju Parish, Harju County in northern Estonia.
Wrestler and Olympic medalist August Neo (1908–1982) was born in Vihterpalu.
Vihterpalu Manor
In 1622, Vihterpalu estate was granted to Thomas von Ramm by the Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus. The present building probably dates from the 1830s and is in a late neoclassical style. The façade is dominated by a central pedimented section.
This land stayed in the wealthy von Ramm family until 1919, when the Republic of Estonia bought the manor in enforced procedures. In 1992, when the independence of Estonia was restored, the manor returned to the possession of Ramm family. Because of its deteriorated condition, the von Ramm family did not want it and gave it unconditionally to Estonia as a gift. The manor was bought by a group of Nordic businessmen in 1994, who wanted to renovate it, but died returning home by the passenger ferry MS Estonia, which sank on September 28, 1994. Eventually a Finnish businessman, Timo Lemberg, became the owner of the manor, and resumed its restoration.
Vihterpalu manor was restored in the beginning of 21st century. Now Vihterpalu Manor is a popular manor centre, offering an environment for weddings, conferences and social gatherings. | 3fd85b69-8a0a-4a45-b5ed-ef0a4eda6800 |
null | Global Warning may refer to: | d77852ad-121e-453f-9c7d-a481324f2873 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolica,_Warsaw_West_County"} | Village in Masovian Voivodeship, Poland
Wolica [vɔˈlit͡sa] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ożarów Mazowiecki, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) west of Ożarów Mazowiecki and 22 km (14 mi) west of Warsaw. | 12017e21-4df9-42be-91c5-b6af0b20b308 |
null | Suburb of Gladstone Region, Queensland, Australia
Machine Creek is a rural locality in the Gladstone Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2016 census, Machine Creek had a population of 120 people.
Geography
The locality presumably takes its name from the watercourse Machine Creek which flows through the south-east of the locality.
The Bruce Highway runs along the northern boundary.
Butchers Corner is a neighbourhood in the south of the locality (23°51′00″S 150°56′00″E / 23.85°S 150.9333°E / -23.85; 150.9333 (Butchers Corner (neighbourhood))).
Goat Hill (23°50′18″S 150°53′53″E / 23.8384°S 150.8980°E / -23.8384; 150.8980 (Goat Hill)) is in the south-west of the locality and rises to 191 metres (627 ft) above sea level.
The land use is predominantly grazing on native vegetation.
History
Machine Creek State School opened on 27 July 1911 under head teacher Olivia Kettle. The school closed on 10 July 1970 due to low student numbers. It was at 540 Mount Larcom Bracewell Road (north-west corner of Ambrose Bracewell Road, 23°50′16″S 150°56′16″E / 23.8378°S 150.9377°E / -23.8378; 150.9377 (Machine Creek State School)). The school building was later relocated to the Calliope River Historical Village at River Ranch.
In the 2016 census, Machine Creek had a population of 120 people.
Education
There are no schools in Machine Creek. The nearest government primary schools are Ambrose State School in neighbouring Ambrose to the north and Mount Larcom State School in neighbouring Mount Larcom to the north-east. The nearest government secondary schools are Mount Larcom State School (to Year 10) in neighbouring Mount Larcom and Gladstone State High School in West Gladstone to the east. | 5116a0af-97b4-4c67-8d4c-738607aff849 |
null | Schacter is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: | c00e63bf-17ce-4ecb-9ea7-b970a7d45b16 |
null | Tivrem is a village in the Ponda taluka (sub-district) of Goa.
Area, population
As of 2011[update] India census, Tivrem in Ponda taluka has an area of 210 hectares, a total of 454 households, a population of 1,878 (comprising 960 males and 918 females) with an under-six years population of 156 (comprising 82 boys and 74 girls).
Its location code number as per the 2011 census is 626843.
Location
Tivrem is located in the northern part of Ponda taluka. It is close to Corlim in Tiswadi taluka.
Tivrem lies approx 15.8 km from the sub-district (taluka) headquarters of Ponda town, and approx 19.6 km away from the district North Goa headquarters of Panaji or Panjim.
Local jurisdiction
Tivrem lies under the Tivrem-Orgaon (Tivre-Orgao) gram panchayat. | 8ac853bf-6ce6-40bd-9a03-ed062204c727 |
null | Organizations established in 1997
The Institute on the Arts and Civic Dialogue (IACD) was founded in 1997 by actress, playwright, and professor Anna Deavere Smith. Its mission was to support the development of art that illuminates social conditions; to deepen the capacity of artists to communicate with their audiences; and to build an international community in which artists, students, activists, and scholars could work together to develop the artist as a voice in society.
From 1998 to 2000, Smith and The Ford Foundation, the Institute's principal funder, selected Harvard University as the IACD home base for six-week-long summer intensives. Hosted by the University's American Repertory Theater and the W.E.B. Du Bois Institute for Afro-American Research, the Institute brought together artists, scholars, activists, and audiences to develop and discuss works of art about the vital social issues of our time. This unique "think-and-do-tank" presented workshop versions of productions, exposing the process of creation and fostering civic discourse on the themes expressed by the work.
Activities included development of new works of art, group discussions, guest speakers, seminars and workshops for participants and selected guests, collaborative research, master classes, public forums and media projects. The Institute's artistic focus included theater, dance, jazz music, song, opera, fine arts, installation and performance art, film and video. While the Institute still exists today, its activities have changed since relocating to New York City. It is restructuring. | 69a9d92d-8f68-49d2-9878-1f447fb88b17 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portarlington_RFC"} | Rugby team
Portarlington RFC is an Irish rugby club based in Portarlington, County Laois, their men's senior team are playing in Division 2B of the Leinster League. Their ladies' team is an amalgamation with Cill Dara RFC and is called PortDara Falcons and are playing in Division 3 of the Ladies Leinster League.
The club colours are maroon and white.
Juvenile
Portarlington rugby juveniles are making steady progress. Much talent is coming right through from the minis section. Recent success was the U13 making a Leinster final. U17s won the Leinster League in 2013 by defeating Carlow in Portlaoise. Key players such as Robert Pigott, Keith Kavanagh & Jordan Fitzpatrick have been selected for the Leinster Development squads. | ba9d4593-be11-4295-918e-0f3500d0a21e |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_President_of_Azerbaijan"} | The Presidential Standard (Flag) of the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Respublikası Prezidentinin ştandartı (bayrağı)) is the official flag of the President of Azerbaijan.
History
The Flag of the President of Azerbaijan was confirmed by the decree №828 of the President of Azerbaijan on “The Standard (flag) of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan” dated September 15, 2008. The decree came into force on the same day of its issuance.
Usage
According to the Decree, the Standard of the President of Azerbaijan is the official symbol of the President of Azerbaijan. The original version of the Presidential Standard is kept in the office of the President at the Presidential Palace. The duplicates of Presidential Flag can be placed, hung or raised on the buildings of Presidential Palace and Presidential residences; also can be placed in the halls or rooms of Presidential Palace or Presidential residences if any official event is intended to be conducted in the presence of the President; on other premises when the President of Azerbaijan is visiting; in the halls or on the building, where official or other types of events are being held with the participation of the President of Azerbaijan; and on the vehicles of the President.
Presidential flag is also used during inaugural ceremony. It is brought onto the stage by the soldiers of the Armed Forces under the accompaniment of the ceremonial march during inauguration ceremony.
Design
The Presidential Flag is like a square version of the tricolor Azerbaijani flag with the Coat of Arm of Azerbaijan on both sides of red stripe instead of white crescent and eight-pointed star. The Presidential Flag is framed with golden fringes.
There is silver cord attached to the pole of the Presidential Flag illustrating the full name of the President of Azerbaijan and the date of his term of office. The pole of the flag is covered with a metal hood in crescent and 8 point star shape. | a1ec9606-d068-43af-bb46-c5a299c76944 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carole_Mathews"} | American actress
Carole Mathews (born Jean Deifel, also credited as Jeanne Francis; September 13, 1920 – November 6, 2014) was an American film and television actress.
Early years
Born in Montgomery, Illinois, near Chicago, Mathews lived with her grandmother after her parents divorced. She attended elementary schools in Aurora, Illinois, and obtained her secondary education at Calumet High School in Chicago. After graduation from high school, she entered a nunnery in Milwaukee. Her grandmother made her leave it, however, telling her to wait until she was 21.
In 1938, Matthews was named "Miss Chicago" and, in doing so, qualified for a trip to California and a screen test. While in California, she auditioned for the Earl Carroll Follies and won a role in the show for 1939.
Matthews attended the Chicago Conservatory of Music and Drama, where she studied ballet, voice, and drama. She also hosted a WGN radio program, Breakfast Time with Carole Mathews. Soon she was engaged in modeling.
Film
In 1939, Mathews had some bit parts in films, using the name Jeanne Francis.
Stage
Mathews appeared on Broadway as Karen Jackson in With a Silk Thread (1950).
Filmography
Source
Later years
Death
Mathews, at age 94, died on November 6, 2014. | bcd5e579-039d-4bc3-92fb-90fc1a2d6ebb |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Als_het_om_de_liefde_gaat"} | "Als het om de liefde gaat" (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɑls ət ɔm də ˈlivdə ɣaːt]; "When it's all about love") was the Dutch entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1972, performed in Dutch by the duo Sandra & Andres (Sandra Reemer and Dries Holten). The Eurovision performance of this entry is memorable for being one of the first in Eurovision history wherein the audience clapped to the rhythm of the song.[citation needed]
The song is a duet, with the singers making a series of attempts at chatting each other up. They explain their difficulties by saying that it is difficult enough to be honest in general life, let alone when "making a pass". Sandra & Andres also recorded the song in English (as "What Do I Do?"), German ("Was soll ich tun?") and French ("C'est pour demain").
The song was performed eighteenth on the night, following Luxembourg's Vicky Leandros with "Après toi". By the close of voting, it had received 106 points, placing it 4th in a field of 18.
It was succeeded as Dutch representative at the Eurovision Song Contest 1973 by Ben Cramer with "De oude muzikant". Sandra Reemer returned to the contest as a solo artist in 1976 with "The Party's Over" and again in 1979 with "Colorado", then as the front figure of the band Xandra. | 7e2e4c9a-aec9-44d0-9593-51fdf97e39db |
null | English footballer
Jonathan Howard (born 7 October 1971) is a footballer who played in The Football League for Chesterfield and Rotherham United and was part of the Chesterfield FC side which enjoyed a famous FA Cup run during the 1996-97 football campaign.
Career
Howard started his career at Rotherham United scoring 5 goals in 36 league games for the Millers. He joined Chesterfield in 1994 and went on to amass over 230 appearances for the club in over nine years. During his time with the Spireites, Howard was involved in the famous FA Cup run in the 1996–97 season which saw Chesterfield reach the semi-finals of the competition. He scored a brace as they knocked out Bristol City in the third round, and went on to win the decisive penalty which teammate Tom Curtis tucked away against Nottingham Forest in the fifth round of the competition. He also found himself at the centre of controversy when, in the semi-final which saw the Spireites up against Middlesbrough F.C at Old Trafford, he took a shot which hit the underside of the crossbar and appeared to cross the line and yet the goal was never given. Had it been awarded as a goal it would have put Chesterfield 3-1 up against 10 man Middlesbrough (after the earlier dismissal of Vladimír Kinder) with just over 20 minutes remaining. As it was, Middlesbrough equalised to make it 2-2 after 90 minutes, it finished 3-3 after extra time and Chesterfield lost the replay 3–0. Ironically, both the Forest and Middlesbrough games were refereed by David Elleray. He finished his career with Burton Albion.
Howard now works at Scout7, having had a brief spell back in the game with non-league outfits, Maltby Main and Dinnington Town. | ad6f068b-d3e0-4f8e-82dd-28114a3aad8b |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%27s_Bar_(London)"} | Restaurant in London, England
Harry's Bar is a private members dining club at 26 South Audley Street in London's Mayfair district. It was established by Mark Birley in 1979. Birley sold the club with his four other Mayfair clubs, Annabel's, Mark's Club, George, and the Bath & Racquets Club, to Richard Caring in 2007. Harry's Bar is renowned for its Italian cuisine.
Origins
Harry's Bar is located at 26 South Audley Street in London's Mayfair district. The site had been previously occupied by the wine merchants Block, Grey & Block. The club was established by Mark Birley in 1979 and named for the famed bar of the same name in Venice founded by Giuseppe Cipriani. Birley's silent partner in Harry's Bar was the American businessman James Sherwood who owned 49% to Birley's 51%. Sherwood invested $575,000 to establish Harry's Bar through his Orient-Express Hotels company. Birley and Sherwood's original agreement included a clause that stated that the other would have the right to buy out his partner's shares should either of them cease to act individually. The clause led to a dispute between Birley and Sherwood after Birley's children, India Jane and Robin Birley, assumed the management of his clubs due to Birley's ill health. Birley wrote an open letter to members stating that he "[hadn't] been well for some time and I've tried in vain for nearly a year now to persuade him [Sherwood] that Harry's Bar can only work as a family run business and not as part of a large publicly-quoted hotel group ...As a family we can't agree to his terms which involve short term performance targets that would trigger a buy-out by Orient-Express Limited in the event we fail to meet them. As you know I don't run my business like that and as my children have been brought up in the clubs they understand that we take a long term view". Robin Birley said that "Harry's Bar is about spending $80,000 per annum on flowers; it's about perfectionism. We wouldn't start doing catering or opening on weekends or turning tables to make ends meet. That completely goes against the ethos of what we do". In 2004 Harry's Bar made a profit of $1.8 million. The Birley family bought the 51% stake of Orient-Express Hotels in Harry's Bar for £5.1 million in 2006.
Ambience
Birley said of Harry's Bar that he tried to create "... the essence of Harry's in Venice – a certain warmth and informality". The head chef upon opening was Alberico Penati, with the menu centred around the Milan region of Italy. The decor of the club was designed by Nina Campbell in a Venetian style with furnishings and tableware imported from Italy. Cartoons by The New Yorker cartoonists Peter Arno, Charles Addams and Whitney Darrow Jr. are prominently displayed among fabrics by Mariano Fortuny. The restaurant has polished floorboards and a large Baccarat crystal chandelier hangs in the main room. A smaller room can accommodate private diners.
The club was intended to be more receptive to women diners than Birley's Mark's Club. Lawrence Goldman, wrote of the club in Birley's entry in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography that "For thin ladies who lunched, as well as American visitors and devotees of Italian cuisine, the food and ambience were sublime. Prices were exorbitant: at one time Harry's Bar was the highest grossing restaurant per square foot in the world. Birley considered it to be his apogee". Birley had previously opened the members club Annabel's in 1963.
Membership
The membership of Harry's Bar was described shortly after opening in 1979 as consisting of a "dollop of the titled...and some of the top businessmen around town". By 1990 Emma Soames felt that the " ... clientele attracted to Harry's is classy, and in some ways the place resembles the departure lounge for Concorde" and spotted Lew Grade, David Frost and Terry Wogan at lunch there on her visit and listed Lord Hanson, Alan Sugar and Gordon White as regular guests. The cost of membership was £600 a year in 1990 (equivalent to £1,451 in 2021). In his 1988 book The Fashion Conspiracy, Nicholas Coleridge described Harry's Bar as the perfect place to "watch designer clothes in action" with Harry's Bar being a "national park for designer labels, with Valentino's, Ungaro's, Armarni's and Saint Laurent's roaming at will in their natural habitat".
In 1998 Jonathan Meades described the members of Harry's Bar as being " ... industrialists, diplomats, kings, American widows with an appetite for what the French euphemise as aesthetic surgery, film stars of the old school, dandiacal plutocrats, Mayfair smoothies and the gastronomically earnest" and noted that "Members and staff know each other, are mutually respectful and on amiable terms – there is no doubt a trace of feudalism in all this but it works to the benefit of both sides". In 1989 Claire Frankel summed up the clientele as being "classy international yuppie".
Prince Rupert Loewenstein persuaded Birley to allow the American singer Terence Trent D'Arby to lunch with him at Harry's Bar shortly after the launch of D'Arby's debut album in 1987. Birley quipped to Loewenstein that D'Arby had a "fine English aristocratic surname". The painter Lucian Freud dined with the performance artist Leigh Bowery at Harry's Bar in late 1980s. Bowery arrived without the customery jacket and tie demanded by the dress code of the restaurant, so Freud lent him a grey scarf and Bowery borrowed a jacket from a waiter.
In 2008 banker Bob Diamond hosted a $25,000 a head fundraising event for 60 guests at Harry's Bar organised by Frances Prenn which raised $2 million for John McCain's American presidential campaign. Guests included Cindy McCain, Henry Kissinger, Louis Bacon, and Russ Gercon.
A Harry's Bar cookbook was published in 2005 by Harley Publishing with a foreword by Mark Birley and essays by Frederick Forsyth and Nicholas Lander.
Reviews and opinions
Harry's Bar is renowned for its Italian cuisine. In 1990 Emma Soames described Harry's Bar in The Times as the "king of the High Urban school in London" contrasting its "High Urban" Italian cuisine with the newer "Tuscan Farmhouse" style as exemplified by the recently opened River Café. Soames wrote that the food was "Unmistakably Italian and mostly classical, it is almost impossible to find fault with any of it (until you come to the bill)". The bill for "lunch with one bottle of wine and two glasses of pudding wine" for Soames and her guest came to £145 in 1990 (equivalent to £351 in 2021).
Jonathan Meades reviewed Harry's Bar in 1998 in The Times and praised its "unflashy opulence, discretion, nothing overlooked, obsessive attention to detail" that served "some of the most exquisite cooking in London". Meades felt that Harry's Bar was "...somewhere which is wittingly outside time, place and fashion (in so far as that's ever possible). It certainly goes by its own rules, it's hermetically swaddling, an autonomous cocoon".
Harry's Bar has attracted praise from the Italian fashion designers Georgio Armani and Valentino, though Frankie Dettori said that the meal was the most expensive he had ever had in London at £1200 for four people.
Sexual harassment allegations
The head chef of Harry's Bar, Alberico Penati, subjected a waitress to several months of aggressive sexual harassment while she worked there. She was subsequently awarded £124,000 by an employment tribunal for unfair dismissal and sexual discrimination. Penati remained as executive chef following the tribunal. Penati would walk around the kitchen dressed in his underpants while making sexual remarks about women and would tell the waitress that he never surrendered "until I see the blood of my victim" and that she would have to be punished for rejecting him. The chairman of the tribunal, Gordon Etherington, said that Penati had a "grossly inflated sense of his own importance" and had a "bullying and arrogant" approach to staff. Penati later left Harry's Bar after it was bought by Richard Caring, stating that he preferred to "work for a family-run business not a corporation". He subsequently joined Aspinall's on Curzon Street, opening the restaurant Alberico at Aspinall's.
Sale and recent history
In 2007 Birley sold his four Mayfair clubs, including Harry's Bar, to Richard Caring for £90 million. The club is now part of the Birley Clubs owned by Caring, including Annabel's, Mark's Club, George, and the Bath & Racquets Club.
A branch of Harry's Bar opened on James Street near Oxford Street in October 2018. Another branch of Harry's Bar, Harry's Dolce Vita, opened on Basil Street in Knightsbridge in December 2017.
Harry's Bar celebrated its 40th birthday with a party in October 2021. | 6351cd88-3e3d-4d36-8ef1-31045aff0068 |
null | Brazilian footballer
Rikelmi Valentim dos Santos (born 14 August 2001), simply known as Rikelmi, is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a forward for Belgian club RWDM on loan from Botafogo.
Club career
Born in São Paulo, Rikelmi began his career with Portuguesa's youth setup, and later represented Internacional before making his senior debut with Nacional-SP in the 2018 Copa Paulista. He moved to Juventus-SP in 2019, making two first team appearances in the following year.
In 2020, Rikelmi was loaned to Botafogo until the end of 2021. On 7 December 2021, he was bought outright by the club, signing a contract until December 2024.
Rikelmi made his first team debut for Fogão on 25 January 2022, coming on as a second-half substitute for Juninho in a 1–1 Campeonato Carioca away draw against Boavista. He scored his first goal for the club on 7 March, netting the third in a 5–0 home routing of Volta Redonda.
Rikelmi made his debut in the top tier of Brazilian football on 29 May 2022, replacing Daniel Borges late into a 0–1 away loss against Coritiba.
On 25 August 2022, Rikelmi was loaned to RWDM in Belgium.
Personal life
Rikelmi was named after Juan Román Riquelme.
Career statistics
As of 30 May 2022. | 1d3c6b67-272e-444e-a97e-dd11621ae5a0 |
null | Diane Renay (born July 13, 1945), born Renee Diane Kushner, is an American pop singer, best known for her 1964 hit song, "Navy Blue".
Early life
Renay was born to a Jewish family in South Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She started singing at an early age and took voice lessons from Artie Singer, a voice teacher who also managed Danny and the Juniors (of "At the Hop" fame). Singer encouraged Renay to pursue a recording career. Renay attended Northeast High School (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania).
Career
Record producer/songwriter Pete DeAngelis was a frequent customer at the Kushners' family jewelry store, and Renay's parents arranged for her to audition for him. DeAngelis, impressed with her talents, got Renay signed to the Atco Records label. Under the new stage name Diane Renay, she released her first single, "Little White Lies", in 1962, but it failed to chart nationally, as did the follow-up, "A Dime a Dozen", and Atco dropped her from the label.
However, Bob Crewe, who had written and produced material for Renay's second recording session, then signed her to a new recording contract whereby he would write and produce records for her. Under Crewe's guidance and signed to the 20th Century label, Renay, then 17 years old, released her biggest hit, "Navy Blue", in late 1963. The song told the story of a girl, lonely for her steady boyfriend away from home in the U.S. Navy and anxious to see him again. "Navy Blue", composed by Crewe with Bud Rehak and Eddie Rambeau, became a national smash, reaching No. 6 on the Hot 100 on 14–21 March 1964, and soaring to No. 1 on the Adult Contemporary singles chart. The song was followed by Renay's debut album, also titled Navy Blue.
Renay's only other single release to crack the national Billboard chart was "Kiss Me Sailor", reaching number 29 later in 1964. Subsequent singles, including "Growin' Up Too Fast", "Watch Out Sally", "It's In Your Hands", and "Happy Birthday Broken Heart", were hits in certain local markets such as Salt Lake City, Las Vegas and Miami, but failed to break nationally. Renay moved to the Fontana label in 1969 and attempted a comeback with covers of "Yesterday" and "Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me", but these also failed to chart. She did not record again until the early 1980s.
Renay remains active as a performer today and in 2001 released Diane Renay Sings Some Things Old and Some Things New, a double-CD compilation album of her work (including many previously unreleased tracks) from the 1960s through the 1990s.
Album
Singles
Bibliography | 4ee09d69-e606-4421-833e-26c9d037d197 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Andrej_Plenkovi%C4%87_II"} | Current government of Croatia
The Fifteenth Government of the Republic of Croatia (Croatian: Petnaesta Vlada Republike Hrvatske) is the current Croatian Government cabinet formed on 23 July 2020, following the 2020 election. It is led by Prime Minister Andrej Plenković.
Motions of confidence
Party breakdown
Party breakdown of cabinet ministers:
List of Ministers
Status in the Sabor
The cabinet is a two-party minority government composed of the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) and the Independent Democratic Serb Party (SDSS). Together these parties have a delegation made up of 64 Members of Parliament (out of 151 in total) and are thus short of an overall majority of 76 MPs by 12 seats. The government thus relies on outside parliamentary support from other parties and individual MPs to achieve such a majority. This support is provided by the HDZ's pre-electoral coalition partners - HSLS, HDS, HDSSB and independent MP Marijana Petir, as well as by MPs from several smaller parties - HNS-LD, NS-R, the Democratic Union of Hungarians, Kali Sara and the Union of Albanians, and finally by two independents representing national minorities - Furio Radin and Vladimir Bilek. In June 2021 the government's majority was increased to from 76 to 77 seats, when prime minister Plenković reached a mutual cooperation agreement with Silvano Hrelja's HSU.
Parliamentary seats held by parties in the cabinet (23 July 2020):
Parliamentary seats held by parties supporting the government (23 July 2020):
Former members | 27a4dbc0-7f76-4939-a00c-dfc7d777546c |
null | Finnish actress
Alma Pöysti (born 16 March 1981) is a Swedish-speaking Finnish actor. She is the daughter of director Erik Pöysti and granddaughter of Finnish actors Lasse Pöysti and Birgitta Ulfsson. Pöysti has also lived and worked in Sweden.
Biography
Pöysti studied at the University of the Arts Helsinki from 2003 to 2007 before working at the Swedish Theatre and the Finnish National Theatre.
In 2020 she played Tove Jansson in a biopic titled Tove.
Filmography | 8977792f-a6e0-402c-87eb-0ce3f330b692 |
null | 2017 Indian film
Love U Family is an Indian family-drama film, presented by Bharat Shah written and directed by Sachindra Sharma and produced by Vipul Diwani and D S Bhatia under the banner of Khushi Motion pictures. Screenplay by Sachindra Sharma and Shahid Khan . The film stars Salman Yusuff Khan, Aksha Pardasany and Kashyap in lead roles while Shakti Kapoor and National Award-winning actor Manoj Joshi will also be seen in the film. The film was released on 9 June 2017.
Cast
Music | 5ecd91ce-b887-4980-aac8-07bcca8a8b64 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leverkusen"} | City in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
Leverkusen (German: [ˈleːvɐˌkuːzn̩] (
listen)) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, on the eastern bank of the Rhine. To the south, Leverkusen borders the city of Cologne, and to the north the state capital, Düsseldorf.
With about 161,000 inhabitants, Leverkusen is one of the state's smaller cities. The city is known for the pharmaceutical company Bayer and its sports club Bayer 04 Leverkusen.
History
The heart of what is now Leverkusen was Wiesdorf, a village on the Rhine, which dates back to the 12th century. With the surrounding villages which have now been incorporated, the area also includes the rivers Wupper and Dhünn, and has suffered a lot from flooding, notably in 1571 and 1657, the latter resulting in Wiesdorf being moved East from the river to its present location.
During the Cologne War, from 1583 to 1588 Leverkusen was ravaged by war. The entire area was rural until the late 19th century, when industry prompted the development that led to the city of Leverkusen, and to its becoming one of the most important centres of the German chemical industry.
The chemist Carl Leverkus, looking for a place to build a dye factory, chose Wiesdorf in 1860. He built a factory for the production of artificial ultramarine blue at the Kahlberg in Wiesdorf in 1861, and called the emerging settlement "Leverkusen" after his family home in Lennep. The factory was taken over by the Bayer company in 1891; Bayer moved its headquarters to Wiesdorf in 1912. After asset confiscation at the end of the First World War, it became IG Farben. The city of Leverkusen proper was founded in 1930 by merging Wiesdorf, Schlebusch, Steinbüchel and Rheindorf, and was posthumously named for Carl Leverkus.
During the Second World War, the IG Farben factories were bombed by the RAF on 22 August 1943, again by the RAF during bombing campaigns on 19/20 November, the USAAF Eighth Air Force on 1 December 1943, and finally once again by the RAF on 10/11 December 1943.
In 1975, Opladen (including Quettingen and Lützenkirchen since 1930), Hitdorf and Bergisch Neukirchen joined Leverkusen. The present city is made up of former villages, originally called Wiesdorf, Opladen, Schlebusch, Manfort, Bürrig, Hitdorf, Quettingen, Lützenkirchen, Steinbüchel, Rheindorf and Bergisch-Neukirchen.
On 27 July 2021, an explosion at the Chempark site in the city killed 2 people and injured 31 others.
Demographics
Population development since 1832:
Politics
Mayor
The current Mayor of Leverkusen is Uwe Richrath of the Social Democratic Party (SPD), elected in 2015 and re-elected in 2020. The most recent mayoral election was held on 13 September 2020, with a runoff held on 27 September, and the results were as follows:
City council
The Leverkusen city council governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 13 September 2020, and the results were as follows:
Coat of arms
The coat of arms consists of the two-tailed rampant red lion of the Bergisches Land with a blue crown on a silver background and an embattled line in front.
Main sights and places of interest
Sports
The city is home of the football team Bayer 04 Leverkusen and the basketball team Bayer Giants Leverkusen, which is the German record holder of national basketball championships. As of 2019, the team plays in the German ProA league and plays its home games in the Ostermann-Arena.
The Ostermann-Arena, previously known as Wilhelm Dopatka Halle and Smidt-Arena, was one of the host arenas for the FIBA EuroBasket 1985 (the official European Basketball Championship).
