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null | Bob Marley (1945–1981) was a Jamaican musician.
Bob Marley may also refer to: | 02afc794-a177-4182-b38e-e62792cde8a1 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_monkey"} | Species of mammal
The green monkey (Chlorocebus sabaeus), also known as the sabaeus monkey, is an Old World monkey with golden-green fur and pale hands and feet. The tip of the tail is golden yellow as are the backs of the thighs and cheek whiskers. It does not have a distinguishing band of fur on the brow, like other Chlorocebus species, and males have a pale blue scrotum. Some authorities consider this and all of the members of the genus Chlorocebus to be a single widespread species, Chlorocebus aethiops.
Physical description
The green monkey is a sexually dimorphic species, with males typically being slightly larger than females. Wild adult males weigh between 3.9 and 8.0 kg (8.6 and 17.6 lb) and measure between 420 and 600 mm (1.38 and 1.97 ft), while the females usually weigh between 3.4 and 5.3 kg (7.5 and 11.7 lb) and measure between 300 and 495 mm (0.984 and 1.624 ft).
Habitat of Green Monkeys
The green monkey can be found in a wide range of wooded habitats, ranging from very dry Sahel woodland to the edge of rainforests. It is also commonly seen in coastal regions, where known to feed on seashore foods such as crabs. It also takes a wide variety of other foods, including fruits and invertebrates.
The green monkey is found in West Africa from Senegal and The Gambia to the Volta River. It has been introduced to the Cape Verde islands off north-western Africa (islands of Santiago and Brava only) as early as the second half of the 16th century, and the West Indian islands of Saint Kitts, Nevis, Saint Martin, and Barbados, having been introduced in the late 17th century by slave ships coming from West Africa. A small colony descended from 20th century zoo escapees exists in Broward County, Florida.
Behavior
As other members of the genus Chlorocebus, the green monkey is highly social and usually seen in groups. They usually live in groups of 7 up to 80 individuals. Within these groups, there is distinct social hierarchy evidenced by grooming behaviors and gender relationships.
Green monkeys are known to communicate both verbally and non-verbally. They have distinct calls which they use to warn others in the group of predators, and even have specific calls for specific predators. Body language, such as the display of brightly colored genitalia is also used to communicate danger, but can also be used as a way of establishing dominance. It has also been documented that green monkeys may use facial expressions to express their emotional state.
Reproduction
Green monkeys live in a polygynous society, revolving around the alpha males. The alpha males have control over social interactions and mating between other males and females in the group.
These monkeys are seasonal breeders, breeding during the April to June months (October and November in the Nyes area North West of Thies), during which rainfall is the heaviest. It is during these rainy seasons that fruit is most abundant, so it is speculated that green monkeys schedule their breeding around this time, when resources are most abundant. They breed about once a year, with males reaching sexual maturity in five years, females in two. Despite infant mortality being fairly high, at roughly 57%, green monkeys are known to be heavily invested in their offspring, with mothers taking care of their young for about a year before letting them venture out as individual adults.
Gallery | cf8b9f87-3168-4764-8a01-cd6f77f23f51 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_of_cyclic_redundancy_checks"} | Methods of error detection and correction in communications
The cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is based on division in the ring of polynomials over the finite field GF(2) (the integers modulo 2), that is, the set of polynomials where each coefficient is either zero or one, and arithmetic operations wrap around.
Any string of bits can be interpreted as the coefficients of a message polynomial of this sort, and to find the CRC, we multiply the message polynomial by
and then find the remainder when dividing by the degree-
generator polynomial. The coefficients of the remainder polynomial are the bits of the CRC.
Maths
In general, computation of CRC corresponds to Euclidean division of polynomials over GF(2):
Here
is the original message polynomial and
is the degree-
generator polynomial. The bits of
are the original message with
zeroes added at the end. The CRC 'checksum' is formed by the coefficients of the remainder polynomial
whose degree is strictly less than
. The quotient polynomial
is of no interest. Using modulo operation, it can be stated that
In communication, the sender attaches the
bits of R after the original message bits of M, which could be shown to be equivalent to sending out
(the codeword.) The receiver, knowing
and therefore
, separates M from R and repeats the calculation, verifying that the received and computed R are equal. If they are, then the receiver assumes the received message bits are correct.
In practice CRC calculations most closely resemble long division in binary, except that the subtractions involved do not borrow from more significant digits, and thus become exclusive or operations.
A CRC is a checksum in a strict mathematical sense, as it can be expressed as the weighted modulo-2 sum of per-bit syndromes, but that word is generally reserved more specifically for sums computed using larger moduli, such as 10, 256, or 65535.
CRCs can also be used as part of error-correcting codes, which allow not only the detection of transmission errors, but the reconstruction of the correct message. These codes are based on closely related mathematical principles.
Polynomial arithmetic modulo 2
Since the coefficients are constrained to a single bit, any math operation on CRC polynomials must map the coefficients of the result to either zero or one. For example, in addition:
Note that
is equivalent to zero in the above equation because addition of coefficients is performed modulo 2:
Polynomial addition modulo 2 is the same as bitwise XOR. Since XOR is the inverse of itself, polynominal subtraction modulo 2 is the same as bitwise XOR too.
Multiplication is similar (a carry-less product):
We can also divide polynomials mod 2 and find the quotient and remainder. For example, suppose we're dividing
by
. We would find that
In other words,
The division yields a quotient of x2 + 1 with a remainder of −1, which, since it is odd, has a last bit of 1.
In the above equations,
represents the original message bits 111,
is the generator polynomial, and the remainder
(equivalently,
) is the CRC. The degree of the generator polynomial is 1, so we first multiplied the message by
to get
.
Variations
There are several standard variations on CRCs, any or all of which may be used with any CRC polynomial. Implementation variations such as endianness and CRC presentation only affect the mapping of bit strings to the coefficients of
and
, and do not impact the properties of the algorithm.
This simplifies many implementations by avoiding the need to treat the last few bytes of the message specially when checking CRCs.
The reason this method is used is because an unmodified CRC does not distinguish between two messages which differ only in the number of leading zeroes, because leading zeroes do not affect the value of
. When this inversion is done, the CRC does distinguish between such messages.
In practice, the last two variations are invariably used together. They change the transmitted CRC, so must be implemented at both the transmitter and the receiver. While presetting the shift register to ones is straightforward to do at both ends, inverting affects receivers implementing the first variation, because the CRC of a full codeword that already includes a CRC is no longer zero. Instead, it is a fixed non-zero pattern, the CRC of the inversion pattern of
ones.
The CRC thus may be checked either by the obvious method of computing the CRC on the message, inverting it, and comparing with the CRC in the message stream, or by calculating the CRC on the entire codeword and comparing it with an expected fixed value
, called the check polynomial, residue or magic number. This may be computed as
, or equivalently by computing the unmodified CRC of a message consisting of
ones,
.
These inversions are extremely common but not universally performed, even in the case of the CRC-32 or CRC-16-CCITT polynomials.
Reversed representations and reciprocal polynomials
Polynomial representations
Example of CCITT 16-bit Polynomial in the forms described (bits inside square brackets are included in the word representation; bits outside are implied 1 bits; vertical bars designate nibble boundaries):
All the well-known CRC generator polynomials of degree
have two common hexadecimal representations. In both cases, the coefficient of
is omitted and understood to be 1.
The msbit-first form is often referred to in the literature as the normal representation, while the lsbit-first is called the reversed representation. It is essential to use the correct form when implementing a CRC. If the coefficient of
happens to be zero, the forms can be distinguished at a glance by seeing which end has the bit set.
To further confuse the matter, the paper by P. Koopman and T. Chakravarty converts CRC generator polynomials to hexadecimal numbers in yet another way: msbit-first, but including the
coefficient and omitting the
coefficient. This "Koopman" representation has the advantage that the degree can be determined from the hexadecimal form and the coefficients are easy to read off in left-to-right order. However, it is not used anywhere else and is not recommended due to the risk of confusion.
Reciprocal polynomials
A reciprocal polynomial is created by assigning the
through
coefficients of one polynomial to the
through
coefficients of a new polynomial. That is, the reciprocal of the degree
polynomial
is
.
The most interesting property of reciprocal polynomials, when used in CRCs, is that they have exactly the same error-detecting strength as the polynomials they are reciprocals of. The reciprocal of a polynomial generates the same codewords, only bit reversed — that is, if all but the first
bits of a codeword under the original polynomial are taken, reversed and used as a new message, the CRC of that message under the reciprocal polynomial equals the reverse of the first
bits of the original codeword. But the reciprocal polynomial is not the same as the original polynomial, and the CRCs generated using it are not the same (even modulo bit reversal) as those generated by the original polynomial.
Error detection strength
The error-detection ability of a CRC depends on the degree of its key polynomial and on the specific key polynomial used. The "error polynomial"
is the symmetric difference of the received message codeword and the correct message codeword. An error will go undetected by a CRC algorithm if and only if the error polynomial is divisible by the CRC polynomial.
(As an aside, there is never reason to use a polynomial with a zero
term. Recall that a CRC is the remainder of the message polynomial times
divided by the CRC polynomial. A polynomial with a zero
term always has
as a factor. So if
is the original CRC polynomial and
, then
That is, the CRC of any message with the
polynomial is the same as that of the same message with the
polynomial with a zero appended. It is just a waste of a bit.)
The combination of these factors means that good CRC polynomials are often primitive polynomials (which have the best 2-bit error detection) or primitive polynomials of degree
, multiplied by
(which detects all odd numbers of bit errors, and has half the two-bit error detection ability of a primitive polynomial of degree
).
Bitfilters
Analysis technique using bitfilters allows one to very efficiently determine the properties of a given generator polynomial. The results are the following: | ff81af07-d086-4106-af8c-d9b94284e59e |
null | Indic OCR refers to the process of converting text images written in Indic scripts into e-text using Optical character recognition (OCR) techniques. Broadly, it can also refer to the OCR systems of Brahmic scripts for languages of South Asia and Southeast Asia, not just the scripts of the Indian subcontinent, which are all written in an abugida-based writing system.
OCR for Latin characters is still not 100% accurate but a relatively high degree of accuracy in conversion has been able to be achieved. Such accuracy has not yet been able to be achieved for Indic scripts using OCR. This is due in part to the writing systems of Indic languages as well as a lack of standard representation, encoding, and support among operating systems and keyboards.
The Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) and Technology Development for Indian Languages, the premier R&D organisation of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (also known as MeitY) of India have carried out many projects relating to OCR. Their projects include OCR for Malayalam, Odia, Punjabi, Telugu and Devanagari script.
Properties of Indian writing systems
There are 22 officially recognised languages in India. Of these, Hindi, Bengali and Punjabi are the most widely spoken Indo-Aryan languages and are also the fourth, seventh and tenth most widely spoken languages in the world respectively. Two or more languages can be written with same script. For example, Devanagari is used to write Hindi, Marathi, Rajasthani, Sanskrit, Bhojpuri and others, while Eastern Nagari is used to write Bengali, Assamese, Manipuri and others.
Apart from basic characters as consonants and vowels, most Indic languages combine 2 or more basic characters to form compound characters. The shape of a compound character is more complex than the constituent basic characters. Some Indo-Aryan languages (including Hindi and Punjabi) have a horizontal line over the characters, while other languages (including Gujarati) and Dravidian languages (Malayalam, Kannada, Tamil, and Telugu) do not. These are some of the main challenges for creating a single OCR for all Indic languages.
Indic OCR also generally includes support for recently invented scripts in India like Ol Chiki, Warang Citi, Mundari Bani, etc. which are mainly created for writing Munda languages of Austroasiatic family.
The concept of upper/lower case is absent in Indic scripts. Apart from Urdu, Sindhi, Kashmiri and Thaana, all other Indic languages are written from left to right.
Examples
OCR in use
OCR has been used for Wikisource and other projects. | 87f90a9c-328c-433e-b048-fb226d0b054f |
null | Musical artist
Keerthi Sagathia (born 14 September 1979, in Mumbai) is a musician and singer. Keerthi is the son of famous Gujarati folk singer Karsan Sagathiya. In 2005 he was a contestant for Sony TV reality show Fame Gurukul. He was a celebrity guest singer on X Factor, Episode 29, first aired on 20 August 2011.
Playback singing
Albums
Awards and nominations
Along with Mustafa Kutoane, Sagathia received the Uninor Radio Mirchi Award in 2010, for Upcoming Playback Singer Male for Beera Beera (Raavan). | e4a69f1b-7201-48a0-b889-10657e5538ee |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidgiddoni"} | According to the Book of Mormon, Gidgiddoni (/ˌɡɪdɡɪdˈdoʊnaɪ/) was a prophet and the commander of the Nephite armies in the war between the Nephites and the Gadianton robbers. He was appointed in about AD 16 by Lachoneus to lead the armies because he had the spirit of revelation and of prophecy. During periods of Nephite righteousness, selection of military leaders possessed of these spiritual gifts was standard practice. Gidgiddoni demonstrated his wisdom by refusing the people's desire to wage offensive war against the robbers.
Gidgiddoni at their head, the Nephites were able to defeat the robbers and end the life of Giddianhi in AD 19. The robbers tried again in AD 21, with a man named Zemnarihah leading them, but Gidgiddoni knew of the robbers' weaknesses and exploited them, making it impossible for them to retreat, and the Nephites took as many prisoners as would surrender, while putting the rest to death. Zemnarihah, however, was hanged.
Finally, after the destruction of the band of robbers, Lachoneus and Gidgiddoni brought peace to the Nephites. Gidgiddoni is not mentioned further in the scripture after this.
In the account of the prophet-general Gidgiddoni, the Book of Mormon offers meaningful guidance about the possible justifications for waging war. Prohibiting preemptive strikes, even against a seemingly intractable foe, God tells Gidgiddoni to prepare the Nephite people, gather their armies, and wait, instead of hunting the enemy to "destroy them in their own lands." This restraint was typical of other Nephite military chiefs who, like Gidgiddoni, were also prophets. | 7f217798-bf3b-4eb8-bf28-4a6f163cb6fa |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braciej%C3%B3wka"} | Village in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Poland
Braciejówka [brat͡ɕeˈjufka] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Olkusz, within Olkusz County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) north-east of Olkusz and 35 km (22 mi) north-west of the regional capital Kraków. | fe46fbd5-e1f0-467a-be09-0014c4ba0edd |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijeka"} | City in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Croatia
City in Primorje-Gorski Kotar, Croatia
Rijeka (/riˈɛkə, riˈeɪkə/ ree-EH-kə ree-AY-kə, also US: /riˈjɛkə/ ree-YEH-kə, Croatian pronunciation: [rijěːka] (
listen); also known as Fiume Hungarian: Fiume, Italian: Fiume [ˈfjuːme]; local Chakavian: Reka; German: Sankt Veit am Flaum; Slovene: Reka) is the principal seaport and the third-largest city in Croatia (after Zagreb and Split). It is located in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County on Kvarner Bay, an inlet of the Adriatic Sea and in 2021 had a population of 108,622 inhabitants. Historically, because of its strategic position and its excellent deep-water port, the city was fiercely contested, especially between the Holy Roman Empire, Italy and Croatia, changing rulers and demographics many times over centuries. According to the 2011 census data, the majority of its citizens are Croats, along with small numbers of Serbs, Bosniaks and Italians.
Rijeka is the main city and county seat of the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County. The city's economy largely depends on shipbuilding (shipyards "3. Maj" and "Viktor Lenac Shipyard") and maritime transport. Rijeka hosts the Croatian National Theatre Ivan pl. Zajc, first built in 1765, as well as the University of Rijeka, founded in 1973 but with roots dating back to 1632 and the local Jesuit School of Theology.
Apart from Croatian and Italian, linguistically the city is home to its own unique dialect of the Venetian language, Fiuman, with an estimated 20,000 speakers among the autochthonous Italians, Croats and other minorities. Historically Fiuman served as the main lingua franca among the many ethnicities inhabiting the multi-ethnic port city. In certain suburbs of the modern extended municipality the autochthonous population still speaks Chakavian, a dialect of Croatian.
In 2016, Rijeka was selected as the European Capital of Culture for 2020, alongside Galway, Ireland.
Name
Historically, Rijeka was also called Tharsatica, Vitopolis (lit. 'City of [Saint] Vitus'), or Flumen (lit. 'River') in Latin. The city is called Rijeka in Croatian, Reka in Slovene, and Reka or Rika in the local dialects of the Chakavian language. It is called Fiume ([ˈfjuːme]) in Italian. All these names mean "river" in their respective languages. Meanwhile, while in German the city has been called Sankt Veit am Flaum—St-Vitus-on-the-Flaum—or Pflaum ([pflaʊm]).
Geography
Rijeka is located in western Croatia, 131 kilometres (81 miles) south-west of the capital, Zagreb, on the coast of Kvarner Gulf, in the northern part of the Adriatic Sea. Geographically, Rijeka is roughly equidistant from Milan (485 km [301 mi]), Budapest (502 km [312 mi]), Munich (516 km [321 mi]), Vienna (516 km [321 mi]) and Belgrade (550 km [340 mi]). Other major regional centers such as Trieste (76 km [47 mi]), Venice (240 km [150 mi]) and Ljubljana (115 km [71 mi]) are all relatively close and easily accessible. The Bay of Rijeka, which is bordered by Vela Vrata (between Istria and the island of Cres), Srednja Vrata (between Cres and Krk Island) and Mala Vrata (between Krk and the mainland) is connected to the Kvarner Gulf and is deep enough (about fifty metres or 160 feet) to accommodate large commercial ships. The City of Rijeka lies at the mouth of the river Rječina and in the Vinodol micro-region of the Croatian coast. From three sides Rijeka is surrounded by mountains. To the west, the 1,396-metre (4,580 ft) Učka range is prominent. To the north/north-east there are the Snežnik plateau and the 1,528 m (5,013 ft) Risnjak massif with the national park. To the east/south-east there is the 1,533-metre (5,030 ft) Velika Kapela range. This type of terrain configuration prevented Rijeka from developing further inland (to the north) and the city mostly lies on a long and relatively narrow strip along the coast. Two important inland transport routes start in Rijeka. The first route runs north-east to the Pannonian Basin. This route takes advantage of Rijeka's location close to the point where the Dinaric Alps are the narrowest (about fifty kilometres or 31 miles) and easiest to traverse, making it the optimal route from the Hungarian plain to the sea. It also makes Rijeka the natural harbour for the Pannonian Basin (especially Hungary). The other route runs north-west across the Postojna Gate connecting Rijeka with Slovenia and further through the Ljubljana Gap with Austria and beyond. A third more coastal route runs east-west connecting Rijeka (and—by extension—the Adriatic coastal cities to the south) with Trieste and northern Italy.
History
Timeline of Rijeka
Historical affiliations
Kingdom of Croatia, pre–1466
Holy Roman Empire (Habsburg monarchy), 1466–1809
First French Empire, 1809–1814
Austrian Empire, 1814–1867
Austria-Hungary (
Transleithania), 1867–1918
Italian Regency of Carnaro, 1919–1920
Free State of Fiume, 1920–1924
Kingdom of Italy, 1924–1943
OZAK, 1943–1945
Yugoslavia (
SR Croatia), 1945–1991
Croatia, 1991–present
Ancient and Medieval times
Though traces of Neolithic settlements can be found in the region, the earliest modern settlements on the site were Celtic Tharsatica (modern Trsat, now part of Rijeka) on the hill, and the tribe of mariners, the Liburni, in the natural harbour below. The city long retained its dual character. Rijeka was first mentioned in the 1st century AD by Pliny the Elder as Tarsatica in his Natural History (iii.140). Rijeka (Tarsatica) is again mentioned around AD 150 by the Greek geographer and astronomer Ptolemy in his Geography when describing the "Location of Illyria or Liburnia, and of Dalmatia" (Fifth Map of Europe). In the time of Augustus, the Romans rebuilt Tarsatica as a municipium Flumen (MacMullen 2000), situated on the right bank of the small river Rječina (whose name means "the big river"). It became a city within the Roman Province of Dalmatia until the 6th century. In this period the city is part of the Liburnia limes (system of walls and fortifications against raiding Barbarians). Remains of these walls are still visible in some places today.
After the 4th century Rijeka was rededicated to St. Vitus, the city's patron saint, as Terra Fluminis sancti Sancti Viti or in German Sankt Veit am Pflaum. From the 5th century onwards, the town was ruled successively by the Ostrogoths, the Byzantines, the Lombards, and the Avars. The city was burned down in 452 by the troops of Attila the Hun as part of their Aquileia campaign. Croats settled the city starting in the 7th century giving it the Croatian name, Rika svetoga Vida ("the river of Saint Vitus"). At the time, Rijeka was a feudal stronghold surrounded by a wall. At the center of the city, its highest point, was a fortress.
In 799 Rijeka was attacked by the Frankish troops of Charlemagne. Their Siege of Trsat was at first repulsed, during which the Frankish commander Duke Eric of Friuli was killed. However, the Frankish forces finally occupied and devastated the castle, while the Duchy of Croatia passed under the overlordship of the Carolingian Empire. From about 925, the town was part of the Kingdom of Croatia, from 1102 in personal union with Hungary. Trsat Castle and the town was rebuilt under the rule of the House of Frankopan. In 1288 the Rijeka citizens signed the Law codex of Vinodol, one of the oldest codes of law in Europe.
In the period from about 1300 to 1466 Rijeka was ruled by a number of noble families, the most prominent of which was the German Walsee family. Rijeka even rivalled Venice when in it was sold by Rambert II Walsee to the Habsburg emperor Frederick III, Archduke of Austria in 1466. It would remain under Austrian Habsburg rule for over 450 years (except for a brief period of French rule between 1809 and 1813) until the end of World War I in 1918 when it was occupied by Croatian and subsequently by Italian irregulars.
Under Habsburg rule
Austrian presence on the Adriatic Sea was seen as a threat by the Republic of Venice and during the War of the League of Cambrai the Venetians raided and devastated the city with great loss of life in 1508 and again in 1509. The city did however recover and remain under Austrian rule. For its fierce resistance to the Venetians it will receive the title of the "most loyal city" ("fidelissimum oppidium") as well as commercial privileges from the Austrian emperor Maximilian I in 1515. While Ottoman forces attacked the town several times, they never occupied it. From the 16th century onwards, Rijeka's present Renaissance and Baroque style started to take shape. Emperor Charles VI declared the Port of Rijeka a free port (together with the Port of Trieste) in 1719 and had the trade route to Vienna expanded in 1725.
On November 28, 1750 Rijeka was hit by a large earthquake. The devastation was so widespread that the city had to be almost completely rebuilt. In 1753, the Austrian Empress Maria Theresa approved the funding for rebuilding Rijeka as a "new city" ("Civitas nova"). The rebuilt Rijeka was significantly different - it was transformed from a small medieval walled town into a larger commercial and maritime city centered around its port.
By order of Maria Theresa in 1779, the city was annexed to the Kingdom of Hungary and governed as corpus separatum directly from Budapest by an appointed governor, as Hungary's only international port. From 1804, Rijeka was part of the Austrian Empire (Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia after the Compromise of 1867), in the Croatia-Slavonia province.
During the Napoleonic Wars, Rijeka was briefly captured by the French Empire and included in the Illyrian Provinces. During the French rule, between 1809 and 1813, the critically important Louisiana road was completed (named after Napoleon's wife Marie Louise). The road was the shortest route from Rijeka to the interior (Karlovac) and gave a strong impulse to the development of Rijeka's port. In 1813 the French rule came to an end when Rijeka was first bombarded by the Royal Navy and later re-captured by the Austrians under the command of the Irish general Laval Nugent von Westmeath. The British bombardment has an interesting side story. The city was apparently saved from annihilation by a young lady named Karolina Belinić who - amid the chaos and destruction of the bombardment - went to the English fleet commander and convinced him that further bombardment of the city was unnecessary (the small French garrison was quickly defeated and left the city). The legend of Karolina is warmly remembered by the population even today. She became a folk hero Karolina Riječka (Caroline of Rijeka) and has been celebrated in plays, movies and even in a rock opera.
In the early 19th century, the most prominent economical and cultural leader of the city was Andrija Ljudevit Adamić. Fiume also had a significant naval base, and in the mid-19th century it became the site of the Austro-Hungarian Naval Academy (K.u.K. Marine-Akademie), where the Austro-Hungarian Navy trained its officers.
Hungarian Crown
During the Hungarian revolution of 1848, when Hungary tried to gain independence from Austria, Rijeka was captured by the Croatian troops (loyal to Austria) commanded by Ban Josip Jelačić. The city was then annexed directly to Croatia, although it did keep a degree of autonomy.
Giovanni de Ciotta (mayor from 1872 to 1896) proved to be an authoritative local political leader. Under his leadership, an impressive phase of expansion of the city started, marked by major port development, fuelled by the general expansion of international trade and the city's connection (1873) to the Austro-Hungarian railway network. Modern industrial and commercial enterprises such as the Royal Hungarian Sea Navigation Company "Adria", a rival shipping company the Ungaro-Croata (established in 1891) and the Smith and Meynier paper mill (which operated the first steam engine in south-east Europe), situated in the Rječina canyon, producing cigarette paper sold around the world.
The second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century (up to World War I) was a period of great prosperity, rapid economic growth and technological dynamism for Rijeka. Many authors and witnesses describe Rijeka of this time as a rich, tolerant, well-to-do town which offered a good standard of living, with endless possibilities for making one's fortune. The Pontifical Delegate Celso Costantini noted in his diary "the religious indifference and apathy of the town". The further industrial development of the city included the first industrial scale oil refinery in Europe in 1882 and the first torpedo factory in the world in 1866, after Robert Whitehead, manager of the "Stabilimento Tecnico Fiumano" (an Austrian engineering company engaged in providing engines for the Austro-Hungarian Navy), designed and successfully tested the world's first torpedo. In addition to the Whitehead torpedo factory, which opened in 1874, the oil refinery (1882) and the paper mill, many other industrial and commercial enterprises were established or expanded in these years. These include a rice husking and starch factory (one of the largest in the world), a wood and furniture company, a wheat elevator and mill, the Ganz-Danubius shipbuilding industries, a cocoa and chocolate factory, a brick factory, a tobacco factory (the largest in the Monarchy), a cognac distillery, a pasta factory, the Ossoinack barrel and chest factory, a large tannery, five foundries and many others. At the beginning of the 20th century more than half of the industrial capacity in Croatia (which was at that time mostly agrarian) was located in Rijeka.
Rijeka's Austro-Hungarian Marine Academy became a pioneering centre for high-speed photography. The Austrian physicist Peter Salcher working in the Academy took the first photograph of a bullet flying at supersonic speed in 1886, devising a technique that was later used by Ernst Mach in his studies of supersonic motion.
Rijeka's port underwent tremendous development fuelled by generous Hungarian investments, becoming the main maritime outlet for Hungary and the eastern part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. By 1913–14, the port of Fiume became the tenth-busiest port in Europe. The population grew rapidly from only 21,000 in 1880 to 50,000 in 1910. Major civic buildings constructed at this time include the Governor's Palace, designed by the Hungarian architect Alajos Hauszmann. There was an ongoing competition between Rijeka and Trieste, the main maritime outlet for Austria—reflecting the rivalry between the two components of the Dual Monarchy. The Austro-Hungarian Navy sought to keep the balance by ordering new warships from the shipyards of both cities.
During this period the city had an Italian majority. In fact, according to the census of 1880, in Rijeka there were 9,076 Italians, 7,991 Croats, 895 Germans and 383 Hungarians. Some historians claim that the city had a Slavic majority at the beginning of the 19th century, because the 1851 census reported a Croatian majority. However, this census is considered not very reliable, especially by Italian historians. At the last Austro-Hungarian census in 1910, the corpus separatum had a population of 49,806 people and was composed of the following linguistic communities:
By religion, the census of 1910 indicates that - from the total of 49,806 inhabitants - there were 45,130 Catholics, 1,696 Jewish, 1,123 Calvinist, 995 Orthodox and 311 Lutheran. The Jewish population expanded rapidly, particularly in the 1870s-1880s, and built a large synagogue in 1907 (which would be destroyed in 1944, during the German occupation, concurrent with the murder of most of the city's Jewish residents). At the eve of WWI, there were 165 inns, 10 hotels with restaurants, 17 cafés, 17 jewellers, 37 barbers and 265 tailor shops in Rijeka.
Rijeka in early 20th century
World War I
World War I put an end to Rijeka's "golden era" of peace, stability and rapid economic growth. The city would never quite recover to the same level of prosperity. Initially there was a semblance of normalcy (the city was far from the frontlines), however - a growing part of the male population started to be mobilized by the army and the navy. The city's war-related industries continued to work full steam and contributed significantly to the Austro-Hungarian war effort, especially to the navy. The shipyard Ganz-Danubius produced a number of warships and submarines like the U-27-class submarines, the Novara-class cruisers, the large battleship SMS Szent István and others. In total, between the early 1900s and 1918 the city's shipyards produced 1 battleship, 2 cruisers, 20 destroyers, 32 torpedo boats and 15 submarines for the navy. Rijeka was also the main center for the production of torpedoes. However, a lot changed with the war becoming a protracted conflict and especially with the Italian declaration of war on Austria-Hungary in May 1915. This opened a frontline only 90 km from the city and caused a pervasive sense of anxiety among the large Italian population. Several hundred Italians, considered disloyal (enemy non-combatants) by the authorities, were deported to camps in Hungary (Tápiósüly and Kiskunhalas), where many died of malnutrition and diseases. The torpedo factory was attacked by the Italian airship "Citta` di Novara" in 1915 (later shot down by Austrian hydroplanes) and suffered damages. As a consequence - most of the torpedo production was moved to Sankt Pölten in Austria, further away from the frontlines. The city was again attacked by Italian airplanes in 1916 and suffered minor damage. The Naval Academy ceased its activities and was converted to a war hospital (the ex-naval academy buildings are still housing the city hospital to this day). On 10 February 1918 the Italian navy raided the nearby bay of Bakar causing little material damage but achieving a significant propaganda effect. As the war dragged on, the city's economy and the living standard of the population deteriorated rapidly. Due to a maritime blockade, the port traffic suffered a collapse - from 2,892.538 tons in 1913 (before the war) to only 330.313 tons in 1918. Many factories - lacking manpower and/or raw materials - reduced the production or simply closed. Shortages of food and other basic necessities became widespread. Even public safety became a problem with an increase in the number of thefts, violent incidents and war profiteering. The crisis escalated on October 23, 1918, when the Croatian troops stationed in Rijeka (79th regiment) mutinied and temporarily took control of the city. Amid growing chaos, the Austro-Hungarian empire dissolved a few weeks later, on November 12, 1918, starting a long period of instability and uncertainty for the city.
The "Fiume Question" and the Italian-Yugoslav dispute
Habsburg-ruled Austria-Hungary's disintegration in October 1918 during the closing weeks of World War I led to the establishment of rival Croatian-Serbian and Italian administrations in the city; both Italy and the founders of the new Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) claimed sovereignty based on their "irredentist" ("unredeemed") ethnic populations.
10 Fiume krone provisional banknote (1920)
After a brief military occupation by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, followed by the unilateral annexation of the former Corpus Separatum by Belgrade, an international force of British, Italian, French and American troops entered the city in November 1918. Its future became a major barrier to agreement during the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. The US president Wilson even proposed to make Rijeka a free city and the headquarters of the newly formed League of Nations.
The main problem arose from the fact that Rijeka was not assigned either to Italy or to Croatia (now Yugoslavia) in the Treaty of London which defined the post-war borders in the area. It remained assigned to Austria-Hungary because - until the very end of WWI - it was assumed that the Austro-Hungarian empire would survive WWI in some form and Rijeka was to become its only seaport (Trieste was to be annexed by Italy). However, once the empire disintegrated, the status of the city became disputed. Italy based its claim on the fact that Italians comprised the largest single nationality within the city (46.9% of the total population). Croats made up most of the remainder and were a majority in the surrounding area. Andrea Ossoinack, who had been the last delegate from Fiume to the Hungarian Parliament, was admitted to the conference as a representative of Fiume, and essentially supported the Italian claims. Nevertheless, at this point the city had had for years a strong and very active Autonomist Party seeking for Rijeka a special independent status among nations as a multicultural Adriatic city. This movement even had its delegate at the Paris peace conference - Ruggero Gotthardi.
The Regency of Carnaro
On 10 September 1919, the Treaty of Saint-Germain was signed, declaring the Austro-Hungarian monarchy dissolved. Negotiations over the future of the city were interrupted two days later when a force of Italian nationalist irregulars led by the poet Gabriele D'Annunzio captured the city. Because the Italian government, wishing to respect its international obligations, did not want to annex Fiume, D'Annunzio and the intellectuals at his side eventually established an independent state, the Italian Regency of Carnaro, a unique social experiment for the age and a revolutionary cultural experience in which various international intellectuals of diverse walks of life took part (like Osbert Sitwell, Arturo Toscanini, Henry Furst, Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Harukichi Shimoi, Guglielmo Marconi, Alceste De Ambris, Whitney Warren and Léon Kochnitzky).
Among the many political experiments that took place during this experience, D'Annunzio and his men undertook a first attempt to establish a movement of non-aligned nations in the so-called League of Fiume, an organisation antithetic to the Wilsonian League of Nations, which it saw as a means of perpetuating a corrupt and imperialist status quo. The organisation was aiming primarily at helping all oppressed nationalities in their struggle for political dignity and recognition, establishing links with many movements on various continents, but it never found the necessary external support and its main legacy remains today the Regency of Carnaro's recognition of Soviet Russia, the first state in the world to have done so.
