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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babi_Kandi"} | Village in Ardabil, Iran
Babi Kandi (Persian: بابي كندي, also Romanized as Bābī Kandī; also known as Bā’ī Kandī) is a village in Ojarud-e Shomali Rural District, in the Central District of Germi County, Ardabil Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 62, in 11 families. | 392b6575-c286-446f-b8fb-1a2852480105 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_1_V2"} | The Nikon 1 V2 is a Nikon 1 series high-speed mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera launched by Nikon on October 24, 2012.
Featuring a new 14 megapixel image sensor and further increased autofocus (hybrid autofocus with phase detection/contrast-detect AF and AF-assist illuminator) speed to 15 frames per second (fps), the maximum continuous shooting speed stays at 60 fps for up to 40 frames.
The image processor Expeed 3A, a successor to the Expeed 3 used in the former Nikon 1 series cameras, features a new (according to Nikon) image-processing engine with increased speed of up to 850 megapixels per second. It is developed exclusively for Nikon 1 cameras.
The Nikon 1 V2 succeeds the Nikon 1 V1 and is succeeded by the Nikon 1 V3. The Nikon 1 V3 improves on the previous model with an 18.4MP sensor, built-in Wifi, FullHD video at 60 frames per second (non-interpolated), up to 120 frames per second video at 720p resolution, 20fps continuous AF, and 171 focus points, which Nikon claims gives better tracking autofocus than even DSLR cameras.
Features
With the launch of the new camera, comes a number of improvements in features from the Nikon 1 V1. The improved sensor and processor have taken the pixels up to 14 megapixels, compared to the previous 10.1 megapixels with V1. Other improvements include a low light boost, faster action capture and improved lens selection. | 58795c95-ae95-47f9-9ac3-172abc7da3c3 |
null | German alpine skier
Edda Mutter (born 29 June 1970 in West Berlin) is a German former alpine skier who competed in the women's slalom at the 1994 Winter Olympics. | 3bb78334-2778-4f06-88dc-45d3129e0b69 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wencho_Farrell"} | Dutch footballer
Wencho Farrell (born 25 December 1982) is an international footballer from the Netherlands Antilles who plays amateur club football with HCSC.
Club career
Farrell began his career in 2002 with HCSC, and has also had a season-long spell with Türkiyemspor. | 83c103ae-e194-42ca-9551-2cf6d1fefb39 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doraha_(film)"} | 1967 film
Doraha is a 1967 Pakistani musical romance film. The film become remarkable due to its music.
At the box office, the film failed to become a big hit, as it was expected, but it later gained more importance after several years, especially during the 1980s and 1990s due to its superb music and hit songs. The film was produced by Sohail Rana and Pervaiz Malik and was also directed by Pervaiz Malik.
Cast
Release
The film was released by United Talents on 25 August 1967 on cinemas of Karachi and Lahore. During the same year, Doraha got tough competition from other successful films like Chakori, Lakhon Mein Aik, Darshan and Aag.
Music
The music of the film is composed by Sohail Rana. The songs of Doraha, particularly, Bhooli hui hoon daastan ... , Mujhe tum nazar se gira tau rahe ho ... Haan isi more par ... Tumhein kaise bata doon ... and Ajnabi zara souch lo ... became very popular on the Radio at that time. The evergreen songs of the film were written by Masroor Anwar and mostly sung by Ahmed Rushdi and Mala. Only one song was recorded in Mehdi Hassan's voice. Waheed Murad declared Rushdi's song, "Bhooli hui hoon daastan", his favorite song. The film Doraha proved to be a milestone in Ahmed Rushdi's career. | d4d9a2b6-cb0e-4a67-a695-65e811115808 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assumption_Cathedral,_Bangkok"} | Cathedral of the Catholic Archdiocese of Bangkok
Coordinates: 13°43′23″N 100°30′54″E / 13.723059°N 100.514924°E / 13.723059; 100.514924
The Assumption Cathedral (Thai: อาสนวิหารอัสสัมชัญ) is the principal Roman Catholic church of Thailand, located at 23 Oriental Avenue, New Road, in the Bang Rak District of Bangkok. It is the main church of the Archdiocese of Bangkok. The cathedral hosted both of the Papal visits to Thailand; Pope John Paul II in 1984 and Pope Francis in 2019.
History
Assumption Cathedral is located within 100 meters of the Oriental Hotel and the French Embassy, and the original building was the result of the request from a French missionary, Father Pascal in 1809 and the work of a French architect which saw the cathedral completed in 1821 during the reign of King Rama II. The cathedral was named Assumption after the Virgin Mary and she is commemorated at the church during The Feast of the Assumption, on St. Mary's Day on 15 August.
Throughout the latter half of the 19th century, the church and surrounding area played an important role for Christian missionaries arriving in Bangkok, particularly after 1860. The cathedral is part of a series of buildings which consist of Assumption Convent School (Thailand), Catholic Mission of Bangkok, Assumption Printing Press and rectory which were inhabited by the missionaries during their time in the city.
However around 1909 or 1910 the church underwent significant reconstruction and was rebuilt in the romanesque style between 1910 and 1918. The church has a relatively tall rectangular structure with a red brick exterior which stands out against its surrounding white buildings. The tall square towers flank the main entrance. Inside is a high ceiling adorned with many ornate decorations. Construction costs were largely covered by a local catholic businessman, Mr Low Khiok Chiang (also known as Jacobe) who owned the nearby Kiam Hoa Heng & Company, a Chinese Teochew family business.
In 1942, during World War II, nearby buildings were destroyed by allied bombing which resulted in serious damage to the church. It underwent extensive restoration shortly afterwards, and was partly refurbished in the 1980s and 1990s. Stained glass windows are now used in the cathedral today.
Assumption Cathedral had been visited by two supreme pontiffs. First, in May 1984 the cathedral welcomed Pope John Paul II and on the 22nd of November 2019, Pope Francis visited the cathedral during his apostolic visit to Thailand where he conduct the holy mass with catholic youth from around the country, given that the church is the center of the Roman Catholic diocese there.
The church is open seven days a week. Services for mass on Sundays are held at 6am, 7:30am, 8:30am, 10am and 5pm.
Crypt
The significant part of the cathedral is in the crypt underneath the Sanctuary which kept the remains of the bishops and the missionaries including that of Fr Nicholas Boonkerd Kitbamrung who was proclaimed a martyr by Pope John Paul II on 5 March 2000 in Vatican. His relics were transferred to the shrine built in the compound of St. Peter's church in Sampran, Nakornprathom Province. There still remains a special altar devoted to him on the left side of the cathedral.
Besides being a place of worship and for performing sacred ceremonies, the role of the Assumption Cathedral is the church of the head of the local diocese which as of 2014[update] was led by Cardinal Michael Meechai Kitboonchu. The cathedral is used to celebrate functions such as ordination of deacons, priests and bishops, and is said to be the centre of Catholics in Thailand.
Notable visitors
Visitors include, on 4 May 1946, King Ananda Mahidol with his younger brother, then-Prince Bhumibol Adulyadej. Pope John Paul II visited on 10 May 1984. On 22 July 1995, Princesses Soamsawali and Bajirakitiyabha visited the cathedral during a religious ceremony for the soul of the late King's mother. In 2002 the Crown Prince Vajiralongkorn and his consort Srirasmi visited the Catholic community at the Assumption Cathedral.
The cathedral hosted both of the Papal visits to Thailand; Pope John Paul II in 1984 and Pope Francis in 2019.
Nearby sites
Three schools are situated in the compound of the cathedral: The Assumption College, the Assumption Convent School and the Assumption Suksa School. There used to be a seminary and a printing house. Many offices of the Catholic organizations used to be nearby the cathedral.
Events
A ceremony held in the cathedral was that of the proclamation of Blessed Father Nicholas Boonkerd as Priest and Martyr. | cc17a9cc-f107-4c58-bde6-9d27977e65dc |
null | Greek Cypriot educator
Chrysostomos A. Sofianos (Greek: Χρυσόστομος Α. Σοφιανός) is a Greek Cypriot educator who became known because of his role in advocating and strategizing the educational reform of Cyprus in the eighties from the post of the Minister of Education, and of a party leader.
Positions held
Chrysostomos A. Sofianos has served in several teaching, administrative and political positions in Cyprus and in the United States, such as Teacher at all levels of primary and secondary education (1959–1961, 1966–1969), lecturer at the Paedagogical Academy of Cyprus (1969–1972), Research Associate at the Center for Human Resource Development of the Ohio State University (U.S.A), (1973–1975), Assistant Professor of Education at Elmira College (U.S.A), (1975–1976), Minister of Education of Cyprus (1976–1980), Director General of C + M University Preparatory Center (1984–1986). His broad teaching experience included courses in Philology, Greek Language, Philosophy, History, Theory and Philosophy of Education, Sociology and Latin.
Political and social life
Sofianos was Founder and President of the political party PAME (Greek: Παγκύπριο Μέτωπο; Pancyprian Front for Renewal; discontinued), (1980–1983), Founder and Member of Cyprus Neuroscience and Technology Institute, Chief Editor of the weekly newspaper “Kypriaki”, (1982–1983), Director of the Government Printing Office (1986–1993), Director of the Presidential Palace, (1993–1995) and Secretary of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Cyprus (1995–2003).
Educational reforms
Sofianos has initiated far-reaching educational reforms during his term as Minister of Education. He was the first minister of education who dared to upgrade the status of the Cypriot dialect in education and thus promote the Cypriot identity. | 600a0d08-155c-4801-a62a-d46141e1ec3b |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosoy-en-Multien"} | Commune in Hauts-de-France, France
Rosoy-en-Multien (French pronunciation: [ʁozwa ɑ̃ myltjɛ̃]) is a commune in the Oise department in northern France. | 18827c81-b4b1-4117-b99c-845dc8368280 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9bert_River"} | River in Quebec, Canada
The Hebert River is a tributary of Doda Lake, flowing into the municipality of Eeyou Istchee James Bay (municipality), in Jamésie, in the administrative region of Nord-du-Québec, Quebec, Canada.
The Hebert River flows entirely into the townships of Belmont, Royal, Espinay, Machault and Gradis. Forestry is the main economic activity of the sector; recreational tourism activities, second.
The Hébert River valley is served by the R1053 (east-west) forest road that runs north-west and north of Lac Hébert. This road joins the road R1009 (North-South direction) which passes to the East of the Eagle River (Lake Doda).
The surface of the Hebert River is usually frozen from early November to mid-May, however, safe ice circulation is generally from mid-November to mid-April.
Geography
The surrounding hydrographic slopes of the Hebert River are:
The Hebert River originates at the mouth of an unidentified lake (length: 0.6 kilometres (0.37 mi); elevation: 409 metres (1,342 ft)) south of Belmont Township, in Eeyou Istchee James Bay (municipality).
This source is located at:
From the mouth of Lake Hébert, the Hébert River flows over 44.0 kilometres (27.3 mi) according to the following segments:
Upper Hébert River (segment of 30.3 kilometres (18.8 mi))
Lower Hébert River (segment of 13.7 kilometres (8.5 mi))
The Hébert River empties onto the south shore of a bay stretching on 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) south of Doda Lake. The northern part of this lake is crossed to the West by the Opawica River. From there, the current of this river generally descends to the West, crossing in particular Doda Lake, Françoise Lake (Opawica River), La Ronde Lake, Lessard Lake, Lichen Lake (Opawica River), then north across Wachigabau Lake and Opawica Lake to its confluence with the Chibougamau River; this confluence is the source of the Waswanipi River.
The course flows westward through the northern portion of Lake Waswanipi, Goéland Lake and Olga Lake, before pouring into the Matagami Lake; the latter flows to its turn in the Nottaway River, a tributary of the Rupert Bay (James Bay).
Toponymy
At various times in history, this territory has been occupied by the Attikameks, the Algonquins and the Crees. The term "Hebert" is a family name of French origin.
The toponym "Hébert River" was formalized on December 5, 1968, at the Commission de toponymie du Québec.
Notes and references | 9d0be300-f42c-4101-9141-0f3140631f2f |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ace_Young"} | American singer, songwriter, and actor (born 1980)
Musical artist
Brett "Ace" Young (born November 15, 1980) is an American singer, songwriter, and actor. He gained national recognition while appearing on the fifth season of American Idol. Young is married to American Idol season-three runner-up Diana DeGarmo.
Biography
Early years
Young was raised in Boulder, Colorado and is the youngest of five sons. He began writing songs, singing, and taking voice lessons at age 9. In his youth he performed at shopping malls and recreation centers. He performed at various venues in Colorado and other western states, including performing the National Anthem at The Pepsi Center in Denver. Young graduated from Fairview High School in Boulder, Colorado in 1999. While in high school he participated in athletics, choir, and International Baccalaureate classes. He earned the rank of Eagle Scout during his senior year.[failed verification]
After Young graduated from high school he wrote a song called "Reason I Live" that was featured on the soundtrack of the 2000 film The Little Vampire.
In 2001, Young moved to Los Angeles, California to continue pursuing his music career. He ultimately met Brian McKnight and was given the chance to open for McKnight and New Edition. Just prior to auditioning for American Idol he landed a guest-starring role in an episode of Half & Half, playing a character named Ace Blackwell.
American Idol
After over four years in Los Angeles without a record deal, Young auditioned for American Idol in Denver, Colorado. His televised audition featured him singing Westlife's "Swear it Again." Young was introduced as Brett Young, with the name "Ace" marked in quotations. Later, he told producers he preferred to be called Ace and he was not referred to as Brett on the show again.
Young made it through Hollywood week and sang George Michael's song, "Father Figure" for his live Top 24 performance. He also performed Michael Jackson's song, "Butterflies."
The week that featured the music of Queen and the surviving members of the band as mentors, there was a brief controversy. American Idol's editing of Young's pre-performance package made it appear as if he had offended Brian May and the rest of the band by suggesting a change in the arrangement of "We Will Rock You." May came to Young's defense a few days later when he wrote a blog clarifying he and the band felt their mentoring session was a productive exchange of ideas for the arrangement of the song.
The week Young was eliminated the theme was "Songs from the Great American Songbook," with Rod Stewart as mentor. Young sang "That's All." He changed his look for this performance, slicking his hair back and dressing up in a suit and tie. He received mixed reviews from the judges and was joined by Chris Daughtry and Paris Bennett in the bottom 3.
Post-Idol
After his elimination Young was a guest and performed on MTV's Total Request Live. He was the first Idol contestant to be on MTV directly after elimination. Young also returned home to perform at the Pepsi Center in Denver. He was named one of People Magazine's "Hottest Bachelors" on June 16, 2006. He spent the summer of 2006 on the annual American Idol Top 10 tour, and afterwards released his first single, "Scattered," (co-written with Elvio Fernandes) as a digital download on iTunes. The song reached the Top 50 on the Hot Adult Contemporary sales chart. He also put together a band and started playing gigs around the country.
Young performed at the 2006 Walt Disney Christmas Day Parade along with fellow idol finalists Paris Bennett, Kevin Covais, and Mandisa. He also formed a charity called "Highrollers With Heart" that raised $300,000 to help Children's Hospital in Denver build the Family Hospitality Suite.
Young wrote the chorus for Daughtry's debut single, "It's Not Over." The song was nominated for Best Rock Song at the 50th Annual Grammy Awards nominations on December 6, 2007. Along with co-writers, Gregg Wattenberg, Mark Wilkerson, and Chris Daughtry, Young received a songwriting nomination.
In January 2008, Young was named a Celebrity Ambassador for the Muscular Dystrophy Association (MDA). He appeared on the show every year from 2007 until 2012. In 2011 he hosted the New York MDA telethon. In 2012 he participated in Labor Day weekend's pre-taped MDA "Show of Strength" telethon. He continues to work with MDA through the Nashville chapter.
In April 2008 he released another single, "Addicted," and promoted the song and subsequent video on TNA wrestling. He worked with Bon Jovi producer Desmond Child on his self-titled and self-funded debut album, releasing it independently in July 2008. He wrote seven of the eleven songs on the cd and released it independently to stores and digital retailers.
On May 12, 2008 he appeared on the Fox series Bones alongside season-six American Idol contestant Brandon Rogers. In the episode "Wannabe in the Weeds," Young played an arrogant karaoke singer who was gruesomely murdered. His character sang a Nickelback song, "Far Away." On November 23, 2008, he made an appearance as a bachelor on the VH1 show Rock of Love: Charm School.
Young made his Broadway debut as Kenickie in the revival of Grease on September 9, 2008. He played the role until the show closed January 4, 2009. Young later joined the national tour of Grease in December 2009, this time playing Danny Zuko. He left the tour on February 14, 2010. After "Grease," Young took over the role of Berger in the Broadway revival of Hair, succeeding Will Swenson. Young took over the role in March 2010 and remained with the production until the show closed June 27, 2010.
In November 2011, he appeared on the twelfth episode of the second season of the reality TV show The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills.
After Hair, Young started a now defunct music company, called "Young Brothers Entertainment." The company was partnered with Mailboat Records for digital releases but none of the associated acts ever released music through the company outside of Diana DeGarmo and Young himself. Young's single "I Wanna Fall in Love Again" was released on iTunes in May 2012.
Young starred as Joseph in the U.S. national tour of Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat alongside DeGarmo as the Narrator from January 2014 to April 2015. He and Degarmo are set to lead the first national tour of First Date, which is set to launch in the fall of 2020.
Personal life
Young lives in Nashville, Tennessee with his wife, Diana DeGarmo. The couple met in 2010 while appearing in Hair on Broadway. They got engaged on the May 23, 2012, American Idol season finale when Young surprised DeGarmo with an on-air marriage proposal. Young and DeGarmo were married on June 1, 2013 in Los Angeles at the Luxe Sunset Boulevard hotel. Young was previously engaged in 2009 to actress Allison Fischer.
Discography
Albums
Singles
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ace Young. | 5f56a57e-054a-451f-aa32-be978c36ad8f |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_metal"} | Subgenre of heavy metal music
Black metal is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal music. Common traits include fast tempos, a shrieking vocal style, heavily distorted guitars played with tremolo picking, raw (lo-fi) recording, unconventional song structures, and an emphasis on atmosphere. Artists often appear in corpse paint and adopt pseudonyms.
During the 1980s, several thrash metal and death metal bands formed a prototype for black metal. This "first wave" included bands such as Venom, Bathory, Mercyful Fate, Hellhammer and Celtic Frost. A second wave arose in the early 1990s, spearheaded by Norwegian bands such as Mayhem, Darkthrone, Burzum, Immortal, Emperor, Satyricon and Gorgoroth. The early Norwegian black metal scene developed the style of their forebears into a distinct genre. Norwegian-inspired black metal scenes emerged throughout Europe and North America, although some other scenes developed their own styles independently. Some prominent Swedish bands spawned during this second wave, the second generation in Sweden being led by Dissection, Abruptum, Marduk, and Nifelheim.
Initially a synonym for "Satanic metal", black metal has often sparked controversy, due to the actions and ideologies associated with the genre. Some artists express misanthropic views, and others advocate various forms of extreme anti-Christian sentiment, Satanism, or ethnic paganism. In the 1990s, members of the scene were responsible for a spate of church burnings and murders. There is also a small neo-Nazi movement within black metal, although it has been shunned by many prominent artists. Generally, black metal strives to remain an underground phenomenon.
Characteristics
Although contemporary black metal typically refers to the Norwegian style with shrieking vocals and raw production, the term has traditionally been applied to bands with widely differing sounds, such as Death SS, Mercyful Fate, Mayhem, Blasphemy, and the Greek and Finnish bands that emerged around the same time as the Norwegian scene.
Instrumentation and song structure
Norwegian-inspired black metal guitarists usually favor high-pitched or trebly guitar tones and heavy distortion. The guitar is usually played with fast, un-muted tremolo picking and power chords. Guitarists often use dissonance—along with specific scales, intervals and chord progressions—to create a sense of dread. The tritone, or flat-fifth, is often used. Guitar solos and low guitar tunings are rare in black metal. The bass guitar is seldom used to play stand-alone melodies. It is common for the bass to be muted against the guitar, or for it to homophonically follow the low-pitched riffs of the guitar. While electronic keyboards are not a standard instrument, some bands, like Dimmu Borgir, use keyboards "in the background" or as "proper instruments" for creating atmosphere. Some newer black metal bands began raising their production quality and introducing additional instruments such as synthesizers and even orchestras.
The drumming is usually fast and relies on double-bass and blast beats to maintain tempos that can sometimes approach 300 beats per minute. These fast tempos require great skill and physical stamina, typified by black metal drummers Frost (Kjetil-Vidar Haraldstad) and Hellhammer (Jan Axel Blomberg). Even still, authenticity is still prioritized over technique. "This professionalism has to go," insists well-respected drummer and metal historian Fenriz (Gylve Fenris Nagell) of Darkthrone. "I want to de-learn playing drums, I want to play primitive and simple, I don't want to play like a drum solo all the time and make these complicated riffs".
Black metal songs often stray from conventional song structure and often lack clear verse-chorus sections. Instead, many black metal songs contain lengthy and repetitive instrumental sections. The Greek style—established by Rotting Christ, Necromantia and Varathron—has more traditional heavy metal and death metal traits than Norwegian black metal.
Vocals and lyrics
Traditional black metal bands tend to favor raspy, high-pitched vocals which include techniques such as shrieking, screaming, and snarling, a vocal style influenced by Quorthon of Bathory. Death growls, common in the death metal genre, are sometimes used, but less frequently than the characteristic black metal shriek.
Black metal lyrics typically attack Christianity and the other institutional religions, often using apocalyptic language. Satanic lyrics are common, and many see them as essential to black metal. For Satanist black metal artists, "Black metal songs are meant to be like Calvinist sermons; deadly serious attempts to unite the true believers". Misanthropy, global catastrophe, war, death, destruction and rebirth are also common themes. Another topic often found in black metal lyrics is that of the wild and extreme aspects and phenomena of the natural world, particularly the wilderness, forests, mountains, winter, storms, and blizzards. Black metal also has a fascination with the distant past. Many bands write about the mythology and folklore of their homelands and promote a revival of pre-Christian, pagan traditions. A significant number of bands write lyrics only in their native language and a few (e.g. Arckanum and early Ulver) have lyrics in archaic languages. Some doom metal-influenced artists' lyrics focus on depression, nihilism, introspection, self-harm and suicide.
Imagery and performances
Many bands choose not to play live. Many of those who do play live maintain that their performances "are not for entertainment or spectacle. Sincerity, authenticity and extremity are valued above all else". Some bands consider their concerts to be rituals and often make use of stage props and theatrics. Bands such as Mayhem, Gorgoroth, and Watain are noted for their controversial shows, which have featured impaled animal heads, mock crucifixions, medieval weaponry and band members doused in animal blood. A few vocalists, such as Dead, Maniac and Kvarforth, are known for cutting themselves while singing onstage.
Black metal artists often appear dressed in black with combat boots, bullet belts, spiked wristbands and inverted crosses and inverted pentagrams to reinforce their anti-Christian or anti-religious stance. However, the most stand-out trait is their use of corpse paint—black and white face paint sometimes mixed with real or fake blood, which is used to create a corpse-like or demonic appearance.
The imagery of black metal reflects its lyrics and ideology. In the early 1990s, most pioneering black metal artists had minimalist album covers featuring xeroxed black-and-white pictures and/or writing. This was partly a reaction against death metal bands, who at that time had begun to use brightly colored album artwork. Many purist black metal artists have continued this style. Black metal album covers are typically dark and tend to be atmospheric or provocative; some feature natural or fantasy landscapes (for example Burzum's Filosofem and Emperor's In the Nightside Eclipse) while others are violent, sexually transgressive, sacrilegious, or iconoclastic (for example Marduk's Fuck Me Jesus and Dimmu Borgir's In Sorte Diaboli).
Production
The earliest black metal artists had very limited resources, which meant that recordings were often made in homes or basements, giving their recordings a distinctive "lo-fi" quality. However, even when success allowed access to professional studios, many artists instead chose to continue making lo-fi recordings. Artists believed that by doing so, they would both stay true to the genre's underground roots as well as make the music sound more "raw" or "cold". A well-known example of this approach is on the album Transilvanian Hunger by Darkthrone, a band who Johnathan Selzer of Terrorizer magazine says "represent the DIY aspect of black metal." In addition, lo-fi production was used to keep black metal inaccessible or unappealing to mainstream music fans and those who are not committed. Many have claimed that black metal was originally intended only for those who were part of the scene and not for a wider audience. Vocalist Gaahl said that during its early years, "Black metal was never meant to reach an audience, it was purely for our own satisfaction".
History
The conventional history of black metal is that pioneers like Venom, Bathory, and Hellhammer were part of a "first wave", and that a "second wave" was begun by the early Norwegian scene, especially by Mayhem vocalist Dead; Mayhem's leader, Euronymous, who founded the Norwegian scene after Dead's suicide; and Darkthrone's album A Blaze in the Northern Sky. There are also some who argue that albums like Sarcófago's I.N.R.I. or Samael's Worship Him began the second wave.
Roots
Occult and Satanic lyrical themes were present in the music of heavy metal and rock bands of the late 1960s and early 1970s such as Black Sabbath and Coven.
In the late 1970s, the form of rough and aggressive heavy metal played by the British band Motörhead gained popularity. Many first wave black metal bands cited Motörhead as an influence. Also popular in the late 1970s, punk rock came to influence the birth of black metal. Tom G. Warrior of Hellhammer and Celtic Frost credited English punk group Discharge as "a revolution, much like Venom", saying, "When I heard the first two Discharge records, I was blown away. I was just starting to play an instrument and I had no idea you could go so far."
The use of corpse paint in the black metal imagery was mainly influenced by the American 1970s rock band Kiss.
First wave
The first wave of black metal refers to bands during the 1980s who influenced the black metal sound and formed a prototype for the genre. By today's musical standards, their sound is closer to speed metal or thrash metal.
The term "black metal" was coined by the English band Venom with their second album Black Metal (1982). Although generally deemed speed metal or thrash metal rather than black metal, the album's lyrics and imagery focused more on anti-Christian and Satanic themes than any before it. Their music was fast, unpolished in production and with raspy or grunted vocals. Venom's members also adopted pseudonyms, a practice that became widespread among black metal musicians.
Another major influence on black metal was the Swedish band Bathory. The band, led by Thomas Forsberg (a.k.a. Quorthon), created "the blueprint for Scandinavian black metal". Not only was Bathory's music dark, fast, heavily distorted, lo-fi and with anti-Christian themes, Quorthon was also the first to use the shrieked vocals that later became a common trait. The band played in this style on their first four albums: Bathory (1984), The Return…… (1985), Under the Sign of the Black Mark (1987) and Blood Fire Death (1988). With Blood Fire Death and the two following albums, Bathory pioneered the style that became known as Viking metal.
Hellhammer, from Switzerland, "made truly raw and brutal music" with Satanic lyrics, and became an important influence on later black metal; "Their simple yet effective riffs and fast guitar sound were groundbreaking, anticipating the later trademark sound of early Swedish death metal". In 1984, members of Hellhammer formed Celtic Frost, whose music "explored more orchestral and experimental territories. The lyrics also became more personal, with topics about inner feelings and majestic stories. But for a couple of years, Celtic Frost was one of the world's most extreme and original metal bands, with a huge impact on the mid-1990s black metal scene".
The Danish band Mercyful Fate influenced the Norwegian scene with their imagery and lyrics. Frontman King Diamond, who wore ghoulish black-and-white facepaint on stage, may be one of the inspirators of what became known as 'corpse paint'. Other acts which adopted a similar appearance on stage were the horror punk band Misfits, Celtic Frost and the Brazilian extreme metal band Sarcófago. Other artists usually considered part of this movement include Kreator, Sodom and Destruction (from Germany), Bulldozer and Death SS (from Italy), whose vocalist Steve Sylvester was a member of the Ordo Templi Orientis.
In 1987, in the fifth issue of his Slayer fanzine, Jon 'Metalion' Kristiansen wrote that "the latest fad of black/Satanic bands seems to be over", the tradition being continued by a few bands like Incubus and Morbid Angel (from the United States), Sabbat (from Great Britain), Tormentor (from Hungary), Sarcófago (from Brazil), Grotesque, Treblinka and early Tiamat (from Sweden). Other early black metal bands include Sabbat (formed 1983 in Japan), Parabellum (formed 1983 in Colombia), Salem (formed 1985 in Israel) and Mortuary Drape (formed 1986 in Italy). Japanese band Sigh formed in 1990 and was in regular contact with key members of the Norwegian scene. Their debut album, Scorn Defeat, became "a cult classic in the black metal world". In the years before the Norwegian black metal scene arose, important recordings were released by Root and Master's Hammer (from Czechoslovakia), Von (from the United States), Rotting Christ (from Greece), Samael (from Switzerland) and Blasphemy (from Canada), whose debut album Fallen Angel of Doom (1990) is considered one of the most influential records for the war metal style. Fenriz of the Norwegian band Darkthrone called Master's Hammer's debut album Ritual "the first Norwegian black metal album, even though they are from Czechoslovakia".
