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var brightcoveBrandsafety='' The Lakers face a testing next few months despite not even being in action during the playoffs.Magic Johnson resigned from his post as Lakers president while Luke Walton also lost his job as head coach.And they will need to act fast to find replacements with the NBA draft coming up.
But arguably more important for the Lakers is the upcoming free agency market. Related articles Joel Embiid injury: Sports doc gives DEVASTATING update on 76ers star Joel Embiid INJURED: Philadelphia 76ers knocks bad knee in Nets clash A host of the NBA's best players could potentially be available for the Lakers, who have created enough cap space for one max salary slot.
Kevin Durant and Leonard headline the free agency market, the latter of which the Lakers tried to trade for last summer.Ultimately, the San Antonio Spurs refused to do business with the Lakers back then, but reports at the time suggested Leonard still had Los Angeles in mind for free agency in 2019.The LA Clippers are also heavily linked with recruiting Leonard and have sent scouts to watch him regularly at the Toronto Raptors this season.
Kawhi Leonard has been heavily linked with joining the Lakers (Image: GETTY) Related articles NBA news: Warriors GM Bob Myers LAUGHS off Lakers rumours Zion Williamson officially declares for 2019 NBA Draft Kawhi Leonard was picked by LeBron James in the All-Star game (Image: GETTY)But the Lakers will be hopeful the lure of playing alongside LeBron James will be enough to win the battle for his signature.
And Lakers fans got excited about their chances of signing Leonard following comments from Bryant.Bryant, tweeting about the latest episode of DETAIL on ESPN+, tweeted about the "phenomenal progress" Leonard has made since entering the league.And Lakers fans immediately took that as a sign the five-time NBA champion was trying to recruit Leonard to the Staples Center.
Related articles LeBron James BLAMED for Lakers crisis as Luke Walton offered new job NBA trade news: LeBron James and Anthony Davis backed to join Celtics Kobe Bryant got Laker fans excited with his tweet about Kawhi Leonard (Image: GETTY)One fan tweeted: "Recruit him."Another posted: "Kobe already doing presidential work for the Lakers.
.A third said: "Lure him to the Lakers.A fourth posted: "Recruit than man Kobe #lakershow."..
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❶Nursing theory has become the foundation for nursing practice with its own knowledge base.
Prior to this period, crime and criminal behavior were mainly equated to sin i. The infringement of a sacred obligation. Evolution of the Discipline of Criminology: Learning Theories Behavioral Learning Theory. There are advantages and disadvantages to the theory of constructivism. On the positive side, it means that children are ferocious learners because they have the innate neural tools in place to properly absorb and classify information.
Piaget would argue that children need only be given the stimuli -- environment, information or other factors -- at the appropriate time when a child's brain is ready to absorb information. Piaget suggested that learning takes place in stages. During one period, for example, a child might be fascinated by volumes, numbers and the relationship between them.
The child may then want to focus on understanding everything that there is to do with size, volume, counting and other mathematical and geometric concepts. The disadvantage of using Piaget's theory is that it makes it…… [Read More]. Communication Theories Cognitive Dissonance Expectancy. Their reaction to the deviations of others from expectancy depends on what they have to lose or gain Thus a man is likely to react more positively towards an attractive younger woman standing close than a larger man from an out-group" Expectancy violations theory, , Changing Minds.
I have noticed that irate customers who genuinely need or want my help can be placated if I adopt a pleasant demeanor, even if it violates their negative expectations, because of the reward they can receive in terms of establishing a positive and human connection with me as an individual. However, customers who come only to vent will usually not be moved, no matter what I say or do, they will complain about every aspect of the experience regardless of how I behave, so it is…… [Read More].
Identity Conflict Based on Social. In other words, the question that needs to be answered is, how did psycho-social identity differences create such deep rifts in a society that was in fact closely related by intermarriage and years of living closely together.
This leads to the conclusion that there are other social and political factors that need to be taken into account in order to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the events, as well as how they impacted on the meaning of identity.
Social Dominance and other theories As noted above, the discussion and analysis of the causative features of this conflict and the concomitant effect of this analysis on possible resolution scenarios is largely dependent of the ability of the particular theoretical model to take into account the many variables of this conflict. In order to achieve a more holistic view of the conflict one has to take into account the fact…… [Read More].
Group Dynamic Concepts Theories and. Yet the film ends on an optimistic, even triumphant note, with the raised hand of Bender symbolizing victory over the stereotypes subject to which the characters began the film. Conclusion The film "The Breakfast Club" contains myriad examples of group dynamics at play. Doing a close reading of the film was valuable in that it provided insight into how narratives can be shaped by psychological principles. In dissecting the actions of the film's principal characters, it became apparent that the filmmakers were not simply trying to create a plotline that would entertain a mass audience.
The film also integrates psychological inquiry into its teenaged protagonists. Each character is given a back story which motivates his or her behavior and later undergoes a realization of his or her flaws in order to make a change.
The film goes beyond just a high school narrative; it is about how to break free…… [Read More]. Political Context of Educational Theory. Hence the paper provides a springboard for insight into some essential interconnections between educational approaches and movements, motivational goals of the researchers and the varied opinions of the educationists and experts, through presenting alternative arguments. The Political Context of Educational Theory: Alternative Arguments Where all believe in the significance of education for the development of personality and for the welfare of the nation, many support the various important and blatant theories and educational movements.
However, there is still a decent number that presents alternative arguments in their effort to prove that educational research and related public funding world-over is being used not only as a tool to inculcate sense of discipline and responsibility but also to gain political ends.
Following passages of the research paper will present arguments from various educationists and researchers thereby…… [Read More]. Sociological Theories Perpetrators of hate crimes target their victims based on their perceived membership of particular social groups. These groups can be based on religion, ethnicity, race, sexual orientation and gender identity.
Hate crimes are not basically about hate. The case provided is about three brothers who were accused of attacking and beating a gay man. This particular hate crime is based on the sexual orientation of the man. There are various theories from different disciplines that can be used to explain hate crimes like the one these three brothers were accused of.
One such theory is the social learning theory. Social learning theory suggests that criminal behavior is modeled from others. It suggests that criminal behavior is learnt through observation of the actions of other people at the cognitive level. The theory suggests that the attitude that a person has towards the 'out-group's can be influenced by various factors…… [Read More].
Sociological Theories the Adfc Program. The criminal justice system, according to Karl Marx, is thought to work for the rich while the resulting policies are more concerned with controlling the poor. Seigel and Welsh state that, "conflict theorists observe that while spending has been cut on social programs during the past few years, spending on the prison systems has skyrocketed.
The Secure Communities program exists in certain states and is a Department of Homeland Security initiative, which aims to identify and remove criminal aliens. Law enforcement officials in certain states will fingerprint every person booked into jail and those fingerprints will be run through Homeland Security's national database to check for illegal immigrant status. Morton believes the program could transform the face of…… [Read More].
Personality Trait and Factor Theories: Personality trait and factor theories have been developed as a means of identifying common elements within the personality of different people, indeed the entire populace. Within any given group of people there are common threads of experiences, similar nurturing, and even shared genetic, yet the personality of each member is a unique construction individual elements which work together.
Among those who have produced work in this area are Raymond Cattell and Hans Eysenck. Each used scientific factor analysis to identify common traits or permanent dispositions of people. Cattell has identified a large number of personality traits, whereas Eysenck's research extracted only three general factors. Delinquent Anti-Social Behavior In the contemporary world of ours, one of the major problems that the modern society is facing is that of juvenile delinquency.
Unfortunately, this problem is the cause of major suffering, damage and anguish to the sufferers, the person responsible for it and society in general. When delinquency is discussed in a broad context, it encompasses a large number of behaviors that can be considered as norm-breaking. Therefore, the adolescents who adopt such damaging behaviors are regarded as criminally responsible for a number of factors including drug use, aggressive felonies against other people and weapon carrying and handling.
However, the mentioned are just a few examples of delinquency. The off-putting and harmful psychosocial and monetary consequences of criminal behavior in conjunction with its increasing development have given rise to experts' concerns. This is the reason why the recent info regarding delinquency restates the inevitability of these concerns…… [Read More]. The Social Contract and Racial. Namely, the institutions of slavery and Jim Crow that were used to constrain the growth and advancement of African Americans are today disregarded as being directly relevant to the fortunes and opportunities of blacks in America.
This is both unrealistic and unethical, with the denial of its lasting impact casting American racism in an historical light rather than one which is still present and problematic. It is thus that the social contract today serves the interests of dominance even as it feigns to have disavowed these aspects of itself. A true resolution to the failures of the social contract may only really occur when the discourse on America's racialist past and the lasting effects of this on the current fortunes of African Americans is resolved.
In that regard, Mills regards it as largely a fiction that racial discrimination ended in any meaningful way after the Emancipation Proclamation; rather, racial prejudice…… [Read More].
Psychology Concepts of Psychology Theories. It may be necessary to start with continuous conditioning and gradually increase the fixed number of responses necessary for a reinforcer to be delivered.
The nature of this schedule "produces a high rate of responding, with a pause after the reinforcer is delivered" Hockenbury, , p. With a variable-ratio schedule, responses follow a steady pattern, with few pauses after the reinforcer is delivered. Here, reinforcement follows an average number of responses that is varied between trials Hockenbury, , p.
A participant may need to respond 25 times in one trial to receive reinforcement, whereas the second trial will require 20 responses for the delivered reinforcer. While each trial is unpredictable, more trials bring the ratio of response to reinforcement to a predetermined average Hockenbury, , p.
Interval schedules use time to determine the delivery of the reinforcer. With a fixed-interval schedule,…… [Read More]. Aboriginal Social Work Baskin says Aboriginal social workers are warriors "even though many of them work in social control agencies that tokenize their cultures. One does not have to be an Aboriginal social worker to understand the damaging impact of colonization and colonialism on Aborigines. In fact, any person who looks beyond the European-written history and examines the true history of Canada can easily understand the academic impact of colonization on Aboriginal populations, even if one does not have personal experience with that impact.
It is important to keep in mind that one does not have to experience a personal impact of a negative event in order to be able to help others cope with the impact of that negative impact. Every day, social workers are called upon to help people deal with various…… [Read More].
Psychology Theories and Models of. There's an understood supposition of opposing causal agency at work. No matter what pressures and factors came to bear, the addict could have done something else, but simply decided not to Choice and Free Will: Beyond the Disease Model of Addiction, A more behavioral approach to understanding addiction is the social learning model, which suggests that people learn how to behave by watching others in their environment and by duplicating actions that create affirmative consequences.
One learns to take drugs or alcohol through ones connections with family, friends, or even popular media. And through personal experimentation with drugs or alcohol, one learns that they like the way drugs make them feel. Whether it is the elation of a high, the augmented confidence they feel while intoxicated, or a reduced sense of social nervousness, intoxication can be a positively reinforcing state of being.
As one discovers how much they like…… [Read More]. Theory Classical psychoanalysis is the most challenging of all the psychotherapies in terms of time, cost and effort. The treatment sessions last about 50 minutes and are normally held four or five times a week for at least three years.
The primary technique used in psychoanalysis, as well as in other dynamic psychotherapies, which consists in permitting the unconscious material to enter the consciousness of the patient, is called "free association. Labeling Theory and Its Specific. There can, of course, be other antecedents prior to labeling that can enhance the process of delinquency in juveniles. Certain of these attributes can also contribute to highly suggestible levels in regards to behavior and allow socially sensitive entities to be easily swayed by stigma and stereotype.
Such deficits in neuropsychological functioning, such as self-control especially impulse control , may serve to maintain antisocial behaviour throughout life. Learning Theories Abstract Learned Phenomena. Good teachers that truly understand how distracted today's young people are with technology, etc. Skinner Historical views of transfer. When something is said to you and it reminds you without you having to conjure up memories instantly of something from the past.
You transfer, or project your feelings to that moment in the past, or that person in the past. Michael Conner psychologist explains that transference responses are caused "by unmet emotional needs, neglect, seductions and other abuses that transpired when you were a child" Conner, Perhaps a loved one was seriously injured or killed and the sound of the first responder's emergency vehicle arriving stays in the back of the mind; years later when…… [Read More].
Crime and Social Theory Deviance Interpreted by. Crime and Social Theory Deviance Interpreted by Social Theories Illicit Drug Use Illicit drug use has historically been seen as a global threat towards society and a primary contributing factor for the prevalence other crimes, such as smuggling, home invasions, property crimes, assault, and murder.
In President Nixon stated publicly that illicit drug use is a serious national problem and in declared the "War on Drugs" National Public Radio, Over the two decades since, other governments around the world, including the United Nations, followed suit, but differed substantially from the United States in how much emphasis was placed on deterrence through incarceration Bewley-Taylor, Hallam, and Allen, , p.
Prevalence of Illicit Drug Use An estimated Leadership Theories and Practical Application. The benefits of high-quality relationships come from relational resources Wright, et al.
Such resources include durable obligations e. Relationships that do not develop so well are considered lower quality. Lower quality relationships are described as contractually defined, formal exchanges based on limited trust and in-role interactions Luthans, These types of relationships generate management rather than leadership. They are characterized by lack of mutual respect, formal downward communications, little mutual understanding, limited support and commitment for one another, and no…… [Read More].
Travis H's Theories Controlling Chaos. There are five techniques of neutralization; denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of victim, condemnation of the condemners, and the appeal to higher loyalties" David Matza, , FSU.
These theories stress the need for strong social and personal control mechanisms to be instilled in young people early on in their lives, so that individuals have a strong super-ego to control their actions and thwart social influences that encourage a denial of personal responsibility and the reality of the victim's suffering.
The law enforcement officials are supposed to present a positive image of the law to young people, and encourage youths to take responsibility for their actions and resist peer pressure to use drugs -- appealing to the 'higher loyalties' often absent amongst drug users, according…… [Read More].
Accounting Policy Setting Using Ex-Ante and Ex-Post Accounting Techniques Firms make contracts every day because they are required to gain assets that would be costly for them to obtain otherwise. At one time these contracts were made from an opinion-based accounting model called normative theory. Many departments used this theory because they believed that they could use the knowledge that they had gained to make accurate guesses regarding financial and intangible accounting decisions.
The problem with this is that it does not take into account actual empirical data that could be used more accurately to make accounting decisions that helped the firm grow for the long run. Because accounting researchers realized that these types of anecdotal theoretical stances did not actually work, they tried to determine a model that could more accurately predict a firm's accounting needs. The result of this investigation was positive accounting theory.
Researchers found that firms…… [Read More]. Labeling Theory Originating in Sociology and Criminology. Labeling Theory Originating in sociology and criminology, labeling theory also known as social reaction theory was developed by sociologist Howard S. Labeling theory suggests that deviance, rather than constituting an act, results from the societal tendency of majorities to negatively label those individuals perceived as deviant from norms.
Essentially, labeling theory involves how the self-identity and behavior of individuals determines or influences the terms used to describe or classify such individuals, and is associated with the concept of a self-fulfilling prophecy and stereotyping. The theory was prominent in the s and s, and some modified versions of the theory have developed. Unwanted descriptors or categorizations including terms related to deviance, disability or a diagnosis of mental illness may be rejected on the basis that they are merely "labels," often with attempts to adopt a more constructive language in its place.
Labeling theory is also closely related to interactionism…… [Read More]. Cognitive Theory Cognition Is the.
A feminist framework may be adopted for a more comprehensive and sensitive approach to the problem in order to benefit the large group of women clients. The new understanding must also be incorporated into the mainstream of cognitive writings and practice and treated as only a special interest topic Hurst.
Cognitive behavior therapy, based on the five foregoing studies, has shown important gains greater than traditional counseling approach, but needs follow-up work. It has also demonstrated efficacy in producing lower relapse rate than the standard clinical treatment. The discourse approach to the negative self-perception of depressed patients has showed limitations as a technique.
But it can be useful in reducing symptoms among injection drug users. Criminal Justice Theory and the Los Angeles County Probation Department Criminal and antisocial behaviors have been studied in the field of criminology for many years. Criminologists are very interested to learn what types of things cause specific criminal and antisocial behaviors. While criminal behavior and antisocial behavior are not always related, they often have close ties.
Criminologists and other researchers are looking to find commonalities between certain genetic makeups and deviant behavior. They believe that many people are genetically predisposed to be violent, and if these people can be located they can be treated. That does not mean that criminologists are in favor of testing everyone's genetic makeup on the planet to see if any of them show violent tendencies.
What they are interested in doing, however, is studying criminals who already have a history of violent and deviant behavior to see what other traits they have, and what their…… [Read More]. Nursing Theory Imogene King. Nursing Theory Analysis Theory-based nursing is the phenomenon that has been researched much during the past two decades. Nursing theory has become the foundation for nursing practice with its own knowledge base.
The current paper is an analysis of King's theory of goal attainment. King acquired her goal attainment theory model from an interpersonal system and a behavioral science. The nurse and patient communicate to achieve a common goal of patient satisfaction and better health outcomes. To achieve this goal, there is a need for nurses to explore patients' perceptions and expectations.
It has been found in research that patients' satisfaction with healthcare is strongly linked to their satisfaction with nursing care. King attained that if the nurse is aware of patients' expectations of care that they can achieve the goal of patients' satisfaction. This theory is also applicable in the nursing education program for those nursing students having poor…… [Read More]. Emile Durkheim Suicide Theory Emile. This argument brings Durkheim's theory into modern society.