Twin towns – sister cities
Leverkusen is twinned with:
Notable people
Sources | 9249b1db-d124-4855-a4b9-447e66a59211 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomkatalog.One"} | 2003 studio album by Boomkat
Boomkatalog. One is the debut album by the brother-sister duo Boomkat, released in America on March 18, 2003 by DreamWorks Records. It features the singles "The Wreckoning" and "What U Do 2 Me".
Style and themes
Taryn and Kellin Manning have been part of the producing and writing of the album, and many of the song lyrics are very personal.
Critical reception
Boomkatalog.One received mixed reviews from music critics. On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 54, based on 8 reviews.
Barry Walters of Rolling Stone was critical of the duo's talents, saying that Taryn was acting more than singing and Kellin was Americanizing trip hop with unnecessary production tricks, concluding that: "Despite their fakeness, Boomkat fill the smarter-than-your-average-pop void left by fellow film-music switch-hitter Vitamin C." DJ Ron Slomowicz of About.com felt that the album was hampered by false advertisement because of the subpar tracks ("Now Understand This" and "Wasting My Time") in the middle portion of the record but still found the rest of it enjoyable, saying that: "[A]t its best, Boomkatalog is an energetic fusion of hip-hop and jungle, but at its worst it is a mishmash of wannabe styles." Keith Caulfield of Billboard praised the duo's sound for being an amalgam of different genres and Taryn's voice for its resemblance of Nelly Furtado, Macy Gray and Melanie C, concluding that: "Adventurous music fans should flock to Boomkat, especially those that thirst for an alternative to the pop norm." Johnny Loftus of AllMusic found the processed supporting vocals and the tracks "Wasting My Time" and "What U Do 2 Me" as the album's weak spots but still praised it for Kellin's production work and Taryn's vocal delivery, calling it "a crazy/beautiful mix of irritating and endearing... with the clowning, pointed cynicism of a female Ad-Rock," saying that: "Boomkatalog.One is a clever marriage of technology, creativity, and straight-up sass that gets away with being much more enjoyable than it might deserve."
Track listing
All tracks are written by Kellin Manning and Taryn Manning.
Singles
Use in the media
Charts
"Boomkatalog.one" by Boomkat has been listed for one week on the US Albums Top 100. It entered the chart on position 88 on week 17/2003, its last appearance was on week 17/2003. It peaked on number 88, where it stayed for a week. The album also peaked number 43 in New Zealand's album chart, as well as number 96 in Australian album chart. | ee54e041-b99a-490d-a533-eae2903df3ed |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Ellis_(actor)"} | British actor
Greg Ellis (born 21 March 1968) is a British actor.
Career
On the big screen, he is best known for his portrayal of Lieutenant Theodore Groves in Disney's Pirates of the Caribbean film series as well as appearing in J.J. Abrams's Star Trek as Chief Engineer Olsen, the original chief engineer of the Starship Enterprise. He starred in the western Forsaken alongside Demi Moore with Donald Sutherland and Brian Cox.
He joined the cast of Hawaii Five-0 in season five to play Thomas Farrow in a major recurring arc, was a regular on the Fox drama Touch as Trevor Wilcox and played the villainous Michael Amador opposite Kiefer Sutherland in the 3rd season of the hit series 24. He also appeared opposite Anthony Hopkins and Angelina Jolie in Beowulf with Brad Pitt in Mr. and Mrs. Smith, and performed alongside Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet in Titanic.
His television credits include: Dexter, The X-Files, Magnum PI, The Riches, Bones, Alcatraz, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, The Closer, CSI, Nip/Tuck, Perception, Knight Rider, Days of Our Lives, Trust Me and many more.
He has voiced Mzingo in Disney's Lion King spin-off series The Lion Guard and Jet-Vac in the Netflix animated series Skylanders, as well as Valen Rudor in the Disney animated series Star Wars Rebels.
He has a voice-over career in video games and animation. His voice was featured in the PlayStation 2 games Rogue Galaxy (as Simon Wicard), Dirge of Cerberus: Final Fantasy VII (as Cait Sith), and Tomb Raider: Legend (as Alister Fletcher), as well as in Dragon Age: Origins, Dragon Age II, and Dragon Age: Inquisition (as Cullen Rutherford). His minor video game work includes voices for SOCOM II U.S. Navy SEALs, SOCOM 3 U.S. Navy SEALs, Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic II: The Sith Lords, Tomb Raider: Underworld, and Ty the Tasmanian Tiger. He has also voiced characters in cartoons such as The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy, Invader Zim, and first three series of the Ben 10 franchise. He even voiced Dr. Morocco in season two of Transformers: Rescue Bots where the character was originally voiced by Tim Curry.
Ellis played Cmdr. Giles Price in the game Command & Conquer: Red Alert 3 and reprised the role in Command & Conquer: Red Alert 3 – Uprising. He reprised his role as Cait Sith in the English version of the CGI film Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children. He voiced Garmund in the Robert Zemeckis animated film, Beowulf. Ellis originally started in musicals and originated the role of Rusty in Starlight Express at the Apollo Victoria Theatre and was the alternate Chris in the original cast of Miss Saigon at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. He also appears on the cast recording of the new Starlight Express. He released a single from the show, "Next Time You Fall in Love."
Ellis wrote a book in 2021, titled The Respondent: Exposing the Cartel of Family Law about "a first-person account of family breakdown and the social, political, and legal forces that are fuelling a national health emergency". He founded the CPU: Children and Parents United in 2021 to promote these issues.
Filmography
Live-action roles
Film
Television
Video games
Voice roles
Animation
Film
Video games | 2ac6eece-9bd8-4c43-a96b-fc711f6c5c77 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollcage_Stage_II"} | 2000 video game
Rollcage Stage II is a racing video game developed by Attention to Detail for PlayStation and Microsoft Windows. It is the sequel to Rollcage. On top of the basic racing concept, the cars can be equipped with weapons, which are picked up on the track as bonuses, which can be used against competing cars. The automobiles themselves, once again, have wheels that are larger than the body of the car thus creating a car that has no up or down and therefore can be flipped yet continue to drive.
For the North American Windows release, game publisher Take-Two Interactive repackaged the original European/Australasian version as Death Track Racing.
Rollcage Stage II was also among the first titles to feature hardware-accelerated bump mapping upon its release in March 2000, in the form of EMBM (Environment Mapped Bump Mapping). RSII was designed to be best experienced at the time on Matrox Millennium G400 graphics cards, released in mid-1999, which had exclusive support for EMBM until the ATI Radeon was released in late 2000. Matrox's bump mapping technology was much hyped by industry press outlets at the time, with Matrox demoing Rollcage Stage II as a cutting-edge showcase for their cards, as well as dedicating a page on their website to the game.
Reception
Reception
Rollcage Stage II received "favourable" reviews, while Death Track Racing received "average" reviews, according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Daniel Erickson of NextGen said of the former's European version, just over six months before its U.S. release date, "A wonderful surprise, Rollcage Stage II is everything Wipeout 3 should've been but wasn't." Electronic Gaming Monthly, Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine, and Game Informer also gave the same European version average to positive reviews, also over six months before its U.S. release date.
Spiritual successors
While Attention To Detail (ATD) and Psygnosis did not continue on the Rollcage series after Rollcage Stage II, ATD later developed the game Firebugs featuring roughly the same racing concept.
After the end of support by the developers and publishers, a former ATD developer who previously worked on the Rollcage games, Robert Baker, released in 2014 updated builds of the games' Windows versions. These builds, based on the original source code, fix longstanding bugs and update both games for use on modern operating systems: Rollcage Redux for Rollcage and Rollcage Extreme for Rollcage Stage II
In 2015, Robert Baker approached former ATD and Rollcage teammate David Perryman to form Caged Element under the impulsion of entrepreneur Chris Mallinson. Caged Element launched a Kickstarter campaign for Grip, a spiritual successor for the Rollcage series. A prototype was completed before the Kickstarter crowdfunding campaign using Unreal Engine 4. The development staff has two people who worked on the Rollcage series and the soundtrack has artists Technical Itch and Dom & Roland who were on the soundtrack for Rollcage Stage II. Grip: Combat Racing was released in November 2018 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Nintendo Switch. | 730108e0-e7e0-438b-ac7f-95b61ae048d2 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shovar,_Chaharmahal_and_Bakhtiari"} | Village in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Iran
Shovar (Persian: شوار, also Romanized as Shovār and Shavār; also known as Shovārz) is a village in Barez Rural District, Manj District, Lordegan County, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 330, in 69 families. The village is populated by Lurs. | d5d93b59-4285-417a-9739-5672a93382b1 |
null | Jeffrey "Jeff" Salmon (born 1953) is a British businessman and an art dealer both through his own companies and on the Channel 4 programme, Four Rooms. Salmon lists amongst his clients, Kate Moss, Lily Allen, Uma Thurman and U2 guitarist Adam Clayton.
Background
Originally from East London, Salmon worked for Sotheby's between 1970 and 1977. Aged 24, he set up his own business specialising in art nouveau and art-deco. Dealing in mainly in mid-20th-century design he owns businesses, based in Marylebone, London. They include Decoratum, which encompasses the two largest 20th-century furniture and design galleries in London. It was listed by The Guardian newspaper as one of the most favourite shops in west London. Salmon also runs a number of other companies in areas such as health care, air conditioning and facilities for people with disabilities as well as owning the rights to His Excellency, a Gilbert and Sullivan style opera. Salmon lives with his partner Lucia and has four children. His daughter Polly records music under the name GFOTY.
Television
In 2010, Salmon was picked as one of the four dealers to appear in Four Rooms after a Channel 4 researcher visited his gallery. The programme sees the dealers attempt to buy extraordinary and unique items from members of the public. The show began airing in 2011, although Salmon left the show after the second series in 2012. He returned two years later (in 2014) for the fourth series of the show.
Companies
Decoratum
Dealing with vintage furniture and lighting "only by appointment" from a large warehouse in Wembley whilst running other businesses and exhibiting at various large London Art and Antique Fairs, Salmon opened Decoratum in 2005, a gallery space covering almost 5000 square feet of floor space in the basement of the world-famous Alfie's Antiques Market in a Church Street, in London's fashionable Marylebone District. The gallery was made up of 14 different spaces and room settings. Salmon closed the gallery in 2010 to replace it with the street level gallery also called Decoratum. The gallery often hosts exhibitions of contemporary designers. Salmon has been often quoted on the philosophy behind Decoratum: "We won't buy a piece just because we think there may be a profit in it. We will only buy a piece if we love it enough to be willing to have it on display in our own homes should it fail to sell."
Cucumberman and The Air Conditioning Company
In 1988 Salmon set up a business renting portable air conditioning units to offices. The company was christened Cucumberman by Salmon's then 6-year-old son. A series of advertisements featuring Cucumberman as a super hero were aired each summer on radio stations across London and south east England. Salmon wrote and performed these, often singing and crying out the Cucumberman catchphrase "wooosh!".
In summer 2000, the company also entered the Fixed Installation Market for air conditioning systems.
Salmon Assessors - Insurance Assessors
Following damage sustained to a large shipment of art to New York in the early 1980s, Salmon successfully negotiated his own insurance claim. It became the foundation for a new business negotiating claims as an independent loss assessor on behalf of others, irrespective of their profession and including domestic claims.
Rollaramp (UK)
UK hire and sales of modular wheelchair access system, Rollaramp, is also a company within Salmon's The Salmon Group.
Fishfinger
In December 2013 Salmon created a new creative media agency called Fishfinger.
Mediatus
In February 2015 Salmon created a new mediation company called Mediatus.
Rotai UK
In July 2022 Salmon created a new massage chair company called Rotai UK.
Writing
Salmon became a blogger for Huffington Post in August 2014, where he writes on matters to do with his businesses and wider society.
Salmon joined the UK business magazine Business Matters as a columnist in August 2013. | 6c7549ad-da72-408c-92cf-610441af9386 |
null | The Gugunian Expedition (Armenian: Կուկունեանի արշաւանքը) was an attempt by a small group of Armenian nationalists from the Russian Empire to launch an armed expedition across the border into the Ottoman Empire in 1890 in support of local Armenians.
Background
The Armenian Revolutionary Federation was the Armenian organization of Armenian national movement active in the region. The leader of the expedition was a former student, Sarkis Gugunian (1866–1913). Like many other Russian Armenians, he was concerned with the fate of Ottoman Armenians living under the rule of the Sultan Abdul Hamid II. Initially, Gugunian had the backing of the leading Armenian nationalist party in Russia, the Dashnaks, but they soon tried to dissuade him from embarking on such an unrealistic scheme.
With financial support from wealthy Armenians living in Tbilisi and Baku, Gugunian was able to buy weapons and raise a volunteer force of 125 men.
Conflict
Gugunian went ahead with his expedition and his volunteer force set off on September 27, 1890. They crossed the border but ran low on food supplies and after a clash with Turkish and Kurdish troops, they retreated to Russia. Here they were intercepted by Cossacks who arrested 43 members of the expedition. The Russian authorities treated any Armenian nationalist activity within their empire with deep suspicion and the arrested members were put on trial. They had fought under a banner with the initials "M.H.", which could stand for either "Mother Armenia" or "Union of Patriots" in Armenian. The prosecutor at the trial, which took place in Kars in 1892, alleged that the letters meant "United Armenia", another possible – and more subversive – interpretation. 27 of the accused were convicted and exiled to Siberia.
Aftermath
Although the expedition was a failure, its members became heroes of the Armenian nationalist cause and the subject of patriotic songs.
Sources | d8d6e450-5e04-4e69-b79f-1d669df4e06a |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amuzgo_language"} | Oto-Manguean language spoken in Mexico
Amuzgo is an Oto-Manguean language spoken in the Costa Chica region of the Mexican states of Guerrero and Oaxaca by about 44,000 speakers. Like other Oto-Manguean languages, Amuzgo is a tonal language. From syntactical point of view Amuzgo can be considered as an active language. The name Amuzgo is claimed to be a Nahuatl exonym but its meaning is shrouded in controversy; multiple proposals have been made, including [amoʃ-ko] 'moss-in'.
A significant percentage of the Amuzgo speakers are monolingual; the remainder also speak Spanish.
Four varieties of Amuzgo are officially recognized by the governmental agency, the Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas (INALI). They are:
These varieties are very similar, but there is a significant difference between western varieties (Northern and Southern) and eastern varieties (Upper Eastern and Lower Eastern), as revealed by recorded text testing done in the 1970s.
Three dictionaries have been published for Upper Eastern Amuzgo in recent years. For Northern Amuzgo, no dictionary has yet been published, yet it too is very actively written. Lower Eastern Amuzgo and Southern Amuzgo (spoken in Huixtepec (Ometepec), for example) are still not well documented, but work is underway.
While the Mixtecan subdivision may indeed be the closest to Amuzgo within Oto-Manguean, earlier claims that Amuzgo is part of it have been contested.
Phonology
Consonants
The dialect presented in the following chart is Upper Eastern, as spoken in San Pedro Amuzgos as analyzed by Smith & Tapia (2002).
The following chart is based on Coronado Nazario et al. (2009) for the variety of Southern Amuzgo spoken in Huixtepec. The phonetic facts are very similar to that of other varieties, but the analysis is different.
In this analysis, the nasals and central approximants have distinctive allophones that depend on whether or not they precede a nasalized vowel. The approximant /w/, which is [b] before oral vowels or consonants in Huixtepec, is [m] before nasalized vowels. The approximant /j/ is likewise nasalized before nasalized vowels, and [j] elsewhere. The nasals are pronounced with an oral non-nasal release when they precede an oral vowel, and as such sound like [nd] in that context. Various other important details about the phonetics of Amuzgo are not presented in a simplified chart such as the one shown above.
Vowels
Amuzgo distinguishes seven vowels with respect to quality. In all the documented dialects, all but the two close vowels may be nasalized. Some descriptions claim that Amuzgo also has ballistic syllables, a possible type of supra-glottal phonation. Ballistic syllables are also a feature of the phonology of another Oto-Manguean branch, Chinantec.
Tones
Amuzgo has three basic tones: high, mid, and low. But it also has several combinations of tones on single syllables. The contour high-low is a common one. The following words are apparently distinguished only by tone in Huixtepec: /ha/ 'sour' (low), /ha/ (mid) 'I', /ha/ (high-low) 'we (exclusive)', and /ha/ (high) 'we (inclusive)'. See also the set: /ta/ 'hill' (low), /ta/ 'thick' (mid), /ta/ ' father (vocative)' (high-low), /ta/ 'slice' (high).
Morphology
Nouns are pluralized by a prefix. The common plural prefix is n-. Compare /thã/ 'skin', /n-thã/ 'skins' (Northern and Southern Amuzgo). Typically the consonant /ts/ drops when the noun is pluralized: /tsʔɔ/ 'hand', /l-ʔɔ/ 'hands' (Northern Amuzgo), /n-ʔɔ/ 'hands' (Southern Amuzgo).
Animate nouns (most animals and insects, plus some other nouns) carry the classifier prefix /ka/. This classifier precedes the inflected noun, as in /ka-tsueʔ/ 'dog', /ka-l-ueʔ/ 'dogs' (Northern Amuzgo), /ka-n-ueʔ/ 'dogs' (Southern Amuzgo).
Syntax
Amuzgo has been proposed to be an active–stative language. Like many other Otomanguean languages, it distinguishes between first person inclusive plural and first person exclusive plural pronouns.
Media
Amuzgo-language programming is carried by the CDI's radio station XEJAM, based in Santiago Jamiltepec, Oaxaca, and by the community radio station Radio Ñomndaa in Xochistlahuaca-Suljaa'. | 335bb461-a4f3-47f2-8d8b-be8871bbff99 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragocephala_variegata"} | Species of beetle
Tragocephala variegata, the longhorn shoot borer, is a species of flat-faced longhorn beetles belonging to the family Cerambycidae.
Varietas
Description
Tragocephala variegata can reach a body length of about 17–26 millimetres (0.67–1.02 in). These longhorn beetles have yellow elytra with irregular black markings. Pronotum is divided by a central longitudinal yellow stripe.
These beetles feed on Baobab (Adansonia digitata), Spanish Cedar (Cedrela odorata), Mango (Mangifera indica), Blackeyed Pea (Vigna unguiculata), Senegal Mahogany (Khaya senegalensis).
Distribution
This species can be found in Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe, but there have been minor sightings in other Central African countries. | 7cf31df7-b1b8-488f-a51a-8a1fbbf1cd9f |
null | Qarah Hajji (Persian: قره حاجي), also known as Qarah Hajjilu, may refer to: | abfcc9dd-4c46-4fa5-9d17-193bb1ce93b9 |
null | The 2008 West Coast Conference men's basketball tournament took place March 7–10, 2008. The first round was held in San Diego, California at the Jenny Craig Pavilion. The semifinals were televised by ESPN2. The West Coast Conference Championship Game was televised by ESPN.
2008 West Coast Conference tournament | c48a7ab6-89ca-44f2-ae59-96058219ae5b |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moody_Radio"} | Christian radio network in the United States
Moody Radio is one of the largest Christian radio networks in the United States. Located in downtown Chicago, Moody Radio has 71 owned and operated stations and hundreds of affiliates and outlets that carry all or part of its programming. It is owned by the Moody Bible Institute.
The network airs a variety of programming directed primarily toward a Christian audience. The format features local morning drives, teaching and national talk programming, plus specially selected Christian music.
History
WMBI, the flagship station of Moody Radio, got its start seemingly by accident. A violent storm in October 1925 prevented the talent for WGES scheduled broadcast from performing on the radio. This opened the door for two cornet-playing Moody Bible Institute students, who happened to be on-site and could fill the time slot. Few would have thought this "chance-encounter" would result in a weekly show and less than a year later help to launch WMBI, the first noncommercial educational and religious radio station. Despite changing technology, audiences and formats, the station maintained a familiar presence on the air for over eight decades.
This station was just the beginning of what would come to be known as Moody Radio. In 1958, MBI purchased WCRF in Cleveland, Ohio, and shortly thereafter, WDLM in Moline, Illinois. These purchases were the catalyst for a network that would grow to include 36 stations in the continental U.S. By the end of the 1960s, the network’s potential audience had increased to 30 million listeners. In 1982, Moody Radio began a satellite-fed network enabling communications across America.
In 2019, Moody Radio put three of its AM stations up for sale. The company announced that the proceeds from the sale would be put towards furthering the expansion of Moody Radio with added digital and online content in both English and Spanish.
Programs
Moody Radio provides biblical programming 24 hours a day. Some of the most popular and award-winning programs include: Equipped with Chris Brooks, Chris Fabry Live!, In the Market with Janet Parshall, and Open Line with Dr. Michael Rydelnik. From 11pm CT until 5am CT, Music Thru the Night is broadcast. From 1982 until his retirement in 2014, Mike Kellogg hosted the program. It is currently hosted by Bill Maier.
Owned & operated stations
The following stations are owned and operated by Moody Radio.
Full-powered stations
Notes:
Translators | 5ec3f5db-19d6-42dd-9e0d-86c8a62540bb |
null | Patrick Ellis may refer to: | a9125903-b9cf-4306-9dc4-b120cd2bba1a |
null | Danish tennis player
Axel Thayssen (22 February 1885 – 31 January 1952) was a Danish tennis player. He competed in two events at the 1912 Summer Olympics. | 8aa75ac1-f716-446f-bd4e-6657f52c61b0 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Gomati_(F21)"} | INS Gomati (F21) was a Godavari-class guided-missile frigate of Indian Navy.
Career
The ship was built by Mazagon Dock Ltd in Mumbai and has an indigenous content of 72%. After her mid-life upgrade in 2011, the ship has been fitted with new weapons and sensors, which include the Barak surface-to-air missile system, an Oto Melara 76 mm gun, HUMSA sonar and Advanced Ship Control System for UAVs. On March 28, 2019, an Indian Navy personnel onboard INS Gomati died during weapons firing drills at sea. Gomati was decommissioned on 28 May 2022 after 34 years of service. The ship will be formally transferred to the Government of Uttar Pradesh on 28 May 2022, following which it will be completely dismantled and transported to Lucknow where it will be installed as the "Gomati Shaurya Smarak," a museum of Gomati 's service career. | 665d8069-8334-44d8-9ef3-3667a1e0082d |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakthrough_(Aya_Hirano_song)"} | 2006 single by Aya Hirano
"Breakthrough" is the debut single by Japanese singer and voice actress Aya Hirano. It was first released in Japan on March 8, 2006 by the record label Lantis. "Breakthrough" and "Ichiban Boshi" were the opening and ending themes of the Japanese PlayStation 2 visual novel Finalist, respectively.
Track listing | b1e21439-a872-42e0-aecb-0bf3152f33ca |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lough_Leane"} | Lake in County Kerry, Ireland
Body of water
Lough Leane (/ˈleɪn/; from Irish Loch Léin 'lake of learning') is the largest of the three lakes of Killarney, in County Kerry. The River Laune flows from the lake into the Dingle Bay to the northwest.
Etymology and history
The lake's name means "lake of learning" probably in reference to the monastery on Innisfallen, an island in the lake. Innisfallen was a centre of scholarship in the early Middle Ages, producing the Annals of Innisfallen and, according to legend, educating King Brian Boru.
Another historic site, the tower house Ross Castle sits on Ross Island in the lake. Ross Island is rich in copper. Archaeological evidence suggests the island has been mined since the time of the Bronze Age Beaker People.
Geography
Lough Leane is approximately 19 square kilometres (4,700 acres) in size. It is also the largest body of fresh water in the region. It has become eutrophic as a result of phosphates from agricultural and domestic pollution entering Lough Leane Reedbed, an important habitat on the edge of Lough Leane. This nutrient enrichment has caused several algal blooms in recent years. The blooms have not yet had a severe effect on the lake's ecosystem. To prevent further pollution causing a permanent change in the lake's ecosystem, a review of land use in the catchment area is being carried out. Water quality in the lake appears to have improved since phosphates were removed from sewage in 1985.
Wildlife
Lough Leane is a habitat for the critically endangered blunt-snouted Irish char (Salvelinus obtusus) and Killarney shad (Alosa killarnensis).[citation needed] | 443541f7-8fb2-4f6a-84dc-da1e212db528 |
null | American gridiron football player (born 1962)
American football player
Reginald Lecarno Pleasant (born May 2, 1962 in Pinewood, South Carolina) is a former professional gridiron football defensive back. Playing collegiately for Clemson University, where he won a National Championship in 1981. He then played in the Canadian Football League for eleven seasons with the Toronto Argonauts and the Edmonton Eskimos. He won a Grey Cup with the Argonauts in 1991. He started his professional career with the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League in 1985. He still holds the Toronto Argonauts record for the most career interceptions and most interception return yards. | a2143a6d-e60b-44de-8a18-0df99a09a04a |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_New_Guinea"} | Melanesian inhabitants of New Guinea
The indigenous peoples of Western New Guinea in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, commonly called Papuans, are Melanesians. There is genetic evidence for two major historical lineages in New Guinea and neighboring islands: a first wave from the Malay Archipelago perhaps 50,000 years ago when New Guinea and Australia were a single landmass called Sahul and, much later, a wave of Austronesian people from the north who introduced Austronesian languages and pigs about 3,500 years ago. They also left a small but significant genetic trace in many coastal Papuan peoples.
Linguistically, Papuans speak languages from the many families of non-Austronesian languages that are found only on New Guinea and neighboring islands, as well as Austronesian languages along parts of the coast, and recently developed creoles such as Tok Pisin, Hiri Motu, Unserdeutsch, and Papuan Malay.
The term "Papuan" is used in a wider sense in linguistics and anthropology. In linguistics, "Papuan languages" is a cover term for the diverse, mutually unrelated, non-Austronesian language families spoken in Melanesia, the Torres Strait Islands, and parts of Wallacea. In anthropology, "Papuan" is often used to denote the highly diverse aboriginal populations of Melanesia and Wallacea prior to the arrival of Austronesian-speakers, and the dominant genetic traces of these populations in the current ethnic groups of these areas.
Languages
Ethnologue's 14th edition lists 826 languages of Papua New Guinea and 257 languages of Western New Guinea, a total of 1083 languages, with 12 languages overlapping. They can be divided into two groups, the Austronesian languages, and all the others, called Papuan languages for convenience. The term Papuan languages refers to an areal grouping, rather than a linguistic one. So-called Papuan languages comprise hundreds of different languages, most of which are not related.
Papuan ethnic groups
The following indigenous peoples live within the modern borders of Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Austronesian-speaking (AN) groups are given in italics.
Indonesia
West Papua
Papuan ethnic groups / tribes in Indonesian province of West Papua include Abun, Ambel, Arfak, Awe, Ayamaru, Ayfat, Batanta, Biak, Biga, Bira, Borai, Butlih, Domu, Doreri, Emeyode, Fiawat, Hatam, Irarutu, Irires, Iwaro, Kais, Kawe, Koiwai, Kuri, Langanyan, Madekwana, Mairasi, Maniwak, Matbat, Mbaham, Matta, Meiah, Meybrat, Miere, Miyah, Moi, Moire, Moru, Moskona, Mpur, Napiti, Nerigo, Oburauw, Roon, Roswar, Sebyar, Sougb, Soviar, Sumuri, Tehit, Tepin, Wamesa, Warumba, Waruri, Wawiyai, Wondama, Yaban, Konda.
Papua
Papuan ethnic groups/tribes in Indonesian province of Papua include:
Highland Papua
Papuan ethnic groups/tribes in Indonesian province of Highland Papua include:
Central Papua
Papuan ethnic groups/tribes in Indonesian province of Central Papua include:
South Papua
Papuan ethnic groups/tribes in Indonesian province of South Papua include:
Papua New Guinea
Bismarck Archipelago
Origin and genetics
In a 2005 study of ASPM gene variants, Mekel-Bobrov et al. found that the Papuan people have among the highest rate of the newly evolved ASPM Haplogroup D, at 59.4% occurrence of the approximately 6,000-year-old allele. While it is not yet known exactly what selective advantage is provided by this gene variant, the haplogroup D allele is thought to be positively selected in populations and to confer some substantial advantage that has caused its frequency to rapidly increase.
Main Y-DNA Haplogroups of Papuan people are Haplogroup MS, Haplogroup P and Haplogroup C1b2a; a significant minority belong also to Haplogroup O-M175.
Based on his genetic studies of the Denisova hominin, an ancient human species discovered in 2010, Svante Pääbo claims that ancient human ancestors of the Papuans interbred in Asia with these humans. He has found that people of New Guinea share 4%–7% of their genome with the Denisovans, indicating this exchange.
Phylogenetic data suggests that an early Eastern Eurasian or "eastern non-African" (ENA) meta-population trifurcated, and gave rise to the Australo-Papuans, the Andamanese Onge / AASI, as well as East/Southeast Asians, although Australo-Papuans may have also received some gene flow from an earlier group (xOoA), around 2%, next to additional archaic admixture in the Sahul region.