The Liberal Giovanni Giolitti became Premier of Italy again in June 1920; this signalled a hardening of official attitudes to D'Annunzio's coup. On 12 November, Italy and Yugoslavia concluded the Treaty of Rapallo, which envisaged Fiume becoming an independent state, the Free State of Fiume, under a government acceptable to both powers. D'Annunzio's response was characteristically flamboyant and of doubtful judgment: his declaration of war against Italy invited the bombardment by Italian royal forces which led to his surrender of the city at the end of the year, after five days' resistance (known as Bloody Christmas). Italian troops freed the city from D'Annunzio's militias in the last days of December 1920. After a world war and additional two years of economic paralysis the city economy was nearing collapse and the population was exhausted.
The Free State of Fiume
In a subsequent democratic election the Fiuman electorate on 24 April 1921 approved the idea of a free state of Fiume-Rijeka with a Fiuman-Italo-Yugoslav consortium ownership structure for the port, giving an overwhelming victory to the independentist candidates of the Autonomist Party. Fiume became consequently a full-fledged member of the League of Nations and the ensuing election of Rijeka's first president, Riccardo Zanella, was met with official recognition and greetings from all major powers and countries worldwide. Despite many positive developments leading to the establishment of the new state's structures, the subsequent formation of a constituent assembly for the state did not put an end to strife within the city. A brief Italian nationalist seizure of power ended with the intervention of an Italian royal commissioner, and another short-lived peace was interrupted by a local Fascist putsch in March 1922 which ended with a third Italian intervention to restore the previous order. Seven months later the Kingdom of Italy itself fell under Fascist rule and Fiume's fate was therefore sealed, the Italian Fascist Party being among the strongest proponents of the annexation of Fiume to Italy. The Free State of Fiume thus was to officially become the first country victim of fascist expansionism.
The territory of Fiume part of the Kingdom of Italy
The period of diplomatic acrimony was closed by the bilateral Treaty of Rome (27 January 1924), signed by Italy and Yugoslavia. With it the two neighbouring countries agreed to partition the territory of the small state. Most of the old Corpus Separatum territory became part of Italy, while a few Croatian/Slovenian-speaking villages to the north of the city were annexed by Yugoslavia. The annexation happened de facto on 16 March 1924, and it inaugurated about twenty years of Italian government for the city proper, to the detriment of the Croatian minority, which fell victim of discrimination and targeted assimilation policies.
The city became the seat of the newly formed Province of Fiume. In this period Fiume lost its commercial hinterland and thus part of its economic potential as it became a border town with little strategic importance for the Kingdom of Italy. However, since it retained the Free Port status and its iconic image in the nation-building myth, it gained many economic concessions and subsidies from the government in Rome. These included a separate tax treatment from the rest of Italy and a continuous inflow of investments from the Italian state (although not as generous as previous Hungarian ones). The city regained a good level of economic prosperity and was much richer than the surrounding Yugoslav lands, but the economic and demographic growth slowed down if compared to the previous Austro-Hungarian period.
World War II and the German Operational Zone
At the beginning of World War II Rijeka immediately found itself in an awkward position. The city was overwhelmingly Italian, but its immediate surroundings and the city of Sušak, just across the Rječina river (today a part of Rijeka proper) were inhabited almost exclusively by Croatians and part of a potentially hostile power—Yugoslavia. Once the Axis powers invaded Yugoslavia in April 1941, the Croatian areas surrounding the city were occupied by the Italian military, setting the stage for an intense and bloody insurgency which would last until the end of the war. Partisan activity included guerrilla-style attacks on isolated positions or supply columns, sabotage and killings of civilians believed to be connected to the Italian and (later) German authorities. This, in turn, was met by stiff reprisals from the Italian and German military. On 14 July 1942, in reprisal for the killing of four civilians of Italian origin by Partisans, the Italian military killed 100 men from the suburban village of Podhum, resettling the remaining 800 people to concentration camps.
After the surrender of Italy to the Allies in September 1943, Rijeka and the surrounding territories were occupied and annexed by Germany, becoming part of the Adriatic Littoral Zone. Partisan activity continued and intensified. On 30 April 1944, in the nearby village of Lipa, German troops killed 263 civilians in reprisal for the killing of several soldiers during a Partisan attack.
The German and Italian occupiers and their local collaborators deported some 80 percent of the city's roughly 500 Jews to Auschwitz. A larger proportion of Rijeka's Jewish population was murdered in the Holocaust than that of any other city in Italian territory.
Because of its industries (oil refinery, torpedo factory, shipyards) and its port facilities, the city was also a target of more than 30 Anglo-American air attacks, which caused widespread destruction and hundreds of civilian deaths. Some of the heaviest bombardments happened on 12 January 1944 (attack on the refinery, part of the oil campaign), on 3–6 November 1944, when a series of attacks resulted in at least 125 deaths and between 15 and 25 February 1945 (200 dead, 300 wounded).
The area of Rijeka was heavily fortified even before World War II (the remains of these fortifications can be seen today on the outskirts of the city). This was the fortified border between Italy and Yugoslavia which, at that time, cut across the city area and its surroundings. As Yugoslav troops approached the city in April 1945, one of the fiercest and largest battles in this area of Europe ensued. The 27,000 German and additional Italian RSI troops fought tenaciously from behind these fortifications (renamed "Ingridstellung"—Ingrid Line—by the Germans). Under the command of the German general Ludwig Kübler they inflicted thousands of casualties on the attacking Partisans, which were forced by their superiors to charge uphill against well-fortified positions to the north and east of the city. The Yugoslav commanders did not spare casualties to speed up the capture of the city, fearing a possible English landing in area which would prevent their advance towards Trieste before the war was over. After an extremely bloody battle and heavy losses on the attackers side, the Germans were forced to retreat. Before leaving the city the German troops destroyed much of the harbour area and other important infrastructure with explosive charges. However, the German attempt to break out of the encirclement north-west of the city was unsuccessful. Of the approximately 27,000 German and other troops retreating from the city, 11,000 were killed or executed after surrendering, while the remaining 16,000 were taken as prisoners. Yugoslav troops entered Rijeka on 3 May 1945. The city had suffered extensive damage in the war. The economic infrastructure was almost completely destroyed, and of the 5,400 buildings in the city at the time, 2,890 (53%) were either completely destroyed or damaged.
Aftermath of World War II
The city's fate was once again solved by a combination of force and diplomacy. Despite insistent requests from the Fiuman government in exile collaboration with the partisans and calls to respect the city-state's internationally recognized sovereignty, and despite generous initial promises given by the Yugoslav authorities of full independence and later of extensive autonomy for the city-state (the locals were promised various degrees of autonomy at different moments during the war, most notably the possibility to be a state of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia), the city was annexed by Yugoslavia and incorporated as part of the federal state of Croatia. All the many voices of dissent within the population were silenced in the 12 months following the end of the war. The situation created by the Yugoslav forces on the ground was eventually formalized by the 1947 Paris peace treaty between Italy and the Allies on 10 February 1947, despite both the complaints by the last democratically-elected government and its president-in-exile Riccardo Zanella and the attempts of the experienced Italian foreign minister Carlo Sforza to uphold the previous Wilsonian plans for a multicultural Free State solution, with a local headquarters for the newly created United Nations. Once the change to Yugoslav sovereignty was formalized, and in particular in the years leading to the Trieste Crisis of 1954, 58,000 of the city's 66,000 inhabitants were gradually pushed either to emigrate (they became known in Italian as esuli or the exiled ones from Istria, Fiume and Dalmatia) or to endure harsh oppression by the new Yugoslav Communist regime. The Yugoslav communist party opted for a markedly Stalinist approach to solving the local ethnic question, in particular after the Autonomist sympathisers gained massive support in the first local elections held on the city's territory between 1945 and 1946.
The discrimination and persecution that many inhabitants experienced at the hands of Yugoslav officials, in the last days of World War II and the first years of peace, still remain painful memories for the locals and the esuli, and are somewhat of a taboo topic for Rijeka's political milieu, which is still largely denying the events. Summary executions of alleged Fascists (often well-known anti-fascists or openly apolitical), aimed at hitting the local intellectual class, the Autonomists, the commercial classes, the former Italian public servants, the military officials and often also ordinary civilians (at least 650 executions of Italians took place after the end of the war) eventually forced most Italophones (of various ethnicities) to leave Rijeka/Fiume in order to avoid becoming victims of a harsher retaliation. The removal was a meticulously planned operation, aimed at convincing the hardly assimilable Italian part of the autochthonous population to leave the country, as testified decades later by representatives of the Yugoslav leadership.
The most notable victims of the political and ethnic repression of locals in this period was the Fiume Autonomists purge hitting all the autonomist figures still living in the city, and now associated in the Liburnian Autonomist Movement. The Autonomists actively helped the Yugoslav partisans in liberating the region from Fascist and Nazi occupation, and, despite receiving various promises of large political autonomy for the city, they were eventually all assassinated by the Yugoslav secret police OZNA in the days leading up to the Yugoslav army's victorious march into city and its aftermath.
In subsequent years, the Yugoslav authorities joined the municipalities of Fiume and Sušak and, after 1954, less than one third of the original population of the now united municipalities (mostly what was previously the Croat minority in Fiume and the majority in Sušak) remained in the city, because the old municipality of Fiume lost in these years more than 85% of the original population. The Yugoslav plans for a more obedient demographic situation in RIjeka culminated in 1954 during the Trieste crisis, when the Yugoslav Communist Party rallied many local members to ruin or destroy the most notable vestiges of the Italian/Venetian language and all bilingual inscriptions in the city (which had been legally granted a fully bilingual status after the occupation in 1945), eventually also 'de facto' (but not 'de jure') deleting bilinguilism, except in a handful of selected bilingual schools and inside the Italian Community's own building. After the war the local ethnic Italians of Rijeka left Yugoslavia for Italy (Istrian-Dalmatian exodus).
The city was then resettled by immigrants from various parts of Yugoslavia, once more changing heavily the city's demographics and its linguistic composition. These years coincided also with a period of general reconstruction and new program of industrialization after the destruction of the war. During the period of the Yugoslav Communist administration between the 1950s and the 1980s, the city became the main port of the Federal Republic and started to grow once again, both demographically and economically, taking advantage of the newly re-established hinterland that had been lacking during the Italian period, as well as the rebuilding after the war of its traditional manufacturing industries, its maritime economy and its port potential. This, paired with its rich commercial history, allowed the city to soon become the second richest (GDP per capita) district within Yugoslavia. However, many of these industries and companies, being based on a socialist planned economic model were not able to survive the move to a market-oriented economy in the early 1990s.
As Yugoslavia broke up in 1991, the former Federal State of Croatia became independent and, in the Croatian War of Independence that ensued, Rijeka became part of the newly independent Croatia. Since then, the city has stagnated economically and its demography has plunged. Some of its largest industries and employers have gone out of business, the most prominent among them being the Jugolinija shipping company, the torpedo factory, the paper mill and many other small or medium manufacturing and commercial companies. Other companies have struggled to remain economically viable (like the city's landmark 3. Maj shipyard). The number of people working in manufacturing dropped from more than 80,000 in 1990 to only 5,000 two decades later[citation needed]. Privatization scandals and the large scale corruption which marked Croatia's transition from socialism to capitalism as well as several years of war economy played a significant role in the collapse of the city's economy during the 1990s and early 2000s. A difficult and uncertain transition of the city's economy away from manufacturing and towards an economy based on services and tourism is still in progress.
In 2018, it was announced that, 65 years after the abolition of Italian as the official language of the city, new Croatian-Italian bilingual signs will be placed back in the Fiume part of the modern united municipality.
In 2020, Rijeka was voted the European Capital of Culture alongside Galway, with a planned program including more than 600 events of cultural and social importance.
Rijeka's International Carnival
The Rijeka Carnival (Croatian: Riječki karneval) is held each year before Lent (between late January and early March) in Rijeka, Croatia. Established in 1982, it has become the biggest carnival in Croatia. Every year there are numerous events preceding the carnival itself. First the mayor of Rijeka gives the symbolic key of the city to Meštar Toni, who is "the maestro" of the carnival, and he becomes the mayor of the city during the carnival, although this is only figuratively. Same day, there is an election of the carnival queen. As all the cities around Rijeka have their own events during the carnival time, Queen and Meštar Toni are attending most of them.
Also, every year the Carnival charity ball is held in the Governor's palace in Rijeka. It is attended by politicians, people from sport and media life, as well as a number of ambassadors.
The weekend before the main event there are two other events held. One is Rally Paris–Bakar (after the Dakar Rally). The start is a part of Rijeka called Paris after the restaurant located there, and the end is in city of Bakar, located about 20 kilometres (12 miles) south-east. All of the participants of the rally wear masks, and the cars are mostly modified old cars. The other event is the children's carnival, held, like the main one, on Rijeka's main walkway Korzo. The groups that participate are mostly from kindergartens and elementary schools, including groups from other parts of Croatia and neighboring countries. In 1982 there were only three masked groups on Rijeka's main walkway Korzo. In recent years, the international carnival has attracted around 15,000 participants from all over the world organized in over 200 carnival groups, with crowds of over 100,000.
Demographics
In the census of 2011, the city proper had a population of 128,624, which included:
Other groups, including Slovenes and Hungarians, formed less than 1% each.
The Croatian census recognized two settlements within the City of Rijeka - the city itself with a population of 128,384, and "Bakar" with a population of 240, which is the village of Sveti Kuzam, separate from the neighboring town of Bakar. On 27 February 2014, Rijeka city council passed a decision to annex the settlement (named "Bakar-dio (Sv. Kuzam")) to the settlement of Rijeka.
The following tables list the city's population, along with the population of ex-municipality (disbanded in 1995), the urban and the metropolitan area.
City of Rijeka: Population trends 1857–2021
Sources: Croatian Bureau of Statistics publications
Panoramas
Notable people from Rijeka
Scientists, professors and inventors
Arts and culture
Politics and institutions
Economists and entrepreneurs
Sportsmen
Musicians
Other
Main sights
Climate
Rijeka has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa by the Köppen climate classification) with warm summers and relatively mild and rainy winters. The terrain configuration, with mountains rising steeply just a few kilometres inland from the shores of the Adriatic, provides for some striking climatic and landscape contrasts within a small geographic area. Beaches can be enjoyed throughout summer in a typically Mediterranean setting along the coastal areas of the city to the east (Pećine, Kostrena) and west (Kantrida, Preluk). At the same time, the ski resort of Platak, located only about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the city, offers alpine skiing and abundant snow during winter months (at times until early May). The Kvarner Bay and its islands are visible from the ski slopes. Unlike typical mediterranean locations, Rijeka does generally not see a summer drought. Snow is rare (usually three days per year, almost always occurring in patches). There are 20 days a year with a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) or higher, while on one day a year the temperature does not exceed 0 °C (32 °F). Fog appears in about four days per year, mainly in winter. The climate is also characterized by frequent rainfall. Cold (bora) winds are common in wintertime.
Transport
The Port of Rijeka is the largest port in Croatia, with a cargo throughput in 2017 of 12.6 million tonnes, mostly crude oil and refined petroleum products, general cargo and bulk cargo, and 260,337 twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs). The port is managed by the Port of Rijeka Authority. The first record of a port in Rijeka date back to 1281, and in 1719, the Port of Rijeka was granted a charter as a free port. There are ferry connections between Rijeka and the surrounding islands and cities, but no direct international passenger ship connections. There are coastal lines to Split and onward to Dubrovnik, which operate twice weekly and have international connections.
The city is difficult to get to by air outside of the tourist season. The city's own international airport, Rijeka Airport is located on the nearby island of Krk across the tolled Krk Bridge. Buses, with a journey time of approximately 45 minutes, operate from Rijeka city center and nearby Opatija, with a schedule based on the planned arrival and departure times of flights. Handling 200,841 passengers in 2019, the facility is more of a charter airport than a serious transport hub, although various scheduled airlines have begun to service it with a comparatively large number of flights coming from airports in Germany. Most of these flights only operate during the tourist season between approximately May and October. Alternative nearby airports include Pula (around 90 minutes drive from Rijeka), Trieste (around 90 minutes), Ljubljana (around 2 hours), Zagreb (around 2 hours) and Venice (around 3 hours).
Rijeka has efficient road connections to other parts of Croatia and neighbouring countries. The A6 motorway connects Rijeka to Zagreb via the A1, while the A7 motorway, completed in 2004, links Rijeka with Ljubljana, Slovenia, via Ilirska Bistrica and with Trieste, Italy. The A7 acts as the Rijeka bypass motorway and facilitates access to the A8 motorway of the Istrian Y network starting with the Učka Tunnel, and linking Rijeka with Istria. As of August 2011, the bypass is being extended eastwards to the Krk Bridge area and new feeder roads are under construction.
Rijeka is integrated into the Croatian railway network and international rail lines. A fully electrified railway connects Rijeka to Zagreb and beyond towards Koprivnica and the Hungarian border as part of Pan-European corridor Vb. Rijeka is also connected to Trieste and Ljubljana by a separate electrified line that extends northwards from the city. Rijeka has direct connections by daily/night trains to Prague, München, Salzburg, Ljubljana, Bratislava and Brno. Construction of a new high performance railway between Rijeka and Zagreb, extending to Budapest is planned, as well as rail links connecting Rijeka to the island of Krk and between Rijeka and Pula.
Bus connections
Rijeka Bus Station is connected by regular bus lines with all major Croatian cities such as Zagreb, Osijek, Slavonski Brod, Đakovo, Nova Gradiška, Požega, Vukovar, Gospić, Karlovac, Zadar, Šibenik, Split, Makarska and Dubrovnik. Departures are frequent in the direction of Istria, the islands of Cres, Lošinj, Krk, Rab and Pag and the towns around Crikvenica, Novi Vinodolski and Senj. From international lines, there are regular departures in the direction of Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia.
KD Autotrolej d.o.o. is a carrier of passengers in the area of the City of Rijeka and cities / towns in the suburbs (the so-called Rijeka ring).[citation needed]
Sports
The history of Rijeka's organised sports started between 1885 and 1888 with the foundation of the Club Alpino Fiumano in 1885, the Young American Cycle Club in 1887 (the first club of this American league to be founded in a foreign land), and the Nautico Sport Club Quarnero in 1888 by the Hungarian minority of the city. Even earlier, in 1873, following the initiative by Robert Whitehead, the first football match to be disputed in today's Republic of Croatia territory was played in Rijeka: the Hungarian Railways team and the English engineers-led team of the Stabilimento Tecnico di Fiume (later Torpedo Factory of Fiume). The first football club in Fiume was founded under the name of Fiumei Atletikai Club.
Today, HNK Rijeka are the city's main football team. They compete in the Croatian First Football League and were the champions of Croatia in 2016–17. Until July 2015, HNK Rijeka were based at the iconic Stadion Kantrida. With Kantrida awaiting reconstruction, they are based at the newly built Stadion Rujevica, their temporary home ground located in the club's new training camp. Additionally, HNK Orijent 1919 are based in Sušak and play in the Croatian Second Football League.
Rijeka's other notable sports clubs include RK Zamet and ŽRK Zamet (handball), VK Primorje EB (water polo), KK Kvarner (basketball) and ŽOK Rijeka (women's volleyball).
Rijeka hosted the 2008 European Short Course Swimming Championships. In its more than 80 years of history, LEN had never seen so many records set as the number of them set at Bazeni Kantrida (Kantrida Swimming Complex). A total of 14 European records were set of which 10 world records and even 7 world-best times. This championship also presented a record in the number of participating countries. There were more than 600 top athletes, from some 50 European countries. Swimmers from 21 nations won medals and 40 of the 51 national member Federations of LEN were present in Rijeka.
International relations
Twin towns – sister cities
Rijeka is twinned with:
In popular culture
The German western Winnetou movies from the 1960s, based on Karl May novels, were in part filmed on location in the outskirts of Rijeka.
Marvel's villain Purple Man originates from this city, and Rijeka has been present in many of the character's stories.
The setting of the 1970s cartoon series Professor Balthazar was inspired by Rijeka.
The 1980s American TV series The Winds of War was in part filmed in Rijeka and the surrounding areas.
A stylised version of Fiume during the 1920s was one of the main settings in the 1992 movie Porco Rosso by world acclaimed Japanese director Hayao Miyazaki, as the town in front of which the fantastical "Hotel Adriano" is found and to which it is connected by a boat service taken by the protagonist.
Bruce Sterling's November 2016 novel, written in collaboration with Warren Ellis, Pirate Utopia, a dieselpunk alternative history, is set in Fiume (now Rijeka) in 1920 during the short-lived Italian Regency of Carnaro.
The TV series Novine (The Paper), which has been streaming on Netflix since April 2018, is based in Rijeka and the city was used as the main filming location.
In 2019 the movie The Hitman's Wife's Bodyguard with was in part filmed in Rijeka.
Recently Rijeka - with its historic industrial sites, unusual hilly setting, sweeping views and retro architecture - has become a popular location for the filming of TV-advertisements. Examples include advertisements for the Belgian internet provider Telenet, Japanese tire manufacturer Bridgestone, German retail chain DM, Japanese Honda Civic Type R cars, Ukrainian seafood restaurant chain Flagman, Slovenian soft drink brand Cockta, German car manufacturer Mercedes and others. | b1a7143b-209b-4051-b251-285984b2132b |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_RK_Zamet_players"} | Below is a list of notable and famous handballers who have played for RK Zamet. Due to incomplete data some positions aren't written.
Hall of Fame
This section is for players who started their career in Zamet and won at least a bronze medal with the national team. Based on the list from RK Zamet. The hall of fame was unveiled to the public September 30, 2015. The hall of fame is located in the hall of Centar Zamet.
Players listed
Notable players
To appear in this section a player must have satisfied all of the following three criteria:
Source: www.rk-zamet.hr. Last updated 14 May 2018.
National team players
This list notes Zamet players who have played made at least one appearance for a national team.
To appear in this section a player must have satisfied all of the following three criteria:
Player has played at least one international match for their national team while having played for Zamet before or after having played for their national team;
Source: www.rk-zamet.hr. Last updated 14 May 2018.
Flags indicate which national team the players played for. Players listed in alphabetical order by last name.
European Champions Cup/EHF Champions League winners
Winners of EHF Champions League (formerly called European Champions Cup) by player that played for Zamet.
Homegrown players with most appearances in national team | 49f0c04d-3bfb-4b52-b0bc-4e92041cc0ec |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oyster_Princess"} | 1919 film
The Oyster Princess (German: Die Austernprinzessin) is a 1919 German silent comedy film directed by Ernst Lubitsch and starring Victor Janson, Ossi Oswalda and Harry Liedtke. It is a grotesque comedy in four acts about an American millionaire's spoiled daughter's marriage that does not go as planned. It was shot at the Tempelhof Studios in Berlin.[citation needed] The film's sets were designed by the art director Kurt Richter, a frequent collaborator of Lubitsch.[citation needed]
Synopsis
Act 1
The American oyster King dictates to a room full of typing-writing women. He smokes a large cigar held by one of his many butlers at his side. One butler scurries in to say, “Your daughter is in a fit of raging madness” Ossi, in the other room, has destroyed the room by throwing everything onto the floor. Mister Quaker oddly jogs through the house to see Ossi on the other side of the mansion. When Mister Quaker peeps in, Ossi throws newspapers at him. He asks, “Why are you throwing those newspapers?” and the brat replies with, “Because all of the vases are broken.” Ossi is clearly angered and in a big mess. She shows her father a newspaper that says the Shoe cream king's daughter has married to a count. This is what Ossi is upset about. Mister Quaker is not impressed but tells Ossi that he will buy her a prince. With this, Ossi can't contain herself, jumps up, and hugs her dad ever so enthusiastically. She is so happy, she could smash the house with joy!
We then meet Seligson, the matchmaker, who is dealing with a woman with a turned-up nose. She complains about the price and how all of the bachelors have imperfections. She then leaves unsatisfied. As she exits, Ossi enters the room smiling and hands the matchmaker a note from Mister Quaker. It says, that because the shoe cream king's daughter is married, and because oysters are more important, then his daughter should be married too. She needs a man with a family tree that is in accordance with the Oyster king's. The matchmaker searches his wall full of bachelors and comes across Prince Nucki. Nucki lives high up in a building on the 47th floor, has heavy debts, and is not inclined to marriage. With the great match, the matchmaker leaves instantly.
Meanwhile, Ossi is instructed in the ways or marriage which happen to be all about babies. Her instructor is a strict looking woman in black with thin glasses and hair ever so tightly pulled back. Ossi bathes the doll and shakes it off to dry it. She is yelled at for not holding it correctly, and Ossi snaps back at the teacher and continues to shake off the doll. Then, she is instructed to powder the baby, but unknowingly powders its face. Ossi is so confused about why she should powder its bottom that she exclaims, “that’s funny.” She goes to touch the bottom but disgusted, tosses the naked doll behind her, across the room, and proceeds to throw powder puff at the instructor.
We enter the small flat of Prince Nucki where he and his friend Josef, both in nice dress suits, are hand washing clothes and hanging the wet clothes around the flat to dry on lines. The matchmaker comes to meet Nucki. When he rings the bell, Nucki and Josef look at each other in fright and begin to take off all of their rings, and other nice materials, thinking it might be their poorer friends, but when Josef sees that it is Seligson, they hurry to put on all of the rings and jewelry they just took off. Josef greets the matchmaker and tells him that he will see if the ‘highness’ will see him. “In the meantime, take a seat on the banister,” Josef says. When he goes back in, the two of them scamper around to fix up the place to make it look decent, and start throwing things off screen. When Seligson enters, Nucki is upon a throne of an old chair and a wooden box. Seligson tells Nucki that he's got a nice match. He tells Nucki that the light-haired Ossi has hair as black as night, to which Nucki shakes his head but who cares when the girl has that much money. Nucki decides that he needs to send his adjutant to look at her. Josef and Nucki can't believe that the matchmaker actually believed them. They fix Josef up in a suit and top hat.
Back at the Quakers, Ossi grows impatient after a grueling hour and a half of waiting. She is all flustered so she snags Mister Quakers paper out of his hands, but he must be used to this because he simply pulls another out of his pocket. Ossi declares that if she doesn't have a husband in five minutes, she'll demolish the house. To this, Mister Quaker welcomes her to it and hands her a vase to smash. To his invitation she breaks a mirror with the vase, but Mister Quaker calmly replies, “ I’m not Impressed.”
Act 2
Josef shows up at the Quakers. Upon arrival, all of the waiters, butlers and other workers of the house standing at attention, bow to Josef and then take away his hat and cane in a hurry. One asks for his card, and after a few moments of fumbling around his borrowed coat, he gives Nucki's card to the butler. This is where all of the confusion starts. When she gets the card, Ossi becomes so excited to know the prince is there. Josef waits in the unusually large drawing room where you can't even see the ceiling. Quaker is taken to his room to sleep while Ossi is readied. This is a long process. Ossi does nothing to get herself ready, because she just has all of her maids do it for her. She is carried from room to room on a conveyor belt of women. Josef begins pacing around the room, faster and faster. Josef is startled at how quickly ten servants show up after pushing a single button. Josef is impatient, and Quaker is not impressed at all. By the time Ossi is finally ready, both Quaker and Josef are asleep. She walks in, looking quite similar to before, takes one look at Josef, and says, “Good Lord, he looks stupid!” But this doesn't stop the marriage-thirsty Ossi, and she rushes them off to be wed in a hurry. She doesn't even bother to wake her father, or introduce him to her soon to be husband.
The two ride off in a carriage drawn by 10 horses. Ossi wants a quick marriage so they visit a priest at his house and have the ceremony through his window, where Josef doesn't even say a word for Ossi declares that he has nothing to say anyway. After the quick I do, they pay the priest, and rush off, back to the Quaker house. When Ossi introduces her new husband to the servants, they boil over with laughter. Josef then is sent to introduce himself to Quaker, but when he asks how to get there, all he gets is a ridiculously large sized map and a friendly, “Bon Voyage!” Josef is mistaken for a butler and is ordered to blow Quakers nose. When Quaker finds out that he isn't a butler but really his son-in-law, he states, “I’m not impressed.”
Act 3
On account of the hurry, the wedding celebration includes only the closest family members.
Dozens upon dozens of waiters, butlers, and chefs rush around to prepare a feast for the 50 closest family members. There are lines and lines of waiters waiting to serve the guests. Josef is in heaven and is scarfing food and chugging his drinks. Mister Quaker makes a toast, “Excuse me for introducing you to my son-in-law,” to show his feelings about the new member of the family. Ossi punches Josef and tells him so ironically to not be so greedy. Josef's toast is short, saying that he hasn't had that much to eat in a while.
"A Foxtrot Epidemic Suddenly Breaks Out During The Wedding"
There is a gigantic band and a wide dance floor in one room where the Foxtrotters enter and dance around. The band has an animated bandmaster who likes to move around, and shake his stuff. As everyone dances, Ossi dances alone. Quaker tells her to not dance so unrestrained, but she thinks that's rubbish and continues to dance. At this point, every person in the house is dancing, even the workers. The kitchen has become another dance floor. Ossi dances with a waiter, and Quaker dances with a guest. The band plays on with its unique instruments such as the man slapping another man on the beat. Josef in the other room, continues to gorge himself with food and drinks.
While Josef is enjoying himself thoroughly, Nucki is at home eating his usual, pickled herring. His friends barge in and ask him to come along on a spree.
At the end of the party, Quaker is tired and sweating like a pig, and Josef is happily still up drinking, sitting in a room filled with his empty bottles. He can barely walk, but somehow makes to the bedroom where Ossi goes in her room and sends him to the other. He tries to grope her and go to her room, but a butler sends him back over to his room. Right after, Quaker goes to the door to sneak a peek on the two, but only finds the lone Ossi already sleeping with her teddy bear, at which he seems not impressed.
Act 4
Nucki returns from the spree.
The men are all drunk and stumble over to some benches to rest. Nucki deliriously stumbles over to speak to a horse on a carriage.
That morning, Ossi attends the official breakfast for young women given by the Multi-Millionaires’ Daughters Association Against Dipsomania. They toast, “Down with dipsomania!” They then have their consulting hours, only because their patients will sober up by themselves if they don't cure them first. All of their patients are these drunken old men. Nucki is driven over by the carriage, and is taken in to be helped. When the daughters see Nucki, the only handsome and young man, they go wild, and fight over him, which he doesn't mind at all. They decide to have a boxing match to decide who will cure the man. The women file into a room already dressed in boxing attire and fight to the last one. Ossi is the last one standing and immediately falls for Nucki, the raving drunkard. She sneaks in a kiss and then takes him to a ‘private treatment’ which just so happens to be in her bedroom. When Ossi leaves, Josef gets up and goes over to peek into Ossi's room, only to find s man lying in her bed, so he runs to tell Quaker. Ossi returns to Nucki, her patient, then they flirt soon to find that they are fond of each other. They kiss, but are upset because they want to be together but she has already been married and he thinks he has to soon, so they burst out into tears. Josef bursts into the room and realizes that it's Nucki and starts laughing uncontrollably. He asks them, “Do you know that you two are married to each other?“ and then explains to them that he has gotten married under Nucki's name. Nucki and Ossi are so happy at this they kiss some more.
The real wedding.
This time around, it is just the Quaker, and the Bride and groom at a small table. Nucki and Ossi can hardly contain themselves then escape off to her bedroom without Quaker even noticing. Once he notices that he is the only one left at the table, he goes to find them. He peeks into their room only to find them cuddling in bed. Quaker is so happy that the only thing he can say is, “Now I'm impressed!”
Cast
Soundtrack
The Oyster Princess on (Kino International) DVD has a different soundtrack than the original one. The newer one is by a Russian composer, Aljoscha Zimmermann who is also a performer in a Cineconcert which made him most well known for his silent film arrangements.
Home media releases
The film was released in the US by Kino Lorber as part of the box set "Lubitsch in Berlin" in 2007 with English intertitles. It was also released in the UK by Eureka's Masters of Cinema series as part of the box set "Lubitsch in Berlin: Fairy-Tales, Melodramas, and Sex Comedies" in 2010 with German intertitles and English subtitles. | fb347900-70ad-4769-8d47-10685930d534 |
null | Hospital in Stillorgan, Republic of Ireland
Hospital in Dublin, Ireland
St. John of God Hospital is an independent (private) psychiatric teaching hospital located in Stillorgan, Dublin, Ireland. The hospital is managed by the St. John of God Hospitaller Service Group, which is part of the international St. John of God Order (also known as the Brothers Hospitallers and the Hospitaller Brothers of St. John of God) that has more than 300 care centres in more than 50 countries. Hospitality, compassion, excellence, justice, and respect are the values of every centre of the St. John of God Order.
History
John Cidade was the founder of the Hospitaller Brothers of St. John of God. During his life he was hospitalized for a period of time for reasons related to his mental health. After he was discharged John began to care for those in need. With the help of donors and people to help him look after the sick, John set up shelters and a hospital. The religious order of the Brothers Hospitallers was officially approved by Pope Pius V in 1572. The religious order and hospitals founded by the order have spread all over the world. St. John of God was canonized (confirmed to be a saint) by Pope Alexander VIII in 1690. John of God also inspired the creation of the Sisters of St. John of God in Wexford, Ireland in 1871. Today, the headquarters of the St. John of God organization is in Rome.
The St. John of God Hospital, Stillorgan was founded in 1882 with the goal of helping those with mental health problems. This was the first of the St. John of God organizations to be founded in Ireland, but since then many more organizations from the order have popped up all over ireland. The organizations' centres in Ireland include hospitals, clinics, schools, nursing homes, and more for Irish people experiencing homelessness, mental health conditions, intellectual disability, learning disability, dementia, physical disability, and life limiting conditions.