Durkheim's Suicide Theory made a lot of sense in the early s. Over the years, many changes in society have occurred, making some of his work appear outdated. However, Pescosolido's and Georgianna's "network" theory expands Durkheim's theory for modern times. Durkheim expected the circumstances of his argument to change, so it makes sense that modern sociologists should revisit and reapply his theory.
There are more and more societies and religions, and therefore their inclusion is necessary to the acceptance of Durkheim's theory today. Durkheim's theory seems to be flawed in some ways, some of his concepts are very helpful in trying to understand the complex origins of suicidal behavior. Durkheim's dismissal of mental illness as a key determinant of suicidal behavior weakens his thesis as a whole.
However, his conceptualization of anomic, egoistic and altruistic suicide helps us to understand modern trends…… [Read More]. Biological Biosocial Classical Theories Biological. Biological explanations, in contrast to fair and severe punishment as advocated by classical theorists, stress the need for institutionalization and psychological and medical treatment for the 'ill,' but they also offers what seems like a defeatist attitude towards the improvement of the criminal, as the criminal has no rational choice in his or her behavior.
The presumption is that irrationally generated behavior cannot be conditioned out of the individual through incarceration, and criminality must be treated like an illness, although opinions differ as to the best way to go about treating the individual so the criminal is 'cured' of the crime, or if a cure is even possible.
However, biosocial theories suggest that society plays an important role in causing crime, such as social learning theory: Abusive parents model to their children that…… [Read More]. Social Psychology The term 'applied social psychology' is used to denote a methodical utilization of socio-psychological models, study approaches and outcomes, concepts, ideologies, and intervention approaches for comprehending or ameliorating social issues.
Psychologists belonging to this subfield concentrate on comprehending and solving practical issues and coming up with intervention approaches to enhance individual, organizational and societal response to social issues.
Social psychological theories offer prescriptions to solve practical and social challenges. This paper is presented as a review of literature on social psychological theories and their generic role in resolving practical and social problems.
A key applied social psychological theory is Cognitive Dissonance, whose main premise is that an individual is driven to remain consistent…… [Read More]. Personal Theory Self-Exploration When will you begin that long journey into yourself?
One of the most famous philosophers in history of mankind, Rumi emphasized on exploring or discovering one self. Self-exploration is one of the fundamentals of philosophy. Before contemplating over the wonders of universe, man asked himself the very basic questions about his own existence. Without knowing one's origin and the reason of being born, man cannot shape his beliefs and thus remain directionless.
As Aristotle said that the foundation of all wisdom is based on self. The ideas, beliefs, values and norms of a person originate from his immediate surroundings. Among them, the first encounter is with parents. Parents transmit their own beliefs and values into the child's mind. Later on, siblings, family members and close friends influence a person's self-concept. Gradually, a man's social circle expands and as he becomes able to identify and choose among things,…… [Read More].
Criminological Theories Application a Number of Researches. Criminological Theories Application A number of researches have been done on criminological theories. An example of criminological theory that has received a lot of attention over a couple of years ago is social disorganization theory.
This theory attributes variation in crime and delinquency to absence or breakdown of communal institutions like family, school, church, and local government. The theory also attributes crime to communal relationships that traditionally encourage cooperative relationships among people. The concept is tied to conceptions of those properties of relationships indicative of social organization. People residing in a given territory are thought to have organized relationships.
This is enforced by representatives of communal institutions like family heads, pastors, school organizations, and local officials. The New York City has had its own share of criminal challenges. And by taking into consideration the changes it would be possible to decide whether the size of the audience had any impact on the performance. However, in such a study it is possible to…… [Read More]. Travis Hirschi's Social Bonding Theory The theorist, Hirschi, asserts that those who exhibit deviant behavior desire to do so and that criminal behavior is seen among people with weak social bonds.
The theorist indicates that with increased attachment of a person to fellow human beings, their belief in conformist social values will increase. Furthermore, with increased investment and involvement in conventional activity, their propensity to deviate will decrease Chriss, The first component -- attachment -- denotes individuals' ties to their spouses or partners, and other members of the family.
This aspect encompasses the extent of…… [Read More]. How the Control Theory Works in Criminology. This backs up the control theory, which posits that with less control -- or weak bonds -- behavior can and does become deviant and even criminal later in life. Control Theory -- Narrative Explanations In his narratives on delinquency, Travis Hirschi, one of the most prominent theorists when it comes to control theories, said there are four variables that help explain why people either conform to, or deviate from social norms.
And this is important because delinquents are often caught up in criminal activities later in life. In the process of deviating from socially respectable behaviors -- and in the extreme, becoming involved in crime -- people are just reacting to four variables, Hirschi explains.
Analyzing Low Self Control Theory. Low Self -Control Theory This theory deviates from the emphasis on informal relational controls and concentrates instead on individual controls. Through effective parenting practices of discipline and monitoring, some kids develop the ability to appropriately react to situations requiring deferred gratification planning. Delinquency is observed more frequently among males than females.
One explanation for this is the divergent etiologies of delinquency for females and males. Males might be relatively more susceptible to inadequate parenting and other such factors that place them at risk of developing delinquency. An alternate hypothesis is: People with high self-restraint levels are more sensitive to others, have better verbal and cognitive skills, have lesser independence, and are more willing to accept any restrictions on their actions.
On the other hand, those with poor self-restraint are characterized by insensitivity,…… [Read More]. Hirschi's Social Bond Theory Hirschi's social bonding theory argues that those persons who strong and abiding attachments to conventional society are less likely to deviate than persons who have shallow or weak bonds Smangs, These bonds come in four interrelated forms, the first of which is attachment.
People are less likely to misbehave when they know that they have something to lose. For juveniles, this could mean not wanting to…… [Read More]. Social Control Theory of Juvenile Delinquency Underlying Assumptions Travis Hirschi's Social Control theory of deviance assumes that deviant behavior is largely a function of the connectedness of the individual to his or her society; more specifically, Hirschi's assumptions are that juvenile delinquency, and criminal deviance more generally, are inversely related to the following elements of connectedness between the individual and the community: Structure of Theory Hirschi used the concept of involvement to describe the manner and extent to which the individuals takes part in the so-called "conventional" activities, such as extracurricular school functions and other organized opportunities for socially productive youth recreation available in the community Macionis, Hirschi used the concept of commitment, to describe the basic "acceptance" in the most general senses, of fundamental social and behavioral norms, values, and expectations in the individual's community…… [Read More].
Drug abuse The social problem of drug addiction is a long-standing one, yet the causes of addiction and the best way to treat addiction still remain difficult questions to answer.
One contentious issue pertains to whether addiction is a 'crime' or an 'illness,' although an increasingly large body of medical research indicates long-term abuse fundamentally rewires addicts' brains and changes their perceptions of reward and punishment. Drugs stimulate dopamine receptors. Dopamine is a chemical in the brain that generates a sense of positive well-being: Social Work and Welfare the. This in turn generates a kind of societal morality.
As a consequence, social order becomes an incorporated trait of everyday life. According to the theory, what people see as standards are indirect behavioral rules. Infringements of the standard lead to diverse amounts of punishment depending on how common the standard may be. Chastisements can come in the shape of being disqualified from one's social group, critical looks, or imprisonment in the case of harsh infringements like killing or assault Jeanty, As sociologists and historians examine social work, they often see a profession the spirit of which is social control.
For them the language of therapy, assisting, or even empowerment masquerades a coercive center. Various recent literature of the vocation, conversely, has confronted the attitude of those researchers who depend on case reports as proof of what social workers in fact do in the field has highlighted empowerment in the…… [Read More].
Social Control Integration of Knowledge of the. This work will identify the primary threats perceived or identified by the residents and how these threats are related to ideas such as invasion, succession, or the cycle of conflict, competition, accommodation, and assimilation. Power Control Theory Definitions and Meaning Power control theory argues that treating sons and daughters differently is what causes the difference that exists in risk perceptions among the genders and so is the cause of resulting delinquencies.
The focus of power control theory is how gender relations get established, maintained and perpetuated in the society. It is notable that power control theory tries to explain "common" delinquent behavior.
This paper will therefore examine criminal offences committed by adults that aren't overly offensive such as income tax cheating, driving under the influence, assault and illegal gambling. These offenses are closely parallel to those used frequently in deterrence research Blackwell, Perceived sanction threats, gender, and crime: A test and elaboration of power control theory, Considering the various definitions…… [Read More].
Social Lives I Interviewed My. I wanted to talk to my grandmother about this, moving away from our own family context. She believed strongly that the family is the central unit of social control, with the parents as strong disciplinarians who teach their children social norms and enforce those norms. I made the point that while many people believe this view is true, there are a lot of examples of people who grow up in non-traditional households that turn out not to be delinquents.
I turned out fine, and many of my friends who grew up in non-traditional families were able to find their social norms from other sources. I think the family does play an important role, but it is not necessary to have a traditional family in order to instill values.
My grandmother respectfully disagreed. Theories in Child Development. Shaping of Virtues in a Child There have been many debates on the behavioral patterns of children and how they will grow up.
Indeed, some scholars like Aristotle have indicated that virtues are innate and each child is born with his own set of virtues. The question that hence lingers in many minds is then how should one bring up a child if these virtues are innate? The answer to this challenge is not a straight jacket answer that fits all but in this paper there will be attempt to try and explain how both nature and nurture marries to develop the real, not ideal, person that lives in the contemporary society.
Many arguments abound on whether behavior is developed by nurture or endowed by nature, and the long running debate has come to a conclusion that behavior is shaped by both and these two play crucial roles in the…… [Read More]. Self-Control Theory of Crime One. When a parent tells a child that they can achieve anything they set their mind to and then they repeatedly see clues and cues in their environment that contradicts this observation, by omission when those who succeed in legitimate manners leave the community to by commission when society offers alternative deviant choices in abundance but…… [Read More].
Self-Control Theory of Criminal Behavior. Whereas it remains true that African-Americans and other racial minorities continue to be overrepresented in the American prison population, both common sense and the general consensus of the criminal justice community and sociological experts suggest that this hardly a direct function of race.
First, the quality of public school facilities and programs is directly related to the economic realities of their surrounding areas; second, within many segments of minority urban social culture, education is not valued the way it is in middle class and upper class communities and students who make the effort to apply themselves academically are more likely to be targeted for ridicule by…… [Read More].
In addition 4 Detail the New Right critique of the welfare state? Social Administrative Tradition Grover Starling, administration scholar is reported to have described six characteristics of government's public administrative responsibility: Shiguang, nd Traditional government responsibility is noted to be that of maintaining public order.
Shiguang, nd The World Bank identifies four primary administrative traditions as being those of: Germanic organicist ; 3 Continental European: French Napoleonic ; and 4 Scandanavian: The most fundamental difference is reported to be "between the Anglo-Saxon and…… [Read More].
At the core of becoming an activist educator Is identifying the regimes of truth that govern us the ideas that govern how we think, act and feel as educators because it is within regimes of truth that inequity is produced and reproduced. MacNaughton , 20 Disorder, addictions, vulnerability and dysfunction Currently, in England, "Personalised learning," according to Ecclestone , , includes an increasing number of initiatives, which constitute a powerful discourse to respond to varied, frequently contradictory public, political and professional concerns relating to a person's emotional needs.
Her article debates critical policy research and evaluates the subtle ways policy initiatives strive…… [Read More]. Communication Theory Social Penetration Theory. The dialectical process of thinking increases in a major manner our general view of the conceptual framework on life and relationships that we form in life.
Through the dialectical view, we are able to see what we could not see before in relationships, as well as seeing afresh the things that we saw at a surface level. The theory is very instrumental in crisis or conflict solution and mediation between two conflicting parties. The dialectical theory has employed four approaches mainly in solving dialectical tensions described as follows: Totality; which recognizes that contradiction is part and parcel of the human existence and cannot be understood in isolation.
It says that dialectics are related intrinsically to each other. Therefore there is a great interdependence of people in…… [Read More].
Juvenile Delinquency and Deterrents Explain how the threat of punishment does or does not deter juvenile delinquency. Punishment of juvenile delinquents has been a hot button issue in many jurisdictions because of the need to prosecute crime but also the desire to shield young people from harm. Usually when a young person commits a crime, he or she is sentenced to detention in either a juvenile facility or perhaps even an adult prison facility for a length of time appropriate to their crime.
General deterrence is a theory that states that the fear of punishment will be enough to prevent crime. For those that are not deterred by the thought of punishment, there is always detention. Organized Crime as a Social Institution. Social Institution and Organized Crime Viewing organized crime as a social institution can enable law enforcement agencies to better understand how organized crime operates and maintains its structure and standing in society. A social institution is simply a system in which behaviors and relationships governed by the mechanisms of the system's structure; it consists of a group of social positions, relationships and social roles, all of which combine to give the institution its character.
While organized crime may seem like a group that operates below the surface of society or in the underground, the fact of the matter is that organized crime is very much a social institution, in which relationships are fostered, hierarchies are evident, behavioral norms are expected, and goals are projected.
This paper will discuss organized crime as a social institution using empirical and speculative theories to better understand how the term social institution applies to organized…… [Read More]. Social Psychology Social Beliefs and. I have had friends that I've known since I was in grade school. Our initial interaction occurred because of our attraction toward one another. We had so many things in common, such as the same favorite television shows and the same favorite sports.
Our proximity to one another also aided in the development of this attraction toward one another. We all lived on the same block and therefore had more opportunities to interact with one another outside of the school setting. Although physical attractiveness did not necessarily influence our friendship, according to Myers , it is usually the first step in any sort of relationship, even those that are platonic in nature. The theory of physical attractiveness is based on research conducted that tends to suggest that people who are viewed as being more physically attractive are seen as being more approachable Myers, My relationship with my friends can…… [Read More].
Social Psychology Bringing it All Together. Social psychology is a very broad field that takes in the many varieties of group dynamics, perceptions and interactions. Its origins date back to the lateth Century, but it really became a major field during and after the Second orld ar, in order to explain phenomena like aggression, obedience, stereotypes, mass propaganda, conformity, and attribution of positive or negative characteristics to other groups.
Human beings naturally categorize others into groups, and attribute values, attitudes and stereotypes to them, while they also tend to favor members of their own group Feenstra Chapter 2. Social psychologists have…… [Read More]. Social Strain Robert K Merton's.
By the s, theories had begun to swing the other way again, with doubts being cast on the relevance of aggregate social strain theories Bernard Even social strain theorists were finding new and more individualistic and specific features within the theory Agnew In the past two decades, social strain theory has continued to be attacked by some as an antiquated and invalidated method for explaining subversive and criminal behavior, with some theorists stating outright that the empirical evidence supports alternative explanations far better than it supports traditional social strain theories Burton et al.
Ultimately, all of the problems and discrepancies that have been found with social…… [Read More]. Social Contexts of Development the. It tackles a basic ambition of women and men everywhere, that is, to get respectable and productive work in situations of freedom, equality, security and dignity of human labor.
This ambition stresses a collective attempt by many bodies, namely, by international organizations, national governments, business and workers, and by all the social bodies in civil society. It needs all mediators of change to be involved in pioneering economic and social initiatives, customized to particular national and local needs.
It specifically calls for new working relationships and dialogue between the conventional social partners in the sphere of work which includes governments, organizations of employers and trade unions and other associations of civil society, which have…… [Read More]. Social Dimensions of Crime the. I find this very surprising because I thought that social learning and incorporation of operant conditioning as part of the social learning theory plays a preeminent role in influencing criminality.
I think that the theories that explain best the findings of the articles are the sociological and theories. Psychological and biological theories are not suitable for support. According to this theory's general hypothesis "low economic status, ethnic heterogeneity, residential mobility, and family disruption lead to community social disintegration, which in turn increases crime and delinquency rates" Sampson,.
Testing Social-Disorganization Theory, p. But in large parts it also mirrors the…… [Read More]. People not only have feelings and opinions about nearly everything they come into contact with, but the argument has been made that we need to have these feelings and opinions.
The current essay is aimed at exploring the principles of persuasion influencing group behavior. The foundation for this essay is text book "Social Psychology" by Myers which discusses the attitude theory and persuasion, reviewing how attitudes are structured and how this structure influences their susceptibility to change The essay is divided into four sections.
In the first section…… [Read More]. Social Sciences Why Are the. Still, this idea should also be supported by data about birth control use and an analysis of how often responsible attitudes towards sexuality are discussed in the media, rather than a deconstruction of a few ads.
The issue of ethics in psychology and anthropology also requires a certain rigorous and rule-based methodology. To avoid exploiting or changing home cultures, anthropologists must maintain a proper distance from their subjects. Researchers in psychology cannot abuse subjects in a laboratory environment to prove a theory. The issue of 'common sense' inevitably plays some role in social science theory, given that researchers are human beings, and bring their own cultural assumptions to their studies and the construction of hypotheses.
But common sense can never replace statistical, experimental, and recorded data about another culture.
What constitutes common sense varies widely from culture to culture and era to era. Social Psychology and the Beliefs. These ideas introduced by Freud about the psychological price paid by people living in society would later be part of the views of several other 20th century sociological…… [Read More]. Social Work Macro Social Intervention. The GEMS effort was to create a social environment that encouraged healthy eating and exercise, and expanded health literacy in a fun manner, and was accessible to young girls.
It is easier to change health-related behaviors in the young, and the program tried to address the unique and often more acute problem of obesity in African-American young girls.
The entire community and family units were incorporated into the program effort. Positive aspects of the African-American community, such as strong social support, were used by the study designers, also in line with social cognition theory. Existing support structures and social learning were combined: During Family Nights, families of…… [Read More]. Social Work Is an Important. The stopping of treatment is the primary reason for this early intervention.