According to one study, Australo-Papuans (such as the indigenous people of New Guinea and Aboriginal Australians) could have either formed from a mixture between an East Asian lineage and lineage basal to West and East Asians, or as a sister lineage of East Asians with or without a minor basal OoA or xOoA contribution.
A 2016 study at the University of Cambridge by Christopher Klein et al. suggests that it was about 50,000 years ago that these peoples reached Sahul (the supercontinent consisting of present-day Australia and its islands and New Guinea). The sea levels rose and isolated New Guinea about 10,000 years ago, but Aboriginal Australians and Papuans diverged from each other genetically earlier, about 37,000 years BP.
Notable people | 0db3a8c4-6448-4336-8486-b909fbe559ad |
null | Sir Henry Victor Alpin MacKinnon Raikes KBE (19 January 1901 – 18 April 1986) was a British Conservative politician.
Raikes was the son of Henry St. John Digby Raikes, eldest son of Henry Cecil Raikes. His mother was Annie Lucinda (née Mackinnon). Educated at Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge, he unsuccessfully contested Ilkeston in 1924 and 1929 before being elected for South East Essex in 1931. During World War II he served as a flight lieutenant in the Royal Air Force.
In 1945 Raikes was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Liverpool Wavertree. In 1950, 1951, and 1955 he was elected for Liverpool Garston. He left office in 1957 and was replaced by Richard Martin Bingham in a by-election.
Sources | fce4dccd-d0fe-486b-b5cf-e249d143f529 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluebird_(Paul_McCartney_and_Wings_song)"} | 1974 single by Paul McCartney and Wings
"Bluebird" is a song written by Paul and Linda McCartney and originally performed by the British rock band Wings, released on their 1973 album Band on the Run. According to author John Blaney, it was written during a vacation in Jamaica. However, author Vincent Benitez claims the song was written as early as 1970 or 1971, noting that Paul and Linda sang the song during a live interview in New York City in 1971. In Continental Europe it was also released as the B-side of the "Mrs. Vandebilt" single.
Recording and music
"Bluebird" was reportedly composed by McCartney in 1971, during his holiday in Jamaica. Although much of the Band on the Run album was recorded in Lagos, Nigeria in August and September 1973, "Bluebird" was completed later in 1973 at AIR Studios in London. The percussionist on the song, Remi Kabaka, was from Lagos but happened to be in London when the song was being recorded. One highlight of the song is a saxophone solo played by session musician Howie Casey. Casey repeated his solo during the Wings Over the World tour in 1975 and 1976. Other musical elements of the song include acoustic guitars and calypso-like percussion.
Lyrics and chords
In the lyrics, Paul McCartney compares himself in love to a bluebird. The opening lyrics are:
Late at night when the wind is still I'll come flying through your door And you’ll know what love is for I'm a bluebird
Blaney interprets the bluebird as "a metaphor for the transcendent power of love and the liberation of the human spirit from mental and physical bondage". Benitez regards the bluebird as a metaphor for love itself - love that is the only source of transcendent freedom. The song describes the singer's revitalization after having been upset at the beginning of the song. Jon Landau describes the song as "a simple love song" but sees in its "flying" motif a continuation of the theme of escape that runs throughout the Band on the Run album. The singer tells his lover that when he, as a bluebird, kisses her she can also become a bluebird, at which point they become absolutely free.
The song is in the key of F major although it sounds like it is in E-flat major due to the way the guitars are tuned. The refrain is simply a rhythmic chart based on the phrase "I'm a Bluebird" sung by McCartney with Linda and Denny Laine providing harmony. Benitez states about the music that "the harmonic schemes of verse and chorus strongly suggest that the text of each verse raises a question, only to be answered by each chorus through its exclamations of being a bluebird."
Reception
Donald Guarisco of AllMusic describes "Bluebird" as "a simple bit of acoustic pop that overflows with hooks thanks to a slick arrangement" and "a delightful, breezy pop tune". NME critics Roy Carr and Tony Tyler commented that McCartney's "lightweight touch ... works superbly on 'Bluebird'" and likened it to "Blackbird" from the Beatles' self-titled double album (also known as the "White Album").
Paul McCartney & Wings (with Joe English and Jimmy McCulloch) recorded "Bluebird" along with an apology to Japanese fans for their being unable to tour in Japan after he was denied entry into the country. An incomplete version of the video was included with the 25th Anniversary Edition of Band on the Run, and a longer version (including the apology) was included on the 2001 documentary Wingspan – An Intimate Portrait.
In 2017 Rolling Stone magazine ranked "Bluebird" as McCartney's 14th greatest post-Beatles song, stating that it "features a bittersweet melody only McCartney could have written, carried along by guitar that lilts like Brazilian bossa nova and soft-touch percussion from Nigerian instrumentalist Remi Kabaka".
Personnel | 7d7a800e-4899-4667-8438-31afcbae2620 |
null | Irish politician
Toby Caulfeild (1694–1740) was an Irish politician.
Caulfeild was born in Dunamon and educated at Trinity College, Dublin. He represented Tulsk from 1727 to 1740. | 85e54677-86ac-42f6-afd9-fc579757b6bc |
null | Statistical analysis where the sample size is not fixed in advance
In statistics, sequential analysis or sequential hypothesis testing is statistical analysis where the sample size is not fixed in advance. Instead data are evaluated as they are collected, and further sampling is stopped in accordance with a pre-defined stopping rule as soon as significant results are observed. Thus a conclusion may sometimes be reached at a much earlier stage than would be possible with more classical hypothesis testing or estimation, at consequently lower financial and/or human cost.
History
The method of sequential analysis is first attributed to Abraham Wald with Jacob Wolfowitz, W. Allen Wallis, and Milton Friedman while at Columbia University's Statistical Research Group as a tool for more efficient industrial quality control during World War II. Its value to the war effort was immediately recognised, and led to its receiving a "restricted" classification. At the same time, George Barnard led a group working on optimal stopping in Great Britain. Another early contribution to the method was made by K.J. Arrow with D. Blackwell and M.A. Girshick.
A similar approach was independently developed from first principles at about the same time by Alan Turing, as part of the Banburismus technique used at Bletchley Park, to test hypotheses about whether different messages coded by German Enigma machines should be connected and analysed together. This work remained secret until the early 1980s.
Peter Armitage introduced the use of sequential analysis in medical research, especially in the area of clinical trials. Sequential methods became increasingly popular in medicine following Stuart Pocock's work that provided clear recommendations on how to control Type 1 error rates in sequential designs.
Alpha spending functions
When researchers repeatedly analyze data as more observations are added, the probability of a Type 1 error increases. Therefore, it is important to adjust the alpha level at each interim analysis, such that the overall Type 1 error rate remains at the desired level. This is conceptually similar to using the Bonferroni correction, but because the repeated looks at the data are dependent, more efficient corrections for the alpha level can be used. Among the earliest proposals is the Pocock boundary. Alternative ways to control the Type 1 error rate exist, such as the Haybittle-Peto bounds, and additional work on determining the boundaries for interim analyses has been done by O’Brien & Fleming and Wang & Tsiatis.
A limitation of corrections such as the Pocock boundary is that the number of looks at the data must be determined before the data is collected, and that the looks at the data should be equally spaced (e.g., after 50, 100, 150, and 200 patients). The alpha spending function approach developed by Demets & Lan does not have these restrictions, and depending on the parameters chosen for the spending function, can be very similar to Pocock boundaries or the corrections proposed by O'Brien and Fleming.
Applications of sequential analysis
Clinical trials
In a randomized trial with two treatment groups, group sequential testing may for example be conducted in the following manner: After n subjects in each group are available an interim analysis is conducted. A statistical test is performed to compare the two groups and if the null hypothesis is rejected the trial is terminated; otherwise, the trial continues, another n subjects per group are recruited, and the statistical test is performed again, including all subjects. If the null is rejected, the trial is terminated, and otherwise it continues with periodic evaluations until a maximum number of interim analyses have been performed, at which point the last statistical test is conducted and the trial is discontinued.
Other applications
Sequential analysis also has a connection to the problem of gambler's ruin that has been studied by, among others, Huygens in 1657.
Step detection is the process of finding abrupt changes in the mean level of a time series or signal. It is usually considered as a special kind of statistical method known as change point detection. Often, the step is small and the time series is corrupted by some kind of noise, and this makes the problem challenging because the step may be hidden by the noise. Therefore, statistical and/or signal processing algorithms are often required. When the algorithms are run online as the data is coming in, especially with the aim of producing an alert, this is an application of sequential analysis.
Bias
Trials that are terminated early because they reject the null hypothesis typically overestimate the true effect size. This is because in small samples, only large effect size estimates will lead to a significant effect, and the subsequent termination of a trial. Methods to correct effect size estimates in single trials have been proposed. Note that this bias is mainly problematic when interpreting single studies. In meta-analyses, overestimated effect sizes due to early stopping are balanced by underestimation in trials that stop late, leading Schou & Marschner to conclude that "early stopping of clinical trials is not a substantive source of bias in meta-analyses".
The meaning of p-values in sequential analyses also changes, because when using sequential analyses, more than one analysis is performed, and the typical definition of a p-value as the data “at least as extreme” as is observed needs to be redefined. One solution is to order the p-values of a series of sequential tests based on the time of stopping and how high the test statistic was at a given look, which is known as stagewise ordering, first proposed by Armitage. | f7a36d38-34a7-4f5b-ad4a-2e1549bd6c52 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Cork_county_hurling_team_season"} | The 2008 season was the Cork senior hurling team's 121st consecutive season appearing in the Championship, and their 77th season appearing in the National Hurling League. After losing to Waterford in both the Munster and All-Ireland championships the previous year, Cork were out to make amends for these shortcomings. The season began badly as both Cork Gaelic football team went on strike due to the withdrawal of the right of the manager to pick his own selectors. The Cork hurling panel also withdrew their services in sympathy, resulting in a less than impressive start to the hurling campaign. The 2008 season was ultimately seen as a failure as Cork failed to reach the final of any competition.
Panel statistics
Management team
Hurling panel
Waterford Crystal Cup games
National League games
Páirc Uí Chaoimh, Cork
Páirc Uí Chaoimh, Cork
Parnell Park, Dublin
Referee: S. Whelan (Wexford)
Casement Park, Belfast
Referee: A. Stapleton (Laois)
Páirc Uí Chaoimh, Cork
Referee: G. Hoey (Clare)
Walsh Park, Waterford
Referee: J. Ryan (Tipperary)
Gaelic Grounds, Limerick
Referee: B. Kelly (Westmeath)
Gaelic Grounds, Limerick
Referee: J. Owens
Championship games
Vs Tipperary
Páirc Uí Chaoimh, Cork
Referee: B Kelly (Westmeath)
Tipperary created history at Páirc Uí Chaoimh on this occasion as they won their county's first championship match in Cork since 1923. A Ben O'Connor goal and three Cathal Naughton points had Cork leading by 1-08 to 0-04 but Tipp, thanks to a dominant spell late in the half, only trailed by 1-08 to 1-07 at half-time. Tipp, taking their unbeaten run this season to 11 wins and two draws, scored eight of the game's final nine points to power to victory. Team captain Eoin Kelly rocketed home a goal in the 24th minute, leaving his marker Brian Murphy and goalkeeper Donal Óg Cusack gasping. Kelly finished with a personal tally of 1-07 and was ably assisted by Lar Corbett (0-04) and championship debutant Séamus Callinan (0-03).
Vs Dublin
Páirc Uí Chaoimh, Cork
Referee: J. Owens (Wexford)
An opportunistic goal from Joe Deane proved crucial at Páirc Uí Chaoimh as Cork fended off a wholehearted Dublin side to progress to the fourth round of the All-Ireland SHC qualifiers. The Rebels, who had an early wind advantage, were 0-10 to 0-06 ahead at half-time with free-taker David O'Callaghan (0-05) top-scoring for the Dubs. Not many observers would have predicted such a hard-fought game as 'the Dubs' proved once again that they can live with the top-tier counties.
Vs Galway
Semple Stadium, Thurles
Referee: B Kelly (Westmeath)
Facing each other in the Championship for the first time since the 2005 All-Ireland final, this was a game that both Cork and Galway's seasons rested upon and quite possibly the futures of their respective managers. Ger Loughnane's side got off to a poor start, going 0-04 to 0-00 behind with the Cork forwards all on target. Ten minutes in however, Joe Canning got Galway into contention as he shrugged off the challenge of Diarmuid O'Sullivan and sneaked a stunning shot past Dónal Óg Cusack for his first goal. Some time later a swift Galway attack ended with Alan Kerins batting the sliotar to the Cork net but referee Barry Kelly had already blown his whistle before the goal was scored. Kelly penalised Cork 'keeper Cusack for a foul on Kerins. The foul earned Cusack his second yellow card, Cork were suddenly down to 14 men and they had a penalty to defend. After converting the penalty Canning had 2-04 to show for the first 35 minutes. In the second-half Galway struggled to pull away and Cork managed to heap the pressure on them with a run of six successive points. Loughnane's team threw everything they had at their opponents in the closing ten minutes. Canning tried his heart out, firing over three late points but Ben O'Connor had the last word when he split the posts with a superb effort from near the sideline.
Vs Clare
Semple Stadium, Thurles
Referee: D Murphy (Wexford)
For the third weekend in-a-row Cork faced a win-or-bust championship game. A feature of the opening quarter was Cork full-back Diarmuid O'Sullivan's struggle to keep tabs on the elusive Niall Gilligan. Wides blighted Clare's play in the Munster final and wayward shooting was again threatening to derail them on this occasion. The tempo of the game increased as Barry Nugent turned onto his right and pointed. A brace of points came from Pat Donnellan and Clare then turned on the afterburners to score 1-04 without reply. Eight points in arrears and staring at an embarrassing championship exit, half-time came at just the right time for Cork. Just as they did when they were in trouble at the break in the Galway game, Cork rallied superbly with a brilliant second half performance. Incredibly, the deficit was back to just four points - 1-11 to 1-07 - within three minutes of the restart. Timmy McCarthy followed up with a timely goal. A short while later Clare were just about keeping Cork at arm's length. As the clock ticked towards 70 minutes, Cork never really looked assured. Searching for that levelling point, Clare were left wanting. It was left to Neil Ronan to confirm crestfallen Clare's exit from the championship as he landed the insurance point in the 72nd minute.
Vs Kilkenny
Croke Park, Dublin
Referee: M Wadding (Waterford)
In a unique fixture Cork's All-Ireland semi-final meeting with Kilkenny was the first time in the history of the championship that both sides met outside of the All-Ireland final. Kilkenny were hoping for a victory to keep their three-in-a-row dream on track, while Cork were hoping to deny 'the Cats' a spot in the championship decider and a chance to go one ahead of Cork in the all-time roll of honour. The game began evenly enough and the sides were level six times in the opening twenty-one minutes. Just on the half-hour mark Eoin Larkin found himself in space for a Kilkenny goal to give his side a 1-09 to 0-06 lead. While Cork came back for a brief time in the second half, the deadly accuracy of Henry Shefflin made sure that a victory for 'the Cats' was always going to be the outcome. The nearest Cork came to closing the gap in the second half was to make it a five-point margin. But a great point by Martin Comerford showed that Kilkenny were ready to step up a further gear as they swept to a comprehensive win. | b94ee53e-5b32-4a9b-bad6-5f5cea89922e |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontana_del_Garraffo"} | The Garraffo Fountain (Italian: Fontana del Garraffo) is a Baroque fountain of Palermo. It is located in Piazza Marina, down the ancient Cassaro street, now called Via Vittorio Emanuele, within the historic centre of Palermo.
History
The name of the fountain comes from the Arabic word "Gharraf", meaning the abundance of water. It was sculpted by Gioacchino Vitagliano in 1698, although the design was previously realized by the architect Paolo Amato. The sculpture represents an abundance goddess riding an eagle fighting against a hydra.
The significance of the allegorical elements is not clear. The eagle could be a symbol of either Palermo or the Hapsburg Spanish monarchy. The statue was patronized by the Spanish Praetor Andrea Salazar.
The location of the Garraffo fountain was in a small piazzetta in the market of the Vucciria market, in front of the monument called Genio del Garraffo, and near the church of Sant'Eulalia dei Catalani until 1862, when it was moved to this airy and verdant Piazza Marina.
A different fountain of the Garaffo, now referred to as the Fontana del Garraffello, was erected in 1589 (or 1591) in piazzetta del Garaffo, it had been moved from its original sited due to the seepage into a neighboring house. | 6039d8c4-472a-4225-9d46-602944066d54 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferromirum"} | Ferromirum is an extinct genus of symmoriiform fish known from the late Devonian (mid Famennian) Ibâouane Formation in the southeastern Anti-Atlas of Morocco, with a single species Ferromirum oukherbouchi. It is known from a single well preserved skeleton, which is of a small individual less than half a metre in length. The jaws and hyoid arch are preserved uncrushed. The skull has large orbits (eye sockets) which have sclerotic rings. The teeth are small and have a cladodont morphology. The body is slender. The first dorsal fin has a smooth fin spine, which curves posteriorly towards its tip. | 5965c809-2eaf-48d9-8558-0ce54c3b58af |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elva_Nampeyo"} | American potter (1926–1985)
Elva Nampeyo (1926–1985) (also known as Elva Tewaguna) was an American studio potter.
Biography
Elva Nampeyo was born 1926 in the Hopi-Tewa Corn Clan atop Hopi First Mesa, Arizona. Her parents were Fannie Nampeyo and Vinton Polacca. Her grandmother Nampeyo had led a revival of ancient traditional pottery and established a family tradition of pottery making. As a child Elva would watch her grandmother make pottery and later her mother taught Elva and her siblings the craft of pottery making.
Nampayo went on to marry Richard Tewaguna and had five children, four of whom, Neva, Elton, Miriam and Adelle followed in the family pottery making tradition. All sign their work with their first names followed by "Nampeyo" and an ear of corn.
Nampayo became an expert at decorating and painting pottery. She specialized in black and red on yellow bowls and jars with traditional migration designs and eagle motifs. Her pieces most often resembled the works of her mother and grandmother. On occasion she could be persuaded to break from tradition and try some designs of her own invention. Elva took great pleasure in making pottery and could form as many as eight pots a day. During her later years, her daughter Adelle would assist her in polishing, decorating and firing her pottery. Nampeyo signed her pottery as "Elva Nampeyo" followed by the corn clan symbol which was initiated by her mother Fannie. | cf3cca18-1301-4fd2-970c-063d3f75b4d9 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonihah"} | City mentioned in the Book of Mormon
Ammonihah (/ˌæməˈnaɪhɑː/) is a city mentioned in the Book of Mormon that is governed by a class of lawyers and judges who lead an aristocratic and materialistic social order. When the Book of Mormon prophet Alma visits Ammonihah as part of a ministerial tour, the city becomes the setting of "one of the most disturbing episodes" of the text in which Ammonihah's governing elite imprison him, exile any men converted by his preaching, and kill women and children associated with his mission by fire.
The narrative set in Ammonihah is intertextual with the Old and New Testaments. Literary and theological scholarship treat the Ammonihah story as an exploration of suffering and a turning point in the Book of Mormon's use of the phrase "lake of fire and brimstone" as a metaphor for hell.
Artist John Held Sr. was commissioned to depict Ammonihah in two woodblock prints for George Reynolds's 1888 The Story of the Book of Mormon. These were among the first published illustrations of Book of Mormon content.
Background
Book of Mormon
The Book of Mormon is the primary religious text of the Latter Day Saint movement. In the book's narrative, a family flees Jerusalem in approximately 600 BCE, prophetically directed to escape the Babylonian captivity. Led by God, they arrive in the Americas and establish a society which, due to a deepening fraternal disputation, splits into two: the Nephites and the Lamanites. Despite preceding the advent of Jesus, the Nephites have a Christian society with prophets among them. The majority of the story is framed as the retrospective work of its principal narrator, Mormon, a Nephite who lives near the end of the chronological narrative and reflexively describes creating the text that is the Book of Mormon by abridging and quoting from Nephite history.
Book of Alma
The Book of Mormon is further divided into fifteen internal books, named after prophets in the text in a manner reminiscent of the prophetic books of the Bible. The ninth book is the book of Alma, named after Alma, a prophet who is the son of the late founder of the then-current incarnation of the Nephite church. In this sub-book, Mormon narrates Alma's ministry and that of his son Helaman during the "reign of the judges", a period in which rule by judges has replaced monarchy in Nephite society.
The book of Alma structurally divides into four quarters that alternatively parallel each other. In the first and third quarters (Alma 1–16 and 30–44), Alma encounters dissent among Nephites and responds; in the second and fourth quarters (Alma 17–29 and 45–63), Mormon narrates Nephite–Lamanite interactions.
The majority of the Ammonihah narrative is framed by an inclusio spanning Alma 9–16.
Nephite dissenters and Alma
Prior to the Ammonihah narrative, the Book of Mormon develops an ongoing plot depicting a series of dissident movements in Nephite society whose participants persecute members of the Nephite church and reject its orthodoxy on the need for a Redeemer. The first of these are called "unbelievers", and in Alma's first appearance he is an active and highly persuasive unbeliever who convinces "many of the people to do after the manner of his iniquities". Alma's life drastically changes when an angel appears and commands him to repent. In a reversal that is intertextual with the apostle Paul's story in the New Testament, Alma does repent, and his transformation is so complete he goes on to become high priest of the Nephite church.
In addition to being high priest of the church, Alma spends some time ruling as chief judge. The first case the narrative describes him overseeing is for a man named Nehor who, during a debate about religion, murders a Nephite church member. Nehor is also the founder of a new church whose teachings are similar to the ideas of the unbeliever movement Alma was part of. Despite the resemblance to his past self, Alma sentences Nehor to death for the murder.
Despite Nehor's death, his ideas gain popularity among Nephites, and the narrative describes Ammonihah as a community that accepts the teachings of Nehor.
Narrative
Ministry
The Ammonihah narrative begins with Alma on a preaching tour throughout Nephite cities, having stepped down as chief judge in order to focus on spiritual ministry. Ammonihah, a community that has politically and religiously distanced itself from the rest of Nephite society, is the fourth city he visits. When Alma arrives the people abruptly refuse to give him an audience, and they aggressively mock him and "his" church. In response to this rejection, Alma leaves, but once he is outside the city, an angel directs him to return and preach repentance to Ammonihah. The angel warns Alma that Ammonihah is not only doctrinally heterodox but also plotting political sedition, as some "study at this time that they may destroy the liberty of thy people".
Alma's metaphor
"I say unto you then cometh a death, even a second death, which is a spiritual death; then is a time that whosoever dieth in his sins, as to a temporal death, shall also die a spiritual death; yea, he shall die as to things pertaining unto righteousness.
"Then is the time when their torments shall be as a lake of fire and brimstone".
Alma, Book of Mormon, Alma 12:16–17
When Alma reenters the city, he meets Amulek, who offers Alma food and a place to stay, which Alma accepts. Alma invokes a blessing on Amulek's home and family, and they commence preaching in Ammonihah as a duo.
An elite governing class of judges and lawyers, unique in the Book of Mormon to Ammonihah, confront Alma and Amulek. The lawyers and judges accuse the pair of trying to undermine Ammonihah's aristocratic and materialistic political order. Among these interlocutors are the lawyer Zeezrom and the chief judge Antionah. Alma uses stark imagery in his sermonizing at Ammonihah. He warns that for those who fail to repent and therefore experience "spiritual death", their "torments shall be as a lake of fire and brimstone, whose flame ascendeth up forever and ever".
Some residents of Ammonihah respond to Alma and Amulek's preaching by repenting and reading the scriptures. Others, however, are outraged, and these eventually seize the pair and imprison them. The plot escalates into a mass persecution as the Ammonihah majority drive male Christian converts out of the city, arrest their wives and children, and seize any scripture in their possession.
The chief judge echoes the metaphor
"Now it came to pass that when the bodies of those who had been cast into the fire were consumed, and also the records which were cast in with them, the chief judge of the land came and stood before Alma and Amulek, as they were bound; and he smote them with his hand upon their cheeks, and said unto them: After what ye have seen, will ye preach again unto this people, that they shall be cast into a lake of fire and brimstone?"
Book of Mormon, Alma 14:14
Martyrdoms
After gathering Christian scriptures and prisoners, the people of Ammonihah create a fire in which they destroy scriptures and burn women and children alive as an intentional and distorted reference to Alma's sermon. The narrative states that any who believed Alma and Amulek's teachings or even listened to them at all become victims in Ammonihah. A chief judge brings Amulek and Alma to the "place of martyrdom" and forces them to watch, and he asks, "After what ye have seen, will ye preach again unto this people, that they shall be cast into a lake of fire and brimstone?" Kylie Nielson Turley explains, the judge "ensures that Alma understands the brutal irony at the heart of this horror. Alma's unfortunate gospel metaphor about a lake of fire and brimstone prompts the literal lake of fire and brimstone that burns before his eyes".
The people of Ammonihah keep Alma and Amulek imprisoned. The jailers take away their clothing, mock them, starve them, and even beat them. After days spent in this manner, Alma and Amulek finally escape through miraculous deliverance when the prison, in response to a prayer by Alma, spontaneously collapses without harming them. They leave Ammonihah and reunite with survivors in a place called Sidom. There, Alma and Amulek encounter an ailing Zeezrom, who has survived and repented, and Alma miraculously heals him. Amulek is no longer in possession of any of the wealth he had while living in Ammonihah, and he has implicitly lost his immediate family to the fires. The story closes with Alma taking Amulek into his home where he "did administer unto him in his tribulations".
Aftermath
As the narrator of the book and the compiler in the framing narrative, Mormon follows up the Ammonihah story by describing its destruction amid the outbreak of unexpected Nephite–Lamanite war, casting the leveling of the city and its people as divine retribution for the violence committed in the narrative.
In the rest of the Book of Mormon, Ammonihah briefly reappears twice. The first time is in Alma 25, when Mormon recapitulates its destruction as part of an overlapping plot involving war and politics. The last appearance is in Alma 49, which mentions that the city of Ammonihah is rebuilt.
Intertextuality
The martyrdoms at Ammonihah may parody the instructions for sacrifices given in Leviticus 16 (part of the Acharei Mot), in which God instructs Aaron and Moses to release one goat as "a scapegoat into the wilderness" and to take another as a "sin offering" to "burn in the fire". The men cast out from Ammonihah parallel the scapegoat while the women and children "serv[e] as a grotesque sin offering", G. St. John Stott explains.
Alma and Amulek's divinely-enabled escape from the Ammonihah prison resembles the New Testament's prison deliverance stories: the liberation of Peter in Acts 12 and that of Paul and Silas in Acts 16.
Interpretation
Kylie Nielson Turley writes that the Ammonihah story is "one of the most disturbing episodes in the Book of Mormon" on account of its abruptly graphic violence and the twisted, personal motives behind that violence. Joseph Spencer calls the martyrdom "one of the grisliest scenes in the Book of Mormon". Charles Swift considers the story "one of the most poignant in all of scripture", observing that what starts as an uplifting story about Alma and Amulek becoming friends and colleagues "ends with the horrible death of innocent women and children and Amulek's having lost everything".
Suffering
The narrative set in Ammonihah invites readers to ponder why a god capable of miracles seemingly allows suffering and evil to exist. In the story, God delivers Alma and Amulek from prison but does not stop women and children from being burned at Ammonihah. While watching the mass killing, Alma tells Amulek that God forbids him and Amulek from invoking a miracle to intervene, and Alma concludes that the deaths are willed by God so that he can receive them into heavenly paradise and visit just punishment on Ammonihah. In a commentary, Fatimah Salleh and Margaret Olsen Hemming consider this an unsatisfactory theology of suffering, stating that "Alma's response does not stand up to the scrutiny of the people's pain in front of him". Within the Book of Mormon's framing narrative, Alma's theological exposition may be read as a lapse on Alma's part, caused by shock from the carnage, or possibly as a case of Mormon as narrator-editor inserting an attempted explanation for inexplicable horror. Ultimately, the Ammonihah narrative, Salleh and Olsen Hemming explain, "does not necessarily answer the question" of suffering in a world with God and instead "it simply invites us to sit with it."
Fire imagery
Ammonihah marks a turning point in the Book of Mormon's vocabulary. In the Book of Mormon before and during the Ammonihah arc, "lake of fire and brimstone" is a relatively common metaphor for hell and spiritual death. However, after Alma and Amulek escape Ammonihah, the phrase "lake of fire and brimstone" is never repeated for the remainder of the book. Within the context of the book's narrative, this may be a Nephite cultural response to the tragedy. In the context of the framing narrative, it might be part of Mormon's character as the internal editor-historian, responding to his own experience of reading the Ammonihah story.