On 1 January 2019, all responsibilities that had been carried out by the Hospitaller Order of Saint John of God in Ireland were taken over by the St. John of God Hospitaller Service Group ("SJOG HSG") due to a decreasing number of brothers in the order. However, the health care centres still report to the headquarters of the St. John of God organization in Rome. The SJOG HSG provides services in Malawi, Ireland, and Britain. The group works in partnership with governments, educational authorities, health authorities, and volunteer agencies in each of the countries they provide services for.
Services
St. John of God Hospital, Stillorgan has 183 in-patient beds and provides services for patients dealing with Substance Misuse, Psychotic Disorders, Eating Disorders, Adolescent Psychiatric Disorders, and Later Life Psychiatric Disorders. Outpatient and inpatient services are available at the hospital for adults and adolescents ages 14–18. Referrals are accepted both from within Ireland and internationally.
St John of God Hospital, Stillorgan provides clinical treatment for patients and their families, develops treatment programs for people with mental health diagnoses, conducts clinical research, and trains healthcare professionals psychiatric medicine. The hospital has affiliations with University College Dublin, University of Limerick, Trinity College Dublin, and Dublin City University for undergraduate and postgraduate education. The Royal College of Psychiatrists and Irish College of Psychiatrists also have affiliations with the hospital for postgraduate psychiatry training. The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland also has a partnership with St. John of Hod Hospital, Stillorgan which allows pharmacy students to do clinical work placements at the hospital. | a08874c7-d5b7-49f6-8519-3db23872a8ed |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_C._Finn"} | American architect
Alfred Charles Finn (July 2, 1883 – June 26, 1964) was an American architect. He started in the profession with no formal training in 1904 as an apprentice for Sanguinet & Staats. He worked in their offices in Dallas, Fort Worth, and Houston. His credits during his tenure residential structures, but firm was a leader in steel-frame construction of skyscrapers.
Finn practiced independently between 1913 and 1953, first subcontracting as a project manager for the Rice Hotel project. He collaborated on many projects in Houston with Jesse Jones as the pair changed the face of downtown Houston in the 1910s and 1920s. Meanwhile, Finn also supervised or designed buildings in various parts of Texas, including Brenham, Dallas, Galveston, Palestine, and Tyler. He continued architectural work for residential properties in the Houston area. During the 1930s, partly because of his relationship with Jones, Finn worked for the federal government, and later his firm performed contract work for federal agencies. His public buildings included federal buildings, a college administration building and a complex of dormitories, and he designed the San Jacinto Monument. He was one of the leaders in the development of the Art Deco style in Texas, though his work reflects a wide range of styles and syntheses. Along with Joseph Finger, Finn was one of the two leading architects in Houston during the first half of the twentieth century. A number of his works are listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).
Early years
Alfred Charles Finn was born to Edwin E. and Bertha (Rogge) Finn in Bellville, Texas, the second of eight children. He grew up in Hempstead, Texas, and moved to Houston in 1900 to work for Southern Pacific Railroad as a carpenter and draftsman. In 1904, he started as an apprentice for Sanguinet & Staats in Dallas. After three years, he transferred to the firm's headquarters in Fort Worth, a position he held until 1912. Sanguinet & Staats transferred him to Houston, but he left the firm in 1913 to establish a private practice. However, before leaving the firm, Finn worked on two private residences at Courtlandt Place (both NRHP-listed) for A.S. Cleveland (1911) and James L. Autry (1912), and he is credited with the Link-Lee House on Montrose Boulevard (1912, NRHP-listed).
Private practice
Finn's first commission was as project manager for the Rice Hotel, under contract with the firm of Mauran, Russell & Crowell. The owner of the new hotel, Jesse H. Jones, soon after established a collaboration with Finn which would change the face of Downtown Houston. Finn designed two buildings for Jones across the way from the Rice Hotel: the Foster Building, aka the Houston Chronicle Building, in 1914, and the Rusk Building in 1916. The corner of Texas and Travis was dominated by buildings built by Finn and Jones. In 1926, Finn designed a new seventeen-story wing for the Rice Hotel on behalf of Jones. Finn did architectural work for other commercial clients in the 1920s. He completed State National Bank Building (NHRP-listed) at 412 Main Street in 1923. Jones contracted with Finn to build the Lamar Hotel, where Jones established his new residence. The Jones apartment consumed the whole top floor, though he hired John F. Staub for the interior design. Jones also promised a venue for the 1928 Democratic National Convention without consulting the city of Houston, pledging $200,000 of his own capital. He engaged Finn and Kenneth Franzheim to design and erect the Sam Houston Hall in just four months. The Sam Houston Hall, ostensibly built to be a temporary structure, was larger than Madison Square Garden, and equipped with heavy-duty fans and apertures between the roof and the walls to facilitate air flow. Jones contracted with Finn on another project in downtown Houston, this time with in collaboration with Franzheim and J.E.R. Carpenter, to finish the 37-story, art deco Gulf Building in 1929 — at that time the tallest building in Texas.
Finn designed theaters in Brenham, Dallas, Fort Worth and Houston. Only one of these is still extant (as of October 12, 2017): the Simon Theatre in Brenham, designed in 1925. Finn and Jones collaborated in the fruition of two theaters in Downtown Houston, the Metropolitan in 1926 and the Loew's State in 1927.
Finn established a robust practice for residential architecture, especially in some wealthy Houston subdivisions such as Courtlandt Place, Montrose, and Shadyside. His first work in the Rossmoyne subdivision was the Sterling-Berry House (NHRP-listed), which he completed in 1916 and enhanced with a large portico in 1919. He designed a new house on nearby Montrose Boulevard for Henry H. Dickson, President of the Dickson Wheel Car Company (1917). In the Houston Heights, his early work included the Woodward House (NRHP-listed), which he completed in 1918. In 1920, he designed a home for Earl K. Wharton in the wealthy enclave of Shadyside. Already known in the Courtlandt Place subdivision through his work on the A.S. Cleveland House and James L. Autry House while under the employ of Sanguinet & Staats, Finn moved and remodeled an 1890 Victorian house for Sarah Brashear Jones (Jones-Hunt House, NRHP-listed) in 1920. Other homes in Houston designed by Finn include the Sid Westheimer house (1920), and one for oil mogul, Walter Fondren (1923). He designed the Benjamin Apartments (NRHP-listed), a synthesis of Renaissance Revival style and Arts and Crafts principles. Perhaps Finn's most ambitious residential project was the Ross Sterling House in Bay Ridge Park near Morgan's Point, completed in 1928. He and Robert Smallwood designed a two-and-one-half story house overlooking the Houston Ship Channel with a bay-side portico design based on the south facade of the White House. The next year Finn's office completed a commission for William Lewis Moody III. Smallwood designed the Georgian neo-classical home in Galveston's Cedar Lawn Subdivision, and this neighborhood is now NRHP-listed.
Finn was an architect for the Capitol Lofts, and the L. A. and Adelheid Machemehl House.
Finn designed the fifteen-story People's National Bank Building (NRHP-listed) at Courthouse Square in Tyler, Texas. The brick-and-black-granite-faced art deco skyscraper was finished in 1932, in the middle of the Great Depression. The East Texas oil boom created a demand for office space in Tyler, and Finn designed an expansion which added six stories to a four-story wing in 1936.
Public service and civic buildings
Finn served as the first Architectural Supervisor for the then recently formed Federal Housing Administration in 1934. He took on this position while Jesse H. Jones was chairing the Reconstruction Finance Corporation during the Franklin D. Roosevelt Administration. During the 1930s, Finn also designed buildings on behalf of the Public Works Administration. These included Jefferson Davis Hospital and the Sam Houston Coliseum in Houston, the U.S. Post Office in Galveston, and the San Jacinto Monument in Baytown, Texas. While no longer reporting directly to the federal government, Finn did contract architecture work for the United States War Department and the Defense Homes Corporation during World War II. His office built the China Springs Air Force Base near Waco, Texas, temporary buildings for Texas A&M, and defense housing in Freeport, Texas. After the war, Finn won a contract to build the United States Naval Hospital at Houston. He designed the Ezekiel W. Cullen Building on the University of Houston campus, an elongated Art Deco building completed in 1950.
Personal life
Finn fathered two sons after marrying Mary Elizabeth Riley in 1909. In addition to membership at St. Paul's Methodist Church, he joined the Arabia Temple Shrine, the local Gray's Lodge York and Scottish Rite Freemason's chapter, the Houston Club, and the Rotary Club.
Death and legacy
Finn died on June 26, 1964, and is interred at Forest Park Cemetery in Houston. The Houston Metropolitan Research Center is the repository for the Alfred C. Finn Papers.
The JPMorgan Chase building in downtown Houston underwent a major conversion of its lobby and mezzanine into a 20,000 square-foot dining hall. The new facility is called "Finn Hall," in honor of Finn, the building's architect.
Gallery
Bibliography | 29439314-5dba-4cf7-9ec2-ab29d2fafbaf |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_U_engine"} | Motor vehicle engine
The Toyota U engine is a series of flat engines produced by Toyota. The original version of this engine was produced in the 1960s and 1970s in flat-twin configuration. The engine series was extended in 2012 for the engine derived from the Subaru flat-four for the Toyota 86.
U
Motor vehicle engine
The 697 cc U was produced from 1961 through 1966. The power was increased from 28 to 32 PS (21 to 24 kW; 28 to 32 hp) from engine number U-184170 onwards. It was exclusively installed in the Toyota Publica family of vehicles.
2U
Motor vehicle engine
The 790 cc 2U was produced from 1965 through 1969, while the similar 2U-B was produced from 1966 through 1976. Output for the 2U-B when fitted to the Publica is 49 PS (36 kW; 48 hp) at 5,400 rpm. When installed in the Toyota MiniAce (UP100) minitruck and bus series, the engine only produces 36 PS (26 kW) at 4,600 rpm. This version has an 8.2:1 compression ratio. The 2U-C used in some models of the Publica 20 series produced 40 PS (29 kW; 39 hp) at 5,000 rpm. It was also installed in the Publica-derived sports car, called the Toyota Sports 800.
4U
Motor vehicle engine
Appearing in the Toyota 86 (also known as the Toyota GT 86 in Europe, Scion FR-S in the US and Subaru BRZ), the 4U-GSE is a boxer type engine with four cylinders and a bore and stroke of 86 mm (3.39 in). The engine is a Subaru designed-and-built flat-four engine called the FA20D, with a Toyota engine code. The engine is built at Subaru's Oizumi Plant in Ota, Gunma. It features Toyota's D4-S direct and port injection systems, with a maximum power rating of 200 PS (147 kW; 197 hp) at 7000 rpm and a maximum torque rating of 205 N⋅m (151 lb⋅ft) at 6600 rpm. The compression ratio is 12.5:1. In 2016, for the 2017 model year, power was increased to 208 PS (153 kW; 205 hp) when equipped with a manual transmission.
The 4U-GSE was discontinued in 2021, following the introduction of the second-generation Toyota 86 (also known as the Toyota GR86) and Subaru BRZ, which uses a 2.4-liter FA24D. Unlike the FA20, it does not use a Toyota engine code. | 778a82ee-9979-409a-b3e2-b0f2f698b300 |
null | Rock Wars is a Canadian television variety series, which aired in 1985 on CBC Television. A national "battle of the bands" competition, the series featured unsigned musical groups competing in a series of regional concerts held in various cities across Canada, with the winner of each episode advancing to another round of competition until the ultimate winner was named at a final concert staged in Vancouver, British Columbia.
Hosted by Brad Giffen, the program aired on Friday nights as a companion to the network's music video series Good Rockin' Tonite. Judges over the course of the series included Keith Sharp of Music Express, Samantha Taylor of CBC's Video Hits and CFNY-FM program director David Marsden.
The winner of the competition was to receive a half-hour CBC Television special devoted to the band, as well as a cash prize of CA$100,000.
The series was won by Tchukon, a funk and rhythm and blues band from Montreal, Quebec, over finalists Eye Eye, HB Concept and Peter Mann and the Lonely. Other competitors over the course of the series included Monuments Galore, The Instructions, The Rage, The Stilettos, Eight Seconds, The Waiting, Haywire, Mad Shadows, Steps Around the House, Apple Viper, Zlatko and The Micah Barnes Band.
Tchukon later went on to win Best Vocal Group in the 1986 edition of the American series Star Search. | 252a6b7b-15b1-451d-90d6-665753ba69b5 |
null | Ponomaryovsky (masculine), Ponomaryovskaya (feminine), or Ponomaryovskoye (neuter) may refer to: | f9e74f26-beac-4d01-b0cd-99fd6bc59a6a |
null | Public (government funded) school in St. Joe, Arkansas, United States
St. Joe High School is a comprehensive public high school serving students in grades seven through twelve in the remote, rural community of St. Joe, Arkansas, United States. It is the one of three high schools administered by the Ozark Mountain School District and the district's only high school in Searcy County, Arkansas.
Academics
This Title I school is accredited by the Arkansas Department of Education (ADE). The assumed course of study follows the Smart Core curriculum developed the Arkansas Department of Education (ADE), which requires students to complete at least 22 credit units before graduation. Students engage in regular (core) and career focus courses and exams and may select Advanced Placement (AP) coursework and exams that may lead to college credit.
Extracurricular activities
The St. Joe High School mascot and athletic emblem is the wildcat with school colors of blue and gold. The St. Joe Wildcats participate in various interscholastic activities in the 1A Classification—the state's smallest classification—within the 1A East Conference administered by the Arkansas Activities Association. As one of the smallest schools in the state, the school athletic activities are limited to basketball (boys/girls). | b68d0085-202f-4f13-9109-9dd36e4e6b80 |
null | Garrigues may refer to:
People | 6e7296ba-5a01-42dd-8498-ba8ea6fb9243 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginella_pachista"} | Species of gastropod
Marginella pachista is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.
Description
Distribution | 0b214af4-55bb-4d87-9e24-f019786ffd9c |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljuba%C4%8D,_%C5%A0ibenik-Knin_County"} | Village in Šibenik-Knin County, Croatia
Ljubač is a village near Knin, Šibenik-Knin County, Croatia. | b4995acb-144c-46c5-933d-efb51f73f43e |
null | Canadian gay activist
Douglas Wilson (1950–1992) was a Canadian gay activist, graduate student, publisher and writer born in Saskatchewan. In 1975, he gained prominence in a fight for gay rights with the University of Saskatchewan. The university's dean of the College of Education refused to allow Wilson into the school system to supervise practice teachers because of his public involvement with the gay liberation movement. Wilson was vice-president of the Gay Community Centre Saskatoon and had been trying to start a gay academic union at the university. The Saskatchewan Human Rights Commission failed to protect Wilson and his case was unsuccessful.
Wilson spent most of his life fighting for human rights issues, activism and AIDS organizations. In 1977 he founded Stubblejumper Press, a small publishing house dedicated to works by Canadian lesbians and gay men. The company's first title was Wilson's own poetry collection The Myth of the Boy. He served as executive director of the Saskatchewan Association on Human Rights from 1978 to 1983. In 1983 Wilson moved to Toronto to work for the Toronto Board of Education as an advisor to the Race Relations and Equal Opportunity Office. In 1984 he became one of the founding publishers of Rites: for lesbian and gay liberation.
Wilson was the first openly gay candidate to be nominated by a major political party to stand for Parliament, as a candidate of the New Democratic Party in the Toronto riding of Rosedale in the 1988 election. During the campaign he was diagnosed with AIDS. He spent the rest of his life as an AIDS activist, helping to found AIDS Action Now! and founding chairperson of the Canadian Network of Organizations for People Living With AIDS. Wilson published his partner Peter McGehee's novels, Boys Like Us (1991) and Sweetheart (1992). One month before his death, he completed McGehee's notes of his third novel, Labour of Love (1993). Wilson died on September 24, 1992 at the age of 42.
In 1995 the University of Saskatchewan's gay organization (Gays and Lesbians at the U of S, GLUS) established the Doug Wilson Award, given annually to honour those individuals who have shown leadership and courage in advancing the rights of gays & lesbians at the University of Saskatchewan. The University of Saskatchewan Students' Union (USSU) has presented the award since 2001, after GLUS folded following the establishment of the USSU-run Pride Centre.
Stubblejumper, a film about Doug Wilson, was screened in venues across Saskatchewan in March 2009. It was directed by Saskatchewan filmmaker David Geiss.
In honour of his role as a significant builder of LGBT culture and history in Canada, a portrait of Wilson by artist Alfred Ng is held in The ArQuives: Canada's LGBTQ2+ Archives' National Portrait Collection. | ad37ff8e-5318-46de-af69-0632cb33a163 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscount_Clifden"} | British peer
Viscount Clifden, of Gowran in the County of Kilkenny, Ireland, was a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created on 12 January 1781 for James Agar, 1st Baron Clifden. He had already been created Baron Clifden, of Gowran in the County of Kilkenny, in 1776, also in the Peerage of Ireland. The Viscounts also held the titles of Baron Mendip in the Peerage of Great Britain from 1802 to 1974 (a title which is still extant and now held by the Earl of Normanton) and Baron Dover from 1836 to 1899, when this title became extinct, and Baron Robartes from 1899 to 1974, when this title became extinct, the two latter titles which were in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. The interrelated histories of the peerages follow below.
Viscount Clifden
James Agar, 1st Viscount Clifden was the son of Henry Agar of Gowran Castle and the elder brother of Charles Agar, 1st Earl of Normanton. His mother was Anne Ellis, daughter of Welbore Ellis, Bishop of Meath, and sister of the politician Welbore Ellis, who in 1794 was created Baron Mendip in the Peerage of Great Britain with remainder to his three nephews Lord Clifden, the future Lord Normanton and another brother of theirs. Lord Clifden was succeeded by his son, the second Viscount. He represented County Kilkenny in the Irish House of Commons and Heytesbury in the British House of Commons.
In 1802, he succeeded his great-uncle Welbore Ellis, 1st Baron Mendip as second Baron Mendip according to the special remainder, and in 1804 assumed by royal license the additional arms and surname Ellis. The titles were to remain united until the extinction of the barony and viscountcy of Clifden in 1974. Lord Clifden's only son George James Welbore Agar-Ellis was created Baron Dover in 1831 (see below), but predeceased his father. He was therefore succeeded by his grandson, the third Viscount, who had already succeeded his father as second Baron Dover in 1833. His only son, the fourth Viscount, died unmarried at an early age, when the titles passed to his uncle, the fifth Viscount. He had previously represented County Kilkenny in Parliament as a Liberal.
On his death, the barony of Dover became extinct, while he was succeeded in the other titles by his kinsman the second Baron Robartes, who became the sixth Viscount. He was the son of Thomas James Agar-Robartes, who was created Baron Robartes in 1869 (see below), son of Hon. Charles Bagenal-Agar, youngest son of the first Viscount Clifden. The sixth Viscount had earlier represented Cornwall East in Parliament as a Liberal and also served as Lord Lieutenant of Cambridgeshire from 1906 to 1915. His eldest son Captain the Hon. Thomas Agar-Robartes sat as Liberal Member of Parliament for Bodmin and St Austell, but was killed in the First World War, predeceasing his father, unmarried.
Lord Clifden was therefore succeeded by his second son, the seventh Viscount. He sat as a Liberal in the House of Lords and served as a Lord-in-waiting (government whip) from 1940 to 1945 in the war-time coalition of Winston Churchill. On the death of his younger brother, the eighth Viscount, the barony and viscountcy of Clifden and barony of Robartes became extinct, while he was succeeded in the barony of Mendip according to the special remainder by his distant relative the sixth Earl of Normanton.
The family seats were Gowran Castle in Ireland and Holdenby House in Northamptonshire, while the family's townhouse was Dover House in Whitehall, London. When the titles were inherited by the Robartes-Agar branch of the family in Agar-Robartes, the family seat was at Lanhydrock House in Cornwall.
Baron Mendip
The title of Baron Mendip, of Mendip in the County of Somerset, was created in the Peerage of Great Britain in 1794 for the politician Welbore Ellis, with remainder to the three eldest sons of his sister Anne Ellis, wife of Henry Agar (which included James Agar, 1st Viscount Clifden and Charles Agar, 1st Earl of Normanton). Lord Mendip died childless and was succeeded according to the special remainder by his great-nephew the second Viscount Clifden, who became the second Baron Mendip as well.
Baron Dover
The title of Baron Dover, of Dover in the County of Kent, was created in the Peerage of the United Kingdom in 1831 for the Whig politician the Hon. George Agar-Ellis, only son of the second Viscount Clifden. Agar-Ellis represented Heytesbury, Seaford, Ludgershall and Okehampton in the House of Commons and served under Lord Grey as First Commissioner of Woods and Forests from 1830 to 1831. On Lord Dover's early death in 1833, the title passed to his eldest son, the second Baron. In 1836 he also succeeded his grandfather as third Viscount Clifden.
Baron Robartes
The title of Baron Robartes, of Lanhydrock, and of Truro in the County of Cornwall, was created in the Peerage of the United Kingdom in 1869 for Thomas Agar-Robartes, who had previously represented Cornwall East in Parliament. He was the son of Hon. Charles Bagenal-Agar, youngest son of James Agar, 1st Viscount Clifden (see above). His mother was Anna Maria Hunt, great-niece and heiress of Henry Robartes, 3rd Earl of Radnor (whose titles became extinct in 1757). On 30 March 1822, he assumed the additional surname and arms of Robartes by royal licence. Lord Robartes' son, the second Baron, succeeded his kinsman as sixth Viscount Clifden in 1899. For further history of the peerages, see the Viscount Clifden above.
Viscounts Clifden (1781–1974)
Barons Mendip (1794–present)
Barons Dover (1831–1899)
For further Barons Dover, see "Viscounts Clifden" above
Barons Robartes (1869–1974)
For further Barons Robartes, see "Viscounts Clifden" above | 887d626e-0938-4a81-bf8c-d29fe6137140 |
null | Carlos Oliveira may refer to: | 62e5bc4c-4f39-4376-ac40-93b909e215c6 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denys_Skoryi"} | Surgeon, Oncologist, Professor and Politician based in Ukraine
Denys Skoryi (Ukrainian: Скорий Денис Ігоревич; born April 16, 1979) is a surgeon, oncologist, professor, and politician from Kharkiv, Ukraine. For almost 20 years, Skoryi has been working in different Ukrainian medical facilities as a physician, surgeon, oncologist, and manager. In 2016, he became one of the youngest regional medical facility CEOs in Ukraine, when he overhauled the Kharkiv Regional Center of Oncology. Skoryi gained notoriety and political weight, turning the facility from the worst medical establishment of its class in Ukraine to one of the best, pioneering state-of-the-art medical procedures, and cutting the facility’s original mortality rate by more than a factor of two by 2020. Skoryi accomplished this by raising additional public money for the Center from local businesses and inviting the best doctors from all over Ukraine to join his team. In 2020, Skoryi joined Bloc Svitlychna Together!, a political party led by Yuliya Svitlychna and was elected to the Kharkiv Oblast Council of VIII convocation in order to influence the distribution of government funds for regional medicine, including channeling more funding for the Regional Center of Oncology. In 2013 and 2014, Skoryi acquired international grants from the International Surgical Society and Japanese Hepato Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Society. In 2015, Skoryi received the Saint Luke Medal, a medal awarded to leading Ukrainian physicians and surgeons.
From 2004 to 2008, Skoryi worked in the Central Hospital in Valky, Ukraine and the Institute of General and Urgent Surgery of the National Medical Academy of Ukraine (NMAU) in Kharkiv, Ukraine. From 2008 until 2016, Skoryi was a senior research fellow and leading researcher at the department of liver surgery of the Institute of General and Urgent Surgery of the NMAU. In 2013, Skoryi acquired his Doctor of Sciences degree. From 2016 and as of 2021, Skoryi is the professor at the oncology department of the Kharkiv National Medical University and the CEO of the Kharkiv Regional Center of Oncology.
In 2016, the Kharkiv Oblast Council did a full overhaul of the old Kharkiv Regional Clinical Oncological Center due to numerous mismanagement issues in the facility. Soon after, Skoryi became the CEO of the newly reorganized Kharkiv Regional Oncology Center. At the time, the medical institution was considered the worst of its kind in Ukraine. Skoryi brought together a team of experienced doctors from all over Ukraine, and started partnerships with international colleagues and facilities. Under his management, the Oncology Center was developed and renovated. Skoryi's team opened new departments, started to perform unique surgeries, inventing and patenting new medicinal methods and medical equipment. Through Skoryi's lobbying, the construction works for the new Oncology Center's building started.
Over the years, Skoryi actively negotiated and was in open opposition to the Healthcare Department of the Kharkiv Oblast Council, in particular because of the lack of governmental funding, freedom of management, and inefficient interference of the regional council in his Center's activities. Skoryi's various activities in the medical industry, his desire to improve the Center and his relationship with political figures such as a former National Deputy of the Healthcare Department of Verkhovna Rada, Iryna Sysoyenko, and a former Governor of Kharkiv Oblast, Yuliya Svitlychna, led him to become a political figure himself. As a member of the Kharkiv Oblast Council of VIII convocation, Skoryi is aiming his forces to further develop his Oncology Center as well as try to improve the Ukrainian medical industry overall. In 2021, he came up with new medical initiatives. Those are: free screening program, which could help decrease the number of cancer patients with neglected and life-threatening levels of the disease and the establishment of compact moving medical laboratories, where people can get early health testing for free.
Personal life and family
Skoryi was born on April 16, 1979, in Kharkiv, Ukraine. He is married to Iryna Skora (Ukrainian: Ірина Володимирівна Скора). The couple has two daughters.
Education
In 2002, Skoryi graduated with a bachelor's degree with honors from the Kharkiv National Medical University. From 2002 to 2004, Skoryi held an internship at the Institute of General and Urgent Surgery of the National Medical Academy of Ukraine (NMAU) (Ukrainian: Інститут загальної та невідкладної хірургії Академії Медичних Наук України) in Kharkiv and in the Central Hospital of Valky, Ukraine (distance education).
In 2008, Skoryi graduated early from the Institute of General and Urgent Surgery of the NMAU in Kharkiv, Ukraine. Upon his graduation, he acquired the Candidate of Sciences degree, which is the first of the two scientific degrees in some post-Soviet countries and may be recognized as the Doctor of Philosophy degree.
In 2013, Skoryi acquired his Doctorate in Sciences degree, which is a higher doctoral degree and the highest of the two scientific degrees in some post-Soviet countries.
Career
Medical and teaching career (2004–present)
From 2004 to 2005, Skoryi worked as a surgeon in the Central Hospital in Valky, Ukraine. In 2005, he transferred to the Institute of General and Urgent Surgery of the National Medical Academy of Ukraine (NMAU) (Ukrainian: Інститут загальної та невідкладної хірургії Академії Медичних Наук України) in Kharkiv, Ukraine, where he worked in this capacity until 2008.
In 2008–2013, Skoryi was a senior research fellow and in 2013–2016, a leading researcher at the department of liver surgery of the Institute of General and Emergency Surgery of the NMAU. In 2011, Skoryi became a part of a medical team which was one of the first in Ukraine to perform bloodless surgeries on livers, split liver resections, extended and multivisceral liver resection. For these surgeries, the team invented a gas-jet surgical scalpel, which cuts the tissue with carbon dioxide.
From 2007 to 2015, Skoryi took part in various medical training courses in Ukraine and abroad, including Russia, China, Austria, Japan, Germany, and South Korea.
From 2016 and as of 2021, Skoryi teaches at the oncology academic department of the Kharkiv National Medical University and is a chief executive officer (CEO) of the municipal nonprofit Regional Center of Oncology (Ukrainian: КНП "Областний центр онкології") in Kharkiv.
From 2018, Skoryi was a chief researcher in the Ukrainian branch of the multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology company AstraZeneca.
As of 2021, Skoryi co-authored and registered 12 medicinal patents, published 111 scientific articles in medical periodicals, and released 4 monographs.
CEO of the Kharkiv Regional Oncology Center (2016–present)
Appointment to the position
The Kharkiv Regional Center of Oncology (Ukrainian: КНП "Областний центр онкології") is a medical facility in Kharkiv that provides medical services for cancer patients.
In 2016, an inspection from Kharkiv Oblast Council (Kharkiv Regional Council) stated that the Center was in "emergency condition"; its management was corrupt and provided dubious medical care. The previous management was fired and the Center was reorganized as a municipal nonprofit enterprise under the name of the Regional Center of Oncology.
Through voting of the Kharkiv Oblast Council, Skoryi was elected the new CEO of the Center. He was elected for a 5-year term and became one of the youngest regional medical facility CEOs in Ukraine. He brought a new team of doctors with him to occupy managerial and other positions.
When the new team came to manage the Regional Oncology Center, two of its hospital buildings were reported as half destroyed and in need of a complete renovation. The Center lacked modern medical equipment. At the time, the medical facility was considered the worst of Ukrainian oncology centers.
Funding issues and political opposition
In 2016, when the Kharkiv Oblast Council reorganized the old Oncological Center into the Regional Center of Oncology, they promised to support the new facility on an administrative level and provide funds for its further development.
Since 2017, the Kharkiv regional government funded the staff's wages, hospital's utilities, and maintenance of the facility. As time passed, the management of the Center did not get any additional government funding to pay for buildings renovations or new equipment. Instead of providing support, regional authorities sent numerous inspections to check the facility, which interfered with the hospital's workflow and did not result in any positive changes. According to Skoryi, this and other regional authorities' actions towards the Center, such as delays in wages and in providing other promised funds, were signs of intentional pressure from the local government. On the other hand, the Healthcare Department of the Kharkiv Oblast Council stated they were doing enough to support the facility, their inspections were focused on benefitting the establishment in the future, and the hospital's management would not cooperate.
Skoryi and his team maintained and developed the new facility with the help of some non-governmental funds donated by public organizations, volunteers, and other Ukrainian doctors and medical facilities. The Regional Oncology Center's management opened new departments to create adequate surgical and research areas and patients' wards. Skoryi's team formed the facility's International Board of Trustees, which included several members of public organizations.
Eventually, the local authorities provided some additional funding to the facility. The moneys were allocated to the Center through a 2017 tender in order to do partial renovations in one of the Center's buildings. The regional authorities also voiced their plans to fund other renovations with the help of the European Investment Bank. However, later the Center was extracted from the list of facilities for renovation due to unprovided necessary documentation, although according to Skoryi all the necessary documentation was in fact provided.
In 2020, the Oncology Center's main source of funding was the Ukrainian National Healthcare Service (Ukrainian: Національна служба здоров'я України) as well as donations from volunteers, public organizations, private companies and medical workers and facilities.
In addition to other issues, on several occasions, the new management was hindered by the Healthcare Department of the Kharkiv Oblast Council (Ukrainian: Департамент Охорони Здоров'я Харківської Обласної Державної Адміністрації). They lobbied their own managers for the Center's authority body and would not cooperate on the coordination of the facility's schedule. In November 2017, a new bill was passed by Verkhovna Rada of Ukrainian (Parliament of Ukraine), which allowed hospital administrators to manage their facilities on their own. In particular, they were allowed to personally coordinate the hospital schedule, hire or fire people, as well as to control wages, and so on. Nevertheless, these activities could still be partially overseen by regional government. Thus, while most of the other hospital directors received freedom in their facilities, the Healthcare Department still attempted to interfere with Skoryi's activity as Center's director.
In connection to all of these issues, Skoryi was in open conflict with the Kharkiv Regional Council's Healthcare Department and led active discussions and negotiations with them in regard to his facility all through 2017. In his fight, he received strong support from Ukrainian politician, lawyer, and at the time National Deputy of the Healthcare Department of Verkhovna Rada, Iryna Sysoyenko and Governor of Kharkiv Oblast in 2016–2019, Yuliya Svitlychna.
Regional Oncology Center's development and achievements (2016–present)
Under Skoryi's management, the Regional Oncology Center team adopted internationally acclaimed treatment and workflow principles and medical protocols. Its patients started to receive modern and individual treatment and prescriptions. The new team started to work in partnership with international oncology establishments and specialists and to perform some unique and complex surgeries in Ukraine, some being a rare practice even for international facilities. They also started to receive invitations to perform surgeries abroad.
In 2017, for the first time in Ukrainian history, to conceal post-surgical defects on patient's thorax, the Regional Center of Oncology team replaced the defect with a special metallic construction and moved a part of a back muscle (without cutting it out) and skin tissue from patient's back to his chest. Also in 2017, the Regional Center of Oncology team invented and were the first in the world to use the new methodology of the transcaval access to the inferior vena cava (a large vein that carries the deoxygenated blood from the lower and middle body into the right atrium of the heart). The new methodology consisted of crossing the vein below the place affected by a tumor, lift it up, and cut out the tumor. The methodology was invented in order to avoid prosthetics of the inferior vena cava during the surgical removal of tumors. In this particular surgery, the method also helped save patient's kidney and nerves, that are responsible for pelvic movements.
In first four months in charge of the new facility, Skoryi and his team opened several new hospital departments, including the department of hepato-pancreato-biliary surgery (which focuses on medical procedures related to liver, pancreas, and biliary tract), department of anesthesiology, and an intensive care unit. They created new surgery rooms, the department of diagnosis, and reorganized administrative departments. The facility's medical equipment was also modernized. From January to May 2017, the Center enrolled 6,096 patients and the staff performed 1,041 surgeries, meanwhile the post-surgical mortality dropped almost by half. By November 2017, overall hospital mortality dropped by 40%.
In summer 2017, the Center of Oncology joined an online project "Available Medicine" (Ukrainian: Є ліки) created in partnership with Ukrainian activists, international fund "Revival", and the United Nations Development Program in Ukraine. The project is a website which posts lists of medications provided by the government funding and available in Ukrainian medical care facilities for free.
In 2018, 18,000 patients received treatment in the Center and 4,000 surgeries were performed.