This tactic has been extremely successful for many years and should be Once the induction interviews are complete, the client and the social worker can move on to treating the patient. Once the treatment has started it is vitally important that the social worker pay careful attention to eliminating communication patterns that are counterproductive. Social workers have to be careful not to get stuck in unproductive type of communication that serve no purpose and do nothing to assist the client. In addition if a social worker must examine the family functioning and diverse family and cultural contexts.
This simply means that the social worker is responsible for examining the home situation of the client and assisting the client based on this environment. There are several different family structures that may be present including single family homes, blended families…… [Read More].
Social Work Policy Analysis the. This is based on the theory, posed by citizens, that certain individuals afflicted with terminal illnesses should have the legal right to hasten their death. As a result, individuals that acquire these disabilities often view death as an extremely viable solution.
The target population that the Oregon Death with Dignity statute involves are those that are terminally ill. There are both long and short-term effects of the statute on the rest of the population, as well as the target population.
Oregon has the fourth highest rate of elder suicide in the United States, and the statute appears to be a short-term solution to a long-term problem.
The statute gives physicians the long-term power to judge whether a particular suicide is rational, based on the physician's evaluation of the individual's quality of life. The short-term effect of the statute is that federal resources previously used to care for the elderly and…… [Read More]. I had the opportunity to work at an Alzheimer's care facility, with patients exhibiting various stages of Alzheimer's disease. I learned through my interactions with older adults at the clinic that much like anyone else, Alzheimer's patients need stimulation, warmth, compassion and an environment that encourages interaction and relationship building.
My views of older adults have changed significantly since working with patients at the care center. Whereas in the past I might have assumed that all older adults were mentally less cognizant of their emotions and feelings and 'numb' to the world around them, I learned instead that many have a great compassion for caring, and many desire simply to enjoy much of the same things than anyone else would at their age.
My experiences are described in greater detail below. Summary of Experiences My…… [Read More]. Theories of Social Control in Schools. Structural Theory What is the chain of command in your organization? In every school system, the primary individual who interacts with students is the teacher. Teachers can monitor student behavior such as withdrawal from peers, failing to complete assignments, or signs of possible trouble at home.
If teachers suspect that students are being abused or are engaged in illicit activity, they have a responsibility to report it to the relevant authorities although automatic notices are sent to parents if students miss more than a specific number of days without an excuse or if student grades drop below a certain margin.
What is the formal authority in the organization? The formal authority within a school organization is embodied in the principal, although even the principal must abide by the formal laws of the state regarding student attendance and progress. That is, who has economic, legal, contractual, collegial authority? Teachers also have…… [Read More]. Social Psychology and the Perspectives.
Therefore, the person who chooses to suspend his interests to comply with those artificial externally-imposed social values for the benefit of others will ultimately always suffer disadvantage because others cannot be counted upon to do so consistently and in a meaningful way, at least not beyond the ability of the state to control and ensure. To Freud, modern civilization provides various tangible benefits to the individual but only at a tremendous cost.
While living in society and with the benefits of government protection against the uncontrolled expression of the selfish will of others is a benefit, the fact that our goals and values, and the component elements of our psychological personas are determined and shaped to such a great extent by external society generates much if not all of the psychological pain and trauma experienced by individuals. Personal Response and Conclusion There is substantial value as well as inherent weaknesses…… [Read More].
Social Entrepreneurialism and Sustainability. Social Entrepreneurship Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day. Teach a man to fish and he can feed himself for life.
How could you put this principle into practice through the development of a social entrepreneurship venture? Development of Social Entrepreneurialism Corporate Social Responsibility Externalities Social Inequality Social Entrepreneurship and Food Social entrepreneurship was introduced in the s to address the issue of social sustainably and the term "social entrepreneur.
It will also discuss some of the related movements that have been working towards some of the same goals, albeit, from different directions to address various challenges in society and the environment.
Furthermore, a more detailed overview of the exact challenges that are present in society that social entrepreneurialism can work to address will…… [Read More]. Sociological Theories of Crime There Are a. Sociological Theories of Crime There are a number of respected sociological theories of crime and criminality, and in this paper four of those theories -- social control theory, strain theory, differential association theory and neutralization theory -- will be reviewed in terms of their strengths and weaknesses.
Also, of the theories discussed, one or more will be referenced in terms of the relevance to a recently convicted offender. Social Control Theory According to professor Larry Siegel social control theories put forward the notion that everyone has the potential to become a law-breaker, and the society offers multiple opportunities for illegal activity. The attraction for some people to deal drugs or steal cars, Siegel explains, is that there is "…the promise of immediate reward and gratification" Siegel, , p.
And so, Siegel continues, given the attraction of crime for many, and the benefits for some, his question is: Crime Theory in the World of Criminology. Crime Theory In the world of criminology, several theories have been constructed to help legal professionals understand the nature of and motive behind criminal activity.
Studying these more closely can help with the rehabilitation of criminals and curb criminal activity. Criminal theory, therefore, is constructed to determine ways in which to prevent crime and mitigate the crime being committed. Theories such as the social control theory, strain theory, differential association theory, and neutralization theory can therefore be used for the purposes mentioned above.
Each theory has its strenghts and weaknesses; to determine the theory to use could be determined on a case by case basis, hence enhancing the strengths and minimizing the weaknesses of the theory in question. According to Welch , Hirschi wrote his Causes of Delinquency, in which he developed the social control theory, during the s.
This was a troubled time in social terms, and American society…… [Read More]. Conference Theories to Support Conference. A more long-range vision related to a transformation of drug laws will also prevent the staggering numbers of women who encounter the criminal justice system.
Theories related to role integration can inform programs designed for role modeling and coaching, which will go a long way toward promoting future community and personal health. Women offenders and the gendered effects of public policy. Predictors of recidivism among incarcerated female offenders. The Prison Journal 75 3: The relational theory of women's psychological development: Implications for the criminal justice system.
Positivist Theory of Crime Lombroso. Positivist Theory of Crime, Lombroso Criminal ehavior Treatment Program and Positivist Theory The objective of this study is to examine the positivist theory of crime posited by Lombroso and to develop a crime prevention or treatment program.
Cesare Lombroso is held to be the founder of modern criminology and to have introduced the positivist movement in the latter part of the nineteenth century, which has made a more scientific approach to criminology available. Empirical scientific research in understanding criminality was first introduced by the positivist approach. According to Farr nd positivism is based in logic and is "the philosophy that combined epistemological phenomenalism with 'scientism' that is, with the belief in the desirability of scientific and technological progress.
Criminal Justice Theories Drift theory suggests that people drift from one extreme to another during the course of their lifetimes. When applied in the context of criminal justice, it reflects the idea that people drift between conventional and criminal behaviors. After a crime is committed, the individual may balance that criminality by drifting back towards conventional behavior. In this way, criminality is partly chosen, but also partly determined, because the willingness to commit a crime comes with preparation and desperation.
Preparation does not imply that the person has actively prepared to engage in criminal behavior but that the person has placed himself in a position where it is possible to commit a crime.
Fatalism contributes to drift, with people being more likely to commit crimes when they feel as if their options have been limited and that they lack control. Furthermore, with drift comes an underlying sense of injustice, so…… [Read More]. Analyzing Criminology Classical Theory. Criminology Classical theory elucidates crime as a creation and outcome of beliefs that advantages of committing crimes are extremely greater than normative, socially acceptable behavior.
The foundation of this school of thought on criminology is that crime is a rational choice and that many individuals have the capacity to resort to crime. In addition, individuals will commit crime subsequent to the comparison of prospective advantages and disadvantages of such actions. The positivist school of criminology tries to ascribe crime causation to understood, contemplative assertion of advantages that criminal activities carry. Next, sociological school of criminology asserts that crime comes about due to manifold factors that can be split into mental, biological, and social factors.
Therefore, it implies that crime is a result of social factors and elements that influence the behavior of human beings. Social Media and How it Goes on. Social Media and how it goes on to affects people. The advantages and the risks of social media are discussed. Furthermore, it goes on to talk about appropriate and inappropriate content.
Use of social media in the professional world is also discussed. Social Media is basically the modes of interaction among persons in which they produce, exchange, and share information in varied virtual communities and network. Kaplan and Haenlein describe this form of technology as varies internet origin applications that were created on technological and ideological foundations that merely allow the exchange of content that the user himself created.
Initially, social media was only prevalent on laptops or pcs but now this technology has move on to mobile phones. This therefore enables users to upload and share information instantaneously. The advent of…… [Read More]. Social Science and Why Is it Important. Social Science and Why Is it Important? The definition of social science has been narrowed down to those sciences that deal with human activities and human behavior as opposed to science that studies natural phenomenon.
However this division may be superfluous now because modern science has its origin from the old social sciences. Science evolved from the society which also contained many thoughts that may be out of the realm of modern science like "religion, philosophy, ideology and politics. The relationship between science and other streams of human thought and science changed with the changes in scientific method which again form within the disciplines of each branch of science is different and often contradictory.
Williams, The argument at this stage is if the social world is amenable to experiments…… [Read More]. Theory vs Practice Explained. Practice When it comes to working in any sort of organization or corporation, one of the obvious chasms that becomes clear here is the relationship between theory and what is practiced in a small business setting. A common refrain seen in the blogosphere and elsewhere is that there is a disconnect between what is suggested in the minds of theorists and within…… [Read More].
Social Sciences in Education the Development and. Social Sciences in Education The development and specialization of the various fields in the social sciences started with the establishment of sociology as an academic discipline in the 19th century.
Over time, the social sciences have broadened to include other disciplines looking at human life through in a variety of contexts, including anthropology, economics, political science, history, psychology, communication and linguistics. There are two broadly-defined schools of thought in the contemporary understanding of social sciences. A positivist interpretation of the social sciences utilizes the scientific method in the study of human society.
An interpretivist social scientist tends to utilize analysis, written deconstruction, and contextualization to examine theoretical linkages. One of the more notable tendencies of contemporary social science practice have been researchers who use hybrid styles, techniques, and methodologies in their work to look at their…… [Read More].
Social Systems This Work Will. It is the process of interaction among family members that determines the rules by which the family is governed. This is the family's level of cohesion, its adaptability, and its communication style.
Finally, these interactions work together to serve individual members and collective family needs; 3 Family function is the output of the interactional system. Utilizing the resources available through its structure input , the family interacts to produce responses that fulfill its needs; and 4 the family life cycle introduces the element of change into the family system.
Social control theory has origins in the early works of the moral and utilitarian philosophers, the nineteenth-century writings of Émile Durkheim, and the early twentieth-century research of the Chicago School of sociology (Morris ).
The social control theory states that all people have the potential to be law breakers, but most people choose to stray from breaking the law because of the potential .
Social Control Theory Essay Words 5 Pages Social control theory has become one of the more widely accepted explanations in the field of criminology in . The theory of social control emphasizes on the role of society in the control of criminal behavior and proposes social learning with the help of 'social control' which is why I chose the theory of social control over the social learning theory. The Theory of Social Control is widely cited in criminology in addition it has also been explored by the realist philosophers and represented by Travis Hirschi, a pro-pounder .
Instead, social control theories have been already assumed humans are potentially committing crime. Moreover, the social control or social bond theory is emphasizing why a person do not be a criminal. In social control theorists' assumptions, individuals have the . (Results Page 4) View and download social control theory essays examples. Also discover topics, titles, outlines, thesis statements, and conclusions for your social control theory essay.
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Reshape a leading IT-consulting organization’s digital landscape.
Concurrency’s website was outdated, clunky, and in need of major usability and design updates, and the company knew its existing technology platform needed to evolve to better drive marketing and communication efforts. We were charged with remodeling and expanding Concurrency’s digital headquarters so it would entice and excite prospective clients.
With a focus on content marketing, we crafted Concurrency’s new website using Kentico EMS—a powerful content management system that’s built around a robust marketing automation and a personalization engine. The site features a clean, responsive design and clear calls-to-action that have helped increase engagement and generate leads. Plus, the user-friendly CMS allows the Concurrency team to create landing pages, blog posts, and event announcements to provide industry insights to prospective clients easily and efficiently.
We built Concurrency a B2B website that has improved content management, increased engagement, and helped attract new leads. Concurrency also saw some impressive quantitative results.
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Here is a list of questions you may wish to start with when asking family members about a specific ancestor. This is only a guide, and you may have more specific questions that you would like to ask.
• What was their full name?
• Did they have a middle name or nickname that they preferred?
• When did they die? What was the cause of their death? Where were they buried?
• Were they married? If so, what was the name of their spouse? When and where did their spouse die?
• When and where did they marry?
• Was this the only marriage for both parties?
• Did they have children? If so, what were their children's names?
• Did their children marry and where did or do they live? If they are deceased where and when did they die?
• What was their occupation? Where did they work?
• Did they serve in the military?
• Where and when were they born?
• What school or schools did they attend?
• Did they attend university?
• Were they a member of a religious community, or parish? Which religious denomination were they?
• Do you have any documentation of their life, such as birth, marriage or death certificates, their Will or other written records?
• Do you have any photographs or newspaper clippings of them?
• Do you know anything about their physical appearance or accent?
• Would any other relatives have further information, memories, or records relating to them?
• Has any relation ever tried to create a family tree before? Is there any information about their findings kept anywhere or by anyone that you know of?
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What does the future of humanity look like?
We live in an era where we are constantly improving technology, robotics and breaking the boundaries of AI. I wonder sometimes, how far are we willing to go? What would our future look like if we keep heading down this path?
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Basra Governorate (Arabic: البصرة Al Baṣra) (or Basra Province) is a governorate in southern Iraq, bordering Kuwait to the south and Iran to the east. The capital is the city of Basra. Other districts of Basra include Al-Qurnah, Az Zubayr, Al Midaina, Shatt Al Arab, Abu Al Khaseeb and Al Faw located on the Persian Gulf.
In 1920, after the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, the United Kingdom took over the former Ottoman vilayets of Basra, Baghdad and Mosul which had together formed the historical region of Irak Arabi or Irak Babeli, and called it the British Mandate of Mesopotamia. The mandate was succeeded by the Kingdom of Iraq in 1932.
The Shiite population suffered long and hard under Saddam's rule. The city of Basra had suffered considerably during the eight-year war with Iran and Allied bombardment and in 1991 during the Gulf War, the governorate ventured into an uprising after the United States promised them aid. It was started in Basra by angry soldiers, according to popular legend after they fired at a giant public portrait of Saddam Hussein. Mass support on the streets followed, shouting slogans, executing Ba'ath party members, leaders and secret police, and destroying pictures and monuments of Saddam Hussein. The participants had expected support from American troops. but the Allied army at the time was occupied despite the 24th Infantry Division stationed only several miles from the city. The city of Basra didn't completely succumb to the rebels; a counterattack by some 6,000 loyalist from the Republican Guard held out against 5,000 defectors of the Iraqi army. After about three days, the Republican Guard began to gain control, destroying "everything in front of them", killing many of the rebels in the streets amd mass executions on the public squares.
From 2003 the governorate was one of the centres of warfare during the invasion of the British and Americans during the Iraq War. The Battle for Basra took place between March 23 and April 7 between the British 1st Armoured Division forces under Major General Robin Brims, and Iraqi forces under General Ali Hassan al-Majid (Chemical Ali). Much of the heaviest combat in the war took place in the province in subsequent weeks. Several outbreaks of violence between secular Iraqis and Shiite Muslims broke out in summer 2006, and in September 2007, British troops were withdrawn to Basra Airport, and withdrew entirely from the city in December 2007. Following the example of the Kurdistan Autonomous Region in northern Iraq, Basra has proposed uniting with the other provinces of Dhi Qar and Maysan as an autonomous region. On October 15, 2005, 691,024 people, some 96.02%, voted for the new constitution.
^ Sassoon, Joseph (12 December 2011). Saddam Hussein's Ba'th Party: Inside an Authoritarian Regime. Cambridge University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-139-50392-1.
^ a b c Goldstein, Eric (1 January 1992). Endless Torment: The 1991 Uprising in Iraq and Its Aftermath. Human Rights Watch. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-56432-069-8.
^ a b Mockaitis, Thomas R. (15 August 2013). The Iraq War Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-313-38063-1.
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It was amongst the twelve original designated English Dioceses at the time of the restoration of the hierarchy of Pope Pius IX in 1850.
These were within the old Midland District or 'vicariate', at the time when, as Pope James II had requested in 1685, the Vatican divided England into four Catholic districts: the London, the Northern, the Midland, and the Western.
Prior to 1840 when the number of vicars Apostolic was doubled from four to eight, the Midland District had consisted of fifteen counties. In 1850, Nottingham could count only twenty-four permanent missions, with many of these being little better than villages. Many originated from chaplaincies which had through harsh times been maintained by the Catholic nobility and gentry, or had been founded independently by them. Among these there existed foundations of several religious orders: in Derbyshire, the Jesuits had missions at Chesterfield and Spink Hill in Lincolnshire at Lincoln, Boston, and Market Rasen; the Dominicans were based in Leicester; the Fathers of Charity continued several missions in Leicestershire; and the Cistercians resided in their newly established Abbey of Mount St. Bernard in Charnwood Forest.