Artistic depictions
Artistic depictions of scenes of Ammonihah appear in George Reynolds's 1888 The Story of the Book of Mormon, a book containing what Noel Carmack calls "the first published attempt at illustrating the Book of Mormon". John Held Sr., father of cartoonist John Held Jr., created The Martyrdoms at Ammonihah and The Deliverance of Alma and Amulek (both pictured above) as woodblock prints. Carmack considers Martyrdoms the "strongest, most skillful piece" Held created for Story of the Book of Mormon, noting that its "complex, action-filled" scene is rare even in contemporary Book of Mormon art. | 84b15986-9bc9-4549-a5aa-9e95ed7c37a9 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_station"} | Organization that transmits content over a television channel
A television station is a set of equipment managed by a business, organisation or other entity, such as an amateur television (ATV) operator, that transmits video content and audio content via radio waves directly from a transmitter on the earth's surface to any number of tuned receivers simultaneously.
Overview
Most often the term "television station" refers to a station which broadcasts structured content to an audience or it refers to the organization that operates the station. A terrestrial television transmission can occur via analog television signals or, more recently, via digital television signals. Television stations are differentiated from cable television or other video providers in that their content is broadcast via terrestrial radio waves. A group of television stations with common ownership or affiliation are known as a TV network and an individual station within the network is referred to as O&O or affiliate, respectively.
Because television station signals use the electromagnetic spectrum, which in the past has been a common, scarce resource, governments often claim authority to regulate them. Broadcast television systems standards vary around the world. Television stations broadcasting over an analog system were typically limited to one television channel, but digital television enables broadcasting via subchannels as well. Television stations usually require a broadcast license from a government agency which sets the requirements and limitations on the station. In the United States, for example, a television license defines the broadcast range, or geographic area, that the station is limited to, allocates the broadcast frequency of the radio spectrum for that station's transmissions, sets limits on what types of television programs can be programmed for broadcast and requires a station to broadcast a minimum amount of certain programs types, such as public affairs messages.
Another form a television station may take is non-commercial educational (NCE) and considered public broadcasting. To avoid concentration of media ownership of television stations, government regulations in most countries generally limit the ownership of television stations by television networks or other media operators, but these regulations vary considerably. Some countries have set up nationwide television networks, in which individual television stations act as mere repeaters of nationwide programs. In those countries, the local television station has no station identification and, from a consumer's point of view, there is no practical distinction between a network and a station, with only small regional changes in programming, such as local television news.
Transmission
To broadcast its programs, a television station requires operators to operate equipment, a transmitter or radio antenna, which is often located at the highest point available in the transmission area, such as on a summit, the top of a high skyscraper, or on a tall radio tower. To get a signal from the master control room to the transmitter, a studio/transmitter link (STL) is used. The link can be either by radio or T1/E1. A transmitter/studio link (TSL) may also send telemetry back to the station, but this may be embedded in subcarriers of the main broadcast. Stations which retransmit or simulcast another may simply pick-up that station over-the-air, or via STL or satellite. The license usually specifies which other station it is allowed to carry.
VHF stations often have very tall antennas due to their long wavelength, but require much less effective radiated power (ERP), and therefore use much less transmitter power output, also saving on the electricity bill and emergency backup generators. In North America, full-power stations on band I (channels 2 to 6) are generally limited to 100 kW analog video (VSB) and 10 kW analog audio (FM), or 45 kW digital (8VSB) ERP. Stations on band III (channels 7 to 13) can go up by 5dB to 316 kW video, 31.6 kW audio, or 160 kW digital. Low-VHF stations are often subject to long-distance reception just as with FM. There are no stations on Channel 1.
UHF, by comparison, has a much shorter wavelength, and thus requires a shorter antenna, but also higher power. North American stations can go up to 5000 kW ERP for video and 500 kW audio, or 1000 kW digital. Low channels travel further than high ones at the same power, but UHF does not suffer from as much electromagnetic interference and background "noise" as VHF, making it much more desirable for TV. Despite this, in the U.S., the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is taking another large portion of this band (channels 52 to 69) away, in contrast to the rest of the world, which has been taking VHF instead. This means that some stations left on VHF are harder to receive after the analog shutdown. Since at least 1974, there are no stations on channel 37 in North America for radio astronomy purposes.[citation needed]
Program production
Most television stations are commercial broadcasting enterprises which are structured in a variety of ways to generate revenue from television commercials. They may be an independent station or part of a broadcasting network, or some other structure. They can produce some or all of their programs or buy some broadcast syndication programming for or all of it from other stations or independent production companies.
Many stations have some sort of television studio, which on major-network stations is often used for newscasts or other local programming. There is usually a news department, where journalists gather information. There is also a section where electronic news-gathering (ENG) operations are based, receiving remote broadcasts via remote pickup unit or satellite TV. Outside broadcasting vans, production trucks, or SUVs with electronic field production (EFP) equipment are sent out with reporters, who may also bring back news stories on video tape rather than sending them back live.
To keep pace with technology United States television stations have been replacing operators with broadcast automation systems to increase profits in recent years.
Some stations (known as repeaters or translators) only simulcast another, usually the programmes seen on its owner's flagship station, and have no television studio or production facilities of their own. This is common in developing countries. Low-power stations typically also fall into this category worldwide.
Most stations which are not simulcast produce their own station identifications. TV stations may also advertise on or provide weather (or news) services to local radio stations, particularly co-owned sister stations. This may be a barter in some cases. | b60a83ea-3f99-4aa6-99d0-5f1a7a209260 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Spark"} | Open-source data analytics cluster computing framework
Apache Spark is an open-source unified analytics engine for large-scale data processing. Spark provides an interface for programming clusters with implicit data parallelism and fault tolerance. Originally developed at the University of California, Berkeley's AMPLab, the Spark codebase was later donated to the Apache Software Foundation, which has maintained it since.
Overview
Apache Spark has its architectural foundation in the resilient distributed dataset (RDD), a read-only multiset of data items distributed over a cluster of machines, that is maintained in a fault-tolerant way. The Dataframe API was released as an abstraction on top of the RDD, followed by the Dataset API. In Spark 1.x, the RDD was the primary application programming interface (API), but as of Spark 2.x use of the Dataset API is encouraged even though the RDD API is not deprecated. The RDD technology still underlies the Dataset API.
Spark and its RDDs were developed in 2012 in response to limitations in the MapReduce cluster computing paradigm, which forces a particular linear dataflow structure on distributed programs: MapReduce programs read input data from disk, map a function across the data, reduce the results of the map, and store reduction results on disk. Spark's RDDs function as a working set for distributed programs that offers a (deliberately) restricted form of distributed shared memory.
Inside Apache Spark the workflow is managed as a directed acyclic graph (DAG). Nodes represent RDDs while edges represent the operations on the RDDs.
Spark facilitates the implementation of both iterative algorithms, which visit their data set multiple times in a loop, and interactive/exploratory data analysis, i.e., the repeated database-style querying of data. The latency of such applications may be reduced by several orders of magnitude compared to Apache Hadoop MapReduce implementation. Among the class of iterative algorithms are the training algorithms for machine learning systems, which formed the initial impetus for developing Apache Spark.
Apache Spark requires a cluster manager and a distributed storage system. For cluster management, Spark supports standalone (native Spark cluster, where you can launch a cluster either manually or use the launch scripts provided by the install package. It is also possible to run these daemons on a single machine for testing), Hadoop YARN, Apache Mesos or Kubernetes. For distributed storage, Spark can interface with a wide variety, including Alluxio, Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS), MapR File System (MapR-FS), Cassandra, OpenStack Swift, Amazon S3, Kudu, Lustre file system, or a custom solution can be implemented. Spark also supports a pseudo-distributed local mode, usually used only for development or testing purposes, where distributed storage is not required and the local file system can be used instead; in such a scenario, Spark is run on a single machine with one executor per CPU core.
Spark Core
Spark Core is the foundation of the overall project. It provides distributed task dispatching, scheduling, and basic I/O functionalities, exposed through an application programming interface (for Java, Python, Scala, .NET and R) centered on the RDD abstraction (the Java API is available for other JVM languages, but is also usable for some other non-JVM languages that can connect to the JVM, such as Julia). This interface mirrors a functional/higher-order model of programming: a "driver" program invokes parallel operations such as map, filter or reduce on an RDD by passing a function to Spark, which then schedules the function's execution in parallel on the cluster. These operations, and additional ones such as joins, take RDDs as input and produce new RDDs. RDDs are immutable and their operations are lazy; fault-tolerance is achieved by keeping track of the "lineage" of each RDD (the sequence of operations that produced it) so that it can be reconstructed in the case of data loss. RDDs can contain any type of Python, .NET, Java, or Scala objects.
Besides the RDD-oriented functional style of programming, Spark provides two restricted forms of shared variables: broadcast variables reference read-only data that needs to be available on all nodes, while accumulators can be used to program reductions in an imperative style.
A typical example of RDD-centric functional programming is the following Scala program that computes the frequencies of all words occurring in a set of text files and prints the most common ones. Each map, flatMap (a variant of map) and reduceByKey takes an anonymous function that performs a simple operation on a single data item (or a pair of items), and applies its argument to transform an RDD into a new RDD.
Spark SQL
Spark SQL is a component on top of Spark Core that introduced a data abstraction called DataFrames, which provides support for structured and semi-structured data. Spark SQL provides a domain-specific language (DSL) to manipulate DataFrames in Scala, Java, Python or .NET. It also provides SQL language support, with command-line interfaces and ODBC/JDBC server. Although DataFrames lack the compile-time type-checking afforded by RDDs, as of Spark 2.0, the strongly typed DataSet is fully supported by Spark SQL as well.
Spark Streaming
Spark Streaming uses Spark Core's fast scheduling capability to perform streaming analytics. It ingests data in mini-batches and performs RDD transformations on those mini-batches of data. This design enables the same set of application code written for batch analytics to be used in streaming analytics, thus facilitating easy implementation of lambda architecture. However, this convenience comes with the penalty of latency equal to the mini-batch duration. Other streaming data engines that process event by event rather than in mini-batches include Storm and the streaming component of Flink. Spark Streaming has support built-in to consume from Kafka, Flume, Twitter, ZeroMQ, Kinesis, and TCP/IP sockets.
In Spark 2.x, a separate technology based on Datasets, called Structured Streaming, that has a higher-level interface is also provided to support streaming.
Spark can be deployed in a traditional on-premises data center as well as in the cloud.
MLlib Machine Learning Library
Spark MLlib is a distributed machine-learning framework on top of Spark Core that, due in large part to the distributed memory-based Spark architecture, is as much as nine times as fast as the disk-based implementation used by Apache Mahout (according to benchmarks done by the MLlib developers against the alternating least squares (ALS) implementations, and before Mahout itself gained a Spark interface), and scales better than Vowpal Wabbit. Many common machine learning and statistical algorithms have been implemented and are shipped with MLlib which simplifies large scale machine learning pipelines, including:
GraphX
GraphX is a distributed graph-processing framework on top of Apache Spark. Because it is based on RDDs, which are immutable, graphs are immutable and thus GraphX is unsuitable for graphs that need to be updated, let alone in a transactional manner like a graph database. GraphX provides two separate APIs for implementation of massively parallel algorithms (such as PageRank): a Pregel abstraction, and a more general MapReduce-style API. Unlike its predecessor Bagel, which was formally deprecated in Spark 1.6, GraphX has full support for property graphs (graphs where properties can be attached to edges and vertices).
Like Apache Spark, GraphX initially started as a research project at UC Berkeley's AMPLab and Databricks, and was later donated to the Apache Software Foundation and the Spark project.
Language support
Apache Spark has built-in support for Scala, Java, R, and Python with 3rd party support for the .NET CLR, Julia, and more.
History
Spark was initially started by Matei Zaharia at UC Berkeley's AMPLab in 2009, and open sourced in 2010 under a BSD license.
In 2013, the project was donated to the Apache Software Foundation and switched its license to Apache 2.0. In February 2014, Spark became a Top-Level Apache Project.
In November 2014, Spark founder M. Zaharia's company Databricks set a new world record in large scale sorting using Spark.
Spark had in excess of 1000 contributors in 2015, making it one of the most active projects in the Apache Software Foundation and one of the most active open source big data projects.
Scala Version
Spark 3.3.0 is based on Scala 2.13 (and thus works with Scala 2.12 and 2.13 out-of-the-box), but it can also be made to work with Scala 3.
Developers
Apache Spark is developed by a community. The project is managed by a group called the "Project Management Committee" (PMC). | 50a16838-db7c-4990-a847-8c7a5b397878 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Behave!"} | 1937 film by Lloyd Corrigan
Lady Behave! is a 1938 American film directed by Lloyd Corrigan. The sophisticated comedy was released by Republic Pictures.
Plot
Prior to leaving for Haiti, two sisters and their godfather/legal advisor are having a holiday in New Orleans. The fun loving Clarice goes out for a night on the town for Mardi Gras, as sensible conservative Paula and godfather Burton Williams remain home and prepare for their journey. Clarice comes back drunk in the morning. Before she passes out, she reveals she married the equally drunk wealthy playboy Stephen Cormack during the night. Clarice has forgotten that she is already married to gigolo Michael Andrews.
Cormack's solicitor shows up and mistakes Paula for Clarice. Used to Cormack's matrimonial antics, he offers Paula $5000 to divorce Cormack. Burton and Paula confer on the matter and discover that Clarice faces a minimum of ten years in prison for bigamy if the marriage is revealed. Paula has to impersonate Clarice until Burton can have the marriage of Clarice and Michael annulled.
Burton and Paula travel to New York City, where Cormack, his two children, and Michael live. Burton hatches a plan with Michael for him to portray a lover of Paula posing as Clarice to anger Cormack. The scheming Michael demands payment for his efforts, then on meeting Cormack's spoiled two children who wish to break up their father's marriage, tells them he will break up the marriage if they pay him $30,000, with $15,000 up front. Skilled in financial matters, Paula is able to acquire the $15,000 the children want without asking what the amount is for.
Over time, Paula keeps her virtue and the secret of her real identity intact, but Cormack's children begin to like her and want her to be their mother. Cormack gets into a brawl with Michael over Paula, posing as Clarice. However, the real Clarice arrives back with the news that her marriage with Michael is annulled. Clarice sues Cormack and asks for a divorce, thus leaving Cormack and Paula to be together.
Cast
Production
The film began with the title The Lady Misbehaves but Production Code Administration (PCA) director Joseph Breen strongly disapproved of the film's premise of "dealing with so serious a subject as a bigamous marriage, where the treatment is set for comedy." The Hays Office told Republic Pictures that in these times ladies do not misbehave; the dropping of "mis" would still give the desired undesirable impression.
The PCA approved the film when several changes were made to the script and the title was changed. | 3c6ceb7d-2329-415f-81e0-ae2c3749e858 |
null | Mountain in Peru
Phaq'u Tanka (Aymara phaq'u, paqu, p'aqu light brown, reddish, blond, dark chestnut, tanka hat or biretta, "chestnut coloured hat (or biretta)", Hispanicized spelling Pacotanca) is a mountain in the Andes of southern Peru, about 5,000 metres (16,404 ft) high. It is situated in the Moquegua Region, Mariscal Nieto Province, Carumas District. Phaq'u Tanka lies west of the mountain Qhini Jamach'ini and northwest of Qina Mich'ini and Arichuwa. | 238f3025-9a18-4bae-b68b-7fc535873fde |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Virginia_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election"} | The 1973 Virginia lieutenant gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1973. Republican nominee John N. Dalton defeated Democratic nominee James Harry Michael Jr. with 53.96% of the vote.
General election
Candidates
Major party candidates
Other candidate's
Results | a99c18a5-b4ce-4c5d-a5ac-9e73c4e97e17 |
null | Scottish cricketer
Gareth Robert Kirkwood OBE (born 15 April 1963) is a Scottish business executive and former cricketer.
Kirkwood was born at Kilmarnock in April 1963. He was educated at Hutchesons' Grammar School, before matriculating to the University of Strathclyde. A club cricketer for Poloc in his youth, he made a single appearance for Scotland against Worcestershire at Glasgow in the 1986 Benson & Hedges Cup. In a match which their English county opponents won by 2 wickets, Kirkwood scored a single unbeaten run and bowled one wicketless over.
Kirkwood began his business career with British Airways (BA) in 1986, working in various roles within the information technology department until 1990, when he left to join Speedwing as a commercial manager. This coincided with him studying for his MBA at Lancaster University. He returned to BA in 1992, becoming the general manager for global purchasing at the airline. In 1994, he moved to US Airways, becoming the vice-president of purchasing, later becoming Managing Director of Brymon Airways in 1996. In April 2000, he returned to BA to take up the position of Managing Director of British Airways World Cargo, prior to becoming BA's Director of Operations in 2006. Following the chaotic opening of Heathrow Terminal 5 in March 2008, Kirkwood and Director of Customer Services, David Noyes, were sacked. After departing BA, Kirkwood branched out from the airline industry and began working for Expedia, leading their European transformation for their holiday property rental division. In 2017, he joined The AA as Managing Director, during which he was made an OBE in the 2021 Birthday Honours for services to road transport. Kirkwood departed The AA in January 2022 to become CEO at The Nurture Landscapes Group.
Kirkwood lives in South Oxfordshire with his wife and two children. | 0488c812-1d36-4421-853d-8f98e4d2d466 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptomyces_abietis"} | Species of bacterium
Streptomyces abietis is a cellulolytic bacterium species from the genus Streptomyces which was isolated from topsoil of a pine forest from the Hokkaido prefecture in Japan. | 63942290-fc96-4df6-b8ef-aa71991dd87c |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Voce"} | Maria Voce (born 16 July 1937) is an Italian lawyer and former president of the Focolare Movement. She was born in Calabria, Italy. She was elected as the president by the General Assembly of the Movement after the death of its founder Chiara Lubich, in March 2008.
Career
Maria Voce joined the Movement in 1959 and for 44 years she lived in the Focolare community. After graduating from law, she also completed studies of theology and canon law; in recent years she has been involved in the recent update of the General Acts of the Movement. It is among the leaders of "Communion and Law", a network of professionals and scholars engaged in justice, recently born in the Focolare. She is also a member of Abba School, Interdisciplinary Studies Center. She has also gained a direct experience in ecumenical and interreligious fields; having lived in Turkey for ten years. From 1978 to 1988, she had close ties with the Patriarchate of Constantinople (also with the present Patriarch Bartholomew I), with leaders of other Christian Churches, and with the Muslim world. she was elected as president by the General Assembly of the Movement after the death of the founder Chiara Lubich, on 14 March 2008. She was re-elected on 12 September 2014 for a six-year term.
On 7 December 2009, Pope Benedict XVI appointed Voce as Consultor to the Pontifical Council for the Laity. In 2014, Voce received an honorary degree in laws from the University of Notre Dame for her ecumenical work as well as work with the laity. | 6e2ed609-07c1-43d9-add6-261b168060ae |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podabrus_fayi"} | Species of beetle
Podabrus fayi is a species of soldier beetle in the family Cantharidae. It is found in North America. | 4b01b982-555e-429b-a6e0-b61abea70b92 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Southend_United_F.C._season"} | Southend United F.C. 2014–15 football season
This page shows the progress of Southend United F.C. in the 2014–15 football season. During this season, the club played in the fourth tier of English football, League Two.
Match details
Pre-season
Billericay Town v Southend United
Braintree Town v Southend United
Southend United v Ipswich Town
Southend United v Queens Park Rangers
League Two
League table
Updated to match(es) played on 23 May 2015. Source: BBC Sport
Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Number of goals scored
(O) Play-off winner; (P) Promoted
Notes:
Matches
The fixtures for the 2014–15 season were announced on 18 June 2014 at 9am.
Accrington Stanley v Southend United
Southend United v Stevenage
Southend United v AFC Wimbledon
Carlisle United v Southend United
Plymouth Argyle v Southend United
Southend United v Oxford United
Southend United v Portsmouth
Cheltenham Town v Southend United
York City v Southend United
Southend United v Shrewsbury Town
Southend United v Morecambe
Luton Town v Southend United
Southend United v Exeter City
Newport County v Southend United
Southend United v Bury
Mansfield Town v Southend United
Southend United v Hartlepool United
Tranmere Rovers v Southend United
Southend United v Northampton Town
Wycombe Wanderers v Southend United
Southend United v Burton Albion
Cambridge United v Southend United
Southend United v Dagenham & Redbridge
Northampton Town v Southend United
Southend United v Plymouth Argyle
Oxford United v Southend United
Portsmouth v Southend United
Southend United v York City
Shrewsbury Town v Southend United
Southend United v Cheltenham Town
Southend United v Accrington Stanley
Stevenage v Southend United
Southend United v Carlisle United
AFC Wimbledon v Southend United
Southend United v Wycombe Wanderers
Dagenham & Redbridge v Southend United
Burton Albion v Southend United
Southend United v Cambridge United
Southend United v Mansfield Town
Hartlepool United v Southend United
Southend United v Tranmere Rovers
Southend United v Newport County
Exeter City v Southend United
Bury v Southend United
Southend United v Luton Town
Morecambe v Southend United
League Two Play-Offs
Stevenage v Southend United
Southend United v Stevenage
Southend United v Wycombe Wanderers
FA Cup
The draw for the first round of the FA Cup was made on 27 October 2014.
Southend United v Chester
League Cup
The draw for the first round was made on 17 June 2014 at 10am. Southend United were drawn at home to Walsall.
Southend United v Walsall
Football League Trophy
AFC Wimbledon v Southend United
Transfers | 88ab100b-b2cc-44c9-8734-4688ee48c7e3 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphuga"} | Genus of beetles
Phosphuga is a European genus of carrion beetle, whose sole member is the species Phosphuga atrata. The beetle is up to 15mm long and has an elongated neck that it uses to reach into snail shells, which it sprays with a digestive fluid. The beetle feeds on live snails, insects and earthworms, as well as on carrion. Newly moulted beetles are brownish in color, older ones are black. The larvae are black and flattened and feed on snails as well. They pupate in the ground. Adults are flightless, lacking flight muscles.
Although they are widely distributed, they are seldom found, because they hunt at night and hide during the day, often under bark. When disturbed, they excrete a yellow fluid and retract their head under the shield.
Range: Europe (including UK), Russia (European, Siberia, Far East, Kuriles), Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Mongolia, Korea (N,S), Japan, India (Kashmir), China (Heilongjiang+); intro Iceland | e3203f8a-58c4-40aa-93f8-4db1584d614d |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenomorphus_leptofasciatus"} | Species of lizard
Sphenomorphus leptofasciatus is a species of skink. It is found in Papua New Guinea.
Sphenomorphus leptofasciatus is often found in or under decaying foliage and logs. It is the only skink species that the Kalam people of Papua New Guinea do not consume, although the Kalam frequently consume other skink species.
Names
It is known as ñgñolom in the Kalam language of Papua New Guinea. | 5d57cb5a-bbbf-43fc-b054-f0f0f8336fef |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_North_Texas_State_Mean_Green_football_team"} | American college football season
The 1966 North Texas State Mean Green football team was an American football team that represented North Texas State University (now known as the University of North Texas) during the 1966 NCAA University Division football season as a member of the Missouri Valley Conference. In their 21st year under head coach Odus Mitchell, the team compiled an 8–2 record and finished as Missouri Valley Conference co-champion.
Schedule | ab6ffbd8-96d9-435f-8acd-ab1d937759b0 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wotton_railway_station_(Great_Central_Railway)"} | Old Buckinghamshire station
Wotton was a railway station at Wotton Underwood, Buckinghamshire, on the Great Central Railway's link line between Calvert and Ashendon Junction.
History
The station was opened by the Great Central Railway on 2 April 1906, becoming part of the London and North Eastern Railway during the Grouping of 1923. It was built to the south of the point where the GCR crossed the Brill Tramway near its Wotton station. It was closed on 7 December 1953.
Service | 7d0b86eb-38e9-4b30-90a4-5d22bb355d6f |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Serristori,_Oltrarno"} | Palazzo Serristori is a Renaissance style palace located between Piazza Demidoff and the Lungarno Serristori in Oltrarno, in the neighborhood of San Niccolò of Florence, region of Tuscany, Italy.
History
The palace was initially constructed in 1520–1522, by the bishop of Bitetto, Lorenzo Serristori. The Serristori family is originally from the small Tuscan town of Figline, and the last name derives from Ser Ristoro, a local magistrate who is commemorated by a statue in thia palace's entrance stairwell. The Serristori coat of arms (1515) of the lineage above the portal facing San Niccolò and was modified by Pope Leo X, who added three lilies to the three existing stars.
The original plan of the palace had a classic U shape of clear Roman derivation, with a quadrangular inside courtyard that looked over an important garden through a loggia with three arched windows. Historians suppose, by certain analogies, that the architect was Giuliano da San Gallo, active at that time in Florence.
Lorenzo's nephew Averardo, a diplomat for Cosimo I de' Medici, enlarged the palace and gardens facing the Arno. During the 16th-century, the palace is further enlarged under the patronage of Antonio Serristori, governor of the Livorno port. He enlarged and transformed the "casa dell'orto" in a palace endowed with an elaborately decorated ballroom. This transformation was designed by the architect Gherardo Silvani, who was well-paid according to documents. The architect Felice Gamberai helped complete the ballroom which is flanked by three large windows surmounted by other smaller windows, and housing Murano glass chandeliers. The vaults and walls are decorated by Pier Paolo Lippi, Agnolo Gori, and Cosimo Ulivelli.
In 1803, the architect Giuseppe Manetti was commissioned by then Senator Averardo Serristori to refurbish the palace. The size of the palace and gardens was reduced in size during the enlargement of the Lungarno along the river. The architect Mariano Falciani created a new river facade. In 1822 housed briefly the Count Demidoff, who then moved to the nearby Palazzo Amici-Demidoff. Joseph Bonaparte, the brother of Napoleon, lived here in exile till his death in 1844.
The palace returned in the 19th century to the property of the Serristori family. The interior has a helical staircase (1650) by Gherardo Silvani.
In March 2020 the building was purchased by the Taiwanese group LDC Hotels & Resorts which at the end of 2021 began an important restoration and renovation work and new residential apartments will be available from 2023
Coordinates: 43°45′54.20″N 11°15′39.74″E / 43.7650556°N 11.2610389°E / 43.7650556; 11.2610389 | ac52d4ac-972e-434e-8ada-893a8889cdd0 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marthinsen"} | Norwegian police commander
Karl Alfred Nicolai Marthinsen (sometimes spelled Karl Martinsen) (25 October 1896 – 8 February 1945) was the Norwegian commander of Statspolitiet and Sikkerhetspolitiet in Norway during the Nazi occupation during World War II.
Biography
Marthinsen enlisted in the Norwegian Army toward the end of World War I and finished his training as a non-commissioned officer in 1918 and was promoted to sergeant in 1919. After his military service, he most likely served as a sailor until 1928, when he re-enlisted in the army. He was assigned to duties in the border regions between Norway and the Soviet Union and was an intelligence officer in Finnmark during the Winter War, monitoring suspected Communist sympathizers.
Marthinsen joined Nasjonal Samling as one of its first members, in 1933. After Nazi Germany had invaded and occupied Norway in April, 1940, Police minister under the puppet Quisling regime, Jonas Lie appointed Marthinsen to command the newly formed National Mobile Police Service, which was later renamed Sikkerhetspolitiet. He was made police general and became a key liaison between Norwegian police forces, the Quisling cabinet, and German Gestapo. He also became leader of the nationwide, paramilitary Hird organization.
Marthinsen quickly earned notoriety as the leader of the all-Norwegian police force. He played an instrumental role in implementing the Holocaust in Norway, resulting in the murder of more than 700 Jews and the brutal mistreatment of many more; he was also known to take a relaxed view of legal process, and tolerated if not encouraged torture among his forces.
Death and reprisals
Marthinsen was assassinated by the Norwegian resistance group Milorg as part of Operation Buzzard, acting on orders from the government in exile. A team of trained gunmen waited for his car behind a woodpile near his home in Blindernveien 74 in Oslo. The car had just started to move when they opened fire with automatic weapons, instantly killing Marthinsen in the passenger seat and lightly wounding his driver. Documents disclosed after the war indicate that the political leadership ordered the assassination to prevent Marthinsen from carrying through his plans to enlist Norwegian paramilitary forces to violently subvert the expected capitulation of Nazi Germany in Norway.