During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the Regional Center of Oncology became one of the few medical facilities in Kharkiv to build new "oxygen track" (a mechanical system, that provides oxygen to patients via special equipment) to replace those being in operation for the past 10 years. The oxygen track is usually used for providing oxygen to patients, who are still partially able to breathe on their own. This step is taken prior to patient's connection to artificial lung ventilation machine. Skoryi started the project to provide necessary medical care, if needed, to his cancer patients. According to statistics, cancer patients are more likely to get infected by the COVID-19 virus and develop a range of life-threatening complications. That same year, free COVID-19 tests were provided for the Center's patients and medical staff. It was provided within the Ukrainian Federation Against Cancer (Ukrainian: Українська Федерація Боротьби Проти Раку) project funded by private medical clinic.
Within three and a half years of the new management's work, hospital mortality has decreased by more than a factor of two. The number of surgeries, including the more complex ones and the ones never done before increased by 1.5 times. By 2020, the management started working according to international cancer diagnostics and treatment principals. This included creation of the interdisciplinary teams to research and treat oncology pathologies of liver, pancreas, stomach, colon and rectum, thoracic cavity organs, breasts, head and neck, and reproductive organs, skin and other. Such commissions usually consist of a surgeon, chemotherapist (doctor who treats cancer with anti-cancer drugs), oncologist, radiation therapist, radiation oncologist, and pathologist. The material and technical foundation of the facility increased by eight times.
Oncology Center's global reconstruction (2018–2020)
Starting in 2017, Skoryi lobbied for the global reconstruction of the two Oncology Center's old buildings as well as for construction of the new modern building. In 2017, the Governor of Kharkiv Oblast at the time, Yuliya Svitlychna discussed the issues of the Center at Government of Ukraine meetings promoting its addition to the list of facilities, that would be reconstructed with the help of the European Investment Bank funding. She also helped Skoryi to stock the Center with some of the necessary equipment.
In 2018, the new decentralization law in Ukraine gave more power and recourses to local governments of the country. Thanks to this and Skoryi and Svitlychna's previous partnership and actions, the construction works for the new Oncology Center building were confirmed. It was considered to be a huge step towards creating more adequate space for patients and doctors as well as the development of a whole new medical complex. That year, in addition to funds provided to local authorities, Svitlychna promised to get funding for the new hospital building from general government budgets as well.
In December 2018, the construction works officially started for the new 4-story Oncology Center building. The construction works for the building were considered to be on "a very large scale," the building was planned to occupy 48,000 square meters (520,000 sq ft). At the same time, in one of the old buildings of the Center two reanimation facilities and new surgery rooms were in construction, and complete restoration of patients' wards was in action. Additionally, the Oncology Center team received some new equipment.
Through 2019, the foundation for the new building as well as renovations in the old buildings were concluded. However, in 2020 all construction works for the new building were frozen and the budget which was provided by the regional authorities was redirected to fund other regional matters. As of 2021, the construction works for the new building are postponed. Some call the future of the new Oncology Center building "unclear."
Political career
Kharkiv Oblast Council
After the long-term partnership with Yuliya Svitlychna between 2017 and 2020, Skoryi became a part of her political party Bloc Svitlychna Together!. In 2020, Skoryi entered the Kharkiv Oblast (Kharkiv Regional) election as member of the Bloc Svitlychna Together! led by Yuliya Svitlychna. He stated he "did not see another way" to promote and make the improvements happen in his Oncology Center and in Ukrainian medical industry overall. He stated one of his aims is to create adequate working conditions and options for development in the medical field for Ukrainian doctors (the majority of whom left their profession or fled the country due to intolerable working conditions).
During the 2020 Ukrainian local elections, Skoryi was elected one of 120 members of the Kharkiv Oblast Council of VIII convocation as a member of the Bloc Svitlychna Together!.
Initiatives
In 2021, Skoryi proposed to expand the regional healthcare program by adding a new system of free early screening tests for people without any symptoms in order to prevent the development of the colorectal cancer, breast cancer, and cervical cancer to life-threatening levels. As of 2021, the statistics shows that colorectal cancer is the most common type of oncology illnesses people have in the Kharkiv Oblast: out of 10,000 new cancer cases annually 1,400 are colorectal cancer patients. According to Skoryi, a new screening system could help drastically decrease the amount of people with the neglected stage of the disease by detecting it in earlier stages. Skoryi's proposition to establish the new system was declined by other regional council members. Only 16 out of 96 present council members supported the initiative.
Another Skoryi idea, rejected by the regional council, was the establishment of the compact moving medical offices, a sort of "laboratory on the wheels." The idea was to provide free medical screening and timely health check-ups for people who live in small Ukrainian villages and towns, where people either can't or won't go to the hospital (which sometimes is situated in other locality) to get a check-up.
Despite these setbacks, as of 2021 Skoryi works on new strategies of lobbying these and other medical novelties. He and his team work on creating video guides to promote healthy lifestyle and encourage people to get early screening tests and get regular health check-ups.
Awards and grants
National awards
International awards and grants
Literature cited
This article is based on the text donated by the Wenard Institute under CC-BY-4.0 license. | 0a7f8399-5ff0-4c28-a107-033e98e964d8 |
null | American activist
Florence Mars (January 1, 1923 – April 23, 2006) was an American civil rights activist and author best known for her book Witness in Philadelphia about the murder of three civil rights activists in Mississippi.
Civil rights activities
Mars was one of the few whites in Neshoba County, Mississippi who supported the Civil Rights Movement. She helped to register black voters. Mars lived in Philadelphia, Mississippi when three civil rights activists James Chaney, Michael Schwerner and Andrew Goodman were beaten and shot by members of the Ku Klux Klan near Philadelphia.
She was one of the few inhabitants to co-operate with the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Edgar Ray Killen and others faced trial for violating the civil rights of the men in 1967 but the jury was deadlocked. Seven men were convicted in relation to the incident but no-one served more than six years. This incident was later the subject of the film Mississippi Burning, which was released in 1988. Frances McDormand's character was partly based on Mars. Mars' activities led to the Ku Klux Klan burning down her barn in an effort to intimidate her.
Witness in Philadelphia
In 1977, she published Witness in Philadelphia: a Mississippi WASP's Account of Civil Rights Murders which told of her activities in the civil rights movement and the murder of the three activists. This book helped to keep interest alive in the murders with the success of Mississippi Burning making many more people aware of the incident. As a result of this incident, Killen was sentenced to sixty years in prison on June 1, 2005.
Death
Mars died in Philadelphia, Mississippi, aged 83, of Bell's palsy and diabetes from which she had been suffering. | a59dee56-0222-4548-a41f-977f30a24916 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaboun"} | Municipality in Damascus Governorate, Syria
Qaboun (Arabic: ٱلْقَابُون, romanized: al-Qābūn, sometimes spelled Al-Kaboun or al-Qaboun) is a municipality and neighbourhood in Damascus, Syria, located 6 kilometers (3.7 mi) north-east of the city center, to the north of Jobar district.
History
Qaboun name is derived from "Abouna" in Syriac language which means "column" or "the place where the water gathers", in reference to Barada river.
In the 2004 census, it had a population of 89,974. In 2017, after the Qaboun offensive (2017), population estimates varied between 300 and 2,500 as a result of mass migration.
Since the beginning of the Syrian civil war, it was primarily controlled by the rebels, but between 2014 and 2017 was under truce with the government. The situation has been described as a "siege".
On 17 April 2015, the rebels (Jaysh al-Islam and the Free Syrian Army's First Brigade) launched a military campaign to expel the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant from the Barzeh, Qaboun, and Tishrin neighborhoods, which ended in success 3 days later.
In May 2017, rebels were evacuated as the army regained control. It is estimated that around 2,300 people left at this time.
In March 2022, authorities announced their plans to demolish the neighbourhood. | 42261aaa-cf11-4f86-96c4-c90465086e54 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium_World"} | Shopping mall in Bangkok, Thailand
Palladium Square (Thai: พัลลาเดียม สแควร์) is a shopping mall currently under redevelopment in Ratchathewi district, Bangkok, Thailand. It was formerly known as "Pratunam Center".
Overview
The complex will be the largest wholesale and retail center of the Pratunam area. Situated on 14 rai, or 240,000 square meters. It features fashion, appliances, IT products a large supermarket, brand names shops and restaurants. It is expected to be fully opened in mid-2011 with at least 200,000 customers a day. Great China Millennium (the operator of Bobae Mall) bought the complex in 2011. The former owners of Pratunam Center sold the complex because it was not successful.
Hotel/Office
Meanwhile, the shopping center features 2 office buildings and a 4-star, 800-room hotel building including room service. The hotel has been opened since early 2012.
Floors
The mall is located on Phetchaburi Road, opposite of Pantip Plaza and the Platinum Fashion Mall. It is also near CentralWorld. | 1de6ecd0-14e3-4d14-80bd-91f2793110d0 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenandoah_(schooner)"} | The Shenandoah is a 108-foot (33 m) topsail schooner built in Maine in 1964, and operates as a cruise ship and educational vessel in the waters of Vineyard Haven Harbor, Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts; she is claimed to be the only schooner of her size and topsail rig without an engine in the world.
History
The Shenandoah's design is based on an 1850s ship Joe Lane, but Captain Douglas made numerous changes to improve the power of the vessel. Douglas has been the vessel's only skipper since her launch in 1964.
The Shenandoah required extensive hull repairs and was dry docked in 2009.
General characteristics
Type: Topsail schooner
Designed by: Captain Robert S. Douglas
Built by: Harvey F. Gamage Ship Building Co.
Length (overall): 108 feet (33 m)
Sparred length: 154 feet (47 m) (from jib boom to main boom end)
Sails: 7,000 square feet (700 m2) of canvas
Topmast height: 94 feet (29 m)
Displacement: 170 tons (173 t)
Hull: made of Maine oak
Deck: made of pine
Lower masts: 20 inches diameter, 2.5 tons each
Maximum speed: 12.5 knots (23 km/h)
Maximum capacity: 30 passengers overnight
A range of one to four berths can be found in the 11 cabins below deck. It houses seven crew members, a first-mate, a cook, and the captain. The ship contains two heads, a main saloon, and a galley.
Shenandoah gallery | 764fff2c-a198-46ee-a663-5987a245d5f0 |
null | Canadian politician (1926–2019)
Léonce Mercier (August 11, 1926 – December 27, 2019) was a Canadian Senator from Quebec as well as a businessman and consultant.
Mercier is a long-time activist and organizer in the Liberal Party of Canada in Quebec under Pierre Trudeau and Jean Chrétien and Quebec Liberal Party during the leadership of Jean Lesage and Robert Bourassa. He began his involvement in northern Quebec in the Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean region.
In 1995, he was in charge of the Action Canada national unity campaign in the region during the 1995 Quebec referendum and was also an organizer for the "No" side during the 1980 Quebec referendum.
He was director general of the Liberal Party of Quebec from 1978 to 1985.
Mercier was a leading Quebec organizer of Jean Chrétien's campaigns for the leadership of the federal Liberal Party at the 1984 and 1990 federal Liberal leadership convention.
He was an organizer of Jean Lesage's successful campaign to lead the Quebec Liberal Party and also organized for Bourassa's leadership campaign. He was a candidate for the Quebec Liberal Party in the 1970 provincial election in the electoral district of Dubuc but was defeated by the Union Nationale candidate. In 1978, he was an organizer for the unsuccessful leadership campaign of Raymond Garneau.
Mercier was appointed to the Canadian Senate by Jean Chrétien in 1996 and retired in 2001 upon reaching the mandatory retirement age of 75. He served as Whip of the Senate Liberal caucus from 1998 until his retirement.
He also served from 1988 until 1995 as a commissioner of Quebec's Régie des alcools, des courses et des jeux regulatory agency.
In his earlier life he worked variously as a car salesman in a Ford dealership, an inspector for a lumber company, an agent for independent truckers. In the 1980s he was a business and public relations consultant.
Sources | 2a056db1-0807-4ac4-8926-9a083ed7eba1 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_world_under-23_bests_in_athletics"} | World U-23 bests in the sport of athletics are the all-time best marks set in competition by aged 22 or younger throughout the entire calendar year of the performance. Technically, in all under-23 age divisions, the age is calculated "on December 31 of the year of competition" to avoid age group switching during a competitive season. World Athletics doesn't maintain an official list for such performances. All bests shown on this list are tracked by statisticians not officially sanctioned by the governing body.
Outdoor
Men
Women
Indoor
Men
Women | cd01bba3-4096-4a53-95d3-f243a28bb7a2 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quai_Gustave-Ador"} | To extend the south-side promenade of the Lake of Geneva from the Jardin Anglais, the Quai Gustave-Ador was constructed in 1856 with a length of around 1,800 m.
In 1936–37 the first rosebushes were planted and since then there are more than 13,000 rosebushes.
You will find the Jardin Anglais, the Jet d'eau, the Baby plage, the Port-Noir, the Parc La Grange and the Parc des Eaux Vives at this promenade. From here you can see the famous Pierres du Niton.
Today it is considered an important two lane main road connecting central Geneva with some south-eastern suburbs (Cologny, Vandoeuvres) and the French border, but it has still not lost its attraction for tourists and Genevans alike. | a676355b-6e34-4dda-9195-53a33bfbed16 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_Who_Ate_Herself"} | 1992 studio album by Betsy Cook
The Girl Who Ate Herself is the debut album by American-born singer-songwriter Betsy Cook. It was released in 1992 by EastWest Records.
Background
Prior to the release of the album, Cook was a songwriter, session musician, and backing vocalist for other artists, and had worked with Paul Young, George Michael, Marc Almond, Frankie Goes to Hollywood, Seal and Gerry Rafferty. Cook had actually started recording her own material as early as 1984, when she recorded and co-produced versions of her songs "Nothing Ventured" and "Wonderland" with her then-husband Hugh Murphy (who had been Gerry Rafferty's producer). "Wonderland" was then recorded by Paul Young in 1986, with Cook on backing vocals, and became a Top 30 hit. Cook was eventually offered a recording deal of her own, and she recorded several more tracks and also re-recorded elements of the two songs that she had originally recorded with her husband in the mid-1980s.
Although the album (and its singles) failed to make any commercial impact, the material gained enough prominence to be covered by more established artists in later years. "Docklands" was recorded by Stevie Nicks for her 1994 album Street Angel. The track "Love Is the Groove" was recorded by Cher for her 1998 album Believe.
The album's cover portrait was taken by Cook herself, with inner portraits taken by photographer Kate Garner (former singer with the band Haysi Fantayzee).
Following the album's release, Cook did not release any further recordings of her own but continued to work with producers Horn, Lipson, and Woolley as a writer and session musician on other projects.
Track listing
Singles
Personnel
All tracks arranged and performed by Betsy Cook, with:
Mixed by Stephen Lipson (2,4), Tony Phillips (1,3), Ren Swan (1), Paul Gomershall (5,6,7), Ross Cullum (10) | 5ef5c636-6615-45d7-a65c-f4da042a362b |
null | Tunisian actress
Lamia Amri (Arabic: لمياء العمري) is a Tunisian actress.
Filmography
Cinema
Television
Series
TV movies
Theater | b563f722-6dd4-4914-a3a3-5b2dc3cbcec9 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America"} | Fascist paramilitary group in the United States
The Silver Legion of America, commonly known as the Silver Shirts, was an underground American fascist and Nazi sympathizer organization founded by William Dudley Pelley and headquartered in Asheville, North Carolina.
History
Pelley was a former journalist, novelist and screenwriter turned spiritualist who, by 1931, had begun to promote antisemitic views, asserting that Jews were possessed by demons. He formed the Silver Legion with the goal to bring about "spiritual and political renewal", inspired by the success of Adolf Hitler's Nazi movement in Germany.
A nationalist, fascist group, the paramilitary Silver Legion wore a uniform modeled after the Nazi's brown shirts (SA), consisting of a silver shirt with a blue tie, along with a campaign hat and blue corduroy trousers with leggings. The uniform shirts bore a scarlet letter L over the heart, which according to Pelley was "standing for Love, Loyalty, and Liberation." The blocky slab serif L-emblem was in a typeface similar to the present-day Rockwell Extra Bold. The organizational flag was a plain silver field with such a red L in the canton at the upper left. By 1934, the Legion claimed 15,000 members.
Legion leader Pelley called for a "Christian Commonwealth" in America that would combine the principles of nationalism and theocracy, while excluding Jews and non-whites. He claimed he would save America from Jewish communists just as "Mussolini and his Black Shirts saved Italy and as Hitler and his Brown Shirts saved Germany." Pelley ran in the 1936 presidential election on a third-party ticket under the Christian Party banner. Pelley hoped to seize power in a "silver revolution" and set himself as dictator of the United States. He would be called "the Chief" just like other fascist world leaders who had similar titles such "Der Führer" for Adolf Hitler and "II Duce" for Benito Mussolini. However, the Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt handily won the reelection, and Pelley failed to figure among the top four. By around 1937, the Silver Legion's membership had declined to about 5,000.
Pelley disbanded the organization after the December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor.
On January 20, 1942, Pelley was sentenced to serve two to three years in prison by Superior Court Judge F. Don Phillips, in Asheville, North Carolina, for violating terms of probation of a 1935 conviction for violating North Carolina security laws. The same sentence had been suspended pending good behavior, but the court found that during that period Pelley had published false and libelous statements, published inaccurate reports and advertising, and supported a secret military organization.
In popular culture | 8fd41ab6-7f78-4039-9ab6-6f811a794949 |
null | Software authentication
Code signing is the process of digitally signing executables and scripts to confirm the software author and guarantee that the code has not been altered or corrupted since it was signed. The process employs the use of a cryptographic hash to validate authenticity and integrity. Code signing was invented in 1995 by Michael Doyle, as part of the Eolas WebWish browser plug-in, which enabled the use of public-key cryptography to sign downloadable Web app program code using a secret key, so the plug-in code interpreter could then use the corresponding public key to authenticate the code before allowing it access to the code interpreter’s APIs.
Code signing can provide several valuable features. The most common use of code signing is to provide security when deploying; in some programming languages, it can also be used to help prevent namespace conflicts. Almost every code signing implementation will provide some sort of digital signature mechanism to verify the identity of the author or build system, and a checksum to verify that the object has not been modified. It can also be used to provide versioning information about an object or to store other meta data about an object.
The efficacy of code signing as an authentication mechanism for software depends on the security of underpinning signing keys. As with other public key infrastructure (PKI) technologies, the integrity of the system relies on publishers securing their private keys against unauthorized access. Keys stored in software on general-purpose computers are susceptible to compromise. Therefore, it is more secure, and best practice, to store keys in secure, tamper-proof, cryptographic hardware devices known as hardware security modules or HSMs.
Providing security
Many code signing implementations will provide a way to sign the code using a system involving a pair of keys, one public and one private, similar to the process employed by TLS or SSH. For example, in the case of .NET, the developer uses a private key to sign their libraries or executables each time they build. This key will be unique to a developer or group or sometimes per application or object. The developer can either generate this key on their own or obtain one from a trusted certificate authority (CA).
Code signing is particularly valuable in distributed environments, where the source of a given piece of code may not be immediately evident - for example Java applets, ActiveX controls and other active web and browser scripting code. Another important usage is to safely provide updates and patches to existing software. Windows, Mac OS X, and most Linux distributions provide updates using code signing to ensure that it is not possible for others to maliciously distribute code via the patch system. It allows the receiving operating system to verify that the update is legitimate, even if the update was delivered by third parties or physical media (disks).
Code signing is used on Windows and Mac OS X to authenticate software on first run, ensuring that the software has not been maliciously tampered with by a third-party distributor or download site. This form of code signing is not used on Linux because of that platform's decentralized nature, the package manager being the predominant mode of distribution for all forms of software (not just updates and patches), as well as the open-source model allowing direct inspection of the source code if desired. Debian-based Linux distributions (among others) validate downloaded packages using public key cryptography.
Trusted identification using a certificate authority (CA)
The public key used to authenticate the code signature should be traceable back to a trusted root authority CA, preferably using a secure public key infrastructure (PKI). This does not ensure that the code itself can be trusted, only that it comes from the stated source (or more explicitly, from a particular private key). A CA provides a root trust level and is able to assign trust to others by proxy. If a user trusts a CA, then the user can presumably trust the legitimacy of code that is signed with a key generated by that CA or one of its proxies. Many operating systems and frameworks contain built-in trust for one or more certification authorities. It is also commonplace for large organizations to implement a private CA, internal to the organization, which provides the same features as public CAs, but it is only trusted within the organization.
Extended validation (EV) code signing
Extended validation (EV) code signing certificates are subject to additional validation and technical requirements. These guidelines are based on the CA/B Forum's Baseline Requirements and Extended Validation Guidelines. In addition to validation requirements specific to EV, the EV code signing guidelines stipulate that "the Subscriber’s private key is generated, stored and used in a crypto module that meets or exceeds the requirements of FIPS 140-2 level 2."
Certain applications, such as signing Windows 10 kernel-mode drivers, require an EV code signing certificate. Additionally, Microsoft's IEBlog states that Windows programs "signed by an EV code signing certificate can immediately establish reputation with SmartScreen reputation services even if no prior reputation exists for that file or publisher."
Sample EV code signing certificate
This is an example of a decoded EV code signing certificate used by SSL.com to sign software. SSL.com EV Code Signing Intermediate CA RSA R3 is shown as the Issuer's commonName, identifying this as an EV code signing certificate. The certificate's Subject field describes SSL Corp as an organization. Code Signing is shown as the sole X509v3 Extended Key Usage.
Alternative to CAs
The other model is the trust on first use model, in which developers can choose to provide their own self-generated key. In this scenario, the user would normally have to obtain the public key in some fashion directly from the developer to verify the object is from them for the first time. Many code signing systems will store the public key inside the signature. Some software frameworks and OSs that check the code's signature before executing will allow you to choose to trust that developer from that point on after the first run. An application developer can provide a similar system by including the public keys with the installer. The key can then be used to ensure that any subsequent objects that need to run, such as upgrades, plugins, or another application, are all verified as coming from that same developer.
Time-stamping
Time-stamping was designed to circumvent the trust warning that will appear in the case of an expired certificate. In effect, time-stamping extends the code trust beyond the validity period of a certificate.
In the event that a certificate has to be revoked due to a compromise, a specific date and time of the compromising event will become part of the revocation record. In this case, time-stamping helps establish whether the code was signed before or after the certificate was compromised.
Code signing in Xcode
Developers need to sign their iOS and tvOS apps before running them on any real device and before uploading them to the App Store. This is needed to prove that the developer owns a valid Apple Developer ID. An application needs a valid profile or certificate so that it can run on the devices.
Problems
Like any security measure, code signing can be defeated. Users can be tricked into running unsigned code, or even into running code that refuses to validate, and the system only remains secure as long as the private key remains private.
It is also important to note that code signing does not protect the end user from any malicious activity or unintentional software bugs by the software author — it merely ensures that the software has not been modified by anyone other than the author. Sometimes, sandbox systems do not accept certificates, because of a false time-stamp or because of an excess usage of RAM.
Implementations
Microsoft implements a form of code signing (based on Authenticode) provided for Microsoft tested drivers. Since drivers run in the kernel, they can destabilize the system or open the system to security holes. For this reason, Microsoft tests drivers submitted to its WHQL program. After the driver has passed, Microsoft signs that version of the driver as being safe. On 32-bit systems only, installing drivers that are not validated with Microsoft is possible after agreeing to allow the installation at a prompt warning the user that the code is unsigned. For .NET (managed) code, there is an additional mechanism called Strong Name Signing that uses Public/Private keys and SHA-1 hash as opposed to certificates. However, Microsoft discourages reliance on Strong Name Signing as a replacement for Authenticode.
Unsigned code in gaming and consumer devices
In the context of consumer devices such as games consoles, the term "unsigned code" is often used to refer to an application which has not been signed with the cryptographic key normally required for software to be accepted and executed. Most console games have to be signed with a secret key designed by the console maker or the game will not load on the console. There are several methods to get unsigned code to execute which include software exploits, the use of a modchip, a technique known as the swap trick or running a softmod.
It may not initially seem obvious why simply copying a signed application onto another DVD does not allow it to boot. On the Xbox, the reason for this is that the Xbox executable file (XBE) contains a media-type flag, which specifies the type of media that the XBE is bootable from. On nearly all Xbox software, this is set such that the executable will only boot from factory-produced discs, so simply copying the executable to burnable media is enough to stop the execution of the software.
However, since the executable is signed, simply changing the value of the flag is not possible as this alters the signature of the executable, causing it to fail validation when checked. | 28b31880-ab81-4fa5-8239-62aeb8fc0ed5 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Eduard_von_Liphart"} | Noted art expert and collector from Estonia
Baron Karl Eduard von Liphart or Carl Eduard von Liphart (16 May 1808 – 15 February 1891) was a noted art expert and collector from Estonia. The family manor was near Dorpat (now Tartu).
Life
Liphart was born in Kambja Parish in the Kreis Dorpat of the Governorate of Livonia in 1808. He was one of the three children of Carl Gotthard von Lindhardt and Annette von Loewenwolde. He came from a noble family based at Raadi Manor who were members of the Estonian intelligentsia and owned a significant art collection. Liphart's father maintained his own string quartet led by Ferdinand David, a gifted violinist and composer; David left in 1836 to work in Leipzig with his friend Mendelssohn, but later returned to marry Liphart's sister Sophie.
In 1853 Liphart was the founding President of the Estonian Naturalists' Society. The society still operates (2013) and claims to be the oldest scientific society in the Baltic states.
In 1862 Liphart moved to Florence because of the poor health of his son, Ernst. However, in Florence he was able to add to his expertise and to amass a collection of paintings. He was financed and supported by Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna, the daughter of Tsar Nicholas I. The bas-relief of St Jerome by Desiderio da Settignano now in the National Gallery of Art, Washington, was purchased in Florence by an agent of Maria Nikolaevna as a gift for Baron Liphart.
Liphart became an acknowledged expert on the history of art. In 1867, following a theory put forward by Gustav Waagen, Liphart was able to recognise that a painting of the Annunciation newly arrived in the Uffizi Gallery was by Leonardo da Vinci. In 1871 he realised that another painting in the Uffizi was by the seventeenth century artist Hercules Seghers. It was Liphart and his friend the Director of the Berlin State Museums, Wilhelm von Bode, who independently established that this artist was more than just an etcher.
He died in Florence in 1891. After his death his art collection was moved to Estonia where it was combined with his family's collection at Raadi Manor.
Liphart wrote numerous articles and published brief notes, but never published a book-length monograph. He corresponded with all the major art historians of his time, in Europe, Great Britain and the United States.[citation needed]
Liphart's son, Ernst Friedrich von Liphart, was disinherited by his father in 1873 for converting to marry a Roman Catholic. However his son was an accomplished artist, painting portraits including one of Tsar Nicholas II. He went on to be a curator of the Hermitage Museum.
The art collection
The graphic art that was collected by the Liphart family came into the possession of Tartu University in the 1920s. The university still conserves the collection which includes examples of Japanese art as well as noted European printmakers like Albrecht Dürer and William Hogarth. | 052ba682-087e-4914-97b5-487d20a56517 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alowal,_Nawanshahr"} | Village in Punjab, India
Alowal or Allowal is a village in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 17 kilometres (11 mi) away from postal head office Samundra, 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from Balachaur, 17 kilometres (11 mi) from district headquarter Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar and 85.6 kilometres (53.2 mi) from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administered by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.
Demography
As of 2011, Alowal has a total number of 43 houses and population of 217 of which 119 include are males while 98 are females according to the report published by Census India in 2011. The literacy rate of Alowal is 72.92%, lower than the state average of 75.84%. The population of children under the age of 6 years is 25 which is 11.52% of total population of Alowal, and child sex ratio is approximately 667 as compared to Punjab state average of 846.
Most of the people are from Schedule Caste which constitutes 92.17% of total population in Alowal. The town does not have any Schedule Tribe population so far.
As per the report published by Census India in 2011, 95 people were engaged in work activities out of the total population of Alowal which includes 67 males and 28 females. According to census survey report 2011, 14.74% workers describe their work as main work and 85.26% workers are involved in Marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months.
Education
The village has a Punjabi medium, co-ed upper primary school founded in 1960. The schools provide mid-day meal which prepared in School premises as per Indian Midday Meal Scheme. The school provide free education to children between the ages of 6 and 14 as per Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act. Amardeep Singh Shergill Memorial college Mukandpur and Sikh National College Banga, KC Engineering College and Doaba Khalsa Trust Group Of Institutions are the nearest colleges. Industrial Training Institute for women (ITI Nawanshahr) is 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) away from the village.
Transport
Nawanshahr railway station is the nearest train station however, Garhshankar Junction railway station is 26.7 kilometres (16.6 mi) away from the village. Sahnewal Airport is the nearest domestic airport which located 60 kilometres (37 mi) away in Ludhiana and the nearest international airport is located in Chandigarh also Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport is the second nearest airport which is 169 kilometres (105 mi) away in Amritsar. | ccb781fd-1de3-4cd5-8e81-c4dd32af6963 |
null | Tanzanian footballer
Ditram Nchimbi (born 10 March 1997) is a Tanzanian football striker who plays for Geita Gold Mine FC. | 74d35e53-6eb8-4b73-9009-1c82863849d4 |
null | Swedish fencer
Thomas Lundblad (born 13 May 1967) is a Swedish fencer. He competed in the individual and team épée events at the 1992 Summer Olympics. | c0010add-1986-4f0b-b696-3fc0b62a9c84 |
null | Saudi Arabian footballer
Farhan Al-Aazmi (Arabic: فرحان العازمي; born 31 July 1994) is a Saudi Arabian professional footballer who plays as a left back for Pro League side Al-Hazem.
Career
Al-Aazmi started out his career at Al-Bukiryah. He helped Al-Bukiryah earn promotion to the MS League for the first time in their history. He also helped Al-Bukiryah finish 4th in their first season in MS League. On 27 September 2020, Al-Aazmi joined Al-Hazem. On 6 May 2021, he renewed his contract until 2024. In his first season at the club, Al-Aazmi made 34 appearances and scored 4 goals as Al-Hazem were crowned champions of the MS League. On 12 August 2021, Al-Aazmi made his Pro League debut playing the full 90 minutes against Al-Taawoun.
Honours
Al-Bukiryah
Al-Hazem | 10fe00fe-33e6-4e6e-bbf5-5a8fd5ef9589 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Darfur"} | Former state
The Sultanate of Darfur was a pre-colonial state in present-day Sudan. It existed from 1603 to October 24, 1874, when it fell to the Sudanese warlord Rabih az-Zubayr and again from 1898 to 1916, when it was conquered by the British and integrated into Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. At its peak in the late 18th and early 19th century it stretched all the way from Darfur in the west to Kordofan and the western banks of the White Nile in the east, giving it the size of present-day Nigeria.
History
Origins
Darfur is composed mostly of semi-arid plains that cannot support a dense population. The one exception is the area in and around the Jebal Marra mountains. It was from bases in these mountains that a series of groups expanded to control the region. The Daju and the 14th century migrants the Tunjur were the earliest powers in Darfur according to written records. The transition of power from the Daju to the Tunjur was facilitated through marriage.
Eventually the Tunjur began marrying amongst the Fur people producing Sultan Dali, a celebrated figure in Darfur histories, who was on his mother's side a Fur, and thus brought the dynasty closer to the people it ruled. Dali divided the country into provinces, and established a penal code, which, under the title of Kitab Dali or Dali's Book, is still preserved, and differs in some respects from Quranic law. His grandson Suleiman (or "Sulayman", usually distinguished by the Fur epithet Solon, meaning "the Arab" or "the Red") reigned from 1603 to 1637, and was a great warrior and a devoted Muslim. Suleiman Solon is considered as the founder of the Keira dynasty and the sultanate of Darfur. During the 17th century, the Keira sultans introduced the feudal hakura system into Darfur.
Soleiman's grandson, Ahmed Bukr (c.1682-c.1722), made Islam the religion of the state, and increased the prosperity of the country by encouraging immigration from Bornu and Bagirmi.
Civil War (1722–1786)
The death of Bukr initiated a long-running conflict over the succession. On his deathbed, Bukr stated that each of his many sons should rule in turn. Once on the throne, each of his sons instead hoped to make their own son heir, leading to an intermittent civil war that lasted until 1785/6 (AH 1200) Due to these internal divisions, Darfur declined in importance and engaged in wars with Sennar and Wadai.
Peak
One of the most capable of the monarchs during this period was Sultan Mohammed Terab, one of Ahmad Bukr's sons. He led a number of successful campaigns. In 1785-1786 (AH 1200), he led an army against the Funj, but got no further than Omdurman. Here he was stopped by the Nile, and found no means of getting his army across the river. Unwilling to give up his project, Terab remained at Omdurman for months and the army began to grow disaffected. According to some stories Terab was poisoned by his wife at the instigation of disaffected chiefs, and the army returned to Darfur. While he tried to have his son succeed him, the throne instead went to his brother Abd al-Rahman.
Sultan Abd-er-Rahman established a new capital at Al Fashir, meaning "the capital", in 1790. The capital had formerly been moved from place to place then at another location called Kobb. During his reign Abd-er-Rahman, surnamed el-Rashid or the Just, Napoleon Bonaparte was campaigning in Egypt. In 1799 Abd-er-Rahman wrote to congratulate the French general on his defeat of the Mamluks. Bonaparte replied by asking the sultan to send him by the next caravan 2000 black slaves upwards of sixteen years old, strong and vigorous.
Muhammad al-Fadl, his son, was for some time under the control of an energetic eunuch, Mohammed Kurra, but he ultimately made himself independent, and his reign lasted till 1838, when he died of leprosy. He devoted himself largely to the subjection of the semi-independent Arab tribes who lived in the country, notably the Rizeigat, thousands of whom he slew.