In 1990 and 1991, Northern European metal acts began to release music influenced by these bands or the older ones from the first wave. In Sweden, this included Marduk, Dissection, Nifelheim and Abruptum. In Finland, there emerged a scene that mixed the first wave black metal style with elements of death metal and grindcore; this included Beherit, Archgoat and Impaled Nazarene, whose debut album Tol Cormpt Norz Norz Norz Rock Hard journalist Wolf-Rüdiger Mühlmann considers a part of war metal's roots. Bands such as Demoncy and Profanatica emerged during this time in the United States, when death metal was more popular among extreme metal fans. The Norwegian band Mayhem's concert in Leipzig with Eminenz and Manos in 1990, later released as Live in Leipzig, was said to have had a strong influence on the East German scene and is even called the unofficial beginning of German black metal.
Second wave
The second wave of black metal began in the early 1990s and was spearheaded by the Norwegian black metal scene. During 1990–1993, a number of Norwegian artists began performing and releasing a new kind of black metal music; this included Mayhem, Darkthrone, Burzum, Immortal, Emperor, Satyricon, Enslaved, Thorns, and Gorgoroth. They developed the style of their 1980s forebears into a distinct genre. This was partly thanks to a new kind of guitar playing developed by Snorre 'Blackthorn' Ruch of Stigma Diabolicum/Thorns and Øystein 'Euronymous' Aarseth of Mayhem. Fenriz of Darkthrone described it as being "derived from Bathory" and noted that "those kinds of riffs became the new order for a lot of bands in the '90s".
The wearing of corpse paint became standard, and was a way for many black metal artists to distinguish themselves from other metal bands of the era. The scene also had an ideology and ethos. Artists were bitterly opposed to Christianity and presented themselves as misanthropic Devil worshippers who wanted to spread terror, hatred and evil. They professed to be serious in their views and vowed to act on them. Ihsahn of Emperor said that they sought to "create fear among people" and "be in opposition to society". The scene was exclusive and created boundaries around itself, incorporating only those who were "true" and attempting to expel all "poseurs". Some members of the scene were responsible for a spate of church burnings and murder, which eventually drew attention to it and led to a number of artists being imprisoned.
Dead's suicide
On 8 April 1991, Mayhem vocalist Per "Dead" Ohlin committed suicide while left alone in a house shared by the band. Fellow musicians described Dead as odd, introverted and depressed. Mayhem's drummer, Hellhammer, said that Dead was the first to wear the distinctive corpse paint that became widespread in the scene. He was found with slit wrists and a shotgun wound to the head. Dead's suicide note began with "Excuse all the blood", and apologized for firing the weapon indoors. Before calling the police, Euronymous got a disposable camera and photographed the body, after re-arranging some items. One of these photographs was later used as the cover of a bootleg live album, Dawn of the Black Hearts.
Euronymous made necklaces with bits of Dead's skull and gave some to musicians he deemed worthy. Rumors also spread that he had made a stew with bits of his brain. Euronymous used Dead's suicide to foster Mayhem's evil image and claimed Dead had killed himself because extreme metal had become trendy and commercialized. Mayhem bassist Jørn 'Necrobutcher' Stubberud noted that "people became more aware of the black metal scene after Dead had shot himself ... I think it was Dead's suicide that really changed the scene".
Two other members of the early Norwegian scene later committed suicide: Erik 'Grim' Brødreskift (of Immortal, Borknagar, Gorgoroth) in 1999 and Espen 'Storm' Andersen (of Strid) in 2001.
Helvete and Deathlike Silence
During May–June 1991, Euronymous of Mayhem opened an independent record shop named "Helvete" (Norwegian for "Hell") at Schweigaards gate 56 in Oslo. It quickly became the focal point of Norway's emerging black metal scene and a meeting place for many of its musicians; especially the members of Mayhem, Burzum, Emperor and Thorns. Jon 'Metalion' Kristiansen, writer of the fanzine Slayer, said that the opening of Helvete was "the creation of the whole Norwegian black metal scene". In its basement, Euronymous founded an independent record label named Deathlike Silence Productions. With the rising popularity of his band and others like it, the underground success of Euronymous's label is often credited for encouraging other record labels, who had previously shunned black metal acts, to then reconsider and release their material.
Church burnings
In 1992, members of the Norwegian black metal scene began a wave of arson attacks on Christian churches. By 1996, there had been at least 50 such attacks in Norway. Some of the buildings were hundreds of years old and seen as important historical landmarks. The first to be burnt down was Norway's Fantoft Stave Church. Police believe Varg Vikernes of Burzum was responsible. The cover of Burzum's EP Aske ("ashes") is a photograph of the destroyed church. In May 1994, Vikernes was found guilty for burning down the Holmenkollen Chapel, Skjold Church, and Åsane Church. In addition, he was found guilty for an attempted arson of a fourth church, and for the theft and storage of 150 kg of explosives. To coincide with the release of Mayhem's De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas, Vikernes and Euronymous had also allegedly plotted to bomb the Nidaros Cathedral, which appears on the album cover. The musicians Faust, Samoth, (both of Emperor), and Jørn Inge Tunsberg (of Hades Almighty) were also convicted for church arsons. Members of the Swedish black metal scene started to burn churches as well in 1993.
Those convicted for church burnings showed no remorse and described their actions as a symbolic "retaliation" against Christianity in Norway. Mayhem drummer Hellhammer said he had called for attacks on mosques and Hindu temples, on the basis that they were more foreign. Today, opinions on the church burnings differ within the black metal community. Many musicians, singers, and songwriters in the early Norwegian black metal scene, such as Infernus and Gaahl of Gorgoroth, continue to praise the church burnings, with the latter saying "there should have been more of them, and there will be more of them". Others, such as Necrobutcher and Kjetil Manheim of Mayhem and Abbath of Immortal, see the church burnings as having been futile. Manheim claimed that many arsons were "just people trying to gain acceptance" within the black metal scene. Watain vocalist Erik Danielsson respected the attacks, but said of those responsible: "the only Christianity they defeated was the last piece of Christianity within themselves. Which is a very good beginning, of course".
Murder of Euronymous
In early 1993, animosity arose between Euronymous and Vikernes. On the night of 10 August 1993, Varg Vikernes (of Burzum) and Snorre 'Blackthorn' Ruch (of Thorns) drove from Bergen to Euronymous's apartment in Oslo. When they arrived a confrontation began and Vikernes stabbed Euronymous to death. His body was found outside the apartment with 23 cut wounds—two to the head, five to the neck, and sixteen to the back.
It has been speculated that the murder was the result of either a power struggle, a financial dispute over Burzum records or an attempt at outdoing a stabbing in Lillehammer the year before by Faust. Vikernes denies all of these, claiming that he attacked Euronymous in self-defense. He says that Euronymous had plotted to stun him with an electroshock weapon, tie him up and torture him to death while videotaping the event. He said Euronymous planned to use a meeting about an unsigned contract to ambush him. Vikernes claims he intended to hand Euronymous the signed contract that night and "tell him to fuck off", but that Euronymous panicked and attacked him first. He also claims that most of the cuts were from broken glass Euronymous had fallen on during the struggle. The self-defense story is doubted by Faust, while Necrobutcher confirmed that Vikernes killed Euronymous in self-defense due to the death threats he received from him.
Vikernes was arrested on 19 August 1993, in Bergen. Many other members of the scene were taken in for questioning around the same time. Some of them confessed to their crimes and implicated others. In May 1994, Vikernes was sentenced to 21 years in prison (Norway's maximum penalty) for the murder of Euronymous, the arson of four churches, and for possession of 150 kg of explosives. However, he only confessed to the latter. Two churches were burnt the day he was sentenced, "presumably as a statement of symbolic support". Vikernes smiled when his verdict was read and the picture was widely reprinted in the news media. Blackthorn was sentenced to eight years in prison for being an accomplice to the murder. That month saw the release of Mayhem's album De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas, which featured Euronymous on guitar and Vikernes on bass guitar. Euronymous's family had asked Mayhem's drummer, Hellhammer, to remove the bass tracks recorded by Vikernes, but Hellhammer said: "I thought it was appropriate that the murderer and victim were on the same record. I put word out that I was re-recording the bass parts. But I never did". In 2003, Vikernes failed to return to Tønsberg prison after being given a short leave. He was re-arrested shortly after while driving a stolen car with various weapons. Vikernes was released on parole in 2009.
Outside Norway
Black metal scenes also emerged on the European mainland during the early 1990s, inspired by the Norwegian scene or the older bands, or both. In Poland, a scene was spearheaded by Graveland and Behemoth. In France, a close-knit group of musicians known as Les Légions Noires emerged; this included artists such as Mütiilation, Vlad Tepes, Belketre and Torgeist. In Belgium, there were acts such as Ancient Rites and Enthroned. Bands such as Black Funeral, Grand Belial's Key and Judas Iscariot emerged during this time in the United States. Black Funeral, from Houston, formed in 1993, was associated with black magic and Satanism.
A notable black metal group in England was Cradle of Filth, who released three demos in a black/death metal style with symphonic flourishes, followed by the album The Principle of Evil Made Flesh, which featured a then-unusual hybrid style of black and gothic metal. The band then abandoned black metal for gothic metal, becoming one of the most successful extreme metal bands to date. John Serba of AllMusic commented that their first album "made waves in the early black metal scene, putting Cradle of Filth on the tips of metalheads' tongues, whether in praise of the band's brazen attempts to break the black metal mold or in derision for its 'commercialization' of an underground phenomenon that was proud of its grimy heritage". Some black metal fans did not consider Cradle of Filth to be black metal. When asked if he considers Cradle of Filth a black metal band, vocalist Dani Filth said he considers them black metal in terms of philosophy and atmosphere, but not in other ways. Another English band called Necropolis never released any music, but "began a desecratory assault against churches and cemeteries in their area" and "almost caused Black Metal to be banned in Britain as a result". Dayal Patterson says successful acts like Cradle of Filth "provoked an even greater extremity [of negative opinion] from the underground" scene due to concerns about "selling out".
The controversy surrounding the Thuringian band Absurd drew attention to the German black metal scene. In 1993, the members murdered a boy from their school, Sandro Beyer. A photo of Beyer's gravestone is on the cover of one of their demos, Thuringian Pagan Madness, along with pro-Nazi statements. It was recorded in prison and released in Poland by Graveland drummer Capricornus. The band's early music was more influenced by Oi! and Rock Against Communism (RAC) than by black metal, and described as being "more akin to '60s garage punk than some of the […] Black Metal of their contemporaries". Alexander von Meilenwald from German band Nagelfar considers Ungod's 1993 debut Circle of the Seven Infernal Pacts, Desaster's 1994 demo Lost in the Ages, Tha-Norr's 1995 album Wolfenzeitalter, Lunar Aurora's 1996 debut Weltengänger and Katharsis's 2000 debut 666 to be the most important recordings for the German scene. He said they were "not necessarily the best German releases, but they all kicked off something".
After the second wave
In the beginning of the second wave, the different scenes developed their own styles; as Alan 'Nemtheanga' Averill says, "you had the Greek sound and the Finnish sound, and the Norwegian sound, and there was German bands and Swiss bands and that kind of thing." By the mid-1990s, the style of the Norwegian scene was being adopted by bands worldwide, and in 1998, Kerrang! journalist Malcolm Dome said that "black metal as we know it in 1998 owes more to Norway and to Scandinavia than any other particular country". Newer black metal bands also began raising their production quality and introducing additional instruments such as synthesizers and even full-symphony orchestras. By the late 1990s, the underground concluded that several of the Norwegian pioneers—like Emperor, Immortal, Dimmu Borgir, Ancient, Covenant/The Kovenant, and Satyricon—had commercialized or sold out to the mainstream and "big bastard labels." Dayal Patterson states that successful acts like Dimmu Borgir "provoked and even greater extremity [of negative opinion] from the underground" regarding the view that these bands had "sold out."
After Euronymous's death, "some bands went more towards the Viking metal and epic style, while some bands went deeper into the abyss." Since 1993, the Swedish scene had carried out church burnings, grave desecration, and other violent acts. In 1995, Jon Nödtveidt of Dissection joined the Misanthropic Luciferian Order (MLO). In 1997, he and another MLO member were arrested and charged with shooting dead a 37-year-old man. It was said he was killed "out of anger" because he had "harassed" the two men. Nödtveidt received a 10-year sentence. As the victim was a homosexual immigrant, Dissection was accused of being a Nazi band, but Nödtveidt denied this and dismissed racism and nationalism.
The Swedish band Shining, founded in 1996, began writing music almost exclusively about depression and suicide, musically inspired by Strid and by Burzum's albums Hvis lyset tar oss and Filosofem. Vocalist Niklas Kvarforth wanted to "force-feed" his listeners "with self-destructive and suicidal imagery and lyrics." In the beginning, he used the term "suicidal black metal" for his music. However, he stopped using the term in 2001 because it had begun to be used by a slew of other bands, whom he felt had misinterpreted his vision and were using the music as a kind of therapy rather than a weapon against the listener as Kvarforth intended. He said that he "wouldn't call Shining a black metal band" and called the "suicidal black metal" term a "foolish idea."
According to Erik Danielsson, when his band Watain formed in 1998, there were very few bands who took black metal as seriously as the early Norwegian scene had. A newer generation of Swedish Satanic bands like Watain and Ondskapt, inspired by Ofermod, the new band of Nefandus member Belfagor, put this scene "into a new light." Kvarforth said, "It seems like people actually [got] afraid again." "The current Swedish black metal scene has a particularly ambitious and articulate understanding of mysticism and its validity to black metal. Many Swedish black metal bands, most notably Watain and Dissection, are [or were] affiliated with the Temple of the Black Light, or Misanthropic Luciferian Order […] a Theistic, Gnostic, Satanic organization based in Sweden". Upon his release in 2004, Jon Nödtveidt restarted Dissection with new members whom he felt were able to "stand behind and live up to the demands of Dissection's Satanic concept." He started calling Dissection "the sonic propaganda unit of the MLO" and released a third full-length album, Reinkaos. The lyrics contain magical formulae from the Liber Azerate and are based on the organization's teachings. After the album's release and a few concerts, Nödtveidt said that he had "reached the limitations of music as a tool for expressing what I want to express, for myself and the handful of others that I care about" and disbanded Dissection before dying by suicide.
A part of the underground scene adopted a Jungian interpretation of the church burnings and other acts of the early scene as the re-emergence of ancient archetypes, which Kadmon of Allerseelen and the authors of Lords of Chaos had implied in their writings. They mixed this interpretation with Paganism and Nationalism. Varg Vikernes was seen as "an ideological messiah" by some, although Vikernes had disassociated himself from black metal and his neo-Nazism had nothing to do with that subculture. This led to the rise of National Socialist black metal (NSBM), which Hendrik Möbus of Absurd calls "the logical conclusion" of the Norwegian black metal "movement". Other parts of the scene oppose NSBM as it is "indelibly linked with Asá Trŭ and opposed to Satanism", or look upon Nazism "with vague skepticism and indifference". Members of the NSBM scene, among others, see the Norwegian bands as poseurs whose "ideology is cheap", although they still respect Vikernes and Burzum, whom Grand Belial's Key vocalist Richard Mills called "the only Norwegian band that remains unapologetic and literally convicted of his beliefs."
In France, besides Les Légions Noires (The Black Legions), an NSBM scene arose. Members of French band Funeral desecrated a grave in Toulon in June 1996, and a 19-year-old black metal fan stabbed a priest to death in Mulhouse on Christmas Eve 1996. According to MkM of Antaeus and Aosoth, the early French scene "was quite easy to divide: either you were NSBM, and you had the support from zine and the audience, or you were part of the black legions, and you had that 'cult' aura", whereas his band Antaeus, not belonging to either of these sub-scenes, "did not fit anywhere." Many French bands, like Deathspell Omega and Aosoth, have an avantgarde approach and a disharmonic sound that is representative of that scene.
The early American black metal bands remained underground. Some of them—like Grand Belial's Key and Judas Iscariot—joined an international NSBM organization called the Pagan Front, although Judas Iscariot's sole member Akhenaten left the organization. Other bands like Averse Sefira never had any link with Nazism. The US bands have no common style. Many were musically inspired by Burzum but did not necessarily adopt Vikernes's ideas. Profanatica's music is close to death metal, while Demoncy were accused of ripping off Gorgoroth riffs. There also emerged bands like Xasthur and Leviathan (whose music is inspired by Burzum and whose lyrics focus on topics such as depression and suicide), Nachtmystium, Krallice, Wolves in the Throne Room (a band linked to the crust punk scene and the environmental movement), and Liturgy (the style of whom frontwoman Hunter Hunt-Hendrix describes as 'transcendental black metal'). These bands eschew black metal's traditional lyrical content for "something more Whitman-esque" and have been rejected by some traditional black-metallers for their ideologies and the post-rock and shoegazing influences some of them have adopted. Also, some bands like Agalloch started to incorporate "doom and folk elements into the traditional blast-beat and tremolo-picking of the Scandinavian incarnation", a style that later became known as Cascadian black metal, in reference to the region where it emerged.
In Australia, a scene led by bands like Deströyer 666, Vomitor, Hobbs' Angel of Death, Nocturnal Graves and Gospel of the Horns arose. This scene's typical style is a mixture of old school black metal and raw thrash metal influenced by old Celtic Frost, Bathory, Venom, and Sodom but also with its own elements.
Melechesh was formed in Jerusalem in 1993, "the first overtly anti-Christian band to exist in one of the holiest cities in the world". Melechesh began as a straightforward black metal act with their first foray into folk metal occurring on their 1996 EP The Siege of Lachish. Their subsequent albums straddled black, death, and thrash metal. Another band, Arallu, was formed in the late 1990s and has relationships with Melechesh and Salem. Melechesh and Arallu perform a style they call "Mesopotamian Black Metal", a blend of black metal and Mesopotamian folk music.
Since the 2000s, a number of anti-Islamic and anti-religious black metal bands—whose members come from Muslim backgrounds—have emerged in the Middle East. Janaza, believed to be Iraq's first female black metal artist, released the demo Burning Quran Ceremony in 2010. Its frontwoman, Anahita, claimed her parents and brother were killed by a suicide bomb during the Iraq War. Another Iraqi band, Seeds of Iblis, also fronted by Anahita, released their debut EP Jihad Against Islam in 2011 through French label Legion of Death. Metal news website Metalluminati suggests that their claims of being based in Iraq are a hoax. These bands, along with Tadnees (from Saudi Arabia), Halla (from Iran), False Allah (from Bahrain), and Mosque of Satan (from Lebanon), style themselves as the "Arabic Anti-Islamic Legion." Another Lebanese band, Ayat, drew much attention with their debut album Six Years of Dormant Hatred, released through North American label Moribund Records in 2008. Some European bands have also begun expressing anti-Islamic views, most notably the Norwegian band Taake.
Stylistic divisions
Regarding the sound of black metal, there are two conflicting groups within the genre: "those that stay true to the genre's roots, and those that introduce progressive elements". The former believe that the music should always be minimalist—performed only with the standard guitar-bass-drums setup and recorded in a low fidelity style. One supporter of this train of thought is Blake Judd of Nachtmystium, who has rejected labeling his band black metal for its departure from the genre's typical sound. Snorre Ruch of Thorns, on the other hand, has said that modern black metal is "too narrow" and believes that this was "not the idea at the beginning".
Since the 1990s, different styles of black metal have emerged and some have melded Norwegian-style black metal with other genres:
Ambient black metal
Ambient black metal is a style of black metal that relies on heavy incorporation of atmospheric, sometimes dreamy textures, and is therefore less aggressive. It often features synthesizers or classical instrumentation, typically for melody or ethereal "shimmering" over the wall of sound provided by the guitars. The music is usually slow to mid paced with rare blast beat usage, without any abrupt changes and generally features slowly developing, sometimes repetitive melodies and riffs, which separate it from other black metal styles. Subject matter usually concerns nature, folklore, mythology, and personal introspection. Artists include Agalloch and Wolves in the Throne Room.
Black-doom
Black-doom, also known as blackened doom, is a style that combines the slowness and thicker, bassier sound of doom metal with the shrieking vocals and heavily distorted guitar sound of black metal. Black-doom bands maintain the Satanic ideology associated with black metal, while melding it with moodier themes more related to doom metal, like depression, nihilism and nature. They also use the slower pace of doom metal in order to emphasize the harsh atmosphere present in black metal. Examples of black-doom bands include Barathrum, Forgotten Tomb, Woods of Ypres, Deinonychus, Shining, Nortt, Bethlehem, early Katatonia, Tiamat, Dolorian, and October Tide.
Depressive suicidal black metal
Pioneered by black-doom bands like Ophthalamia, Katatonia, Bethlehem, Forgotten Tomb and Shining, depressive suicidal black metal, also known as suicidal black metal, depressive black metal or DSBM, is a style that melds the second wave-style of black metal with doom metal, with lyrics revolving around themes such as depression, self-harm, misanthropy, suicide and death. DSBM bands draws the lo-fi recording and highly distorted guitars of black metal, while employing the usage of acoustic instruments and non-distorted electric guitar's timbres present in doom metal, interchanging the slower, doom-like, sections with faster tremolo picking. Vocals are usually high-pitched like in black metal, but lacking of energy, simulating feelings like hopelessness, desperation and plea. The presence of one-man bands is more prominent in this genre compared to others. Examples of bands include Xasthur, Leviathan, Strid, Silencer, Make a Change… Kill Yourself, Lifelover and I Shalt Become.
Black 'n' roll
Black 'n' roll is a style of black metal that incorporates elements from 1970s hard rock and rock and roll music. Examples of black 'n' roll bands include Midnight, Kvelertak, Vreid, and Khold. Bands such as Satyricon, Darkthrone, Nachtmystium, Nidingr, Craft, and Sarke also experimented with the genre.
Blackened crust
Crust punk groups, such as Antisect, Sacrilege and Anti System took some influence from early black metal bands like Venom, Hellhammer, and Celtic Frost, while Amebix's lead vocalist and guitarist sent his band's early demo tape to Cronos of Venom, who replied by saying "We'll rip you off." Similarly, Bathory was initially inspired by crust punk as well as heavy metal. Crust punk was affected by a second wave of black metal in the 1990s, with some bands emphasizing these black metal elements. Iskra are probably the most obvious example of second wave black metal-influenced crust punk; Iskra coined their own phrase "blackened crust" to describe their new style. The Japanese group Gallhammer also fused crust punk with black metal while the English band Fukpig has been said to have elements of crust punk, black metal, and grindcore. North Carolina's Young and in the Way have been playing blackened crust since their formation in 2009. In addition, Norwegian band Darkthrone have incorporated crust punk traits in their more recent material. As Daniel Ekeroth wrote in 2008,
In a very ironic paradox, black metal and crust punk have recently started to embrace one another. Members of Darkthrone and Satyricon have lately claimed that they love punk, while among crusties, black metal is the latest fashion. In fact, the latest album by crust punk band Skitsystem sounds very black metal—while the latest black metal opus by Darkthrone sounds very punk! This would have been unimaginable in the early 90s.
Red and anarchist black metal
Red and anarchist black metal, also known as RABM, is a subgenre that melds black metal with anarchist crust punk, promoting ideologies such as anarchism, environmentalism, or Marxism. RABM was launched by supporters of these and related movements in response to National socialist black metal. Artists labelled RABM include Iskra, Panopticon, Skagos, Storm of Sedition, Not A Cost, and Black Kronstadt.
Blackened death-doom
Blackened death-doom is a genre that combines the slow tempos and monolithic drumming of doom metal, the complex and loud riffage of death metal and the shrieking vocals of black metal. Examples of blackened death-doom bands include Morast, Faustcoven, The Ruins of Beverast, Bölzer, Necros Christos, Harvest Gulgaltha, Dragged into Sunlight, Hands of Thieves, and Soulburn.
Blackened death metal
Blackened death metal is commonly death metal that incorporates musical, lyrical or ideological elements of black metal, such as an increased use of tremolo picking, anti-Christian or Satanic lyrical themes and chord progressions similar to those used in black metal. Blackened death metal bands are also more likely to wear corpse paint and suits of armour, than bands from other styles of death metal. Lower range guitar tunings, death growls and abrupt tempo changes are common in the genre. Examples of blackened death metal bands are Belphegor, Behemoth, Akercocke, and Sacramentum.
Melodic black-death
Melodic black-death (also known as blackened melodic death metal or melodic blackened death metal) is a genre of extreme metal that describes the style created when melodic death metal bands began being inspired by black metal and European romanticism. However, unlike most other black metal, this take on the genre incorporated an increased sense of melody and narrative. Some bands who have played this style include Dissection, Sacramentum, Naglfar, God Dethroned, Dawn, Unanimated, Thulcandra, Skeletonwitch and Cardinal Sin.
War metal
War metal (also known as war black metal or bestial black metal) is an aggressive, cacophonous, and chaotic subgenre of blackened death metal, described by Rock Hard journalist Wolf-Rüdiger Mühlmann as "rabid" and "hammering". Important influences include early black and death metal bands, such as Sodom, Possessed, Autopsy, Sarcófago, and the first two Sepultura releases, as well as seminal grindcore acts like Repulsion. War metal bands include Blasphemy, Archgoat, Impiety, and Bestial Warlust.
Blackened grindcore
Blackened grindcore is a fusion genre that combines elements of black metal and grindcore. Notable bands include Anaal Nathrakh and early Rotting Christ.
Blackened thrash metal
Blackened thrash metal, also known as black-thrash, is a fusion genre that combines elements of black metal and thrash metal. Being considered one of the first fusions of extreme metal, it was inspired by bands such as Venom, Sodom, and Sarcófago. Notable bands include Aura Noir, Witchery, Black Fast, Sathanas, and Deströyer 666.
Folk black metal, pagan metal, and Viking metal
Folk black metal, pagan metal and Viking metal are styles that incorporates elements of folk music, with pagan metal bands focusing on pagan lyrics and imagery, and Viking metal bands giving thematic focus on Norse mythology, Norse paganism, and the Viking Age, more influenced by Nordic folk music. While not focused on Satanism, the bands' use of ancient folklore and mythologies still express anti-Christian views, with folk black metal doing it as part of a "rebellion to the status quo", that developed concurrently along with the rise of folk metal in Europe in the 1990s, Notable artist include Negură Bunget, Windir, Primordial, In the Woods..., Cruachan, and Bathory, to whose albums Blood Fire Death (1988) and Hammerheart (1990) the origin of Viking metal can be traced.
Industrial black metal
Industrial black metal is a style of black metal that incorporates elements of industrial music. Mysticum, formed in 1991, was the first of these groups. DHG (Dødheimsgard), Thorns from Norway and Blut Aus Nord, N.K.V.D. and Blacklodge from France, have been acclaimed for their incorporation of industrial elements. Other industrial black metal musicians include Samael, The Axis of Perdition, Aborym, and ...And Oceans. In addition, The Kovenant, Mortiis and Ulver emerged from the Norwegian black metal scene, but later chose to experiment with industrial music.
Post-black metal
Post-black metal is an umbrella term for genres that experiment beyond black metal's conventions and broaden their sounds, evolving past the genre's limits. Notable bands include Myrkur, Alcest, Bosse-de-Nage, and Wildernessking.
Blackgaze
Blackgaze incorporates common black metal and post-black metal elements such as blast beat drumming and high-pitched screamed vocals with the melodic and heavily distorted guitar styles typically associated with shoegazing. It is associated with bands such as Deafheaven, Alcest, Vaura, Amesoeurs, Bosse-de-Nage, Oathbreaker, and Fen.
National Socialist black metal
National Socialist black metal (also known as NSBM) is a subgenre that promotes neo-Nazi or similar beliefs through its lyrics and imagery. Artists typically meld neo-Nazi ideology with ethnic European paganism, but a few meld these beliefs with Satanism or occultism. Some commentators see this ideology as a natural development of the black metal worldview. Members of the early Norwegian scene flirted with Nazi themes, but this was largely an attempt to provoke. Varg Vikernes—who now refers to his ideology as 'Odalism'—is credited with popularizing such views within the scene. NSBM emerged in the mid-1990s and was spearheaded by artists such as Absurd (from Germany), Graveland, Infernum, and Veles (from Poland), and Grand Belial's Key (from the US). It is particularly strong in the former Eastern Bloc.
Psychedelic black metal
Psychedelic black metal is a subgenre of black metal which employs the usage of psychedelic elements. Notable acts include Oranssi Pazuzu, Nachtmystium, Deafheaven, Woe, Amesoeurs, and In the Woods....
Raw black metal
Raw black metal is a subgenre that seeks to amplify the primitive qualities of the second wave of black metal, by giving priority to its lo-fi production values. To achieve this, bands under this style usually emphasize the usage of higher-pitches in their guitar sound and vocals, while employing techniques such as tremolo picking and blast beats more often. Its imagery is often associated with dystopic and minimalistic tendencies. Notable bands include Gorgoroth, Darkthrone, Satyricon, Bathory and Burzum.
Symphonic black metal
Symphonic black metal is a style of black metal that incorporates symphonic and orchestral elements. This may include the usage of instruments found in symphony orchestras (piano, violin, cello, flute and keyboards), "clean" or operatic vocals and guitars with less distortion.