Reichskommissar in Norway Josef Terboven convened the same day a meeting with both the Norwegian and German administration in occupied Norway, including SS commander Wilhelm Rediess, head of Sicherheitspolizei, Heinrich Fehlis, Vidkun Quisling, police minister Jonas Lie and minister of justice Sverre Riisnæs. Terboven argued that the assassination threatened the credibility of the Nazi regime and requested that 75 Norwegians be executed in retaliation. The Norwegian leaders objected but were overruled, but in subsequent discussions in the following day, the number was reduced to 34. A list of Norwegians was submitted, and those on the list were condemned.
Norwegian officers were coerced into carrying through the executions. Some accounts place Riisnæs at the executions visibly intoxicated, using his service pistol to participate in the execution. A press release announced that 34 were killed by firing squad, but it turned out that five individuals were kept in prison and discovered after the war.
The extent and severity of the reprisals shocked the Norwegian population and government-in-exile, resulting in a general moratorium against targeted killings of high-ranking Nazi officials. | 4eb580aa-d469-444d-bf13-7e34cdec5327 |
null | Sandra Mostafa Kabir (Bengali: সান্ড্রা মোস্তফা কবির; born 2 November 1949) is a British philanthropist, Executive Director of BRAC UK, Labour Party politician and councillor for Queensbury.
Early life
Kabir is of mixed descent, born to a Bangladeshi father and an English mother. She was born along with her younger brother and sister in London, England. Her mother was born Church of England but was agnostic.
In 1963, Kabir and her family left London when she was 13 because her father decided to return to East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) where he had left from 22 years previously, at the time he was 45 to 46 years old. Her parents died in Bangladesh.
In 1995, Kabir and her second husband returned to London so their youngest child could have a better level of education.
Career
Since 1976, Kabir has worked in development with donor agencies, international and national non-governmental organizations (NGOs). She has worked predominantly in the area of sexual and reproductive health and rights and women's development and rights.
Kabir began her career in Bangladesh as a Programme Officer for the south west Asia regional office of FPIA, established a national women's NGO, played a leading role in the NGO movement and worked on the boards of several NGOs. She has experience in poverty alleviation and people's empowerment programme design and implementation, fund raising and advocacy, spanning Asia, Africa and the United Kingdom. Kabir worked in the regional office of the Family Planning International Assistance (FPIA), an agency disbursing United States Agency for International Development (USAID). After the Ronald Reagan administration decided to withdraw funding for abortion, USAID exerted pressure on Bangladeshi and international organisations receiving USAID fund to segregate menstrual regulation and medically induced abortion from other services. Kabir joined Concerned Women for Family Planning, which received funding from FPIA but also eventually came under pressure from USAID.
In 1979, she played a major role in the creation of El Taller, a worldwide NGO movement initially based in Spain and then in Tunisia. In 1980, Kabir established the Bangladesh Women's Health Coalition (BWHC). whose clinics provide menstrual regulation.
In 1995, Kabir moved to the United Kingdom where she worked in senior capacities with Interact Worldwide, Reproductive Health Alliance and ICOMP. In 2006, she established BRAC UK a member of the world-renowned NGO, BRAC. BRAC UK works both locally and internationally and has gained recognition for its work on money management and international development education in East London.
Since 1997, Kabir has been involved in community-based activities in East London.
Kabir has been on Bangladesh and UK government delegations to international UN conferences, is on the board of several NGOs in the UK and is a school governor. She is on the board of the Tower Hamlets CVS, the Attlee Foundation, the Diaspora Volunteering Alliance and others.
On 24 January 2011, the founding leaders of BRAC UK – Professor Patrick Vaughan (Chairperson) and Sandra Kabir (Executive Director) – both announced that they would be retiring in early 2011.
Politics
In 1994, Kabir joined the Labour Party. She was an elected councillor for Queensbury ward in Brent London Borough Council from 2002 to 2006 before being re-elected in 2010 and 2014. As a councilor, Kabir's particular areas of interest are health, women's issues and citizenship. She is also a school governor and a member of several Council committees.
Awards
In 1988, Kabir was awarded the international STIMEZO Prize, for her contribution to making abortion safe worldwide.
Personal life
Kabir is widowed, has three children and two grandchildren.
In 1967, at the age of 17, Kabir got married and had son (born 1969) and daughter (born 1971) before getting divorced in 1976.
In February 1972, her mother died of appendicitis, and in 1979, her father died.
In 1979, Kabir met her second husband whom she married in 1980, and they have a daughter (born 1982). In October 1997, Kabir's second husband died of a liver disease.
Kabir's brother (born 1954) lives in Brisbane, Australia. Her sister (born 1959) is a journalist and lives in Bangladesh. Kabir lives in London, England with her eldest son, Saeqah Kabir, who works for a property company.
Books | de62d4ea-00de-4098-9b00-5e0b40d21e4b |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_Ju_288"} | German World War II bomber prototype
The Junkers Ju 288, originally known within the Junkers firm as the EF 074, was a German bomber project designed during World War II, which only ever flew in prototype form. The first aircraft flew on 29 November 1940; 22 development aircraft were eventually produced.
The Ju 288 was the winner of the Bomber B contest, although the contest was started by the Junkers firm's submission of the EF 074 and their selection was never really in doubt. The Bomber B concept of a Schnellbomber was originally intended to replace the Junkers Ju 88. The Ju 288 offered a design that was larger, offered cabin pressurization for high altitude missions, had longer range, a much greater bomb payload, was even faster, and had improved defensive firepower. The design was intended to replace all the bombers then in Luftwaffe service.
Delivering all of these requirements in a single airframe demanded much more powerful engines; all of the Bomber B concepts, at one time or another, relied on the Junkers Jumo 222 engine to deliver this power. Ultimately, the Jumo 222 was a failure in spite of massive effort and several redesigns over a period of several years, with nearly 300 development prototypes produced. No suitable replacement was ever forthcoming, dooming the Ju 288 program, and leaving the Luftwaffe with older bomber designs during the second half of World War II.
Design and development
Prior to the opening of World War II, the Luftwaffe bomber force included three major types, the Dornier Do 17 and Ju 88, both classed as schnellbomber, and the slower but somewhat larger Heinkel He 111. Although the Ju 88 outperformed the other designs in service, it however possessed adverse characteristics, including its very small internal bomb bay that forced it to carry some of its load externally, degrading performance.
Junkers had been outlining a variety of improved models of the Ju 88 since 1937, powered by the planned Jumo 222 multibank engine, or Jumo 223 inline multibank diesel of greatly increased power meant to achieve a 2,000 horsepower (1,500 kW) output level, a serious challenge for Germany's aviation engine industry of the time. The EF 074 was essentially a scaled-up Ju 88, sharing its general layout and most of its fuselage and wings with extensions in various places. The nose was redesigned with a more streamlined "stepless cockpit", having no separate windscreen panels for the pilot and co-pilot. This layout allowed cabin pressurization to be more easily implemented. This design approach had been growing in favour, subsequently appearing in various German types, notably the He 111P and -H's.
All of the defensive armament was meant to be remotely controlled – in one proposal Archived 13 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine, comprising a remotely operated rear-facing dorsal turret at the rearmost end of the cockpit glazing, and two remotely operated "flank" turrets on the rearwards sides of the fuselage just forward of the empennage, otherwise each resembling the FDSL 131 units of the Me 210. The exclusive use of remotely operated turrets for the Ju 288's defensive firepower allowed them to be positioned more efficiently, as well as eliminating "breaks" in the fuselage pressurization.
The fuselage was expanded along its length to allow for a much longer bomb bay – somewhat as had been done with the Dornier Do 217 then in development itself – that would allow for a 3,630 kg (8,000 lb) payload to be carried internally, eliminating the need to carry ordnance on outside hardpoints.
Bomber B Competition
No serious work was undertaken on these versions, but after Heinrich Hertel left Heinkel and joined Junkers in 1939, the EF 074 design was submitted to the RLM in May 1939. Accordingly, the RLM sent out the specifications for the Bomber B design competition in July, the Ju 88 retroactively becoming the second aircraft to be designated Bomber A, as the 3 June 1936 specification for the He 177 also had that name. The Bomber B program aimed at replacing all of the medium bombers in the Luftwaffe inventory with a new design based on the EF.74 or something with equal performance. Bomber B was intended to have even better speed than the Ju 88, high-altitude cruising with a pressurized cockpit, heavier defensive armament, range allowing it to cover any point in the British Isles, and a 4,000 kg (8,820 lb) warload, double that of the earlier generation bombers. A number of companies returned proposals, but these were to some extent a formality, the EF.74 had already been selected as the winner, and of the rest of the designs submitted, only the Focke-Wulf Fw 191 and Dornier Do 317 progressed even as far as prototypes, and the Henschel Hs 130 coming under consideration as a late entrant.
Work began on building prototypes soon after, and the first example was completed by mid-1940. Power was supposed to be supplied by two 24-cylinder Jumo 222 six-bank, four cylinders per bank, over-1,500 kW output class powerplants, but problems with the Jumo 222's development – as with almost every new concept for over-1,500 kW output, reciprocating aircraft engines then underway in the Third Reich – meant the first prototypes flew with BMW 801 radial engines, instead. The first flight-quality 222s did not arrive until October 1941, and even then it was clear they were nowhere near ready for full-scale production. When it became apparent the 222 was not likely to become a viable powerplant, in May 1942, Junkers proposed replacing them, for their projected Ju 288C version, with the much heavier Daimler Benz DB 606s instead; the same 1.5 tonne, twin-crankcase "welded-together engines" that Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring complained about some three months later, regarding the He 177's own endless powerplant troubles.
Undercarriage difficulties
The Ju 288's intricate main landing gear system's design proved to be troublesome, possessing twin vertical members comprising the main "Y-shaped" retraction strut unit, directly behind a single oleo strut, for each pair of twinned wheels mounted through a forward-projecting lever-action arm, to the lower end of the uniquely attached main oleo strut unit. This single-tube oleo strut was pivoted off the lower end of the twin-member, "Y-shaped" retraction strut unit, and was rotated in the vertical plane about this single attachment in a rearwards direction during retraction of the main-gear unit, separate from the twin-member unit to help "shorten" its stowed length within the engine nacelle. This distinctive type of design required the oleo strut's freely moving top end to physically rotate downwards and aftwards during the rear-swinging retraction of the main "Y-shaped" member, operated by a lever and gear-sector system mounted on the portside of each main gear assembly, operated with a long lever that had its upper end pivoted from a fixed bracket, anchored to the firewall's rear surface. The lever/sector gear system swiveled the oleo strut about its attachment point during the retract cycle, through an arc of roughly 180º from its position when the main gear was fully extended. The stowed position of the oleo strut ended up orienting it aftwards within the rear of the engine nacelle, and placing the wheels' axle location just ahead of and above the oleo strut's pivot point when fully retracted. Such a complex main gear design, with only the single pivoting retraction point for its oleo struts taking the primary stress of touchdown, was likely only one of the many potential sources of trouble causing the Ju 288's main gear units to repeatedly collapse on touchdown.
Operational history
Although the 288 never even reached production status, let alone official operational service, the aircraft did see limited combat duty.[citation needed] In 1944, following the cancellation of the 288 program, the surviving A and C series prototypes were hurriedly fitted with defensive armament and equipment and deployed as reconnaissance bombers on the Western Front. Very few missions were flown, owing to the scarcity of aviation fuel, spare parts and the unresolved problems with the aircraft's powerplant and undercarriage. It is believed[by whom?] that the 288s were attached to the same unit operating the small number of Ju 388 reconnaissance planes that saw service.
Variants
Specifications (Ju 288C-1)
Data from Junkers aircraft and engines, 1913-1945, German aircraft of the Second World War
General characteristics
Performance
Armament
Sources | f7973da0-e4c3-41c9-bfa5-1d2b4c1d0438 |
null | The 1952 SEC men's basketball tournament took place February 28–March 1, 1952 in Louisville, Kentucky at the Jefferson County Armory. This tournament marks the final SEC Men’s Basketball Tournament held until the event’s 26-year hiatus ended prior to the 1979 tournament.
The Kentucky Wildcats won the tournament championship game by beating LSU, 44–43. Kentucky would go on to play in the 16-team 1952 NCAA tournament, but fell in the East Regional Final to St. John's.
Bracket | 4e68e8b0-b7e5-4a13-9bf0-a834b1fd2804 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Pound"} | American poet and critic (1885–1972)
Ezra Weston Loomis Pound (30 October 1885 – 1 November 1972) was an expatriate American poet and critic, a major figure in the early modernist poetry movement, and a fascist collaborator in Italy during World War II. His works include Ripostes (1912), Hugh Selwyn Mauberley (1920), and his 800-page epic poem, The Cantos (c. 1917–1962).
Pound's contribution to poetry began in the early 20th century with his role in developing Imagism, a movement stressing precision and economy of language. Working in London as foreign editor of several American literary magazines, he helped discover and shape the work of contemporaries such as T. S. Eliot, Ernest Hemingway, and James Joyce. He was responsible for the 1914 serialization of Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, the 1915 publication of Eliot's "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock", and the serialization from 1918 of Joyce's Ulysses. Hemingway wrote in 1932 that, for poets born in the late 19th or early 20th century, not to be influenced by Pound would be "like passing through a great blizzard and not feeling its cold."
Angered by the carnage of World War I, Pound blamed the war on finance capitalism, which he called "usury". He moved to Italy in 1924 and through the 1930s and 1940s promoted an economic theory known as social credit, wrote for publications owned by the British fascist Sir Oswald Mosley, embraced Benito Mussolini's fascism, and expressed support for Adolf Hitler. During World War II and the Holocaust in Italy, he made hundreds of paid radio broadcasts for the Italian government, including in German-occupied Italy, attacking the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Great Britain, international finance, munitions makers and mongers, and Jews, among others, as causes, abettors and prolongers of the world war, as a result of which he was arrested in 1945 by American forces in Italy on charges of treason. He spent months in a U.S. military camp in Pisa, including three weeks in an outdoor steel cage. Deemed unfit to stand trial, he was incarcerated in St. Elizabeths psychiatric hospital in Washington, D.C., for over 12 years.
While in custody in Italy, Pound began work on sections of The Cantos, which were published as The Pisan Cantos (1948), for which he was awarded the Bollingen Prize for Poetry in 1949 by the Library of Congress, causing enormous controversy. After a campaign by his fellow writers, he was released from St. Elizabeths in 1958 and lived in Italy until his death in 1972. His economic and political views have ensured that his life and work remain controversial.
Early life and education (1885–1908)
Family background
Pound was born in 1885 in a two-story clapboard house in Hailey, Idaho Territory, the only child of Homer Loomis Pound (1858–1942) and Isabel Weston (1860–1948), who married in 1884. Homer had worked in Hailey since 1883 as registrar of the General Land Office. Pound's grandfather, Thaddeus Coleman Pound, a Republican Congressman and the 10th Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin, had secured him the appointment. Homer had previously worked for Thaddeus in the lumber business.
Both sides of Pound's family emigrated from England in the 17th century. On his father's side, the immigrant ancestor was John Pound, a Quaker who arrived from England around 1650. Ezra's paternal grandmother, Susan Angevine Loomis, married Thaddeus Coleman Pound. On his mother's side, Pound was descended from William Wadsworth, a Puritan who emigrated to Boston on the Lion in 1632. Captain Joseph Wadsworth helped to write the first Connecticut constitution. The Wadsworths married into the Westons of New York; Harding Weston and Mary Parker were Pound's maternal grandparents. After serving in the military, Harding remained unemployed, so his brother Ezra Weston and Ezra's wife, Frances Amelia Wessells Freer (Aunt Frank), helped to look after Isabel, Pound's mother.
Early education
Isabel Pound was unhappy in Hailey and took Ezra with her to New York in 1887 when he was 18 months old. Her husband followed and found a job as an assayer at the Philadelphia Mint. After a move to 417 Walnut Street in Jenkintown, Pennsylvania, the family bought a six-bedroom house in 1893 at 166 Fernbrook Avenue, Wyncote. Pound's education began in dame schools: Miss Elliott's school in Jenkintown in 1892 and the Heathcock family's Chelten Hills School in Wyncote in 1893. Known as "Ra" (pronounced "Ray"), he attended Wyncote Public School from September 1894. His first publication was on 7 November 1896 in the Jenkintown Times-Chronicle ("by E. L. Pound, Wyncote, aged 11 years"), a limerick about William Jennings Bryan, who had just lost the 1896 presidential election.
In 1897, aged 12, he transferred to Cheltenham Military Academy (CMA), where he wore an American Civil War-style uniform and was taught drilling and how to shoot. The following year he made his first trip overseas, a three-month tour with his mother and Aunt Frank, who took him to England, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, and Morocco. He attended CMA until 1900, at times as a boarder, but it seems he did not graduate.
University
In 1901 Pound was admitted, aged 15, to the University of Pennsylvania's College of Liberal Arts. Years later he said his aim was to avoid drill at the military academy. His one distinction in first year was in geometry, but otherwise his grades were mostly poor, including in Latin, his major; he achieved a B in English composition and a pass in English literature. In his second year he switched from the degree course to "non-degree special student status", he said "to avoid irrelevant subjects". He was not elected to a fraternity at Penn, but it seemed not to bother him.
His parents and Aunt Frank took him on another three-month European tour in 1902, and the following year he transferred to Hamilton College in Clinton, New York, possibly because of his grades. Again he was not invited to join a fraternity, but this time he had hoped to do so, according to letters home, because he wanted to live in a fraternity house, and by April 1904 he regarded the move as a mistake. Signed up for the Latin–Scientific course, he appears to have avoided some classes; his transcript is short of credits. He studied the Provençal dialect and read Dante and Anglo-Saxon poetry, including Beowulf and The Seafarer.
After graduating from Hamilton in 1905 with a PhB, he returned to Penn, where he fell in love with Hilda Doolittle, then at Bryn Mawr College, and hand-bound 25 of his poems for her, calling it Hilda's Book. (Doolittle became a poet herself, renamed H.D. by Pound.) After receiving his MA in Romance languages in 1906, he registered to write a PhD thesis on the jesters in Lope de Vega's plays; a two-year Harrison fellowship covered his tuition and a $500 grant, with which he sailed again to Europe. He spent three weeks in Madrid in various libraries, including in the Royal Library. On 31 May 1906 he was standing outside the palace during the attempted assassination of King Alfonso and left the city for fear of being mistaken for an anarchist. After Spain he visited Paris and London, returning to the United States in July 1906. His first essay, "Raphaelite Latin", was published in the Book News Monthly that September. He took courses in English in 1907, where he fell out with just about everyone, including the department head, Felix Schelling, with silly remarks during lectures and by winding an enormous tin watch very slowly while Schelling spoke. In the spring of 1907 he learned that his fellowship would not be renewed. Schelling told him he was wasting everyone's time, and he left without finishing his doctorate.
Teaching
In Durance
I am homesick after mine own kind, Oh I know that there are folk about me, friendly faces, But I am homesick after mine own kind.
— Personae of Ezra Pound (1909)
written in Crawfordsville, Indiana, 1907
From September 1907 Pound taught French and Spanish at Wabash College, a Presbyterian college with 345 students in Crawfordsville, Indiana, which he called "the sixth circle of hell". One former student remembered him as a breath of fresh air; another said he was "exhibitionist, egotistic, self-centered and self-indulgent".
He was dismissed after a few months. Smoking was forbidden, but he would smoke cigarillos in his room in the same corridor as the president's office. He was asked to leave the college in January 1908 when his landladies, Ida and Belle Hall, found a woman in his room. Shocked at having been fired, he left for Europe soon after, sailing from New York in March on the RMS Slavonia.
London (1908–1914)
A Lume Spento
Pound arrived in Gibraltar on 23 March 1908, where he earned $15 a day working as a guide for an American family there and in Spain. After stops in Seville, Grenada, and Genoa, by the end of April he was in Venice, living over a bakery near the San Vio bridge. In the summer he decided to self-publish his first collection of 44 poems in the 72-page A Lume Spento ("With Tapers Quenched"), 150 copies of which were printed in July 1908. The title is from the third canto of Dante's Purgatorio, alluding to the death of Manfred, King of Sicily. Pound dedicated the book to the Philadelphia artist William Brooke Smith, a friend from university who had recently died of tuberculosis.
In "Canto LXXVI" of The Pisan Cantos, he records that he considered throwing the proofs into the Grand Canal, abandoning the book and poetry altogether: "by the soap-smooth stone posts where San Vio / meets with il Canal Grande / between Salviati and the house that was of Don Carlos / shd/I chuck the lot into the tide-water? / le bozze "A Lume Spento"/ / and by the column of Todero / shd/I shift to the other side / or wait 24 hours".
Move to London
In August 1908 Pound moved to London, carrying 60 copies of A Lume Spento. English poets such as Maurice Hewlett, Rudyard Kipling, and Alfred Tennyson had made a particular kind of Victorian verse—stirring, pompous, and propagandistic—popular. According to modernist scholar James Knapp, Pound rejected the idea of poetry as "versified moral essay"; he wanted to focus on the individual experience, the concrete rather than the abstract.
Pound at first stayed in a boarding house at 8 Duchess Street, near the British Museum Reading Room; he had met the landlady during his travels in Europe in 1906. He soon moved to Islington (cheaper at 12s 6d a week board and lodging), but his father sent him £4 and he was able to move back into central London, to 48 Langham Street, near Great Titchfield Street. The house sat across an alley from the Yorkshire Grey pub, which made an appearance in "Canto LXXX" (The Pisan Cantos), "concerning the landlady's doings / with a lodger unnamed / az waz near Gt Tichfield St. next door to the pub".
Pound persuaded the bookseller Elkin Mathews on Vigo Street to display A Lume Spento, and in an unsigned article on 26 November 1908, Pound reviewed it himself in the Evening Standard: "The unseizable magic of poetry is in this queer paper book; and words are no good in describing it." The following month he self-published a second collection, A Quinzaine for this Yule. It was his first book to have commercial success, and Elkin Matthews had another 100 copies printed. In January and February 1909, after the death of John Churton Collins left a vacancy, Pound lectured for an hour a week in the evenings on "The Development of Literature in Southern Europe" at the Regent Street Polytechnic. Mornings might be spent in the British Museum Reading Room, followed by lunch at the Vienna Café on Oxford Street, where Pound first met Wyndham Lewis in 1910. "There were mysterious figures / that emerged from recondite recesses / and ate at the WIENER CAFÉ". Ford Madox Ford described Pound as "approach[ing] with the step of a dancer, making passes with a cane at an imaginary opponent":
He would wear trousers made of green billiard cloth, a pink coat, a blue shirt, a tie hand-painted by a Japanese friend, an immense sombrero, a flaming beard cut to a point, and a single, large blue earring."
Meeting Dorothy Shakespear, Personae
At a literary salon in 1909, Pound met the novelist Olivia Shakespear and later at the Shakespears' home at 12 Brunswick Gardens, Kensington, was introduced to her daughter, Dorothy, who became Pound's wife in 1914. The critic Iris Barry described her as "carrying herself delicately with the air, always, of a young Victorian lady out skating, and a profile as clear and lovely as that of a porcelain Kuan-yin". "Listen to it—Ezra! Ezra!—And a third time—Ezra!", Dorothy wrote in her diary on 16 February 1909.
Pound mixed with the cream of London's literary circle, including Maurice Hewlett, Laurence Binyon, Frederic Manning, Ernest Rhys, May Sinclair, Ellen Terry, George Bernard Shaw, Hilaire Belloc, T. E. Hulme, and F. S. Flint. Through the Shakespears, he was introduced to the poet W. B. Yeats, Olivia Shakespear's former lover. He had already sent Yeats a copy of A Lume Spento, and Yeats had apparently found it "charming". Pound wrote to William Carlos Williams on 3 February 1909: "Am by way of falling into the crowd that does things here. London, deah old Lundon, is the place for poesy." According to Richard Aldington, London found Pound amusing. The newspapers interviewed him, and he was mentioned in Punch magazine, which on 23 June 1909 described "Mr. Ezekiel Ton" as "the most remarkable thing in poetry since Robert Browning ... [blending] the imagery of the unfettered West, the vocabulary of Wardour Street, and the sinister abandon of Borgiac Italy".
Erat Hora
"Thank you, whatever comes." And then she turned And, as the ray of sun on hanging flowers Fades when the wind hath lifted them aside, Went swiftly from me. Nay, whatever comes One hour was sunlit and the most high gods May not make boast of any better thing Than to have watched that hour as it passed.
— Personae: The Collected Poems of Ezra Pound (1926)
In April 1909 Elkin Mathews published Personae of Ezra Pound (half the poems were from A Lume Spento) and in October a further 27 poems (16 new) as Exultations. Edward Thomas described Personae in English Review as "full of human passion and natural magic". Rupert Brooke complained in the Cambridge Review that Pound had fallen under the influence of Walt Whitman, writing in "unmetrical sprawling lengths that, in his hands, have nothing to commend them". But he did acknowledge that Pound had "great talents".
In or around September, Pound moved into new rooms at Church Walk, off Kensington High Street, where he lived most of the time until 1914. He visited a friend, Walter Rummel, in Paris in March 1910 and was introduced to the American heiress and pianist Margaret Lanier Cravens. Although they had only just met, she offered to become a patron to the tune of $1,000 a year, and from then until her death in 1912 she apparently sent him money regularly.
The Spirit of Romance, Canzoni, the New Age
In June 1910 Pound returned for eight months to the United States; his arrival coincided with the publication in London of his first book of literary criticism, The Spirit of Romance, based on his lecture notes from the polytechnic. Patria Mia, his essays on the United States, were written at this time. In August he moved to New York, renting rooms on Waverly Place and Park Avenue South, facing Gramercy Square. Although he loved New York, he felt alienated by the commercialism and newcomers from Eastern and Southern Europe who were displacing the white Anglo-Saxon Protestants. The recently built New York Public Library Main Branch he found especially offensive. It was during this period that his antisemitism became apparent; he referred in Patria Mia to the "detestable qualities" of Jews. After persuading his parents to finance his passage back to Europe, he sailed from New York on the R.M.S. Mauretania on 22 February 1911. It was nearly 30 years—April 1939—before he visited the U.S. again.
After three days in London he went to Paris, where he worked on a new collection of poetry, Canzoni (1911), panned by the Westminster Gazette as "affectation combined with pedantry". He wrote in Ford Madox Ford's obituary that Ford had rolled on the floor with laughter at its "stilted language". When he returned to London in August, he rented a room in Marylebone at 2A Granville Place, then shared a house at 39 Addison Road North, W11. By November A. R. Orage, editor of the socialist journal the New Age, had hired him to write a weekly column. Orage appears in The Cantos (Possum is T. S. Eliot): "but the lot of 'em, Yeats, Possum and Wyndham / had no ground beneath 'em. / Orage had."
Pound contributed to the New Age from 30 November 1911 to 13 January 1921, attending editorial meetings in the basement of a grimy ABC tearoom in Chancery Lane. There and at other meetings he met Arnold Bennett, Cecil Chesterton, Beatrice Hastings, S. G. Hobson, T. E. Hulme, Katherine Mansfield, and H. G. Wells. In the New Age office in 1918, he also met C. H. Douglas, a British engineer who was developing his economic theory of social credit, which Pound found attractive. Douglas reportedly believed that Jews were a problem and needed to abandon a Messianic view of themselves as the "dominating race". According to Colin Holmes, the New Age itself published antisemitic material. It was within this environment, not in Italy, according to Tim Redman, that Pound first encountered antisemitic ideas about "usury". "In Douglas's program," Christopher Hitchens wrote in 2008, "Pound had found his true muse: a blend of folkloric Celtic twilight with a paranoid hatred of the money economy and a dire suspicion about an ancient faith."
Poetry magazine, Ripostes, Imagism
Hilda Doolittle arrived in London from Philadelphia in May 1911 with the poet Frances Gregg and Gregg's mother; when they returned in September, Doolittle stayed on. Pound introduced her to his friends, including Richard Aldington, who became her husband in 1913. Before that, the three of them lived in Church Walk, Kensington—Pound at no. 10, Aldington at no. 8, and Doolittle at no. 6—and worked daily in the British Museum Reading Room.
At the British Museum, Laurence Binyon introduced Pound to the East Asian artistic and literary concepts Pound used in his later poetry, including Japanese ukiyo-e prints. The visitors' book first shows Pound in the Prints and Drawings Students' Room (known as the Print Room) on 9 February 1909, and later in 1912 and 1913, with Dorothy Shakespear, examining Chinese and Japanese art. Pound was working at the time on the poems that became Ripostes (1912), trying to move away from his earlier work. "I hadn't in 1910 made a language," he wrote years later. "I don't mean a language to use, but even a language to think in."