An account of life and the geography in Darfur was written in the early 19th century by Muḥammad al-Tūnisī (d. 1857)), who spent ten years as merchant from Cairo in the sultanate and described the kingdom in detail and with his own drawings in the book translated as In Darfur.
The Turkiyya (Ottoman rule)
In 1821, el-Fahl lost the province of Kordofan to the Egyptians under Mehemet Ali, who planned to conquer the Sudan. The Keira dispatched an army but it was routed by the Egyptians near Bara on 19 August 1821. The Egyptians had intended to conquer all of Darfur, but their difficulties consolidating their hold on the Nile region forced them to abandon these plans. Al-Fadl died in 1838 and of his forty sons, the third, Muhammad al-Husayn, was appointed his successor. Al-Husayn is described as a religious but avaricious man. In 1856 he went blind and for the rest of his reign Zamzam Umm al-Nasr, the sultan's eldest sister or ayabasi, was the de facto ruler of the sultanate. Zamzam and other members of the sultan's inner circle exploited his weakness to repossess and pillage large tracts of land, terrorizing the citizens and weakening the sultanate.
In 1856, a Khartoum businessman, al-Zubayr Rahma, began operations in the land south of Darfur. He set up a network of trading posts defended by well-armed forces and soon had a sprawling state under his rule. This area known as the Bahr el Ghazal had long been the source of the goods that Darfur would trade to Egypt and North Africa, especially slaves and ivory. The natives of Bahr el Ghazal paid tribute to Darfur, and these were the chief articles of merchandise sold by the Darfurians to the Egyptian traders along the road to Asyut. Al-Zubayr redirected this flow of goods to Khartoum and the Nile.
Sultan al-Husayn died in 1873 and the succession passed to his youngest son Ibrahim, who soon found himself engaged in a conflict with al-Zubayr. After earlier conflicts with the Egyptians, Al-Zubayr had become their ally and in cooperation with them agreed to conquer Darfur. The war resulted in the destruction of the kingdom. Ibrahim was slain in battle in the autumn of 1874, and his uncle Hassab Alla, who sought to maintain the independence of his country, was captured in 1875 by the troops of the khedive, and removed to Cairo with his family.
Ali Dinar
In 1898, with the decline of the Mahdists, sultan Ali Dinar managed to regain Darfur's independence. Darfur was conquered by the British Empire in 1916, officially because Dinar gave his support to the Ottoman Empire during the First World War. Dinar was killed and his kingdom was incorporated into the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium.
Warfare
The armies of Darfur underwent a three-staged evolution. Before the 18th century they consisted entirely of levy warbands, youths armed with spears, hide shields and occasionally throwing knives. They were commanded by an older man titled ornang or 'aqid. By the 18th century, a new type of warrior developed, the heavily armoured fursan. They would form the small core of the armies of Darfur. These fursan were armed with long swords imported from Solingen in Germany, lances, maces and sometimes firearms. Body armour consisted of locally made gambesons, German-made mail armour, silk coats, greaves and helmets. The horses were a Nubian breed imported from the Dongola Reach and were purchased with slaves. Like the riders they were armoured with gambesons and mail armour as well as additional armour for the head. All this equipment had to be organized and maintained by the chiefs responsible for the fursan. By the 1850s and 1860s, Darfur entered the third stage, when it attempted to build an army based on muskets. While firearms were already used in Darfur before it was only then when they were used tactically and in large numbers. These experiments were, however, ended with the invasion of al-Zubayr in 1874. Sultan Ibrahim died in a cavalry charge.
Sultans and notables were guarded by the korkwa, armed pages wielding spears and hide shields.
List of Rulers
Names and dates taken from John Stewart's African States and Rulers:
Sultans:
Position abolished in 1874 after Darfur becomes a province of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.
Governors of Darfur:
Position of Sultan re-established in 1899 following decline of the Mahdists.
Sultans:
Position abolished in 1916 after Darfur again becomes a province of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. | 3ccc7f04-82da-4573-ad18-223e28ad29d2 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._McCloskey"} | American diplomat
Robert James McCloskey (November 25, 1922 – November 28, 1996) was an American diplomat, ombudsman, and relief services executive.
Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the son of Thomas McCloskey and Anna Wallace, he was spokesperson for the United States Department of State from 1964 to 1973 but after a short stint (June 20, 1973, to January 14, 1974) as United States Ambassador to Cyprus, he was asked to return to his old job as spokesperson. From February 21, 1975, to September 10, 1976, he served as Assistant Secretary of State for Congressional Relations. He later served as United States Ambassador to the Netherlands and to Greece. His government career was followed by a stint as ombudsman at the Washington Post, then as senior vice president of International Catholic Relief Services.
Family
He married Anne Taylor Phelan on July 8, 1961. They had two daughters, Lisa and Andre. He died of leukemia in 1996 in Chevy Chase, Maryland at age 74. | 52873da5-43bc-415e-8b8b-0dd71acd8933 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogotin"} | Place
Rogotin is a village in southern Dalmatia, Croatia, located between Ploče and Metković.
It is administratively part of the town of Ploče and it has 665 inhabitants (2011 census). | 0b0bb60f-a2a0-456f-a91a-d7c05f87f3eb |
null | Economics book
Encyclopedia of Major Marketing Strategies (formerly Encyclopedia of Major Marketing Campaigns) is a multi-volume reference work that describes and analyzes major marketing campaigns, published by Gale.
Volumes: | aa2d8497-691f-45ca-a02d-ff7ef5062958 |
null | Black Ink Collective was a British publishing company founded in 1978 to publish the work of young Black writers in the UK.
The Collective started as a publisher, their first book Black Ink, published in 1978, was an anthology of work by local school pupils. The Collective also established The Black Writers' Workshop who met weekly at their premises at 258 Coldharbour Lane, Brixton, south London. The writers' workshop incorpated readings, performances and aimed to "incorporate African and Caribbean orality into a Black British poetic voice". The Workshop was attended by writers including Benjamin Zephaniah, S. I. Martin, Desmond Johnson, Fred D'Aguiar and Michael McMillan. Their second book was a play by 16-year-old Michael McMillan, originally performed at the Royal Court Theatre Young Writer's Festival, about the plight of an unemployed school-leaver.
Selected works | 463aede5-1b60-452c-9044-0abfaa1572ac |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawdaddy_(magazine)"} | Defunct American music magazine (1966–1979)
Crawdaddy was an American rock music magazine launched in 1966. It was created by Paul Williams, a Swarthmore College student at the time, in response to the increasing sophistication and cultural influence of popular music. The magazine was named after the Crawdaddy Club in London and published during its early years as Crawdaddy! (with an exclamation point).
According to The New York Times, Crawdaddy was "the first magazine to take rock and roll seriously", while the magazine's rival Rolling Stone acknowledged it as "the first serious publication devoted to rock & roll news and criticism". Preceding both Rolling Stone and Creem, Crawdaddy was the training ground for many rock writers just finding the language to describe rock and roll, which was only then beginning to be written about as studiously as folk music and jazz. The magazine spawned the career of numerous rock and other writers. Early contributors included Jon Landau, Sandy Pearlman, Richard Meltzer and Peter Knobler.
After Williams left Crawdaddy in 1968, the magazine was edited by Knobler from 1972 until its last issue in 1979. From 1993 to 2003 Williams self-published a Crawdaddy reincarnation. In 2006 it was sold to Wolfgang's Vault and later resurrected as a daily webzine. Effective August 5, 2011, visits began redirecting to the music website Paste, which announced that Crawdaddy "relaunches as a blog on Paste, where we’ll share stories from the Crawdaddy archives and publish new content on legacy artists".
Fanzine roots
Named after the legendary Crawdaddy Club in England at which the Rolling Stones played their first gig, Crawdaddy was started on the campus of Swarthmore College. Williams was a science fiction fan who at the age of 17 started mimeographing and distributing a collection of criticisms (at first mostly his own) about rock and roll music and musicians. (He had begun publishing a science fiction fanzine, Within, at the age of 14, and later recruited some of his fellow fans to help.) Crawdaddy quickly moved from its fanzine roots (the first issue was mimeographed by fellow fan Ted White) to become one of the first rock music "prozines", with newsstand distribution.
You are looking at the first issue of a magazine of rock and roll criticism. Crawdaddy will feature neither pin-ups nor news-briefs; the specialty of this magazine is intelligent writing about pop music....
—Issue No. 1, February 7, 1966
Mass market magazine
Crawdaddy briefly suspended publication in 1969, then returned, with its title unpunctuated, in 1970, as a monthly with national mass market distribution, first as a quarterfold newsprint tabloid, then as a standard-sized magazine. Crawdaddy continued through the decade, led by editor-in-chief Peter Knobler (who first wrote for the original Crawdaddy under Williams in October 1968), with senior editor Greg Mitchell, featuring contributions from Joseph Heller, John Lennon, Tim O'Brien, Michael Herr, Gilda Radner, Dan Aykroyd, P.J. O'Rourke and Cameron Crowe, plus a roster of columnists including at times William S. Burroughs, Paul Krassner, David G. Hartwell, the Firesign Theater, and sometimes Paul Williams himself. While on the run from the law, Abbie Hoffman was Crawdaddy's travel editor.
As the decade progressed, the Crawdaddy staff included Timothy White (later, an editor of Billboard), Mitch Glazer, Denis Boyles, Noe Goldwasser, John Swenson, and Jon Pareles, plus notable freelance photographers including David Gahr, Francesco Scavullo, and Ed Gallucci. Because of such notable talent, Crawdaddy has been described as the Buffalo Springfield of the rock magazine world.
Crawdaddy was a generational magazine known for its well-written, insightful profiles particularly of musicians, but also a diverse mix of filmmakers, athletes, politicians, comedians and other celebrities prominent in 1970s pop culture, including Sly Stone, Bob Marley, the Who, Eric Clapton, the Rolling Stones, Mel Brooks, John Belushi, Jack Nicholson, Gregg Allman, Muhammad Ali, Joni Mitchell, Bonnie Raitt, Linda Ronstadt, Roxy Music, Little Feat, George Carlin, Randy Newman, Paul Butterfield, Brian Eno and Roy Orbison. Under Knobler, Crawdaddy's editors often assigned artists to write about other artists; Al Kooper profiled Steve Martin, Martin Mull interviewed Woody Allen, William S. Burroughs talked magic, mysticism and Aleister Crowley with Jimmy Page.
The magazine's record reviews, capsule reviews and film reviews sections, driven by editors Goldwasser and Swenson, shared an iconoclastic reputation that was well known by the music and film industries for its fierce independence.
Crawdaddy's features section regularly covered scenes from New Orleans funk to Austin, Texas' cosmic cowboys to Scientology, est and disco. Its renowned sense of humor produced the Crawdoodah Gazette, The Whole Earth Conspiracy Catalogue and "The Assassination Please Almanac".
In 1976 the magazine published the first in-depth article on the life and bizarre death of country-rock pioneer Gram Parsons, anticipating the wealth of information published about him in later years. Greg Mitchell, who wrote that piece, went on to write various books concerning U.S. political events.
Discovers Bruce Springsteen
Among Crawdaddy's scoops: the first major profile of Bruce Springsteen, written in December 1972 by Peter Knobler with special assistance from Greg Mitchell. "He sings with a freshness and urgency I haven't heard since I was rocked by 'Like a Rolling Stone,'" Knobler wrote. Knobler's Crawdaddy discovered Springsteen in the rock press and was his earliest champion. Springsteen and the E Street Band acknowledged by giving a private performance at the Crawdaddy 10th Anniversary Party in New York City in June 1976. Knobler profiled Springsteen in 1973, 1975 and 1978.
Rename and closure
Under Peter Knobler's editorship from 1972 to 1979, Crawdaddy's focus expanded to cover more general aspects of popular culture, particularly politics, sports and movies, and in 1979 the magazine changed its title to Feature. When the music business retrenched, Feature lost much of its advertising revenue, and after five issues at the beginning of 1979 it ceased publication. Knobler went on to collaborate on numerous best-selling books, including the political memoir All's Fair by James Carville and Mary Matalin and the autobiographies of Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Hakeem Olajuwon, Governor Ann Richards, NYPD Commissioner William Bratton, Sumner Redstone, NYC Mayor David Dinkins, Donny Deutsch, and Tommy Hilfiger.
Later relaunches
Paul Williams reclaimed the punctuated title in 1993, publishing 28 issues until financial pressures forced him to end its run in 2003. In 2006 Williams sold the rights to the Crawdaddy name as well as all of his published works in back issues and a handful of his authored books to Wolfgang's Vault. In May 2007, the magazine was re-launched as an online publication at Crawdaddy.com, equipped with video and MP3 capability. Credited for its reputation for "thinking man's music writing" by Magnet, Crawdaddy operated as a daily music news blog and source for longform music journalism, with a team of freelancers spanning the globe and a small San Francisco-based editorial staff headed by Editor-in-Chief Angela Zimmerman, who succeeded Jocelyn Hoppa. At the film, music and culture website PasteMagazine.com, where Crawdaddy appeared as a blog on August 5, 2011, the host site undertakes to import and maintain the Crawdaddy archive, and promises to continue to post not only archival but new material from "many of the columnists and writers you might have enjoyed at the Crawdaddy website".
The magazine's content spanned the entire age of rock 'n' roll from its inception (and all of the genre's derivatives) to extensive coverage on new and breaking bands. Regular columns and features included interviews, reviews, song histories, lyrical dissections, interviews on songwriting, roadie tales courtesy of Dinky Dawson, new classics, music and politics, crate diggers, the weakest cut, memoir and fiction pieces, in-house video sessions and interviews, and more.
Very Seventies
Peter Knobler and Greg Mitchell edited the book Very Seventies: A Cultural History of the 1970s from the Pages of Crawdaddy, published in 1995.
In popular culture
In the 1979 movie Rock 'n' Roll High School, the character Riff Randell (P. J. Soles) is seen reading an issue.
The Simpsons episode "A Midsummer's Nice Dream" (season 22, episode 16; airdate March 13, 2011) features a scene with Homer in the attic reminiscing to Bart about the 1970s, while sitting amongst stacks of old Crawdaddy magazines.
The magazine has been also referenced by Mystery Science Theater 3000, such as in the episode "The Skydivers" (in a gag about a reporter "covering the event" for Crawdaddy, although the movie predates the founding of the magazine) and the episode "The Incredible Melting Man" (in a gag about a very 1970s woman having a collection of back issues). | 4cfd06f3-97ce-44d6-9b10-393b743fc4eb |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonie_Stemmler"} | Antonie Stemmler (also Toni Stemmler, 6 November 1892 – 8 May 1976) was a German teacher, nurse and member of the antifascist resistance. In 1967 she received the Florence Nightingale Medal to honor her work in Nazi concentration camps during World War II and her nursing activities during the Spanish Civil War. In later life she was the only woman ever to chair the Zauch-Belziger District Council and when administrative reform dissolved the council, she became the first chair of the Council of the District of Potsdam. She received both the Clara Zetkin Medal and the Patriotic Order of Merit from East Germany.
Early life
Antonie Stemmler was born on 6 November 1892 in Hilterfingen, Switzerland. When she was two years old, her family returned to Potsdam, Germany, her father's homeland. After completing her secondary education, she attended a normal school to attain certification as a teacher.
Career
In 1916, Stemmler began teaching at a primary school in Berlin-Moabit and simultaneously worked in the archive of the Association of German Mechanical Engineering Institutions. Between 1929 and 1931, she was employed as a secretary at the publishing house run by Rudolf Mosse. She worked in the foreign correspondence department and became aware of international politics. Joining the communist party in 1932, she began co-editing the journal Roter Westen (Red West), but was arrested after Hitler's rise to power in 1933. After a short confinement in prison, she emigrated to Prague, Czechoslovakia, where she began working at the Arbeiterverlag (Workers' Publishing House), editing anti-fascist material. In January 1936, she was arrested a second time and lost her right to reside as an asylee in Czechoslovakia. Stemmler moved to Paris and found employment at the publisher United, where she worked until 1937.
That year in July, Stemmler moved to Spain with her husband, Ernst Goldstein. She began working as a nurse in the International Brigades of the Spanish Civil War at the medical center set up in Murcia. Goldstein engaged in the combat units of the brigades and was killed during the conflict. She worked near the front at field hospitals in Barcelona, Magoria, and Murcia until the war ended in March 1939. Making her way back to France, after crossing the border, she was interned with other German refugees from Spain in the Gurs internment camp near Pau. In 1941, Stemmler was handed over to the Gestapo and transported to Ravensbrück concentration camp, where as a prisoner, she served as a nurse and saved the lives of two Czech prisoners. She remained until her transfer in 1943 to the camp at Auschwitz. Without regard for her own safety, Stemmler used her medical training to treat patients who were suffering from illness or had been subjected to medical experimentation by the Nazis. She was evacuated in 1945 as part of a death march from the camp and was eventually liberated in April by the Red Army.
Stemmler began working at the Eberswalde Upper District Office in the Soviet occupation zone in August 1945. After two years, she began working at Landessender Potsdam editing women's content for the radio. Simultaneously, she served as a trustee for the sawmill in Biesenthal. In 1950, Stemmler began working at the Municipal Communication Archive in Schwielowsee and at the end of that year was asked by the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (German: Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands, SED) to take over the chair of the Zauch-Belzig District Council [de]. She accepted the appointment and was officially elected unanimously as the district administrator on 28 December 1950. Stemmler was the only woman ever to hold the chair on the council, as in 1952 an administrative reorganization dissolved the Zauch-Belziger District Council, replacing it with the Council of the District of Potsdam, for which she served as the inaugural chair. During her terms, she was known for her strict adherence to the party ideology. After a heart attack in 1953, she resigned the post as council chair.
Though Stemmler retired from politics, she remained active in the East German Red Cross and worked as a secretary of the East German Writers' Association in Berlin until 1961. In November 1961, she was elected to serve a four year post on the town council of Kleinmachnow. Early in February 1962, she agreed to act as interim mayor for two months because Otto Bachmann, the elected mayor was ill. Her term as acting mayor was extended and she held the post until March 1963. Stemmler was honored with the Clara Zetkin Medal in 1966 and the following year received the silver Patriotic Order of Merit from East Germany. In 1967, at a ceremony held at the Zwinger Palace in Dresden, she was honored with the Florence Nightingale Medal for her service as a volunteer military nurse.
Death and legacy
Stemmler died on 8 May 1976 in Kleinmachnow, East Germany. She was buried in the New Memorial Cemetery of Potsdam. In the 1970s, a combined nursery and kindergarten in Potsdam-West was named in her honor, recognizing her efforts in anti-fascist activities directed at youth. The facility operated until 2007, when the building required rehabilitation. In 1989, the Toni Stemmler Retirement Home was opened in Bad Belzig by the Health Department of the District Council. At the time, residential care for the elderly was a relatively new concept. The home was refurbished and brought up to modern standards in 2004, housing 80 residents. | 877480e0-2e87-4f72-ad60-50d4ee097a6a |
null | The Online Labour Index (OLI) is an economic indicator measuring the activity of the global online gig-economy. It was created and is administered by the researchers Otto Kässi, Vili Lehdonvirta, and Fabian Stephany, at the Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford.
The OLI monitors the demand and supply of work from the world's leading online gig-work internet platforms. The index has become an international reference for the measurement of the online freelance economy.
Online Labour Observatory
Since 2021, the OLI is hosted on the Online Labour Observatory, a joint project of the International Labour Organisation and the Oxford Internet Institute. | 4b7c7e2d-f17a-48a1-9fb7-f5b55535b34e |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srabon"} | Srabon or Shaon (Bengali: শ্রাবণ Srabôn, শাওন Shaon) is the fourth month of the Bengali calendar and one of the two months that make up the wet season, locally called "Barsha" (Bengali: বর্ষা Bôrsha). Artisans start making idols for Durga Puja, Kali Puja, etc. in this month.
Etymology
It is named after the star Shrobona (শ্রবণা Shrôbôna).
Events | 1494bc20-7eed-4316-a24e-1b2e7ffa94c8 |
null | This is a list of notable alumni who attended Brisbane Boys' College. Alumni of Brisbane Boys' College are known as Old Collegians and may elect to join the school's alumni association, the BBC Old Collegians' Association.
Academic
Business
Defence
Media and arts
Medicine and health sciences
Rhodes Scholars
Sport
Australian rules football
Cricket
Rowing
Rugby league
Rugby union
Football
Snow Skiing
Swimming
Track & field | 40a7f08c-469a-47c1-a622-91f5bbb1f0a1 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estetrol"} | Chemical compound
Estetrol (E4), or oestetrol, is one of the four natural estrogenic steroid hormones found in humans, along with estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3). Estetrol is a major estrogen in the body. In contrast to estrone and estradiol, estetrol is a native estrogen of fetal life. Estetrol is produced exclusively by the fetal liver and is found in detectable levels only during pregnancy, with relatively high levels in the fetus and lower levels in the maternal circulation.
In addition to its physiological role as a native hormone, estetrol can be used as a medication, see estetrol (medication). Estetrol, in combination with drospirenone, has recently been approved as a new estrogenic component of a combined oral contraceptive (COC) and estetrol alone is in clinical development for the treatment of menopausal symptoms as well as breast and prostate cancer.
Biological function
So far, the physiological function of estetrol remains unknown. The potential role of estetrol as a marker for fetal well-being has been studied quite extensively, but no correlation was found due to the large intra- and inter-individual variation in maternal estetrol plasma levels during pregnancy.
Biological activity
Estetrol has a moderate affinity for estrogen receptors alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ), with Ki values of 4.9 nM and 19 nM, respectively. As such, estetrol has 4- to 5-fold preference for ERα over ERβ. In different animal models, the potency of estetrol regarding its estrogenic effect observed in vivo is generally 10 to 20 times lower than the potency of ethinyl estradiol (EE) and is also lower than the potency of estradiol. Estetrol displays a highly selective binding to its primary targets ERα and ERβ, which ensures that estetrol has a low risk of non-specific side effects.
Mode of action
Tissue-selective effect
Estetrol shows selective estrogenic, neutral or anti-estrogenic activities in certain cell types and tissues. In rodent models, estetrol has shown to elicit potent estrogenic activity on ovulation, brain, bone tissue, cardiovascular system, and uterus, associated with ovulation inhibition, prevention of bone demineralization, cardioprotective effects and maintenance of uterovaginal tissues, respectively.
Data from preclinical studies also suggest that estetrol has anti-estrogenic like effects on the breast and a limited impact on normal or malignant breast tissue when used at therapeutic concentration. This property of estetrol is associated with antagonistic effects on breast cell proliferation, migration and invasion in the presence of estradiol.
The molecular mechanisms of action driving its tissue-selective actions rely on a specific profile of ERα activation, uncoupling nuclear and membrane activation.
In the liver, Estetrol has a neutral activity, which is reflected by a minimal impact on synthesis of hepatic coagulation factors, minimal impact on sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) synthesis and limited impact on lipid parameters, including triglycerides.
Estetrol can therefore be described as the first Native Estrogen with Selective Tissue activity (NEST).
Differences vs SERMs
The selective tissue activity of estetrol is different from the effects of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), like tamoxifen and raloxifene. Estetrol, like SERMs, has selective tissue activity. However, SERMs interact with the ligand binding domain of ERα in a manner that is distinct from that of estrogens, including estetrol. Estetrol recruits the same co-regulators as other estrogens, while SERMs recruit other co-regulators.
ERα activation
Estrogens can elicit their effects via nuclear ERα and/or membrane ERα signaling pathways. Estetrol presents a distinctive mode of action in terms of ERα activation. Like other estrogens, estetrol binds to, and activates the nuclear ERα to induce gene transcription. However, estetrol induces very limited activity via membrane ERα in several tissues (e.g. in the breast) and antagonizes this pathway in the presence of estradiol, thereby uniquely uncoupling nuclear and membrane activation.
Biochemistry
Biosynthesis
In the fetal liver, estetrol is synthesized from estradiol (E2) and estriol (E3) by two fetal liver enzymes, 15α- and 16α-hydroxylase, through hydroxylation. Estetrol can be detected in maternal urine from the 9th week of gestation. After birth, the neonatal liver rapidly loses its capacity to synthesize estetrol. During the second trimester of pregnancy, high levels of estetrol can be found in maternal plasma, with steadily rising concentrations of unconjugated estetrol to about 1 ng/mL (>3 nM) towards the end of pregnancy. Fetal plasma levels have been reported to be over 10 times higher than maternal plasma levels at parturition.
Distribution
In terms of plasma protein binding, estetrol displays moderate binding to albumin, and shows no binding to SHBG. The overall low plasma protein binding results in a ~50% free active fraction. This compares to a 1% active form for EE and ~2% for estradiol. Estetrol is equally distributed between red blood cells and plasma.
Metabolism
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes do not play a major role in the metabolism of estetrol. Instead, estetrol undergoes extensive phase 2 metabolism in the liver to form glucuronide and sulphate conjugates. The two main metabolites, estetrol-3-glucuronide and estetrol-16-glucuronide, have negligible estrogenic activity. (see Drospirenone/estetrol)
Excretion
Estetrol is mainly excreted in urine. Estetrol is an end-stage product of metabolism, which is not converted back into active metabolites like estriol, estradiol or estrone.
Chemistry
Estetrol, also known as 15α-hydroxyestriol or as estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,15α,16α,17β-tetrol, is an estrane steroid and derivative of estrin (estratriene). It is structurally different from the other estrogens because of the presence of four hydroxyl groups, which explains the abbreviation E4.
Synthesis
Estetrol itself is a naturally-produced estrogen by the human fetal liver. However, for human use, estetrol is synthesized from estrone, which is obtained from phytosterols extracted from soybeans. The synthesis of estetrol results in very pure estetrol (>99.9%) without contaminants.
History
Estetrol was first described in 1965 by Egon Diczfalusy and coworkers at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden, who identified and isolated this novel, native estrogen from late pregnancy urine and from the urine of newborn infants. | ca8d2bc7-bf0a-401b-b01c-499e9a04b611 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Decathlon"} | The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Solar Decathlon is a collegiate competition, comprising 10 contests, that challenges student teams to design and build highly efficient and innovative buildings powered by renewable energy. The winners will be those teams that best blend design architectural and engineering excellence with innovation, market potential, building efficiency, and smart energy production. In the summer of 2018, DOE merged its two student building design competitions into one Solar Decathlon competition.
The combined competition features two tracks, the Design Challenge and the Build Challenge. The Solar Decathlon provides a hands-on experience and unique training that prepares the competing students to enter the clean energy workforce. This international competition has been a driving force in raising awareness about clean energy since its inception in 2002. Technologies and solutions used in Solar Decathlon homes have advanced the residential building industry both in the United States and abroad.
After the first Solar Decathlon was held in 2002, the competition occurred biennially in 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015 and 2017. The Solar Decathlon 2017 was located in Denver, Colorado, adjacent to the 61st & Peña station on the University of Colorado A line commuter train connecting Denver International Airport to downtown Union Station. In addition to the competition, Solar Decathlon 2017 also featured a sustainability expo, professional development and consumer workshops, and middle-school education events.
Open to the public and free of charge, the Solar Decathlon allows visitors to tour energy- and water-efficient houses, and gather ideas to save energy and conserve water in their own homes.
The Solar Decathlon 2017 competition was presented by DOE and administered by Energetics, Incorporated, a subsidiary of VSE Corporation. Previous competitions were administered by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL).
Since the first competition in 2002, the Solar Decathlon has expanded internationally to include competitions in Europe, China, Latin America and Caribbean, the Middle East, and Africa. Solar Decathlon Europe was established under a 2007 memorandum of understanding between the United States and Spain , which hosted competitions in 2010 and 2012. France hosted in 2014. The Solar Decathlon Europe 2019 was hosted by Hungary in Szentendre. The next Solar Decathlon Europe was planned for 2021, in Wuppertal, Germany and postponed to 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
The Solar Decathlon China was established with the signing of a memorandum of understanding between DOE, China’s National Energy Administration, Peking University and Applied Materials on January 20, 2011. The first Solar Decathlon China took place in August 2013 in the city of Datong. The next Solar Decathlon China will take place in 2018 and was formed through a memorandum of understanding among the United States Department of Energy, the People’s Republic of China, and the China Overseas Development Corporation.
Solar Decathlon Latin America and Caribbean was established under a memorandum of understanding between the United States Department of Energy and the government of Colombia in 2014. The first competition was held in Cali in December 2015, and another competition is planned for 2019.
Solar Decathlon Middle East, to be held in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, in 2018, was formed by a memorandum of understanding between DOE and the Dubai Electricity and Water Authority in 2015. An additional Solar Decathlon Middle East is also expected to take place in 2020.
On November 15, 2016, the Moroccan Ministry of Energy, Mines, Water, and the Environment (MEMEE); the Moroccan Research Institute in Solar Energy and New Energies (IRESEN); and DOE signed a memorandum of understanding to collaborate on the development of Solar Decathlon Africa. The competition is planned for 2019.
History
The inaugural Solar Decathlon was open to the public between September 19 and October 6, 2002. Fourteen teams from across the United States, including Puerto Rico, presented their projects on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. The University of Colorado was awarded first place.
At the second Solar Decathlon, likewise held on the National Mall on October 6–16, 2005, 18 teams from the United States, Canada, and Spain participated; the University of Colorado successfully defended its championship.
The third Solar Decathlon took place on the National Mall on October 12–20, 2007. Twenty teams from the United States, Canada, Spain, and Germany competed, and Technische Universität Darmstadt (Team Germany) was named the overall champion.
The fourth Solar Decathlon was held on the National Mall on October 8–18, 2009, and included teams from the United States, Canada, Germany, and Spain; Team Germany was named the winner for a second time.
The fifth Solar Decathlon took place between September 23 and October 2, 2011, with nineteen participating teams representing the United States, China, New Zealand, Belgium, and Canada. The event was held in Washington D.C.'s West Potomac Park, near the Potomac River, the Tidal Basin and the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial, along a road between the Lincoln and Jefferson Memorials. The University of Maryland was the overall competition winner.
The sixth Solar Decathlon took place on October 3–13, 2013, in Orange County Great Park in Irvine, California – it was the first Solar Decathlon to take place outside Washington D.C., and was won by Vienna University of Technology (Team Austria).
The seventh Solar Decathlon was held October 8 – 18, 2015, also at the Orange County Great Park. Stevens Institute of Technology was the overall winner. This was their third Solar Decathlon competition.
The eighth Solar Decathlon in the U.S. was held October 5–15, 2017, in Denver, Colorado, at the 61st & Peña Station on the University of Colorado A line commuter rail connecting Denver International Airport to downtown Union Station. Eleven teams competed to design, build, and operate the most cost-effective, energy-efficient, and attractive solar-powered house. The Swiss Team won the overall competition with their entry, NeighborHub. It was the first entry for this combined team of École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, School of Engineering and Architecture Fribourg, Geneva University of Art and Design, and the University of Fribourg.
Awards
In 2010, the National Building Museum awarded the Solar Decathlon an Honor Award for its emphasis on "renewable energy, energy-efficient, and environmentally responsible systems" and its role in "educating a new generation of built-environment professionals".
Scope of contests
Like the Olympic decathlon, the DOE Solar Decathlon consists of 10 contests. The contests evaluate cost-effective design; innovation balanced with market potential; water and energy efficiency; energy production and time-of-use energy; and communications strategies. Each Solar Decathlon contest is worth a maximum of 100 points, for a potential competition total of 1,000 points. Teams earn points through task completion, performance monitoring, and jury evaluation. The contests may change after each competition in response to participant feedback, market dynamics, and DOE goals.
The contests for the 2019-2020 event:
Competitors
2017
The project NeighborHub by the Swiss team won the overall competition.
Teams selected for the Solar Decathlon 2017 competition held in Denver, Colorado:
2015
Teams selected for the Solar Decathlon 2015 competition held at Orange County Great Park in Irvine, California:
2013
Teams selected for the Solar Decathlon 2013 competition in Orange County Great Park in Irvine, California, the first one to be held outside of Washington, DC,:
2011
Teams selected for the Solar Decathlon 2011 competition:
2009
The competing teams in Solar Decathlon 2009:
2007
The 20 competing teams in Solar Decathlon 2007:
2005
The 18 competing universities in Solar Decathlon 2005:
2002
The 14 competing teams in Solar Decathlon 2002: | fe9117d1-8d4c-4ce3-a3d7-fd063a107e9f |
null | American archaeologist and writer
Kathleen O'Neal Gear (born 1954) is an American archaeologist and writer. She has won numerous awards for her work, including the Spur Award for best historical novel of the west, and two Special Achievement Awards from the U.S. Dept. of the Interior for her work as an archaeologist. In 2015, she was honored by the United States Congress with a Certificate of Special Congressional Recognition. In 2021 she won the Owen Wister Award for lifetime contributions to western literature, and was inducted into the Western Writers Hall of Fame. Her novels have been published in 29 languages.
Biography
Gear was born in Tulare, California, and graduated with a B.A. from California State University, Bakersfield, then went on to do graduate work in archaeology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. She received her M.A. from California State University, Chico, and conducted Ph.D. studies in American Indian history at the University of California, Los Angeles.
Gear is a former state historian and archaeologist for Wyoming, Kansas, and Nebraska for the U.S. Department of the Interior. She has twice received the federal government's Special Achievement Award for "outstanding management" of America's cultural heritage, and has published fifty novels. In 2015, she was honored by the U.S. House of Representatives with a Certificate of Special Congressional Recognition, and the State of California passed Joint Member Resolution #117, saying, "The contributions of Kathleen O'Neal Gear to the fields of history, archaeology and writing have been invaluable..." She is perhaps best known for her North America's Forgotten Past series, co-authored with W. Michael Gear, her husband. She has seventeen million copies of her works in print, translated into twenty-nine languages.