From the appearance of the Jesuits in England in 1580 (at the special request of Dr. Allen), they had done much through their dedicated work to preserve the faith in the Nottingham diocese. Of their missions mentioned above, some were among the earliest in the Society in England (dating back some three hundred years). Derby was included in the district or college of the Society called the "Immaculate Conception", founded by Father Richard Blount, about 1633, first Provincial of the English Province. Extinct for many years it was partially revived in 1842 as Mount St. Mary's College, when the present college and convictus was established by the then provincial, Father Raudal Lythegoe. After the Reformation, the English Province of the Friars Preachers ceased to exist, until resuscitated at Bornhem in Flanders by Philip Howard (q. v.) later cardinal, who became the first prior of the Dominicans in 1675. The first introduction of the English Dominicans from Bornhem was at Hinckley, whence for many years Leicester was served by them at intervals. Their mission at Leicester was made permanent in 1798 by the purchase of a house by Father Francis Xavier Choppelle.
The present church of the Holy Cross was set up by Father Benedict Caestrick in 1815 and was opened in 1819. The title of Holy Cross was adopted, no doubt, on account of the celebrated relic of the Holy Cross brought from Bornhem, which is now in London. After three centuries had passed, a monastery of the Cistercian Order was resuscitated in England by the foundation of the Abbey of Mount St. Bernard in Leicestershire, made possible by the assistance of Ambrose Phillips de Lisle of Grace Dieu Manor, who after being converted in December, 1825, spent much of his time on the spread of the Faith in England. He hoped to accomplish this through the re-establishment of monastic institutions in England. In 1835 he purchased around two hundred and twenty-seven acres of wild, uncultivated land in Charnwood Forest and presented this to the Cistercians. Beginning with one brother who lived alone in a four-roomed cottage, the community rapidly increased, and a larger building was erected as well as a small chapel, opened by Dr. Walsh 11 October, 1837. This also in a short time proving insufficient, the Earl of Shrewsbury generously offered them £2,000, but on condition that a new monastery should be erected, choosing for that purpose the present site of the abbey. It was built from designs by Augustus Welby Pugin. In 1848 by Brief of Pius IX the monastery of Mount St. Bernard was raised to the dignity of an abbey, and Father Bernard, the first mitred abbot in England since the Reformation, was consecrated 18 February, 1849.
In introducing the Cistercians into England, de Lisle had hoped that they would undertake missionary work and with this view he had built three chapels, at Grace Dieu, Whitwick, and the abbey. On the score of their rule, however, they declined to take charge permanently of the missions. De Lisle then decided to bring from Italy members of the Order of Charity. After much negotiation with the head of the order, Father Gentili came to Grace Dieu as chaplain. This was the commencement of the settlement of this order in the diocese. In 1841 Dr. Walsh made over to them the secular mission of Loughborough founded in 1832 by Father Benjamin Hulme. The buildings were too small to permit of a novitiate and a college of their own which they were desirous to establish. To carry out this twofold object, about nine acres were purchased; here the foundation stone of the new buildings was laid in May, 1843, and in 1844 was opened the first college and novitiate house of the institute in England. The Sisters of Mercy had come to Nottingham in 1844, and in 1846 entered their convent in close proximity to the cathedral.
The first Bishop of Nottingham was the Rt. Rev. William Hendren, O.S.F., born in 1792, consecrated 10 September, 1848, as Vicar Apostolic of the Western District, transferred to the Diocese of Clifton, 29 Sept., 1850, and to Nottingham, 22 June, 1851. The cathedral church of St. Barnabas is of the lancet style of architecture, and is considered one of the best specimens of the work of Augustus Welby Pugin. Owing to ill-health Dr. Hendren resigned in 1853 and was succeeded by Dr. Richard Roskell, born at Gateacre near Liverpool, in 1817. He was sent to Ushaw and afterwards to Rome, where he took his degree and was ordained in 1840. He was consecrated in the cathedral by Cardinal Wiseman on 21 September, 1853. During his episcopate a number of missions were founded in the various counties of the diocese. In Lincolnshire, through the generosity of Thomas Arthur Young of Kingerby Hall, not only was there a church and presbytery built at Gainsborough and Grimsby, but the Premonstratensian order was re-introduced into England at Crowle and Spalding. In 1874, owing to Dr. Roskell's ill-health, the pope appointed the Rev. Edward Gilpin Bagshawe of the London Oratory his coadjutor. The same year, however, Dr. Roskell tendered his resignation and Dr. Bagshawe was consecrated at the London Oratory 12 November, 1874. Numerous missions necessitated by the development of the mining industry were opened during his administration, and various communities of nuns introduced into the diocese, which he ruled for twenty-seven years. He resigned in 1901 and in 1904 was transferred to the titular Archbishopric of Seleucia. Rt. Rev. Robert Brindle, D.S.O., his successor, was born at Liverpool, 4 November, 1837. The first Catholic chaplain to receive the pension for distinguished and meritorious service, as well as Turkish and Egyptian orders and medals, he was, his retirement from the army in 1899, on the petition of Cardinal Vaughan, appointed his assistant, and on the resignation of Dr. Bagshawe, received his Brief to the See of Nottingham 6 November, 1901.
By 1910 there were in the diocese 32,000 Catholics; 84 secular, and 44 regular, priests; 75 churches with missions attached, 31 without missions; 6 convents for men, and 9 for women.
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Create an email alert ?
1. Set your search criterias.
2. Type your email address.
Indicate the initial period on which you're ready to engage yourself.
For example, if you do not want to engage yourself for more than 18 months, move the cursor to 18 months.
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Who plays board games nowadays? As we all know, Jumanji is one you would want to avoid. Now, it has evolved to tangle those in its grip in the form of a game console.
Cast: Dwayne Johnson, Jack Black, Kevin Hart, Karen Gillan, Nick Jonas, Alex Wolff, Ser'Darious Blain, Madison Iseman, Morgan Turner, and Bobby Cannavale.
Pros: First thing that got me hooked was the chemistry between the actors. The roles they were playing were spot on. The person that really nailed their part of a teenage "popular" girl was Jack Black, he was hilarious. I liked the new version of the game, it took the basic concepts of what a video game is supposed to be and all the rules involved, which includes things like abilities and how many lives you have which was a real factor in their journey to get out. There is a nod to the previous Jumanji film within the game that I noticed. I could tell in the theatre that most missed it but I hope you notice it as well, so keep a lookout. Dwayne Johnson is a marvelous actor and although he is in a lot of movies he is gold in whatever role he is playing, including this film. Very fun adventure from start to finish.
Cons: I think Jumanji was two hours. It went by too fast and could have of been longer. With that in mind, the very end needed a little more depth to see how their lives went on after the game. Nick Jonas was a very meh character but his role in the game was important to bring them all together I guess.
Jumanji was very entertaining and I wouldn't mind seeing it again for the laughs and adventures, especially Jack Black playing as Bethany. The action was well done and also the music, especially those classic Jumanjii drums in the background. You'll leave with a smile on your face that's for sure.
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Translate into English the words given in French. The articles are also translated. The words in plural will remain in plural.
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Fatty liver non alcoholic , what should eat ,need a proper diet chart pls help me?
Topic: Fatty liver non alcoholic , what should eat ,need a proper diet chart pls help me?
Best Answers: Fatty liver non alcoholic , what should eat ,need a proper diet chart pls help me?
A diet for fatty liver can be a treatment, but some people may want to adopt this type of eating plan if they are at risk for developing the disease. One of the most important steps you can take is to adopt a healthy eating plan. Those who have nonalcoholic fatty liver disease want to stay away from high-glycemic carbohydrates. High-glycemic carbohydrates White bread Breakfast cereal White rice Potatoes The list is not comprehensive but it gives you a good idea of the types of food that can cause problems. Developing an Eating Plan Any diet for health conditions should be a collaborative process between you and your doctor. Your physician may refer you to a nutritionist to help you develop a healthy eating plan. A liver cleansing diet may be in order, involving detoxification but this can lead to unpleasant side effects and should be done with the guidance of a doctor. What does a typical diet for fatty liver look like? Programs vary according to the individual's specific needs, making it critical to see a doctor about the best meal plans. A diet that helps you to lose abdominal weight may be helpful. General guidelines include: Avoid saturated fats Replace sugary treats with fruit Avoid processed foods Eat whole grains Choose lean meats over red meat Eat many vegetables Make your own salad dressing using olive oil and vinegar, and use it sparingly Add legumes to your recipes for added protein and fiber As a rule of thumb, the closer the food is to its natural state, the better. The more processing the food goes through, the more additives are likely to be in the mix. The additives, extra calories and artificial ingredients have to be processed by the liver.
Originally Answered: hey guys recently i have been diagnosed with non alcoholic FATTY LIVER. what should i do?
This condition can usually be reversed if you change some unhealthy eating habits and don't abuse alcohol. The life span would be the same as everyone else if you make changes to your diet and reverse the problem. Many people have a fatty liver and doesn't even know it and nothing more ever comes of it. But for some others, a fatty liver can actually progress to a more serious problem called NASH which can lead to cirrhosis of the liver over time. No one knows why this may never happen in one person while another person will have the problem. That's why it's important to try and reverse this if you can. Talk to your doctor about a low fat diet. I'm sure there is tons of things on the internet about low fat diets that could help you. Don't be afraid. It takes many many years for this to progress to a more serious liver problem so you have time to correct it now.
Diet and Lifestyle Changes are the good ways to Reverse Fatty Liver Disease: Making simple diet and lifestyle changes can help to halt the effects of this condition, and in most cases can turn it around completely. Here are some suggestions for home treatment of fatty liver disease, or steatosis hepatitis: If you drink alcohol – stop. If you smoke – stop. If you are overweight, lose weight slowly until you reach your ideal weight. (DON’T go on a crash diet, it will make it worse!) Get plenty of exercise. Keep your cholesterol levels at or below normal. If you are diabetic, keep it under control with normal glucose levels. Avoid harmful substances such as drugs, fast food and junk foods My friend got fatty liver when 32 year olds, she doesn't what is the main causes leading to her disease so she found a book and admit it, the book is not only provide causes but also the way how to treat ?so on . you can find it at: http://adola.net/go/fattyliver-bible/ Hope for useful!
Make pancakes even healthier with the addition of mashed baked sweet potato, a number of pureed spinach and blueberries, or even cooked quinoa.
Make pancakes even healthier by adding mashed baked sweet potato, a few pureed spinach and blueberries, or maybe cooked quinoa.
Make pancakes even healthier with the help of mashed baked sweet potato, several pureed spinach and blueberries, or cooked quinoa.
Going low carb is that can encourage weight loss. Limit the carbs (especially refined carbs like muffins and bagels) and will include a little fat.
Originally Answered: I have NAFLD (Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease). What are my chances of getting Cirrhosis?
You should be seeing either a gastroenterlogist or hepatologist now. Fatty liver disease can be caused by many different things: alcohol consumption, certain medications like steriods, weight gain, hereditary conditions, diabetes, insulin resistance, high cholesterol/triglyceride levels and more. The cause needs to be determined. There are different stages of this disease.... Simple fatty liver doesn't usually cause a problem and can be easily reversed by stopping the cause. Alot of people are very thin and can still have this problem. The fat pushes on the liver cells and can even push the nucleus of the liver cell out of place. That is why it has to be treated immediately ....so the fat will disappear and not harm the cells. The liver is surrounded by a membrane capsule and the fat only adds to the pressure inside the liver. If the cells of the liver become damaged, it signals the immune system of the body to respond to this. The immune system then causes inflammation to develop inside the liver, also. This will cause the liver to enlarge in size. It then goes from simple fatty liver to steatohepatitis. Steato means fat, hepat means liver and itis means inflammation. This becomes more serious...the inflammation adds to more pressure inside the liver and the cells can more easily start to die off. When the cells die off, it becomes a progressive disease known as Cirrhosis of the liver. What happens now, it the cells die off and form scar tissue inside the liver that blocks the flow of blood through the liver on its way back to the heart and may also block the flow of blood to the other liver cells and they will continually die off. If the patient follows the doctor instructions and is treated for any inflammation that may have developed...then it may never go to the point of becoming Cirrhosis of the liver. Here are some links to help you learn more about this, that you can click on: http://www.medicinenet.com/fatty_liver/a... http://www.aafp.org/afp/20060601/1961.ht... http://yourtotalhealth.ivillage.com/fatt... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_liver I hope this information has been of some help to you.
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Born Paul Laurence Dunbar Chambers, Jr. April 22, 1935, in Pittsburgh, PA; died January 4, 1969, in New York, NY; son of Paul Laurence Chambers and Ann Dunbar; children: Renee, Eric.
Upon winning Down Beat magazine's 1956 "New Star Award," jazz bassist Paul Chambers entered the national spotlight as one of the finest young talents of the hard bop jazz scene. Best known for his eight-year tenure with Miles Davis, Chambers appeared as a guest recording artist with numerous musicians, including the debut albums of John Coltrane, Kenny Burrell, and Cannonball Adderly. His bass bow style was largely responsible for carrying forth the bowing approach pioneered by Jimmy Blanton, an early bassist with the Duke Ellington Orchestra, and reintroducing the arco or bowed style as a featured technique in the modern jazz idiom.
Paul Laurence Dunbar Chambers, Jr. was born on April 22, 1935, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. While attending the Pittsburgh school system, Chambers took up music after one of his instructors selected him to play baritone horn. Following the death of his mother in 1948, Chambers went to live with his father in Detroit, where he switched to tuba and eventually pursued the study of the double bass. By 1952 he was receiving private lessons from a bassist in the Detroit Symphony Orchestra and, while attending Cass Technical High School, played in the school's symphony orchestra. During this time, Chambers's formal symphonic training coincided with a strong interest in bebop jazz. "I started to listen to Charlie Parker and Bud Powell at age fifteen," recalled Chambers in Down Beat. "At first I played along with records and I used to try to pick out some of the things Parker...would do." As jazz critic Leonard Feather pointed out in the liner notes to the album Whim of Chambers, "Oscar Pettiford and Ray Brown, the first bassists [Chambers] admired, were followed in his book by Percy Heath, Milt Hinton and Wendell Marshall for their rhythm section work, Charles Mingus and George Duvivier for their technical powers and their efforts in broadening the scope of jazz bass. [Jimmy] Blanton, of course, is his all-time favorite."
Chambers's musical aspirations, however, were not shared by his father, who insisted he become a professional baseball player. When Chambers attempted to practice his instrument at the family home, his father expressed his disapproval by throwing his school- practice bass down the stairs. Determined to become a bassist, Chambers pursued his musical studies at the homes of pianists Hugh Lawson and Barry Harris. Chambers then embarked on a musical apprenticeship in Detroit's flourishing jazz club scene, performing with such artists as Thad Jones and Kenny Burrell at Klein's Show Bar, the Rouge Lounge, and the Bluebird Inn.
In 1955 Chambers went on tour with saxophonist Paul "Vice Pres" Quinchette. After his stint with Quinchette, he moved to New York and joined a group led by trombonists J.J. Johnson and Kai Winding. He then worked with pianist Benny Green's combo and George Wallington's group at Greenwich Village's Cafe Bohemia--a unit comprised of saxophonist Jackie McLean, trumpeter Donald Byrd, and drummer Art Taylor. Soon after, McLean brought Chambers to the attention of Miles Davis, who was seeking a bassist for his quintet. "Everybody was raving about Paul," recalled Davis in his memoir Miles.
After hearing Chambers, Davis immediately hired the young bassist for his quintet, which featured saxophonist Sonny Rollins, pianist Red Garland, and drummer Philly Joe Jones. As Jack Chambers noted in Milestones I, "Davis must have known from the beginning that he had put together a rhythm section of great potential. Chambers fitted in immediately with Garland and Jones." Following a few rehearsals, Davis's quintet opened at Cafe Bohemia. "Paul Chambers was the baby of the group," commented Davis in Miles, "being only twenty, but he was playing like he had been around forever."
By September of 1955 Rollins left Davis's quintet and was replaced by Philadelphia-born saxophonist John Coltrane. In October of the same year, the newly formed quintet made their first recordings for Columbia while Miles was still under contract with Prestige. The group's first issued album, recorded in November of 1955, emerged as a set of fine ballads entitled Miles. In his original review of the album, Nat Hentoff, as quoted in the book Milestones I, stated that Chambers "lays down a rhythm that could carry an army band." The quintet subsequently recorded two 1956 sessions for Prestige which produced the albums Cookin' and Relaxin'. In describing the former album in Hard Bop, David Rosenthal wrote:"Garland, Chambers, and Jones comprised one of the most cohesive rhythm sections in the history of jazz, a trio closely attuned to each other and to Davis and Coltrane."
Material from the sessions also yielded two more albums, Workin' and Steamin'. With these early sessions, wrote Bill Cole in Miles: The Early Years, "Paul Chambers was setting the standard of double bass playing that would not be easily matched." Cole also noted the close working relationship between Chambers and his bandleader: "If Miles was going up the register, Chambers would be moving right along with him, suddenly stepping to a lower octave, giving the solo a funky street feeling."
With the periodic absence of Coltrane in March 1956, Davis brought in Sonny Rollins to record Miles Davis Allstars, a session backed by Chambers, pianist Tommy Flanagan, and drummer Art Taylor. As observed in Modern Jazz, "The Flanagan-Chambers-Taylor rhythm section was probably the lightest, most distinct rhythm section modern jazz had enjoyed up to that time. Paul Chambers brought a large, dark, buoyant, sound to the group." During his stint with Davis's quintet, Chambers also recorded several solo albums. In 1955 he cut In Transition with guest artists Pepper Adams and John Coltrane, who also appeared on his 1956 solo efforts Paul Chambers and Whims of Chambers, an effort which brought together the talents of Donald Byrd, John Coltrane, Kenny Burrell, Horace Silver, and Philly Joe Jones. His 1957 release, Bass on Top, featured Burrell and pianist Hank Jones.