Unblack metal
Unblack metal (or Christian black metal) is a subgenre that promotes Christianity through its lyrics and imagery. The first unblack metal record, Hellig Usvart (1994) by Australian artist Horde, was a provocative parody of Norwegian black metal. It sparked controversy, and death threats were issued against Horde. Norwegian unblack metal band Antestor was originally formed as a death/doom band bearing a different name, Crush Evil.
Ideology
Unlike other metal genres, black metal is associated with an ideology and ethos. It is fiercely opposed to Christianity and the other main institutional religions, Islam and Judaism. Many black metal bands are Satanists and see Satanism as a key part of black metal. Others advocate ethnic Paganism, "often coupled with nationalism", although the early Pagan bands did not call themselves 'black metal'.
Black metal tends to be misanthropic and hostile to modern society. It is "a reaction against the mundanity, insincerity and emotional emptiness that participants feel is intrinsic to modern secular culture". The black metal scene tends to oppose political correctness, humanitarianism, consumerism, globalization and homogeneity. Aaron Weaver from Wolves in the Throne Room said: "I think that black metal is an artistic movement that is critiquing modernity on a fundamental level, saying that the modern world view is missing something". As part of this, some parts of the scene glorify nature and have a fascination with the distant past. Black metal has been likened to Romanticism and there is an undercurrent of romantic nationalism in the genre. Sam Dunn noted that "unlike any other heavy metal scene, the culture and the place is incorporated into the music and imagery". Individualism is also an important part of black metal, with Fenriz of Darkthrone describing black metal as "individualism above all". Unlike other kinds of metal, black metal has numerous one-man bands. However, it is argued that followers of Euronymous were anti-individualistic, and that "Black Metal is characterized by a conflict between radical individualism and group identity and by an attempt to accept both polarities simultaneously".
In his master's thesis, Benjamin Hedge Olson wrote that some artists can be seen as transcendentalists. Dissatisfied with a "world that they feel is devoid of spiritual and cultural significance", they try to leave or "transcend" their "mundane physical forms" and become one with the divine. This is done through their concerts, which he describes as "musical rituals" that involve self-mortification and taking on an alternative, "spiritual persona" (for example by the wearing of costume and face paint).
Satanism
Black metal was originally a term for extreme metal bands with Satanic lyrics and imagery. However, most of the 'first wave' bands (including Venom, who coined the term 'black metal') were not Satanists and rather used Satanic themes to provoke controversy or gain attention. One of the few exceptions was Mercyful Fate singer and Church of Satan member King Diamond, whom Michael Moynihan calls "one of the only performers of the '80s Satanic metal who was more than just a poseur using a devilish image for shock value".
In the early 1990s, many Norwegian black-metallers presented themselves as genuine Devil worshippers. Mayhem's Euronymous was the key figure behind this. They attacked the Church of Satan for its "freedom and life-loving" views; the theistic Satanism they espoused was an inversion of Christianity. Benjamin Hedge Olson wrote that they "transform[ed] Venom's quasi-Satanic stage theatrics into a form of cultural expression unique from other forms of metal or Satanism" and "abandoned the mundane identities and ambitions of other forms of metal in favor of religious and ideological fanaticism". Some prominent scene members—such as Euronymous and Faust—stated that only bands who are Satanists can be called 'black metal'. Bands with a Norwegian style, but without Satanic lyrics, tended to use other names for their music. This view is still held by many artists—such as Infernus, Arioch, Nornagest and Erik Danielsson. Some bands, like the reformed Dissection and Watain, insist that all members must be of the same Satanic belief, whereas Michael Ford of Black Funeral and MkM of Antaeus believe black metal must be Satanic but not all band members need to be Satanists. Others—such as Jan Axel Blomberg, Sigurd Wongraven and Eric Horner—believe that black metal does not need to be Satanic. An article in Metalion's Slayer fanzine attacked musicians that "care more about their guitars than the actual essence onto which the whole concept was and is based upon", and insisted that "the music itself doesn't come as the first priority". Bands with a similar style but with Pagan lyrics tend to be referred to as 'Pagan Metal' by many 'purist' black-metallers.
Others shun Satanism, seeing it as Christian or "Judeo-Christian" in origin, and regard Satanists as perpetuating the "Judeo-Christian" worldview. Quorthon of Bathory said he used 'Satan' to provoke and attack Christianity. However, with his third and fourth albums, Under the Sign of the Black Mark and Blood Fire Death, he began "attacking Christianity from a different angle", realizing that Satanism is a "Christian product". Nevertheless, some artists use Satan as a symbol or metaphor for their beliefs, such as LaVeyan Satanists (who are atheist). Vocalist Gaahl, who considers himself a Norse Shaman, said: "We use the word 'Satanist' because it is Christian world and we have to speak their language ... When I use the word 'Satan', it means the natural order, the will of a man, the will to grow, the will to become the superman". Varg Vikernes called himself a Satanist in early interviews but "now downplays his former interest in Satanism", saying he was using Satan as a symbol for Odin as the 'adversary' of the Christian God. He saw Satanism as "an introduction to more indigenous heathen beliefs". Some bands such as Carach Angren, Immortal and Enslaved do not have Satanic lyrics.
Christianity
Many black-metallers see "Christian black metal" as an oxymoron and believe black metal cannot be Christian. In fact, the early unblack metal groups Horde and Antestor refused to call their music "black metal" because they did not share its ethos. Horde called its music "holy unblack metal" and Antestor called theirs "sorrow metal". Horde's Jayson Sherlock later said "I will never understand why Christians think they can play Black Metal. I really don't think they understand what true Black Metal is". However, current unblack metal bands such as Crimson Moonlight feel that black metal has changed from an ideological movement to a purely musical genre, and thus call their music 'black metal'.
Environmentalism
Black metal has a long tradition of environmentalism. Groups such as Botanist and Wolves in the Throne Room have been described as exemplifying radical environmentalism.
Politics
A wide range of political views are found in the black metal scene. The vast majority of black metal bands are apolitical.
Albeit a small minority within the genre, Neo-Nazi artists have gained some notoriety throughout the years. While some black metal fans boycott Neo-Nazi artists, many are indifferent or appreciate the music without supporting the musicians, but overall Neo-Nazism has been criticized by some prominent and influential black metal artists—including Jon Nödtveidt, Gorgoroth, Dark Funeral, Richard Lederer, Michael Ford, and Arkhon Infaustus. Some liken Nazism to Christianity by arguing that both are authoritarian, collectivist, and a "herd mentality". Olson writes that the shunning of Nazism by some black-metallers "has nothing to do with notions of a 'universal humanity' or a rejection of hate" but that Nazism is shunned "because its hatred is too specific and exclusive".
Some time later, a movement promoting Marxist and anarchist ideas was born in the genre, mostly as a reaction to neo-Nazi movements. Others with similar outlook, such as Wolves in the Throne Room, are not overtly political and do not endorse the label.
Media
Documentaries on black metal
References in media | 6857aef4-fc86-487b-ba2b-1b80a2900401 |
null | Bangladeshi cricketer
Nazmul Hossain (born 11 September 1987), commonly referred to as Nazmul Hossain Milon is a Bangladeshi cricketer. He is a right-handed batsman and right-arm medium bowler and has represented Dhaka Division and Sylhet Division in first-class.
Career overview
In the 2005–6 season he played for the Bangladesh national under-19 cricket team in both one day international and limited overs matches. Hossain made his first-class debut for Dhaka Division in February 2007 and scored one first-class fifty in his maiden season, an unbeaten 65 against Khulna Division. His best performance in one day cricket came in April 2007 against Rajshahi Division, batting at number 8 Hossain scored 144 off just 89 an innings including 11 fours and 9 sixes. | a101512f-eeed-4495-a306-9b21b6b91da9 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caergwrle"} | Human settlement in Wales
Caergwrle (
Welsh pronunciation) is a village in the county of Flintshire, in north east Wales. Approximately 5–6 miles (8.0–9.7 km) from Wrexham and situated on the A541 road, it is contiguous with the villages of Abermorddu and Hope, though in parts Caergwrle and Hope are separated by a river border. The village lies on the River Alyn and sits at the base of Hope Mountain. At the 2001 Census, the population was 1,650. The population was subsequently absorbed in the community of Hope and only the electoral ward remained. The population of this ward as taken at the 2011 census was 1,619. The ward includes the area of Abermorddu. Further south is the village of Cefn-y-Bedd.
Origins of name
The name Caergwrle derives from the Welsh caer 'fort' and a lost English placename *Corley 'river meadow of the crane'. Folk etymology explained the name by means of a cawr ('giant') named Gwrle, who was supposed to have lived in nearby Caergwrle Castle and to have been buried in the nearby Neolithic burial mound at Cefn-y-bedd.
History
The 13th-century, ruined Caergwrle Castle was first built by Tywysog (Prince) Dafydd ap Gruffydd, in lands agreed with Edward I of England during his invasion of Wales in 1277. Dafydd, in agreeing not to resist the invasion, had extensive improvements made to his castle at Edward's expense. In 1282 however, Dafydd bought his time and raised the banner of revolt, marching on Hawarden Castle controlled by Edward's invaders. Dafydd and his men seized the castle. Dafydd's brother, Llywelyn ap Gruffydd the Prince of Wales, was then drawn into what became the Welsh Wars of Independence. When Llywelyn was beheaded by one of Edward's mercenaries in 1282, Dafydd ap Gruffydd then became Prince of Wales from 11 December 1282 until his execution on 3 October 1283 by King Edward I of England. He was the last independent ruler of Wales until Owain Glyndwr's uprising in the 15th Century.
The 17th-century Packhorse Bridge, which is reputed to be haunted, was nearly destroyed by flooding in 2000, though it has since been restored. There have been many other developments and restorations in Caergwrle.
Caergwrle is also home to a Welsh International football player George Alfred Godding who played from 17 March 1923 to 14 April 1923 with two caps for Wales.
Caergwrle's long association with the adjacent village of Hope has given rise to a well-known local joke: "Live in Hope, die in Caergwrle". This was already described as an "old saying" in the 19th century, when it was recorded by the antiquarian John Askew Roberts.
Transport
Rail
The service from Wrexham Central to Bidston passes through Caergwrle railway station. Bidston provides a connection to Liverpool via the Wirral Line. Caergwrle railway station is managed by Transport for Wales as of Autumn 2018.
Bus
Caergwrle has bus links giving access to Mold, Broughton, Wrexham and Chester.
Food and drink in Caergwrle
There are two pubs in Caergwrle, the Crown Inn and Ye Old Castle Inn. These pubs have their own pool and darts teams. The Bridge Inn, formerly a pub and a fully licensed Chinese restaurant, latterly renamed to Po Po Pang, a fully licensed Malaysian/Chinese restaurant, has closed as a daily business but opens for private bookings. Honey's Bakery to the rear of Po Po Pang is a café which is open daily. The Darby Arms and Half Way Inn have been closed for some years and are now private residences. The Glynn Arms became a Nursing Home many years ago.
The Caergwrle Bowl
The Caergwrle Bowl is a unique object dating to the Middle Bronze Age, c. 1300 BC, originally manufactured from shale, tin and gold. It is thought to represent a boat, with its applied gold decoration signifying oars and waves, and either sun discs or circular shields. Some researchers have suggested that the Caergwrle Bowl represents a mythological solar boat. Similarities have been noted with the contemporary miniature gold boats from Nors in Denmark, and with the later Broighter gold boat from Ireland. The Caergwrle bowl has also been related to the earlier Nebra sky disc from Germany, which is thought to depict a solar boat. Gold lunulae from the Early Bronze Age Beaker culture, including examples from Wales, have also been interpreted as representations of solar boats. The gold cape from Mold, which dates from the same period as the Nebra sky disc, was found near to Caergwrle.
The incomplete bowl was found in 1823 by a workman digging a drain in a field below Caergwrle Castle. It was donated to the National Museum Wales in 1912, and sent to the British Museum for restoration where it was originally reconstructed from wax with the decoration attached by an adhesive. Since then the bowl has been rebuilt again as the first conservation failed to be stable. | e7351895-5dde-44f0-9b7e-9e944ae988c6 |
null | Turkish footballer and coach
Zeki Önatlı (born 30 October 1967) is a former Turkish footballer and currently coach.
Career
Player
Önatlı had begun playing football in Bursaspor where he spelled 6 seasons at youth level. Joined Bergamaspor, a local team located in western city of İzmir, he spent 2 years at the club and joined then Beşiktaş in 1987, in which he played for 6 seasons and won numerous trophies. In Beşiktaş and Kocaelispor years, he played also at European Cups, having 1 cap in UEFA Champions League once in 1992-93 seasonand Cup Winners' Cup twice in 1997-97 season.
Önatlı played in Turkish national football team in different levels, served the outfit in total of 26 matches, scoring twice at U-18 level.
Coaching
Started his coaching career in Black Sea Region team Çaykur Rizespor along with former team fellow Rıza Çalımbay in 2004, duo joined Beşiktaş a season later in 2005 with Gökhan Keskin, another former team friend, forming the coaching structure. Following the resignation of Çalımbay in week 9 of 2005-06 season, Önatlı remained his job also under management of Jean Tigana until 2007.
Honours | c3471bae-cb7c-4a35-b6cd-b190ae65e11d |
null | Austronesian language spoken in Maluku, Indonesia
Telaʼa, or Tela-Masbuar (Masbuar-Tela) is an Austronesian language spoken in the two villages with those names on Babar Island in South Maluku, Indonesia. | 89024b7b-175f-47b9-8274-e8e6b9ce30e8 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landomycins"} | Landomycins are angucycline antibiotics isolated from Streptomyces. | 118a22e6-7b45-4c48-bf38-327c05c8bfa5 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Studdert"} | Brigadier John Handcock Studdert, AO, OBE (20 December 1923 – 18 February 2003) was an Australian Army officer, and in retirement a farmer and organiser of his local Rural Fire Service (RFS) branch. He is best remembered for his service as the Commandant of the Officer Training Unit Scheyville.
Early years
Jack Studdert was born in Bungonia, New South Wales in December 1923, the oldest son of Charles Handcock Studdert and Bertha Geraldine Cripps-Clark. His father was born at Danganelly House in County Clare, Ireland, emigrated to Australia in 1912, and was the manager of the Spring Ponds property at Bungonia.
Before his father's death in 1936, John (known as Pat to his family) moved with his parents, sister Vivien and brother Charles (known as Mick), to their own property (which Charles senior named Danganelly after his birthplace), on the banks of the Wollondilly River at Towrang, about 15 km north of Goulburn. John was educated at Goulburn High School. The property remains in the family, run since the mid-1950s by John's brother Mick.
Military career
Studdert graduated from Royal Military College, Duntroon in December 1943, and was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Royal Australian Artillery (RAA). During the Second World War he served with the 2/6th Field Regiment in the Netherlands East Indies (Halmahera and Borneo), with the occupation forces in Japan, and with the Headquarters of the 34th Infantry Brigade. After the war he was posted as an instructor at the Artillery School, North Head, and subsequently as Adjutant of the 6th Field Regiment in Tasmania. After attending the Canadian Staff College at Kingston, Ontario, he was appointed as the Instructor Artillery at the Royal Military College and subsequently attended the Royal Military College of Science, Shrivenham in England.
In April 1960, Studdert became the first Commanding Officer of the re-raised 4th Field Regiment, tasked with preparing the unit for service in Vietnam. Before their deployment, he was posted as the Technical Staff Officer Grade 1 at the Australian High Commission in London. This was followed by a number of materiel related postings.
In 1969 Studdert was posted as the Commandant of the Officer Training Unit, Scheyville, until May 1972. For his service as commandant, he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire.
Studdert moved to Canberra in 1972, serving in the Materiel Division and retiring in December 1978 as the Deputy Chief of Materiel. For his work in Materiel Division he was made an Officer of the Order of Australia.
Retirement
In the 24 years following his retirement, Studdert returned to the region where he grew up and worked a property, Bunratty, just south of Goulburn. He spent most of those years as the Secretary of the local Gundarry Bush Fire Brigade, where he wrote a 5-year equipment replacement and upgrade plan, established an effective command, control and communications system for the Brigade and planned and implemented regular and meaningful training for the fire fighters.
Studdert suffered a series of heart attacks from October 2002 and died in Canberra Hospital on 18 February 2003. He was buried at the Goulburn cemetery; the funeral service at St Nicholas' church was well attended and the Rural Fire Service provided the pallbearers.
Family
Jack Studdert was survived by:
Other relations: | 708baad6-7227-4119-80aa-3ba05d1795b5 |
null | Disused railway station in Dorset, England
Upwey was a railway station on the Abbotsbury branch railway in the county of Dorset in England.
History
The station was opened as Broadway on 9 November 1885 by the Abbotsbury Railway when it opened the line from Abbotsbury to Upwey Junction on the Great Western Railway (GWR) (former Wilts, Somerset and Weymouth Railway line).
It was renamed Broadwey in 1896, then Broadwey (Dorset) in 1906 and finally the name was changed to Upwey in 1913, to avoid confusion with Broadway in Worcestershire.
Although it had a passenger platform, it mainly functioned as a goods depot as the location of Upwey Junction on an embankment made access difficult. There was a goods shed, cattle pens and a 5 ton crane.
The station was host to a GWR camp coach from 1936 to 1939. When the branch closed to passengers in 1952, the station continued on as a goods depot until 1962, served by a stub from what is now the South West Main Line.
Buildings
A typical William Clarke stone building served the single platform. The site of the station is now a builders yard with the station building and goods shed still in place.
Bibliography | 4e072cbd-3099-4c1f-aaba-66e9231b34fb |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethmiinae"} | Subfamily of moths
The Ethmiinae are a subfamily of small moths in the superfamily Gelechioidea sometimes included in the Elachistidae or the Oecophoridae, but mostly in the Depressariidae as a subfamily Ethmiinae.
Genera
Seven genera are presently placed here; numerous others are now considered junior synonyms (mostly of Ethmia): | 4d31c05f-341b-4cd0-b29b-e807ae2073c7 |
null | Comune in Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy
Treppo Ligosullo (Friulian: Trèp Liussûl) is a comune in the Province of Udine in the Italian region Friuli-Venezia Giulia.
It was established on 1 February 2018 by the merger of Ligosullo and Treppo Carnico. | b5df8ae2-95d9-44de-92c3-fa3cae0787d7 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Macau"} | Macau does not have formal political parties. However, some civic groups representing the interests of business, labor, and social welfare put forward lists at the elections. The following is a listing of associations that participated in the most recent legislative elections:
Defunct associations | 713fc096-9483-4c6b-96bb-01390197abf1 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDP-N-acetylglucosamine_4-epimerase"} | In enzymology, an UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 4-epimerase (EC 5.1.3.7) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine
Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, and one product, UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine.
This enzyme belongs to the family of isomerases, specifically those racemases and epimerases acting on carbohydrates and derivatives. The systematic name of this enzyme class is UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 4-epimerase. Other names in common use include UDP acetylglucosamine epimerase, uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine epimerase, uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine-4-epimerase, and uridine 5'-diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine-4-epimerase. This enzyme participates in aminosugars metabolism.
Structural studies
As of late 2007, two structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 1SB8 and 1SB9. | 7ae7697c-093c-407c-8ae9-3ea8fb16a5ce |
null | Belić (Serbian Cyrillic: Белић) is a Serbo-Croatian surname, derived from the word belo (Serbian Cyrillic: бело), meaning "white". It may refer to:
In popular culture | 12d0da7c-9b14-41f2-b6b4-a13fd9d795a7 |
null | Airport in the Democratic Republic of Congo
Doko Airport (ICAO: FZJB) is an airport near Doko in Haut-Uélé Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The airport has been greatly expanded to serve the gold mining operation at Kalimva, the northwestern section of the Kibali gold deposit. | 534877ab-e5b7-4ca8-bcf2-1e84f0857f42 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_Karadeniz"} | Turkish politician
Barış Karadeniz (born 27 August 1975) is a Turkish politician from the Republican People's Party (CHP), who has served as a Member of parliament for Sinop since 7 June 2015.
Biography
Barış Karadeniz was born on 27 August 1975 in Sinop Province, Turkey to Cemil Karadeniz and his wife Hatice. After completing his primary, secondary, and high-school education in Sinop, he graduated from the Muğla University's Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Economics. After his military service, he worked as a teacher in Bektaşağa and Türkeli in 2000 and 2001. In 2003, he founded a public accountant office with his friend. Karadeniz is married and can speak semi-fluent English.
Karadeniz began his political career in the Social Democratic Populist Party (SHP) in 1994, first as a member of the party's youth wing. After SHP merged with Republican People's Party (CHP), he continued his political career in the CHP. In the local elections of 29 March 2009, Karadeniz was elected Mayor of Sinop Central District before resigning to contest a seat in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (TBMM) in the forthcoming general election.
Barış Karadeniz was elected as a CHP Member of Parliament for the electoral district of Sinop in the June 2015 general election and was re-elected in November 2015. He is member of several Non-governmental organizations including Atatürkist Thought Association (ADD), Association for Supporting Contemporary Life, Antinuclear Platform, SAYK, SİNOFF, and ALDER. | f2715cb7-40e9-4509-8e23-b818d96f6888 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassica_fruticulosa"} | Species of flowering plant
Brassica fruticulosa, the Mediterranean cabbage or twiggy turnip, is a member of the agriculturally significant genus Brassica. It was described by Domenico Maria Leone Cirillo in 1792.
Description
Brassica fruticulosa has a similar odour to cabbage and broccoli, when crushed. The plant's stem is smooth and erect, varies from grey to green in colour, and can reach a height of 50 centimetres. The upper and lower leaves are stemmed, with the lower leaves being lyre-shaped, lobed near the base, and bristly in parts. The lower leaves measure up to 15 centimetres. The plant produces 10 millimetre-long, pale yellow flowers with four petals each, on short stalks, with many branches forming at the end of a stem. It also bears a pea pod-shaped siliqua which has a lumpy appearance and measures 2-4 centimetres in length. The seeds, when mature, are brown and spherical in appearance.
Distribution
Brassica fruticulosa is a wild cabbage which originated in southern Europe and North Africa. It has been introduced to Australia and North America (including California, U.S.A.), where it has subsequently become naturalized in the wild.
Subspecies and hybrids
Brassica fruticulosa has been synthetically cross-bred with Brassica rapa. | 2cbcaaea-bba3-4c25-901b-dd32c5eed5a8 |
null | Put On is a comic by Chinese Indonesian cartoonist Kho Wan Gie [id], published in the Dutch East Indies and later independent Indonesia. It began publication in Sin Po in 1931. It was published twice weekly, every Friday and Saturday. The comic was in Malay, the language of its publication. Kho ended the comic's publication in 1965 as anti-Chinese actions by the Indonesian government increased.
Characters | f68f12d7-4948-4783-a8e7-b79f1436d4ee |
null | Gregory Jackmond is an American who carried out extensive archaeological field work in Samoa during the 1970s.
Jackmond surveyed pre-historic ruins inland from Sapapali'i and another large settlement in Palauli district where the Pulemelei Mound is situated. His work on Savai'i occurred while he was a Peace Corps in the islands. | 3387d75f-6b1c-4e5a-853f-fd8b2f3d5094 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu_City_Hall"} | Oulu City Hall (Finnish: Oulun kaupungintalo) is the seat for the municipal government of the City of Oulu, Finland. It is located in the Pokkinen district of the central Oulu.
The neo-renaissance style city hall was designed by a Swedish architect Johan Erik Stenberg as the restaurant and hotel Seurahuone in 1885. The third floor was added and other major changes made in 1920 according to plans of architect Oiva Kallio. Some of the changes were reversed during the renovation in 1978–1982, for example the doors were restored to their original location.
The city council has assembled in the city hall since 21 December 1920 and the municipal government since 7 January 1931. The Oulu City Theatre has also had its facilities in the city hall. | 5082bb55-0851-4313-be29-1f30fd91e242 |
null | Yahoo Assistant, formerly named 3721 Internet Assistant, is a Browser Helper Object for Internet Explorer developed by Beijing 3721 Technology Co. Ltd, and was renamed to Yahoo Assistant after Beijing 3721 Technology was acquired by Yahoo.
3721 Internet Assistant, together with 3721 Chinese Keywords, are known as Spyware by Microsoft AntiSpyware, and malware or browser hijacker by some others, such as Panda Antivirus. However, Yahoo China filed a lawsuit against Beijing Sanjiwuxian Internet Technology Co. Ltd, the developer of the 360Safe antispyware for identifying Yahoo Assistant as malware in 360Safe.
Distribution
3721 Internet Assistant was originally released as a normal client-server application. However, it turned to use ActiveX technology to install itself on a client system later and was also shipped with many sharewares as default install options. 3721 Internet Assistant was also blamed for its use of a flaw in Microsoft Internet Explorer to install itself automatically when a user is browsing an array of 3721 sponsored personal and commercial websites with Microsoft Internet Explorer. Yahoo! Assistant is also included in 3721 Chinese Keywords and Yahoo! Mail Express, but sometimes the whole package of Internet Assistant, Chinese Keywords and Mail Express is named "Yahoo Assistant" in some sharewares. The company says the automatic installation ended in September 2005 and now asks user's permission before installing, however, CA Inc. reported that during Yahoo! Assistant installation, extra components are installed without obtaining user's consent.
This software is also bundled with the Chinese client of the CGA Gaming platform.
Features
3721 claims 3721 Internet Assistant includes many useful features, such as IE setting repair, security shield, removal of internet history information and blocking ads. However, it installs various windows hooks that will slow down the system, and tries to install the hooks repeatedly. Some users also reported that Internet Assistant buttons reappeared immediately after their manual removal using Internet Explorer customization features, and Blue Screen of Death appeared when using Internet Assistant.
Internet Explorer extension hijacking
3721 Internet Assistant will enable/disable other Internet Explorer extensions, except the advertisement links and extensions installed by Yahoo products.
Concealment and resistance to user termination
3721 Internet Assistant runs under multiple rundll32.exe processes. If one of them is killed in Windows Task Manager, it will immediately be restarted by others, thereby resisting efforts by a user to terminate the application.
A driver named CnsMinKP.sys is installed with 3721 Internet Assistant, along with several hidden Windows services.
After uninstallation, several files are left on the system, but they are not visible in Windows Explorer. They can be found by using tools such as Total Commander or in the DOS box.
Removal of antispyware program
Yahoo Assistant also removes 360Safe, an antispyware program of a competitor, without notifying the user. On August 15, 2007, a Beijing court ruled this behavior as unfair competition.
Uninstall
3721 Internet Assistant, together with 3721 Chinese Keywords, according to Interfax, are regarded by Chinese internet users as "Hooligan" or "Zombie" applications. The uninstall program of the pair provided by 3721 simply redirects users to the 3721 website (in Simplified Chinese thus not recognizable except by Chinese speakers), and the default option of the web page is to keep 3721 Internet Assistant after the uninstallation. After following the web uninstallation wizard and a reboot, many 3721 files will still remain on the client system. The pair were ranked #1 by Beijing Association of Online Media in its list of Chinese Malware at 2005. | 547a22ec-b6b4-4af6-ab9b-76ff00722822 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khirbet_el-Qom"} | Archaeological site in the territory of the biblical kingdom of Judah, between Lachish and Hebron
Khirbet el-Qom (Arabic: خربة الكوم) is an archaeological site in the village of al-Kum, West Bank, in the territory of the biblical Kingdom of Judah, between Lachish and Hebron, 14 km to the west of the latter.
Excavations
Archaeological excavations were conducted at the site in 1967 by William G. Dever on behalf of the Hebrew Union College.
Findings
Iron Age
Two Iron Age bench tombs carved into natural rock were discovered at el-Qom; both were investigated by William Dever in 1967 following their discovery by tomb robbers. Both tombs contain inscriptions, dating from the second half of the 8th century BCE, slightly after the Asherah-relating Kuntillet Ajrud inscriptions. The inscription from Tomb 2 is associated with a "magic hand" symbol, and reads:
"Uriyahu the honourable has written this
Blessed is/be Uriyahu by Yahweh
And [because?] from his oppressors by his asherah he has saved him
[written] by Oniyahu"
"...by his asherah
...and his asherah"
Unlike the Kuntillet Ajrud inscriptions, they do not include a place name with the name of Yahweh (the Kuntillet Ajrud inscriptions talk of "Yahweh of Samaria" and "Yahweh of Teman"); this seems to indicate that they were written after the fall of Samaria, which left Yahweh as the god of one state only.
There is some scholarly debate about the translation, particularly for line three.
A jug inscribed "to or for Yahmol" and a bowl inscribed "El" was also found.
Persian and Hellenistic periods
One thousand seven hundred ostraca in Aramaic may have been found on the site and the vicinity, dating from the Persian and Hellenistic periods, during which the area was classified as the Persian province of Idumea, with a mixed population of Edomites, Jews and Arabs. The site is called Maqqedah in the Idumean ostraca. Based on this, some scholars identify Khirbet el-Qom with biblical Makkedah (Joshua 10:10, 16, 17, 21, 28, 29; 12:16; 15:41).