In August 1912 Harriet Monroe hired Pound as foreign correspondent of Poetry: A Magazine of Verse, a new magazine in Chicago. The first edition, in October, featured two of his own poems, "To Whistler, American" and "Middle Aged". Also that month Stephen Swift and Co. in London published Ripostes of Ezra Pound, a collection of 25 poems, including a contentious translation of the 8th-century Old English poem The Seafarer, that demonstrate his shift toward minimalist language. In addition to Pound's work, the collection contains five poems by T. E. Hulme.
Ripostes includes the first mention of Les Imagistes: "As for the future, Les Imagistes, the descendants of the forgotten school of 1909, have that in their keeping." While in the British Museum tearoom one afternoon with Doolittle and Aldington, Pound edited one of Doolittle's poems and wrote "H.D. Imagiste" underneath; he described this later as the founding of a movement in poetry, Imagisme. In the spring or early summer of 1912, they agreed, Pound wrote in 1918, on three principles:
1. Direct treatment of the "thing" whether subjective or objective.
2. To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation.
3. As regarding rhythm: to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in sequence of a metronome.
Poetry published Pound's "A Few Don'ts by an Imagist" in March 1913. Superfluous words, particularly adjectives, should be avoided, as well as expressions like "dim lands of peace". He wrote: "It dulls the image. It mixes an abstraction with the concrete. It comes from the writer's not realizing that the natural object is always the adequate symbol." Poets should "go in fear of abstractions". He wanted Imagisme "to stand for hard light, clear edges", he wrote later to Amy Lowell.
In a Station of the Metro
The apparition of these faces in the crowd: Petals on a wet, black bough.
— Poetry (April 1913)
An example of Imagist poetry is Pound's "In a Station of the Metro", published in Poetry in April 1913 and inspired by an experience on the Paris Underground. "I got out of a train at, I think, La Concorde," he wrote in "How I began" in T. P.'s Weekly on 6 June 1913, "and in the jostle I saw a beautiful face, and then, turning suddenly, another and another, and then a beautiful child's face, and then another beautiful face. All that day I tried to find words for what this made me feel. ... I could get nothing but spots of colour." A year later he reduced it to its essence in the style of a Japanese haiku.
James Joyce, Pound's unpopularity
In the summer of 1913 Pound became literary editor of The Egoist, a journal founded by the suffragette Dora Marsden. At the suggestion of W. B. Yeats, Pound encouraged James Joyce in December of that year to submit his work. The previous month Yeats, whose eyesight was failing, had rented Stone Cottage in Coleman's Hatch, Sussex, inviting Pound to accompany him as his secretary, and it was during this visit that Yeats introduced Pound to Joyce's Chamber Music and his "I hear an Army Charging Upon the Land". This was the first of three winters Pound and Yeats spent at Stone Cottage, including two with Dorothy after she and Ezra married in 1914. "Canto LXXXIII" records a visit: "so that I recalled the noise in the chimney / as it were the wind in the chimney / but was in reality Uncle William / downstairs composing / that had made a great Peeeeacock / in the proide ov his oiye."
In his reply to Pound, Joyce gave permission to use "I hear an Army" and enclosed Dubliners and the first chapter of his novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Pound wrote to Joyce that the novel was "damn fine stuff". Harriet Shaw Weaver accepted it for The Egoist, which serialized it from 2 February 1914, despite the printers objecting to words like "fart" and "ballocks", and fearing prosecution over Stephen Dedalus's thoughts about prostitutes. On the basis of the serialization, the publisher that had rejected Dubliners reconsidered. Joyce wrote to Yeats: "I can never thank you enough for having brought me into relation with your friend Ezra Pound who is indeed a miracle worker."
Around this time, Pound's articles in the New Age began to make him unpopular, to the alarm of Orage. Samuel Putnam knew Pound in Paris in the 1920s and described him as stubborn, contrary, cantankerous, bossy, touchy, and "devoid of humor"; he was "an American small-towner", in Putnam's view. His attitude caused him trouble in both London and Paris. English women, with their "preponderantly derivative" minds, were inferior to American women who had minds of their own, he wrote in the New Age. The English sense of what was right was based on respect for property, not morality. "[P]erched on the rotten shell of a crumbling empire", London had lost its energy. England's best authors—Conrad, Hudson, James, and Yeats—were not English. English writers and critics were ignorant, he wrote in 1913.
Marriage
Ezra and Dorothy were married on 20 April 1914 at St Mary Abbots in Kensington, the Shakespears' parish church, despite opposition from her parents, who worried about Ezra's income. His concession to marry in church had helped. Dorothy's annual income was £50, with another £150 from her family, and Ezra's was £200. Her father, Henry Hope Shakespear, had him prepare a financial statement in 1911, which showed that his main source of income was his father. After the wedding the couple moved into an apartment with no bathroom at 5 Holland Place Chambers, Kensington, next door to the newly wed H.D. and Aldington. This arrangement did not last. H.D. had been alarmed to find Ezra looking for a place to live outside the apartment building the day before his wedding. Once Dorothy and Ezra had moved into the building, Ezra would arrive unannounced at H.D.'s to discuss his writing, a habit that upset her, in part because his writing touched on private aspects of their relationship. She and Aldington decided to move several miles away to Hampstead.
Des Imagistes, dispute with Amy Lowell
The appearance of Des Imagistes, An Anthology (1914), edited by Pound, "confirmed the importance" of Imagisme, according to Ira Nadel. Published in the American magazine The Glebe in February 1914 and the following month as a book, it was the first of five Imagist anthologies and the only one to contain work by Pound. It included ten poems by Richard Aldington, seven by H. D., followed by F. S. Flint, Skipwith Cannell, Amy Lowell, William Carlos Williams, James Joyce ("I Hear an Army", not an example of Imagism), six by Pound, then Ford Madox Hueffer (as he was known as the time), Allen Upward and John Cournos.
Shortly after its publication, an advertisement for Wyndham Lewis's new magazine, Blast promised it would cover "Cubism, Futurism, Imagisme and all Vital Forms of Modern Art"; in the end, Blast was published only twice, in 1914 and 1915. Pound extended Imagisme to art, naming it Vorticism. In June 1914 The Times announced Lewis's new Rebel Arts Centre for Vorticist art at 38 Great Ormond Street.
The New England poet Amy Lowell, who was to win the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1926, was apparently unhappy that only one of her poems had appeared in Des Imagistes. She arrived in London in July 1914 to attend two dinners at the Dieudonné restaurant in Ryder Street, the first to celebrate the publication of Blast and the second, on 17 July, the publication of Des Imagistes. At the second, Ford Madox Hueffer announced that he had been an Imagiste long before Lowell and Pound, and that he doubted their qualifications; only Aldington and H.D. could lay claim to the title, in his view. During the subsequent row, Pound left the table and returned with a tin bathtub on his head, suggesting it as a symbol of what he called Les Nagistes, a school created by Lowell's poem "In a Garden", which ends with "Night, and the water, and you in your whiteness, bathing!" Apparently his behavior helped Lowell win people over to her point of view, as did her offer to fund future work.
H.D. and Aldington were moving away from Pound's understanding of Imagisme anyway, as he aligned himself with Lewis's ideas. Lowell agreed to finance an annual anthology of Imagiste poets, but she insisted on democracy; according to Aldington, she "proposed a Boston Tea Party for Ezra" and an end to his despotic rule. Upset at Lowell, Pound began to call Imagisme "Amygism"; he declared the movement dead and asked the group not to call themselves Imagistes. Not accepting that it was Pound's invention, they refused and Anglicized the term.
World War I and leaving England (1914–1921)
Meeting Eliot, Cathay, translation
When war was declared in August 1914, opportunities for writers were immediately reduced; poems were now expected to be patriotic. Pound's income from October 1914 to October 1915 was £42.10.0, apparently five times less than the year before.
On 22 September 1914 T. S. Eliot traveled from Merton College, Oxford, with an introduction from Conrad Aiken, to have Pound read Eliot's unpublished "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock". Pound wrote to Harriet Monroe, editor of Poetry, on 30 September to say that Eliot—who was at Oxford on a fellowship from Harvard—had "sent in the best poem I have yet had or seen from an American ... He has actually trained himself and modernized himself on his own." Monroe did not like Prufrock's "very European world-weariness", according to Humphrey Carpenter, but she published it anyway, in June 1915.
The River Merchant's Wife:
A Letter
At fourteen I married My Lord you. I never laughed, being bashful. Lowering my head, I looked at the wall. Called to, a thousand times, I never looked back. At fifteen, I stopped scowling, I desired my dust to be mingled with yours Forever and forever and forever. Why should I climb the look out?
— "The River Merchant's Wife: A Letter" by Li Bai, translated in Cathay (1915)
Pound's Cathay, published in April 1915, contains 25 examples of Classical Chinese poetry that Pound translated into English based on the notes of the Orientalist Ernest Fenollosa. Fenollosa's widow, Mary McNeill Fenollosa, had given Pound her husband's notes in 1913, after Laurence Binyon introduced them. Michael Alexander saw Cathay as the most attractive of Pound's work. There is a debate about whether the poems should be viewed primarily as translations or as contributions to Imagism and the modernization of English poetry. English professor Steven Yao argued that Cathay shows that translation does not need a thorough knowledge of the source language.
Pound's translations from Old English, Latin, Italian, French and Chinese were highly disputed. According to Alexander, they made him more unpopular in some circles than the treason charge. Robert Graves wrote in 1955: "[Pound] knew little Latin, yet he translated Propertius; and less Greek, but he translated Alcaeus; and still less Anglo-Saxon, yet he translated The Seafarer. I once asked Arthur Waley how much Chinese Pound knew; Waley shook his head despondently."
Pound was devastated when Henri Gaudier-Brzeska, from whom he had commissioned a sculpture of himself two years earlier, was killed in the trenches in June 1915. In response, he published Gaudier-Brzeska: A Memoir (1916), writing "A great spirit has been among us, and a great artist has gone." Two months before he died, Gaudier-Brzeska had written to Pound to say that he kept Cathay in his pocket "to put courage in my fellows".
"Three Cantos", resignation from Poetry
After the publication of Cathay, Pound mentioned that he was working on a long poem. He described it in September 1915 as a "cryselephantine poem of immeasurable length which will occupy me for the next four decades unless it becomes a bore". In February 1916, when Pound was 30, the poet Carl Sandburg paid tribute to him in Poetry magazine. Pound "stains darkly and touches softly", he wrote:
All talk on modern poetry, by people who know, ends with dragging in Ezra Pound somewhere. He may be named only to be cursed as wanton and mocker, poseur, trifler and vagrant. Or he may be classed as filling a niche today like that of Keats in a preceding epoch. The point is, he will be mentioned. ...
In the cool and purple meantime, Pound goes ahead producing new poems having the slogan, "Guts and Efficiency," emblazoned above his daily program of work. His genius runs to various schools and styles. He acquires traits and then throws them away. One characteristic is that he has no characteristics. He is a new roamer of the beautiful, a new fetcher of wild shapes, in each new handful of writings offered us.
In June, July and August 1917 Pound had the first three cantos published, as "Three Cantos", in Poetry. He was now a regular contributor to three literary magazines. From 1917 he wrote music reviews for the New Age as William Atheling and art reviews as B. H. Dias. In May 1917 Margaret Anderson hired him as foreign editor of the Little Review. He also wrote weekly pieces for The Egoist and the Little Review; many of the latter complained about provincialism, which included the ringing of church bells. (When Pound lived near St Mary Abbots church in Kensington, he had "engaged in a fierce, guerrilla warfare of letters" about the bells with the vicar, Reverend R. E. Pennefather, according to Richard Aldington.) The volume of writing exhausted him. In 1918, after a bout of illness which was presumably the Spanish flu, he decided to stop writing for the Little Review. He had asked the publisher for a raise to hire a typist, the 23-year-old Iseult Gonne, causing rumors that they were having an affair, but he was turned down.
And the days are not full enough
And the days are not full enough And the nights are not full enough And life slips by like a field mouse Not shaking the grass.
— Personae (1926)
A suspicion arose in June 1918 that Pound himself had written an article in The Egoist praising his own work, and it was clear from the response that he had acquired enemies. The poet F. S. Flint told The Egoist's editor that "we are all tired of Mr. Pound". British literary circles were "tired of his antics" and of him "puffing and swelling himself and his friends", Flint wrote. "His work has deteriorated from book to book; his manners have become more and more offensive; and we wish he would go back to America."
The March 1919 issue of Poetry published Pound's Poems from the Propertius Series, which appeared to be a translation of the Latin poet Sextus Propertius. Harriet Monroe, editor of Poetry, published a letter in April 1919 from a professor of Latin, W. G. Hale, who found "about three-score errors" in the text; he said Pound was "incredibly ignorant of Latin", that "much of what he makes his author say is unintelligible", and that "If Mr. Pound were a professor of Latin, there would be nothing left for him but suicide" (adding "I do not counsel this"). Pound replied to Monroe: "Cat-piss and porcupines!! The thing is no more a translation than my 'Altaforte' is a translation, or than Fitzgerald's Omar is a translation." His letter ended "In final commiseration". Monroe interpreted his silence after that as his resignation from Poetry magazine.
Hugh Selwyn Mauberley
Hugh Selwyn Mauberley
Pound reading Mauberley, Washington, D.C., June 1958
OR three years, out of key with his time,
He strove to resuscitate the dead art Of poetry; to maintain "the sublime" In the old sense. Wrong from the start— No hardly, but, seeing he had been born In a half savage country, out of date; Bent resolutely on wringing lilies from the acorn; Capaneus; trout for factitious bait; Ἴδμεν γάρ τοι πάνθ', ὅσ 'ένι Τροίη Caught in the unstopped ear; Giving the rocks small lee-way The chopped seas held him, therefore, that year.
— Hugh Selwyn Mauberley (1920)
By 1919 Pound felt there was no reason to stay in England. He had become "violently hostile" to England, according to Richard Aldington, feeling he was being "frozen out of everything" except the New Age, and concluding that the British were insensitive to "mental agility in any and every form". He had "muffed his chances of becoming literary director of London—to which he undoubtedly aspired," Aldington wrote in 1941, "by his own enormous conceit, folly, and bad manners."
Published by John Rodker's The Ovid Press in June 1920, Pound's poem Hugh Selwyn Mauberley marked his farewell to London, and by December the Pounds were subletting their apartment and preparing to move to France. Consisting of 18 short parts, Mauberley describes a poet whose life has become sterile and meaningless. It begins with a satirical analysis of the London literary scene before turning to social criticism, economics, and the war. Here the word usury first appears in his work. Just as Eliot denied he was Prufrock, Pound denied he was Mauberley. In 1932 the critic F. R. Leavis, then director of studies in English at Downing College, Cambridge, called Mauberley "great poetry, at once traditional and original. Mr. Pound's standing as a poet rests on it, and rests securely".
On 13 January 1921 Orage wrote in the New Age: "Mr. Pound has shaken the dust of London from his feet with not too emphatic a gesture of disgust, but, at least, without gratitude to this country. ... [He] has been an exhilarating influence for culture in England; he has left his mark upon more than one of the arts, upon literature, music, poetry and sculpture; and quite a number of men and movements owe their initiation to his self-sacrificing stimulus ..."
With all this, however, Mr. Pound, like so many others who have striven for advancement of intelligence and culture in England, has made more enemies than friends, and far more powerful enemies than friends. Much of the Press has been deliberately closed by cabal to him; his books have for some time been ignored or written down; and he himself has been compelled to live on much less than would support a navvy. His fate, as I have said, is not unusual ... Taken by and large, England hates men of culture until they are dead.
Paris (1921–1924)
Meeting Hemingway, editing The Waste Land
The Pounds settled in Paris around April 1921 and in December moved to an inexpensive ground-floor apartment at 70 bis fr:Rue Notre-Dame-des-Champs. Pound became friendly with Marcel Duchamp, Fernand Léger, Tristan Tzara, and others of the Dada and Surrealist movements, as well as Basil Bunting. He was introduced to the American writer Gertrude Stein, who was living in Paris. She wrote years later that she liked him but did not find him amusing; he was "a village explainer, excellent if you were a village, but if you were not, not".
Pound's collection Poems 1918–1921 was published in New York by Boni and Liveright in 1921. In December that year Ernest Hemingway, then aged 22, moved to Paris with his wife, Hadley Richardson, and letters of introduction from Sherwood Anderson. In February 1922 the Hemingways visited the Pounds for tea. Although Pound was 14 years older, the men became friends; Hemingway assumed the status of pupil and asked Pound to edit his short stories. Pound introduced him to his contacts, including Lewis, Ford, John Peale Bishop, Malcolm Cowley, and Derek Patmore, while Hemingway tried to teach Pound to box. Unlike Hemingway, Pound was not a drinker and preferred to spend his time in salons or building furniture for his apartment and bookshelves for Sylvia Beach's Shakespeare and Company bookstore.
Eliot sent Pound the manuscript of The Waste Land in 1922. Pound edited it with comments like "make up yr. mind", and reduced it by about half. Eliot wrote in 1946: "I should like to think that the manuscript, with the suppressed passages, had disappeared irrecoverably; yet, on the other hand, I should wish the blue pencilling on it to be preserved as irrefutable evidence of Pound's critical genius." His dedication in The Waste Land was "For Ezra Pound / il miglior fabbro" (the "better craftsman"), from Canto 26 of Dante's Purgatorio.
Meeting Olga Rudge
Pound was 36 when he met the 26-year-old American violinist Olga Rudge in Paris in the summer of 1922. They were introduced at a salon hosted by the American heiress Natalie Barney at her 300-year-old house at 20 Rue Jacob, near the Boulevard Saint-Germain. The two moved in different social circles: Rudge was the daughter of a wealthy Youngstown, Ohio, steel family, living in her mother's Parisian apartment on the Right Bank, socializing with aristocrats, while Pound's friends were mostly impoverished writers of the Left Bank.
Restarting The Cantos
Twice the length of Paradise Lost and 50 times longer than The Waste Land, Pound's 800-page The Cantos ("Canto I" to "Canto CXVI", c. 1917–1962) became his life's work. His obituary in The Times described it as not a great poem, because of the lack of structure, but a great improvisation: "[T]he exasperating form permits the occasional, and in the early Cantos and in The Pisan Cantos not so occasional, irruption of passages of great poetry, hot and burning lava breaking through the cracks in piles of boring scree."
Canto CXVI
I have brought the great ball of crystal; Who can lift it? Can you enter the great acorn of light? But the beauty is not the madness Tho' my errors and wrecks lie about me. And I am not a demigod, I cannot make it cohere.
— Paris Review, 1962
The first three cantos had been published in Poetry magazine in June, July, and August 1917, but in 1922 Pound abandoned most of his work and began again. The early cantos, the "Ur-Cantos", became "Canto I" of the new work. In letters to his father in 1924 and 1927, Pound said The Cantos was like the medley of voices you hear when you turn the radio dial, and "[r]ather like or unlike subject and response and counter subject in fugue":
A.A. Live man goes down into world of Dead.
C.B. The 'repeat in history'.
B.C. The 'magic moment' or moment of metamorphosis, bust thru from quotidien into 'divine or permanent world.' Gods., etc.
Alluding to American, European and Oriental art, history and literature, the work is also autobiographical. In the view of Pound scholar Carroll F. Terrell, it is a great religious poem, describing humanity's journey from hell to paradise, a "revelation of how divinity is manifested in the universe ... the kind of intelligence that makes the cherrystone become a cherry tree." The poet Allen Tate argued in 1949 that it is "about nothing at all ... a voice but no subject". Responding to A Draft of XXX Cantos (1930), F. R. Leavis criticized its "lack of form, grammar, principle and direction". The lack of form became a common criticism. Pound wrote in the final complete canto, "Canto CXVI" (116, first published in the Paris Review in 1962), that he could not "make it cohere", although a few lines later, referring to the universe: "it coheres all right / even if my notes do not cohere." According to Pound scholar Walter Baumann, the demigod of "Canto CXVI"—"And I am not a demigod"—is Heracles of Sophocles' Women of Trachis (450–425 BCE), who exclaims before he dies (based on Pound's translation): "SPLENDOUR, / IT ALL COHERES". "Canto CXVI" ends with the lines "a little light, like a rushlight / to lead back to splendour."
Italy (1924–1939)
Birth of the children
The Pounds were unhappy in Paris. Dorothy complained about the winters and Ezra's health was poor. At one dinner in the Place de l'Odéon, a Surrealist guest high on drugs had tried to stab Pound in the back; Robert McAlmon had wrestled with the attacker, and the guests had managed to leave before the police arrived. For Pound the event underlined that their time in France was over. They decided to move to a quieter place, leaving in October 1924 for the seaside town of Rapallo in northern Italy. Hemingway wrote in a letter that Pound had "indulged in a small nervous breakdown" during the packing, leading to two days at the American Hospital of Paris in Neuilly. During this period the Pounds lived on Dorothy's income, supplemented by dividends from stock she had invested in.
Pregnant by Pound, Olga Rudge followed the couple to Italy, and in July 1925 she gave birth to a daughter, Maria, in a hospital in Brixen. Rudge and Pound placed the baby with a German-speaking peasant woman in Gais, South Tyrol, whose own child had died and who agreed to raise Maria for 200 lire a month. Pound reportedly believed that artists ought not to have children, because in his view motherhood ruined women. According to Hadley Richardson, he took her aside before she and Hemingway left Paris for Toronto to have their child, telling her: "Well, I might as well say goodbye to you here and now because [the baby] is going to change you completely."
At the end of December 1925 Dorothy went on holiday to Egypt, returning on 1 March, and in May the Pounds and Olga Rudge left Rapallo for Paris to attend a semi-private concert performance at the Salle Pleyel of Le Testament de Villon, a one-act opera Pound had composed ("nearly tuneless", according to Carpenter) with the musicians Agnes Bedford and George Antheil. Pound had hired two singers for the performance; Rudge was on violin, Pound played percussion, and Joyce, Eliot and Hemingway were in the audience.
The couple stayed on in Paris after the performance; Dorothy was pregnant and wanted the baby to be born at the American hospital. Hemingway accompanied her there in a taxi for the birth of a son, Omar Pound, on 10 September 1926. (Ezra was an admirer of Fitzgerald's translation of Omar Khayyam.) Ezra signed the birth certificate the following day at Neuilly town hall and wrote to his father, "next generation (male) arrived. Both D & it appear to be doing well." He ended up in the American hospital himself for tests and, he told Olga, a "small operation". Dorothy took Omar to England, where she stayed for a year and thereafter visited him every summer. He was sent to live at first in Felpham, Sussex, with a former superintendent of Norland College, which trains nannies, and later became a boarder at Charterhouse. When Dorothy was in England with Omar during the summers, Ezra would spend the time with Olga. Olga's father helped her buy a house in Venice in 1928, and from 1930 she also rented the top floor of a house in Sant'Ambrogio, Caso 60, near the Pounds in Rapallo.
The Exile, Dial poetry award
In 1925 a new literary magazine, This Quarter, dedicated its first issue to Pound, including tributes from Hemingway and Joyce. In Hemingway's contribution, "Homage to Ezra", he wrote that Pound "devotes perhaps one fifth of his working time to writing poetry and in this twenty per cent of effort writes a large and distinguished share of the really great poetry that has been written by any American living or dead—or any Englishman living or dead or any Irishman who ever wrote English."
With the rest of his time he tries to advance the fortunes, both material and artistic, of his friends. He defends them when they are attacked, he gets them into magazines and out of jail. He loans them money. He sells their pictures. He arranges concerts for them. He writes articles about them. He introduces them to wealthy women. He gets publishers to take their books. He sits up all night with them when they claim to be dying and he witnesses their wills. He advances them hospital expenses and dissuades them from suicide. And in the end a few of them refrain from knifing him at the first opportunity.
Against Hemingway's positive view of Pound, Richard Aldington told Amy Lowell that year that Pound had been almost forgotten in England: "as the rest of us go up, he goes down", he wrote. In the U.S., Pound won the $2,000 Dial poetry award in 1927 for his translation of the Confucian classic Great Learning. Using the prize money, he launched his own literary magazine, The Exile, in March, but only four issues appeared. It did well in the first year, with contributions from Hemingway, E. E. Cummings, Basil Bunting, Yeats, William Carlos Williams, and Robert McAlmon. Some of the poorest work consisted of Pound's rambling editorials on Confucianism or in praise of Lenin, according to biographer J. J. Wilhelm. His parents visited him in Rapallo that year, seeing him for the first time since 1914. His father had retired, so they moved to Rapallo themselves, taking a small house, Villa Raggio, on a hill above the town.
Antisemitism, social credit
Pound's antisemitism can be traced to at least 1910, when he wrote in Patria Mia, his essays for the New Age: "The Jew alone can retain his detestable qualities, despite climatic conditions." The sentence was removed from the 1950 edition. In 1922 he apparently disliked that so many Jews were contributing to The Dial, and in 1939, when he read his poetry at Harvard, he was said to have included antisemitic poems in the program because he believed there were Jews in the audience.
A friend of Pound's, the writer Lina Caico, wrote to him in March 1937 asking him to use his musical contacts to help a German-Jewish pianist in Berlin who did not have enough money to live on because of the Nuremberg Laws. Normally willing to help fellow artists, Pound replied (at length): "You hit a nice sore spot ... Let her try Rothschild and some of the bastards who are murdering 10 million anglo saxons in England." He nevertheless denied being an antisemite; he said he liked Spinoza, Montaigne, and Alexander del Mar. "What I am driving at", he wrote to Jackson Mac Low, "is that some kike might manage to pin an antisem label on me IF he neglected the mass of my writing."
Pound came to believe that World War I had been caused by finance capitalism, which he called "usury", and that the Jews had been to blame. He believed the solution lay in C. H. Douglas's idea of social credit. Pound several times used the term Leihkapital (loan capital), equating it with Jews. Hitler had used the same term in Mein Kampf (1926). "Your enemy is Das Leihkapital," Pound wrote in a 1942 radio script aimed at the UK, "international, wandering Loan Capital. Your enemy is not Germany, your enemy is money on loan. And it would be better to be infected with typhus ... than to be infected with this blindness which prevents you from understanding HOW you are undermined ... The big Jew is so bound up with this Leihkapital that no one is able to unscramble that omelet." The argument ran that without "usury" and Jews, there would be no class conflict.
In addition to presenting his economic ideas in hundreds of articles and in The Cantos, Pound wrote over 1,000 letters a year throughout the 1930s. From 1932 he wrote 180 articles for The New English Weekly, a social-credit journal founded by A. R. Orage, and 60 for Il Mare, a Rapallo newspaper. He wrote to Bill Bird that the press in Paris was controlled by the Comité des forges. He also came under the influence of Charles Maurras, who led the far-right Action Française. From around 1932 he began using a dating system that counted Benito Mussolini's March on Rome in October 1922 as year zero.
Meeting Mussolini
In December 1932 Pound requested a meeting with Mussolini after being hired to work on a film script about Italian fascism. Pound had asked to see Mussolini previously—Olga Rudge had played privately for Mussolini on 19 February 1927—but this time he was given an audience. They met on 30 January 1933 at the Palazzo Venezia in Rome, the day Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany.
When Pound handed Mussolini a copy of A Draft of XXX Cantos, Mussolini reportedly said of a passage Pound highlighted that it was not English. Pound said: "No, it's my idea of the way a continental Jew would speak English", to which Mussolini replied "How entertaining" (divertente). Pound tried to discuss an 18-point draft of his economic theories. (Daniel Swift writes that this story has been "told and retold, and in each version, the details shift".) Pound recorded the meeting in "Canto XLI". "XI of our era"—1933, 11 years after the March on Rome—is an example of his new dating system.
Pound wrote to C. H. Douglas that he had "never met anyone who seemed to get my ideas so quickly as the boss". The meeting left him feeling that he had become a person of influence, Redman writes, someone who had been consulted by a head of state. When he returned to Rapallo, he was greeted at the station by the town band.
Canto XLI
A QVESTO," said the Boss, "è divertente." catching the point before the aesthetes had got there; Having drained off the muck by Vada From the marshes, by Circeo, where no one else wd. have drained it. Waited 2000 years, ate grain from the marshes: Water supply for ten million, another one million "vani" that is rooms for people to live in. XI of our era.
— On meeting Mussolini
Immediately after the meeting Pound began writing The ABC of Economics and Jefferson and/or Mussolini: L'Idea Statale Fascism as I Have Seen It (1935). The latter was ready by the end of February, although he had trouble finding a publisher. In 1942 Pound told Italy's Royal Finance Office that he had written the book for propaganda purposes in Italy's interests. He wrote articles praising Mussolini and fascism for T. S. Eliot's The Criterion in July 1933, the New York World Telegram in November 1933, the Chicago Tribune on 9 April 1934, and in 65 articles for the British-Italian Bulletin, published by the Italian Embassy in London.