Notable works
List from her personal web page.
People books – North America's Forgotten Past (with W. Michael Gear)
The Battle for America
Powers of Light
Black Falcon Trilogy
Anasazi mysteries (with W. Michael Gear)
Other novels
Selected non-fiction
Awards and honors
List from her personal web page: | 2cb7466c-efa7-447d-92b6-08fd76b74d81 |
null | The RVU protocol (RVU, a pseudo-acronym pronounced "R-view") is an Application Layer protocol, that combines the pre-existing Digital Living Network Alliance (DLNA) standards and a new Remote User Interface (RUI) protocol, which works similar to Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP). The RVU RUI protocol is intended to allow an RVU-enabled client, such as a TV, to receive a pixel-accurate display of the user interface available on an RVU server.
RVU, combined with DLNA's ability to transmit media (video, photos and music) across a home network, allows for the entire user experience of a media server to be transmitted to an RVU client, makes the user interface available via the RUI protocol while all processing is being done by the server software and plug-ins happen at the host computer; only the user interface is streamed to the client devices. The protocol is primarily intended to operate over a home network. The RVU protocol has been developed with a focus on passing broadcast video coming from a multichannel video programming distributor through a residential gateway or dedicated media server to other consumer electronic devices in the home. However the protocol has much broader applications than just this.
Overview
The RVU Protocol was defined to solve the problem of how to provide a consistent television user interface throughout the home, without requiring the use of a dedicated set-top box for each television. The RVU Protocol is a communications protocol which runs on a media server device and multiple client devices. RVU uses open standards (including DLNA and UPnP) which are already in use in the consumer electronics field.
The clients can consist of various manufacturer-branded TVs, Blu-ray players or other client devices. The server generates the user guide and other data and sends this for the client to display. In this way the clients can be low complexity or "thin" client devices, while still providing a full user interface experience to the user. Once an RVU compliant device is connected to an RVU server, the TV viewer can watch the same or different content from any room of the home. Viewers can access the same prerecorded or live content from the server via the client device as if a set-top box were present, with the same user guide experience.
RVU supports networking on existing home infrastructure, but is agnostic to the transport mechanism and can work on wireless technologies such as 802.11 or wired technologies such as Ethernet or MoCA.
RVU supports a Remote User Interface (RUI) that allows user interactions such as trick play (e.g., pause and rewind) and the running of interactive applications.
As such, the device can render the interface even though the media center specific software (or the plug-ins) might not be installed there. However, the media files are streamed over a different protocol. To render the media, the Extender needs to have an implementation of the codec used to package the media locally installed on the client which works as an extender; having the codec on the host computer is not enough. Alternatively media can be trans-coded on the fly by the host computer to a codec that is supported by the client.
History
The RVU Protocol specification V1.0 was released on 3 December 2009.
Specification
The RVU Protocol specification V1.0 is currently ratified by the board and available to members for implementation.
The RVU protocol specification V2.0 became available on January 7, 2013.
The specification is in large part dependent on the DLNA specification.
The specification uses DTCP/IP as "link protection" for copyright-protected commercial content between one device to another.
Certification
RVU certification Devices will be subject to certification by the RVU Alliance. Certification procedures are under development by the RVU Alliance. | 2fee58e5-a7a6-4116-b008-6fd13cb5cbc5 |
null | Michael Hill (7 August 1672 – 1699) was a politician in England and Ireland.
Biography
He was the son of William Hill, of Hillsborough by his wife Eleanor, daughter of Archbishop Michael Boyle.
Michael Hill was Member of Parliament for Saltash in the English House of Commons from 1692 to 1695, and for Hillsborough in the Irish House of Commons from 1695 to 1699. He also served as Governor and Custos Rotulorum of County Down and appointed to the Privy Council of Ireland in 1694.
Family
In 1690, he married Anne, daughter of Sir John Trevor; they had two sons and one daughter. His eldest son and heir Trevor was made Viscount Hillsborough. Through his second son, Arthur Hill-Trevor, 1st Viscount Dungannon, he is great-grandfather of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington. | 835baccd-e4b6-44f0-88ee-a93af854d3dc |
null | Any Time Now is a 2002 co-produced six-part comedy-drama by RTÉ and BBC Northern Ireland.
The show initially aired on BBC One Northern Ireland and RTÉ One in 2002. The show was filmed in Dublin, Republic of Ireland and Belfast, in Northern Ireland.
Concept
Anytime Now was an Irish contemporary six-part drama series, set against the backdrop of the newly thriving and cosmopolitan Dublin, about the lives, loves, and libidos of three lifelong friends. Nora Moggin (played by Angelina Ball), Kate O'Dowd (played by Zara Turner) and Stevie McCutcheon (played by Susan Lynch) live in Dublin. They have a combined age of 99. Between them they have slept with 47 men, broken 11 hearts, drunk approximately 5000 pints, bought one house, buried two parents, failed one marriage and produced one baby. They've known each other long enough to believe that their friendship, at least, is invincible
Cast
Theme Song
The theme song is "In These Shoes?" by Kirsty MacColl. | 98319439-d330-456e-b074-76b4a61cf24d |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwandwane_Browne"} | England field hockey player
Kwandwane "Kwan" Browne (born 11 December 1977 in Belmont, Trinidad and Tobago) is a Trinidadian field hockey player.
He has represented Trinidad and Tobago internationally at the Commonwealth Games, Pan American Games and Pan American Cup.
Browne plays club hockey for Hampstead and Westminster as a player/coach, having previously played for Canterbury and East Grinstead.
On 24 September 2019 it was announced that Browne had been appointed as Assistant Coach for the Great Britain national team.
In 2020, he became the head of hockey at Mill Hill School in London.[citation needed] | 4d72e374-a1a4-49e0-bd8b-4475d89f4254 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia_men%27s_national_3x3_team"} | The Armenia men's national 3x3 team is a national basketball team of Armenia, administered by the Basketball Federation of Armenia. It represents the country in international 3x3 (3 against 3) basketball competitions. | e9c7974a-e424-4b39-aba2-0640ce95f908 |
null | Prothrombin activator is a complex of a dozen blood coagulation factors that functions in catalyzing prothrombin into thrombin. Prothrombin activator is released in the body by a cascade of chemical reactions in response to damage in a blood vessel. | 8bc626a9-5321-4246-afbc-6c89c459dc8b |
null | Ruth Lercher Bornstein is an American author and illustrator of children's and young adult books, and painter.
Biography
Ruth Lercher Bornstein grew up in Wisconsin and graduated from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1948 with a degree in Art Education, after which she taught art for children at the Lenox Hill Neighborhood House in New York. She later attended the Cranbrook Academy of Art in Michigan before moving with her husband to Los Angeles.
Her first book Indian Bunny, reissued as Brave Bunny, was published in 1973.
Books | fdb0c4cf-6484-4b8f-ab88-171a9db35e38 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katha_Township"} | Township in Sagaing Region, Burma
Katha Township is a township in Katha District in the Sagaing Region of Burma. The principal town is Katha. The township is served by a branch (east-west) railway line that leaves the main line just north of Indaw. | d700e572-01fa-445b-84c8-c21aba014db7 |
null | Canadian actress
Patricia Drake is a Canadian actress working on TV and in animated shows, mostly with Ocean Studios in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Filmography
Anime roles
Non-anime roles | 58adcbfe-73e0-49da-af0c-a7538c0b3c27 |
null | Meet Me in St. Louis is a 1944 film starring Judy Garland.
Meet Me in St. Louis may also refer to:
Topics referred to by the same term | 0f470c35-dd89-47da-9996-37be70beba7b |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNCF_Class_C_61000"} | The SNCF Class C 61000 (+ TC 61100) diesel shunters were built by Compagnie Electro-Méchanique (CEM) between 1950–1953. 48 locomotives were built, numbered C 61001–61048. They were used for heavy shunting duties around Le Havre.
Two traction motors were fitted to the two end axles, all the axles being coupled by coupling rods.
Slave units
In addition, twelve slave units, numbered TC 61101-61112 were built, to provide extra power. These slave units did not have a cab, thus reducing their weight.
Disposal
These locomotive have now been withdrawn from SNCF service. However, several have been preserved, and a few were sold to for further use with industry or the Paris Metro operator RATP. | 37561700-ae30-44f6-bbdf-229f9368a391 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojski"} | A wojski (Medieval Latin: tribunus, hence sometimes rendered into English as tribune) was an officer in medieval Poland, responsible for the security of voivodeships or districts at times when voivods and castellans had accompanied the szlachta (nobility) to war.
With time, the wojski's responsibilities were taken over by starostas, and wojski became an honorary district office in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. | b1076bc2-205c-452d-8696-a812803bb33f |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_July_1832"} | The list of shipwrecks in July 1832 includes ships sunk, foundered, grounded, or otherwise lost during July 1832.
1 July
2 July
4 July
5 July
6 July
8 July
10 July
12 July
13 July
15 July
20 July
22 July
28 July
31 July
Unknown date | 24836d47-b360-4441-8dfb-8a0e95e024b7 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skin_conditions"} | Many skin conditions affect the human integumentary system—the organ system covering the entire surface of the body and composed of skin, hair, nails, and related muscle and glands. The major function of this system is as a barrier against the external environment. The skin weighs an average of four kilograms, covers an area of two square metres, and is made of three distinct layers: the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. The two main types of human skin are: glabrous skin, the hairless skin on the palms and soles (also referred to as the "palmoplantar" surfaces), and hair-bearing skin. Within the latter type, the hairs occur in structures called pilosebaceous units, each with hair follicle, sebaceous gland, and associated arrector pili muscle. In the embryo, the epidermis, hair, and glands form from the ectoderm, which is chemically influenced by the underlying mesoderm that forms the dermis and subcutaneous tissues.
The epidermis is the most superficial layer of skin, a squamous epithelium with several strata: the stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale. Nourishment is provided to these layers by diffusion from the dermis since the epidermis is without direct blood supply. The epidermis contains four cell types: keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. Of these, keratinocytes are the major component, constituting roughly 95 percent of the epidermis. This stratified squamous epithelium is maintained by cell division within the stratum basale, in which differentiating cells slowly displace outwards through the stratum spinosum to the stratum corneum, where cells are continually shed from the surface. In normal skin, the rate of production equals the rate of loss; about two weeks are needed for a cell to migrate from the basal cell layer to the top of the granular cell layer, and an additional two weeks to cross the stratum corneum.
The dermis is the layer of skin between the epidermis and subcutaneous tissue, and comprises two sections, the papillary dermis and the reticular dermis. The superficial papillary dermis interdigitates with the overlying rete ridges of the epidermis, between which the two layers interact through the basement membrane zone. Structural components of the dermis are collagen, elastic fibers, and ground substance. Within these components are the pilosebaceous units, arrector pili muscles, and the eccrine and apocrine glands. The dermis contains two vascular networks that run parallel to the skin surface—one superficial and one deep plexus—which are connected by vertical communicating vessels. The function of blood vessels within the dermis is fourfold: to supply nutrition, to regulate temperature, to modulate inflammation, and to participate in wound healing.
The subcutaneous tissue is a layer of fat between the dermis and underlying fascia. This tissue may be further divided into two components, the actual fatty layer, or panniculus adiposus, and a deeper vestigial layer of muscle, the panniculus carnosus. The main cellular component of this tissue is the adipocyte, or fat cell. The structure of this tissue is composed of septal (i.e. linear strands) and lobular compartments, which differ in microscopic appearance. Functionally, the subcutaneous fat insulates the body, absorbs trauma, and serves as a reserve energy source.
Conditions of the human integumentary system constitute a broad spectrum of diseases, also known as dermatoses, as well as many nonpathologic states (like, in certain circumstances, melanonychia and racquet nails). While only a small number of skin diseases account for most visits to the physician, thousands of skin conditions have been described. Classification of these conditions often presents many nosological challenges, since underlying etiologies and pathogenetics are often not known. Therefore, most current textbooks present a classification based on location (for example, conditions of the mucous membrane), morphology (chronic blistering conditions), etiology (skin conditions resulting from physical factors), and so on. Clinically, the diagnosis of any particular skin condition is made by gathering pertinent information regarding the presenting skin lesion(s), including the location (such as arms, head, legs), symptoms (pruritus, pain), duration (acute or chronic), arrangement (solitary, generalized, annular, linear), morphology (macules, papules, vesicles), and color (red, blue, brown, black, white, yellow). Diagnosis of many conditions often also requires a skin biopsy which yields histologic information that can be correlated with the clinical presentation and any laboratory data.
Acneiform eruptions
Acneiform eruptions are caused by changes in the pilosebaceous unit.
Autoinflammatory syndromes
Autoinflammatory syndromes are a group of inherited disorders characterized by bouts of inflammatory skin lesions and periodic fevers.
Chronic blistering
Chronic blistering cutaneous conditions have a prolonged course and present with vesicles and bullae.
Conditions of the mucous membranes
Conditions of the mucous membranes involve the moist linings of the eyes, nose, mouth, genitals, and anus.
Conditions of the skin appendages
Conditions of the skin appendages are those affecting the glands of the skin, hair, nails, and arrector pili muscles.
Conditions of the subcutaneous fat
Conditions of the subcutaneous fat are those affecting the layer of adipose tissue that lies between the dermis and underlying fascia.
Congenital anomalies
Cutaneous congenital anomalies are a diverse group of disorders that result from faulty morphogenesis, the biological process that forms the shape of a human body.
Connective tissue diseases
Connective tissue diseases are caused by a complex array of autoimmune responses that target or affect collagen or ground substance.
Abnormalities of dermal fibrous and elastic tissue
Abnormalities of dermal fibrous and elastic tissue are caused by problems in the regulation of collagen synthesis or degradation.
Dermal and subcutaneous growths
Dermal and subcutaneous growths result from (1) reactive or neoplastic proliferation of cellular components of the dermis or subcutaneous tissue, or (2) neoplasms invading or aberrantly present in the dermis.
Dermatitis
Dermatitis is a general term for "inflammation of the skin".
Atopic
Atopic dermatitis is a chronic dermatitis associated with a hereditary tendency to develop allergies to food and inhalant substances.
Contact
Contact dermatitis is caused by certain substances coming in contact with the skin.
Eczema
Eczema refers to a broad range of conditions that begin as spongiotic dermatitis and may progress to a lichenified stage.
Pustular
Pustular dermatitis is an inflammation of the skin that presents with pustular lesions.
Seborrheic
Seborrheic dermatitis is a chronic, superficial, inflammatory disease characterized by scaling on an erythematous base.
Disturbances of pigmentation
Disturbances of human pigmentation, either loss or reduction, may be related to loss of melanocytes or the inability of melanocytes to produce melanin or transport melanosomes correctly.
Drug eruptions
Drug eruptions are adverse drug reactions that present with cutaneous manifestations.
Endocrine-related
Endocrine conditions often present with cutaneous findings as the skin interacts with the endocrine system in many ways.
Eosinophilic
Eosinophilic cutaneous conditions encompass a wide variety of diseases that are characterized histologically by the presence of eosinophils in the inflammatory infiltrate, or evidence of eosinophil degranulation.
Epidermal nevi, neoplasms, and cysts
Epidermal nevi, neoplasms, and cysts are skin lesions that develop from the epidermal layer of the skin.
Erythemas
Erythemas are reactive skin conditions in which there is blanchable redness.
Genodermatoses
Genodermatoses are inherited genetic skin conditions often grouped into three categories: chromosomal, single gene, and polygenetic.
Infection-related
Infection-related cutaneous conditions may be caused by bacteria, fungi, yeast, viruses, or parasites.
Bacterium-related
Bacterium-related cutaneous conditions often have distinct morphologic characteristics that may be an indication of a generalized systemic process or simply an isolated superficial infection.
Mycobacterium-related
Mycobacterium-related cutaneous conditions are caused by Mycobacterium infections.
Mycosis-related
Mycosis-related cutaneous conditions are caused by fungi or yeasts, and may present as either a superficial or deep infection of the skin, hair, or nails.
Parasitic infestations, stings, and bites
Parasitic infestations, stings, and bites in humans are caused by several groups of organisms belonging to the following phyla: Annelida, Arthropoda, Bryozoa, Chordata, Cnidaria, Cyanobacteria, Echinodermata, Nemathelminthes, Platyhelminthes, and Protozoa.
Virus-related
Virus-related cutaneous conditions are caused by two main groups of viruses–DNA and RNA types–both of which are obligatory intracellular parasites.
Lichenoid eruptions
Lichenoid eruptions are dermatoses related to the unique, common inflammatory disorder lichen planus, which affects the skin, mucous membranes, nails, and hair.
Lymphoid-related
Lymphoid-related cutaneous conditions are a group of disorders characterized by collections of lymphocyte cells within the skin.
Melanocytic nevi and neoplasms
Melanocytic nevi and neoplasms are caused by either a proliferation of (1) melanocytes, or (2) nevus cells, a form of melanocyte that lack dendritic processes.
Melanoma
Melanoma is a malignant proliferation of melanocytes and the most aggressive type of skin cancer.
Monocyte- and macrophage-related
Monocyte- and macrophage-related cutaneous conditions are characterized histologically by infiltration of the skin by monocyte or macrophage cells, often divided into several categories, including granulomatous disease, histiocytoses, and sarcoidosis.
Mucinoses
Mucinoses are a group of conditions caused by dermal fibroblasts producing abnormally large amounts of mucopolysaccharides.
Neurocutaneous
Neurocutaneous conditions are due organic nervous system disease or are psychiatric in etiology.
Noninfectious immunodeficiency-related
Noninfectious immunodeficiency-related cutaneous conditions are caused by T-cell or B-cell dysfunction.
Nutrition-related
Nutrition-related cutaneous conditions are caused by malnutrition due to an improper or inadequate diet.
Papulosquamous hyperkeratotic
Papulosquamous hyperkeratotic cutaneous conditions are those that present with papules and scales caused by a thickening of the stratum corneum.
Palmoplantar keratodermas
Palmoplantar keratodermas are a diverse group of hereditary and acquired keratodermas in which there is hyperkeratosis of the skin of the palms and soles.
Pregnancy-related
Pregnancy-related cutaneous conditions are a group of skin changes observed during pregnancy.
Pruritic
Pruritus, commonly known as itchiness, is a sensation exclusive to the skin, and characteristic of many skin conditions.
Psoriasis
Psoriasis is a common, chronic, and recurrent inflammatory disease of the skin characterized by circumscribed, erythematous, dry, scaling plaques.
Reactive neutrophilic
Reactive neutrophilic cutaneous conditions constitute a spectrum of disease mediated by neutrophils, and typically associated with underlying diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease and hematologic malignancy.
Recalcitrant palmoplantar eruptions
Recalcitrant palmoplantar eruptions are skin conditions of the palms and soles which are resistant to treatment.
Resulting from errors in metabolism
Skin conditions resulting from errors in metabolism are caused by enzymatic defects that lead to an accumulation or deficiency of various cellular components, including, but not limited to, amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.
Resulting from physical factors
Skin conditions resulting from physical factors occur from a number of causes, including, but not limited to, hot and cold temperatures, friction, and moisture.
Ionizing radiation-induced
Ionizing radiation-induced cutaneous conditions result from exposure to ionizing radiation.
Urticaria and angioedema
Urticaria is a vascular reaction of the skin characterized by the appearance of wheals, which are firm, elevated swellings of the skin. Angioedema, which can occur alone or with urticaria, is characterized by a well-defined, edematous swelling that involves subcutaneous tissues, abdominal organs, or upper airway.
Vascular-related
Vascular-related cutaneous conditions result from dysfunction of the blood or blood vessels in the dermis, or lymphatics in the subcutaneous tissues.
Footnotes | c63940cc-2645-414b-b88f-e1d0c8082275 |
null | 1937 film by William C. McGann
Marry the Girl is a 1937 American romantic comedy film directed by William C. McGann. The 68 minute film, set at a newspaper syndicate, was written by Sig Herzig and Pat C. Flick, shot by cinematographer Arthur L. Todd, and was produced by Bryan Foy and Jack L. Warner under the Warner Bros. banner.
Plot summary
Ollie Radway (Mary Boland) is a daffy dowager who, with equally eccentric brother John (Hugh Herbert), runs a thriving newspaper. After firing the managing editor for failing to keep her niece Virginia (Carol Hughes) out of the newspaper business, she hands the job to David Partridge (Frank McHugh), a minor employee with a crush on the girl. In short order, Partridge is assigned to keep Virginia away from fortune-hunting editorial artist Dimitri Kyeff (Mischa Auer).
Cast | 2e830f17-d7cb-473f-9342-a436ef433476 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Gardellino"} | il Gardellino is a Flemish Baroque music ensemble founded in 1988 by oboist Marcel Ponseele and flutist Jan De Winne [nl]. The name was derived from a piece by Vivaldi named after the goldfinch (gardellino in Italian). The ensemble plays on period instruments in historically informed performances. The ensemble focus on works by Johann Sebastian Bach and his contemporaries Johann Friedrich Fasch, Carl Heinrich Graun, Handel, Johann Gottlieb Janitsch, Telemann and Vivaldi.
The group performed at the 2013 Festival of Flanders and the 2015 Bucharest Early Music Festival. | a543804f-971f-4054-9a70-c16a319fe222 |
null | Genus of beetles
Microleroides chinensis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus Microleroides. It was described by Breuning in 1956. | 1b3ad6cb-39eb-4a0c-9491-52e4f6d972e8 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Season_in_Cairo"} | 1933 film
Season in Cairo (German: Saison in Kairo) is a 1933 German musical comedy film directed by Reinhold Schünzel and starring Renate Müller, Willy Fritsch and Gustav Waldau. A French-language version Idylle au Caire was released, also featuring Müller. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Robert Herlth and Walter Röhrig. It was shot on location in Egypt at Giza and Cairo, with interior filming taking place at the Babelsberg Studios in Berlin.
Cast
Bibliography | 84c89877-d066-431e-9ab7-742d25c3b9b9 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Soulforge"} | Fantasy novel written by Margaret Weis
The Soulforge is a fantasy novel written by Margaret Weis and set in the Dragonlance campaign setting. The novel was first published in January 1998, and covers the early life of the character Raistlin Majere.
Plot summary
The story begins from Raistlin's childhood, and follows his progress through magic school. Many things occur that foreshadow the great power that he would one day attain, and offer an explanation as to why he is often vindictive and power hungry. The book concludes with Raistlin's test at the Tower of High Sorcery of Wayreth. The account of the test conflicts somewhat with a story that appeared in one of the books of the Dragonlance Legends trilogy, but gives a much more detailed account of how Raistlin came by his golden skin and hourglass eyes, and also how he bested the ancient archmage, Fistandantilus, from the time before the fall of Istar.
Inspiration
Margaret Weis has acknowledged Terry Phillip's The Soulforge gamebook for Advanced Dungeons & Dragons as the inspiration for the novel.
Cultural references
Power Metal band Blind Guardian wrote a song about the novel, titled "The Soulforged", on their album A Night at the Opera.[citation needed]
Reviews
Review by Wayne MacLaurin (1998) in SF Site, May 1998, (1998)
Footnotes | 10047a3e-2738-442a-9370-13160c62ce20 |
null | The 2017–18 film awards season began in November 2017 with the Gotham Independent Film Awards 2017 and ended in March 2018 with the 90th Academy Awards.
Award ceremonies
November
December
January
February
March | a1015b32-a312-422b-b1bd-8293fefd62bd |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II,_Cardinal_de_Bourbon"} | Charles II of Bourbon (1562–1594), known as Cardinal de Vendôme and later as Cardinal de Bourbon, was a prince of the blood of the House of Bourbon. When his Protestant cousin became King Henry IV of France in 1589, he raised the hopes of Catholics hostile to the League and was a candidate for the crown of France.
Family
Born August 19, 1562 at Gandelus-en-Brie, Charles was the son of Louis I de Bourbon-Conde, Prince of Conde (uncle of French King Henry IV) and Duke of Enghien, and Eleonore de Roye. He was the nephew of Cardinal Charles de Bourbon.
Biography
He did not receive priestly ordination. Elected coadjutor archbishop of Rouen with right of succession on 1 August 1582, he did not receive episcopal consecration.
He was created cardinal deacon by Pope Gregory XIII in the consistory of December 12, 1583, but he did not receive the red hat or a titular church. He was known as the Cardinal de Vendôme (the name of the branch of the Bourbon family which he came).
He was advisor to King Henry III of France. He was a director of the diocese of Bayeux from 1586 to 1590. In 1589 he was appointed abbot of Saint-Denis in commendam. He also held the commendams of the abbeys of Saint-Germain-des-Prés, Saint-Ouen in Rouen, Bourgueil, St. Catherine of Rouen, St. Pierre of Corbie and Ourscamp.
During the events of the League, he chose, unlike his brothers, to follow his uncle, Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon in his action against the Protestants. He showed himself unfavorable to Henry I, Duke of Guise and according to historian Jacques Auguste de Thou was allegedly used by King Henry III to break the influence that Lorraine had over the Cardinal de Bourbon. In 1588, he participated in the Estates General of Blois.
The principal is the government which remained in Tours during the vacancy of the throne after the death of Henry III. He recognized Henry IV as king and momentarily became Minister of Justice before the king, who feared the ambition of his young cousin's withdraws.
When his uncle died in 1590, he became known as Cardinal de Bourbon. He was appointed archbishop of Rouen (May 9, 1590) in succession to his uncle, but the cathedral chapter refused to acknowledge him. Only after the siege by Henry IV was he accepted. He offered himself as candidate for the throne of France and formed the third party in which were grouped many Catholic nobles unhappy not to see Henry IV to convert to Catholicism. The political interest in the person of Cardinal in 1593, was one of the factors that prompted Henry to convert.
He did not participate in any of the five papal conclaves held while he was a cardinal: 1585 to elect Pope Sixtus V, 1590 to elect Urban VII, 1590 to elect Gregory XIV, 1591 to elect Innocent IX, or 1592 to elect Clement VIII.
He died July 30, 1594 of dropsy at the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés. He is buried in the monastery of Gaillon. | a6386ce6-b2e9-4b0e-9a43-9e763e8347b7 |
null | Spanish footballer
José Ángel Bueno Ortega (born 7 February 1991) is a Spanish footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder.
Club career
Born in Tarragona, Catalonia, Bueno was a product of Gimnàstic de Tarragona's youth categories. He finished his graduation in July 2010, and was immediately moved to farm team in the fourth division. However, he missed the first half of his debut campaign due to injury, only returning to the fields in March 2011.
Bueno made his debut with the first team on 4 September, coming on as a late substitute in a 0–0 away draw against CD Numancia in the second level championship. He finished the season with 5 appearances (193 minutes overall), with Nàstic being relegated.
On 30 July 2012, in a friendly match against RCD Espanyol, Bueno broke his fibula after a tackle from Wakaso Mubarak, being sidelined for four months. He continued to appear regularly with the reserves after his recovery.
On 12 July 2014, Bueno moved to neighbouring CE L'Hospitalet, in the third division. He moved to fourth tier side FC Vilafranca in 2015, where he featured regularly.
After leaving Vilafranca, Bueno represented CF Vila-seca in the Primera Catalana (fifth tier) and CD La Cava in Segona Catalana (sixth tier). | d6c6fb04-d63c-4372-81d7-502ea5a57164 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_(Romney,_West_Virginia)"} | Commemoration for dead soldiers
The Confederate Memorial (also referred to as the First Confederate Memorial) at Indian Mound Cemetery in Romney, West Virginia, commemorates residents of Hampshire County who died during the American Civil War while fighting for the Confederate States of America. It was sponsored by the Confederate Memorial Association, which formally dedicated the monument on September 26, 1867. The town of Romney has claimed that this is the first memorial structure erected to memorialize the Confederate dead in the United States and that the town performed the nation's first public decoration of Confederate graves on June 1, 1866.
The idea to memorialize the Confederate war dead of Hampshire County was first discussed in the spring of 1866. Following the decoration of the graves that summer, the Confederate Memorial Association engaged in fundraising for construction of the memorial, and by 1867 the necessary funds were raised. The inscription The Daughters of Old Hampshire Erect This Tribute of Affection to Her Heroic Sons Who Fell in Defence of Southern Rights was selected, and the contract for the memorial's construction was awarded to the Gaddes Brothers firm of Baltimore. The memorial's components were delivered to Indian Mound Cemetery on September 14, 1867, and the memorial was dedicated on September 26 of that year. The construction of the Confederate Memorial marked the beginning of an era of post-war revitalization for Hampshire County following the American Civil War.
The memorial comprises a base with obelisk and capstone, standing on a raised mound. The list of 125 names engraved on the monument includes four captains, seven lieutenants (one of which was a chaplain), three sergeants, and 119 privates. The memorial underwent a restoration in 1984, and is decorated annually with a handmade evergreen garland and wreath on Hampshire County Confederate Memorial Day.
Confederate Memorial Association
Robert White (pictured left) and his brother Christian Streit White (pictured right) were among the first residents of Romney to conceive of the idea for a Confederate memorial.
The idea to memorialize the men of Hampshire County who had died fighting in the Military of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War was first discussed at a meeting in early spring of 1866 at the Romney residence of former Confederate Colonel Robert White. In addition to White, those present at the meeting included his brother Christian Streit White, his future sister-in-law Elizabeth "Bessie" Jane Schultze, and his sister Frances Ann White, who later married Samuel Lightfoot Flournoy.
Following the meeting, the concept gained support among other residents of Romney. Later in the spring of 1866, a group of Hampshire County women held a public meeting to organize the Confederate Memorial Association with the mission of honoring the men who had died fighting for the Confederacy and providing financial aid to their families. At this meeting, the association appointed officers, adopted a constitution, and organized committees to arrange for the decoration of Confederate interments.
The people of Hampshire County had been overwhelmingly pro-Confederate during the American Civil War, but the county now lay within Unionist West Virginia. West Virginia's first state constitution disenfranchised Confederate veterans and partisans and forbade them from holding elected office. In spite of these impediments and risking the ire of Unionist authorities, members of the Confederate Memorial Association and their families marched through Romney to Indian Mound Cemetery and formally decorated the gravestones at the interment sites of Confederate dead on June 1, 1866. Few Hampshire County residents participated in this first decoration of the Confederate graves, fearing reproach from Federal authorities; some who had pledged to take part in the decoration later refused to do so for the same reason.
This adornment in Indian Mound Cemetery has been called the first such public decoration of Confederate burials, but the claim is disputed by other towns in the Southern United States. Romney's decoration contributed to a precedent that spread throughout the South during the Reconstruction Era. Relatives and loved ones of the Union dead buried in Indian Mound Cemetery also began to follow this precedent by decorating the cemetery's Union headstones.
Fundraising
Following the first decoration of the graves in 1866, momentum built for the erection of a permanent monument to the Confederate dead at Indian Mound Cemetery. The Confederate Memorial Association engaged in fundraising for construction of the memorial, including sewing circles, bazaars, and fairs. Confederate veterans and others in Hampshire County undertook additional fundraising efforts, including entertainment shows and general solicitation. In addition to raising funds for the construction of the memorial, the Confederate Memorial Association also raised money for the widows and children of the Confederate dead. By October 15, 1866, the gross receipts returned to the association's treasury amounted to $1,170.91 USD, of which the Confederate Memorial Association provided US$421.58 to the Confederate widows and orphaned children. Fundraising continued until June 1867.
Design selection
By June 6, 1867, the Confederate Memorial Association had raised the necessary funds and proceeded to select the design, inviting and considering the opinions of Confederate veterans and others across Hampshire County.
In July 1867, a committee of the Confederate Memorial Association narrowed the numerous proposals it had received for the memorial's inscription to three finalists. The first inscription finalist said the Confederate soldiers "died in defense of what they believed to be right", the second said they were "our sons and brothers, who fell as soldiers in the Confederate army", and the third, which was ultimately adopted by the committee, read in full: "The Daughters of Old Hampshire Erect This Tribute of Affection to Her Heroic Sons Who Fell in Defence of Southern Rights".
Construction
Once the design and inscription had been chosen, the association appointed committees to select a contractor. At the end of the process, the contract was awarded to the Gaddes Brothers firm of Baltimore. They were asked to fabricate a white Italian marble monument. The memorial was designed, sculpted, and manufactured at a cost of US$1,133.63. According to United Daughters of the Confederacy historian Mary Bell Foote, the words "Southern Rights" were initially omitted from the end of the memorial's inscription during its fabrication due to the "bitter feelings at the time" following the American Civil War, and Federal statutes banning such monuments. After the memorial's components were packaged for shipping to Romney, the words "Southern Rights" were secretly etched into the white marble and the components quickly boarded over and shipped.
The memorial's components were delivered to Indian Mound Cemetery on September 14, 1867, and it was erected at its present location by a group of Romney volunteers. Bob Fisher was paid US$5.00 for raising the earthen mound around the monument's location and US$4.11 for providing lodging to one of the Gaddes brothers at his residence. William Sheetz was paid US$18.80 for building the memorial's raised mound and supporting foundation. Twelve days later on September 26, the Confederate Memorial was formally dedicated in a public ceremony.
Location and design
The Confederate Memorial stands upon a raised mound ringed by five boxwoods within the original section of Indian Mound Cemetery, not far from the cemetery's entrance. Several family interment plots surround the memorial and its circular raised lawn. A burial ground where Confederate and Union dead were buried during the American Civil War lies adjacent to the memorial.