Roman period
A burial cave in El-Qom contained three Hebrew funerary inscriptions dating from the 1st century BCE to the 2nd century CE, bearing names such as Miriam and Shalom. Currently, they are housed in the Israel Antiquities Authority storage facilities in Beth Shemesh. | 6f316967-51a8-4a01-a788-a9422fc7f122 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Sweet_Day"} | 1995 single by Mariah Carey and Boyz II Men
"One Sweet Day" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Mariah Carey and vocal group Boyz II Men. The song was released on November 14, 1995 (1995-11-14) as the second single from Carey's fifth studio album, Daydream (1995) by Columbia Records. The artists co-wrote the song with Walter Afanasieff, who co-produced it with Carey. Lyrically, the song speaks about the death of a loved one, how the protagonist took their presence for granted and misses them, and finally about seeing the person in heaven. Both Carey and Boyz II Men wrote the song about specific people in their lives, being inspired by sufferers of the AIDS epidemic, which was globally prevalent at the time.
"One Sweet Day" received universal acclaim from music critics, many of whom praised its lyrical content and vocals while calling it a standout track on Daydream. It was ranked first in Rolling Stone's reader's poll for the Best Collaboration of All Time. The song spent 16 weeks atop the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States, becoming the longest-running number-one song in the chart's history at the time, a record held for 23 years. The song ranked first on Billboard's Hot 100 decade-end chart. Subsequently, the publication ranked it as the ninth best charting single of the 1990s with post-90s sales and streaming figures incorporated. Internationally, the song topped the charts in Canada and New Zealand; and reached the top-ten in Australia, Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, Panama, Sweden and the United Kingdom.
Carey performed "One Sweet Day" live alongside Boyz II Men at the 38th Grammy Awards ceremony, held on February 26, 1996. Additionally, the song was performed at Princess Diana's memorial service in September 1997. "One Sweet Day" was part of the set list on several of Carey's succeeding tours, making its debut during the album's accompanying set of concerts, the Daydream World Tour. It is featured on her compilation albums, #1's (1998), Greatest Hits (2001), The Ballads (2008), and #1 to Infinity (2015).
The music video for "One Sweet Day" was filmed in February 1995, and features snippets of Carey and Boyz II Men in and around the studio, and recording the song. The busy schedule of both acts did not allow time to shoot a proper video. Carey later said that she was content a real music video was never filmed, fearing that no video could truly capture the song's strong lyrical message. Critics felt the video choice was wise, and agreed that the simple concept paid homage to the song's selfless message.
Background
"When I found out she had AIDS I cried for days. She really could never care for her son again, he now lives with my mother. This sad story made me care more about other children in need. To give them advice and see that they get a better life."
—Carey, on her sister being diagnosed with HIV
"One Sweet Day" was a song that Carey wrote with the R&B group Boyz II Men. After Carey's friend and past collaborator David Cole (of C&C Music Factory) died, she began writing and developing a song that would pay homage to him and all the friends and family her fans had lost along life's journey. Carey had the idea and chorus composed, and after meeting with Boyz II Men, they realized they too had a similar idea in development. Together, using Carey's chorus and idea, as well as the melody they had produced, they wrote and composed the song. The song was produced by Carey and Afanasieff, who built on the song's melody and added various grooves and beats. Carey expressed how the song was "meant to be" and how all the pieces fit into place:
I wrote the initial idea for 'One Sweet Day' with Walter, and I had the chorus...and I stopped and said, 'I really wanna do this with Boyz II Men,' because...obviously I'm a big fan of theirs and I just thought that the work was crying out for them, the vocals that they do, so I put it away and said, 'Who knows if this could ever happen, but I just don't wanna finish this song because I want it to be our song if we ever do it together. [The] whole idea of when you lose people that are close to you, it changes your life and changes your perspective. When they came into the studio, I played them the idea for the song and when [it] was finished, they looked at each other, a bit stunned, and told me that Nathan "Nate" Morris had written a song for his road manager who had passed away. It had basically the same lyrics and fitted over the same chord changes. It was really, really weird, we finished the song right then and there. We were all kinda flipped about it ourselves. Fate had a lot to do with that. I know some people won't believe it, but we wouldn't make up such a crazy story.
After they began working on the song, Carey began to incorporate other lyrics into the chorus, trying to make the song relatable to the AIDS epidemic that was in full force in the mid-1990s. Additionally, Mariah's sister Alison Carey had been diagnosed with HIV in 1988 when she was 27, an event that ruined their relationship and tore them apart. Carey has stated that she wrote the song hoping that all her fans that have lost someone could relate to "One Sweet Day" and maybe help ease the pain of the loss. Carey described the song as "[the] whole idea of when you lose people that are close to you, it changes your life and changes our perspective."
Composition
'One Sweet Day'
A sample of "One Sweet Day," which features organ instrumentation.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
"One Sweet Day" is a "big" R&B ballad. It incorporates organ instrumentation and different contemporary grooves and beats into its primary arrangement, adding percussion and synthesizers as well, while incorporating "flourishes and harmonies" from both Carey and Boyz II Men. The song is set in the time signature common time and moves at a slow tempo of 64 beats per minute. It is written in the key of A♭ major and features a basic chord progression of A♭–D♭maj9–A♭–D♭maj9–G♭add9, while the basic melodic line spans roughly an octave and a half from E♭4 to A♭5; the piano in the piece ranges from D♭2 to A♭5. The song contains choral lyrics written by Carey, who also arranged and co-produced the song alongside Walter Afanasieff. Author Chris Nickson complimented the song's instrumentation and arrangement, calling its use of synthesizers "wise" and "efficient." Additionally, he claimed Afanasieff's production and Carey's vocal and production arrangement helped the song's vocals and lyrical content flow together. The song finishes with the last chorus and coda in the key of B major.
Reception and accolades
"One Sweet Day" has been met with universal acclaim from contemporary music critics. AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine praised the song for its craft and writing, commenting that "[in] "One Sweet Day," a duet with Boyz II Men, Carey appeals to both audiences equally because of the sheer amount of craft and hard work she puts into her albums. Steve Baltin from Cash Box wrote, "This single could be thrown at the bottom of the 99 cents bin, buried under the Partridge Family and Starlite Vocal Band, and it would still find its way into the hands of fans. This is as big a guaranteed hit as anything that’s come out in some time". He added, "You will never find a surer bet than whether this song will make number one." James Masterton for Dotmusic demed it as "a saccharine piece of American soul slush." Ken Tucker from Entertainment Weekly felt the song truly highlighted the album, "[One Sweet Day] radiates a breezy sexiness that Carey, for all the brazen hussiness of her public persona, rarely permits herself to reveal in song. In 2018, the magazine noted, "Goosebumps, every time. Carey's heavenly vocals, combined with the song's universal message and the sweet harmonies of Boyz II Men." Stephen Holden from The New York Times shared similar sentiments and wrote "On 'One Sweet Day,' the singer joins forces with Boyz II Men, those masters of pleading post-doo-wop vocal harmonies, for a tender eulogy that suggests that the singers have been personally touched by the AIDS crisis." A reviewer from People magazine felt the song was a "stand-out track" and called Carey's vocal performance "bravura belting."
"One Sweet Day" won many prestigious awards throughout 1996. At the Blockbuster Entertainment Awards, the song won the award for "Favorite Adult Contemporary Single Female 'One Sweet Day'". "One Sweet Day" also won the award for "Song of the Year" at the BMI Awards and a "Special Award for 16 weeks at #1" at the Billboard Music Awards. Together, Daydream and "One Sweet Day" were nominated for six Grammy Awards at the 38th annual ceremony, however, to Carey's surprise, also to the surprise of many critics, they lost all of the nominations. In a readers' poll conducted by Rolling Stone, the song was ranked first for the category of the Best Collaboration of All Time.
Chart performance
"One Sweet Day" became Carey's tenth chart topping single on the Billboard Hot 100 and Boyz II Men's fourth, debuting at the top spot. "One Sweet Day" became the fourth song to debut at number one after Michael Jackson's "You Are Not Alone", Carey's own "Fantasy", and Whitney Houston's "Exhale (Shoop Shoop)". The song remained at the peak for a record-breaking 16 consecutive weeks, from December 2, 1995, to March 16, 1996. It remained the only song to stay at number one on the chart for 16 weeks until 2017, when the record was tied by Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee's "Despacito", featuring Justin Bieber. The record would remain until Lil Nas X's "Old Town Road", featuring Billy Ray Cyrus, broke the record in 2019, spending nineteen weeks atop the Billboard Hot 100. It still remains as the only number one debut to spend sixteen consecutive weeks at number one.
Boyz II Men had previously held this record twice, with "End of the Road" (1992) spending 13 weeks at the top and "I'll Make Love to You" (1994) spending 14. The former song shares this record with Brandy and Monica's "The Boy Is Mine", and the latter song shared its record with Whitney Houston's "I Will Always Love You". Carey's 2005 song "We Belong Together", The Black Eyed Peas's 2009 "I Gotta Feeling" and Mark Ronson's 2014 track, "Uptown Funk", managed to stay at number one for 14 weeks as well. Being the fourth single in history to debut at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, "One Sweet Day" also made Boyz II Men the first group to have a single debut at number one.
"One Sweet Day" unseated "Exhale (Shoop Shoop)" by Whitney Houston at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, and was knocked off by Celine Dion's "Because You Loved Me". With the single's debut at number one, it made Carey the first artist to have more than one number-one debut, and one of the four artists ever to have two consecutive singles debut at the top of the chart, along with Britney Spears, with "3" (2009) and "Hold It Against Me" (2011), and Drake, with "God's Plan" (2018) and "Nice for What" (2018) and Ariana Grande, with "Thank U, Next" (2018) and "7 Rings" (2019). "One Sweet Day" was the third best-selling single of 1995 in the US, with sales of over 1,300,000, with the second best-selling single being Carey's "Fantasy". The song spent 26 weeks in the top 40, was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and was ranked number nine on Billboard's Hot 100-decade retrospective.
Outside the U.S., "One Sweet Day" was not as successful but did manage to reach the top-ten in over 13 countries and topped the charts in Canada and New Zealand, where it was certified platinum. In Canada, the song debuted on the RPM Singles Chart at number 89 on the RPM issue dated December 4, 1995, and reached the top of the chart on January 22, 1996. It was present on the chart for a total of 24 weeks, and ranked 12th on the RPM Year-end chart for 1996. It reached the top-two in Australia (platinum) and the Netherlands; the top-five in France (silver) and Ireland and the top-ten in Belgium, Norway (platinum), Sweden and the United Kingdom (gold). In the UK, it is one of Carey's best-selling singles, with estimated sales of over 400,000.
Music video
The song's accompanying music video was directed by Larry Jordan. When Carey and Boyz II Men got together to record "One Sweet Day", they did not have enough time to re-unite and film a video. Instead, a filming crew was present during the song's recording, and filmed bits of Carey and Boyz recording the song. Walter Afanasieff later told Fred Bronson that shooting the video was "crazy", stating, "They had film crews and video guys, while I'm at the board trying to produce. And these guys were running around having a ball, because Mariah and them are laughing and screaming and they're being interviewed. And I'm tapping people on the shoulder. 'We've got to get to the microphone!' They're gone in a couple of hours, so I recorded everything they did, praying that it was enough." After the song's release, Carey expressed her contentment with the video, that she was happy a real music video was never filmed, fearing that no video could truly capture the song's "precious message." Critics agreed, feeling that the song was a perfect match for the video and its message. Aside from the recording sessions, the video also shared bits of Carey and Boyz bonding and sharing their ideas in the studio, where Carey felt they "bonded." On August 13, 2020, the music video of "One Sweet Day" reached 200 million views on YouTube.
Live performances
"One Sweet Day" was performed at the 38th Annual Grammy Awards, held on February 28, 1996. During the performance, Carey wore a long black dress and matching sleeveless blouse, while the group wore white jackets and black pants. After the song's bridge, a choir of male and female vocalists took place on the rafters placed over the stage, all wearing white gowns. The song was also performed at the memorial service for Princess Diana in September 1997, where other performers included Elton John. During the service and song recital, Carey wore a conservative long black sheer gown, with long golden curls. Boyz II Men all wore similar matching dark suit and garments. The song became part of Carey's BET Christmas special in 2001, where she sang the song alongside Boyz II Men. During the special, Carey wore a red gown in honor of the show's holiday theme, and featured a long golden hairstyle. One of the male vocalists had already been switched, as one of the group members had already resigned.
Aside from live television appearances, the song was performed on many of Carey's tours. "One Sweet Day" was performed at every show on her Daydream World Tour (1996), where Boyz II Men were featured on a large projection screen.[citation needed] The footage was taken from Carey's filmed concert at Madison Square Garden in late 1995, and was played in sync with Carey's verses. A similar concept was used for her Butterfly World Tour (1998), with the addition of several live back up vocalists joining on stage. Additionally, the song was performed on select dates on her The Adventures of Mimi tour (2006). During the tour's filmed show in Anaheim California, the group joined Carey live on stage and performed the song together.[citation needed] For the segment of the show, Carey wore a long turquoise gown, with several slits and cuts fashioned into the sides. During the Angels Advocate Tour in 2010, Carey performed a snippet of the song in Singapore, with Trey Lorenz filling in for the group's verses.
Carey also performed the song as a part of her 2015 Las Vegas residency, Mariah Carey Number 1's, with Lorenz reprising his role as well as Daniel Moore. She also performed the song as a part of her 2018–20 Las Vegas residency, The Butterfly Returns alongside Lorenz and Moore.
It was also performed on selected dates of her 2019 Caution World Tour.
Cover versions
"One Sweet Day" was performed by the seven finalists on the seventh season of American Idol. The performance was taped due to the "Mariah Carey" themed week, where all the competitors sang songs from Carey's repertoire. The song was additionally sung on the fifth season of the UK TV show The X Factor, by the British boy-band JLS. Their performance received praise from all four judges, who commented how it was an "impossibly hard song to sing" because it was a "Mariah song." The song was also performed by John Adeleye during the seventh season The X Factor. The theme of the night was "#1 songs." Shannon Magrane performed the song on the eleventh season of American Idol the week the contestants performed songs from their birth years. Andy Williams released a version in 2007 on his album, I Don't Remember Ever Growing Up.
Track listing and formats
Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the Daydream liner notes.
Charts
Certifications and sales
Release history | 56945e2b-cd5f-4d22-b422-770a84ae1cae |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_A-League_Men_stadiums"} | Since the inception of the A-League Men, Australian association football's highest level annual men's league tournament, 30 football stadiums have been used to host matches, with one more stadium set to host their first A-League matches in the 2018-19 season. The inaugural round of A-League matches took place on 26 and 28 August 2005, with four clubs hosting the opening fixtures.
Of the stadiums currently serving as a team's regular home stadium, Sydney FC's Allianz Stadium is the largest stadium in the league (42,500), whilst Western United's Eureka Stadium is the smallest (11,000). The largest capacity stadium ever used in the A-League Men was Stadium Australia (83,500), which served as the temporary home ground of the Western Sydney Wanderers from 2016-2019 while the Western Sydney Stadium was being constructed. The smallest capacity stadium ever used in the A-League Men was the Morshead Park Stadium (8,500), which hosted an A-League Men's match between Western United and Wellington Phoenix on 9 April 2022. AAMI Park is the only stadium to currently serve as the home ground of multiple teams, with the stadium serving as the home ground of Melbourne City, Melbourne Victory and Western United.
Current home stadiums
Future and proposed home stadiums
Temporary and former stadiums | f3701717-9f9c-4315-94b0-08eed793cc3f |
null | Valjean is an unincorporated community in Chaplin Rural Municipality No. 164, Saskatchewan, Canada. The community is located between the villages of Chaplin and Mortlach on Highway 1, about 8 km east of the town of Chaplin. There currently is a population of 2 residents living in Valjean as of 2011. | 13311597-0699-43cc-a857-d1c1fd1da47c |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behrman_Stadium"} | Stadium in New Orleans
Behrman Stadium is a sports playing facility located in Algiers, New Orleans. It is a 5,000-seat stadium with standing-room only areas in the end zone.
History
Behrman stadium opened in 1938 and is the second-oldest prep facility in New Orleans behind City Park's Tad Gormley Stadium, which was built in 1937. It is named for former five-term New Orleans Mayor Martin Behrman and was built by the Works Progress Administration. The stadium is operated by the New Orleans Recreation Department (NORD) with a neighborhood-based booster club supporting the facility. A track surrounds the playing field and there is a community pool, gymnasium and tennis courts in surrounding Behrman Park. Sports camps are held at the park during the summer, including: tennis, dance and cheerleading.
During the response to Hurricane Katrina in 2005, elements of the U.S. Army's First Cavalry Division used the stadium as a staging area to support a number of evacuation, security, and clean-up operations. The American Red Cross took advantage of the safety provided by the troops to set up a humanitarian aide distribution point.
The stadium was originally home to former high schools, Holy Name of Mary, Behrman High School (which later became O. P. Walker) and L.B. Landry High school. The stadium currently serves Edna Karr and Landry-Walker High Schools. It is also the place where LSU and AFL great Billy Cannon once ran high school track and field and where L.B. Landry coach Felix "Zoo" James stood up for racial equality; making the Landry football team the first predominantly African American high school to call the facility home in the early 1960s. Famous footballers who played here in their early years include: former Miami Dolphins All-Pro cornerback Patrick Surtain, former LSU quarterback Herb Tyler, Saints former cornerback Keenan Lewis and Dolphins receiver Mike Wallace.
Conditions
For years the stadium has been in bad condition with dirty and rusty stands. Its bleachers, made of wood and fiberglass, where broken and ragged. The football field was full of holes that officials pointed out the hazardous spots for maintenance men to fill in before games in 1995. It was not until 2011 that funding improved when a partnership of the NFL Youth Football Fund, the New Orleans Saints and the Local Initiatives Support Corporation (LISC) issued a grant for renovation including synthetic turf and digital play clocks.
Security and Public Safety
Due to the stadium being located in an area riddled with violence, it became the main site for numerous shootouts, post athletic games. Before renovations, the lack of a police presence was common which enabled criminals to carry fire arms into the stadium. The first shooting happened on the night of September 28, 1979, after a football game. A 17-year old boy was shot multiple times outside the Stadium. Years later, Security presents around the stadium increased. | 028c90bd-9e88-46a2-a340-0e5e255aaffc |
null | The Parker County Peach Festival is an annual event held the second Saturday of each July in Weatherford, Texas, beginning in 1985. In addition to celebrating the peach crop from local growers, the festival also showcases local arts and crafts vendors. It is capable of drawing thousands of attendees. During the festival, vendors set up booths in the open area surrounding the Parker County Courthouse. There is a companion bike rally event called the Peach Pedal, that serves peaches at its rest stops. There are three separate stages for entertainment including a children's stage. In previous years, there have been as many as 200 foods, craft, art, and activity booths. The festival features a “42” domino tournament.
Food
In addition to fresh, ripe peaches, attendees can enjoy peach-based foods such as:
and typical fair foods like funnel cake, turkey legs, roasted corn, etc. The peach-themed offerings run out within the first few hours of the event | e0da5062-564f-4fad-b029-15599d915281 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Gale"} | American computer scientist
Doug Gale was an early developer of the Internet. Gale earned a Ph.D. in Physics from Kansas State University in 1972, and served as a tenured Associate Professor of Physics at East Texas State University for eight years, during which time his research interests shifted to computer science.
Contributions to the Internet
Gale changed careers in 1980 to the management of information technology, serving as the Director of Decentralized Computing at Cornell University until 1984. Subsequently, he served as Chief Information Officer at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and the George Washington University, and Director of OARnet, a regional Internet Service Provider. In 2003 he founded a consultancy Information Technology Associates, LLC.
In 1986 Gale founded MIDnet, one of the original mid-level networks on the NSFNET and the first to become fully operational. He later served as the Program Director of NSFNET for the National Science Foundation where he was responsible for adding colleges and universities to the fledgling network and upgrading the backbone to DS-3. In 1996 he prepared the white paper that led to the creation of Internet2.
Gale founded the Internet Legacy Institute, LLC in 2010 to preserve and archive information and original source materials about the creation and evolution of the Internet.
Major awards
In 1991 he received the “Director’s Award for Program Officer Excellence” at the National Science Foundation for his contributions. In 2008 he received the Catalyst Award from Educause on behalf of the Regional Networks on the NSFNET. In 2016 he was awarded the Internet2 President’s Leadership Award posthumously. His wife of 50 years, Henrietta, accepted the award with their sons Marc and Eric. | 30ffbe7a-8aec-4e3c-9a9a-3f758e10b160 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Villagarcia"} | 1812 battle during the Peninsular War
Peninsular War
Castile 1811–13
[Interactive fullscreen map]
current battle
In the Battle of Villagarcia (also known as the Battle of Llerena) on 11 April 1812, British cavalry commanded by Lieutenant-General Sir Stapleton Cotton routed a French cavalry force led by Général de Brigade Charles Lallemand at the village of Villagarcia in the Peninsular War. Cotton intended to trap the French cavalry, which was separated by a number of miles from the main body of the French army, by executing simultaneous frontal and flank attacks. The plan came close to disaster when the forces making the frontal assault pushed forward prematurely. The situation was saved by the timely arrival of John Le Marchant's force on the French left flank.
Background
The recent fall of the French occupied fortress city of Badajoz, on 6 April 1812, allowed the Anglo-Portuguese forces under Wellington to take the strategic offensive. Prior to moving the bulk of his forces north where he would launch his Salamanca campaign Wellington entrusted a considerable proportion of his available cavalry to a force under General Sir Rowland Hill who was ordered to drive the retreating French army of Marshal Soult, who had failed in his attempt to relieve Badajoz, back into Andalusia to the south. The French rearguard under General D'Erlon were under orders to fall back towards Seville if pressed hard. Hill's cavalry, under Sir Stapleton Cotton, were indeed pressing those French forces still remaining in the province of Extremadura hard.
Forces
Stapleton Cotton's cavalry consisted of John Le Marchant's heavy brigade (3rd and 4th Dragoons and 5th Dragoon Guards), John Slade's heavy brigade (1st Dragoons, and 3rd and 4th Dragoon Guards) and Frederick Ponsonby's (in temporary command due to General Anson's absence) light brigade (12th, 14th and 16th Light Dragoons). Only Ponsonby's brigade and the 5th Dragoon Guards were involved in the fighting.
The French cavalry force, attached to D'Erlon's two infantry divisions, commanded by General François "Charles" Lallemand was composed of the 2nd Hussars and the 17th and 27th Dragoons.
Battle
On the evening of 10 April 1811, General Cotton climbed the steeple of a church in Bienvenida. He knew that the French were occupying Llerena and saw that there were considerable numbers of French cavalry five miles closer to him near the village of Villagarcia. Cotton decided that he should attempt to trap the French cavalry with his superior forces. During the night he despatched Ponsonby with the 12th and 14th Light Dragoons to probe the Villagarcia area, whilst Le Marchant was sent on a circuitous march to get on the French left flank and, it was hoped, cut off their retreat. Slade was also instructed to concentrate his brigade on Bienvenida, though he seems to have been tardy in moving. Cotton retained the 16th Light Dragoons as a reserve. At some time during the night Cotton realised that Ponsonby's force might alert the French before Le Marchant was within striking distance and despatched an aide-de-camp with orders to halt the light cavalry; unfortunately the order arrived too late.
Two squadrons of the British light cavalry had forced the French vedettes out of the village of Villagarcia but, around dawn, had run into the full force of the French cavalry and were then chased back. Ponsonby subsequently found his two regiments faced by the three strong regiments under Lallemand and had to make a controlled withdrawal whilst skirmishing against heavy odds.
Following his orders, Le Marchant had moved his brigade though the night over tortuous terrain for a considerable distance. Coming down from rugged hills bordering the plain where the action was fought Le Marchant and the 5th Dragoon Guards had pulled considerably ahead of the other two regiments of the brigade. Le Marchant noticed, looking through the trees of the wood his men were moving through, that French cavalry, drawn up in two deep columns of squadrons, were pushing the six squadrons of light dragoons back towards a narrow ravine flanked by stone walls. Le Marchant realised that an immediate charge was needed, before Ponsonby's squadrons were forced into the congested and broken ground to their rear.
Lallemand, it is recorded, caught a glimpse of red-coated figures in the woods to his left and rode to alert General Peyremmont, who was leading the 2nd Hussars. Peyremmont scorned Lallemand's concerns, saying that the British dragoons were probably a small detachment who had lost their way.
At this point the advantage that the French had enjoyed in the action was suddenly reversed. Le Marchant led his dragoon guards out of the woods and they formed their ranks whilst accelerating into the charge. The 5th Dragoon Guards attacked with their squadrons in echelon, their left refused, and struck the deep and exposed left flank of the French formation to considerable effect. Simultaneously with Le Marchant's charge the 16th Light Dragoons, led by Cotton, appeared to Ponsonby's right-rear; they jumped a stone wall in line, and also charged. The French cavalry were thrown into instant confusion and were swiftly broken.
The British pursuit, continuing to inflict casualties and take prisoners, was conducted all the way back to the walls of Llerena where the bulk of D'Erlon's force was concentrated. The French rallied briefly at a ditch halfway to Llerena, but they were outflanked by the 16th Light Dragoons and were forced into flight once more. A few hours later the French abandoned Llerena and continued their retreat out of Extremadura.
Results
The French lost 53 killed or wounded, plus 136 captured (including 4 officers - one a lt. colonel) and were induced to leave the province of Extremadura. The British lost 51 troopers killed or wounded.
Cotton had shown initiative in conceiving a plan to trap the French cavalry, however, the plan was wholly reliant on the timing of the movements on the flanks coinciding with those of the centre. As a result, it was probably rather too complex and came dangerously close to breaking down in execution. However, Cotton was flexible in extemporising once his original plan was rendered irrelevant when his central force made its presence known to the enemy too soon. Slade's heavy brigade did not make an appearance at all.
Le Marchant, in his first large-scale action as a general, proved himself as able a commander of cavalry in the field as he was a military innovator and educator. | 435997c0-4c5b-4b4e-ab80-7299e91860eb |
null | Village in Vladimir Oblast, Russia
Krutovo (Russian: Крутово) is a rural locality (a village) in Sergeikhinskoye Rural Settlement, Kameshkovsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was 9 as of 2010.
Geography
Krutovo is located 23 km west of Kameshkovo (the district's administrative centre) by road. Novosyolka is the nearest rural locality. | 78e667e0-6b29-4ed8-b53c-fd53a3bfb10b |
null | Indian surname
Pratihar is an Indian surname, belonging to Gurjar clan under the Caste system in India These people are mainly in India Rajasthan, Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Delhi, Haryana, Punjab, etc. | 7b1084e4-8d96-4e5e-84ec-df6fc6110a5c |
null | Keppel may refer to:
People
Places
Others
Topics referred to by the same term | d5cab7eb-4d35-48eb-b7f8-7777e825b850 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Armagh,_Banbridge_and_Craigavon_District_Council_election"} | The first election to Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon Borough Council, part of the Northern Ireland local elections on 22 May 2014, returned 41 members to the newly-formed council via Single Transferable Vote. The Democratic Unionist Party won a plurality of seats, although the Ulster Unionist Party attracted the most first-preference votes.
Election results
Districts summary
District results
Armagh
2014: 2 x Sinn Féin, 2 x SDLP, 1 x UUP, 1 x DUP
Banbridge
2014: 3 x UUP, 2 x DUP, 1 x SDLP, 1 x Sinn Féin
Craigavon
Cusher
Lagan River
Lurgan
Portadown
* Incumbent
Changes during the term
† Co-options
‡ Changes of affiliation
Current composition: see Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon Borough Council. | fcc1ff9d-2dcf-408a-9438-472d372a4032 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_I_Didn%27t_Love_You_(Steve_Wariner_song)"} | 1993 single by Steve Wariner
"If I Didn't Love You" is a song written by Jon Vezner and Jack White, and recorded by American country music artist Steve Wariner. It was released in July 1993 as the first single from the album Drive. The song reached #8 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.
Chart performance
Year-end charts | a5421b27-47d8-4913-839e-5e7e89b3714e |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake,_North_Dakota"} | City in North Dakota, United States
Drake is a city in McHenry County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 292 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Minot Micropolitan Statistical Area. Drake was founded in 1902 and named after Herman Drake, a settler.
Geography
Drake is located at 47°55′26″N 100°22′17″W / 47.92389°N 100.37139°W / 47.92389; -100.37139 (47.923793, -100.371284)
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.02 square miles (5.23 km2), of which 1.97 square miles (5.10 km2) is land and 0.05 square miles (0.13 km2) is water.
Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 275 people, 144 households, and 70 families residing in the city. The population density was 139.6 inhabitants per square mile (53.9/km2). There were 200 housing units at an average density of 101.5 per square mile (39.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.8% White, 0.4% Native American, and 1.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.5% of the population.
There were 144 households, of which 17.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.6% were married couples living together, 5.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 51.4% were non-families. 44.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 27% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.91 and the average family size was 2.70.
The median age in the city was 48.1 years. 17.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.7% were from 25 to 44; 26.2% were from 45 to 64; and 27.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50.5% male and 49.5% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 322 people, 164 households, and 94 families residing in the city. The population density was 163.1 people per square mile (63.1/km2). There were 201 housing units at an average density of 101.8 per square mile (39.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 100.00% White. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.31% of the population.