Pound's antisemitism deepened with the introduction in Italy of the racial laws in 1938, preceded by the publication in July that year of the Manifesto of Race. Mussolini instituted restrictions against Jews, who had to register. Foreign Jews lost their Italian citizenship, and on 18 September 1938 Mussolini declared Judaism "an irreconcilable enemy of fascism".
Visit to America
External image
Ezra Pound reclining, 1939
— by Wyndham Lewis
When Olivia Shakespear died in October 1938 in London, Dorothy asked Ezra to organize the funeral, where he saw their 12-year-old son, Omar, for the first time in eight years. He visited Eliot and Wyndham Lewis, who produced a famous portrait of Pound reclining.
Believing he could stop America's involvement in World War II, Pound sailed for New York in April 1939 on the SS Rex in a first-class suite. Giving interviews on the deck in a tweed jacket, he told reporters that Mussolini wanted peace. In Washington, D.C. he attended a session of Congress, sitting in a section of the gallery reserved for relatives (because of Thaddeus Coleman Pound). He lobbied senators and congressmen, had lunch with the Polish ambassador, warning him not to trust the English or Winston Churchill, and asked to see the President but was told it could not be done.
He took part in a poetry reading at Harvard, where he agreed to be recorded by the Department of Speech, and in July he received an honorary doctorate from Hamilton College, along with the radio commentator H. V. Kaltenborn. Kaltenborn, whom Pound referred to at the time as Kaltenstein, gave an anti-fascist speech after lunch ("dictatorships shall die, but democracies shall live"), which Pound interrupted loudly to the point where, according to one account, the college president had to intervene. Pound described this years later to Wyndham Lewis: "That was a music hall day, with a stage set/ only at a Kawledg Komencement wd/ one git in mouth-shot at that sort of wind-bag/ that fahrt Kaltenbourne." Pound sailed back to Italy a few days later on the SS Conte di Savoia.
Between May and September 1939 Pound wrote 12 articles for the Japan Times (he became their "Italian correspondent"), which included the claim that "Democracy is now currently defined in Europe as a 'country run by Jews'". He discussed the "essential fairness of Hitler's war aims" and wrote that Churchill was a senile front for the Rothschilds.
World War II and radio broadcasts (1939–1945)
Letter-writing campaign
When war broke out in September 1939, Pound began a letter-writing campaign to the politicians he had petitioned months earlier. On 18 June 1940, after the fall of France, he wrote to Senator Burton K. Wheeler: "I have read a regulation that only those foreigners are to be admitted to the U.S. who are deemed to be useful etc/. The dirtiest jews from Paris, Blum??" He explained that they were all a pox. To his publisher, James Laughlin, he wrote that "Roosevelt represents Jewry" and signed off with "Heil Hitler". He began calling Roosevelt "Jewsfeldt" or "Stinky Rooosenstein". In Meridiano di Roma he compared Hitler and Mussolini to Confucius. In Oswald Mosley's newspaper, Action, he wrote that the English were "a slave race governed by the House of Rothschild since Waterloo". By May 1940, according to the historian Matthew Feldman, the British government regarded Pound as "a principal supplier of information to the BUF [British Union of Fascists] from abroad". His literary agent in New York, John J. Slocum, urged him to return to writing poetry and literary criticism; instead, Pound sent Slocum political manifestos, which he declined to attempt to publish in the United States.
Radio broadcasts
Radio broadcast
You let in the Jew and the Jew rotted your Empire, and you yourselves are (doomed) by the Jew.
— Ezra Pound, Radio Rome, 15 March 1942
Between 23 January 1941 and 28 March 1945, including during the Holocaust in Italy, Pound recorded or composed hundreds of broadcasts for Italian radio, mostly for EIAR (Radio Rome) and later for a radio station in the Salò Republic, the Nazi puppet state in northern and central Italy. Broadcast in English, and sometimes in Italian, German, and French, the EIAR program was transmitted to England, central Europe, and the United States.
Styling himself "Dr Ezra Pound" (his only doctorate was the honorary one from Hamilton College), he attacked the United States, Roosevelt, Roosevelt's family, Churchill, and the Jews. He praised Hitler, recommended eugenics to "conserve the best of the race", and referred to Jews as "filth". The broadcasts were monitored by the United States Foreign Broadcast Monitoring Service, and on 26 July 1943 the United States District Court for the District of Columbia indicted Pound in absentia for treason. According to Feldman, the Pound archives at Yale contain receipts for 195 payments from the Italian Ministry of Popular Culture from 22 April 1941 to 26 January 1944. Over 33 months, Pound received 250,000 lire (then equivalent to $12,500; $185,000 as of 2013).
On 9–10 September 1943, the German Wehrmacht occupied northern and central Italy. Hitler appointed Mussolini head of a fascist puppet state, the Italian Social Republic or Salò Republic. Pound called it the "Republic of Utopia". SS officers began concentrating Jews in transit camps before deporting them to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Of the first group of 1,034 Jews to arrive in Auschwitz from Rome on 23 October 1943 839 were gassed.
In Rome when the German occupation began, Pound headed north to Gais, on foot and by train, to visit his daughter, a journey of about 450 miles (720 km). On or around 23 November 1943, he met Fernando Mezzasoma, the new Minister of Popular Culture, in Salò. Pound wrote to Dorothy from Salò asking if she could obtain a radio confiscated from the Jews to give to Rudge, so that Rudge could help with his work.
From 1 December 1943 Pound began writing scripts for the state's new radio station. The following day he suggested to Alessandro Pavolini, secretary of the Republican Fascist Party, that book stores be legally obliged to showcase certain books, including The Protocols of the Elders of Zion (1903), a hoax document purporting to be a Jewish plan to dominate the world. "The arrest of Jews will create a wave of useless mercy," Pound wrote, "thus the need to disseminate the Protocols. The intellectuals are capable of a passion more durable than emotional, but they need to understand the reasons for a conflict." On 26 January 1945, in a script called "Corpses of Course" for the program Jerry's Front Calling, Pound wrote: "Why shouldn't there be one grand beano; wiping out Sieff and Kuhn and Loeb and Guggenheim and Stinkenfinger and the rest of the nazal bleaters?"
Arrest for treason
In May 1944 the German military, trying to secure the coast against the Allies, forced the Pounds to evacuate their seafront apartment in Rapallo. From then until the end of the war, the couple lived with Rudge in her home above Rapallo at Sant' Ambrogio. There were food shortages, no coffee, and no newspapers, telephones, or letters. According to Rudge, Ezra and Dorothy would spend their nights listening to the BBC. In addition to the radio scripts, Pound was writing for the newspaper Il Popolo di Alessandria. He wanted to write for the more reputable Corriere della Sera in Milan, but the editor regarded his Italian as "incomprehensible".
Taken at the Disciplinary Training Center
Pound spent three weeks in the reinforced cage on the far left.
Mussolini and his mistress, Clara Petacci, were shot by Italian partisans on 28 April 1945. Their bodies were displayed in the Piazzale Loreto in Milan, abused by the crowd, then left hanging upside down. "Thus Ben and la Clara a Milano / by the heels at Milano". On 3 May armed partisans arrived at Rudge's home to find Pound alone. He picked up the Confucian text Four Books and a Chinese–English dictionary and was taken to their headquarters in Zoagli, then at his request to the U.S. Counter Intelligence Corps headquarters in Genoa, where he was interrogated by FBI agent Frank L. Amprin.
Pound asked to send a cable to President Truman to help negotiate a "just peace" with Japan. He wanted to make a final broadcast called "Ashes of Europe Calling", in which he would recommend not only peace with Japan, but American management of Italy, the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine, and leniency toward Germany. His requests were denied and the script was forwarded to J. Edgar Hoover. A few days later Amprin removed over 7,000 letters, articles and other documents from Rudge's home as evidence. On 8 May, the day Germany surrendered, Pound gave the Americans a further statement:
I am not anti-Semitic, and I distinguish between the Jewish usurer and the Jew who does an honest day's work for a living.
Hitler and Mussolini were simple men from the country. I think that Hitler was a Saint, and wanted nothing for himself. I think that he was fooled into anti-Semitism and it ruined him. That was his mistake. When you see the "mess" that Italy gets into by bumping off Mussolini, you will see why someone could believe in some of his efforts.
Later that day he told an American reporter, Edd Johnson, that Hitler was "a Jeanne d'Arc ... Like many martyrs, he held extreme views". Mussolini was "a very human, imperfect character who lost his head". On 24 May he was transferred to the United States Army Disciplinary Training Center north of Pisa, where he was placed in one of the camp's 6-by-6-foot (1.8 by 1.8 m) outdoor steel cages, with tar paper covers, lit up at night by floodlights. Engineers reinforced his cage the night before he arrived in case fascist sympathizers tried to break him out.
Pound lived in isolation in the heat, sleeping on the concrete, denied exercise and communication, apart from daily access to the chaplain. After three weeks, he stopped eating. He recorded what seemed to be a breakdown in "Canto LXXX", where Odysseus is saved from drowning by Leucothea: "hast'ou swum in a sea of air strip / through an aeon of nothingness, / when the raft broke and the waters went over me". Medical staff moved him out of the cage the following week. On 14 and 15 June he was examined by psychiatrists, after which he was transferred to his own tent. He began to write, drafting what became known as The Pisan Cantos. The existence of two sheets of toilet paper showing the first ten lines of "Canto LXXIV" in pencil suggests he started it while in the cage.
United States (1945–1958)
St. Elizabeths Hospital
Pound arrived back in Washington, D.C. on 18 November 1945, two days before the start of the Nuremberg trials. Lt. Col. P. V. Holder, one of the escorting officers, wrote in an affidavit that Pound was "an intellectual 'crackpot'" who intended to conduct his own defense. Dorothy would not allow it; Pound wrote in a letter: "Tell Omar I favour a defender who has written a life of J. Adams and translated Confucius. Otherwise how CAN he know what it is about?"
He was arraigned on 27 November on charges of treason, and on 4 December he was placed in a locked room in the psychiatric ward of Gallinger Hospital. Three court-appointed psychiatrists, including Winfred Overholser, superintendent of St. Elizabeths Hospital, decided that he was mentally unfit to stand trial. They found him "abnormally grandiose ... expansive and exuberant in manner, exhibiting pressure of speech, discursiveness and distractibility." A fourth psychiatrist appointed by Pound's lawyer initially thought he was a psychopath, which would have made him fit to stand trial.
On 21 December 1945, as case no. 58,102, he was transferred to Howard Hall, St. Elizabeths' maximum security ward, where he was held in a single cell with peepholes. Visitors were admitted to the waiting room for 15 minutes at a time, while patients wandered around screaming. A hearing on 13 February 1946 concluded that he was of "unsound mind"; he shouted in court: "I never did believe in Fascism, God damn it; I am opposed to Fascism." Pound's lawyer, Julien Cornell, requested his release at a hearing in January 1947. As a compromise, Overholser moved him to the more comfortable Cedar Ward on the third floor of the east wing of St. Elizabeths' Center Building. In early 1948 he was moved again, this time to a larger room in Chestnut Ward.
Tytell writes that Pound was in his element in Chestnut Ward. At last provided for, he was allowed to read, write, and receive visitors, including Dorothy for several hours a day. (In October 1946 Dorothy had been placed in charge of his "person and property".) His room had a typewriter, floor-to-ceiling book shelves, and bits of paper hanging on string from the ceiling with ideas for The Cantos. He had turned a small alcove on the ward into his living room, where he entertained friends and literary figures. It reached the point where he refused to discuss any attempt to have him released.
The Pisan Cantos, Bollingen Prize
Canto LXXX
and the Serpentine will look just the same and the gulls be as neat on the pond and the sunken garden unchanged and God knows what else is left of our London
— The Pisan Cantos (1948)
James Laughlin of New Directions had Cantos LXXIV–LXXXIV, known as The Pisan Cantos, ready for publication in 1946 and gave Pound an advance copy, but Laughlin held back, waiting for the right time to publish. A group of Pound's friends—T. S. Eliot, E. E. Cummings, W. H. Auden, Allen Tate, and Joseph Cornell—met Laughlin in June 1948 to discuss how to get Pound released. They planned to have him awarded the first Bollingen Prize, a new national poetry award with $1,000 prize money donated by the Mellon family.
The awards committee consisted of 15 fellows of the Library of Congress, including several of Pound's supporters, such as Eliot, Tate, Conrad Aiken, Katherine Anne Porter, and Theodore Spencer. The idea was that the Justice Department would be in an untenable position if Pound won a major award and was not released. Laughlin published The Pisan Cantos on 20 July 1948, and the following February the prize went to Pound. There were two dissenting voices, Katherine Garrison Chapin and Karl Shapiro; the latter said he could not vote for an antisemite because he was Jewish himself. Pound had apparently prepared a statement—"No comment from the Bug House"—but decided instead to stay silent.
There was uproar. The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette quoted critics who said that poetry cannot "convert words into maggots that eat at human dignity and still be good poetry". Robert Hillyer, a Pulitzer Prize winner and president of the Poetry Society of America, attacked the committee in The Saturday Review of Literature, telling journalists that he "never saw anything to admire, not one line, in Pound". Congressman Jacob K. Javits demanded an investigation into the awards committee. It was the last time the Library of Congress administered the prize.
Diagnosis
During a case conference at St. Elizabeths on 28 January 1946, six psychiatrists had concluded that Pound had psychopathic personality disorder but was not psychotic. Present during the meeting, he decided to lie on the floor while the psychiatrists interviewed him. In 1952 the American Psychiatric Association published its first Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-1), and St. Elizabeths began diagnosing patients according to its definitions. In July 1953 a psychiatrist added to Pound's notes that he probably had narcissistic personality disorder. The main feature of Pound's personality, he wrote, was his "profound, incredible, over-weaning (sic) narcissism". A personality disorder, unlike conditions that give rise to psychosis, is not regarded as a mental illness, and the diagnosis would have made Pound fit to stand trial. On 31 May 1955, at the request of the hospital's superintendent Winfred Overholser, the diagnosis was changed to "psychotic disorder, undifferentiated", which is classified as mental illness. In 1966, after his release from St. Elizabeths, Pound was diagnosed with bipolar disorder.
Mullins and Kasper
While in St. Elizabeths, Pound would often decline to talk to psychiatrists with names he deemed Jewish (he called psychiatrists "kikiatrists"), and he apparently told Charles Olson: "I was a Zionist in Italy, but now I'm for pogroms, after what I've experienced in here (SLiz)." He advised visitors to read the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, and he referred to any visitor he happened not to like as Jewish. In November 1953 he wrote to Olivia Rossetti Agresti that Hitler was "bit by dirty Jew mania for World Domination, as yu used to point out/ this WORST of German diseases was got from yr/ idiolized and filthy biblical bastards. Adolf clear on the baccilus of kikism/ that is on nearly all the other poisons.[sic] but failed to get a vaccine against that."
Pound struck up a friendship with Eustace Mullins, apparently associated with the Aryan League of America and author of the 1961 biography This Difficult Individual, Ezra Pound. Even more damaging was his friendship with John Kasper, a Ku Klux Klan member who, after Brown v. Board of Education (a 1954 U.S. Supreme Court decision mandating racial desegregation in public schools), set up a Citizens' Council chapter, the Seaboard White Citizens' Council in Washington. Members had to be white, supportive of racial segregation, and believers in the divinity of Jesus. Kasper wrote to Pound after admiring him at university, and the two became friends. In 1953 Kasper opened a far-right bookstore, "Make it New", at 169 Bleecker Street, Greenwich Village, that displayed Pound's work in the window. With Pound's cooperation, he and another Pound admirer, T. David Horton, set up Square Dollar Series, a publishing imprint that reprinted Pound's books and others he approved of.
It became increasingly clear that Pound was schooling Kasper in the latter's pro-segregation activism. In January and February 1957 the New York Herald Tribune ran a series of articles on their relationship, after which the FBI began photographing Pound's visitors. One article alleged that some of Kasper's pamphlets had, as John Tytell put it, "a distinctly Poundian ring" to them. Kasper was jailed in 1956 over a speech he made in Clinton, Tennessee, and he was questioned about the 1957 bombing of the Hattie Cotton School in Nashville. After Pound left hospital in 1958, the men kept in touch; he wrote to Kasper on 17 April 1959: "Antisemitism is a card in the enemy program, don't play it. ... They RELY ON YOUR PLAYING IT."
New Times articles
Between late 1955 and early 1957, Pound wrote at least 80 unsigned or pseudonymous articles—"often ugly", Swift notes—for the New Times of Melbourne, a newspaper connected to the social-credit movement. Noel Stock, one of Pound's correspondents and early biographers, worked for the paper and published Pound's articles there. A 24-year-old radio reporter at the time, Stock first wrote to Pound in hospital after reading The Pisan Cantos.
In the New Times in April 1956, Pound wrote: "Our Victorian forebears would have been greatly scandalized at the idea that one might not be free to study inherited racial characteristics," and "Some races are retentive, mainly of the least desirable bits of their barbaric past." There was a "Jewish-Communist plot", which he compared to syphilis. Equality was dismissed as "anti-biological nonsense". "There were no gas ovens in Italy", he wrote in April 1956; a month later he referred to the "fuss about Hitler". On 10 August 1956: "It is perfectly well known that the fuss about 'de-segregation' in the United States has been started by Jews." Instead, America needed "race pride". Using pseudonyms, he sent his articles directly to Stock, so that the newspaper's editor may not have realized they had all been written by Pound. Stock sent Pound copies of the published articles, which he would distribute to his followers. He contributed similar material to other publications, including Edge, which Stock founded in October 1956. Stock called Edge the magazine of the "international Poundian underground".
Release
Pound's friends continued to try to get him out of St. Elizabeths. In 1948, in an effort to present his radio broadcasts as harmless, Olga Rudge self-published six of them (on cultural topics only) as If This Be Treason. She visited him twice, in 1952 and 1955, but could not convince him to be more assertive about his release. In 1950 she had written to Hemingway to complain that Pound's friends had not done enough. Hemingway and Rudge did not like each other. He told Dorothy in 1951 that "the person who makes least sense ...in all this is Olga Rudge". In what John Cohassey called a "controlled, teeth-gritting response", Hemingway replied to Rudge that he would pardon Pound if he could, but that Pound had "made the rather serious mistake of being a traitor to his country, and temporarily he must lie in the bed he made". He ended by saying "To be even more blunt, I have always loved Dorothy, and still do."
Four years later, shortly after he won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954, Hemingway told Time magazine ..."I believe this would be a good year to release poets." The poet Archibald MacLeish asked him in June 1957 to write a letter on Pound's behalf. Hemingway believed Pound would not stop making inappropriate statements and friendships, but he signed MacLeish's letter anyway and pledged $1,500 to be handed to Pound upon his release. In an interview for the Paris Review in early 1958, Hemingway said that Pound should be released and Kasper jailed.
Several publications began campaigning in 1957. Le Figaro published an appeal titled "The Lunatic at St Elizabeths". The New Republic, Esquire, and The Nation followed suit. The Nation argued that Pound was a "sick and vicious old man", but that he had rights. In 1958 MacLeish hired Thurman Arnold, a prestigious lawyer who ended up charging no fee, to file a motion to dismiss the 1945 indictment. Overholser, the hospital's superintendent, supported the application with an affidavit stating Pound was permanently and incurably insane, and that confinement served no therapeutic purpose. The motion was heard on 18 April 1958 by Chief Judge Bolitha Laws, who had committed Pound to St. Elizabeths in 1945. The Justice Department did not oppose the motion, and Pound was discharged on 7 May.
Italy (1958–1972)
Depression
Pound and Dorothy arrived in Naples on the SS Cristoforo Colombo on 9 July 1958, where Pound was photographed giving a fascist salute to the waiting press. When asked when he had been released from the mental hospital, he replied: "I never was. When I left the hospital I was still in America, and all America is an insane asylum." They were accompanied by a young teacher Pound had met in hospital, Marcella Spann, ostensibly acting as his secretary. Disembarking at Genoa, the group arrived three days later at Schloss Brunnenburg, near Merano in South Tyrol, to live with Mary, where Pound met his grandchildren for the first time. Dorothy had usually ignored his affairs, but she used her legal power over his royalties to make sure Spann was seen off, sent back to the United States in October 1959.
By December 1959 Pound was mired in depression. According to the writer Michael Reck, who visited him several times at St. Elizabeths, Pound was a changed man; he said little and called his work "worthless". In a 1960 interview in Rome with Donald Hall for Paris Review, he said: "You—find me—in fragments." He paced up and down during the three days it took to complete the interview, never finishing a sentence, bursting with energy one minute, then sagging, and at one point seemed about to collapse. Hall said it was clear that he "doubted the value of everything he had done in his life".
Those close to him thought he had dementia, and in mid-1960 he spent time in a clinic when his weight dropped. He picked up again, but by early 1961 he had a urinary tract infection. Dorothy felt unable to look after him, so he went to live with Olga Rudge, first in Rapallo then in Venice; Dorothy mostly stayed in London after that with Omar. In 1961 Pound attended a meeting in Rome in honor of Oswald Mosley, who was visiting Italy. His health continued to decline, and his friends were dying: Wyndham Lewis in 1957, Ernest Hemingway in 1961 (Hemingway shot himself), E. E. Cummings in 1962, William Carlos Williams in 1963, and T. S. Eliot in 1965. In 1963 he told an interviewer, Grazia Livi: "I spoil everything I touch. ... All my life I believed I knew nothing, yes, knew nothing. And so words became devoid of meaning." He attended Eliot's funeral in London and visited W. B. Yeats' widow in Dublin (Yeats died in 1939).
In 1966 he was admitted to the Genoa School of Medicine's psychiatric hospital for an evaluation after prostate surgery. His notes said he had psychomotor retardation, insomnia, depression, and he believed he had been "contaminated by microbes". According to a psychiatrist who treated him, Pound had previously been treated with electroconvulsive therapy. This time he was given imipramine and responded well. The doctors diagnosed bipolar disorder. Two years later he attended the opening of an exhibition in New York featuring his blue-inked version of Eliot's The Waste Land. He went on to Hamilton College and received a standing ovation.
Meeting Ginsberg, Reck, and Russell
Pound's biographer, Michael Reck, claimed to have had an encounter with Pound at the restaurant of the Pensione Cici in Venice in 1967, during which Pound told Allen Ginsberg and Peter Russell that his own poems were "a lot of double talk" and made no sense, and that his writing was "a mess", "stupid and ignorant all the way through". Reck wrote about the meeting in Evergreen Review the following year. "At seventy I realized that instead of being a lunatic, I was a moron," Pound reportedly said. He "looked very morose" and barely spoke: "There is nothing harder than conversing with Pound nowadays," Reck wrote.
Pound had offered a carefully worded rejection of his antisemitism, according to Reck. When Ginsberg reassured Pound that he had "shown us the way", he is said to have replied: "Any good I've done has been spoiled by bad intentions—the preoccupation with irrelevant and stupid things." Reck continued: "Then very slowly, with emphasis, surely conscious of Ginsberg's being Jewish: 'But the worst mistake I made was that stupid, suburban prejudice of anti-Semitism.'"
Matthias Koehl, an American neo-Nazi who had met with Pound during the latter's incarceration at St. Elizabeths Hospital, cast doubt on these claims, writing in 1990 that "The Ezra Pound I knew was cheerfully unrepentant, firm in his beliefs, and staunchly true to those principles he had upheld throughout his life. Never once did he give so much as the slightest hint that he had any regret about anything he had ever done or spoken during the ’30s and ’40s — not excluding his celebrated views on the Jewish Question. In fact, his pointed references to any number of nefarious Jewish practices left no doubt as to where he stood on that particular issue ... Unable to deny the manifest greatness of a literary giant but concerned lest Pound’s 'other ideas' gain acceptance, [Ginsberg] employs one of the oldest tricks in the book: he tries to have the master himself recant. But the master — 'il miglior fabbro' — has spoken otherwise!"
Death
Shortly before his death in 1972, an American Academy of Arts and Sciences committee, which included his publisher James Laughlin, proposed that Pound be awarded the Emerson-Thoreau Medal. After a storm of protest, the academy's council opposed it by 13 to 9. In the foreword of a Faber & Faber volume of his prose, he wrote in July: "In sentences referring to groups or races 'they' should be used with great care. re USURY: / I was out of focus, taking a symptom for a cause. / The cause is AVARICE."
On his 87th birthday, on 30 October 1972, he was too weak to leave his bedroom. The next night he was admitted to the San Giovanni e Paolo Civil Hospital in Venice, where he died in his sleep on 1 November of "sudden blockage of the intestine". Alerted by telegram, Dorothy Pound, who was living in a care home near Cambridge, England, requested a Protestant funeral in Venice. Telegrams were sent via American embassies in Rome and London, and the consulate in Milan, but Rudge would not change the plans she had already made for the morning of 3 November. Omar Pound flew to Venice as soon as he could, with Peter du Sautoy of Faber & Faber, but he arrived too late. Four gondoliers dressed in black rowed Pound's body to Venice's municipal cemetery, Isola di San Michele, where, after a Protestant service, he was buried, near Diaghilev and Stravinsky, with other non-Italian Christians. According to Hugh Kenner, Pound had wanted to be buried in Idaho with his bust by Henri Gaudier-Brzeska on his grave. Dorothy Pound died in England the following year, aged 87. Olga Rudge died in 1996, aged 100, and was buried next to Pound.
Critical reception
Rehabilitation efforts, scholarship
External image
Ezra Pound, 30 June 1958, photographed by Richard Avedon at the home of William Carlos Williams, Rutherford, New Jersey.
"The photograph has a legend behind it. Avedon, they say, stepped up close and raised the camera, and said, 'You know I'm Jewish?' and before Pound could reply he clicked the shutter and froze him like this."
— Daniel Swift, The Bughouse, 2018.
After the Bollingen Prize in 1949, Pound's friends made every effort to rehabilitate him. James Laughlin's New Directions Publishing published his Selected Poems, with an introduction by Eliot, and a censored selection of The Cantos. Ralph Fletcher Seymour published Patria Mia (written around 1912) to show that Pound was an American patriot. In advertisements, magazine articles, and critical introductions, Pound's friends and publishers attributed his antisemitism and fascism to mental illness.
Literary scholar Betsy Erkkila writes that no one was more important to Pound's rehabilitation than Hugh Kenner, who was introduced to Pound by Marshall McLuhan in St. Elizabeths in May 1948, when Kenner was 25. Kenner's The Poetry of Ezra Pound (1951) adopted a New Critical approach, where all that mattered was the work itself.
New Directions and Faber & Faber published Ezra Pound: Translations in 1953, introduced by Kenner, and the following year Literary Essays of Ezra Pound, introduced by Eliot. The first PhD dissertation on Pound was completed in 1948, and by 1970 there were around ten a year. Kenner's The Pound Era (1971), which overlooked the fascism, antisemitism, World War II, treason, and the Bollingen Award, effectively equated Pound with modernism. Pound scholar Leon Surette argued that Kenner's approach was hagiographic. He included in this approach Caroll F. Terrell's Paideuma: A Journal Devoted to Ezra Pound Scholarship, founded in 1972 and edited by Kenner and Eva Hesse, and Terrell's two-volume A Companion to the Cantos of Ezra Pound (1980–1984). In 1971 Terrell founded the National Poetry Foundation to focus on Pound, and organized conferences on Pound in 1975, 1980, 1985, and 1990.
Following Eustace Mullins' biography, This Difficult Individual, Ezra Pound (1961), was Life of Ezra Pound (1970) by Noel Stock. A former reporter, Stock was one of the publishers of Pound's newspaper articles in the 1950s, including his antisemitism. Ronald Bush's The Genesis of Ezra Pound's Cantos (1976) became the first critical study of The Cantos. Several significant biographies appeared in the 1980s: J. J. Wilhelm's three-volume work (1985–1994), beginning with The American Roots of Ezra Pound; John Tytell's Ezra Pound: The Solitary Volcano (1987); and Humphrey Carpenter's 1005-page A Serious Character (1988). A. David Moody's three-volume Ezra Pound: Poet (2007–2015) combines biography with literary criticism.
Studies that examine Pound's relationships with the far right include Robert Casillo's The Genealogy of Demons (1988); Tim Redman's Ezra Pound and Italian Fascism (1999); Leon Surette's Pound in Purgatory (1999); Matthew Feldman's Ezra Pound's Fascist Propaganda, 1935–45 (2013); and Alec Marsh's John Kasper and Ezra Pound (2015).
Legacy
Canto CXVI
A little light, like a rushlight To lead back to splendour.
— Closing lines of The Cantos
Much of Pound's legacy lies in his advancement of some of the best-known modernist writers of the early 20th century, particularly between 1910 and 1925. In addition to Eliot, Joyce, Lewis, Frost, Williams, Hemingway, H.D., Aldington, and Aiken, he befriended and helped Cummings, Bunting, Ford, Marianne Moore, Louis Zukofsky, Jacob Epstein, Margaret Anderson, George Oppen, and Charles Olson.