In 1956 Chambers, Garland, Philly Joe Jones, and John Coltrane made a guest appearance on Sonny Rollins's Prestige album Tenor Madness. In September of 1957 Coltrane assembled the musicians for his only Blue Note album, Blue Train. Free to select his sidemen for the recording, Coltrane called upon Chambers and another former Detroiter, trombonist Curtis Fuller. "The rhythm section comprised of [pianist] Kenny Drew, Paul Chambers, and Philly Joe Jones is superb," wrote Robert Levin in the album's liner notes. "Drew is a blues rooted pianist with a swinging cohesive technique. Chambers and Jones are known primarily for their sparkling work with Miles Davis." Fuller, who often rehearsed with Coltrane, recalled in Thinking Jazz his creative association with Chambers: "Paul Chambers lived all the way in Brooklyn, and he would get in the subway and, gig or no gig, he would come over and practice. He got this thing from Koussevitsky--Poloniase in D Minor--and he'd say, 'Hey Curtis, let's play this one.' It wasn't written as a duet, but he would run that down together for three of four hours. A couple of days later, we'd come back and play it again. The whole thing was just so beautiful, the camaraderie."
During May of 1957, Chambers played bass on Davis's album Miles Ahead, a session for a large ensemble arranged by Gil Evans. In Miles Davis: The Early Years, Bill Cole discussed the role of the bass on Davis's and Evans's jazz orchestral effort: "[Chambers] plays many sequences with the tuba which are moving in opposite directions, handling them flawlessly in excellent intonation." In the summer of 1957, Chambers toured with Davis's group, which featured Sonny Rollins, Red Garland, and drummer Art Taylor. With the departure of Rollins and Taylor, Davis rehired Philly Joe Jones and eventually assembled a sextet fronted by the saxophones of Coltrane and Cannonball Adderly. Davis credited Chambers with, as stated in his memoir Miles, the pivotal role of "anchoring all [the] creative tension between the horns." Backed by the Garland- Chambers-Jones rhythm section, the sextet recorded Davis's 1958 album Milestones. In the album's liner notes, Charles Edward Smith wrote that Chambers's "rare beauty of tone is combined, in his playing, with an extraordinary technical gift and, underlying it, such a strong sense of swing that he could carry the rhythm all by himself."
In March of 1958 Chambers and drummer Jimmy Cobb, along with pianist Tommy Flanagan, made up the rhythm section for the album Kenny Burrell and John Coltrane. Included on the album is Flanagan's number "Big Paul" dedicated to Chambers. "Paul Chambers' walking introduction to the tune," observed Joe Goldberg in thealbum's liner notes, "brings back an entire era. Flanagan and Cobb slip easily under him, as if they have all the time in the world." After Philly Joe Jones left Davis's band in May 1958, Cobb joined Davis's quintet. In July and August of 1958, Davis and arranger Gil Evans brought in Chambers and tubaist Bill Barber to provide the low-end accompaniment for his orchestral jazz album Porgy and Bess. On the numbers "The Buzzard Song" and "Bess, You Is My Woman Now," observed Barry Kernfield in The Blackwell Guide to Recorded Jazz, Chambers and Barber "are paired together, but not as bass instruments; instead they play a jumpy low-pitched melody" intended to blend with Evans's score for the brass and woodwinds sections.
During February 1959, the Kelly-Chambers-Cobb section backed Cannonball Adderly for his album Cannonball Adderly Quintet in Chicago. In March and April of the same year, Chambers and Cobb served as the core rhythm section for Davis's album Kind of Blue. One of the most influential recordings of the decade, Kind of Blue produced two standards, "So What" and "All Blues," both of which contain brilliant introductory statements by Chambers and pianist Bill Evans. Chambers's bass work on "So What" and "All Blues" became jazz classics that have found their way into the repertoire of nearly every modern jazz ensemble.
A month following the Kind of Blue session in 1959, Kelly and Chambers rejoined drummer Art Taylor for John Coltrane's groundbreaking album Giant Steps. On "Naima" Chambers provides the accompaniment on a composition that echoed Coltrane's later harmonic explorations. On Giant Steps Coltrane paid tribute to his friend Paul Chambers by including the minor blues entitled "Mr. P.C." In the album's liner notes Nat Hentoff wrote: "Paul Chambers ... provides excellent support ... [and] for insight into the bass' function, it might be valuable to go through the record once, paying attention primarily to Paul."
In 1960 Chambers continued his path as a studio musician. Within a ten-piece band setting, which included drummer Roy Haynes, he appeared on Oliver Nelson's acclaimed MCA album Blues and the Abstract Truth. He also appeared on Art Pepper's Gettin' It Together and Hank Mobley's Roll Call and Work Out, which found Chambers in the company of Wynton Kelly, Philly Joe Jones, and guitarist Grant Green.
For Miles Davis's recording of the 1959 album Someday My Prince Will Come, Chambers and drummer Jimmy Cobb joined Jamaican-born pianist Wynton Kelly. The Kelly-Chambers-Cobb rhythm section also backed Davis for his historic 1961 live recordings at San Francisco's Blackhawk. That same year, the section's contributions were honored in the 1961 Down Beat poll that awarded Davis's unit Best Cobo. While on the west coast in June 1962, the Kelly- Chambers-Cobb rhythm section--joined by saxophonist Johnny Griffin- -backed Wes Montgomery for a live performance which appeared as Montgomery's Riverside album Full House.
In 1963 Chambers and Kelly left Davis's band. Davis later related, in Miles, the cause for Chambers's and Kelly's departure: "I was having trouble with them because they wanted more money and wanted to play their own music...and by this time they were in great demand." Soon afterward, Cobb also left Davis and joined Chambers and Kelly in the formation of a critically acclaimed trio.
In 1965 Chambers and drummer Art Blakey backed Hank Mobley for his album The Turnaround. In The Guide to Classic Recorded Jazz, Tom Piazza described the recording as "a strongly swinging set in which Mobley's toughest edge is brought out." Two years later, Chambers recorded several albums with saxophonist Sonny Criss and worked with pianist Barry Harris at New York's West Boondock Club. After years of heavy substance abuse, Chambers died from tuberculosis on January 4, 1969.
In the liner notes to Giant Steps, John Coltrane proclaimed Chambers "one of the greatest bass players in jazz." Indebted to earlier stylists such as Oscar Pettiford, Percy Heath, and Charles Mingus, Chambers pursued an individual style that accompanied hundreds of the finest jazz men of the hard bop school. Chambers's use of micro-tones, pitch inflection, and inventive chromatic figures exemplified an approach that scholars have termed a lyrical bass style. "He was the master of tempo," observed Bill Cole in John Coltrane, "playing in any combination of changes and syncopated lines, and when he applied his revolutionary technique to medium tempo blues he was an unbeatable accompanist." With numerous and exceptional recordings to his credit, Chambers's musicianship continues to serve as a model for those who continue to pursue the art of jazz double bass.
Performed in Detroit jazz scene early 1950s; toured with Paul Quinchette 1955; moved to New York in 1955 and performed with the band of pianist George Wallington; joined Miles Davis' Quintet in the fall of 1955; left Davis' group in 1963 and formed trio with Wynton Kelly and Jimmy Cobb; freelanced with various groups until death of tuberculosis in 1969.
Down Beat New Star Award, 1956.
High Step, Blue Note, 1955.
A Delegation from the East: Chambers' Music, Jazz West, 1956.
Whims Of Chambers, Blue Note, 1956.
Bass on Top, Blue Note, 1957.
Chambers' Music, Blue Note, 1957.
The East/West Controversy, Xanadu, 1957.
Paul Chambers Quintet, Blue Note, 1957.
With Miles Davis Miles, Prestige, 1956.
Round About Midnight, Columbia, 1956.
Miles Davis at Carnegie Hall, Columbia, 1961.
With John Coltrane John Coltrane, Prestige.
Coltrane Plays For Lovers, Prestige, 1956.
John Coltrane With Hank Mobley--Two Tenors, Prestige, 1956.
John Coltrane--The First Trane, Prestige, 1957.
Blue Train, Blue Note, 1957.
Kenny Burrell and John Coltrane, 1958, reissued on Original Jazz Classics, 1987.
Bags and Trane, Atlantic, 1959.
With others Presenting Cannonball Adderly, Savoy, 1955.
Sonny Rollins, Tenor Madness, Prestige, 1956.
Sonny Clark, Sonny's Crib, 1957.
Lee Morgan, The Cooker, Blue Note, 1957.
Wynton Kelly, Kelly Blue, Original Jazz Classics.
Wynton Kelly, Smokin' at the Half Note, Verve.
Hank Mobley, Soul Station, Blue Note.
Hank Mobley, Roll Call, Blue Note.
Johnny Griffin, A Blowin' Session, Blue Note, 1957.
Johnny Griffin, Interplay For Two Tenors, Prestige, 1957.
Cannonball Adderly Quintet in Chicago, Mercury 1958, reissued as Cannonball & Coltrane, 1961.
Oliver Nelson, Blues and the Abstract Truth, MCA, 1960.
Dexter Gordon, Dexter Calling, 1960.
Kenny Durham, Whistle Stop, Blue Note, 1961.
Art Pepper Gettin' It Together, Contemporary, 1961.
Wes Montgomery, Full House, Riverside, 1962.
Wes Montgomery: The Small Group Recordings.
Kenny Burrell, Jazzmen From Detroit, Savoy.
Berliner, Paul F, Thinking Jazz: The Infinitive Art of Improvisation, University of Chicago Press, 1994.
Chambers, Jack, Milestones I, Beech Tree Books, 1985.
Cole, Bill, John Coltrane, Da Capo, 1993.
Cole, Bill, Miles Davis: The Early Years, Da Capo.
Davis, Miles and Quincy Troupe. Miles, The Autobiography, Simon & Schuster, 1989.
Kernfield, Barry, The Blackwell Guide, Oxford University Press, 1991.
Piazza, Tom, The Guide to Classic Recorded Jazz, University of Iowa Press, 1995.
Rosenthal, David H., Hard Bop: Jazz and Black Music 1955-1965, Oxford University Press, 1992.
I had the pleasure of meeting Paul in High School.I went to Cass Tech the same years as he.His kind of talent will surely be missed on the Jazz Scene.
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Who started Leader in Me?
Leader in Me was originally developed by a principal and teachers who wanted to teach their students life skills such as leadership, responsibility, accountability, problem solving, adaptability, effective communication, and more.
Based on demand from Summers and other principals and teachers who had observed or heard about A.B. Combs’ success, FranklinCovey codified Summers’ process, creating The Leader in Me so that other schools could implement the leadership model and achieve similar results.
Promote racial and socioeconomic diversity.
Provide integrated curricula and instruction.
Create partnerships that enhance the school’s theme.
Since its official launch nearly six years ago, over 2,500 public, private, charter, and magnet schools across 35 countries have adopted The Leader in Me. Educators continue to offer feedback on best practices, which provides the basis for continuous improvement and refinement of the process.
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Social Media Marketing is the use of social media platforms and websites to promote a product or service. Most of these social media platforms have their own built-in data analytics tools, which enable companies to track the progress, success, and engagement of ad campaigns.
Social media can be a useful source of market information and a way to hear customer perspectives. Blogs, content communities, and forums are platforms where individuals share their reviews and recommendations of brands, products, and services. Businesses are able to tap and analyze the customer voices and feedback generated in social media for marketing purposes in this sense the social media is a relatively inexpensive source of market intelligence which can be used by marketers and managers to track and respond to consumer-identified problems and detect market opportunities. For example, the Internet erupted with videos and pictures of iPhone 6 "bend test" which showed that the coveted phone could be bent by hand pressure. The so-called "bend gate" controversy created confusion amongst customers who had waited months for the launch of the latest rendition of the iPhone. However, Apple promptly issued a statement saying that the problem was extremely rare and that the company had taken several steps to make the mobile device's case stronger and robust. Unlike traditional market research methods such as surveys, focus groups, and data mining which are time-consuming and costly, and which take weeks or even months to analyze, marketers can use social media to obtain 'live' or "real time" information about consumer behavior and viewpoints on a company's brand or products. This can be useful in the highly dynamic, competitive fast-paced and global marketplace of the 2010s.
Facebook and LinkedIn are leading social media platforms where users can hyper-target their ads. Hypertargeting not only uses public profile information but also information users submit but hide from others. There are several examples of firms initiating some form of online dialog with the public to foster relations with customers. According to Constantinides, Lorenzo and Gomez Borja (2008) "Business executives like Jonathan Swartz, President and CEO of Sun Microsystems, Steve Jobs CEO of Apple Computers, and McDonalds Vice President Bob Langert post regularly in their CEO blogs, encouraging customers to interact and freely express their feelings, ideas, suggestions, or remarks about their postings, the company or its products". Using customer influencers (for example popular bloggers) can be a very efficient and cost-effective method to launch new products or services Narendra Modi current prime minister of India ranks only second after President Barack Obama in a number of fans on his official Facebook page at 21.8 million and counting. Modi employed social media platforms to circumvent traditional media channels to reach out to the young and urban population of India which is estimated to be 200 million.
Engagement in social media for the purpose of a social media strategy is divided into two parts. The first is proactive, regular posting of new online content (digital photos, digital videos, text) and conversations, as well as the sharing of content and information from others via weblinks. The second part is reactive conversations with social media users responding to those who reach out to your social media profiles through commenting or messaging Traditional media such as TV news shows are limited to one-way interaction with customers or 'push and tell' where only specific information is given to the customer with few or limited mechanisms to obtain customer feedback.
Traditional media such as paper newspapers, of course, do give readers the option of sending a letter to the editor, but this is a relatively slow process, as the editorial board has to review the letter and decide if it is appropriate for publication. On the other hand, social media is participative and open, as participants are able to instantly share their views on brands, products, and services. Traditional media gave control of message to the marketer, whereas social media shifts the balance to the consumer (or citizen).
Facebook pages are far more detailed than Twitter accounts. They allow a product to provide videos, photos, and longer descriptions, and testimonials as other followers can comment on the product pages for others to see. Facebook can link back to the product's Twitter page as well as send out event reminders. As of May 2015, 93% of businesses marketers use Facebook to promote their brand.A study from 2011 attributed 84% of "engagement" or clicks to Likes that link back to Facebook advertising.By 2014, Facebook had restricted the content published from businesses' and brands' pages. Adjustments in Facebook algorithms have reduced the audience for non-paying business pages (that have at least 500,000 "Likes") from 16% in 2012 down to 2% in February 2014.
Google+, in addition to providing pages and some features of Facebook, is also able to integrate with the Google search engine. Other Google products are also integrated, such as Google Adwords and Google Maps. With the development of Google Personalized Search and other location-based search services, Google+ allows for targeted advertising methods, navigation services, and other forms of location-based marketing and promotion. Google+ can also be beneficial for other digital marketing campaigns, as well as social media marketing. Google+ authorship was known to have a significant benefit on a website's search engine optimization, before the relationship was removed by Google. Google+ is one of the fastest growing social media networks and can benefit almost any business.
WhatsApp was founded by Jan Koum and Brian Acton. WhatsApp joined Facebook in 2014, but continues to operate as a separate app with a laser focus on building a messaging service that works fast and reliably anywhere in the world. WhatsApp started as an alternative to SMS. Whatsapp now supports sending and receiving a variety of media including text, photos, videos, documents, and location, as well as voice calls. Whatsapp messages and calls are secured with end-to-end encryption, meaning that no third party including WhatsApp can read or listen to them. Whatsapp is having a customer base of 1 billion people in over 180 countries. It is used to send personalised promotional messages to individual customers. It is having plenty of advantages over SMS that includes ability To track how Message Broadcast Performs using blue tick option in whatsapp. It allows sending messages to Do Not Disturb(DND) customers. Whatsapp is also used to send series of bulk messages to their targeted customers using broadcast option. Companies started using this to a large extent because it is a cost effective promotional option and quick to spread a message. Still, Whatsapp doesn't allow businesses to place ads in their app.
Foursquare is a location-based social networking website, where users can check into locations via a Swarm app on their smartphones. Foursquare allows businesses to create a page or create a new/claim an existing venue.
YouTube is another popular avenue; advertisements are done in a way to suit the target audience. The type of language used in the commercials and the ideas used to promote the product reflect the audience's style and taste. Also, the ads on this platform are usually in sync with the content of the video requested, this is another advantage YouTube brings for advertisers. Certain ads are presented with certain videos since the content is relevant. Promotional opportunities such as sponsoring a video is also possible on YouTube, "for example, a user who searches for a YouTube video on dog training may be presented with a sponsored video from a dog toy company in results along with other videos."YouTube also enable publishers to earn money through its YouTube Partner Program. Companies can pay YouTube for a special "channel" which promotes the company's products or services.
Dating and friendship website Tumblr first launched ad products on May 29, 2012.Rather than relying on simple banner ads, Tumblr requires advertisers to create a Tumblr blog so the content of those blogs can be featured on the site. In one year, four native ad formats were created on web and mobile, and had more than 100 brands advertising on Tumblr with 500 cumulative sponsored posts.
KUNCHAM Software Solutions is an custom software development company specializes in developing scalable software applications, business softwares and automation softwares. We primarily develop applications which automates everyday workflow of a company or organization and makes life easier.
© 2019 All Rights Reserved. Designed By KUNCHAM Software Solutions Pvt Ltd.