There were 164 households, out of which 18.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.0% were married couples living together, 9.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.1% were non-families. 38.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 23.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.96 and the average family size was 2.60.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 18.3% under the age of 18, 4.0% from 18 to 24, 19.3% from 25 to 44, 22.7% from 45 to 64, and 35.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 51 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.9 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $22,813, and the median income for a family was $34,844. Males had a median income of $23,250 versus $17,083 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,023. About 8.2% of families and 15.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.3% of those under age 18 and 16.3% of those age 65 or over.
Book burning controversy
The school board ordered books considered obscene, including Slaughterhouse Five by Kurt Vonnegut and Deliverance by James Dickey, assigned to the sophomore English class, be confiscated and burned in 1973. The resulting national controversy surrounding burning 32 copies of Slaughterhouse Five resulted in an out of court settlement, including permission for the work to be taught to high school juniors and seniors.
Climate
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Drake has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.
In popular culture
In Dr. Seuss's classic children's book Horton Hatches the Egg, Horton the Elephant visits Drake while he is in the circus. | 95930f9d-87a2-488b-8258-7c87b3c3d688 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_Alliance_for_the_Total_Suppression_of_the_Liquor_Traffic"} | The Dominion Alliance for the Total Suppression of the Liquor Traffic was an organization established in 1877 in Canada that lobbied for prohibition of alcohol. Membership was largely Protestant and Anglophone. The Dominion Alliance faced passive resistance from politicians concerned about the views of their constituents, particularly in Quebec, but had some success at the local level. Sale of alcohol was prohibited provincially and then nationally during World War I (1914–18). After the war the national and provincial temperance laws were repealed and the Dominion Alliance faded into irrelevance.
Foundation
The first temperance societies in Canada were founded in 1827, led by Protestant revivalist denominations. In 1875 a general convention of organizations working for suppression of the liquor traffic in eastern Canada recommended formation of a Dominion Prohibitory Council, representing all of Canada. The council met in Ottawa in 1876 and decided to found the Dominion Alliance for the Total Suppression of the Liquor Traffic, which was established the next year. The Dominion Alliance lobbied for temperance legislation, as a counterpart to the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU). The provincial organizations became branches of the Dominion Alliance, which was governed nationally by the Council of the Dominion Alliance. The objective was "the immediate prohibition of the liquor traffic", but the Dominion Alliance supported any legislation that moved towards that goal.
The Dominion Alliance was incorporated in 1887. In 1901 the Privy Council ruled that federal legislation applied to manufacture and import of intoxicating liquor, but the retail trade was regulated provincially. The Dominion Alliance then oriented its efforts on the provincial branches, which became relatively independent.
Membership
The Dominion Alliance was active across Canada, but was anti-Catholic, racist and sometimes anti-Semitic, which limited its effectiveness. Members included mainly English-speaking Protestant organizations such as WCTU and YMCA branches, Salvation Army Corps and Baptist Young People's Unions. Until 1907 the organization was guided by its secretary, Francis Stephens Spence, who was its secretary and sole full-time employee.
Spence lost credibility with the radical Advanced Prohibitions of the Dominion Alliance when he supported Oliver Mowat's government in Ontario, and Mowat avoided passing a prohibition law on constitutional grounds. In 1907 Spence's brother, the Reverend Ben Spence, succeeded Francis Spence as secretary of the Ontario branch.
Activities
The Dominion alliance produced books, pamphlets and flyers, organized meetings and backed temperance laws at all levels of government. The alliance prepared a draft bill that was submitted to the government in 1878. After a number of amendments this became the Canada Temperance Act. Under this act local governments were given right to hold votes on temperance and if successful to ban the sale of alcohol. The Dominion Alliance managed to have various liquor laws enacted at the local and provincial levels.
In 1892 the Dominion Alliance persuaded the Conservative federal government to set up a Royal Commission on the Liquor Traffic. The commission eventually published a report that favored licensing laws over prohibition. In 1898 the Dominion Alliance forced Wilfrid Laurier, the Liberal prime minister, to hold a plebiscite on prohibition. Laurier was reluctant to make liquor a major issue since it was not supported by all members of his weak coalition of French and English supporters. As Laurier had suspected, the plebiscite showed that anglophones and rural people supported prohibition, while francophones, immigrants and urban people did not. Laurier used low turn-out to justify inaction.
In 1900 Prince Edward Island outlawed retail sale of alcohol in the province. In 1902 George William Ross, a member of the Dominion Alliance and premier of Ontario, passed legislation banning sale of alcohol subject to ratification by a large majority in a referendum. A majority voted in favor in the referendum, but Ross did not consider the majority was large enough and did not pass the legislation. He was expelled from the Dominion Alliance in 1903. Spence helped direct initiatives at the local level in Ontario, gaining support for the prohibitionist policies of Ross's successor James Whitney. In 1906 la Ligue Anti-alcoölique was founded as a French-language counterpart of the Dominion Alliance. Most Francophone Catholics considered prohibition to be an extreme measure. The Ligue proposed legal restrictions but not total prohibition.
In 1915 the Dominion Alliance began working with the federal and Ontario governments to treat prohibition as a part of the war effort. All provinces apart from Quebec banned the sale of alcohol in 1915 and 1916. The War Measures Act of 1917 included National Prohibition. The War Measures Act expired in 1918 and prohibition ended in Quebec, but not elsewhere. The federal bans on manufacture and sale of alcohol were dropped soon after the war ended, and in the 1920s most provinces replaced prohibition laws with laws regulating sale of alcohol. Prince Edward Island was again the exception, and did not repeal prohibition until 1948. The alliance became seen as an outdated Victorian group, and disintegrated. In 1924 the Ontario Branch of the Dominion Alliance was renamed the Ontario Prohibition Union. The Canadian Temperance Federation and the Ontario Temperance Federation finally ceased activity in 1967.
Sources | 9eab5bf0-ef94-4ad8-be75-32a8933dd7c6 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_Youth"} | Youth wing of the fascist, Croatian nationalist Ustaše movement
The Ustaše Youth (pronounced [ûstaʃe juːθ], Croatian: Ustaška mladež) was the youth wing of the Ustaše, a Croatian fascist and ultranationalist organization active during the interwar period and World War II. The Ustaše governed a German-Italian puppet state called the Independent State of Croatia (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH) between 1941 and 1945.
Ustaše youth groups were first formed in the 1930s and became active by 1940. These groups were organized into a fully-structured organization on 12 July 1941. The organization was split into four sections by age and it was also divided geographically. Officially, membership was compulsory for all Croat youth. In practice, this issue came down to camp leaders and the recruitment drive in 1941 failed to achieve mass enrollment, after which the organization developed an elitist character. During 1941, Ustaše Youth members were involved in the genocide of Serbs and the Holocaust in the NDH. They also staffed two children's concentration camps, in which hundreds or over a thousand children died.
Activity of the Ustaše Youth took place in camps, of which there were two types: camps in the countryside where Ustaše Youth members gathered for rallies and excursions, and regional camps which were situated in unused school buildings or cinemas. Rural camps were established during a camping trip organized by the Ustaše Youth. They were "more or less successful" but their number significantly decreased by 1943. Regional camps were very strict but offered an opportunity for social mobility. Ustaše Youth members who attended these camps often exhibited rebellious behaviour and fierce competition between individual local camps was common.
The Ustaše Youth developed relations with the German Hitler Youth and the Italian Lictor Youth, which were seen as role models. It was also a member of a short-lived alliance of fascist national youth organizations called the European Youth Alliance. The Ustaše Youth also developed close relations with the Slovak fascist Hlinka Youth organization. Together, the organizations established joint camps held in both Slovakia and the NDH.
Background
Youth groups were a major stronghold of radical Croatian nationalism in interwar Yugoslavia. Many short-lived militant youth organizations were formed in the 1920s, most of which disappeared quickly or were banned by the authorities because of their violent actions. The two largest youth organizations were the Croatian National Youth, founded in the spring of 1921 and intended for middle-class youths, and the Croatian Labor Youth, which aimed to prevent working-class youths from joining socialist organizations. After these two were outlawed, two more were founded: the Croatian Right Republican Youth led by Branimir Jelić and the Croatian Right Labor Youth, led by Marko Hranilović and Matija Soldin, who were both later executed on charges of terrorism.
The Ustaše movement was established in 1930 by Ante Pavelić as an organization dedicated to achieving an independent Croatian state by all means, including terror. By the late 1930s, the Ustaše adopted the fascist principles of the Italian government, which gave it financial support and protection. During the 1930s, the Ustaše conducted several terrorist attacks, most notably the assassination of King Alexander I of Yugoslavia and French Foreign Minister Louis Barthou in Marseilles in October 1934. In April 1941, when Yugoslavia was invaded and dismembered by the Axis powers, the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) was established as an Italian-German quasi-protectorate under the leadership of the Ustaše.
One of the most important components of the Ustaše movement's ideology was the youth. The idea that the revolution of the Ustaše was the revolution of the youth was widely shared in the movement. The Ustaše Youth journal wrote, "[t]o be an Ustaša means to be eternally young and eternally a warrior." Pavelić's most loyal supporters were part of the militant Croatian youth. The Ustaše presented their struggle as one between the young (supporters of fascism) and the old (supporters of democracy). Under the Ustaše, all those considered to be supporters of the old mentality – liberal democracy, plutocracy, and Yugoslavism – were to be destroyed. They were declared national traitors and put in prison camps where they were tortured.
In September 1941, the Minister of Education of the NDH, Mile Budak, discussed introducing radical changes to the puppet state's school system. He announced that all Yugoslav-era textbooks would be replaced with Austro-Hungarian-era books adapted to the Ustaše ideology. Budak wanted schools in the NDH to become "hothouses of Ustasha philosophy and patriotism." Universities and schools were to be ideologically purged. Budak said that teachers could save their jobs by "sincerely converting to the Ustasha cause." However, he also stated that schools could not be purged immediately because many schools would have to close then.
Establishment and structure
Ustaše youth groups were formed in the 1930s, and by 1940, regularly distributed flyers inviting Croatian youth to their demonstrations, activities, and rallies. On 12 July 1941, Pavelić decreed that these groups were to be organized into a fully-structured organization. The Ustaše Youth was officially intended to consist of all Croatian youths aged 7–21. The organization was divided into four sections: the Ustaše Hope (ustaška uzdanica) (age 7–11), the Ustaše Heroes (ustaški junaci) (11–15), the Ustaše Starčević Youth (ustaška Starčevićeva mladež) (15–21), and the University Youth (sveučilišna mladež). A decree from November 1941 removed the University Youth section from the organization, which was replaced by the Ustaše Storm Troopers (ustaški jurišnici) and Ustaše Girls (ustaške djevojke) sections for male and female members aged 18–21, respectively. The best members of the Starčević Youth became members of the Ustaše Assault Unit, where they underwent strict paramilitary training. The Ustaše Youth was structured in a military manner and divided regionally and territorially. Each county contained an Ustaše Youth Center, each administrative division had an Ustaše Youth camp, and each community had a concentration. Concentrations had squads and platoons, the latter being split into branches according to age.
The leader of the Ustaše Youth operated from the Supreme Ustaše Headquarters and reported directly to Pavelić. This office was first assumed by Ivan Oršanić, who previously led the State Secretariat for Propaganda of the NDH. In July 1944, Oršanić was succeeded by Feliks Niedzielsky, who had previously served as the vice-governor of the great parish of Sana-Luka. Niedzielsky remained in this position until the end of the war. Male and female parts of the organization also had their leaders. Leader of the male part was Zdenko Blažeković, who was previously the commander of the Ustaše University Headquarters (Croatian: Ustaški sveučilišni stožer). The first leader of the female part was Mira Vrljičak-Dugački, a high-ranking official in Great Crusaders' Brotherhood (Croatian: Veliko križarsko bratstvo), a radical Catholic youth organization. In 1942, Vrljičak-Dugački was replaced by a leader of the female Ustaše Youth in Dubrovnik, Dolores Bracanović, who held this position until the end of the war.
Officially, membership in the Ustaše Youth was compulsory, as its founding statute stated, "the whole of Croat youth belongs in the Ustaše Youth." The founding statute also ordered the closing of every other youth organization. Liberal, Yugoslav, and leftist ones were outlawed, while right-wing radical ones were incorporated into the Ustaše Youth. Despite the statute making membership compulsory, this issue came down to Ustaše Youth camp leaders. Some, like Vinko Sablić in Dubrovnik, issued an order that all schoolchildren were required to join the Ustaše Youth and the only ones excluded would be "non-Aryans" and "Greek-Easterners". Others, such as Ante Boras in Petrinja, made membership voluntary.
Actions
Recruitment
Ustaše Youth leader Ivan Orašnić warned that "anyone who sabotaged the Ustaše Youth would be destroyed." Financial penalties were imposed on parents who forbade their children from attending lessons at Ustaše Youth camps. Thousands initially joined the Ustaše Youth, drawn by the athletic, intellectual, and artistic training the organization provided. Nevertheless, the recruitment drive in 1941 failed to achieve mass enrollment, as most youths showed no interest in joining. Although Blažeković claimed a figure of 500,000 members, the historian Rory Yeomans has described this as "unlikely". After its mass recruiting drive failed, the Ustaše Youth assumed an increasingly selective and elitist character. Ustaše statutes of August 1942 established a probationary period of between four and seven months which every Ustaše Youth member had to serve in their local camp before being accepted as a registered member. Despite the professionalization of the Ustaše Youth, the organization retained the principle that all Croat youths should be its members.
War crimes
Ustaše Youth members took part in the genocide of Serbs in the NDH, as well as the Holocaust. According to eyewitnesses, many of the worst atrocities that were carried out by the Ustaše in 1941 were committed by youths. Survivors of the mass murders in Križevci and Karlovac testified that many armed youths participated in the killing and torture of Serbs and Jews. Members of the Ustaše Youth, together with the Student Militia of the Poglavnik's Bodyguard Brigade, perpetrated many of the first massacres in the NDH. On one occasion, Blažeković boasted about the large numbers of Serbs he had killed and claimed to have collected his victims' ears on his necklace. Two children's concentration camps were staffed by members of the Ustaše Youth. In the Jastrebarsko children's camp, between 449 and 1,500 children perished. In the Sisak children's camp, which was staffed by female part of Ustaše Youth, between 1,152 and 1,631 children died.
Ustaše Youth camps
There were two types of camps organized by the Ustaše Youth: camps in the countryside where Ustaše Youth members gathered for rallies and excursions and regional camps which were also situated in unused school buildings or cinemas.
Countryside camps were set up during camping trips lasting at least three days in which Ustaše Youth members from various parts of the state would gather. These camps were split into two categories: taborovanje – consisting of three platoons and logorovanje – consisting of more than three platoons. The purpose of camping was to teach the youth the values of comradeship, sacrifice, duty, discipline, responsibility, and order. Ustaše manuals stipulated that such camps were to be fenced off and have a sign identifying them as Ustaše Youth camps, with an Ustaše Youth emblem at the main gate. A campfire, together with a mast flying the NDH and Ustaše Youth flags, was to be at the center of the camp. The camps' daily schedule included waking up at 6:00 a.m., morning exercise, working service, pre-military lectures, gathering around the campfire in the morning and the evening, and evening prayers. Various punishments were established to achieve discipline in the camps, and some Ustaše Youth members were expelled for violating the rules. According to the historian Goran Miljan, such camps were organized "more or less successfully throughout the regime period", but their number significantly decreased after mid-1943.
Yeomans writes that life in regional Ustaše Youth camps was "far less idyllic" than life in camps in the countryside. These camps were strictly hierarchical, with a schedule strictly worked out by the camp leader. Strictness in these camps resulted in a sense of camaraderie between the youths and their leaders. The camps provided an opportunity for social mobility, as youths of modest backgrounds could become noticed and appointed to important positions. After the ideological changes of 1942, some Serbs – motivated by the prospect of social mobility – began to apply for membership. Many were accepted, especially if they came from mixed Croatian-Serb backgrounds and had converted to Catholicism.
Many members of Ustaše Youth camps developed a regional identity and an independent spirit, which was a cause of anxiety for the central leadership. Rebellious behavior of the youth ranged from relatively harmless, such as watching banned or adult films, to the more serious, such as resistance to an initiative to admit Serbs in the camps. Regional independence combined with ideological militancy also created a fierce rivalry between local camps, which often resulted in what Yeomans describes as "a state of near civil war". Along with these problems, many Ustaše Youth camps also encountered a shortage of facilities.
Relations
Hitler and Lictor Youth
Nazi Germany's Hitler Youth and Italian Lictor Youth were seen as role-models for structuring and organizing by Ustaše officials. In August 1941, Ustaše Youth sent their representatives led by Ivan Orašnić to summer sports games held in Breslau. The representatives competed in swimming, athletics, and archery. One of the chief reasons for this visit was for Ustaše Youth members to familiarize themselves with organizational offices, homes, sports halls, and sports fields. The presence of Oršanić along with 11 other high-ranking youth officials in the delegation made this visit also diplomatic and a political one with the goal of establishing firmer relations with the Hitler Youth. According to a contemporary Croatian news article, after games in Breslau, Hitler Youth invited Orašnić's delegation to Berlin "with the purpose of deepening friendly relations between the German and Croatian youth."
The high-point of relations with Lictor Youth came in September and October 1941. An agreement between two organizations was signed on 17 September 1941. The agreement stressed the need for close cooperation of the two organizations and for both youths to receive similar education. Lictor Youth made their institutes and academies free of charge for the Ustaše Youth. On 3 October, an Ustaše Youth delegation led by Oršanić made a return visit to Italy during which they visited several cities. Between 1941 and 1943, Ustaše Youth delegations regularly visited Italy to attend sporting competitions, cultural festivals, and ideological training courses. The most publicized Ustaše Youth visit was the one that took place in August and September 1942, when Dragutin Gjurić led 100 youths to a training course in Rome.
European Youth Alliance
During the summer of 1942, Ustaše Youth participated in two large-scale international events of fascist youth organizations which were held in Weimar, on 8 June and in Florence on 3 July. In an interview for one Ustaše journal, leader of Hitler Youth Artur Axmann spoke of "European youth alliance", which he said could be formed already at the next meeting in Vienna. Axmann and Gauleiter of Vienna Baldur von Schirach organized the meeting in Vienna which took place from 14 to 18 September 1942. Representatives of 14 fascist national youth organizations attended this meeting and these organizations together comprised European Youth Alliance, established on the same meeting. The Alliance was divided into working communities, each headed by one or more youth officials from different countries. Oršanić became head of the Community for Official Youth Upbringing.
Unlike the press of Axis nations and occupied territories, the Nazi press gave very little coverage to this meeting for two reasons: German Minister of Propaganda Joseph Goebbels "polemicized very sharply against the talk of a “new Europe”" in his secret meeting with journalists and members of Spanish delegation influenced the final declaration of the meeting to not include condemnation of the Jews. Historian Wayne H. Bowen says that Nazi Germany "lost interest in uniting the youth of Europe" and that next conference of European Youth Alliance in Madrid, to which only eight nations sent delegates, was a "decided flop".
Hlinka Youth
The Hlinka Youth (Hlinkova mládež, HM) was a youth organization subordinate to the Slovak People's Party, which governed the German client state known as the Slovak Republic. The HM and Ustaše Youth had similar structures and ideologies. Miljan argues that both of these youth organizations considered relations with each other "more suitable and meaningful" than with Hitler Youth or Lictor Youth. An Ustaše Youth delegation visited Slovakia for the first time in July–August 1941 to observe their work in schools and camps. Relations were further improved when HM leader Alojz Macek headed a delegation that visited the NDH in October 1941. The delegation arrived in Zagreb on 16 October, visited several other cities, and observed the work of the Ustaše Youth. In December 1941, Oršanić and his delegation again visited Slovakia. On this occasion, they were welcomed by high-ranking Slovak officials, such as Prime Minister Vojtech Tuka, and received HM medals.
Ustaše Youth official Zvonimir Malvić was appointed envoy to HM headquarters in May 1942. Malvić served in this position as part of the NDH embassy in Slovakia. However, HM did not send an envoy to the NDH. Oršanić wrote to Malvić regarding this issue in November 1942. Malvić replied that he had spoken with Macek, who said that HM could not afford to dispatch an envoy and that it lacked qualified members who could fill this position. HM never sent an envoy to the NDH and whether the reasons given by Macek were true or not remains unclear. Nevertheless, mutual visits of official delegations and journalists continued.
The official connections and exchanges were established in the Summer of 1942, which saw several visits of youths to camps in a different country. The first of these was in Slovak city of Párnica, where twenty-eight Ustaše Youth members along with HM and Hitler Youth members stayed during July. The following month, thirty HM members attended a joint Croat-Slovak camp in Ozalj. There, youths slept in tents and received military pre-education courses on handling weapons. In September, a joint two-month course was held in the Croatian town of Borovo. During this course, youths listened to lectures mostly about each other's organizations, received courses military pre-education, gymnastics, and singing and language courses in both Slovak and Croatian.
By 1943, relations between the two organizations began to deteriorate. One of the primary reasons for this was the worsening of the situation on the Eastern Front, especially after the Battle of Stalingrad. Another reason was the growing anti-fascist resistance in both nations. The first major uprising in Slovakia occurred in 1944, while in the NDH, armed resistance had commenced in 1941. By 1943, the security situation in the NDH had significantly deteriorated. Relations between the two organizations, although almost halted, continued to exist until 1945.
Uniforms and insignia
Male members of Ustaše Hope wore green-brown shirts and shorts, brown belts, boots, a red scarf, and a cap with the capital letter U – a symbol of the Ustaše. Female members wore green-brown skirts while the rest of their uniform was the same as that of their male counterparts. Members of other sections had similar outfits, only differing in their scarves, Ustaše Hero had blue scarves, while Ustaše Starčević Youth had either a black scarf or a tie. Male members also carried a knife, the only permitted weapon for members, Ustaše Hero had a smaller knife while Ustaše Starčević Youth had a larger one. Uniforms were mandatory at any of the organization's public gatherings, meetings, and activities. Wearing the uniform in school was prohibited. This was done either to avoid conflict between Ustaše Youth members and the teachers or to highlight the teachers' roles as their students' superiors in the hope of mobilizing more teachers into the Ustaše.
With the exception of those who could not afford them, whose uniforms were procured and subsidized by the state, Ustaše Youth members had to pay for their own uniforms. Rules regulating who would receive state-subsidized uniforms were initially not established. Delivery of the uniforms was also problematic. Ustaše Youth in Koprivnica reportedly received cloth, linen, ties, trefoils, and buttons instead of uniforms. Clearer rules were established in March 1942 with the dissemination of the Rulebook on Distribution of Uniforms across the Independent State of Croatia. Inquiries and requests for uniforms were to be sent to the Administrative Command of the Ustaše Youth. The textile factory Velebit d.o.o. was contracted to produce Ustaše Youth uniforms. The exact price of such a uniform is unclear. One contemporary document places the price of an Ustaše Hope uniform at 800 kuna, while another puts it at 2,000 kuna, which Miljan considers "too high". In 1942, the Administrative Command of the Ustaše Youth took a loan of 500,000 kuna for the production of uniforms for those who could not afford them. Depending on the price of each uniform, this amounted to between 250 and 625 uniforms.
Leaders in the Ustaše Youth had an insignia above their left pocket to indicate their belonging to the local county, commune, or district. The symbol used by the Ustaše was a triple letter U with a double tendril. | c640b85e-98bc-440a-aa51-1ec02be0d46a |
null | Body of water
Lake Davis is an artificial lake in Plumas County, California near the Sierra Nevada community of Portola. Its waters are impounded by Grizzly Valley Dam, which was completed in 1966 as part of the California State Water Project. The lake is named for Lester T. Davis (1906-1952).
Hydrology
The lake discharges into Big Grizzly Creek, a tributary of the Middle Fork Feather River.
Grizzly Valley Dam
Dam in Plumas County, California
Grizzly Valley Dam is an earth-and-rock dam 800 feet (240 m) long and 115 feet (35 m) high, with 10 feet (3.0 m) of freeboard. The California Department of Water Resources manages the dam.
Recreation
Located in Plumas National Forest, Lake Davis is the centerpiece of the Lake Davis Recreation Area, which supports boating, campground camping, cross-country skiing, fishing, hunting, mountain biking, picnicking, snowmobiling, swimming, and wildlife viewing.
Northern pike
During 1996-97 Lake Davis was in the national spotlight due to controversy over northern pike and the possibility of poisoning the lake. Following an explosion of the pike population, and the California Department of Fish and Game (DFG) decided to treat the reservoir with rotenone, a naturally occurring poison deadly to gilled creatures.
After the first attempt failed to eradicate the pike and the population rebounded, the DFG again utilized rotenone in September 2007, after lowering the water level. DFG's justification for the action was their concern that pike might escape the lake and enter the Sacramento River system, potentially harming native anadromous fish species such as steelhead and salmon. The effort was controversial because pike are popular gamefish and considerable effort had already been spent on unsuccessful attempts to rid the lake of pike using explosives, nets, shocking, and poison.
Since the 2007 treatment, there have been no confirmed cases of northern pike in the lake. | 860f4895-8fbf-4167-b573-7adbebd50b6b |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_cricket_team_in_the_West_Indies_in_2008"} | International cricket tour
The Australian cricket team toured the West Indies between 16 May and 6 July 2008, outside the normal West Indies cricket season. Australia won two of three Test matches played (one being a draw) and all five One-day Internationals. The West Indies won the single Twenty20 International game.
Squads
Tour matches
Three-day : Jamaica Select XI vs Australians
50-over : University of West Indies Vice Chancellor's XI v Australians
Test series
1st Test
2nd Test
3rd Test
T20I series
Only T20I
ODI series
1st ODI
2nd ODI
3rd ODI
4th ODI
5th ODI | 819beb33-7b7b-486f-ba65-ce897ede5797 |
null | Thai footballer
Tewa Promma is a Thai footballer. He currently plays for Thai Division 1 League clubside Suphanburi. | a06c6300-52f6-49d2-8ab4-4e9cbfdf6177 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Convertini"} | Venerable
Francesco Convertini (29 August 1898 - 11 February 1976) was an Italian Roman Catholic priest and professed member from the Salesians of Don Bosco. He served in the missions in India since arriving there in the mid-1920s and dedicated his apostolate to tending to children suffering from malnutrition and fostering interreligious dialogue and tolerance. He also dedicated himself to preserving the environmental protection of local communities in waste-ridden areas and travelled to various communities to bring forth the Gospel message to all people.
The process for the late priest's beatification launched in the Krishnagar diocese in the late 1990s and he became titled as a Servant of God; he was later titled as Venerable in 2017 after Pope Francis confirmed that Convertini had practiced heroic virtue throughout his life.
Life
Francesco Convertini was born in Marinelli near Cisternino in the Brindisi province on 29 August 1898 as the second of two children to a poor family: His parents were Sante Convertini (who died when he was three months old) and Caterina (who died when he was eleven). His mother provided for his religious upbringing in his childhood. He and his elder brother Samuele (who was thirteen when their mother died) were orphaned and sent to the friars to be paired with foster parents; the couple Vito and Anna Petruzzi from Fasano adopted them and treated the two as their own, so that the two would refer to them as "mother" and "father" due to the connection the four formed with each other. His brother emigrated to the United States of America around 1918.
He served in the Italian armed forces in World War I from January 1917, after being conscripted to the 124th Chieti Regiment. He served with on the frontlines in Trento from May 1917; on 23 December he was wounded and captured by the Austrian forces and held as a prisoner of war at a camp in Poland for the next eleven months. He was freed upon the war's conclusion but after returning to his homeland on 15 November 1918 suffered from severe meningitis therefore forcing him to recover in isolation in the hospital in Cuneo; his poor health made it worse since he looked skeletal upon his release. It was after he recovered that he decided to begin the next stage of his life and so decided to join the Guardia di Finanza around 1920. But at the same time he met a girl from his town that he fell in love with and with whom he planned to be married to. He followed his captain to Trieste and Pola before going to Turin where he attended confession in the Basilica of Our Lady Help of Christians; this event proved to change his life since he confessed to Father Angelo Amadei who became his spiritual director and put him in direct contact with the religious congregation known as the Salesians of Don Bosco. But this newfound call to enter the priesthood tore him since he was divided between accepting God's call and his love for his girlfriend. He settled on the priesthood and on 6 December 1923 commenced his ecclesial studies at the Salesian mission institute in Ivrea. He received his mission crucifix from the Rector Major Filippo Rinaldi himself.
It was following his release from imprisonment[clarification needed] that he entered the Salesians of Don Bosco and was sent to India to serve in their missions there. Convertini left for India from the port in Genova on 7 December 1927 and arrived in Bombay on 26 December before taking a train to Calcutta. Convertini commenced his novitiate period in Shillong under the direction of the bishop Stefano Ferrando and was also a disciple of both Costantino Vendrame and Archbishop Louis Mathias (he passed his theological and philosophical studies despite some difficulties). He received his ordination to the priesthood on 29 June 1935 from Bishop Ferrando. It was not long before Convertini gained fame among the people for his unconditional and unbiased services to all people; he also mastered the Bengali language in order to better communicate with the people. Convertini would travel to various villages on bike or on foot or even on horseback with his backpack in order to go around evangelizing and aiding people (covering miles in order to visit far-reaching villages). He was also considered one of the few missionaries who could enter into Hindi or Muslim homes due to the strong rapport he fostered with people of other religions. This enabled him to create an air of interreligious dialogue and tolerance. His superiors forced him twice in 1952 and 1974 to return to his homeland to recover due to Convertini being known for his constant workload.