Beyond this, his legacy is mixed. He was a strong lyricist with an "ear" for words; his Times obituary said he had a "faultless sense of cadence". According to Ira Nadel, he "overturned poetic meter, literary style, and the state of the long poem". Nadel cited the importance of Pound's editing of The Waste Land, the publication of Ulysses, and his role in developing of Imagism. Hugh Witemeyer argued that Imagism was "probably the most important single movement" in 20th-century English-language poetry, because it affected all the leading poets of Pound's generation and the two generations after him. According to Hugh Kenner in 1951, although no great contemporary writer was less read than Pound, there was no one who could "over and over again appeal more surely, through sheer beauty of language" to people who would otherwise rather talk about poets than read them.
Against this, Robert Conquest argued in 1979 that critics were responsible for having promoted Pound despite his "minimal talent", which was "grossly exaggerated". "This is an accusation less against the fantastic arrogance of Pound", he wrote, "than against the narrow-minded obscurantism of the departments of English and the critical establishment who have set up a system of apologetics which the slyest Jesuit of the seventeenth century would have baulked at." According to Samuel Putnam, those who respected Pound's poetry were less likely to respect his prose or work as a critic.
The outrage over his collaboration with the Axis powers was so deep that it dominated the discussion. "A greater calamity cannot befall the art", Arthur Miller wrote in December 1945, "than that Ezra Pound, the Mussolini mouthpiece, should be welcomed back as an arbiter of American letters ..." Over the decades, according to Redman, critics argued that Pound was not really a poet or not really a fascist, or that he was a fascist but his poetry is not fascistic, or that there was an evil Pound and a good Pound. The American poet Elizabeth Bishop, 1956 Pulitzer Prize winner and one of his hospital visitors—Pound called her "Liz Bish"—reflected the ambivalence in her poem "Visits to St. Elizabeths" (1957). "This is the time / of the tragic man / that lies in the house of Bedlam." As the poem progresses, the tragic man, never named, becomes the talkative man; the honored man; the old, brave man; the cranky man; the cruel man; the busy man; the tedious man; the poet, the man; and, finally, the wretched man.
Selected works
Explanatory notes
Citations
Works cited | 7be15c32-5a7b-4538-8030-55eb8d9f3ed4 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsuoka,_Fukui"} | Matsuoka (松岡町, Matsuoka-chō) was a town located in Yoshida District, Fukui Prefecture, Japan.
As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 11,071 and a density of 595.54 persons per km². The total area was 18.59 km².
On February 13, 2006, Matsuoka, along with the village of Kamishihi (also from Yoshida District), was merged into the expanded town of Eiheiji.
The area is still identified by the Matsuoka Station of the Echizen Railway Katsuyama Eiheiji Line. | 072dc5b4-59ea-494d-8a0d-94b727cdd71f |
null | Albert Richards may refer to: | 0c732b66-333a-4f33-8f3f-0219930fb201 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keagan_Young"} | Canadian judoka
Keagan Young (born July 30, 2001) is a Canadian judoka who competes in the men's 90 kg category and formerly in the 81 kg category. Young was raised and lives in Markham, Ontario, Canada.
Career
Junior
At the 2017 World Judo Cadets Championships in Santiago, Chile, Young won the bronze medal in the 66 kg category.
In July 2018, Young won gold at the Pan American Cadet Judo Championships in Cordoba, Argentina and became the world's number one ranked cadet judoka in the 81 kg category. Young won Canada's first medal at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics in Buenos Aires, Argentina, a bronze medal in the –81 kg event.
Senior
In the senior category, Young moved up a weight category to compete in the 90 kg event. At the 2022 Pan American-Oceania Judo Championships in Lima, Peru, Young finished in fifth in the 90 kg category. Young was named to his first national senior multi-sport event team for the 2022 Commonwealth Games in June 2022. | 71589e72-72dd-421a-a7b2-ee11a011a95f |
null | Pseudonym taken by Ghanaian Regina Norman Danson
Adelaide Abankwah (born c. 1971) was a pseudonym taken by Ghanaian Regina Norman Danson when she tried to gain asylum in the United States, claiming to be fleeing female genital cutting and seeking political asylum.
Life
Birth
Regina Norman Danson is believed to have been born around 1971 in Biriwa, Central Ghana.[citation needed]
1997
"Adelaide Abankwah" appeared in the United States in 1997 from Ghana. She claimed that she had inherited the position of a female chief of her tribe after her mother had died. The position, however, demanded that she would be a virgin. She had fallen in love with a Christian and if she went back, the tribe would discover she was not a virgin any more and she would be forced to submit to genital mutilation. Thus she applied for political asylum on 29 March 1997. The INS officials suspected that her passport had been forged or otherwise altered, had her detained and began proceedings to remove her.
1999
Abankwah was detained for over two years in the privately operated Queens Detention Facility in Jamaica, Queens, New York, when her application for asylum was twice rejected, first by an immigration judge, and then in 1999 by the Board of Immigration Appeals.
Eventually, the INS investigation determined that the "Abankwah" was an impostor. Her real name was Regina Norman Danson. She had adopted the name of another Ghanaian woman who was living in Maryland and whose passport had been stolen in Ghana. Danson admitted that she had given a wrong name but that her story was still true, insisting her mother was deceased. Further inquiries from Ghana showed that her mother, who had never been a tribal leader, was still alive.
Immigration Judge Donn Livingston noted that the practice, which had been predominant in the northern part of Ghana, had been decreasing, and that the Ghanaian government had declared female circumcision illegal in 1994.
The case came to the attention of feminist and human rights activists who began to lobby for her release. They included actresses Julia Roberts and Vanessa Redgrave and then First lady Hillary Clinton and Gloria Steinem with Equality Now. The Second Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the decision in July 1999 and granted Danson asylum. INS continued to investigate and found "overwhelming evidence" of fraud.
2001
The U.S. Department of Justice was still hesitant to pursue a fraud conviction because of possible public furor and bad publicity but indicted her in 2001 on fraud shortly before the statute of limitations ran out. The real Abankwah, whose documents had been stolen, cooperated with INS to have the case cleared.
2002
The fraud trial began on 14 January 2002. Prosecutor Ronnie Abrams stated that the bid for political asylum made a "mockery of the immigration system and real victims of genital mutilation". Tribal Chief Nana Kwa Bonko V testified that Danson was not in the tribe's royal succession and that they did not practice female circumcision.
2003
Danson was to be sentenced for fraud on 23 March 2003, "for up to 16 months in prison, after which she will be deported to Ghana".
However, she was sentenced to time served by federal Judge Charles Sifton. (She had spent 29 months in an immigration detention center.)[citation needed]
2014
And, based on an amici curiae brief ("ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM THE BOARD OF IMMIGRATION APPEALS"), on behalf of Regina Danson Norman [sic] in 2014 by the Immigrant Defense Project, she apparently was never deported or removed from the United States. | d5323223-ea47-4346-807a-08d908733d65 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Vredenburgh_Jr."} | American lawyer and Union Army major (1837–1864)
Peter Vredenburgh Jr. (September 12, 1837 – September 19, 1864) was a lawyer and Union Army Major in the American Civil War. He was born in Freehold Township in Monmouth County, New Jersey. His father was Peter Vredenburgh, Associate Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court. He studied law in Poughkeepsie, New York and was admitted to the New Jersey Bar in 1859 and moved to Eatontown, New Jersey, where he practiced law.
When President Lincoln called for volunteers to help preserve the Union Vredenburgh joined the 14th New Jersey Volunteer Infantry Regiment at Camp Vredenburgh, Freehold, New Jersey, and was commissioned major. The 14th New Jersey Infantry was attached to the Army of the Potomac and served in the Eastern Campaigns. Vredenburgh served in various staff appointments until after the Battle of Monocacy when he requested and was granted permission to return to his regiment. He was killed September 19, 1864 at Winchester, Virginia in the Battle of Opequon.
His letters to family and friends remain a significant source of documentation of the lives and struggles of Civil War soldiers and their opinions of the Army and the conduct of the war. | cc069f27-0d7e-4ddc-9e1e-4d2b6b2960cc |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischnocampa_griseola"} | Species of moth
Ischnocampa griseola is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found on Jamaica. | 884e4aa9-f113-4a21-9d95-8a75c06251b6 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%A9nh_Nghi%C3%AAm_Pagoda"} | Pagoda in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Vĩnh Nghiêm Pagoda (Chùa Vĩnh Nghiêm; literally Ever Solemn) is a pagoda in an area of 6,000 square metres (65,000 sq ft) at 339, Nam Kỳ Khởi Nghĩa street, Ward 7, District 3 Ho Chi Minh City. This is the first pagoda in Vietnam to be built in Vietnamese traditional architecture style but with concrete[citation needed]. The highest structure in this pagoda is the 7-story, 40-metre-high (130 ft) tower. This pagoda houses and worship of one buddha and two bodhisattvas: Gautama Buddha, Manjusri, Samantabhadra.
History
In 1964, two monks Thích Tâm Giác and Thích Thanh Kiểm originally from the North came South Vietnam from North Vietnam to spread Buddhism started the construction of Vinh Nghiem Pagoda. The model and namesake of the pagoda was the 11th century Vinh Nghiem Buddhist temple in Đức La Village, Trí Yên Commune, Yên Dũng District, Bắc Giang Province, which dates the reign of Lý Thái Tổ during the Lý dynasty. The village was once a major center of Buddhist teaching and the Trúc Lâm sect of Vietnamese Buddhism. | 22a76129-ace2-4867-bc38-7d79e1a7da58 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._Hareesh"} | Indian writer
S. Hareesh (born 1975) is an Indian writer, translator and screenwriter of Malayalam literature and cinema. He is best known for his short stories and his acclaimed but controversial debut novel, Meesha, which explores caste in Kerala in the mid-20th century. The novel, initially serialized in the Mathrubhumi weekly, was withdrawn after protests by right-wing Hindutva groups and caste-community organizations for “maligning Hindu women and temple priests.”. It was later published as a full novel by DC Books. Hareesh is the recipient of several honours including the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel and the Geetha Hiranyan Endowment of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi. In November 2020, the English translation of Meesha, titled Moustache, was selected for the JCB Prize for Literature, the Indian literary award with the highest prize money.
Biography
S. Hareesh was born on 15 May 1975 at Neendoor in Kottayam district in the South Indian state of Kerala.
Hareesh published his first book in 2005, a short story anthology titled Rasavidyayude Charithram ('The History of Alchemy'), which won him the Geetha Hiranyan Endowment Award of Kerala Sahithya Akademi. This was followed by a Malayalam translation of The Last Lecture by Randy Pausch, which was published by DC Books in 2012. Four years later, he published his second short story collection titled Aadam, which won the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award of 2016. In 2018, his debut novel, Meesha, was serialized in Mathrubhumi weekly, but he had to withdraw it due to pressures from Hindu right-wing groups. Later, the novel was published in book format by DC Books. The same year, he brought out another short story anthology, Appan. Meesha was translated by Crossword Award winner, Jayasree Kalathil and the book was published under the title, Moustache, by Harper Perennial India in 2020.
The 2018 film Aedan was based on one of the three stories in Hareesh's short story collection Adam. The story Maoist from the collection has been adapted by Lijo Jose Pellissery for his film Jallikattu, the film was India's official entry at the 2020 Academy Awards.
He is employed as a village assistant at Kaipuzha in Kottayam.
Awards and recognition
Hareesh won his first major honors in 2008 when he was selected the Geetha Hiranyam Endowment by Kerala Sahitya Akademi for his short story anthology Rasavidyayude Charithram. The next year, he received the Thomas Mundassery Award for short story. He received the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for the Best Story Writer for his anthology, Adam in 2018. He is also a recipient of the V. P. Sivakumar Memorial Keli Award as well as the Nandanar Award in 2020. Aedan, the film based on his short story for which he wrote the screenplay fetched him the Kerala State Film Award for Best Screenplay (adapted) in 2017.
In 2020 the English translation of Meesha, titled Moustache, received the JCB Prize for Literature. The novel won another award, the 2019 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel which was announced in February 2021.
Bibliography
Short story anthologies
Novels
Translations
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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivaganga"} | Municipality in Tamil Nadu, India
Sivaganga (Tamil: [siʋaɡəŋɡaɪ]) is a city and headquarters of the Sivaganga district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Sivaganga is the Rani Velunachiyar's Kingdom of Tamil Nadu. It is an important city in this district for official and commercial purposes. Its nickname was Sivagangai Seemai.
It's known for the 16th-century Sivagangai Fort, located in City Centre. Inside the fort, the Rajarajeshwari Amman Temple features many ornate sculptures. Nearby, the Government Museum has prehistoric relics and natural history displays. The city is located at a distance of 48 km (30 mi) from Madurai and 449 km (279 mi) from the state capital Chennai.
Sivaganga is administered by a municipality established in 1965. As of 2011, the municipality covered an area of 10.2 km2 (3.9 sq mi) and had a population of 40,403. The town is known for agriculture, metal working and weaving. The region around Sivaganga has considerable mineral deposits.
Sivaganga comes under the Sivaganga assembly constituency, which elects a member to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly once every five years. It is a part of the Sivaganga constituency which elects its Member of Parliament (MP) once in five years. Roadways are the major mode of transportation to the town and have rail connectivity. The nearest seaport, V. O. Chidambaranar Port Trust, Thoothukudi is located 189 km (117 mi) from Sivaganga, while the nearest airport, Madurai International Airport, is located 53 km (33 mi) from the city.
History
During the 17th century, Sivaganga was ruled by the Kingdom of Ramnad, which had its boundary spreading across modern-day Sivaganga, Pudukkottai and Ramnathapuram. The seventh king of the empire, Vijaya Raghunatha Sethupathi (also called Kelvan Sethupathy) ruled from 1674 to 1710 and was succeeded by his sister's son Vijaya Ragunatha Sethupathy. He was succeeded by his son-in-law Sundareswara Ragunatha Sethupathy in 1726. Bavani Sankara Thevan, the illegitimate son of Ragunatha Sethupathy, aligned with the Rajah of Tanjore to attack Ramnad. Though Bavani won, he did not honor the earlier decision to cede some portions of the empire to the King of Tanjore. He quarreled with Sasivarna Periya Oodaya Thevar and sent him out of his province. Both Sasivarna and Kattaya Thevar, the brother of Sundareswara, aligned with the Rajah of Tanjore. Both of them conquered Bavani in 1730 with the help of the army of Tanjore. Kattaya Thevar divided the kingdom into five provinces and gave two to Sasivarna, who became the first king of Sivaganga. As per legend, Sasivarna built the Teppakulam and fort around the spring "Sivaganga", where he met his spiritual guru Sathappan Servai. As per another account, Sasivarna was appointed as the king by the Nawab of Carnatic. Sasivarna died at around 1750 and his son Muthuvaduganatha Periya Udaya Thevar took over the reign. He was shot dead in 1780 by Nawab's troops. His widow Velu Nachiyar and infant Vellacci fled the region and were aided by the two Maruthu brothers namely Periya Maruthu and Chinna Maruthu. Velu Nachiyar ruled the region till 1790, when her daughter succeeded her. The brothers continued the support the new queen, and become de facto ruler of Sivaganga until 1801. The brothers rebelled against the British East India Company and Nawab of Carnatic, who was supporting the company. The brothers were later captured and hanged in Tirupathoor in 1801. The Company appointed Gowry Vallaba Periya Oodaya Thevar as the Zamindar of Sivaganga in 1801.
Sivaganga kingdom was founded by Sasivarna Periya Oodaya Thevar in 1730. The town was subsequently ruled by his successors and ultimately by Velu Nachiyar under the stewardship of Maruthu Pandiyar. They were against the British Empire, but ultimately lost to them in 1790. The Company appointed Gowry Vallaba Periya Oodaya Thevar as the Zamindar of Sivaganga in 1801. After his death in 1829, there was extended legal dispute over the succession. From 1863 to 1877 Kathama Nachiar, a daughter, succeeded in winning the claim, but did not attempt to rule with full autonomy and faced ongoing challenges. Supported in her litigation by George Frederick Fischer, a local cotton merchant, Kathama eventually succeeded in securing an 1863 Privy Council decision which granted her the title. After India's independence in 1947, it was under Ramnad district until 1984 and subsequently a part of the newly formed Sivaganga district.
Geography
Sivaganga has an average elevation of 102 metres (334 feet). The town has a tropical wet and dry climate. The maximum temperature during summer is 37 °C or 98.6 °F and during winter it is 28 °C or 82.4 °F. The minimum temperature varies from 23.9 to 27.8 °C (75.0 to 82.0 °F). The seasonal climate conditions are moderate and the weather is uniformly salubrious. The town gets the majority of its rainfall during the north east monsoon period. The average annual rainfall is 931 millimetres or 36.65 inches.
Demographics
According to 2011 census, Sivaganga had a population of 40,403 with a sex-ratio of 990 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. A total of 3,880 were under the age of six, constituting 1,985 males and 1,895 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 9.59% and 0.07% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 83.86%, compared to the national average of 72.99%. The town had a total of 10,184 households. There were a total of 14,145 workers, comprising 164 cultivators, 294 main agricultural labourers, 246 in house hold industries, 11,406 other workers, 2,035 marginal workers, 54 marginal cultivators, 127 marginal agricultural labourers, 173 marginal workers in household industries and 1,681 other marginal workers. Sivaganga town had a growth of 25% during the decades of 1991 and 2001. The population density of the town has nearly doubled in the decades of 1981, 1991 and 2001. Spread over area of 6.970 km2 (697.0 ha), the density increased from 3500 person per km2 in 1981 and to 4,800 person per km2 in 1991. The development was largely concentrated along the whole town area.
As per the religious census of 2011, Sivaganga had 84.75% Hindus, 10.07% Muslims, 4.66% Christians, 0.02% Sikhs, 0.01% Buddhists and 0.49% following other religions.
Administration
District Collector Office-Sivagangai
Sivagangai District Court
Sivaganga is the district headquarters of Sivaganga District. It is bounded by Pudukkottai district on the Northeast, Tiruchirapalli district on the North, Ramanathapuram district on South East, Virudhunagar district on South West and Madurai District on the West. Sivaganga District was carved out from composite Ramnad District during July 1984. The District Courts of Sivaganga is present in the town. These courts are under administrative and judicial control of the Madras High Court (Madurai Bench) of the State.
The municipality of Sivaganga was constituted as a third grade municipality in 1965 and promoted to first grade during May 1998. As of 2008, the municipality covered an area of 6.97 km2 (2.69 sq mi) and had a total of 27 members. The functions of the municipality is devolved into six departments: General, Engineering, Revenue, Public Health, Town planning and the Computer Wing. All these departments are under the control of a Municipal Commissioner who is the supreme executive head. The legislative powers are vested in a body of 27 members, one each from the 27 wards. The legislative body is headed by an elected Chairperson assisted by a Deputy Chairperson. The municipality had an income of ₹54,631,000 and an expenditure of ₹75,385,000 for the year 2010–11.
Sivaganga comes under the Sivaganga State Assembly Constituency and it elects a member to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly once every five years. The current Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA) of the constituency is Cholan CT. Palanichamy from the AIADMK Party.
Sivaganga is a part of the Sivaganga (Lok Sabha constituency) – it has the following six assembly constituencies – Thirumayam, Tiruppattur, Karaikudi, Alangudi, Manamadurai and Sivaganga. The current Member of Parliament from the constituency is Karti P. Chidambaram from the Congress party. P. Chidambaram, who was the Finance Minister of the country during the previous tenure, was elected from the constituency for seven times.
Transport
Road
Buses that connect the nearby villages and smaller towns (e.g. Devakottai, Kalayarkoil, Thirupathur, Illayankudi, Thiruvadanai) terminate at the Sivagangai bus-stand. The State Transport Corporation runs long-distance buses to Coimbatore, Chennai from Sivagangai bus-stand. Also main nearest transport hubs are Mattuthavani Bus Terminus & Arappalayam Bus Terminus Madurai, So connecting to Madurai city 24Hrs bus services available from Sivagangai Bus stand. From Sivagangai all mofussil buses that connect towns such as Karaikudi, Manamadurai, Trichy, Sivakasi, Aruppukottai, Dindigul, Oddanchatram, Palani, Pattukottai, Thanjavur, Theni, Erode, Aranthangi, Nagore, Thiruvarur, Velankanni, Rameshwaram, Ramanathapuram, Kalayar Kovil, Paramakudi, Dharapuram, Pudukottai, Nagapattinam, Tiruppur, Coimbatore (TNSTC), terminate at the bus-stand. And 24 Hrs buses available to reach Madurai (Mattuthavani Integrated Bus Terminus).
National Highway 85 Cochin-Munnar-Bodinayakanur-Theni-Madurai City-Sivagangai-Thondi, NH 36 Villupuram- Panruti-Kumbakonam - Thanjavur-Pudukottai-Tirupathur-Sivagangai-Manamadurai and State Highway SH 34 Ramanathapuram-Ilayankudi-Sivagangai-Melur are the major roads passing via Sivaganga.
Train
. Sivaganga railway station is located in the east side of town, where the railway line of Trichy-Rameshwaram join and this is serving as Guard line for Virudhunagar to Tiruchirapalli Jn for southern districts trains to reach Chennai Egmore and also operating for goods service due to reduce the rush in main line (Virudhunagar, Madurai Jn, Dindigul, Tiruchy). Several Express trains and passenger trains are passing through the town and connecting with the cities like Karaikudi, Rameshwaram, Ramanathapuram, Tiruchirapalli, Coimbatore, Erode, Tiruppur, Chennai Egmore, Thanjavur, Viluppuram, Cuddalore, Pudukottai, Virudhachalam, Varanasi, Bhuvaneswar, etc. So There are direct trains from Madurai connecting the important cities in Tamil Nadu like Chennai, Coimbatore, Kanyakumari, Trichy, Tirunelveli, Karaikudi, Mayiladuthurai, Rameswaram, Thanjavur and Virudhachalam. Madurai has rail connectivity with important cities and towns in India.
Air
Nearest airport is Madurai International Airport 40 km away from the city. There from connectivity available to Major cities like Chennai, Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Bangalore also with abroad like Dubai, Singapore, and Colombo.
Education
Government Sivagangai Medical College and Hospital is an Educational Institution located in outskirts of Sivagangai Municipality, Tamil Nadu.Also in city having several colleges like Mannar Durai singam Government Arts and Science college, Government girls arts and science college, Vickram Engineering college, Pandian Saraswathi Yadav Engineering College, Micheal Engineering college, Pannai engineering college. Prist University (Madurai Cambus) also located 15 km away from city.
Economy
Graphite is one of the common resources in Sivagangai. Very valuable graphite is available in Sivagangai and its surrounding areas. The Sivaganga graphite is of flaky variety with 14% average Fixed Carbon used in the manufacture of refractory bricks, expanded graphite, crucibles and carbon brushes. TAMIN has over 600 acres of graphite bearing land in Pudupatti, Kumaripatti and Senthiudayanathapuram of Sivaganga taluk, Sivagangai District, Tamil Nadu. Estimated reserve of graphite ore in leasehold area is three million tonnes.(recoverable graphite from 14% F.C is approximately 3 lakh tonnes).
The majority of the workforce is dependent on agriculture (72.8%). The principal crop of Sivaganga district is paddy rice. Most of the district has red soil. The other crops grown are sugarcane, groundnuts, pulses, millet and cereals. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University plans to set up the State's first Red Soil Dryland Research Centre in Sivaganga district.
Sakthi sugar factory is also located in Padamathur, Sivaganga. It has the capacity to produce more than 5000 tons of sugar per day. It provides employment to more than 1000 labourers, directly and indirectly. Moser Baer Clean Energy Limited has commissioned a 5 MW grid connected solar PV project at Sivaganga, Tamil Nadu. The project was awarded to Sapphire Industrial Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd., a wholly owned subsidiary of MBCEL, through a competitive bidding process conducted by the Tamil Nadu Renewable Development Agency. The project is implemented under the 50 MWp generation based incentive scheme of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India.
Tourism
Sakkanthi Big Chettinad style home is famous for cinema shooting and culture. Alangara Annai Cathedral is the major church and headquarters for Roman Catholic Diocese of Sivagangai. (Including Ramnad and Sivagangai District).[citation needed] The church has architecture style like "Fish structure" from the bird eye view. Kannudayal Nayagi Amman temple, in Nataraasan kottai which is 5 km away from the town. Eswar temple in Kalayarkoil is a Hindu temple with pandiyan architecture construction.[citation needed]
Utility services
Electricity supply to Sivaganga is regulated and distributed by the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB). The town along with its suburbs forms the Madurai Electricity Distribution Circle. Water supply is provided by the municipality of Sivaganga from Idaikathur Vaigai river (2.5 MLD) and Paiyur Pillai vayal & Keelpathi (0.4 MLD) through feeders located in various parts of the town. In the period 2010–2011, a total of 2.9 million litres of water was supplied every day for households in the town. About 22.5 metric tonnes of solid waste are collected from Sivaganga every day by door-to-door collection and subsequently the source segregation and dumping is carried out by the sanitary department of the municipality. The coverage of solid waste management had an efficiency of 90% as of 2001. There is no underground drainage system in the town and the major sewerage system for disposal of sullage is through septic tanks, open drains and public conveniences. The municipality maintains a total of 79.57 km (49.44 mi) of storm water drains: 38.75 km (24.08 mi) surfaced drains and 40.82 km (25.36 mi) kutcha drains. There is a government hospital, a government women and children hospital, and 21 private hospitals and clinics that take care of the health care needs of the citizens. There are a total of 2,013 street lamps in Sivaganga: 333 sodium lamps, 1,662 tube lights, 17 mercury vapour lamps and five high mast beam lamp. The municipality operates two markets, namely a daily market and a weekly market that cater to the needs of the town and the rural areas around it.
Notable people
Other sources
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sivaganga. | 86f739d6-8ef5-48fa-a09b-620b7a977795 |
null | American jockey
Craig Perret (born February 2, 1951, in New Orleans, Louisiana) is an American thoroughbred horse racing jockey. He began riding horses at age five and by seven was riding quarter horses in match races. At age fifteen he began his career in thoroughbred racing and in 1967 was the leading apprentice jockey in the United States in terms of money won.
In 1987 Perret rode Bet Twice to victory in the Belmont Stakes. In 1990, aboard Unbridled, he won the Kentucky Derby, and in 1993-94 won back-to-back Queen's Plates, Canada's most prestigious race. In addition, Perret won the Breeders' Cup Sprint in 1984 and 1990; the Breeders' Cup Juvenile in 1989; and the Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies in 1996. Of his more than 4,400 career victories to date, he has also had major stakes race wins including the Florida Derby, Acorn Stakes, Pimlico Special, Travers Stakes, Haskell Invitational Handicap and the Wood Memorial Stakes.
He has earned a number of other accolades including the 1990 Eclipse Award for Outstanding Jockey of the year, and in 1998 his peers voted him the George Woolf Memorial Jockey Award.
Craig Perret and his family live on a farm in Shelbyville, Kentucky and operate a small full-breed breeding operation.
In 1994, Craig Perret was inducted into the Fair Grounds Racing Hall of Fame and in 2006 into the Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame. In 2006 he was also nominated for induction in the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame, and was officially inducted in 2019. | 7424ccfb-2c97-4ff5-988b-f10197c87499 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Orlandini"} | Niccolò Orlandini (April 10, 1553 – May 17, 1606) was an Italian Jesuit author.
Biography
He was born at Florence in 1553.
He entered the Jesuit novitiate in November 7, 1572, became rector of the Jesuit college at Nola and was master of novices at Naples for five years.
He was finally appointed secretary of the Jesuit general Claudio Acquaviva, who in 1558 detailed him to write the history of the Jesuit Order, his master piece.
He died in Rome in 1606.
Works
His history of the Jesuit Order comprises only the generalate of St. Ignatius. It was edited by Sacchini, and appeared under the title "Historiæ Societatis Jesu prima pars" (Rome, 1614, 1615, 1621; Antwerp, 1620; Cologne, 1620). It is written in the form of annals and based chiefly on a life written by the saint's secretary, de Polanco.
It was continued by Francesco Sacchini, Petrus Possinus, Joseph de Jouvancy and Giulio Cesare Cordara. The sixth and last part, reaching to 1633, was published at Rome in 1758.
Other works are: | d5eda9f0-2525-4a2d-9c30-b4cd29ddc8e7 |
null | 2018 Shenzhen Open – Singles may refer to: | 13fe3dd2-3e25-48e0-9d7b-f993b56b7772 |
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