The Confederate Memorial is in the form of an obelisk, measuring 4 square feet (0.37 m2) at its base and 12 feet (3.7 m) in height. The structure's pedestal consists of two major stylized blocks of white marble, topped by a sculpture of a cloth draped urn. Carved into the façade of the smaller top block of the memorial is a high relief that represents either Fame or an angel placing a laurel wreath upon the head of a dying soldier clasping his sword. Below, on the façade of the larger block, is the inscription: "The Daughters of Old Hampshire Erect This Tribute of Affection to Her Heroic Sons Who Fell in Defence of Southern Rights." The other three sides of the memorial contain the engraved names of 125 Hampshire County men who died for the Confederate cause. A number representing the total fallen Confederates was not included in the memorial as it was not precisely known at the time of the monument's construction. The memorial's foundation block bears the date of its erection, "1867".
Inscribed names
The list of 125 names engraved on the monument consists of four captains, seven lieutenants (one of which was a chaplain), three sergeants, and 119 privates. Since the memorial's erection in 1867, several names of Hampshire County's Confederate dead were found to have been omitted from the memorial. These names have been included in the "Confederate Honor Roll" along with those names etched in the memorial and the names of Confederate veterans. Each of these names is recited during the annual ceremony held on Hampshire County Confederate Memorial Day. The following is the list of Confederate dead etched into the Confederate Memorial:
Restoration
In 1984, the Confederate Memorial underwent an extensive restoration. The monument had darkened due to weathering. The surfaces of the memorial were sanded and sealed for future protection. This restoration effort was funded through charitable contributions. The names of the contributors were inscribed within the same treasurer's book used to record the memorial's inaugural contributions on June 6, 1866. The monument's restoration cost totaled US$2,850.
Hampshire County Confederate Memorial Day
The tradition of decorating the Confederate graves in Indian Mound Cemetery has continued annually since June 1, 1866, and occurs on the first Saturday in June, which is known as Hampshire County Confederate Memorial Day or June Decoration Day. On this day, participants in the ceremony march down Main Street (U.S. Route 50) through Romney with American Civil War reenactors carrying Confederate flags. A handmade evergreen garland measuring 30 feet (9.1 m) in length is suspended from the Confederate Memorial, along with evergreen wreaths. Flowers and Confederate flags are also placed at each of the Confederate headstones. The decorations are usually placed at the memorial and upon the Confederate gravestones by reenactors. Invited speakers address participants. A roll of honor is recited at the memorial, followed by a musket salute. Ceremony participants include descendants of the founding members of the Confederate Memorial Association.
Significance
The construction of the Confederate Memorial marked the beginning of an era of post-war revitalization for Hampshire County following the American Civil War. The memorial became a symbol of the county's restored confidence. The citizens of Hampshire County worked together to reestablish and rebuild the institutions, municipal buildings, and businesses destroyed during the war. The Confederate Memorial Association that constructed the monument was a part of a larger movement throughout the post-war American South, especially in Virginia, which sought to provide suitable interments for Confederate war dead. Historian Caroline E. Janney averred that these "Ladies' Memorial Associations" used "gender in the interest of Confederate politics", which laid the groundwork for the establishment of the Lost Cause of the Confederacy belief.
The memorial is among the first monuments erected to memorialize the Confederate dead in the United States. Romney's claim to have the first Confederate Memorial is disputed by Cheraw, South Carolina, as its monument was dedicated two months prior on July 26, 1867. However, the Cheraw memorial omits the mention of "Confederacy", "Confederate", or "Southern".
Vandalism
As part of the 2–4 June 2017 observance of Hampshire County Confederate Memorial Day and the 150th anniversary of the Confederate Memorial's construction, participants installed a tombstone, a Cross of Honor, and Confederate flags at the gravesite of African-American Alfred Whiting in nearby African-American Mount Pisgah Benevolence Cemetery. In addition, participants performed a ceremony and presentation on Whiting's Confederate service at his gravesite. However, Whiting's status as a Confederate veteran is a matter of debate among local historians. In August 2017, public debate over Confederate monuments and memorials was exacerbated by the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia. While this debate was centered around the placement of Confederate monuments in public spaces, the Confederate Memorial in Romney is located on private land owned by the Indian Mound Cemetery Association Board of Directors.
Between 16 and 17 September 2017, the Confederate Memorial was vandalized. The unknown perpetrators spray painted black graffiti on the monument and removed Confederate flags previously emplaced nearby the monument. Papers with vulgar language were also left behind by the perpetrators. Following the vandalism, the damaged parts of the monument were covered with cardboard and tape.
Bibliography | 565b012f-167a-4fed-bcc6-4fb970f501f3 |
null | Irish-born Welsh footballer
William Harrison (born 1872) was an Irish born Welsh international footballer. He was part of the Wales national football team between 1899 and 1901, playing 5 matches. He played his first match on 20 March 1899 against England and his last match on 23 March 1901 against Ireland. At club level, he played for Wrexham. He was the publican of The Turf, the pub which still adjoins Wrexham AFC’s Racecourse ground. The Turf being (then but no longer) a country inn, its grounds were used to make the pitch of the Racecourse, and until recently the balcony of The Turf looked over it. | d6d4a78b-7c36-44eb-aeac-001caceef4a8 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinices_peselephanti"} | Species of gastropod
Polinices peselephanti is a species of predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Naticidae, the moon snails.
Description
Distribution | 0e98cbe5-c2f7-4cd3-91a7-31ff6b3670be |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenophryne_rubra"} | Species of frog
Sphenophryne rubra is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is endemic to New Guinea and is only known from the Kubor and Bismarck Ranges in the New Guinea Highlands, Papua New Guinea. The habitat and ecology of this species known from very few specimens are unknown. | 53a3da62-2bb3-48de-95b9-2dde2bb4996b |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lautiosaari_(railway_junction)"} | Lautiosaari (standard abbreviation: Li) is a railway junction in the city of Kemi in Finland. The junction is located approximately two kilometers north from Kemi railway station on Oulu–Tornio main line where the Elijärvi branch line diverges from the main line. The junction is named after nearby Lautiosaari village within Keminmaa municipality.
The junction consists of three railway signals and two interlocked and corresponding railway switches, forming a set of catch points protecting the main line. The junction was opened for traffic in 1985, and it was in active use until 2005, when the Elijärvi mine chose trucks over trains for its ore transportation needs between Elijärvi and Tornio.
Coordinates: 65°46′38″N 24°33′56″E / 65.77722°N 24.56556°E / 65.77722; 24.56556 | 8a221e5a-875c-4376-b438-7f6220f59068 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Farrington"} | Benjamin Farrington (10 July 1891 –1974) was an Irish scholar and professor of Classics, teaching in Ireland (1916–1920), South Africa (1920–1935), and Great Britain (1935–1956). Although his academic career spanned several disciplines, he is most well known for his contributions to the history of Greek science. Moreover, within the development of the discipline, his books were some of the first written in the English language that focused specifically on Greek science. In addition to his professional academic career he was also active in socialist politics, using his intellectual capabilities to speak and write on it. While beginning his academic career in South Africa in 1920 he became heavily involved in the Irish Republican Association of South Africa. In the process he wrote several articles for local South African newspapers about the need for Ireland to separate from England. In addition, he was instrumental in forming the Irish Peace Conference in Paris in 1922. Such political commitments inevitably influenced his teaching style, giving him the reputation in South Africa of being an intellectual Marxist. However, from the perspective of some critics, his Marxist commitments overshadowed his scholarly work, heavily tainting them. One of his better known pamphlets on socialism, written in 1940, is The Challenge of Socialism.
Early life
Farrington was born in Cork City, Ireland into an Anglo-Irish family. His father was the city engineer and was a Congregationalist, a Protestant church in the Calvinist tradition.
Political activism
Farrington arrived in South Africa in March 1920 to serve as a lecturer at the University of Cape Town. By September, Farrington was writing articles for Die Burger (The Citizen) in which he tried to persuade the paper's Afrikaan readership to support Sinn Féin and the Irish in the Irish War of Independence. Keeping in mind the readership was also overwhelming Protestant, Farrington sought to frame the conflict as a cultural and political one, not one based on a religious divide as some might. Farrington's partisan articles for Die Burger annoyed his employers at the University of Cape Town, who issued him a formal warning, which Farrington abided by. Nonetheless, at the same Farrington formed the Irish Republican Association of South Africa (IRASA), which launched its own newspaper The Republic in November 1920. Farrington served as the editor of the paper which ran from November 1920 to June 1922 over the course of 41 editions. The front of the first edition of the paper featured a portrait of Terence McSwiney, the Lord Mayor of Cork who had just recently died on a hunger strike.
In November 1921, Farrington was elected by the IRASA to be the organisation's delegate to the Irish Race Conference in Paris to be held in January of 1922. Many, including Eamon De Valera, credited the South African Irish and Farrington with the idea of holding another Irish Race Convention, as Farrington had been pushing the idea of an "Irish World Organisation" since early 1921, an association of members of the Irish Diaspora which would have a greater influence in the building of the new Irish Republic. However, what was posed to be a great feather in Farrington's cap ended in disaster as the convention was racked with in-fighting between those for and against the newly signed Anglo-Irish Treaty. Another issue was that during the convention, delegates from Ireland pushed for the idea that the "Irish World Organisation" should be controlled by a committee in Ireland that would dictate policy to the Irish abroad. Farrington himself hated this idea and, in order to prevent it, opposed his own Irish World Organisation idea.>
Following the convention, a dejected Farrington returned to South Africa where in The Republic he broke the IRASA's own policy of neutrality on the issue of the Anglo-Irish treaty to attack De Valera and his cult of personality. Farrington also conceded that violence would be inevitable, foreshadowing the breakout of the Irish Civil War. The bitter divisions caused by the Civil war seemed to cause the IRASA to break apart, and the Republic did not publish any more editions after June 1922. Simultaneously, events back in South Africa were also weighing down on Farrington; the Rand Rebellion broke out in March and pushed Farrington away from entertaining Afrikaan nationalism. Farrington was disappointed to see the Rand Rebellion, which had started as a workers' strike, became subsumed by segregationists.
Instead of actively campaigning, Farrington withdrew and became to study the work of Irish Syndicalist James Connolly, of whom he became an admirer. In 1921 South African Communist Party was formed, but despite Farrington's newfound interest in Connolly he declined to join. Instead, he would gravitate towards Trotskyist groups already setting up as well in South Africa.
In c. 1936 Farrington (and his wife Ruth) joined the Communist Party of Great Britain following their immigration to the UK. Following the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Farrington left the Communist party, dismayed by the Soviet counter-invasion.
Academic career
Benjamin Farrington received a Classics degree from University College Cork, Ireland, and then a degree in Middle English from Trinity College Dublin, Ireland. From 1915 to 1917 he pursued a master's degree in English from University College, completing his thesis in 1917 on Percy Bysshe Shelley's translations from Greek. While finishing his thesis he also served as an assistant professor in Classics at Queen's University in Belfast from 1916–1920. In 1920 he moved to South Africa to teach at the University of Cape Town, serving as Lecturer in Greek (1920–1922), Senior Lecturer in Classics (1922–1930), and Professor of Latin (1930–1935). In 1935 he moved to England to become Lecturer in Classics at the University of Bristol (1935–1936), and then Professor of Classics at University College, Swansea (1936–1956), where he taught until his retirement.
Critical reception
We are tantalized because his case is so nearly good, and might have been very good. If only he would avoid ridiculous overstatements bound to alienate,... Lastly, the book annoys, because ... it abounds in misleading statements or half-truths.
— W. K. C. Guthrie, review of Science and Politics in the Ancient World, The Classical Review, 54(1940): 34–5.
There is enough truth in Professor Farrington's main contention to cause one to wish that his book had been more fairly conceived. Let it be granted that politics and vested religious interests have often opposed the scientific spirit;... Yet it remains true that Greek humanism is as notable an achievement as Greek science.... Science is the chief foe of superstition, but to suppose that science alone will ever achieve man's good is itself a grandiose superstition.
— William C. Greene, review of Science and Politics in the Ancient World, ''Classical Philology, 36(1941): 201–2.
Professor Farrington, in this book, conclusively shows that the Popular Superstition which in the Ancient World formed so effective an obstacle to the progress of science was a superstition which was, for the most part, deliberately thought out by the 'patricians' and deliberately foisted by them upon the 'plebeians.
— M. F. Ashley Montagu, review of Science and Politics in the Ancient World, Isis, 33(1941): 270–3.
Farrington's Greek Science thus seems at once very stimulating and very biased, excellent in many respects but to be read with a critical mind. Until a better book on the subject comes along—and that may not be soon—it will fill a considerable need for a readable work dealing with the science of the ancient Greeks.
— Bentley Glass, review of Greek Science: Its Meaning for Us, Quarterly Review of Biology, 30 (1955): 281.
An explanation for the decline of ancient science has been put forward by the historian of science, Benjamin Farrington: The mercantile tradition, which led to Ionian science, also led to a slave economy. The owning of slaves was the road to wealth and power. Polycrates’ fortifications were built by slaves. Athens in the time of Pericles, Plato and Aristotle had a vast slave population. All the brave Athenian talk about democracy applied only to a privileged few. What slaves characteristically perform is manual labor. But scientific experimentation is manual labor, from which the slaveholders are preferentially distanced; while it is only the slaveholders – politely called ‘gentle-men’ in some societies – who have the leisure to do science. Accordingly, almost no one did science. The Ionians were perfectly able to make machines of some elegance. But the availability of slaves undermined the economic motive for the development of technology. Thus the mercantile tradition contributed to the great Ionian awakening around 600 B.C., and, through slavery, may have been the cause of its decline some two centuries later. There are great ironies here."
— Carl Sagan, Cosmos Chapter 7, Random House, New York (1980)
Personal life
Not long after settling in Cape Town in South Africa, Farrington began to attend the salon of Ruth Schechter, a member of the intelligentsia in her own right but also notable as the daughter of Solomon Schechter, the American Rabbi, and the wife of politician and lawyer Morris Alexander. Over the years Farrington and Schechter became quite close. Schechter left her husband and South Africa in 1933 and married Farrington in August 1935 in the United Kingdom. Ruth died in March 1942.
Bibliography
References | 5549bd88-9cdd-4484-9a54-0bb0d71df213 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukhra_Mahanta_Asthal"} | Ukhra Nimbarka Peeth Mahanta Asthal is a 250-year-old Mutt (Hindu monastic establishment) of the Nimbarka Vaishnava Sampradaya. It is situated at Ukhra in the district of Purba Bardhaman in the state of West Bengal in India near the city of Durgapur. This Mutt has been closely associated with the Zamindars of Ukhra, the Handa family, and has served as the spiritual beacon of the area. Since its foundation this Mutt has propagated Vaishnavism of the Nimbarka Sampradaya far and wide in the area and gained many important personalities as adherents of its philosophy.
Foundation
This Mutt was founded in the mid-18th century by Swami Dayaram Devacharya of the Nimbarka Sampradaya , who was one of the three main disciples of Swami Narahari Devacharya(founder of Burdwan Mahanata Asthal) who belonged to the Dwaar of the hoary Nimbarki saint Sri Swabhuram Devacharya. To this Dwaar belong the Kathia Babas including the famous Ramdas Kathiababa. Since then the spiritual lineage has passed on from Guru to disciple in the traditional Hindu way. Mahantas (pontiffs) of this Mutt are Vaishnava renunciates called Brahmacharis or Vairagis (i.e. dispassionate monks) and are known for their strictly devotional, austere regimen who devote their lives to divine service.
Main Deities
This Mutt’s temple houses the holy icons of the main deities of the Nimbarka Vaishnava sampradaya Sri Radha-Madhav Yugal bihari jiu as well as a number of Shalagramas all of which are regularly worshiped. It also has holy icons of Sri Nimbarkacharya along with Sri Hamsa Bhagavan, Gopal, Vishnu etc.
Temple of the Mutt
This Mutt’s temple is an architectural spectacle and stands as an evidence of Bengal’s old architectural style, it is a Navaratna(i.e. Nine pinnacled) temple and incorporates architectural styles of Brajbhoomi, i.e. areas centering on Mathura-Vrindavan and Bengal. The floor of the temple is unique; besides being chequered, it has British era silver coins embedded in its floor at the cross sections.
Quite miraculously a tulasi (basil) plant grows from a crevice of the cornice of this temple serving as a testimony to the sacredness of this place consecrated by the presence of holy icons as well the saints who have spent their lives of devotion and sacrifice over here.
Raas and Jhulan festival
The Raas and Jhulan festivals premised on the legendary Raas lila of Lord Krishna was initiated by Swami Uddhav Ghamand Devacharya of the Nimbarka Vaishnava sampradaya. Since then this tradition has been adopted by all Vaishnava sects. The Raas & Jhulan festivals of this Mutt are famous throughout the area and thousands of devotees throng the place during the time of this festival. It has a beautiful Raas Mancha. The large hall housing an ornately decorated throne in the hall meant for the Jhulan Utsav is a transfixing sight. The sublime philosophy of Lord Krishna's Raas is well captured in the serene and holy ambiance of this sacred spot.
Mahantas of the past and present
This place has seen the presence of legendary saints who were towering spiritual personalities of their times; many of them had actively propagated Nimbarka Vaishnavism and have to their credit the establishment of several bastions of spirituality. One of the former Mahantas Swami Damodarchandra Brajavasi ordered his disciple to establish the Nimbarka Mutt at Kenduli in the district of Birbhum which is famed for being the birthplace of the medieval Bengali Vaishnava poet Jayadeva Goswami.
As of 2015, it is headed by an affable, self-effacing saint with an ever-smiling countenance, Mahanta Sri Kamalāsharan Devāchārya who happens to be the 58th Acharya in the Nimbarka Vaishnava spiritual lineage. He is the spiritual successor and main disciple of the former Mahanta Late Sri Shukdevsharan Devacharya.
Financial woes
Owing to forcible acquisition of land by the Govt for Andal airport and the forcible and often unlawful confiscation of land and other property for various purposes by the Govt and others, the Mutt is at present facing a financial crisis, in spite of that the present Mahanta ensured proper renovations and extensive re-painting of several important sections of the establishment and especially the temple. | 5402ccc5-020e-4907-bf44-7715fa8746c1 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reaction"} | Process that results in the interconversion of chemical species
A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the chemical transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. Classically, chemical reactions encompass changes that only involve the positions of electrons in the forming and breaking of chemical bonds between atoms, with no change to the nuclei (no change to the elements present), and can often be described by a chemical equation. Nuclear chemistry is a sub-discipline of chemistry that involves the chemical reactions of unstable and radioactive elements where both electronic and nuclear changes can occur.
The substance (or substances) initially involved in a chemical reaction are called reactants or reagents. Chemical reactions are usually characterized by a chemical change, and they yield one or more products, which usually have properties different from the reactants. Reactions often consist of a sequence of individual sub-steps, the so-called elementary reactions, and the information on the precise course of action is part of the reaction mechanism. Chemical reactions are described with chemical equations, which symbolically present the starting materials, end products, and sometimes intermediate products and reaction conditions.
Chemical reactions happen at a characteristic reaction rate at a given temperature and chemical concentration. Typically, reaction rates increase with increasing temperature because there is more thermal energy available to reach the activation energy necessary for breaking bonds between atoms. Reactions may proceed in the forward or reverse direction until they go to completion or reach equilibrium. Reactions that proceed in the forward direction to approach equilibrium are often described as spontaneous and reduce the free energy if they occur at constant temperature and pressure. Non-spontaneous reactions require an input of energy to go forward (examples include charging a battery driven by an external electrical power source, or photosynthesis driven by absorption of electromagnetic radiation usually in the form of sunlight).
A reaction may be classified as redox in which oxidation and reduction occur or nonredox in which there is no oxidation and reduction occurring. Most simple redox reactions may be classified as a combination, decomposition, or single displacement reaction.
Different chemical reactions are used during chemical synthesis in order to obtain the desired product. In biochemistry, a consecutive series of chemical reactions (where the product of one reaction is the reactant of the next reaction) form metabolic pathways. These reactions are often catalyzed by protein enzymes. Enzymes increase the rates of biochemical reactions, so that metabolic syntheses and decompositions impossible under ordinary conditions can occur at the temperature and concentrations present within a cell.
The general concept of a chemical reaction has been extended to reactions between entities smaller than atoms, including nuclear reactions, radioactive decays and reactions between elementary particles, as described by quantum field theory.
History
Chemical reactions such as combustion in fire, fermentation and the reduction of ores to metals were known since antiquity. Initial theories of transformation of materials were developed by Greek philosophers, such as the Four-Element Theory of Empedocles stating that any substance is composed of the four basic elements – fire, water, air and earth. In the Middle Ages, chemical transformations were studied by alchemists. They attempted, in particular, to convert lead into gold, for which purpose they used reactions of lead and lead-copper alloys with sulfur.
The artificial production of chemical substances already was a central goal for medieval alchemists. Examples include the synthesis of ammonium chloride from organic substances as described in the works (c. 850–950) attributed to Jābir ibn Ḥayyān, or the production of mineral acids such as sulfuric and nitric acids by later alchemists, starting from c. 1300. The production of mineral acids involved the heating of sulfate and nitrate minerals such as copper sulfate, alum and saltpeter. In the 17th century, Johann Rudolph Glauber produced hydrochloric acid and sodium sulfate by reacting sulfuric acid and sodium chloride. With the development of the lead chamber process in 1746 and the Leblanc process, allowing large-scale production of sulfuric acid and sodium carbonate, respectively, chemical reactions became implemented into the industry. Further optimization of sulfuric acid technology resulted in the contact process in the 1880s, and the Haber process was developed in 1909–1910 for ammonia synthesis.
From the 16th century, researchers including Jan Baptist van Helmont, Robert Boyle, and Isaac Newton tried to establish theories of experimentally observed chemical transformations. The phlogiston theory was proposed in 1667 by Johann Joachim Becher. It postulated the existence of a fire-like element called "phlogiston", which was contained within combustible bodies and released during combustion. This proved to be false in 1785 by Antoine Lavoisier who found the correct explanation of the combustion as a reaction with oxygen from the air.
Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac recognized in 1808 that gases always react in a certain relationship with each other. Based on this idea and the atomic theory of John Dalton, Joseph Proust had developed the law of definite proportions, which later resulted in the concepts of stoichiometry and chemical equations.
Regarding the organic chemistry, it was long believed that compounds obtained from living organisms were too complex to be obtained synthetically. According to the concept of vitalism, organic matter was endowed with a "vital force" and distinguished from inorganic materials. This separation was ended however by the synthesis of urea from inorganic precursors by Friedrich Wöhler in 1828. Other chemists who brought major contributions to organic chemistry include Alexander William Williamson with his synthesis of ethers and Christopher Kelk Ingold, who, among many discoveries, established the mechanisms of substitution reactions.
Characteristics
The general characteristics of chemical reactions are:
Equations
Chemical equations are used to graphically illustrate chemical reactions. They consist of chemical or structural formulas of the reactants on the left and those of the products on the right. They are separated by an arrow (→) which indicates the direction and type of the reaction; the arrow is read as the word "yields". The tip of the arrow points in the direction in which the reaction proceeds. A double arrow (⇌) pointing in opposite directions is used for equilibrium reactions. Equations should be balanced according to the stoichiometry, the number of atoms of each species should be the same on both sides of the equation. This is achieved by scaling the number of involved molecules (A, B, C and D in a schematic example below) by the appropriate integers a, b, c and d.
a A + b B → c C + d D
More elaborate reactions are represented by reaction schemes, which in addition to starting materials and products show important intermediates or transition states. Also, some relatively minor additions to the reaction can be indicated above the reaction arrow; examples of such additions are water, heat, illumination, a catalyst, etc. Similarly, some minor products can be placed below the arrow, often with a minus sign.
Retrosynthetic analysis can be applied to design a complex synthesis reaction. Here the analysis starts from the products, for example by splitting selected chemical bonds, to arrive at plausible initial reagents. A special arrow (⇒) is used in retro reactions.
Elementary reactions
The elementary reaction is the smallest division into which a chemical reaction can be decomposed, it has no intermediate products. Most experimentally observed reactions are built up from many elementary reactions that occur in parallel or sequentially. The actual sequence of the individual elementary reactions is known as reaction mechanism. An elementary reaction involves a few molecules, usually one or two, because of the low probability for several molecules to meet at a certain time.
The most important elementary reactions are unimolecular and bimolecular reactions. Only one molecule is involved in a unimolecular reaction; it is transformed by isomerization or a dissociation into one or more other molecules. Such reactions require the addition of energy in the form of heat or light. A typical example of a unimolecular reaction is the cis–trans isomerization, in which the cis-form of a compound converts to the trans-form or vice versa.
In a typical dissociation reaction, a bond in a molecule splits (ruptures) resulting in two molecular fragments. The splitting can be homolytic or heterolytic. In the first case, the bond is divided so that each product retains an electron and becomes a neutral radical. In the second case, both electrons of the chemical bond remain with one of the products, resulting in charged ions. Dissociation plays an important role in triggering chain reactions, such as hydrogen–oxygen or polymerization reactions.
Dissociation of a molecule AB into fragments A and B
For bimolecular reactions, two molecules collide and react with each other. Their merger is called chemical synthesis or an addition reaction.
Another possibility is that only a portion of one molecule is transferred to the other molecule. This type of reaction occurs, for example, in redox and acid-base reactions. In redox reactions, the transferred particle is an electron, whereas in acid-base reactions it is a proton. This type of reaction is also called metathesis.
for example
Chemical equilibrium
Most chemical reactions are reversible; that is, they can and do run in both directions. The forward and reverse reactions are competing with each other and differ in reaction rates. These rates depend on the concentration and therefore change with the time of the reaction: the reverse rate gradually increases and becomes equal to the rate of the forward reaction, establishing the so-called chemical equilibrium. The time to reach equilibrium depends on parameters such as temperature, pressure, and the materials involved, and is determined by the minimum free energy. In equilibrium, the Gibbs free energy must be zero. The pressure dependence can be explained with the Le Chatelier's principle. For example, an increase in pressure due to decreasing volume causes the reaction to shift to the side with fewer moles of gas.
The reaction yield stabilizes at equilibrium but can be increased by removing the product from the reaction mixture or changed by increasing the temperature or pressure. A change in the concentrations of the reactants does not affect the equilibrium constant but does affect the equilibrium position.
Thermodynamics
Chemical reactions are determined by the laws of thermodynamics. Reactions can proceed by themselves if they are exergonic, that is if they release free energy. The associated free energy change of the reaction is composed of the changes of two different thermodynamic quantities, enthalpy and entropy:
.
G: free energy, H: enthalpy, T: temperature, S: entropy, Δ: difference (change between original and product)
Reactions can be exothermic, where ΔH is negative and energy is released. Typical examples of exothermic reactions are combustion, precipitation and crystallization, in which ordered solids are formed from disordered gaseous or liquid phases. In contrast, in endothermic reactions, heat is consumed from the environment. This can occur by increasing the entropy of the system, often through the formation of gaseous or dissolved reaction products, which have higher entropy. Since the entropy term in the free-energy change increases with temperature, many endothermic reactions preferably take place at high temperatures. On the contrary, many exothermic reactions such as crystallization occur preferably at lower temperatures. A change in temperature can sometimes reverse the sign of the enthalpy of a reaction, as for the carbon monoxide reduction of molybdenum dioxide:
;
This reaction to form carbon dioxide and molybdenum is endothermic at low temperatures, becoming less so with increasing temperature. ΔH° is zero at 1855 K, and the reaction becomes exothermic above that temperature.
Changes in temperature can also reverse the direction tendency of a reaction. For example, the water gas shift reaction
is favored by low temperatures, but its reverse is favored by high temperatures. The shift in reaction direction tendency occurs at 1100 K.
Reactions can also be characterized by their internal energy change, which takes into account changes in the entropy, volume and chemical potentials. The latter depends, among other things, on the activities of the involved substances.
U: internal energy, S: entropy, p: pressure, μ: chemical potential, n: number of molecules, d: small change sign
Kinetics
The speed at which reactions take place is studied by reaction kinetics. The rate depends on various parameters, such as:
Several theories allow calculating the reaction rates at the molecular level. This field is referred to as reaction dynamics. The rate v of a first-order reaction, which could be the disintegration of a substance A, is given by:
Its integration yields:
Here k is the first-order rate constant, having dimension 1/time, [A](t) is the concentration at a time t and [A]0 is the initial concentration. The rate of a first-order reaction depends only on the concentration and the properties of the involved substance, and the reaction itself can be described with a characteristic half-life. More than one time constant is needed when describing reactions of higher order. The temperature dependence of the rate constant usually follows the Arrhenius equation:
where Ea is the activation energy and kB is the Boltzmann constant. One of the simplest models of reaction rate is the collision theory. More realistic models are tailored to a specific problem and include the transition state theory, the calculation of the potential energy surface, the Marcus theory and the Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus (RRKM) theory.
Reaction types
Four basic types
Synthesis
In a synthesis reaction, two or more simple substances combine to form a more complex substance. These reactions are in the general form:
Two or more reactants yielding one product is another way to identify a synthesis reaction. One example of a synthesis reaction is the combination of iron and sulfur to form iron(II) sulfide:
Another example is simple hydrogen gas combined with simple oxygen gas to produce a more complex substance, such as water.
Decomposition
A decomposition reaction is when a more complex substance breaks down into its more simple parts. It is thus the opposite of a synthesis reaction and can be written as
One example of a decomposition reaction is the electrolysis of water to make oxygen and hydrogen gas:
Single displacement
In a single displacement reaction, a single uncombined element replaces another in a compound; in other words, one element trades places with another element in a compound These reactions come in the general form of:
One example of a single displacement reaction is when magnesium replaces hydrogen in water to make magnesium hydroxide and hydrogen gas:
Double displacement
In a double displacement reaction, the anions and cations of two compounds switch places and form two entirely different compounds. These reactions are in the general form:
For example, when barium chloride (BaCl2) and magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) react, the SO42− anion switches places with the 2Cl− anion, giving the compounds BaSO4 and MgCl2.
Another example of a double displacement reaction is the reaction of lead(II) nitrate with potassium iodide to form lead(II) iodide and potassium nitrate:
Combustion
In a combustion reaction, an element or compound reacts with an oxidant, usually oxygen, often producing energy in the form of heat or light. Combustion reactions frequently involve a hydrocarbon. For instance, the combustion of 1 mole (114 g) of octane in oxygen
releases 5500 kJ. A combustion reaction can also result from carbon, magnesium or sulfur reacting with oxygen.
Oxidation and reduction
Redox reactions can be understood in terms of the transfer of electrons from one involved species (reducing agent) to another (oxidizing agent). In this process, the former species is oxidized and the latter is reduced. Though sufficient for many purposes, these descriptions are not precisely correct. Oxidation is better defined as an increase in oxidation state of atoms and reduction as a decrease in oxidation state. In practice, the transfer of electrons will always change the oxidation state, but there are many reactions that are classed as "redox" even though no electron transfer occurs (such as those involving covalent bonds).
In the following redox reaction, hazardous sodium metal reacts with toxic chlorine gas to form the ionic compound sodium chloride, or common table salt:
In the reaction, sodium metal goes from an oxidation state of 0 (as it is a pure element) to +1: in other words, the sodium lost one electron and is said to have been oxidized. On the other hand, the chlorine gas goes from an oxidation of 0 (it is also a pure element) to −1: the chlorine gains one electron and is said to have been reduced. Because the chlorine is the one reduced, it is considered the electron acceptor, or in other words, induces oxidation in the sodium – thus the chlorine gas is considered the oxidizing agent. Conversely, the sodium is oxidized or is the electron donor, and thus induces a reduction in the other species and is considered the reducing agent.
Which of the involved reactants would be a reducing or oxidizing agent can be predicted from the electronegativity of their elements. Elements with low electronegativities, such as most metals, easily donate electrons and oxidize – they are reducing agents. On the contrary, many oxides or ions with high oxidation numbers of their non-oxygen atoms, such as H
2O
2, MnO−
4, CrO
3, Cr
2O2−
7, or OsO
4, can gain one or two extra electrons and are strong oxidizing agents.
For some main-group elements the number of electrons donated or accepted in a redox reaction can be predicted from the electron configuration of the reactant element. Elements try to reach the low-energy noble gas configuration, and therefore alkali metals and halogens will donate and accept one electron, respectively. Noble gases themselves are chemically inactive.
The overall redox reaction can be balanced by combining the oxidation and reduction half-reactions multiplied by coefficients such that the number of electrons lost in the oxidation equals the number of electrons gained in the reduction.
An important class of redox reactions are the electrolytic electrochemical reactions, where electrons from the power supply at the negative electrode are used as the reducing agent and electron withdrawal at the positive electrode as the oxidizing agent. These reactions are particularly important for the production of chemical elements, such as chlorine or aluminium. The reverse process, in which electrons are released in redox reactions and chemical energy is converted to electrical energy, is possible and used in batteries.
Complexation
In complexation reactions, several ligands react with a metal atom to form a coordination complex. This is achieved by providing lone pairs of the ligand into empty orbitals of the metal atom and forming dipolar bonds. The ligands are Lewis bases, they can be both ions and neutral molecules, such as carbon monoxide, ammonia or water. The number of ligands that react with a central metal atom can be found using the 18-electron rule, saying that the valence shells of a transition metal will collectively accommodate 18 electrons, whereas the symmetry of the resulting complex can be predicted with the crystal field theory and ligand field theory. Complexation reactions also include ligand exchange, in which one or more ligands are replaced by another, and redox processes which change the oxidation state of the central metal atom.