Convertini died in 1976 in Krishnagar and his remains were interred in the garden adjacent to the Krishnagar cathedral.
Beatification process
The attention on Francesco Convertini was rekindled by the publication of a book by the Salesian Nicola Palmisano. The beatification process launched in the Krishnagar diocese on 12 December 1997 in a diocesan investigation that was later concluded there on 20 June 2005. The formal introduction to the cause came on 27 July 1998 after the Congregation for the Causes of Saints issued the official "nihil obstat" (no objections to the cause) decree and titling Convertini as a Servant of God. The C.C.S. later validated the diocesan process on 19 June 2006 after the cause was transferred to Rome while the department received the official Positio dossier in 2009 for evaluation.
Nine theologians voiced their confirmation for the cause at their meeting held on 11 November 2015 while the C.C.S. cardinal and bishop members also issued an affirmative vote to the cause on 10 January 2017. Convertini became titled as Venerable on 20 January 2017 after Pope Francis signed a decree that acknowledged that Convertini had led a life of heroic virtue.
The current postulator for the cause is the Salesian priest Pierluigi Cameroni.
Books | 2f8d9f77-80ce-4007-811b-055bd0b948bd |
null | Ralenis Jolissa Tovar Guillén (born in Caracas) is a Venezuelan judge who in 2014 signed the arrest warrant against opposition leader Leopoldo López. In 2017 Ralenis announced that she was threatened to sign the warrant.
Career
Tovar pursued a career as a judge for seventeen years in Caracas. On February 12, 2014, during the protests in Venezuela, Tovar, Judge of the Sixteenth (16º) Court in control functions, issued an arrest warrant for opposition leader Leopoldo López on charges that included "instigation to commit crimes, public intimidation, arson of a public building, damage to public property, homicide, serious injury, incitement to create disturbances," and "terrorism".
The judge subsequently fled the country. Following the 2017 protests in Venezuela, the Organization of American States organized a series of public hearings on possible crimes against humanity committed in the country. In the third session of the hearings, Tovar intervened virtually from Canada and stated that in 2014 when in doubt, one of the military officials had asked her "Do you kind of want to become a second Judge Lourdes Afiuni?" and that she signed the arrest warrant for Leopoldo because she felt frightened. | 7a8027c8-2652-4686-9bdb-0dfc032120fb |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolyn_Marsden"} | American author (born 1950)
Carolyn Marsden (born August 14, 1950) is an American author. Educated at University of Colorado and Vermont College of Fine Arts, Marsden worked as a bilingual elementary teacher before she became a published author. Marsden has written 14 books for young adults including The Gold-Threaded Dress (2002), Mama Had to Work on Christmas (2003), Silk Umbrellas (2004), Moon Runner (2005), The Quail Club (2006), The Jade Dragon (2006), Bird Springs (2007), When Heaven Fell (2007), The Buddha's Diamonds (2008), Sahwira: An African Friendship (2009), Take Me With You (2010), Starfields (2011), The White Zone (2012) and My Own Revolution (2012).
References | 715bc4ef-97a3-4614-93d6-c02cbb22595f |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australian_bilateral_treaties"} | This is a list of bilateral treaties entered into by Australia.
Bilateral treaties on extradition and criminal matters
Bilateral treaties on postal services and money orders
Bilateral treaties on commerce, trade and arbitration
Bilateral treaties on intellectual property
Bilateral treaties by country
Pre-federation bilateral treaties
Bilateral treaties prior to federation signed by the British Empire, adopted by Australia, and active on or after federation:
1901–1922 bilateral treaties
Federation to after World War I. Includes treaties signed by the British empire for and behalf of Australia and other dependencies, with one other nation.
1923–1939 bilateral treaties
Includes treaties signed by the British empire for and behalf of Australia and other dependencies, with one other nation.
1940–1955 bilateral treaties
Includes treaties signed by the British empire for and behalf of Australia and other dependencies, with one other nation.
1956–1970 bilateral treaties
1986–2000 bilateral treaties
2001–2015 bilateral treaties
with respect to Taxes on Income of 1999 (Pretoria, 31 March 2008)
2016-onwards bilateral treaties | b5bf1fe9-1bef-4077-9059-02cb95bc3344 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Kanyinda"} | Congolese actor
Serge Kanyinda is an actor from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, best known for his performance as Magicien in the 2012 film War Witch (Rebelle). He has albinism.
Kanyinda won the Canadian Screen Award for Best Supporting Actor at the 1st Canadian Screen Awards. | c8d20e51-568b-446c-9263-0fa79dfbeacc |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Fleischer"} | 20th-century Norwegian Lutheran bishop
Andreas Fleischer (5 November 1878–23 November 1957) was a Norwegian theologian, missionary to China, and Lutheran Bishop. He was born in Hegra, Norway, and was a brother to General Carl Gustav Fleischer. He was Bishop of the Diocese of Bjørgvin from 1932 to 1949. He wrote several books during his lifetime, including some in Chinese.
Early life
Andreas Fleischer was born in the village of Hegra in Nord-Trøndelag county, Norway on 5 November 1878. His father was a pastor, Carl Edvard Fleischer and his mother was Johanne Sophie Fergstad. He went to school in Trondheim, graduating in 1896. He then went to the University of Oslo and received his Cand.theol. degree in 1902.
Career
Fleischer's first job was as a priest in Trondheim in 1903. This position was not long lasting. In 1904, Fleischer moved to China to become a missionary in Hunan province. While in China in 1908, he married Petra Amalie Margreta Ulsaker, the daughter of another Norwegian minister. He worked there until 1912, shortly after the Xinhai Revolution in China. After returning to Norway, he worked in several parishes as a priest. In Fitjar Church from 1912-1917, Stord Church from 1917-1922, and the parish of Brunlanes from 1922-1932. In 1932, he was appointed as Bishop for the Diocese of Bjørgvin. After retiring in 1948, he traveled the country as a speaker for the Norwegian Missionary Society, speaking about missions and his history as a missionary in China. He died in the village of Vikedal in Rogaland county on 23 November 1957. | ef184a53-146a-4725-8583-022b32edbbf1 |
null | Australian soccer player
Taryn Rockall (born 11 November 1977) is an Australian soccer player. She played for the NSW Sapphires in the Women's National Soccer League (WNSL), Arsenal in the FA Women's Premier League and later for the Central Coast Mariners in the Australian W-League during the 2008–09 season. She won the Julie Dolan Medal twice, in 2001–02 and 2004–05, as best player in the WNSL.
Club career
During the 1998–99 season, Rockall was a member of the Arsenal team that won the FA Women's League Cup/Women's FA Cup double.
Rockall made her debut for Central Coast Mariners in the W-League against Melbourne Victory on Saturday, 25 October 2008 after being substituted on for teammate Teresa Polias.
International career
Rockall made her debut for Australia against France in January 2001. She was a member of the Australian team who won the 2003 OFC Women's Championship. Rockall was a member of the Australia team at the 2003 FIFA Women's World Cup.
Honours
Club
NSWIS/NSW Sapphires
Arsenal
International
Australia
Individual
Awards
Performances | 4d44f7e6-3fc9-4054-805f-d4af564f31b9 |
null | Cindy Smart is a brand of doll manufactured by Manley Toy Quest. Introduced in 2002, Cindy Smart was the first doll that could see, be capable of reading words in five languages, do basic math, and tell time. The doll was first sold in the United States, and then in Australia beginning in 2003. Cindy Smart was well received in the press and was a modest financial success for the manufacturer.
Capabilities
Cindy Smart has the appearance of a standard female doll, 18.5 inches (47.0 cm) tall with blonde hair and blue eyes, intended to appear five years of age. The difference from other dolls comes from extra equipment: a digital camera in the doll's torso, a 16-bit microprocessor in the stomach, and voice-recognition software. The camera makes Cindy Smart the first doll that can see.
When someone speaks to Cindy Smart, the software attempts to match the speech to one of 70 preprogrammed commands. If the command calls for reading, the digital camera searches for text in a 15-degree sector in front of it. The microprocessors compare the text with a database of words. The doll then gives the word and its spelling aloud, unless the word is an expletive. The doll can recognize 650 English words, as well as some French, German, Italian, and Spanish words. The doll can also do basic math, recognize shapes and colors, and tell time.
History
Toymaker Bob Del Principe spent 10 years working on Cindy Smart. He completed the doll in 2002, when he was Vice President for Research and Development at a Los Angeles subsidiary of Manley Toy Quest, a Hong Kong–based toy manufacturing company. The doll was first sold in the United States for US$99, with a number of sales coming through the Home Shopping Network.
Manley Toy Quest expanded sales to Australia beginning on 19 August 2003 with a launch event at a Myer department store in Melbourne. The Australian version uses Commonwealth spelling and says "Mum" instead of the American "Mom", but otherwise retains her American English dialect. The doll first sold for AU$149 in Australia.
Reception
Several news outlets, including The New York Times and Wired, compared Cindy Smart to Chatty Cathy, which was the first talking doll and which was influential in the toy business. Wired and The Sydney Morning Herald also compared Cindy Smart to I-Cybie, the first widely available toy to accept voice commands. Time named Cindy Smart to its list of the 42 best inventions of 2002, praising her technical capabilities but calling her "a little creepy". Wired also called her "a little creepy".
Cindy Smart was a modest financial success. The Australian Financial Review named it a "must-have" for Christmas 2003. | eddf3398-813c-41b5-88fb-05e658b88df5 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathalie_de_Vries"} | Dutch architect, lecturer and urbanist
Nathalie de Vries (born 1965 in Appingedam) is a Dutch architect, lecturer and urbanist. In 1993 together with Winy Maas and Jacob van Rijs she set up MVRDV.
MVRDV
In 1993, together with Winy Maas and Jacob van Rijs, she founded the MVRDV studio (an acronym of the initials of the names of the three founders), which produces designs and studies in the fields of architecture, urban studies and landscape design.
Publications | 8f2a9e4c-9498-4bf0-ad09-7362c366995f |
null | Yemeni tribal confederation
The Bakil (Arabic: بكيل, Musnad: 𐩨𐩫𐩺𐩡) federation is the largest tribal federation in Yemen. The tribe consists of more than 10 million men and women they are the sister tribe of Hashid(4 million) whose leader was Abdullah Bin Hussein Alahmar. The member tribes of the Bakil Confederation are found primarily in the far north of the country; its leaders today are the Abo Lhom family.
Ancient history
Hashid and Bakil were the sons of Jashim bin Jubran bin Nawf bin Tuba'a bin Zayd bin Amro bin Hamdan. Bani Hamdan was already a well known clan in the 1st century AD and it was mentioned in Sabaean inscriptions. Therefore, Hashid and Bakil (the brothers) must have lived in the BC era. In the Middle Sabaean period (the 1st to 4th centuries CE) the Bakil confederation consisted of three sha`bs - Raydah, Amran, and Shibam.
In the 3rd century most of Hamdan migrated to Syria. Hashid and Bakil switched their alliance to Himyar.
Conversion to Islam
In the year 622, prophet Muhammad sent Khalid ibn Al-Walid to Yemen to call them to Islam. However, Khaled managed to push the Najrani and Tihami Yemenis into Islam, but he didn't get a warm response from the Hamdani Yemenis of the highlands. So Muhammad sent over Ali ibn Abi Talib, and he was much more successful in converting the Hamdani Yemenis.
After the death of Muhammad, the Hamdan tribe remained Muslim and didn't join the ridda movement.
After Ali, power vacuum in Yemen and the Imam Hadi
The Hamdan tribe remained on the side of Ali, after the defeat of Ali and later his sons. The tribes remained on alliance to Ali but didn't oppose the Umayyads or ally themselves with the other Shias.[citation needed]
At that time Yemen was experiencing a great population movement forming the bulk of the Islamic Expansion mainly settling and Arabizing North Africa/Spain. However, the majority of the Hamdan tribe remained in Yemen which later helped the Hashid/Bakil Hamdani tribes become the biggest local key player, benefiting from the departure of the bulk of the most powerful Nomadic Yemeni tribes of that time into North Africa/Spain in Wetsward movements that continued until the 13th century.
By the 10th century the Imam al-Hadi Yahya bin al-Hussain bin al-Qasim (a scion of Imam al-Hasan (as), grandson of the Prophet) who, at Sa'da, in 893-7 C.E. arrived to the Northern Highlands on invitation from the Hamdan tribe and from that time till present day the Zaidi moderate Shia teachings became dominant in north Yemen.
Modern history
Imam Yahya's campaign to subject the country, and more specifically the tribes, to his control, led him to undertake massive campaigns against their influence and power; in fact, his efforts succeeded in permanently eliminating all but two of the ancient confederations (the Hashid is the other one to survive).[citation needed]
Many writers have referred to the Hashid and Bakil confederations as the "two wings" of the Zaidi imamate; in the sense that many of the tribes that belong to these confederations are and were strongly committed to Zaidi Islam, the imams were recognized - to a greater or lesser degree - as the heads of the Zaidi community and could, therefore, count on a measure of support and loyalty. Not all the tribes, however, accepted the temporal and even legal role that the imams arrogated to themselves; consequently, many imams (Imam Yahya and Imam Ahmad in the twentieth century included) complained bitterly about the tribes' inordinate political power.
Bibliography | bf3a186f-a189-46a2-b487-9882ad3e6195 |
null | Canadian farmer and politician
John Thiessen (February 23, 1906 – March 25, 1978) was a farmer and political figure in Saskatchewan. He represented Shellbrook from 1956 to 1964 in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan as a Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) member.
He was born in Aberdeen, Saskatchewan, the son of J.J. Thiessen, of Dutch descent, and was educated there. In 1929, Thiessen married Maria Loeppky. He lived in Canwood. Thiessen served as secretary-treasurer and reeve for the rural municipality of Canwood, as a justice of the peace, as a founding member of the Canwood community health clinic and as president and treasurer of the Aberdeen Board of Trade. He ran unsuccessfully for the Rosthern seat in the provincial assembly in 1952. He was defeated by John Cuelenaere when he ran for reelection to the assembly in 1964. | 7b1a622c-7c2d-4cf2-922a-dc8cc98cdf63 |
null | Launch Complex 10 may refer to:
Topics referred to by the same term | 2612abc6-78d1-40a5-aab2-64471f59359d |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_shredder"} | Device used to cut paper into pieces
A paper shredder is a mechanical device used to cut sheets of paper into either strips or fine particles. Government organizations, businesses, and private individuals use shredders to destroy private, confidential, or otherwise sensitive documents.
Invention
The first paper shredder is credited to prolific inventor Abbot Augustus Low, whose patent was filed on February 2, 1909. His invention was however never manufactured because the inventor died prematurely soon after filing the patent.
Adolf Ehinger's paper shredder, based on a hand-crank pasta maker, was the first to be manufactured in 1935 in Germany. Supposedly he created a shredding machine to shred his anti-Nazi leaflets to avoid the inquiries of the authorities. Ehinger later marketed and began selling his patented shredders to government agencies and financial institutions converting from hand-crank to electric motor. Ehinger's company, EBA Maschinenfabrik, manufactured the first cross-cut paper shredders in 1959 and continues to do so to this day as EBA Krug & Priester GmbH & Co. in Balingen.
Right before the fall of the Berlin Wall, a “wet shredder” was invented in the former German Democratic Republic. To prevent paper shredders in the Ministry for State Security (Stasi) from glutting, this device mashed paper snippets with water.
With a shift from paper to digital document production, modern industrial shredders can process non-paper media, such as credit cards and CDs, and destroy thousands of documents in under one minute.
History of use
Until the mid-1980s, it was rare for paper shredders to be used by non-government entities.
A high-profile example of their use was when the U.S. embassy in Iran used shredders to reduce paper pages to strips before the embassy was taken over in 1979, but some documents were reconstructed from the strips, as detailed below.
After Colonel Oliver North told Congress that he used a Schleicher cross-cut model to shred Iran-Contra documents, sales for that company increased nearly 20 percent in 1987.
Paper shredders became more popular among U.S. citizens with privacy concerns after the 1988 Supreme Court decision in California v. Greenwood; in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the Fourth Amendment does not prohibit the warrantless search and seizure of garbage left for collection outside of a home. Anti-burning laws also resulted in increased demand for paper shredding.
More recently, concerns about identity theft have driven increased personal use, with the US Federal Trade Commission recommending that individuals shred financial documents before disposal.
Information privacy laws such as FACTA, HIPAA, and the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act are driving shredder usage, as businesses and individuals take steps to securely dispose of confidential information.
Types
Shredders range in size and price from small and inexpensive units designed for a certain amount of pages, to large expensive units used by commercial shredding services and can shred millions of documents per hour. While the very smallest shredders may be hand-cranked, most shredders are electrically powered.
Shredders over time have added features to improve the shredder user's experience. Many now reject paper that is fed over capacity to avoid jams; others have safety features to reduce risks. Some shredders designed for use in shared workspaces or department copy rooms have noise reduction.[citation needed]
Mobile shredding truck
Larger organisation or shredding services sometimes use "mobile shredding trucks", typically constructed as a box truck with an industrial-size paper shredder mounted inside and space for storage of the shredded materials. Such a unit may also offer the shredding of CDs, DVDs, hard drives, credit cards, and uniforms, among other things.[citation needed]
Kiosks
A 'shredding kiosk' is an automated retail machine (or kiosk) that allows public access to a commercial or industrial-capacity paper shredder. This is an alternative solution to the use of a personal or business paper shredder, where the public can use a faster and more powerful shredder, paying for each shredding event rather than purchasing shredding equipment.[citation needed]
Services
Some companies outsource their shredding to 'shredding services'. These companies either shred on-site, with mobile shredder trucks or have off-site shredding facilities. Documents that need to be destroyed are often placed in locked bins that are emptied periodically.
Shredding method, and output
As well as size and capacity, shredders are classified according to the method they use; and the size and shape of the shreds they produce.
Security levels
There is a number of standards covering the security levels of paper shredders, including:
Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN)
The previous DIN 32757 standard has now been replaced with DIN 66399. This is complex, but can be summarized as below:
NSA/CSS
The United States National Security Agency and Central Security Service produce "NSA/CSS Specification 02-01 for High Security Crosscut Paper Shredders". They provide a list of evaluated shredders.
ISO/IEC
The International Organization for Standardization and the International Electrotechnical Commission produce "ISO/IEC 21964 Information technology — Destruction of data carriers". The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which came into force in May, 2018, regulates the handling and processing of personal data. ISO/IEC 21964 and DIN 66399 support data protection in business processes.[citation needed]
Destruction of evidence
There have been many instances where it is alleged that documents have been improperly or illegally destroyed by shredding, including:
Unshredding and forensics
To achieve their purpose, it should not be possible to reassemble and read shredded documents. In practice the feasibility of this depends on
The resources put into reconstruction should depend on the importance of the document, e.g. whether it is
How easy reconstruction is will depend on:
Even without a full reconstruction, in some cases useful information can be obtained by forensic analysis of the paper, ink, and cutting method.
Reconstruction examples
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Portal:Documents seized from the U.S. Embassy in Tehran/Shredded Documents
Forensic identification
The individual shredder that was used to destroy a given document may sometimes be of forensic interest. Shredders display certain device-specific characteristics, "fingerprints", like the exact spacing of the blades, the degree and pattern of their wear. By closely examining the shredded material, the minute variations of size of the paper strips and the microscopic marks on their edges may be able to be linked to a specific machine. (c.f. the forensic identification of typewriters.)
Recycling of waste
The resulting shredded paper can be recycled in a number of ways, including: | c12fcabc-a87d-4646-add6-73695b726c9d |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCM62-class_LCM"} | The LCM62 is a mechanized landing craft used by the Marina Militare.
History
First four hull was bought by Italian Ministry of Defense (NAVARM) on 21 December 2007, for €3.992.000,00. The fifth hull was bought by Italian Ministry of Defense (NAVARM) on 9 November 2009. The last four hull was bought by Italian Ministry of Defense (NAVARM) on 21 December 2010.
LCM62 class is named by Vittoria Shipyards as C828 class and is a vehicle crafted to support amphibious military action. This boat has been designed for the transport of troops and ground vehicles, as part of landing operations on the coasts. These models are required and employed by all major navy forces, for their versatility and safety features guaranteed by the ballistic protection of the cabin. The hull and superstructure construction material is steel AH36. The closed and air-conditioned wheelhouse can accommodate up to three sailors. The wheelhouse and the front ramp door are equipped with ballistic protection against NATO 7.62×51mm A.P. bullets.
The M.T.M. (Motozattera Trasporto Mezzi) class landing crafts LCM62 have been developed by Studio Fast Service and Vittoria Shipyard for the Marina Militare. Nine of these crafts are on board the three San Marco class LPD ships and are used by Brigata Marina San Marco to Brindisi Naval Station homeport.
Algerian Navy
In July 2011 the Algerian Navy placed an order with Fincantieri for an improved version of the San Giorgio class amphibious transport ships classified as Bâtiment de Débarquement et de Soutien Logistique (BDSL), named Kalaat Béni-Abbès. The BDSL can accommodate three Landing Craft Mechanized type C.828, built in Ecrn (Etablissement de Construction et Réparation Navales) Shipyard of Mers-El-Kebir (Algeria), under license by Cantieri Vittoria
Landing craft | 7fd9a162-4da6-4e05-9a23-0c921e340ed4 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dauntless_(ship,_1866)"} | Schooner Yacht
The Dauntless was a 19th-century wooden yacht schooner, designed and built in 1866 by Forsyth & Morgan at Mystic Bridge, Connecticut, and owned and sailed by noted yachtsmen, among them James Gordon Bennett Jr. and Caldwell Hart Colt. She was first called the L'Hirondelle and later renamed the Dauntless. The Dauntless was in three Trans-Atlantic matches for the New York Yacht Club. She came in fourth in an unsuccessful America’s Cup defense in 1870.
Construction and service
The 97-foot keel sloop schooner L'Hirondelle was designed by J.B Van Deusen and built in May 1866 by the Forsyth & Morgan shipyard in Mystic Bridge, Connecticut for S. Dexter Bradford, Jr., of Newport, Rhode Island. Her dimensions were 114 feet length overall; 25.8 in beam, 10.2 in depth, and 255 tons burden. Her foremast was 83.7 feet; mainboom 63 feet. She had 4 galvanized iron water tanks.
In October 31, 1866, the L'Hirondelle was in her first race with the yacht Vesta, owned by Pierre Lorillard. The course was from Sandy Hook Lightship and they sailed 20 miles windward and back. The L'Hirondelle won the race.
In April 1867, James Gordon Bennett Jr., Vice-President of the New York Yacht Club, purchased the yacht L'Hirondelle for $75,000 from Bradford. In May 1867, Bennett refitted the L'Hirondelle and change her name to the Dauntless. She was rebuilt and rigged as a schooner. Bennett added 23 feet to her length. Her new dimensions changed to 121 feet; 25-foot beam and 299-tons.
In June 1867, Bennett entered the Dauntless in the annual June New York Yacht Club regatta. She raced against the Magic, Phantom, Widgeon, Vesta, and other schooners and sloops. The course was from Owl's Head to the Sandy Hook Light and back. The schooner Phantom came in 1st place at 5hr. 40min, and 57 secs; the Magic 2nd place at 5hr. 48min, and 24 secs and the Dauntless 4th place at 6hr. 7min, and 12 secs.
On June 28, 1869, the Dauntless left New York and sailed to Queenstown, Ireland on July 11. 1878 in 12 days 17 hours and 6 minutes.
The America's Cup challenges
On April 4, 1870, the Bennett's yacht, Dauntless sailed across the Atlantic Ocean to England with Bennett for an international ocean yacht race. In May 1870, Sappho won the race against James Lloyd Ashbury's English yacht Cambria. The Dauntless came in third place. On July 4, 1870, the Bennett's yacht, Dauntless raced across the Atlantic Ocean from Ireland to New York in challenge the English yacht Cambria. Cambria won the race by arriving first off Sandy Hook lightship in 23 days 5 hours and 17 minutes; 1 hour 43 minutes ahead of Dauntless.
Bennett made an unsuccessful challenge for the first race for the 1870 America's Cup, held since 1851 by the New York Yacht Club. Bennett's first challenge was on August 8, 1870 with his yacht Dauntless, with "Bully" Samuels at the helm. The Dauntless faced 14 yachts of the New York Yacht Club. The course was from Daunt's Rock, off Queenstown, to the America's Sandy Hook lightship. The race was won by the Franklin Osgood's Magic with the Dauntless finishing in fifth place.
The Dauntless was in the July 1871 New York Yacht Club's Cape May Regatta. She came in second place over the Sappho. Other boats in the race included the yachts: Franklin Osgood's Columbia, Gracie, and Dauntless.
In October 1871, there was a second America's Cup. The rules for the race stated that the "first yacht to win four races would be the victor." As result, the Franklin Osgood's Columbia, skippered by Andrew J. Comstock, won the first two races. Livonia won the third race. The yacht Sappho was chosen to replace the Columbia that was damaged from the second and third race. The Dauntless defeated the Livonia in the race for a Fifty Guinea Cup. The Sappho won the final race to win America's Cup for the New York Yacht Club.
Dauntless sold
On May 15, 1879 the Dauntless was sold to John R. Waller, of the N.Y.Y.C, who owned the sloop Gracie. He had her for 3 years before Captain Caldwell H. Colt bought her in 1882.
Captain Samuel Samuels was on Caldwell H. Colt's yacht Dauntless in the March 5, 1887 transatlantic ocean yacht race with the R. T. Bush's yacht Coronet. Each yachtsmen put up $10,000 for the race. The course was from Owl's Head to Roche's Point, Cork Harbour, Ireland, with the New York Yacht Club was in charge of the race. The Royal Cork Yacht Club judged the race. The Coronet won the race.
On August 8th, 1892, the Dauntless was in the Morgan Cup for schooners at the New York Yacht Club's annual race. The course was around Cape Cod from Martha's Vineyard. She won the keel-schooner prize.
End of service
In 1902, the Dauntless was moved to Essex, Connecticut on the condition that the schooner would never sail again. She was leased to a New York sportsman to serve as a hunting lodge. It was then transformed into a houseboat and became a mainstay of the town's waterfront. In the winter of 1915, she sank at her moorings into the Connecticut River. It was raised and towed by Captain Thomas Scott to his boatyard, where it was broken up, put on a train, and shipped to Wisconsin for firewood. The Dauntless name became part of the towns legend and lore.
Legacy
Dauntless will be remembered for her transatlantic trips and her America's Cup challenges. The Caldwell Hart Colt Memorial Hall was presented to the Church of the Good Shepherd by Mrs. Elizabeth Colt, as a memorial her son. One of the more prominent features on the second floor is an alcove memorial to Caldwell. This memorial features two brass cannons, which the vessel carried and the ship's bell. A large painting of Commodore Colt standing on the deck of the Dauntless near the wheel. In addition, the Dauntless Club at Essex is named after the famous vessel. | f7d5ef09-b2dc-4384-9803-44f49bcce42c |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_United_States_Senate_election_in_Minnesota"} | Election
The 1982 United States Senate election in Minnesota was held on November 2, 1982. Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator David Durenberger was reelected to his first full term.
Democratic–Farmer–Labor primary
Candidates
Results
Independent-Republican primary
Candidate
Results
General election
Campaign
Dayton, 35, self-financed his campaign. Married to a Rockefeller and heir to a department store, his net worth was an estimated $30 million. Durenberger won the special election to finish the term of the late Hubert Humphrey. He was considered a moderate, but supported Reagan's tax cuts. Dayton ran against Reaganomics. He has also campaigned against tax breaks for the wealthy and even promised "to close tax loopholes for the rich and the corporations—and if you think that includes the Daytons, you're right." Dayton spent over $7 million, Durenberger over $4 million.
Results | 3ed40aaf-8043-4da4-8677-5f5d248284a9 |
null | This is the discography of gospel artist Vickie Winans.
Albums
''Be Encouraged''
''Total Victory''
''Best of All''
''The Lady''
''Vickie Winans''
''Live in Detroit''
''Live in Detroit II''
''Share the Laughter''
''Best of Vickie Winans''
''Bringing It All Together''
''Greatest Hits''
''Woman to Woman: Songs of Life''
''Happy Holidays from Vickie Winans'' | 02afcb6e-da44-4098-b9f5-45c4be194249 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportivo_Chiantla"} | Guatemalan football club
Football club
Deportivo Chiantla is a Guatemalan football club from Chiantla, Huehuetenango Department. It was founded on 1980. It currently plays in the Primera División de Ascenso, the second tier of Guatemalan football.
History
The team began playing at amateur leagues having a great progress gaining more supporters and sponsors. In 1992 it achieved the professional status after being promoted to Liga mayor B today known as the second tier Primera División de Ascenso. In the 2017/18 they gained promotion to the Liga Nacional de Fútbol de Guatemala for the first time ever.