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Našli jsme další záznamy k osobě פאינה ליפסקי.
פאינה ליפסקי je pohřben(a) na hřbitově New Kiryat Shmona Cemetery v místě zobrazeném na níže uvedené mapě. Tyto informace o GPS jsou k dispozici POUZE na stránkách BillionGraves. Naše technologie vám pomůže najít umístění hrobu a také další členy rodiny, pohřbené poblíž.
פאינה ליפסקי was 11 years old when World War II: Nazi Germany and Slovakia invade Poland, beginning the European phase of World War II. World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier. The vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—eventually formed two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most global war in history; it directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of total war, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 50 to 85 million fatalities, most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China. It included massacres, the genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, premeditated death from starvation and disease and the only use of nuclear weapons in war.
פאינה ליפסקי was 16 years old when World War II: Hiroshima, Japan is devastated when the atomic bomb "Little Boy" is dropped by the United States B-29 Enola Gay. Around 70,000 people are killed instantly, and some tens of thousands die in subsequent years from burns and radiation poisoning. World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier. The vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—eventually formed two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most global war in history; it directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of total war, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 50 to 85 million fatalities, most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China. It included massacres, the genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, premeditated death from starvation and disease and the only use of nuclear weapons in war.
פאינה ליפסקי was 27 years old when Disneyland Hotel opens to the public in Anaheim, California. The Disneyland Hotel is a resort hotel located at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California, owned by the Walt Disney Company and operated through its Parks, Experiences and Consumer Products division. Opened on October 5, 1955, as a motor inn owned and operated by Jack Wrather under an agreement with Walt Disney, the hotel was the first to officially bear the Disney name. Under Wrather's ownership, the hotel underwent several expansions and renovations over the years before being acquired by Disney in 1988. The hotel was downsized to its present capacity in 1999 as part of the Disneyland Resort expansion.
פאינה ליפסקי was 35 years old when The Beatles make their first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show, performing before a "record-busting" audience of 73 million viewers across the USA. The Beatles were an English rock band formed in Liverpool in 1960. With members John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, they became widely regarded as the foremost and most influential music band in history. Rooted in skiffle, beat and 1950s rock and roll, the Beatles later experimented with several musical styles, ranging from pop ballads and Indian music to psychedelia and hard rock, often incorporating classical elements and unconventional recording techniques in innovative ways. In 1963, their enormous popularity first emerged as "Beatlemania"; as the group's music grew in sophistication, led by primary songwriters Lennon and McCartney, the band were integral to pop music's evolution into an art form and to the development of the counterculture of the 1960s.
פאינה ליפסקי was 50 years old when Jim Jones led more than 900 members of the Peoples Temple to mass murder/suicide in Jonestown, Guyana, hours after some of its members assassinated U.S. Congressman Leo Ryan (pictured). James Warren Jones was an American religious cult leader who initiated and was responsible for a mass suicide and mass murder in Jonestown, Guyana. He considered Jesus Christ as being in compliance with an overarching belief in socialism as the correct social order. Jones was ordained as a Disciples of Christ pastor, and he achieved notoriety as the founder and leader of the Peoples Temple cult.
פאינה ליפסקי was 60 years old when The tanker Exxon Valdez spilled 10.8 million US gallons (260,000 bbl; 41,000 m3) of oil into Prince William Sound, Alaska, causing one of the most devastating man-made maritime environmental disasters. A tanker is a ship designed to transport or store liquids or gases in bulk. Major types of tankship include the oil tanker, the chemical tanker, and gas carrier. Tankers also carry commodities such as vegetable oils, molasses and wine. In the United States Navy and Military Sealift Command, a tanker used to refuel other ships is called an oiler but many other navies use the terms tanker and replenishment tanker.
פאינה ליפסקי was 70 years old when Columbine High School massacre: Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold killed 13 people and injured 24 others before committing suicide at Columbine High School in Columbine, Colorado. The Columbine High School massacre was a school shooting that occurred on April 20, 1999, at Columbine High School in Columbine, an unincorporated area of Jefferson County, Colorado, United States, in the Denver metropolitan area. In addition to the shootings, the complex and highly planned attack involved a fire bomb to divert firefighters, propane tanks converted to bombs placed in the cafeteria, 99 explosive devices, and car bombs. The perpetrators, senior students Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, murdered 12 students and one teacher. They injured 21 additional people, and three more were injured while attempting to escape the school. The pair subsequently committed suicide.
פאינה ליפסקי was 73 years old when The September 11 attacks, a series of coordinated suicide attacks killing 2,996 people using four aircraft hijacked by 19 members of al-Qaeda. Two aircraft crash into the World Trade Center in New York City, a third crashes into The Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia, and a fourth into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania. The September 11 attacks were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda against the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11, 2001. The attacks killed 2,996 people, injured over 6,000 others, and caused at least $10 billion in infrastructure and property damage. Additional people died of 9/11-related cancer and respiratory diseases in the months and years following the attacks.
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Although both fruits and vegetables are abundantly good for you and will go along way to improving your health in many ways, when it comes to juicing them, you should stick with a 90/10 rule as a good rule of thumb. That means when you juice, juice 90% vegetables, and 10% fruits in each concoction you make. The main reason behind this is that fruits are normally much higher in sugar than veggies, and so to many fruits in pure juice form will cause an insulin spike and this is not good. If you want to have fruit, just eat the entire piece. This way the pulp from the fruit will help slow down your digestion process and release of the natural sugar (fructose) that is there. So when it comes to Veggies vs. Fruits, both are good and good for you, just in different ways.
Why? Because fruits are much higher in sugar than vegetables, and when you juice fruits, you are removing the fibrous portion which helps slow down the release of the sugar that is in the fruits, thus spiking insulin levels more than desired. Even though the sugar is "natural", if a juice has too much natural sugar it can affect insulin levels pretty dramatically, causing cravings and other not so healthy things like gaining weight. This is why I recommend keeping the sugary fruits and vegetables in your green juice to a maximum of 10% of the total amount of things you are juicing. Exceptions to this rule are lemons and limes that are naturally very low in sugar and do not spike blood insulin levels like other fruits, and we like to add these to almost every juice as you can see in STEP 5: Add Lemons & Limes.
Vegetables provide a multitude health benefits and people who eat more vegetables as part of an overall healthy diet and lifestyle are likely to have a reduced risk of many chronic diseases. Vegetables provide nutrients vital for health and maintenance of your body. Eating a diet rich in vegetables and fruits as part of an overall healthy diet may reduce risk for heart disease, including heart attack and stroke and may protect against certain types of cancers. Diets rich in foods containing fiber, such as some vegetables and fruits, may also reduce the risk of heart disease, obesity, and type 2 diabetes.
In summary, I strongly advocate for you to adopt this code: Drink your Veggies. Eat your fruits!
Always try and juice 90% Veggies and only 10% fruits so you don't get to much sugar into your bloodstream!
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Remember what it was like to be a kid? To run around and play all day, without suffering from pain?
Chronic pain and injuries are so common as we age that it seems like a normal occurrence. We can no longer do the things we used to because we are hampered with nagging injuries and aches. Luckily, it is not normal to be in constant pain, and there are many ways to help relieve pain and get you back to doing the things you enjoy in life.
By taking a comprehensive approach to injuries and pain management, we can uncover the cause and triggers of pain and correct any imbalances. Additionally we will consider commonly overlooked sources of chronic pain, such as nutrient deficiencies, intestinal permeability (aka "leaky gut"), food allergies and sensitivities, and gut health.
Treatments may include physical therapies such as acupuncture, intramuscular stimulation (IMS), trigger point injection, and low level laser therapy, as well as systemic treatments including personalized diet & nutrition, and herbal medicine.
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Since the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq, one of the most frequently recurring talking points has been speculation as to whether there will be a sectarian civil war in the country. Throughout this winter, the media at large and numerous analysts have been quick to note incidents of mass casualty attacks, pointing to an upsurge in fatalities, particularly in the month of January.
In addition, there has been a tendency to tie the increase in violence to the U.S. withdrawal and the subsequent political crisis that entailed the issuing of an arrest warrant against Tariq al-Hashimi, the Sunni vice-president of Iraq, on allegations of involvement in terrorism, as well as a boycott of the Iraqi parliament by the main opposition bloc al-Iraqiya, which has now decided to end its boycott.
Alas, if only those experts had consulted Tacitus, who, in commenting on what he saw as a trend in his own day towards greater parsimony- in contrast with other Roman authors who regarded contemporary society as corrupted by extravagance- speculated that "forte rebus cunctis inest quidam velut orbis, ut, quemadmodum temporum vices, ita morum vertantur" ("there is perhaps in all happenings something like a cyclical pattern, so that, just as there are the vicissitudes of eras, thus there are changes in customs" - Annals III.55).
In other words, there are some recurring trends and changes that are predictable on a given time basis (e.g. annual or seasonal). In Iraq, the month of January over the past two years has been marked by the celebration of the Shi'a religious festival of Arba'een according to the lunar calendar.
This involves tens of thousands of pilgrims, whether from Iraq, Iran and even the Indian subcontinent, descending upon the holy site of Karbala. Indeed, the majority of these pilgrims travel either by bus or on foot.
Hence, it is reasonable to expect that, since they are easy targets for Sunni terrorist groups like al-Qa'ida, there will be an upsurge in attacks every year around the time of Arba'een, which took place this year on January 14th and in 2011 on January 25th.
Sure enough, statistical data here vindicate this expectation. In December 2010, the Iraq Body Count recorded 217 civilian deaths, compared with 387 in January 2011. Similarly, in December 2011, there were 371 civilian deaths, as opposed to 458 in January 2012.
The figures for December 2011 seem to be a high number in comparison with December 2010, but it can be explained in light of the fact that al-Qa'ida had long been planning attacks to coincide with the U.S. withdrawal and give the impression of gaining ground against the Iraqi government and security forces.
In any case, the casualty statistics for December 2011 are lower than for May and June 2011, which recorded 378 and 385 civilian deaths respectively, even while there were still tens of thousands of U.S. troops in the country, largely confined to their bases with little freedom of movement. These observations fit in with an annual cycle in which insurgents step up their operations towards the end of spring and the onset of summer.
Sensationalist media speculation about a sectarian civil war reflects a deep misunderstanding of both the causes of the dramatic drop in violence in Iraq from the days of 2006-7 and the nature of the insurgency today. One Associated Press article reporting on a bomb attack in Iraq declared that in 2006-7, Iraq was 'on the brink' of sectarian civil war.
On the contrary, the situation back then was a civil war, centered on Baghdad, where the Sunni insurgents, in large part angered by the de-Ba'athification process and driven by the erroneous belief that they were in the majority and thus could supposedly defeat the Shi'a, were fighting the Shi'a militias like the Mahdi Army (backed at the time by the central government, which saw the Sunni insurgency as an existential threat) for control of the capital.
By the start of 2007, around the time of the beginning of the surge, the outcome of this civil war was turning decisively in favor of the Shi'a, as most of the mixed neighborhoods in Baghdad were ethnically cleansed of Sunnis. Therefore, the Sunni insurgents increasingly began to appreciate that they were not in the majority at all, with survival now depending on a willingness to work with the central government and coalition forces against al-Qa'ida.
This was the crucial factor behind the development of the Sons of Iraq movement from the Anbar Awakening- a Sunni tribal initiative against al-Qa'ida that began in the western province of Anbar in mid-2006 because of disillusionment with the Islamist group's brutality.
Thus, whereas the overwhelming majority of Sunnis accept that they must peacefully adapt to the fact that the Shi'a lead the political process, the remnants of the insurgency are driven by ideology, whether Islamism (al-Qa'ida) or a combination of Baa'thism and Islamism (the Naqshibandia), and will continue to carry out terrorist attacks regardless of whether there is a political impasse.
Failing to look at the bigger picture, the media inadvertently help these insurgent groups by allowing them to portray themselves as gaining ground to supporters and sympathizers, thereby ensuring that they can continue to receive financial and armed support from within Iraq and abroad.
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Pythagoras of Samos[lower-alpha 1] (c. 570 – c. 495 BC)[lower-alpha 2] was an Ionian Greek philosopher and the eponymous founder of the Pythagoreanism movement. His political and religious teachings were well-known in Magna Graecia and influenced the philosophies of Plato, Aristotle, and, through them, Western philosophy. Knowledge of Pythagoras's life is largely clouded by legend and obfuscation, but he appears to have been the son of Mnesarchus, a seal engraver on the island of Samos. Modern scholars disagree regarding Pythagoras's education and influences, but they do agree that, in around 530 BC, he travelled to Croton, where he founded a school in which initiates were sworn to secrecy and lived a communal, ascetic lifestyle. Following Croton's decisive victory over Sybaris in around 510 BC, Pythagoras's followers came into conflict with supporters of democracy and Pythagorean meeting houses were burned. Pythagoras may have been killed during this persecution, or he may have escaped to Metapontum, where he eventually died.
The teaching most securely identified with Pythagoras is metempsychosis, or the "transmigration of souls", which holds that every soul is immortal and, upon death, enters into a new body. He may have also devised the doctrine of musica universalis, which holds that the planets move according to mathematical equations and thus resonate to produce an inaudible symphony of music. Scholars debate whether Pythagoras himself developed the numerological and musical teachings attributed to him, or if those teachings were developed by his later followers, particularly Philolaus of Croton. He probably prohibited his followers from eating beans, but he may or may not have advocated a strictly vegetarian diet.
Pythagoras influenced Plato, whose dialogues, especially his Timaeus, exhibit Pythagorean teachings. Pythagorean ideas about mathematical perfection also impacted ancient Greek art. His teachings underwent a major revival in the first century BC among Middle Platonists, coinciding with the rise of Neopythagoreanism. Pythagoras continued to be regarded as a great philosopher throughout the Middle Ages and his philosophy had a major impact on scientists such as Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, and Isaac Newton. Pythagorean symbolism was used throughout early modern European esotericism and his teachings as portrayed in Ovid's Metamorphoses influenced the growth of the vegetarian movement.
Bust of Pythagoras in the Vatican Museum, Vatican City, showing him as a "tired-looking older man"
No authentic writings of Pythagoras have survived to the present day and almost nothing is known for certain about his life. The earliest sources on Pythagoras's life are brief, ambiguous, and often satirical. The earliest source on Pythagoras's teachings is a satirical poem written by Xenophanes of Colophon, a contemporary of Pythagoras, which describes Pythagoras interceding on behalf of a dog that is being beaten, professing to recognize in its cries the voice of a departed friend.
Alcmaeon of Croton, a doctor who lived in Croton at around the same time Pythagoras lived there, incorporates many Pythagorean teachings into his writings and alludes to having possibly known Pythagoras personally. The poet Heraclitus of Ephesus, who was born across a few miles of sea away from Samos and may have lived within Pythagoras's lifetime, pegged Pythagoras as a clever charlatan, remarking that "Pythagoras, son of Mnesarchus, practiced inquiry more than any other man, and selecting from these writings he manufactured a wisdom for himself—much learning, artful knavery."
The Greek poets Ion of Chios (c. 480 – c. 421 BC) and Empedocles of Acragas (c. 493 – c. 432 BC) both express admiration for Pythagoras in their poems. The first concise early description of Pythagoras comes from the historian Herodotus of Halicarnassus (c. 484 – c. 420 BC), who describes Pythagoras as "not the most insignificant" of Greek sages and states that Pythagoras taught his followers how to attain immortality. The writings attributed to the Pythagorean philosopher Philolaus of Croton, who lived in the late fifth century BC, are the earliest texts to describe the numerological and musical theories that were later ascribed to Pythagoras. The Athenian rhetorician Isocrates (436–338 BC) was the first to describe Pythagoras as having visited Egypt. Aristotle wrote a treatise On the Pythagoreans, which is no longer extant. Some of it may be preserved in the Protrepticus. Aristotle's disciples Dicaearchus, Aristoxenus, and Heraclides Ponticus also wrote on the same subject.
Most of the major sources on Pythagoras's life are from the Roman period, by which point "the history of Pythagoreanism was already... the laborious reconstruction of something lost and gone." Three lives of Pythagoras have survived from late antiquity, all of which are filled primarily with myths and legends. The earliest and most respectable of these is the one from Diogenes Laërtius's Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers. The two later lives were written by the Neoplatonist philosophers Porphyry and Iamblichus and were partially intended as polemics against the rise of Christianity. The later sources are much lengthier than the earlier ones, and even more fantastic in their descriptions of Pythagoras's achievements. Porphyry and Iamblichus did use some material from the lost writings of Aristotle's disciples and material taken from these sources is generally considered to be the most reliable.
Herodotus, Isocrates, and other early writers agree that Pythagoras was the son of Mnesarchus and that he was born on the Greek island of Samos, situated in the eastern Aegean. His father is said to have been a gem-engraver or a wealthy merchant, but his ancestry is disputed and unclear.[lower-alpha 4] Pythagoras's name led him to be associated with Pythian Apollo; Aristippus of Cyrene explained his name by saying, "He spoke (ἀγορεύω, agoreúō) the truth no less than did the Pythian [sic] (Πῡθῐ́ᾱ, Pūthíā)". A late source gives Pythagoras's mother's name as Pythaïs. Iamblichus tells the story that the Pythia prophesied to her while she was pregnant with him that she would give birth to a man supremely beautiful, wise, and beneficial to humankind. As to the date of his birth, Aristoxenus stated that Pythagoras left Samos in the reign of Polycrates, at the age of 40, which would give a date of birth around 570 BC. During Pythagoras's formative years, Samos was a thriving cultural hub known for its feats of advanced architectural engineering, including the building of the Tunnel of Eupalinos, and for its riotous festival culture. Pythagoras's early life also coincided with the flowering of early Ionian natural philosophy. He was a contemporary of the philosophers Anaximander, Anaximenes, and the historian Hecataeus, all of whom lived in Miletus, across the sea from Samos.