Acid–base reactions
In the Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory, an acid–base reaction involves a transfer of protons (H+) from one species (the acid) to another (the base). When a proton is removed from an acid, the resulting species is termed that acid's conjugate base. When the proton is accepted by a base, the resulting species is termed that base's conjugate acid. In other words, acids act as proton donors and bases act as proton acceptors according to the following equation:
The reverse reaction is possible, and thus the acid/base and conjugated base/acid are always in equilibrium. The equilibrium is determined by the acid and base dissociation constants (Ka and Kb) of the involved substances. A special case of the acid-base reaction is the neutralization where an acid and a base, taken at the exact same amounts, form a neutral salt.
Acid-base reactions can have different definitions depending on the acid-base concept employed. Some of the most common are:
Precipitation
Precipitation is the formation of a solid in a solution or inside another solid during a chemical reaction. It usually takes place when the concentration of dissolved ions exceeds the solubility limit and forms an insoluble salt. This process can be assisted by adding a precipitating agent or by the removal of the solvent. Rapid precipitation results in an amorphous or microcrystalline residue and a slow process can yield single crystals. The latter can also be obtained by recrystallization from microcrystalline salts.
Solid-state reactions
Reactions can take place between two solids. However, because of the relatively small diffusion rates in solids, the corresponding chemical reactions are very slow in comparison to liquid and gas phase reactions. They are accelerated by increasing the reaction temperature and finely dividing the reactant to increase the contacting surface area.
Reactions at the solid/gas interface
The reaction can take place at the solid|gas interface, surfaces at very low pressure such as ultra-high vacuum. Via scanning tunneling microscopy, it is possible to observe reactions at the solid|gas interface in real space, if the time scale of the reaction is in the correct range. Reactions at the solid|gas interface are in some cases related to catalysis.
Photochemical reactions
In photochemical reactions, atoms and molecules absorb energy (photons) of the illumination light and convert it into an excited state. They can then release this energy by breaking chemical bonds, thereby producing radicals. Photochemical reactions include hydrogen–oxygen reactions, radical polymerization, chain reactions and rearrangement reactions.
Many important processes involve photochemistry. The premier example is photosynthesis, in which most plants use solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose, disposing of oxygen as a side-product. Humans rely on photochemistry for the formation of vitamin D, and vision is initiated by a photochemical reaction of rhodopsin. In fireflies, an enzyme in the abdomen catalyzes a reaction that results in bioluminescence. Many significant photochemical reactions, such as ozone formation, occur in the Earth atmosphere and constitute atmospheric chemistry.
Catalysis
In catalysis, the reaction does not proceed directly, but through a reaction with a third substance known as catalyst. Although the catalyst takes part in the reaction, forming weak bonds with reactants or intermediates, it is returned to its original state by the end of the reaction and so is not consumed. However, it can be inhibited, deactivated or destroyed by secondary processes. Catalysts can be used in a different phase (heterogeneous) or in the same phase (homogeneous) as the reactants. In heterogeneous catalysis, typical secondary processes include coking where the catalyst becomes covered by polymeric side products. Additionally, heterogeneous catalysts can dissolve into the solution in a solid-liquid system or evaporate in a solid–gas system. Catalysts can only speed up the reaction – chemicals that slow down the reaction are called inhibitors. Substances that increase the activity of catalysts are called promoters, and substances that deactivate catalysts are called catalytic poisons. With a catalyst, a reaction that is kinetically inhibited by high activation energy can take place in the circumvention of this activation energy.
Heterogeneous catalysts are usually solids, powdered in order to maximize their surface area. Of particular importance in heterogeneous catalysis are the platinum group metals and other transition metals, which are used in hydrogenations, catalytic reforming and in the synthesis of commodity chemicals such as nitric acid and ammonia. Acids are an example of a homogeneous catalyst, they increase the nucleophilicity of carbonyls, allowing a reaction that would not otherwise proceed with electrophiles. The advantage of homogeneous catalysts is the ease of mixing them with the reactants, but they may also be difficult to separate from the products. Therefore, heterogeneous catalysts are preferred in many industrial processes.
Reactions in organic chemistry
In organic chemistry, in addition to oxidation, reduction or acid-base reactions, a number of other reactions can take place which involves covalent bonds between carbon atoms or carbon and heteroatoms (such as oxygen, nitrogen, halogens, etc.). Many specific reactions in organic chemistry are name reactions designated after their discoverers.
Substitution
In a substitution reaction, a functional group in a particular chemical compound is replaced by another group. These reactions can be distinguished by the type of substituting species into a nucleophilic, electrophilic or radical substitution.
SN1 mechanism
SN2 mechanism
In the first type, a nucleophile, an atom or molecule with an excess of electrons and thus a negative charge or partial charge, replaces another atom or part of the "substrate" molecule. The electron pair from the nucleophile attacks the substrate forming a new bond, while the leaving group departs with an electron pair. The nucleophile may be electrically neutral or negatively charged, whereas the substrate is typically neutral or positively charged. Examples of nucleophiles are hydroxide ion, alkoxides, amines and halides. This type of reaction is found mainly in aliphatic hydrocarbons, and rarely in aromatic hydrocarbon. The latter have high electron density and enter nucleophilic aromatic substitution only with very strong electron withdrawing groups. Nucleophilic substitution can take place by two different mechanisms, SN1 and SN2. In their names, S stands for substitution, N for nucleophilic, and the number represents the kinetic order of the reaction, unimolecular or bimolecular.
The three steps of an SN2 reaction. The nucleophile is green and the leaving group is red
SN2 reaction causes stereo inversion (Walden inversion)
The SN1 reaction proceeds in two steps. First, the leaving group is eliminated creating a carbocation. This is followed by a rapid reaction with the nucleophile.
In the SN2 mechanisms, the nucleophile forms a transition state with the attacked molecule, and only then the leaving group is cleaved. These two mechanisms differ in the stereochemistry of the products. SN1 leads to the non-stereospecific addition and does not result in a chiral center, but rather in a set of geometric isomers (cis/trans). In contrast, a reversal (Walden inversion) of the previously existing stereochemistry is observed in the SN2 mechanism.
Electrophilic substitution is the counterpart of the nucleophilic substitution in that the attacking atom or molecule, an electrophile, has low electron density and thus a positive charge. Typical electrophiles are the carbon atom of carbonyl groups, carbocations or sulfur or nitronium cations. This reaction takes place almost exclusively in aromatic hydrocarbons, where it is called electrophilic aromatic substitution. The electrophile attack results in the so-called σ-complex, a transition state in which the aromatic system is abolished. Then, the leaving group, usually a proton, is split off and the aromaticity is restored. An alternative to aromatic substitution is electrophilic aliphatic substitution. It is similar to the nucleophilic aliphatic substitution and also has two major types, SE1 and SE2
In the third type of substitution reaction, radical substitution, the attacking particle is a radical. This process usually takes the form of a chain reaction, for example in the reaction of alkanes with halogens. In the first step, light or heat disintegrates the halogen-containing molecules producing radicals. Then the reaction proceeds as an avalanche until two radicals meet and recombine.
Reactions during the chain reaction of radical substitution
Addition and elimination
The addition and its counterpart, the elimination, are reactions that change the number of substituents on the carbon atom, and form or cleave multiple bonds. Double and triple bonds can be produced by eliminating a suitable leaving group. Similar to the nucleophilic substitution, there are several possible reaction mechanisms that are named after the respective reaction order. In the E1 mechanism, the leaving group is ejected first, forming a carbocation. The next step, the formation of the double bond, takes place with the elimination of a proton (deprotonation). The leaving order is reversed in the E1cb mechanism, that is the proton is split off first. This mechanism requires the participation of a base. Because of the similar conditions, both reactions in the E1 or E1cb elimination always compete with the SN1 substitution.
E1 elimination
E1cb elimination
The E2 mechanism also requires a base, but there the attack of the base and the elimination of the leaving group proceed simultaneously and produce no ionic intermediate. In contrast to the E1 eliminations, different stereochemical configurations are possible for the reaction product in the E2 mechanism, because the attack of the base preferentially occurs in the anti-position with respect to the leaving group. Because of the similar conditions and reagents, the E2 elimination is always in competition with the SN2-substitution.
The counterpart of elimination is an addition where double or triple bonds are converted into single bonds. Similar to substitution reactions, there are several types of additions distinguished by the type of the attacking particle. For example, in the electrophilic addition of hydrogen bromide, an electrophile (proton) attacks the double bond forming a carbocation, which then reacts with the nucleophile (bromine). The carbocation can be formed on either side of the double bond depending on the groups attached to its ends, and the preferred configuration can be predicted with the Markovnikov's rule. This rule states that "In the heterolytic addition of a polar molecule to an alkene or alkyne, the more electronegative (nucleophilic) atom (or part) of the polar molecule becomes attached to the carbon atom bearing the smaller number of hydrogen atoms."
If the addition of a functional group takes place at the less substituted carbon atom of the double bond, then the electrophilic substitution with acids is not possible. In this case, one has to use the hydroboration–oxidation reaction, wherein the first step, the boron atom acts as electrophile and adds to the less substituted carbon atom. In the second step, the nucleophilic hydroperoxide or halogen anion attacks the boron atom.
While the addition to the electron-rich alkenes and alkynes is mainly electrophilic, the nucleophilic addition plays an important role in the carbon-heteroatom multiple bonds, and especially its most important representative, the carbonyl group. This process is often associated with elimination so that after the reaction the carbonyl group is present again. It is, therefore, called an addition-elimination reaction and may occur in carboxylic acid derivatives such as chlorides, esters or anhydrides. This reaction is often catalyzed by acids or bases, where the acids increase the electrophilicity of the carbonyl group by binding to the oxygen atom, whereas the bases enhance the nucleophilicity of the attacking nucleophile.
Nucleophilic addition of a carbanion or another nucleophile to the double bond of an alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyl compound can proceed via the Michael reaction, which belongs to the larger class of conjugate additions. This is one of the most useful methods for the mild formation of C–C bonds.
Some additions which can not be executed with nucleophiles and electrophiles can be succeeded with free radicals. As with the free-radical substitution, the radical addition proceeds as a chain reaction, and such reactions are the basis of the free-radical polymerization.
Other organic reaction mechanisms
Mechanism of a Diels-Alder reaction
Orbital overlap in a Diels-Alder reaction
In a rearrangement reaction, the carbon skeleton of a molecule is rearranged to give a structural isomer of the original molecule. These include hydride shift reactions such as the Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement, where a hydrogen, alkyl or aryl group migrates from one carbon to a neighboring carbon. Most rearrangements are associated with the breaking and formation of new carbon-carbon bonds. Other examples are sigmatropic reaction such as the Cope rearrangement.
Cyclic rearrangements include cycloadditions and, more generally, pericyclic reactions, wherein two or more double bond-containing molecules form a cyclic molecule. An important example of cycloaddition reaction is the Diels–Alder reaction (the so-called [4+2] cycloaddition) between a conjugated diene and a substituted alkene to form a substituted cyclohexene system.
Whether a certain cycloaddition would proceed depends on the electronic orbitals of the participating species, as only orbitals with the same sign of wave function will overlap and interact constructively to form new bonds. Cycloaddition is usually assisted by light or heat. These perturbations result in a different arrangement of electrons in the excited state of the involved molecules and therefore in different effects. For example, the [4+2] Diels-Alder reactions can be assisted by heat whereas the [2+2] cycloaddition is selectively induced by light. Because of the orbital character, the potential for developing stereoisomeric products upon cycloaddition is limited, as described by the Woodward–Hoffmann rules.
Biochemical reactions
Biochemical reactions are mainly controlled by enzymes. These proteins can specifically catalyze a single reaction so that reactions can be controlled very precisely. The reaction takes place in the active site, a small part of the enzyme which is usually found in a cleft or pocket lined by amino acid residues, and the rest of the enzyme is used mainly for stabilization. The catalytic action of enzymes relies on several mechanisms including the molecular shape ("induced fit"), bond strain, proximity and orientation of molecules relative to the enzyme, proton donation or withdrawal (acid/base catalysis), electrostatic interactions and many others.
The biochemical reactions that occur in living organisms are collectively known as metabolism. Among the most important of its mechanisms is the anabolism, in which different DNA and enzyme-controlled processes result in the production of large molecules such as proteins and carbohydrates from smaller units. Bioenergetics studies the sources of energy for such reactions. Important energy sources are glucose and oxygen, which can be produced by plants via photosynthesis or assimilated from food and air, respectively. All organisms use this energy to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which can then be used to energize other reactions.
Applications
Chemical reactions are central to chemical engineering, where they are used for the synthesis of new compounds from natural raw materials such as petroleum, mineral ores, and oxygen in air. It is essential to make the reaction as efficient as possible, maximizing the yield and minimizing the number of reagents, energy inputs and waste. Catalysts are especially helpful for reducing the energy required for the reaction and increasing its reaction rate.
Some specific reactions have their niche applications. For example, the thermite reaction is used to generate light and heat in pyrotechnics and welding. Although it is less controllable than the more conventional oxy-fuel welding, arc welding and flash welding, it requires much less equipment and is still used to mend rails, especially in remote areas.
Monitoring
Mechanisms of monitoring chemical reactions depend strongly on the reaction rate. Relatively slow processes can be analyzed in situ for the concentrations and identities of the individual ingredients. Important tools of real-time analysis are the measurement of pH and analysis of optical absorption (color) and emission spectra. A less accessible but rather efficient method is the introduction of a radioactive isotope into the reaction and monitoring how it changes over time and where it moves to; this method is often used to analyze the redistribution of substances in the human body. Faster reactions are usually studied with ultrafast laser spectroscopy where utilization of femtosecond lasers allows short-lived transition states to be monitored at a time scaled down to a few femtoseconds.
Bibliography | ce9a9a1d-c80d-4c62-b409-dc8fe0fbca73 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EpiDoc"} | EpiDoc is an international community that produces guidelines and tools for encoding in TEI XML scholarly and educational editions of ancient documents, especially inscriptions and papyri.
The EpiDoc Guidelines were originally proposed as a recommendation for Greek and Latin epigraphy in 2000 by scholars at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill: Tom Elliott, the former director of the Ancient World Mapping Center, with Hugh Cayless and Amy Hawkins. The guidelines have since matured considerably through extensive discussion on the community mailing list (Markup) and other discussion fora, at several conferences, and through the experience of various pilot projects. The first major epigraphic projects to adopt and pilot the EpiDoc recommendations were the Inscriptions of Aphrodisias and Vindolanda Tablets Online in 2002–4, and the guidelines reached a degree of stability for the first time in that period.
EpiDoc has since been adopted as the native format for the Greek Papyrology site, Papyri.info. The EpiDoc schema and guidelines may also be applied, perhaps with some local modification to related palaeographical fields including Sigillography, and Numismatics.
The EpiDoc community maintains the Guidelines and other tools, offers support through the mailing list and other fora, and runs several training events per year.
Guidelines and Schema
The EpiDoc Guidelines are available in two forms:
The EpiDoc Schema is also available in two forms:
Tools
Other tools developed by and for the EpiDoc community include:
Projects
Fuller list of projects maintained at:
Bibliography | 999cfe49-4c3a-4e1a-959f-130ceaf3b89c |
null | Uruguayan footballer (born 1989)
Ángel Santiago Barboza Manzzi (born October 3, 1989) is a Uruguayan footballer currently playing for Deportivo Achuapa.
Career
On 26 July 2012, he scored a goal against Bolivian side Aurora in the 2012 Copa Sudamericana which was the first goal ever for Cerro Largo F.C. in an international competition.
In January 2013, he signed a new deal with Second Division club Atenas de San Carlos.
In July 2013, he was transferred to Ecuadorian side LDU Loja with a loan deal of six months with an option of acquisition. | 1ee18505-8cfd-4adc-a6db-c4f71cdf4ec7 |
null | Portuguese footballer
Fausto José Tomás Lúcio (born 12 January 1985) is a Portuguese footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Louletano.
Club career
He started his career with Portuguese Second Division team Louletano. He made 74 appearances and one goal for the Portuguese club before joining Ayia Napa. He signed for Al Shorta SC in Iraq in 2014 but was released almost immediately as coach Mohamed Youssef was not impressed with his performance in training. | 75755ff4-d49c-4a48-b712-b370a2828de9 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djoko_Suyanto"} | Air Chief Marshal Djoko Suyanto (born 2 December 1950) was the Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces from 2006 to 2007. After ending his services as the commander, he served as the Coordinating Minister for Legal, Political and Security Affairs in President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's Second United Indonesia Cabinet.
Suyanto graduated from the Indonesian Air Force Academy (Akademi Angkatan Udara, AAU) in 1973 and rapidly gained his pilot's brevet. He underwent further training Australia and the United States, where he trained at the United States Air Force Weapons School at Nellis Air Force Base, before becoming a flying instructor. He then served successively as the commander of No. 14 (Air Combat) Squadron flying F-5 Tiger II, the commander of Iswahyudi Air Force Base, the commander of the National Air Defense Sector and the commander of the Air Force Education Command.
Djoko Suyanto was appointed as the Commander of Air Force Operations Command 2 - East in 2001. Two years later he took up the post of Air Force Operations Advisor at Air Force Headquarters and in 2005 he was appointed Chief of Staff of the Air Force. When, in 2006, Djoko Suyanto became Commander of the National Armed Forces, he was the first Air Force officer to hold this post.
Air Chief Marshal Djoko Suyanto is known as one of Indonesia’s best fighter pilots.
At his confirmation hearing he was quoted as saying:
For me there is not a problem, I am conservative or reformist, but how I will implement my tasks in line with the existing law, namely the Law on military no. 34/2004
In September 2006, Suyanto complained of human rights objections to the New York Agreement trading of West New Guinea to Indonesia stating "I get information from our representative in the UN that some NGOs have begun persuading bishop Desmond Tutu to help them lobbying Papua case in the UN," and "We must be alert on the move of the NGO's that use famous people for their goal of breaking Papua from Indonesia."[citation needed] | 01a4b880-7f5d-47bd-8cb6-fbe27e1796a3 |
null | American baseball player
Baseball player
Steven Larry Woodard (born May 15, 1975) is a former professional baseball pitcher. He played all or parts of seven seasons in Major League Baseball, from 1997 until 2003, for the Milwaukee Brewers, Cleveland Indians, Texas Rangers and Boston Red Sox. He batted left-handed and threw right-handed.
He broke into the majors by throwing eight shutout innings, striking out 12 and allowing only one walk and one hit against the Toronto Blue Jays. As of 2020[update], his game score of 91 is the highest by any debutant pitcher in American League history. He ended up with a 3-3 record and an ERA of 5.15 in his rookie year.
In 2008, his last professional season, Woodard pitched in the Florida Marlins organization, for their Triple-A affiliate, the Albuquerque Isotopes. | 589d999a-8ec1-4a34-be0b-e5c58b908d89 |
null | 1989 film
Fine Food, Fine Pastries, Open 6 to 9 is a 1989 American short documentary film produced and directed by David Petersen.
Summary
Owners and waitresses of Sherrill's Restaurant and Bakery, a down-home gathering place behind the Capitol, observed Washington and its denizens since the Depression as the film captures moments during a typical day in the very un-Washington Capitol Hill hang out, conveying the role of the eatery in the neighborhood as patrons discuss local history and politics.
Accolades
It was nominated in 1989 for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short. It also was a first place winner in the American, National Educational, and Houston Film Festivals; and won a CINE Golden Eagle and Emmy Award. | 5a45c666-48db-4a8d-9c93-8ade488c280e |
null | Algerian sports shooter
Chafik Bouaoud (born 12 February 1999) is an Algerian sports shooter. He competed in the men's 10 metre air rifle event at the 2016 Summer Olympics. | 9917817f-1c07-4a7b-bef4-21d93bff1a9f |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GenArts,_Inc."} | GenArts, Inc. was a Cambridge, Massachusetts-based developer of visual effects software for the film, broadcast, and advertising industries. A majority of traditional video content such as movies, commercials, television shows, newscasts, and music videos included at least some special effects created by a GenArts product. GenArts created visual effects software and plugins that integrate visual effects such as glows, lightning, fire, and fluids into post-production video editing software from companies like Apple, Adobe, Autodesk, and The Foundry.
GenArts was best known for its traditional role in high-end production environments, where high budget and broadly distributed video content is being created by a large corporation. In 2008, product development and a series of acquisitions broadened GenArts's focus, product portfolio, and customer base. Subsequently, GenArts created plugins developed for smaller budget video editing tools typically used by smaller studios, the videographer market, or creators of content distributed online on websites like YouTube.
Many Bollywood productions like Little Krishna and Aladin have used software from GenArts. GenArts has been used in feature films like X-Men, the Lord of the Rings Trilogy, several Star Wars movies, and the Matrix Trilogy. It's also used in newscasts, music videos by Lady Gaga and Beyoncé, and television shows like Lost and CSI. The company has 29,000 customers including Disney, Lucasfilm, Paramount Pictures, MTV, Univision, Televisa, and Warner Brothers.
History
Karl Sims founded GenArts, Inc. as Genetic Arts in 1996 in Cambridge, MA as a developer of Discreet Spark Plugins. In 1997 Gary Oberbrunner joined GenArts as its second employee. The company name was changed to GenArts in June, 1999. GenArts's first office space was in Karl's barn. By 1999, three years after the company was founded, GenArts had achieved significant commercial success, a pace of growth founder Karl Sims says he did not expect. Karl won the MacArthur "genius grant" in the '90s for his work on artificial evolution.
Between 2000 and 2004 GenArts released Sapphire Plug-ins for Autodesk, Avid, After Effects, Shake, Final Cut Pro, Combustion, Premiere, Digital Fusion, Quantel with Synapse, and 844/x. The company had 220 image processing and synthesis effects by 2008. Prices of the software were also reduced.
After creating plugins for video editing software, GenArts made the shift to supporting applications such as Avid, Final Cut Pro, and Adobe After Effects that support a broader market of video creators.
In 2019, Karl Sims and Gary Oberbrunner each won an Emmy Award, recognizing their "outstanding achievement in engineering development" of Sapphire Plug-ins.
Leadership and corporate strategy
In 2008, GenArts received funding from Insight Venture Partners and appointed a new CEO, Katherine Hays, to execute on a new growth strategy. That strategy involved consolidating a highly fragmented visual effects market into a standards-based, single vendor, off-the-shelf approach Katherine believed would simplify visual effects for customers. The company also focused their own R&D on standards, often acquiring popular plugins for a specific video editing software and developing it for other systems. After being a single product company (Sapphire) for over a decade, the new CEO appointment and growth strategy kicked off a series of acquisitions and new partner relationships.
Software
GenArts supported Adobe After Effects, Adobe Premiere Pro, Apple Final Cut Pro, Avid Systems, Autodesk systems, Nuke, OFX platforms, and Sony Vegas Pro. GenArts’s product lines included the Sapphire, Sapphire Edge, and Sapphire Accents brands. The acquired particleIllusion and Monsters GT brands were consolidated under Sapphire Accents: | 94364d1c-207e-4f74-8ac7-ffbfd57476c1 |
null | The Bigsby Medal is a medal of the Geological Society of London established by John Jeremiah Bigsby. It is awarded for the study of American geology.
Recipients
Source:The Geological Society | 2d93ad63-f002-4d8a-8f1b-453fe048f287 |
null | Home entertainment refers to media, equipment, and methods used for delivery and enjoyment of various forms of entertainment in the home, and may refer to: | 5cc8f86b-87fa-49a5-a27c-e872f1367505 |
null | Secondary statement which can be readily deduced from a previous, more notable statement
In mathematics and logic, a corollary (/ˈkɒrəˌlɛri/ KORR-ə-lerr-ee, UK: /kɒˈrɒləri/ korr-OL-ər-ee) is a theorem of less importance which can be readily deduced from a previous, more notable statement. A corollary could, for instance, be a proposition which is incidentally proved while proving another proposition; it might also be used more casually to refer to something which naturally or incidentally accompanies something else (e.g., violence as a corollary of revolutionary social changes).
Overview
In mathematics, a corollary is a theorem connected by a short proof to an existing theorem. The use of the term corollary, rather than proposition or theorem, is intrinsically subjective. More formally, proposition B is a corollary of proposition A, if B can be readily deduced from A or is self-evident from its proof.
In many cases, a corollary corresponds to a special case of a larger theorem, which makes the theorem easier to use and apply, even though its importance is generally considered to be secondary to that of the theorem. In particular, B is unlikely to be termed a corollary if its mathematical consequences are as significant as those of A. A corollary might have a proof that explains its derivation, even though such a derivation might be considered rather self-evident in some occasions (e.g., the Pythagorean theorem as a corollary of law of cosines).
Peirce's theory of deductive reasoning
Charles Sanders Peirce held that the most important division of kinds of deductive reasoning is that between corollarial and theorematic. He argued that while all deduction ultimately depends in one way or another on mental experimentation on schemata or diagrams, in corollarial deduction:
"it is only necessary to imagine any case in which the premises are true in order to perceive immediately that the conclusion holds in that case"
while in theorematic deduction:
"It is necessary to experiment in the imagination upon the image of the premise in order from the result of such experiment to make corollarial deductions to the truth of the conclusion."
Peirce also held that corollarial deduction matches Aristotle's conception of direct demonstration, which Aristotle regarded as the only thoroughly satisfactory demonstration, while theorematic deduction is: | 127ec9be-8e50-4947-b016-da3955cdcfcf |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayush_Razgildeyev"} | Prince Bayush Razgildeyev (Russian: князь Баюш Разгильдеев) was a Tatar warlord of the 17th century Time of Troubles. In 1612 he defended Arzamas lands and defeated Nogays, killed 500 people, captured the enemy banner, and freed about 7,000 hostages. For this feat he was awarded the title of Prince in 1613 by provisional rulers of wartime Russia, Trubetskoy and Pozharsky. This title was confirmed in 1618 by the czar Mikhail Feodorovich. He was the founder of Bayushev noble family in Russia.
Literature | 5acc5ec7-5e25-4afe-a5c2-a04ff9335790 |
null | 1966 single by Marty Robbins
"Ain't I Right" is a political country song written, produced, and sung by Marty Robbins in June 1966. Heavily anti-communist in nature, the song criticizes the counterculture and anti-war movements, opposition to the Vietnam War, and the American Left.
Lyrical content
Written during the rise of American counterculture and opposition to the Vietnam War, "Ain't I Right" accuses counterculture activists and anti-war protestors of being communists and socialists (which the song states are essentially the same thing) intent on undermining and disrupting American life and values, especially the American war effort in Vietnam, and argues their intent is not to "help the people", but rather to maximize suffering and misery among them.
Robbins describes counterculture and anti-war activists as "a bearded bathless bunch" and "tramps", including "a minister or two" and "a priest, a nun, a rabbi, and an educated man" converted to leftism. Robbins alleges they are supported by "two-faced politicians" that promote draft-card burning and disagreeing with the U.S. government; he makes specific mention of a certain politician suggesting Americans "send some blood" and support North Vietnam, and suggests that the he "keep the blood" and go to Vietnam himself to fight (and die) instead. Robbins argues these politicians make the United States weak, and proposes that they be removed from office in favor of "strong and able leaders" capable of defeating North Vietnam and the American Left, winning the Cold War, and preventing an invasion of the United States by the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc.
Robbins frames the first half of the song around a loose plot detailing leftist activists visiting a town in the Southern United States in an attempt to convert Southerners to leftist ideologies, only to cause trouble and misery before leaving with little care for the town's denizens.
Reception
When the song was made, Columbia Records refused to release it, stating that it was too provocative and political. Other artists published covers of the song, such as Johnny Freedom and Autry Inman. | b3f070da-37fa-41a2-95ad-efbd0e6f1de5 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Air_Wing_4_(JMSDF)"} | Military unit
Fleet Air Wing 4 (第4航空群, daiyonkoukuugun) is a unit of the Fleet Air Force of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force. It is based at Naval Air Facility Atsugi in Kanagawa Prefecture. It consists of Air Patrol Squadron 3, the Atsugi Base Squadron and the Iwo Jima Base Squadron (With a detachment on Minami-Tori-shima (Marcus Is.). | b37537e2-42d1-4d56-b838-676de72cfab0 |
null | Three ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS St Jacob, after Saint Jacob: | 233ce22c-7b12-42c4-a08d-97df0197bb4f |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arras_Flying_Services_Memorial"} | World War I memorial located in Pas-de-Calais, in France
The Arras Flying Services Memorial Commonwealth War Graves Commission war memorial in the Faubourg d'Amiens Cemetery, Arras, France. The memorial commemorates nearly 1,000 airmen from forces of the Commonwealth who were killed on the Western Front during World War I and who have no known grave. The memorial was designed by Edwin Lutyens, sculpted by William Reid Dick and unveiled by Hugh Trenchard, 1st Viscount Trenchard, Marshal of the Royal Air Force on 31 July 1932.
Background
In the spring of 1916, French troops transferred the city of Arras in Pas-de-Calais, France, to the British armed forces. Construction of the British portion of Faubourg d'Amiens Cemetery in the western portion of Arras, near the Citadel designed by Vauban, began in March 1916, behind the existing French graveyard. After the Armistice, the cemetery was extended with graves that were transferred from the battlefield and from two smaller graveyards in the area. The graves in the French portion of the military cemetery were moved elsewhere after the war. The vacant land was then designated for two monuments, the Arras Memorial and the Arras Flying Services Memorial. The Faubourg d'Amiens Cemetery comprises 2,650 graves of the First World War, including 10 unidentified burials. In addition to 8 WWII burials from the United Kingdom and United States, there are 30 graves of other nationalities. The Arras Memorial commemorates nearly 35,000 servicemen from the United Kingdom, South Africa, and New Zealand who died between the spring of 1916 and 7 August 1918 (the eve of the Advance to Victory) in the Arras region and who have no known grave. (Missing Canadian and Australian servicemen are commemorated elsewhere.) The Arras Flying Services Memorial commemorates nearly 1,000 members of the Royal Naval Air Service, the Royal Flying Corps, and the Royal Air Force who were killed on the Western Front and who have no known grave.
Design
Architect Sir Edwin Lutyens (1869–1944), of the Imperial War Graves Commission, designed the layout of the Faubourg-d'Amiens Cemetery. He also designed the Arras Memorial and the Arras Flying Services Memorial. The cemetery was planned and constructed before the two monuments were designed. As a result, the paths of the cemetery do not align with the Arras Memorial. The Flying Services Memorial is adjacent to the Arras Memorial. It is an obelisk with a globe which forms a finial on the top. The four sides of the obelisk are inscribed with the names of 990 airmen who were killed on the Western Front and have no known grave. Renowned Scottish sculptor Sir William Reid Dick (1879–1961) sculpted the globe with stars on top of the Arras Flying Services Memorial, as well as the badges on the monument. The globe measures four-foot six inches in diameter, weighing almost three tons. At the 1932 unveiling ceremony, it was revealed that the position of the globe on the obelisk parallels that of the Earth on the morning of the Armistice, 11 November 1918. The badges created by the Scottish sculptor are of the Royal Naval Air Service, the Royal Flying Corps, and the Royal Air Force, as well as the combined badges of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa.
Unveiling ceremony
Lord Trenchard performed the unveiling of the Arras Flying Services Memorial and the Arras Memorial on 31 July 1932. The unveiling had initially been scheduled for 15 May 1932; however, due to the assassination of French President Paul Doumer in early May, the ceremony had been postponed. During the first ceremony of the day, Lord Trenchard, accompanied by Lady Trenchard and their eleven-year-old son Hugh Trenchard, was received by the mayor and town council and placed a wreath on the local war memorial. The second ceremony took place in the apse of the cloister of the Arras Memorial, close to the obelisk. Royal Air Force bands played O God, Our Help in Ages Past. After prayers led by the chaplain, Major General Sir Fabian Ware, founder of the Imperial War Graves Commission, addressed Lord Trenchard and invited him to unveil the memorial. Trenchard gave a speech, and then proceeded with the unveiling. The chaplain dedicated the memorials and a hymn was sung. Five aeroplanes flew in a wide arc around the cemetery, and then in V formation shot over the monuments. After the benediction and prayers by Monseigneur Henri-Édouard Dutoit, Bishop of Arras, buglers of the 1st Battalion of the Durham Light Infantry sounded Last Post. Subsequently, pipers of the 1st Battalion of the Seaforth Highlanders played The Flowers of the Forest, followed by the buglers again with Reveille. After the national anthems of France and Britain, there was a procession of those bearing floral tributes, and the ceremony concluded.
Notable airmen commemorated on the memorial
Pilots represented on the Flying Services Memorial include: | 38eb7045-6585-4b1e-a234-6e33a9d9712a |
null | Anglican priest
Joshua Berkeley (2 January 1743 – 18 June 1807) was an Anglican priest in Ireland during the late decade of the 18th century and the first four of the 19th.
Berkeley was born in Derry and educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford He was Dean of Tuam from 1782 until his death.
There is a monument to Berkeley within Bristol Cathedral. It is by James Sargant Storer. | e9a43bf1-742d-4016-80b3-b35428a49b3e |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Brown_(judoka)"} | Australian Olympic judoka
Steven Brown (born 4 April 1986) is an Australian judoka who represented Australia at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. South Australia's first ever Judo Olympian was defeated by Algeria's Mounir Benamadi in the u/66 kg class. Brown is a former u/66 kg Australian Champion and multiple international medalist.
Brown represented Australia at the World Judo Championships in Paris (2011) and Rio de Janeiro (2013), he was also selected for Tokyo (2010), and Chelyabinsk (2014) but did not compete.
In 2014 Brown represented Australia at the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow, Scotland - the first South Australian to do so. At the end of this event, Brown announced his retirement from competitive Judo.
He is now the head coach of the South Australian Judo Academy.
He recently won his first professional MMA fight at Diamondback Fighting Championship in October 2016 winning via RNC. | 48bf8548-f3db-4670-8b8d-8a847abc8e30 |
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