Current squad
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
List of coaches | 1ff1f96b-6bfb-4679-b292-f55a119079ae |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_4_%C3%97_100_metre_medley_relay"} | The men's 4×100 metre medley relay event at the 1992 Summer Olympics took place on 31 July at the Piscines Bernat Picornell in Barcelona, Spain.
Records
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows.
The following new world and Olympic records were set during this competition.
BK – Backstroke lead-off leg
Results
Heats
Rule: The eight fastest teams advance to the final (Q).
Final | bccdf03a-f709-4342-aed7-93370c2fd9ec |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_Soldiers_(video_game)"} | 2010 video game
Toy Soldiers is an action and strategy video game developed by Signal Studios released on Xbox Live Arcade on March 3, 2010. It is featured in the Windows 8 Consumer Preview Store. It has been available since February 29, 2012, debuting alongside the Windows 8 Consumer Preview beta release. The game was officially released for Microsoft Windows on April 27, 2012. A high-definition port, published by Accelerate Games, was released on October 21, 2021 for Xbox One, PlayStation 4, and Microsoft Windows.
Gameplay
Players control one of two armies of miniature toy soldiers on a World War I model diorama with wooden and plastic landscapes. The diorama is set in various locations, such as a child's bedroom, library and lounge, and objects such as dressers and reading lamps are at times visible in the background. The game features 50 different controllable units including machine guns, mortars and tanks, with the fixed emplacements being upgradable to more powerful versions.
Players can create and control numerous units from a strategic command perspective or one unit on the field from a third-person action perspective. They can also command fixed emplacements that they create such as howitzers, mortars, and machine guns, or drive various vehicles such as tanks, biplanes, and bombers. When the player takes control of a single unit, the other emplacements are automatically controlled by artificial intelligence. When shot, the toy soldiers explode into plastic chunks but do not display blood, in order to keep the game family-friendly.
A tower defense-style single-player campaign is available, which involves defending a base from British or German soldiers. The player receives money for destroying enemies, which can be used to equip greater defenses. The single-player game features British and German campaigns among 24 unique levels. Once a campaign is finished, the player unlocks Survival Mode, which involves fighting continuous streams of enemies to last as long as possible. There are four difficulty settings. Multiplayer is also available (Xbox only), and can be played online over Xbox LIVE or locally with two-player split-screen. In multiplayer games, the player must focus on waging offensives as well as defending the base. Scores are tracked and compared in Xbox LIVE leaderboards.
Development
Microsoft anticipated Toy Soldiers would be one of the biggest Xbox Live Arcade releases of the year. Microsoft officials compared the game to the Battlefield game franchise and real-time strategy games, but designed to be more easily accessible. A playable version of Toy Soldiers was spotlighted at the 2010 Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas. The music acquired for Toy Soldiers includes Goodbye, Dolly Gray and She May Have Seen Better Days, which play during the opening credits and main menu. Five other pieces were composed by Stan LePard for the game; two of these, The Sailor's Life for Me and There's a Candle Burning Bright, also play during the opening credits.
Toy Soldiers was released for the Xbox 360 via Xbox Live Arcade on March 3, 2010. On March 9, 2011, concurrent with their announce of Toy Soldiers: Cold War, Signal Studios announced their intent to release Toy Soldiers on the PC. The PC release was on April 27, 2012. On February 12, Microsoft released a companion Facebook game called Toy Soldiers: Match Defense, in which users and their friends match items to collectively win countries and conquer Europe.
Downloadable Content
The Kaiser's Battle is the first downloadable content pack for Toy Soldiers. The pack adds several new features: French Army skins for all units, two new units exclusive to the French Army, a French mini-campaign featuring three single-player levels and the "German K-Wagen" boss, two new multiplayer maps, a new Survival Mode map and three achievements. The pack was released for purchase on June 30, 2010.
Invasion! is the second and final downloadable content pack for Toy Soldiers. The pack adds a new three-level mini-campaign including the "RoboBob" boss, two new multiplayer maps, a new Survival Mode map and three achievements. The player will take control of the German Army to fight off new British secret weapons, including Spacemen, Fire Trucks, Space Tanks, Chivalrous Knights, Flying Saucers, and P-51 Mustangs. The pack was released for purchase on September 29, 2010.
Sequels
Toy Soldiers: Cold War was announced by Signal Studios on March 9, 2011, as the follow-up sequel to Toy Soldiers. The game takes an interpretive look into what might have happened had military aggression escalated in the 1980s. Toy Soldiers: Cold War features a blend of third-person action and strategy similar to the original Toy Soldiers. It was released August 17, 2011, as part of Microsoft's 2011 Summer of Arcade promotion.
Toy Soldiers: War Chest was released on August 11, 2015 for Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One.
HD remastered version
A HD remastered version of game, Toy Soldiers HD was announced and released on October 21, 2021 for PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Windows, and for the Nintendo Switch released in December 31, 2022. The game was published by Accelerate Games.
Reception
Early reports of Toy Soldiers were generally positive. Game Informer writer Matt Miller said, "My early glimpse of the game has me pretty stoked." Matt Casamassina of IGN wrote, "Frankly, the title is a lot of fun, inventive and polished. [...] The style is great and the blend of fantasy with authenticity drives home the theme that despite all the carnage, these battles aren't real." GameZone writer Dakota Grabowski gave the game an 8/10, saying "Toy Soldiers is a brilliant way to kick start Microsoft's concentration on Xbox Live Arcade titles for the month of March. Signal Studios deserve a pat on the back for creating a unique tower defense title that sets itself apart from the rest of the pack." The game received a Metacritic score of 81 between 40 tracked critics. On February 11, 2011, Toy Soldiers was nominated for Strategy/Simulation Game Of The Year from The Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences against StarCraft II: Wings of Liberty, Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War II – Chaos Rising, Civilization V and Supreme Commander 2. As of October 2010, Toy Soldiers has sold over 429,000 copies. As of year-end 2010, Toy Soldiers has moved more than 471,000 units, with its downloadable content selling in excess of 66,000 units collectively. Toy Soldiers was noted as the top selling Xbox LIVE Arcade game title of 2010. As of year-end 2011 sales exceeded 615,000 units on the Xbox 360, with the downloadable content collectively moving over 100,000 units. | 34d65b2e-a2fd-436c-9516-ee60259483ee |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Technology_Agency"} | The Government Technology Agency (GovTech) is a statutory board of the Government of Singapore, under the Prime Minister's Office. It was restructured from Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore (IMDA) in 2016, and officially legislated in Parliament on 18 August that year.
Overview
GovTech is responsible for the delivery of the Singapore government's digital services to the public. It is the agency that provides the infrastructure to support the implementation of the country's Smart Nation initiative to utilise infocomm technologies, networks and big data to create tech-enabled solutions.[buzzword]
The Government Chief Information Office (GCIO) is under GovTech.
From 1 May 2017, GovTech was moved from the Ministry of Communications and Information to the Prime Minister's Office (Singapore) (PMO). It is now the implementing agency of PMO's "Smart Nation and Digital Government Office" (SNDGO).
Its sub-unit Open Government Products (OGP) develops pieces of software for the government. As of 2022, Lee Hsien Loong's son Li Hongyi serves as the director of OGP. | 545444d5-3b92-4b6c-881a-697cf5439a60 |
null | Scottish footballer
Iain Davidson (born 14 January 1984) is a Scottish professional footballer and currently plays for Lowland league Football League side Cowdenbeath, in his second spell at the club. Davidson mainly plays as a defensive midfielder but can also be played in the defence. He has previously played for Brechin City, Scarborough, two spells at Raith Rovers and Dundee.
In 2009, while he was captain at Raith Rovers, Davidson was charged and convicted of assault during an incident at Kitty’s Bar and Club in Kirkcaldy. He was convicted of attacking a man with a bottle.
In 2021 the SFA found Davidson guilty of racist and discriminatory behaviour towards an Inverness player. He received a four match ban and was ordered to complete a FIFA e-learning course before being allowed to play again.
In 2022 Davidson pled guilty to behaving in a threatening/abusive manner, aggravated by the fact it involved abuse of his former partner. He was given a six month suspended custodial sentence for good behaviour and a six month non-harassment order against his former partner. He is due to appear in court again on 6th June 2023.
Career
Davidson started his career on the books of Sunderland, but was released in 2003. He headed back to Scotland to sign with part-timers Brechin City, but only lasted six games at Glebe Park before heading back to England to play a couple of games with Scarborough.
Upon his release from the now defunct Yorkshire side, Davidson returned to his home town of Kirkcaldy to sign for Raith Rovers. Despite having his injury troubles, Davidson was appointed team captain.
Davidson signed a one-year contract with Dundee in June 2012., where he spent 3 seasons.
On 14 May 2015, Davidson was released from Dundee alongside teammate Jamie Reid by mutual consent. On 8 August 2015, it was announced that Davidson had signed back at Raith Rovers. On 15 July 2020, it was announced Davidson had signed for another season, his 14th with the club. Davidson left Raith Rovers in May 2021, at the end of the season, the third player to have played over 500 games for the club.
In June 2021, Davidson returned to Brechin City, now in the Highland Football League.
Career statistics
As of match played 11 August 2021 | 00e65e5e-ef52-4c14-bfe0-079de6a6395c |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorsky_CH-37_Mojave"} | 1953 airlift helicopter series by Sikorsky
The Sikorsky CH-37 Mojave (company designation S-56) is an American large heavy-lift helicopter of the 1950s.
Design and development
The S-56 came into being as an assault transport for the United States Marine Corps (USMC), with a capacity of 26 fully equipped Marines. An order for the aircraft was placed in 1951 using the U.S. Navy/U.S. Marine Corps designation of the time of HR2S. The first prototype, the XHR2S-1 flew in 1953 and production deliveries of the HR2S-1 began in July 1956 to Marine Helicopter Squadron One (HMX-1), with a total of sixty aircraft being produced.
The United States Army evaluated the prototype in 1954 and ordered 94 examples as the CH-37A, the first being delivered in summer 1956. All Marine Corps and Army examples were delivered by mid-1960. Army examples were all upgraded to CH-37B status in the early 1960s, being given Lear auto-stabilization equipment and the ability to load and unload while hovering. In the 1962 unification of United States military aircraft designations, the USMC examples were redesignated from HR2S-1 to CH-37C.
At the time of delivery, the CH-37 was the largest helicopter in the Western world and it was Sikorsky's first twin-engine helicopter. Two Pratt & Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp radial engines were mounted in outboard pods that also contained the retractable landing gear. This left the fuselage free for cargo, which could be loaded and unloaded through large clamshell doors in the nose. The early models could carry a payload of either three M422 Mighty Mites (a lightweight jeep-like vehicle) or 26 troops. For storage, the main rotor blades folded back on the fuselage and the tail rotor mast folded forward on the fuselage.
The CH-37 was one of the last heavy helicopters to use piston engines, which were larger, heavier and less powerful than the turboshaft engines subsequently employed in later military helicopters. This accounted for the type's fairly short service life, all being withdrawn from service by the late 1960s, replaced in Army service by the distantly related CH-54 Tarhe and in the Marine Corps by the CH-53 Sea Stallion.
Four CH-37Bs were deployed to Vietnam in September 1965 to assist in the recovery of downed U.S. aircraft, serving in this role from Marble Mountain Air Facility until May 1967. They were very successful at this role, recovering over US$7.5 million worth of equipment, some of which was retrieved from behind enemy lines. The CH-37 was also used to recover film capsules descending from space by parachute.
Variants
XHR2S-1
Prototype Assault Transport for the US Marine Corps, powered by two 1,900 hp (1,400 kW) R-2800-54 engines, four built.
HR2S-1
Production model for USMC with modified engine nacelles, twin mainwheels and dorsal fin, redesignated CH-37C in 1962, 55 built (order for additional 36 cancelled).
HR2S-1W
Airborne early warning aircraft for the US Navy, two built.
YH-37
One HR2S-1 helicopter evaluated by the US Army.
H-37A Mojave
Military transport version of the HR2S for the US Army, changes included dorsal fin and modified rotor head fairing, redesignated CH-37A in 1962, 94 built.
H-37B Mojave
All but four of the H-37As were modified with a redesigned cargo door, automatic stabilization equipment and crashproof fuel cells. Later redesignated CH-37B.
CH-37A
H-37A redesignated in 1962.
CH-37B
H-37B redesignated in 1962.
CH-37C
HR2S-1 redesignated in 1962.
S-56
Sikorsky company designation for H-37.
Derivatives and related projects
Sikorsky S-60
a prototype "sky-crane" with a skeletal fuselage with a crew cockpit at the front.
Westland Westminster
Unable to get government support for licence production of the civil S-56, Westland Aircraft used the S-56 control systems, rotors and gearbox as the basis for the Westminster but used their own tubular frame and twin 2,900 hp (2,200 kW) Napier Eland turboshafts for power in a flying test rig. Due to vibration they changed to a six-bladed S-64 rotor. The private venture project was ended when Westland took over three British helicopter companies and their more advanced and funded projects.
Operators
United States
Surviving aircraft
Specifications (CH-37 Mojave)
Data from U.S. Army Aircraft Since 1947
General characteristics
Performance | ec2f4663-69d3-4b76-937d-7407e7b5c016 |
null | Figure of Greek myth
In Greek mythology, Mneseus (Ancient Greek: Μνησέα) was one of the ten sons of Poseidon and Cleito in Plato's myth of Atlantis. He was the elder brother of Autochton and his other siblings were Atlas and Eumelus, Ampheres and Evaemon, Elasippus and Mestor, and lastly, Azaes and Diaprepes.
Mythology
Mneseus, along with his nine siblings, became the heads of ten royal houses, each ruling a tenth portion of the island, according to a partition made by Poseidon himself, but all subject to the supreme dynasty of Atlas who was the eldest of the ten. | 0a86f33e-77b6-4495-9bc4-399dfcdeff1c |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Manipur_ambush"} | United Liberation Front of Western South East Asia (UNLFW) separatists ambushed a military convoy in Chandel district on 4 June 2015, resulting in the loss of life for eighteen soldiers of the Indian Army. Fifteen soldiers also suffered serious injury. The United Liberation Front, a separatist group operating in North-east India, publicly claimed responsibility for the deadly attack.
In response to United Liberation Front attack on Indian troops, Indian military successfully carried out a cross-border operation into Myanmar. Indian officials confirm that the cross border operation resulted in the death of 15-20 separatists belonging to NSCN-K who were believed to be responsible for the attack on Indian armed forces in Manipur. However, Myanmar government rejected Indian claims and stated that the Indian military operation against separatists took place entirely on Indian side of the border and Indian troops did not cross Myanmar's border.
NSCN-K have suffered casulity. According NSCN-K, Indian troops attack 2 camp belonging to NSCN-K and NSCN-IM. The Indian government has claimed more than 120 militants have been neutralised. | 9382f53c-b868-4167-a892-61e4a9a7b1bb |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songs_and_Advice_for_Kids_Who_Have_Been_Left_Behind"} | 1996 EP by The Stinkypuffs
Songs and Advice for Kids Who Have Been Left Behind is a seven-song EP released by 1990s cult rock band The Stinkypuffs. Released in 1996, it was also their last. The band's frontman, Simon Fair Timony, said he based the songs on the release on what he felt and learned after Kurt Cobain's death.
Track listing | 07d2433e-d517-4d94-b631-ca9de16cb661 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sava_O%C4%8Dini%C4%87"} | Sava Očinić (Serbian Cyrillic: Сава Очинић) was a Serbian Orthodox bishop, serving as the Metropolitan of Cetinje from 1694 to 1697. He was born in Očinići, a small village near Cetinje. He succeeded Visarion Borilović (s. 1685–1692). Sava was ordinated a bishop in November 1694 by Hadži-Simeon (the Metropolitan of Belgrade), Savatije Ljubibratić (the Metropolitan of Zahumlje) and Gerasim (the Metropolitan of Herzegovina) in Herceg Novi. Due to the destruction of the Old Cetinje Monastery by the forces of Süleyman Bushati in 1692 he lived in the Dobrska Ćelija monastery in Dobrsko Selo, where the seat of the Metropolitanate was temporary moved. He was succeeded by Danilo Šćepčević.
Sources | 4ab35114-f94e-48ef-a8df-4153b57aab87 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Barritt"} | American cartoonist
Leon Barritt (1852–1938) was an American illustrator, cartoonist, journalist, and amateur astronomer. He produced a famous cartoon satirizing Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst, co-invented with Garrett P. Serviss the Barritt–Serviss Star and Planet Finder, a popular star chart sold into the 1950s, and, after losing his artistic ability to paralysis, founded The Monthly Evening Sky Map magazine. Born in Saugerties, New York, he began as a news agent in his home town before moving to Boston to work as an engraver. After a year in Minnesota, he returned to New York in 1884, where he became cartoonist for the New York Press.
Gallery | 6b916b9e-99d6-43a7-ad1d-5e2406935127 |
null | Glacier in Antarctica
Evteev Glacier (78°57′S 161°12′E / 78.950°S 161.200°E / -78.950; 161.200Coordinates: 78°57′S 161°12′E / 78.950°S 161.200°E / -78.950; 161.200) is a glacier flowing from the southeast slopes of the Worcester Range to the Ross Ice Shelf, west of Cape Timberlake. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names in 1964 for Sveneld A. Evteev, a glaciologist and Soviet exchange observer at McMurdo Station in 1960. | 1203736b-3274-489d-ac99-71347a360dbb |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Ctaki_Castle_(Chiba)"} | Ōtaki Castle (大多喜城, Ōtaki-jō) is a Japanese castle located in Ōtaki, southeast Chiba Prefecture, Japan. In the Edo period, Ōtaki Castle was given to Honda Tadakatsu. The castle was also known as "Odaki-jō" (小田喜城).
History
Construction of the Castle
The Satomi clan, virtually independent rulers of all of the Bōsō Peninsula during the Sengoku period, erected the original Ōtaki Castle in the early 1500s to guard the northern approaches to their domains, but fell into ruins by the end of the 16th century. This period of local hostilities, and the exploits of the Satomi clan, is richly described in the Bōsō Chiran-Ki.
Edo Period
In 1590, after Tokugawa Ieyasu was resettled in Edo, by order of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, he assigned Honda Tadakatsu to erect a new fortification to help contain the power of the Satomi in Tateyama Domain. The Satomi were destroyed by the Tokugawa shogunate in 1614, but the Honda continued to rule as daimyō of the 100,000 koku Ōtaki Domain for the following three generations. Control of Ōtaki Domain subsequently passed to daimyōs from the Abe, Aoyama, and Inagaki clans before being assigned to Matsudaira Masahisa, whose descendants continued to rule from Ōtaki Castle until the Meiji Restoration. However, during this history, Ōtaki Domain was reduced from 100,000 koku to 16,000 koku.
Disrepair and Ruin
In December 1672, an application was made to the Tokugawa shogunate for permission to rebuild the castle, stating that there was not even a single functional gate and that the 4-story donjon had fallen into ruins. The reconstructed donjon burned down in 1842 and was not rebuilt.
Reconstruction
The current donjon was reconstructed in 1975 to boost local tourism and to function as an annex to the local Chiba Prefectural Sonan Museum containing historical artifacts including a small collection of Japanese armor and swords. As there are no surviving records indicating the appearance of the original donjon, the current structure is a mock structure modeled after 1832 sketches of its last known appearance.
An Ōtaki Castle Festival is held in late September each year. The main event is a parade of people wearing samurai armor and costumes reflecting the Edo period.
The Castle was listed as one of the Continued Top 100 Japanese Castles in 2017.
Literature
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Uwajima Castle. | 5e6d1db8-7714-4cd5-bb77-ef46d678bf3f |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enno_Walther_Huth"} | Enno Walther Huth (Altenburg, 8 October 1875 - Frankfurt am Main, 31 May 1964) was a German industrialist, pioneer of the Luftstreitkräfte.
Biography
Huth was the son of Major Johann Ernst (1832-1897) and his wife Emilie (1838-1921) family with military traditions. In 1905 he married Elsa Bachstein (1878-1968), daughter of the railroad entrepreneur Hermann Bachstein. Left after 13 years as an officer in the military and from 1908 to 1912 he studied biology. He finished his studies and graduated in 1909, met in Berlin the French aviator Hubert Latham. Huth showed the desire to produce aircraft in Germany. Founded as the Albatros Flugzeugwerke in Johannisthal. Later aircraft produced under license by a French manufacturer. Later he worked with designers such as Ernst Heinkel or Hirth. The Albatros-Werke provided the first aircraft for the Luftstreitkräfte. During World War I many aircraft and components were manufactured by Albatros. Huth was an intelligence officer.
Awards
Huth was president of the National Federation of the German Aerospace.
Bibliography
Related items
Portals: | ba724cb5-3183-4686-8e22-dc7f07eaca82 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailando_2017"} | Season of television series
Bailando 2017 is the twelfth season of Bailando por un Sueño. The season premiere aired on May 29, 2017, on El Trece. Although, the competition started the next day (May 30). Marcelo Tinelli returns as the host of the show's.
On December 18, 2017, actress & reality TV star Florencia Vigna and professional dancer Gonzalo Gerber were announced winners, marking the second win for Vigna. In second place was Federico Bal and Laura Fernández.
Cast
Teams
Initially, 27 teams were confirmed. This season 8 couples made up of celebrities participate, they are: Alejandro Müller & Roxana Cravero; Federico Bal & Laura Fernández; Gastón Soffritti & Agustina Agazzani; José María Muscari & Noelia Marzol; José Ottavis & Bárbara Silenzi; Lourdes Sánchez & Gabriel Usandivaras; Pedro Alfonso & Florencia Vigna (winners of the previous edition, defenders of the title) and Rocío Guirao Díaz & Nicolas Paladini.
For the second time in the history of Bailando, a celebrity (politician José Ottavis) was disqualified, the reason for his expulsion was the breach of contract. Santiago Griffo enters his place.
Throughout the competition, contestants withdrew from the competition: Pedro Alfonso, Naiara Awada, Gastón Soffritti & Agustina Agazzani and Rocío Guirao Díaz & Nicolas Paladini. In the case of Alfonso and Awanda they had replacement (Agustín Casanova and Micaela Viciconte, respectively). In the case of the couples made up of celebrities (Soffritti & Agazzani and Guirao Díaz & Paladini) they were not replaced. Later, Casanova, Pedro Alfonso's replacement, also retired.
After the resignations of Pedro Alfonso and Agustín Casanova, Florencia Vigna changed teams twice. Finally, she danced alongside dancer Gonzalo Gerber (Casanova's replacement). In the latter instance, she became the only celebrity on the team.
For the first time in the show's history, two non-famous contestants participated: Beatriz Prandi and Consuelo Peppino. The idea of featuring a non-famous male contestant was also raised, but ultimately did not happen.
Hosts and judges
Marcelo Tinelli returned as host while Moria Casán, Marcelo Polino, Ángel de Brito, and Pampita Ardohaín returned as judges. Soledad Silveyra did not return as a judge this season. On June 9, Marcelo Tinelli suffered a health problem, in the live, and was replaced by Moria Casán, so Hugo Ávila, choreographer and coach chief, replaced her momentarily. On July 24 and 25, The actress, singer and dancer, Griselda Siciliani was present replacing Moria Casán and Pampita Ardohaín because they will participate as guests in the salsa in trio, next to Freddy Villarreal and Hernán Piquín respectively.
Scoring chart
Red numbers indicate the lowest score for each style.
Green numbers indicate the highest score for each style.
Indicates the couple sentenced.
Indicates the couple was saved by the judges.
Indicates the couple was saved by the public.
Indicates the couple eliminated that week.
Indicates the couple withdrew.
Indicates the couple was disqualified by the production.
Indicates the winning couple.
Indicates the runner-up couple.
Indicates the semi-finalists couples.
Notes:
Highest and lowest scoring performances
The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges' 40-point scale are as follows:
Styles, scores and songs
Round 1: Disco
Round 2: Cumbia
Round 3: Hits
Round 4: Trio Salsa
Round 5: Reggaeton
Round 6: Folklore
Round 7: Cuarteto in Trio
Round 8: Cha-cha-pop
Round 9: Free Style
Round 10: Rock – Jive
Round 11: Tango or Milonga
Round 12: Merengue
Round 13: Tributes
Round 14: Ballet
Round 15: Latin pop
Semifinals: Rock – Jive / Folklore / Cha-cha-pop / Cuarteto
1st Semi-final
Notes
Result
2nd Semifinal
Notes
Result
Final: Disco / Tango or Milonga / Merengue / Cumbia pop
Notes:
Result: | 30252a29-8bbd-42b3-8b1d-05ae1d42c14d |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Was_You_Charlie"} | 2013 Canadian film
It Was You Charlie is a 2013 Canadian comedy-drama film. It is the first feature film of director Emmanuel Shirinian who wrote its screenplay. The movie tells the story of a lonely graveyard shift doorman named Abner, a once-accomplished sculptor and former college art teacher, but now sadly, a mere shadow of his former self. He is heartbroken because of an unresolved conflict with his brother over a woman he once loved, and is at the same time consumed with guilt and suicidal thoughts as he remains profoundly haunted a year after a terrible car accident that took the life of the young woman in the other vehicle.
Plot
It Was You Charlie (the title refers to On the Waterfront) explores the lonely life of Abner (Michael D. Cohen) a short, schluby, suicidally-depressed former teacher-artist turned graveyard shift doorman and the fierce sibling rivalry he endures (if not imagines) with Tom (Aaron Abrams), his tall, handsome, lady-killing brother. Abner also harbours a tragic secret that has debilitated his professional and personal life while Tom not only seems to have everything going for him, but also scores with Madeleine (Anna Hopkins), the babe our haplessly loveable schlemiel has long held a torch for. Zoe, a mysterious young blonde cab driver in a bright yellow beret, appears in Abner’s life, but for reasons he cannot understand. Nor does he understand the repeated appearance of strange men in trench coats who seem to follow him wherever he goes. There is also something about a painting in his local diner that mesmerizes him. Estranged from his family and even further estranged from a normal life, Abner must make sense of the things around him and come to terms with what has haunted him these years. After meeting Zoe, something magical happens to Abner as he begins a quest to seek redemption, and reconcile his conflicted past.
Cast
Release
It Was You Charlie was filmed in Toronto and premiered at the Busan International Film Festival on 6 October 2013.
The order is followed by Release date
Reception
The film's negative reviews were critical of how it mixed the humorous and serious content. The Toronto Star noted its "uneven blend of drama and comedy" while The Globe and Mail noted the "shifts between dark and comic never quite jive" while Now deemed the film a "mopey, sluggish study" of its protagonist. It received a neutral rating from Victoria's Times Colonist. one reviewer From Rotten Tomatoes says the movie overly eccentric and underdeveloped Another review from Way Too Inside noted the film that knows what it wants to do but struggles to pull it off, "Throughout It Was You Charlie there is a sense that Shirinian has a firm grasp of the complete film in his head, but he struggles to make a clear presentation of it on-screen. Most of the humorous moments try too hard to be funny and only manage to feel forced and fall flat."The New York Times noted the writer and director Emmanuel Shirinian’s has "taste for quirky detail" and the movie starts as an exercise in bleak absurdism and ends as a Frank Capra Christmas special, with little originality in between. The Arts Guild has positive review about this film, it noted the film has"The balanced cinematography, well-selected music, and simple direction allow us to dig into the film, truly experience every moment."The Village Voice noted that director Shirinian has made a swift, moody film, with impeccable art design. Abner is a miserable creature and yet, under Shirinian’s sure hand, we end up caring very deeply about his strange, surreal plight and want nothing more than to see him climb out of his self-made quagmire.Toronto Metro Entertainment
Awards | 18b1d06c-ef4c-4224-a53f-587938f4cd92 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genareh"} | Village in Golestan, Iran
Genareh (Persian: گناره, also Romanized as Genāreh; also known as Genāreh-ye Malek) is a village in Qoroq Rural District, Baharan District, Gorgan County, Golestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 229, in 52 families. | 6d17f1e5-6a76-4c5f-addf-e20b303ed2b1 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_crane"} | An aerial crane or flying crane is a helicopter used to lift heavy or awkward loads. As aerial cranes, helicopters carry loads connected to long cables or slings in order to place heavy equipment when other methods are not available or economically feasible, or when the job must be accomplished in remote or inaccessible areas, such as the tops of tall buildings or the top of a hill or mountain, far from the nearest road. Helicopters were first used as aerial cranes in the 1950s, but it was not until the 1960s that their popularity in construction and other industries began to catch on. The most consistent use of helicopters as aerial cranes is in the logging industry to lift large trees out of rugged terrain where vehicles are not able to reach, or where environmental concerns prohibit roadbuilding. These operations are referred to as longline because of the long, single sling line used to carry the load.