Pythagoras is traditionally said to have received most of his education in the Near East. Modern scholarship has increasingly shown that the culture of Archaic Greece was heavily influenced by those of Near Eastern cultures. Like many other important Greek thinkers, Pythagoras was said to have studied in Egypt. By the time of Isocrates in the fourth century BC, Pythagoras's alleged studies in Egypt were already simply taken for granted as fact. The writer Antiphon, who may have lived during the Hellenistic Era, claimed in his lost work On Men of Outstanding Merit, which is used as a source by Porphyry, that Pythagoras learned to speak Egyptian from the Pharaoh Amasis II himself, that he studied with the Egyptian priests at Diospolis (Thebes), and that he was the only foreigner ever to be granted the privilege of taking part in their worship. The Middle Platonist biographer Plutarch (c. 46 – c. 120 AD) writes in his treatise On Isis and Osiris that, during his visit to Egypt, Pythagoras received instruction from the Egyptian priest Oenuphis of Heliopolis (meanwhile Solon received lectures from a Sonchis of Sais). According to the Christian theologian Clement of Alexandria (c. 150 – c. 215 AD), "Pythagoras was a disciple of Soches, an Egyptian archprophet, as well as Plato of Sechnuphis of Heliopolis." It was from the Egyptians, some ancient writers claimed, that Pythagoras had learned geometry and received the doctrine of metempsychosis.
Ancient sources also record Pythagoras having studied under a variety of native Greek thinkers. Various ancient sources identify Hermodamas of Samos as one of Pythagoras's possible tutors. Hermodamas represented the indigenous Samian rhapsodic tradition and his father Creophylos was said to have been the host of rival of the poet Homer. Others credit Bias of Priene, Thales, or Anaximander (a pupil of Thales).
Other traditions claim the mythic bard Orpheus as Pythagoras's teacher, thus representing the Orphic Mysteries. The Neoplatonists wrote of a "sacred discourse" Pythagoras had written on the gods in the Doric Greek dialect, which they believed had been dictated to Pythagoras by the Orphic priest Aglaophamus upon his initiation to the orphic Mysteries at Leibethra. Iamblichus credited Orpheus with having been the model for Pythagoras's manner of speech, his spiritual attitude, and his manner of worship. Iamblichus describes Pythagoreanism as a synthesis of everything Pythagoras had learned from Orpheus, from the Egyptian priests, from the Eleusinian Mysteries, and from other religious and philosophical traditions. Riedweg states that, although these stories are fanciful, Pythagoras's teachings were definitely influenced by Orphism to a noteworthy extent.
Of the various attributions regarding his Greek teachers, Pherecydes of Syros is mentioned most often. Similar miracle stories were told about both Pythagoras and Pherecydes, including one in which the hero predicts a shipwreck, one in which he predicts the conquest of a city, and one in which he drinks from a well and predicts a shipwreck. Apollonius Paradoxographus, a paradoxographer who may have lived in the second century BC, identified Pythagoras's thaumaturgic ideas as a result of Pherecydes's influence. Another story, which may be traced back to the Neopythagorean philosopher Nicomachus, tells that, when Pherecydes was old and dying on the island of Delos, Pythagoras returned there to care for him and pay his respects. He reportedly stayed with him until Pherecydes breathed his last. Duris, the historian and tyrant of Samos, is reported to have patriotically boasted of an epitaph supposedly penned by Pherecydes which declared that Pythagoras's wisdom exceeded his own. On the grounds of all these references connecting Pythagoras with Pherecydes, Riedweg concludes that there may well be some historical foundation to the tradition that Pherecydes was Pythagoras's teacher. Pythagoras and Pherecydes also appear to have shared similar views on the soul and the teaching of metempsychosis.
Before 520 BC, on one of his visits to Egypt or Greece, Pythagoras might have met Thales of Miletus, who would have been around fifty-four years older than him. Thales was a philosopher, scientist, mathematician, and engineer, also known for a special case of the inscribed angle theorem. Pythagoras's birthplace, the island of Samos, is situated in the Northeast Aegean Sea not far from Miletus. Diogenes Laërtius cites a statement from Aristoxenus (fourth century BC) stating that Pythagoras learned most of his moral doctrines from the Delphic priestess Themistoclea. Porphyry affirms this assertion, but calls the priestess Aristoclea (Aristokleia). Ancient authorities furthermore note the similarities between the religious and ascetic peculiarities of Pythagoras with the Orphic or Cretan mysteries, or the Delphic oracle.
Around 530 BC, he left Samos. His later admirers claimed that he left because he disagreed with the tyranny of Polycrates in Samos, Riedweg notes that this explanation closely aligns with Nicomachus's emphasis on Pythagoras's purported love of freedom, but that Pythagoras's enemies portrayed him as having a proclivity towards tyranny. Other accounts claim that Pythagoras left Samos because he was so overburdened with public duties in Samos, because of the high estimation in which he was held by his fellow-citizens. He arrived in the Greek colony of Croton (today's Crotone, in Calabria) in what was then Magna Graecia. All sources agree that Pythagoras was charismatic and quickly acquired great political influence in Magna Graecia; He served as an advisor to the elites in Croton and gave them much wise advice. Later biographers tell fantastical stories of the effects of his eloquent speeches in leading the people of Croton to abandon their luxurious and corrupt way of life and devote themselves to the purer system which he came to introduce.
Pythagoras's teachings of dedication and asceticism are credited with aiding in Croton's decisive victory over the neighboring colony of Sybaris in 510 BC. After the victory, a democratic constitution was proposed, but the Pythagoreans rejected it. The supporters of democracy, headed by Cylon and Ninon, the former of whom is said to have been irritated by his exclusion from Pythagoras's brotherhood, roused the populace against them. An attack was made upon them while assembled either in the house of Milo, or in some other meeting-place. Accounts of the attack are often contradictory and many of them probably confused Cylon's attack with later anti-Pythagorean rebellions. The building was apparently set on fire, and many of the assembled members perished; only the younger and more active members managed to escape.
Sources disagree regarding whether Pythagoras was present when the attack occurred and, if he was, whether or not he managed to escape. In some accounts, Pythagoras was not at the meeting when the Pythagoreans were attacked because he was on Delos tending to the dying Pherecydes. According to another account from Dicaearchus, Pythagoras was at the meeting and managed to escape, leading a small group of followers to the nearby city of Locris, where they pleaded for sanctuary, but were denied. They reached the city of Metapontum, where they took shelter in the temple of the Muses and died there of starvation after forty days without food. Another tale recorded by Porphyry claims that, as Pythagoras's enemies were burning the house, his devoted students laid down on the ground to make a path for him to escape by walking over their bodies across the flames like a bridge. Pythagoras managed to escape, but was so despondent at the deaths of his beloved students that he committed suicide. A different legend reported by both Diogenes Laërtius and Iamblichus states that Pythagoras almost managed to escape his pursuers, but that he came to a bean field and refused to run through it because doing so would violate his own teachings, so instead he stopped and was killed as a result. This story seems to have originated from the writer Neanthes, who attributed it to later Pythagoreans, not to Pythagoras himself.
Although the exact details of Pythagoras's teachings are uncertain, it is possible to reconstruct a general outline of his main ideas. Aristotle writes at length about the teachings of the Pythagoreans, but without mentioning Pythagoras directly. One of Pythagoras's main doctrines appears to have been metempsychosis, the belief that all souls are immortal and that, after death, a soul is transferred into a new body. This teaching is referenced by Xenophanes, Ion of Chios, and Herodotus.
Pythagoras was said to have practised divination and prophecy. In the visits to various places in Greece—Delos, Sparta, Phlius, Crete, etc.—which are ascribed to him, he usually appears either in his religious or priestly guise, or else as a lawgiver.
Ten was regarded as the "perfect number" and the Pythagoreans honored it by never gathering in groups larger than ten. Pythagoras was credited with devising the tetractys, the triangular figure of four rows which add up to the perfect number, ten. The Pythagoreans regarded the tetractys as a symbol of utmost mystical importance. Iamblichus, in his Life of Pythagoras, states that the tetractys was "so admirable, and so divinised by those who understood [it]," that Pythagoras's students would swear oaths by it.
Both Plato and Isocrates affirm that, above all else, Pythagoras was famous for leaving behind him a way of life. Carl B. Boyer (1968) characterizes the Pythagorean school as "politically conservative and with a strict code of conduct." Leonid Zhmud (2012) identifies two camps within the early Pythagoreans: the scientific mathematikoi and the religious akousmatikoi, who engaged in politics. The study of mathematics and music may have been connected to the worship of Apollo.
The organization Pythagoras founded at Croton was called a "school", but, in many ways, resembled a monastery. The adherents were bound by a vow to Pythagoras and each other, for the purpose of pursuing the religious and ascetic observances, and of studying his religious and philosophical theories. The members of the sect shared all their possessions in common and were devoted to each other to the exclusion of outsiders. One Pythagorean maxim was "koinà tà phílōn" ("All things in common among friends"). Both Iamblichus and Porphyry provide detailed accounts of the organization of the school, although the primary interest of both writers is not historical accuracy, but rather to present Pythagoras as a divine figure, sent by the gods to benefit humankind. Iamblichus, in particular, presents the "Pythagorean Way of Life" as a pagan alternative to the Christian monastic communities of his own time.
The Pythagoreans believed that music was a purification for the soul, just as medicine was a purification for the body. One anecdote of Pythagoras reports that when he encountered some drunken youths trying to break into the home of a virtuous woman, he sang a solemn tune with long spondees and the boys' "raging willfulness" was quelled. The Pythagoreans also placed particular emphasis on the importance of physical exercise; therapeutic dancing, daily morning walks along scenic routes, and athletics were major components of the Pythagorean lifestyle. Moments of contemplation at the beginning and end of each day were also advised.
Pythagoreanism entailed a number of ascetic practices (many of which may have had symbolic meanings). It is more or less agreed that Pythagoras issued a prohibition against the consumption of beans and the meat of non-sacrificial animals, though both of these assumptions have been contradicted. It is also likely that he prohibited his followers from wearing woolen garments. Some ancient writers present Pythagoras as enforcing a strictly vegetarian diet,[lower-alpha 5] which may have been motivated due to the doctrine of metempsychosis. Eudoxus of Cnidus, a student of Archytas, writes, "Pythagoras was distinguished by such purity and so avoided killing and killers that he not only abstained from animal foods, but even kept his distance from cooks and hunters." Other authorities contradict this statement. According to Aristoxenus, Pythagoras allowed the use of all kinds of animal food except the flesh of oxen used for ploughing, and rams. According to Heraclides Ponticus, Pythagoras ate the meat from sacrifices and established a diet for athletes dependent on meat. Temperance of all kinds seems to have been urged. It is also stated that they had common meals, resembling the Spartan system, at which they met in companies of ten.
Within his own lifetime, Pythagoras was already the subject of elaborate hagiographic legends, which he may have personally encouraged. Aristotle described Pythagoras as a wonder-worker and somewhat of a supernatural figure. In a fragment, Aristotle writes that Pythagoras had a golden thigh, which he publicly exhibited at the Olympic Games and showed to Abaris the Hyperborean as proof of his identity as the "Hyperborean Apollo". Supposedly, the priest of Apollo gave Pythagoras a magic arrow, which he used to fly over long distances and perform ritual purifications. He was once seen at both Metapontum and Croton at the same time. When Pythagoras crossed the river Casas, "several witnesses" reported that they heard it greet him by name. In Roman times, a legend claimed that Pythagoras was the son of Apollo. According to Muslim tradition, Pythagoras was said to have been initiated by Hermes (Egyptian Thoth).
Pythagoras was said to have dressed all in white. He is said to have borne a golden wreath atop his head and to have worn trousers after the fashion of the Thracians. Diogenes Laërtius presents Pythagoras as having exercised remarkable self-control; he was always cheerful, but "abstained wholly from laughter, and from all such indulgences as jests and idle stories". Pythagoras was said to have had extraordinary success in dealing with animals. A fragment from Aristotle records that, when a deadly snake bit Pythagoras, he bit it back and killed it. Both Porphyry and Iamblichus report that Pythagoras once persuaded a bull not to eat beans and that he once convinced a notoriously destructive bear to swear that it would never harm a living thing again, and that the bear kept its word.
Anti-Pythagorean legends were also circulated. Diogenes Laërtes retells a story told by Hermippus of Samos, which states that Pythagoras had once gone into an underground room, telling everyone that he was descending to the underworld. He stayed in this room for months, while his mother secretly recorded everything that happened during his absence. After he returned from this room, Pythagoras recounted everything that had happened while he was gone, convincing everyone that he had really been in the underworld and leading them to trust him with their wives.
Although Pythagoras is most famous today for his alleged mathematical discoveries, classical historians dispute whether he himself ever actually made any significant contributions to the field. Many mathematical and scientific discoveries were attributed to Pythagoras, including his famous theorem, as well as discoveries in the fields of music, astronomy, and medicine.
Since at least the first century BC, Pythagoras has commonly been given credit for discovering the Pythagorean theorem, a theorem in geometry that states that "in a right-angled triangle the square of the hypotenuse is equal [to the sum of] the squares of the two other sides"—that is, . According to a popular legend, after he discovered this theorem, Pythagoras sacrificed an ox, or possibly even a whole hecatomb, to the gods. Cicero rejected this story as spurious because of the much more widely held belief that Pythagoras forbade blood sacrifices. Porphyry attempted to explain the story by asserting that the ox was actually made of dough.
Sizeable Pythagorean communities existed in Magna Graecia, Phlius, and Thebes during the early fourth century BC. Around the same time, the Pythagorean philosopher Archytas was highly influential on the politics of the city of Tarentum in Magna Graecia. According to later tradition, Archytas was elected as strategos ("general") seven times, even though others were prohibited from serving for more than a year, and never lost a single battle. Archytas was also a renowned mathematician and musician. He was a close friend of Plato and he is quoted in Plato's Republic.
Aristotle states that the philosophy of Plato was heavily dependent on the teachings of the Pythagoreans. Cicero repeats this statement, remarking that Platonem ferunt didicisse Pythagorea omnia ("They say Plato learned all things Pythagorean"). According to Charles H. Kahn, Plato's middle dialogues, including Meno, Phaedo, and The Republic, have a strong "Pythagorean coloring", and his last few dialogues (particularly Philebus and Timaeus) are extremely Pythagorean in character.
According to R. M. Hare, Plato's Republic may be partially based on the "tightly organised community of like-minded thinkers" established by Pythagoras at Croton. Additionally, Plato may have taken from Pythagoras the idea that mathematics and abstract thought are a secure basis for philosophy, as well as "for substantial theses in science and morals". Plato and Pythagoras shared a "mystical approach to the soul and its place in the material world" and it is probable that both were influenced by Orphism. The historian of philosophy Frederick Copleston states that Plato probably borrowed his tripartite theory of the soul from the Pythagoreans. Bertrand Russell, in his A History of Western Philosophy, contends that the influence of Pythagoras on Plato and others was so great that he should be considered the most influential philosopher of all time. He concludes that "I do not know of any other man who has been as influential as he was in the school of thought."
During the sixth century BC, the number philosophy of the Pythagoreans triggered a revolution in Greek sculpture. Greek sculptors and architects attempted to find the mathematical relation (canon) behind aesthetic perfection. Possibly drawing on the ideas of Pythagoras, the sculptor Polykleitos writes in his Canon that beauty consists in the proportion, not of the elements (materials), but of the interrelation of parts with one another and with the whole. In the Greek architectural orders, every element was calculated and constructed by mathematical relations. Rhys Carpenter states that the ratio 2:1 was "the generative ratio of the Doric order, and in Hellenistic times an ordinary Doric colonnade, beats out a rhythm of notes."
A fictionalized portrayal of Pythagoras appears in Book XV of Ovid's Metamorphoses, in which he delivers a speech imploring his followers to adhere to a strictly vegetarian diet. It was through Arthur Golding's 1567 English translation of Ovid's Metamorphoses that Pythagoras was best known to English-speakers throughout the early modern period. John Donne's Progress of the Soul discusses the implications of the doctrines expounded in the speech and Michel de Montaigne quoted the speech no less than three times in his treatise Of Cruelty to voice his moral objections against eating meat. William Shakespeare references the speech in his play The Merchant of Venice. John Dryden included a translation of the scene with Pythagoras in his 1700 work Fables, Ancient and Modern and John Gay's 1726 fable "Pythagoras and the Countryman" reiterates its major themes, linking carnivorism with tyranny. Lord Chesterfield records that his conversion to vegetarianism had been motivated by reading Pythagoras's speech in Ovid's Metamorphoses. Until the word vegetarianism was coined in the 1840s, vegetarians were referred to in English as "Pythagoreans". Percy Bysshe Shelley wrote an ode entitled "To the Pythagorean Diet" and Leo Tolstoy adopted the Pythagorean diet himself.
↑ Joost-Gaugier 2006, p. 11.
↑ Grafton, Most & Settis 2010, p. 796.
1 2 3 Joost-Gaugier 2006, p. 16.
1 2 Porphyry, Vit. Pyth. 6.
1 2 3 4 Riedweg 2005, p. 7.