History
Bell 47 helicopters were the first, lightweight aerial cranes to be used in the early 1950s. Unfortunately, due to the helicopter's limited power, it was never capable of carrying more than just a few hundred pounds of cargo. In the 1960s, the Sikorsky S-58 replaced the Bell 47 because of its larger power margin. Even today, S-58s can be found carrying medium-size loads. The 1960s also brought the Bell 211 HueyTug, a specially produced commercial version of the UH-1C for lifting medium loads, and even the popular Bell 206 was used for light loads. But there continued to be a demand for aircraft able to lift even larger loads
Larger helicopters became commercially available after the Vietnam War as helicopter manufacturers focused on selling commercial versions of their military aircraft. For instance, Boeing Vertol Model 107 and Model 234 aircraft have been used to carry even heavier payloads than their lighter predecessors. But the heaviest loads required a pure aerial crane. The answer came from Sikorsky's S-64 Skycrane. Originally produced for the military as the CH-54 Tarhe for heavy lifting of downed aircraft and artillery pieces, the S-64 Skycrane was nothing more than just enough airframe to attach two powerful engines, the main and tail rotors and transmissions, a cockpit, and a cargo hook and winch system.
Skycranes were used in 1972 when the Chesapeake Bay Bridge connecting Maryland and the Eastern Shore was being built to bring concrete and other supplies to the construction site. In 1993, an Erickson aerial Skycrane, normally used for hauling lumber in Oregon, was used to remove the “Statue of Freedom” from the top of the Capitol dome in Washington, D.C. The statue was placed on the ground while it was being cleaned and restored before being gently returned to the top of the dome, once again with a Skycrane.
Purpose-designed aircraft | 6391c845-bd9b-4e9d-9404-b21e40f0838f |
null | Settlement on Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands
Mafolie is a settlement on the island of Saint Thomas in the United States Virgin Islands.
Mafolie Great House and Mafolie Hotel are located in Mafolie. | fc100d13-d4ae-43dc-b254-799a67541212 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_theory_of_compact_operators"} | In functional analysis, compact operators are linear operators on Banach spaces that map bounded sets to relatively compact sets. In the case of a Hilbert space H, the compact operators are the closure of the finite rank operators in the uniform operator topology. In general, operators on infinite-dimensional spaces feature properties that do not appear in the finite-dimensional case, i.e. for matrices. The compact operators are notable in that they share as much similarity with matrices as one can expect from a general operator. In particular, the spectral properties of compact operators resemble those of square matrices.
This article first summarizes the corresponding results from the matrix case before discussing the spectral properties of compact operators. The reader will see that most statements transfer verbatim from the matrix case.
The spectral theory of compact operators was first developed by F. Riesz.
Spectral theory of matrices
The classical result for square matrices is the Jordan canonical form, which states the following:
Theorem. Let A be an n × n complex matrix, i.e. A a linear operator acting on Cn. If λ1...λk are the distinct eigenvalues of A, then Cn can be decomposed into the invariant subspaces of A
The subspace Yi = Ker(λi − A)m where Ker(λi − A)m = Ker(λi − A)m+1. Furthermore, the poles of the resolvent function ζ → (ζ − A)−1 coincide with the set of eigenvalues of A.
Compact operators
Statement
Theorem — Let X be a Banach space, C be a compact operator acting on X, and σ(C) be the spectrum of C.
Proof
Preliminary Lemmas
The theorem claims several properties of the operator λ − C where λ ≠ 0. Without loss of generality, it can be assumed that λ = 1. Therefore we consider I − C, I being the identity operator. The proof will require two lemmas.
Lemma 1 (Riesz's lemma) — Let X be a Banach space and Y ⊂ X, Y ≠ X, be a closed subspace. For all ε > 0, there exists x ∈ X such that
x
= 1 and
where d(x, Y) is the distance from x to Y.
This fact will be used repeatedly in the argument leading to the theorem. Notice that when X is a Hilbert space, the lemma is trivial.
Lemma 2 — If C is compact, then Ran(I − C) is closed.
Proof
Let (I − C)xn → y in norm. If {xn} is bounded, then compactness of C implies that there exists a subsequence xnk such that C xnk is norm convergent. So xnk = (I - C)xnk + C xnk is norm convergent, to some x. This gives (I − C)xnk → (I − C)x = y. The same argument goes through if the distances d(xn, Ker(I − C)) is bounded.
But d(xn, Ker(I − C)) must be bounded. Suppose this is not the case. Pass now to the quotient map of (I − C), still denoted by (I − C), on X/Ker(I − C). The quotient norm on X/Ker(I − C) is still denoted by
·
, and {xn} are now viewed as representatives of their equivalence classes in the quotient space. Take a subsequence {xnk} such that
xnk
> k and define a sequence of unit vectors by znk = xnk/
xnk
. Again we would have (I − C)znk → (I − C)z for some z. Since
(I − C)znk
=
(I − C)xnk
/
xnk
→ 0, we have (I − C)z = 0 i.e. z ∈ Ker(I − C). Since we passed to the quotient map, z = 0. This is impossible because z is the norm limit of a sequence of unit vectors. Thus the lemma is proven.
Concluding the Proof
Proof
i) Without loss of generality, assume λ = 1. λ ∈ σ(C) not being an eigenvalue means (I − C) is injective but not surjective. By Lemma 2, Y1 = Ran(I − C) is a closed proper subspace of X. Since (I − C) is injective, Y2 = (I − C)Y1 is again a closed proper subspace of Y1. Define Yn = Ran(I − C)n. Consider the decreasing sequence of subspaces
where all inclusions are proper. By lemma 1, we can choose unit vectors yn ∈ Yn such that d(yn, Yn+1) > ½. Compactness of C means {C yn} must contain a norm convergent subsequence. But for n < m
and notice that
which implies
Cyn − Cym
> ½. This is a contradiction, and so λ must be an eigenvalue.
ii) The sequence { Yn = Ker(λi − A)n} is an increasing sequence of closed subspaces. The theorem claims it stops. Suppose it does not stop, i.e. the inclusion Ker(λi − A)n ⊂ Ker(λi − A)n+1 is proper for all n. By lemma 1, there exists a sequence {yn}n ≥ 2 of unit vectors such that yn ∈ Yn and d(yn, Yn − 1) > ½. As before, compactness of C means {C yn} must contain a norm convergent subsequence. But for n < m
and notice that
which implies
Cyn − Cym
> ½. This is a contradiction, and so the sequence { Yn = Ker(λi − A)n} must terminate at some finite m.
Using the definition of the Kernel, we can show that the unit sphere of Ker(λi − C) is compact, so that Ker(λi − C) is finite-dimensional. Ker(λi − C)n is finite-dimensional for the same reason.
iii) Suppose there exist infinite (at least countable) distinct eigenvalues {λn}, with corresponding eigenvectors {xn}, such that
λn
> ε for all n. Define Yn = span{x1...xn}. The sequence {Yn} is a strictly increasing sequence. Choose unit vectors such that yn ∈ Yn and d(yn, Yn − 1) > ½. Then for n < m
But
therefore
Cyn − Cym
> ε/2, a contradiction.
So we have that there are only finite distinct eigenvalues outside any ball centered at zero. This immediately gives us that zero is the only possible limit point of eigenvalues and there are at most countable distinct eigenvalues (see iv).
iv) This is an immediate consequence of iii). The set of eigenvalues {λ} is the union
Because σ(C) is a bounded set and the eigenvalues can only accumulate at 0, each Sn is finite, which gives the desired result.
v) As in the matrix case, this is a direct application of the holomorphic functional calculus.
Invariant subspaces
As in the matrix case, the above spectral properties lead to a decomposition of X into invariant subspaces of a compact operator C. Let λ ≠ 0 be an eigenvalue of C; so λ is an isolated point of σ(C). Using the holomorphic functional calculus, define the Riesz projection E(λ) by
where γ is a Jordan contour that encloses only λ from σ(C). Let Y be the subspace Y = E(λ)X. C restricted to Y is a compact invertible operator with spectrum {λ}, therefore Y is finite-dimensional. Let ν be such that Ker(λ − C)ν = Ker(λ − C)ν + 1. By inspecting the Jordan form, we see that (λ − C)ν = 0 while (λ − C)ν − 1 ≠ 0. The Laurent series of the resolvent mapping centered at λ shows that
So Y = Ker(λ − C)ν.
The E(λ) satisfy E(λ)2 = E(λ), so that they are indeed projection operators or spectral projections. By definition they commute with C. Moreover E(λ)E(μ) = 0 if λ ≠ μ.
Operators with compact power
If B is an operator on a Banach space X such that Bn is compact for some n, then the theorem proven above also holds for B. | ca069b8f-ca47-4f8e-8c3e-599206dcf94d |
null | Species of moth
Eilema trichopteroides is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Lars Kühne in 2010. It is found in South Africa. | 3eb0bb88-9f40-4bf1-b839-6f85315548d2 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manal_Kayiru"} | 1982 Indian film
Manal Kayiru (transl. Sand Rope) is a 1982 Indian Tamil-language comedy drama film written and directed by Visu in his directorial debut. The film stars S. Ve. Shekher and Shanthi Krishna, with Visu, Manorama, Kishmu and Kuriakose Ranga portraying supporting roles. It is based on Visu's play Modi Masthan. The film was remade in Kannada as Savira Sullu, in Telugu as Pelli Chesi Chupistham and in Malayalam as Thiruthalvaadi (with the ending changed). A sequel, Manal Kayiru 2, was released in 2016 with Shekar, Visu, and Ranga reprising their roles.
Plot
Kittumani lays down eight conditions which the girl he marries should fulfill. His uncle Naradar Naidu is fed up with seeking a girl for him. The eight conditions are as follows-
At last, Naradar Naidu finds a girl who is very nice, but unfortunately doesn't fulfill any condition. After some zig-zag work, he arranges their marriage. After four days, Kittumani finds that not a single condition has been fulfilled. He plans to send her out of his house, but Naidu, who pretends to support Kittumani, stops him. Later they realise that she is pregnant with Kittumani's child. After his sister is expelled from her husband's house as per Naidu's instructions and his wife is learning and speaking Hindi, Kittumani agrees to let her stay with him. He also has his own selfish reasons as he experiences much trouble cooking. At last they all convince, but Naidu is thrown out of the house as he is said to be the only reason behind the confusion. Naidu reveals that he did this as he, like Kittumani, had placed conditions which should be fulfilled by his fiancée and just before the marriage, he discovered that some conditions had not been fulfilled. The girl had killed herself and from then, Naidu had pledged to save people's lives from these types of issues.
Cast
Production
Manal Kayiru is the directorial debut of Visu, and was adapted from his own play Modi Masthan. Maadhu Balaji was initially offered the lead role, but could not accept since his mother gave him permission to act only in stage plays. The role of the character, Kittumani, later went to S. Ve. Shekher.
Soundtrack
Soundtrack was composed by M. S. Viswanathan and lyrics by Vaali.
Reception
Manal Kayiru is widely considered as a cult classic comedy-drama that accelerated Visu’s and SVe Sekar’s careers in Tamil movies. S. Shivakumar of Mid-Day gave a negative review citing the film "is full of inane situations with double meaning, taking unnecessary digs at politicians and crude insinuations at vulgarity" and also criticised the photography as "uniformly bad" and M. S. Viswanathan's music as "jarring and harsh on the ears". Manjula Ramesh of Kalki criticised Shekher for not being able to emote his anger without making her laugh, but appreciated Visu's acting the most of the cast.
Sequel
The 2016 sequel for the film has Shekar, Visu, and Kuriakose Ranga reprising their roles, with Shekar's son Ashwin portraying the lead role. | 21593da8-15b8-4ee0-a749-c07b8bbad064 |
null | 2980 Cameron, provisionally designated 1981 EU17, is a main-belt asteroid discovered by prolific American astronomer Schelte Bus at Siding Spring Observatory, Australia, on March 2, 1981. It orbits the Sun every 4.11 years at a distance of 2.1–3.0 AU.
The asteroid was named after astrophysicist and cosmogonist Alastair G. W. Cameron (1925–2005), who was associate director for theoretical astrophysics at the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian. He was an early advocate of the concepts of a turbulent accretion disk solar nebula, and of the origin of the Moon by a giant impact on the proto-Earth. He also studied the nucleosynthesis in stars and supernovae, and the cosmic abundances of nuclides. | 4c1a9fbb-4b8c-40e2-be79-2eeba3539419 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kluczbork_Town_Hall"} | Town hall in Kluczbork, Poland
Kluczbork Town Hall - a Renaissance-Baroque building built in the eighteenth-century. The building was renovated and reconstructed in the subsequent centuries, last time in 1926. The building is the seat of a number of institutions including the Kluczbork City Council and a library. The building was renovated in the years of 2011–2012, during which the access roads to the town hall were also rebuilt.
Gallery | c3f37ab1-e3d2-443b-98c8-815d1c3eda39 |
null | Amtran may refer to:
Topics referred to by the same term | 3ea3652e-8309-40bc-8617-a6bd3337939c |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulbophyllum_dhaninivatii"} | Species of orchid
Bulbophyllum dhaninivatii is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum. | 132cf643-f1b6-4e4c-93b8-4a7e14797e5b |
null | English rugby union player
Rugby player
Robert George Barker (born 23 October 1944) is a former rugby union wing who played 320 times for Leicester Tigers between 1968 and 1979. In 1977 he became only the third Leicester player to score 150 tries for the club, and is still joint third in the clubs list of all time try scorers.
Barker made his Leicester debut against Northampton Saints on 19 October 1968, despite scoring a try Barker was not used again until March when he became more of a regular featuring in 14 of the last 17 matches that season. Originally a centre Barker switched to his more common position on the wing during the 1969-70 season, during which he became the club's regular goal kicker and was the season's top scorer with 145 points. In 1971-72 Barker would be the club's top try scorer with 26 in 30 games, a feat he repeated in 1972-73, 73-74, 75-76 and 77-78. On 11 September 1973 Barker scored the winning try as Leicester beat the touring Fiji national team 22-17 at Welford Road, and in 1978 he was part of the Leicester side that reached the 1978 John Player Cup Final, only to lose 6-3 to Gloucester. Barker's late run proving the closest Leicester were to get to the Gloucester try line. He played for a further two season but featured in only 10 more games for the club.
Sources | 57168c89-da5c-47ac-9cb4-da1a2c5cf033 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluley"} | The Cluley was a British automobile manufactured between 1921 and 1928 by Clarke, Cluley & Co based in Coventry.
Clarke Cluley began as a general engineering business in 1890 by Ernest Clarke and Charles J. Cluley, and went on to specialize in textile machinery. In 1897 the company started making bicycles under the Globe brand. In the early years of the twentieth century they seem to have made a few three-wheel cars and motorcycles but production stopped with the outbreak of World War I when the factory turned to munitions work.
In 1921 they made their first four-wheel car, the 10 or 10/20, powered by a water-cooled 1328 cc side valve engine which they built themselves. The car is thought to have been designed by Arthur Alderson who also worked for Calcott and Lea Francis. Drive was to the rear axle through a cone clutch and three speed gearbox. The car with open tourer coachwork cost £525 in 1921 falling to £225 in 1926. The last cars of this type were produced in 1926 and possibly as many as 2000 were made. In 1922 it was joined by the 11.9 with a longer wheelbase and 1645 cc engine. A six-cylinder model, the 16/40, was listed in 1923 but probably never went into production.
A new model, the 14/30, came in 1927 with a 1944 cc engine by Cluley and a four-speed gearbox; this was followed by the 14/50 with a 2120 cc Meadows engine. Very few of these cars are thought to have been made and production of all vehicles stopped in 1928.
The company returned to the manufacture of textile machinery. Subcontract work for Rolls-Royce on aero engines kept them in business but the factory was destroyed in an air raid during World War II. The company continued production at premises in nearby Kenilworth but closed in 1987.
Models | ebc795d5-053e-4f11-8a17-ab5ebd84b773 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antequera%E2%80%93Granada_high-speed_rail_line"} | The Antequera–Granada high-speed rail line opened in 2019, linking the Spanish city of Granada to the AVE network via a branch from the existing Madrid–Málaga high-speed rail line at Antequera.
Background
The 122.8 km (76.3 mi) line from Antequera to Granada is a part of the under construction Andalusian Transverse Axis high-speed rail line. The three times per day AVE service between Madrid Atocha and Granada covers the distance of 568 km (353 mi) in 3 h 5 min. The daily AVE train between Granada and Barcelona Sants connects the two cities in 6 h 25 min. S-102 and S-112 (Pato, max speed 330 km/h (210 mph)) trains are used for these services and all trains call at Córdoba, offering a journey time of 90 min from Granada. The total cost of building the line was €1.4 billion.
Stations
After branching from the existing Antequera-Santa Ana railway station, the line serves Loja and Granada. In 2019, construction was set to begin on a €16 million underground AVE station in Antequera town centre, making Antequera the only city in Spain outside of Madrid to have two high-speed rail stops.
Services
The line is used by AVE services to Madrid and one daily service to Barcelona. In November 2019, a daily patronage of 2,600 passengers using these services was reported. | d894c1f2-255d-4354-b05b-ede166e73131 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duttapukur"} | Town in West Bengal, India
For "Duttapukur Railway Station", see Dutapukur railway station.
Duttapukur (also known as Nebhadai Duttapukur) is a census town in the Barasat I CD block in the Barasat Sadar subdivision in the North 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is a part of Kolkata Urban Agglomeration.
Geography
[Interactive fullscreen map]
Cities, towns and locations in Barasat subdivision, North 24 Parganas
M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical centre
Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
Location
Duttapukur is located at 22°46′22″N 88°32′41″E / 22.7728°N 88.5447°E / 22.7728; 88.5447.
Duttapukur is located in the Ganges Brahmaputra delta region in the district of North 24 parganas, West Bengal state in the Eastern part of India. A tributary of Bidyadhari River known as Suti flows through Duttapukur. Duttapukur is 30 km from Sealdah & 35 km from Howrah, 7 km from Barasat and 32 km from Bongaon on the Sealdah-Bangaon section of Eastern Railway
As per District Census Handbook 2011, Duttapukur covered an area of 3.29 km2
Duttapukur, Shibalaya, Chandrapur, Gangapur, Chalta Baria and Joypul form a cluster of census towns in the northern part of the CD block. The entire cluster has a very high density of population. (See the infobox of each census town for density of population).
Area overview
The area covered in the map alongside is largely a part of the north Bidyadhari Plain. located in the lower Ganges Delta. The country is flat. It is a little raised above flood level and the highest ground borders the river channels.54.67% of the people of the densely populated area lives in the urban areas and 45.33% lives in the rural areas.
Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.
Civic administration
Police station
Duttapukur police station covers an area of 104.34 km2 and serves a total population of 292,268. It has jurisdiction over Barasat I CD block. There is a police outpost at Kadambagachhi.
Demographics
As of 2011[update] India census, Nebadhai Duttapukur (a census town had a population of 25,557; of this, 12,902 are male, 12,655 female .
As of 2001[update] India census, Nebadhai Duttapukur had a population of 19,882. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Nebadhai Duttapukur has an average literacy rate of 77%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 82% of the males and 73% of females literate. 9% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Administration
Duttapukur is a census town under Barasat I (community development block) of Barasat sadar subdivision. Duttapukur I, Duttapukur II and Kashimpur gram panchayats are responsible for development of Duttapukur. It falls under the Assembly constituency of Amdanga (Vidhan Sabha constituency) and Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency).
Education
There are many primary and higher secondary schools. Most of the schools are run by the state government. All of the secondary schools are affiliated with West Bengal Board of Secondary Education and the higher secondary schools are affiliated to the West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education. Students usually choose from one of three streams — Arts, Commerce, or Science, though vocational streams are also available. Institute for higher education is not available in Duttapukur. Students have to go to nearby towns like Barasat, Madhyamgram, Birati, Habra or to Kolkata to attend college.
Higher secondary schools
Secondary schools
Primary school
College
Healthcare
North 24 Parganas district has been identified as one of the areas where ground water is affected by arsenic contamination. In this connection, Rotary Club of Calcutta has taken a project purifying the rain water is to be given to the Kashimpur Boys & Girl's High school both.
Local clubs also conducts health awareness programs.
Government Health Center:
Economy
Commuters
The proximity to Kolkata helps residents commute daily to Kolkata.
As per 2011 census, a large proportion of people in Barasat I CD Block earn their livelihood as ‘Other works’, which include office, factory, transport, professional employment and business. (See Barasat I for details). Around a total of 32 lakh people from all around the city commute to Kolkata daily for work. In the Sealdah-Bangaon section there are 58 trains that carry commuters from 24 railway stations. In the Seadah-Hasnabad sections 32 trains carry commuters from 30 stations.
Markets
Besides two large markets known as Duttapukur Station Market and Hatkhola Bazar. Duttapukur town consists four of Daily Vegetable Market at Nebadhai, Duttapukur Station, Duttapukur Hatkhola & Gangapur Area. Side by side it's also have two of Bi-weekly Hat at Duttapukur Hatkhola (One of the largest Vegetable - Fruits & Fish Market for bulk cum retail customer in North 24 Parganas and Jublighata Hat. Recently the Government of West Bengal opened a new Vegetable Market at Gangapur. (i.e. Duttapukur Krishi Biponi Kendra). One new Shopping Mall has also been opened at Duttapukur Tatultala, More supermarket
Banks
Seven Nationalised Banks & several ATMs are located at Duttapukur in different locations of the town.
ATMs
Climate
The climate is tropical — like the rest of the Gangetic West Bengal. The hallmark is the Monsoon — from early June to mid September. The weather remains dry during the winter (mid November to mid February) and humid during summer.
Temperature : 42 °C in May (Max) and 9 °C in January (Min) Relative Humidity: Between 55% in March & 98% in July.
Rainfall: 1,579mm (Normal) | c2ae30f4-0e2d-4670-ab6a-87abedebe106 |
null | System of plant classification developed by the Russian scientist Armen Takhtajan
A system of plant taxonomy, the Takhtajan system of plant classification was published by Armen Takhtajan, in several versions from the 1950s onwards. It is usually compared to the Cronquist system. It admits paraphyletic groups.
Systems
The first classification was published in Russian in 1954,and came to the attention of the rest of the world after publication of an English translation in 1958 as Origin of Angiospermous Plants. Further versions appeared in 1959 (Die Evolution der Angiospermen) and 1966 (Sistema i filogeniia tsvetkovykh rastenii). The latter popularised Takhtajan's system when it appeared in English in 1969 (Flowering plants: Origin and dispersal). A further revision appeared in 1980.
1966 system
1997 system
As published in Diversity and Classification of Flowering Plants
2009 system
As published in Flowering Plants
Bibliography
Works by Takhtajan | 865bfb37-ebd1-4146-9fc0-850f166dee0c |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_Ohio_State_Buckeyes_men%27s_basketball_team"} | American college basketball season
The 1984–85 Ohio State Buckeyes men's basketball team represented Ohio State University during the 1984–85 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. Led by ninth-year head coach Eldon Miller, the Buckeyes finished 20–10 (11–7 Big Ten) and reached the second round of the NCAA tournament.
Roster
Schedule/results
Rankings | ebea65e0-a2b2-4266-abbb-a89254b47038 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianna_Bartoletta"} | American track and field athlete
Tianna Bartoletta née Madison (born August 30, 1985) is an American track and field athlete who specializes in the long jump and short sprinting events. She is a two-time Olympian with three gold medals. At the 2012 Summer Olympics she placed fourth in the 100m race then won her first gold by leading off the world record-setting 4 × 100 m relay team. At the 2016 Summer Olympics she won two more golds, first with a personal best to win the long jump then again leading off the victorious 4 × 100 m relay team.
Other achievements include winning the long jump World Championship in 2005 and 2015, plus the long jump World Indoor Championship in 2006. She also was a pusher on the U.S. bobsled team in 2012.
It was announced in August 2020 that Bartoletta would be joining SPIRE Institute and Academy as an ambassador. She will be joining the others such as Ryan Lochte and Elizabeth Beisel representing the school. The goal of the partnership with SPIRE and the ambassadors is to emphasize the development of peak performance in athletics, academics, character and life.
High school
Tianna Bartoletta (birthname Tianna Madison) was born on August 30, 1985 in Elyria, Ohio. She attended local public schools, including Elyria High School. She was a member of the 2003 USA TODAY All-USA High School Girls Track Team, as well as her high school basketball and track teams. She appeared in the 2003 "Faces In The Crowd" section of Sports Illustrated, participated in the Ohio Reads program working with elementary students, made Elyria High School’s High and Distinguished Honor Rolls for four years running, and was named the 2003 Gatorade Ohio High School Girls Track & Field Athlete of the Year.
Tianna was named a 2002 American Track & Field Outdoor All-American. She earned nine career high school state championships, including seven in individual events, and became the third athlete in Ohio history to win four events at a state championship meet two years in a row (Susan Nash 1983–84 and Jesse Owens 1932–33). Her team won the Ohio Division I team title in 2003, and Team district titles all four years. Bartoletta won her third Ohio long jump crown and set a state outdoor record and state-meet best in 2003, while claiming state 100m titles in 2002 and 2003 and winning the Ohio 200m championships. She anchored the 4 × 100 m relay to victory in both 2002 and 2003, setting state records. She set the indoor mark in 2002 and is fourth on the all-time girls' indoor long jump list.
Bartoletta won the Intermediate Girls Division at the USA Track & Field Junior Olympic Championships in 2001. She set meet records at the 2002 Nike Indoor Classic and the Adidas Outdoor Championships in 2003. She also won the Volunteer Indoor Track Classic and the 2003 USATF Junior Championships.
Collegiate career
Bartoletta attended the University of Tennessee. She won the SEC Indoor Long Jump, SEC Outdoor Long Jump, NCAA Indoor Long Jump, and NCAA Outdoor Long Jump titles, and both Indoor and Outdoor All-America honors. She was named Academic All-SEC and a member of the Lady Vol Academic Honor Roll.
Tianna is currently third all-time on University of Tennessee's indoor performer lists in the 60m dash and long jump, fifth all-time in the triple jump and 55m, and sixth in the 200m.
Bartoletta was selected as the SEC Freshman Outdoor Field Events Athlete of the Year. She also won the long jump and 55m at the SEC Invitational, the long jump at the Penn State National Open, the Sea Ray Relays, the Knoxville Invitational, the Gatorade Classic, and ran the opening 200-meter leg that set collegiate, meet, stadium and school records in the sprint medley baton event at the Penn Relays for Tennessee.
She is ranked first all-time in Tennessee’s history of the outdoor long jump at 6.89 meters (22 ft 7.5 in).
Professional career
In August 2005, Bartoletta won the gold medal at the 2005 World Outdoor Championships in Athletics with a then personal best distance of 6.89 meters.
In 2006, Tianna won the silver medal at the World Indoor Championships of Athletics with a jump of 6.80 meters. Her medal was elevated to gold when the Russian winner Tatyana Kotova was disqualified for using performance-enhancing drugs.
Ms. Bartoletta won a gold medal at the 2012 Olympics in London in the women's 4x100 relay. She ran the lead-off leg in the final, in which the U.S. team set a world record. She also competed in the individual 100 meter event. She reached the final, finishing fourth with a personal best time of 10.85.
In 2014, Tianna was crowned USA outdoor champion in the 100m, USA indoor champion in the 60m, and USA outdoor long jump runner-up. In 2015, Bartoletta defended her title as the USA indoor champion in the 60m and was ranked number 1 in the world in the women's long jump.
On August 28, 2015, Bartoletta won the gold medal in the women's long jump at the 2015 World Outdoor Championships of Athletics, with a personal best distance of 7.14 meters, 10 years after her first triumph.
On August 17, 2016, Bartoletta came in as one of the favourites in the Women's Long Jump as she was the reigning world champion. Other favourites were compatriot Brittney Reese, reigning Olympic Champion and world leader, Ivana Španović, the best non- American Long Jumper, and Daria Klishina, Russia's sole track&field representative. Bartoletta did not disappoint, winning her first Olympic title with a personal best jump of 7.17m.
In August 2020, SPIRE Institute and Academy signed Bartoletta to become a track and field ambassador. As an ambassador she will lead and instruct select classes.
Bobsledding
In October 2012, Bartoletta was named to the U.S. National bobsled team. Bartoletta was one of three track and field Olympians (along with Lolo Jones and Hyleas Fountain) invited to the U.S. women's bobsled push championship by coach Todd Hays. Jones and Bartoletta made the bobsled team, giving them a chance to earn a spot on the bobsled World Cup circuit. On November 9, 2012, Bartoletta and teammate Elana Meyers placed third in Bartoletta's first career World Cup bobsledding competition.
Personal life
Tianna Madison married John Bartoletta in 2016 but began going by her married surname after the Olympics in 2012. They resided near Tampa, Florida. She credited John for reviving her athletic career. Bartoletta separated from her husband in May 2017. Bartoletta and her husband divorced in 2020
In the lead-up to the 2012 Olympics, Bartoletta publicly claimed to have been molested by another student in high school and experienced other problems with her parents. They ended up suing her and her husband for defamation in September. However, the lawsuit was dismissed in March 2013.
In Fall 2021, Madison was inducted into Sigma Gamma Rho sorority.
Organization
Bartoletta is the founder and president of Club 360, a program helping young women build successful lives by enabling them to broaden their experiences and make educated decisions. | 76f915ad-9bf8-45a7-9953-fa9c0b390462 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holthusen"} | Municipality in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
Holthusen is a municipality in the Ludwigslust-Parchim district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. | e0430cbb-a379-4bb8-ae47-2934870ebf88 |
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