1 2 Diogenes Laërtius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers, viii. 1, 8.
1 2 Malone, John C. (30 June 2009). Psychology: Pythagoras to present. MIT Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-262-01296-6. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Riedweg 2005, p. 9.
1 2 3 Kahn 2001, pp. 6–7.
↑ Riedweg 2005, pp. 64-67.
↑ Riedweg 2005, pp. 65-67.
↑ Riedweg 2005, pp. 65-66.
↑ Riedweg 2005, pp. 66-67.
1 2 Riedweg 2005, pp. 27–28.
1 2 3 4 Riedweg 2005, p. 28.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Grafton, Most & Settis 2010, p. 798.
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If you are a person who loves to collect and preserve everything that has been given to you or have some sentimental value, you might still have flowers inside your diary right?
You know, there is a better way to do that? Yes.
Flower pressing or pressed flower is a beautiful way to preserve your beautiful blooms and it remains in your collection for many years. You can simple use the technique called pressed flowers and make something creative out of those memories. You can also use this if you want to gift someone something special made by you, this is just perfect. So let’s just begin..
• Picking the right flowers is necessary. If you are planning to gift someone, choose the right flower. Pick the ones which are either still in bud form, or freshly bloomed.
• Next, start the preparation and place them in a ziplock bag and store them in the refrigerator. So when you get it out it ensures the flowers keep their color and freshness.
• To help the flower retain maximum water absorption, hold the stems under water immediately after cutting. Next, recut the stem on 45-degree angle.
• Remove all the leaves that will be below the waterline in the vase. If you leave the grasses under water, it will eventually rot and create bacteria that will shorten the life of the flowers.
• After you put the flowers inside the water, you can to put flower food inside which is a teaspoon of sugar. Hydrate the flowers only for a few hours.
Tip: Naturally flat faced flowers are easy to press.
• To press thick flowers like orchids and roses, you need to split them down the middle with scissors or a knife.
• Lay the flat face of the flower on your paper and you are ready to press.
1. Cut two pieces of plywood in 9-by-12-inch rectangles.
2. Now place the flowers between the two pieces of paper and make a sandwich like in the order of wood>paper>flower>paper>wood.
3. Make sure that the flowers are properly placed and stacked.
4. If you want to make it perfectly, you can drill the plywoods before and use bolts to tighten everything together.
5. Now, you have to change the blotter sheets every four days to prevent the flowers from browning and in next three to four weeks your pressed flowers will be ready.
When it is ready and you can create beautiful art with it too..
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Armenia competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 5 to 21 August 2016. This was the nation's sixth consecutive appearance at the Summer Olympics in the post-Soviet era.
The National Olympic Committee of Armenia fielded a team of 32 athletes, 24 men and 8 women, across eight different sports at the Games. It was the nation's largest ever team sent to the Olympics, tying the record with the number of athletes achieved in Atlanta two decades earlier. The Armenian roster also highlighted its first ever female artistic gymnast, as well as the most female participation in its Olympic history.
Of the 32 participants, five of them competed at London 2012, including Greco-Roman wrestlers Arsen Julfalakyan (74 kg), who succeeded his father and head coach Levon to stand on the podium by taking the silver medal, and Artur Aleksanyan, who won a bronze in the heavyweight category, and later emerged himself as the reigning world champion twice (2013 and 2015). Other notable Armenian athletes featured American-born gymnast Houry Gebeshian, rifle shooter and 2014 Youth Olympic medalist Hrachik Babayan, and freestyle swimmer Vahan Mkhitaryan, who was selected by the committee to lead his delegation as the flag bearer in the opening ceremony.
Armenia left Rio de Janeiro with four medals (one gold and three silver), being considered its most successful Olympics since 1996. Among the nation's medalists were weightlifters Simon Martirosyan and Gor Minasyan, who each obtained silver in their respective weight categories, and Aleksanyan, who made history as Armenia's first ever Olympic champion after two decades, adding a gold to his career treasury of two world and three European titles.
Armenia entered five boxers to compete in each of the following weight classes into the Olympic boxing tournament. Artur Hovhannisyan, Narek Abgaryan, Aram Avagyan, and Vladimir Margaryan had claimed their Olympic spots at the 2016 European Qualification Tournament in Samsun, Turkey. Meanwhile, light welterweight boxer Hovhannes Bachkov secured an additional place on the Armenian roster with his semifinal triumph at the 2016 APB and WSB Olympic Qualifier in Vargas, Venezuela.
Armenia entered three artistic gymnasts into the Olympic competition, including a first female Armenian gymnast. Harutyun Merdinyan had claimed his Olympic spot in the men's apparatus and all-around events at the 2015 World Championships, while two-time Olympian Artur Davtyan performed the same feat, as well as Houry Gebeshian in the women's at the Olympic Test Event in Rio de Janeiro.
Armenia qualified one judoka for the men's extra-lightweight category (60 kg) at the Games. London 2012 Olympian Hovhannes Davtyan was ranked among the top 22 eligible judokas for men in the IJF World Ranking List of May 30, 2016.
Armenia received an invitation from ISSF to send 2014 Youth Olympic silver medalist Hrachik Babayan in the men's rifle events to the Olympics, as long as the minimum qualifying score (MQS) was met by March 31, 2016.
Armenia received a Universality invitation from FINA to send two swimmers (one male and one female) to the Olympics.
Armenian weightlifters have qualified five men's and two women's quota places for the Rio Olympics based on their combined team standing by points at the 2014 and 2015 IWF World Championships. The team must allocate these places to individual athletes by June 20, 2016.
Armenia qualified a total of eight wrestlers for each of the following weight classes into the Olympic competition. Three of them finished among the top six to book Olympic spots each in the men's freestyle 125 kg and men's Greco-Roman (66 & 98 kg) at the 2015 World Championships, while two additional licenses were awarded to Armenian wrestlers, who progressed to the top two finals in men's freestyle 57 kg at the 2016 European Qualification Tournament.
Three further wrestlers had claimed the remaining Olympic slots to round out the Armenian roster at the initial meet of the World Qualification Tournament in Ulaanbaatar.
On May 11, 2016, United World Wrestling awarded an additional Olympic license to Armenia in men's freestyle 65 kg, as a response to the doping violations for both the Polish and Ukrainian wrestler at the European Qualification Tournament.
^ a b "Swimmer Vahan Mkhitaryan to be Armenia's flag bearer at Rio 2016". Yerevan: Armenpress. 21 July 2016.
^ "The line-up of the Armenian Rio 2016 Olympic team". National Olympic Committee of Armenia. 19 July 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
^ "Armenia names 33 athletes for Rio 2016 Olympic Games". PanARMENIAN.Net. 19 July 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
^ "Swimmer Vahan Mkhitaryan chosen as Armenia's Olympic flag-bearer". PanARMENIAN.Net. 21 July 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
^ "Armenia Finishes With Four Medals at Rio 2016 Olympics". Armenian Weekly. 21 August 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
^ "Artur Aleksanyan Wins Armenia's First Gold Medal at Rio 2016". Armenian Weekly. 16 August 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
^ "Gor Minasyan wins silver, secures Armenia's 4th Olympic medal". PanARMENIAN.Net. 17 August 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
^ "Record-Number of Armenian Athletes to Compete at Rio Olympics". Armenian Weekly. 13 July 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
^ "Fifteen Armenian wrestlers to fight for medals and Rio Olympics qualification". ARKA News Agency. 7 September 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2015.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Armenia at the 2016 Summer Olympics.
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What is the difference between fibromyalgia and rheumatoid arthritis?
When medical conditions present similar symptoms, a diagnosis can take weeks or months of extensive testing.
This is particularly true of conditions that cause muscle and joint pain. Proper diagnosis is essential to developing an effective treatment plan.
Rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgia are a prime example of medical conditions that present similar symptoms.
A person with rheumatoid arthritis and a person with fibromyalgia both experience joint pain and chronic fatigue.
While there are many other overlapping symptoms, that is where the similarities end.
There are important differences between rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgia.
The Arthritis Foundation notes that rheumatoid arthritis is caused by a dysfunction of the immune system.
A healthy immune system provides protection from infection. For those with rheumatoid arthritis, the immune system becomes overactive, attacking the synovial lining of the joints.
The immune system response causes pain, stiffness, inflammation and has the potential to cause joint deformity.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is also a systemic condition. That means RA can also affect other organs, including the blood vessels, heart, lungs, and eyes.
If not successfully treated, rheumatoid arthritis can inflict permanent damage and disability.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) typically affects the smaller joints of the hands and feet but can affect any joint in the body.
The pain is symmetrical. That means if the right wrist is painful, the left wrist will be affected as well.
The inflammation caused by the immune system stretches the pain receptors of the soft tissues.
This joint inflammation can also convert parts of the synovial membrane to a fibrovascular or granular tissue called pannus.
This conversion can happen anywhere there is synovial tissue. The formation of pannus in the tendon sheath can result in painful tendon ruptures.
As described by the Rheumatoid Arthritis Support Network, there are many other symptoms related to rheumatoid arthritis.
Symptoms will vary from person to person. Some may have many of these symptoms, while others may only have a few.
Since RA is caused by a compromised immune system, those with rheumatoid arthritis are more susceptible to contracting other infections.
A physical examination and medical history would alert a physician to the possibility of RA. The patient may be referred to a rheumatologist for further evaluation.
Those suspicions would be confirmed through blood tests (CRP, Anti-CCP, and ESR) according to MedicineNet.
The rheumatologist may also want images, through x-ray, ultrasound or MRI, to determine the severity of the condition and to monitor the progression of the condition over time.
Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent the organ and joint damage caused by RA.
The goal of treatment is to get the disease into remission and stop the progression. This can be accomplished through several options.
Science has not been able to pinpoint the exact cause of rheumatoid arthritis. Research shows that genetic and environmental conditions could activate this disease.
Current theories indicate that a virus, infection or trauma could trigger the onset of symptoms in those who are genetically vulnerable.
Even with medication and lifestyle modifications, rheumatoid arthritis can flare. A flare is a sudden increase in disease activity and symptoms.
If RA flares, the rheumatologist may want to increase or change medications to better control the condition.
Fibromyalgia is a chronic condition that causes extreme fatigue and pain in the tendons, ligaments, and muscles throughout the body.
The pain can range from a dull, all-over ache to intensely sharp burning or stabbing pain.
Fibromyalgia can be a debilitating condition but does not cause inflammation or damage to the joints or organs.
Unlike rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia is classified as a chronic syndrome rather than a disease because it presents a group of symptoms that affect all systems of the body.
While fibromyalgia does not cause damage, the condition can be difficult to treat successfully.
According to the Mayo Clinic, fibromyalgia is now thought to be a neurological condition.
Researchers believe that fibromyalgia is caused by an increase of neurotransmitters in the brain that signal pain.
The brain then develops pain memory and becomes more sensitive to pain signals.
Fibromyalgia tends to co-exist with other chronic pain conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome, temporomandibular joint disorder, and migraines.
Like rheumatoid arthritis, genetic and environmental factors can trigger the onset of fibromyalgia.
FibroCenter lists some of the many symptoms and overlapping conditions.
The symptoms of fibromyalgia vary from person to person and can change from day today.
Since there is not a definitive test to confirm a diagnosis of fibromyalgia, It can take several years for a patient to get an accurate diagnosis of their condition.
Diagnosing fibromyalgia can be frustrating for the doctor and the patient. Even a physician experienced with fibromyalgia needs to take time to rule out other conditions with similar symptoms.
Prior to a fibromyalgia diagnosis, the patient is typically tested for rheumatic diseases, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, and for neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis and myasthenia gravis.
Once these conditions have been ruled out, the doctor bases a fibromyalgia diagnosis on several factors.
For a fibromyalgia diagnosis, pain must persist for three months or longer. There must also be pain above and below the waist and on both sides of the body, and located in at least 11 of 18 tender points according to Mayo Clinic.
The goal of fibromyalgia treatment is to reduce pain and improve the quality of life. Many common pain relievers will not work on the pain caused by fibromyalgia.
Currently, there are three prescription medications approved by the FDA for fibromyalgia treatment.
It may be important to note that people diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis can also have fibromyalgia.
Having fibromyalgia does not increase the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis, but several medical conditions often coexist with fibromyalgia.
Those conditions include irritable bowel syndrome, migraines, and interstitial cystitis.
For those interested in additional information or clarification on the differences between fibromyalgia and rheumatoid arthritis, links to two videos are provided.
The first is a video explanation of fibromyalgia, specifically on the function of pain processing and fibromyalgia treatment options.
The second video describes rheumatoid arthritis, the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.
Both of these videos are a production of Osmosis. These videos were selected for their simple presentation of complex information.
The information is presented with colorful graphics in a scripted format that is enjoyable to watch and easy to understand.
Though the causes of rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgia are entirely different, many of the symptoms are the same.
Both conditions cause widespread pain and fatigue. Those with fibromyalgia and rheumatoid arthritis both struggle with pain, fatigue, numbness, dry eyes and sleep disturbances.
The most important distinction between rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgia is inflammation.
Since rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder, the body’s own immune system attacks otherwise healthy joints and organs.
Rheumatoid arthritis has the potential to cause serious damage if not treated or appropriately managed.
Although painful, fibromyalgia does not cause inflammation and does not cause damage to otherwise healthy joints or organs.
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Bangkok (English pronunciation: /ˈbæŋkɒk/) is the capital and most populous city of Thailand. It is known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon (กรุงเทพมหานคร, pronounced [krūŋ tʰêːp mahǎː nákʰɔ̄ːn]) or simply Krung Thep ( listen ). The city occupies 1,568.7 square kilometres (605.7 sq mi) in the Chao Phraya River delta in Central Thailand, and has a population of over 8 million, or 12.6 percent of the country's population. Over 14 million people (22.2 percent) live within the surrounding Bangkok Metropolitan Region, making Bangkok an extreme primate city, significantly dwarfing Thailand's other urban centres in terms of importance. There are 581 high-rise buildings in the city, ranking number 5 in the world. Bangkok traces its roots to a small trading post during the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the 15th century, which eventually grew and became the site of two capital cities: Thonburi in 1768 and Rattanakosin in 1782. Bangkok was at the heart of the modernization of Siam – later renamed Thailand – during the late 19th century, as the country faced pressures from the West. The city was at the centre of Thailand's political struggles, throughout the 20th century, as the country abolished absolute monarchy, adopted constitutional rule and underwent numerous coups and several uprisings. The city grew rapidly during the 1960s through the 1980s and now exerts a significant impact on Thailand's politics, economy, education, media and modern society. The Asian investment boom in the 1980s and 1990s led many multinational corporations to locate their regional headquarters in Bangkok. The city is now a major regional force in finance and business. It is an international hub for transport and health care, and has emerged as a regional centre for the arts, fashion and entertainment. The city is well known for its vibrant street life and cultural landmarks, as well as its notorious red-light districts. The historic Grand Palace and Buddhist temples including Wat Arun and Wat Pho stand in contrast with other tourist attractions such as the nightlife scenes of Khaosan Road and Patpong. Bangkok is among the world's top tourist destinations. It is named the most visited city in MasterCard's Global Destination Cities Index, and was named "World's Best City" for four consecutive years by Travel + Leisure magazine. Bangkok's rapid growth amidst little urban planning and regulation has resulted in a haphazard cityscape and inadequate infrastructure systems. Limited roads, despite an extensive expressway network, together with substantial private car usage, have led to chronic and crippling traffic congestion, which caused severe air pollution in the 1990s. The city has since turned to public transport in an attempt to solve this major problem. Five rapid transit lines are now in operation, with more systems under construction or planned by the national government and the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration.
Disclamer: Bangkok time converter is provided to give you some guidence about how to convert Bangkok local time now to other cities. You might need to purchase certain software to do the actual conversion.
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Winter activities in Hakuba Valley aren't just limited to skiing and snowboarding. The nine resorts in the area offer various activities for non-skiers and people wanting other activities than riding the snow. You might find snowshoes, snowmobiles and snow-rafting programs to be more your thing. In fact, snowshoe tours have been gaining popularity in recent years, attracting many people who love experiencing incredible places that aren't usually accessible.
There's something about fresh, untouched snow that fills us with excitement. But when you actually step into fresh, soft snow in boots and shoes, it is more difficult to walk than you might imagine. While it's easy to walk on streets and roads in snow country because the snow is either removed or compressed, off the beaten track it's another matter altogether. To delve into this world of magical beauty, you'll need snowshoes.
Snowshoes are equipment you attach to your regular shoes to walk easily on snow and prevent your feet from sinking into it. There's no special technique to walk on a flat surface - anyone can easily enjoy snowshoe walking. However, sometimes there are rivers and holes hiding underneath flat surfaces, so it's best to join a tour with a professional guide who knows the area.
What's great about snowshoe tours?
The greatest thing about snowshoe tours in Hakuba is the opportunities to see incredible natural landscapes. Of course you can enjoy great views while skiing or snowboarding on-piste, but it's with snowshoe tours that can walk privately in quieter and deeper forests. The view from the highest peak of a ski piste is great too, but if you'd like to delve deeper into nature, snowshoe tours are a much better choice.
In the winter, there are many landscapes in the forest you will never get on-piste, and sometimes you may even encounter wild animals.
While bubbly towns and pistes form part of Hakuba, another side is the endless stretch of quiet nature with no one around.
As mentioned, snowshoe walking does not require any special techniques, and anyone can enjoy it. It's ideal for kids, and if you're not keen on skiing or snowboarding because you're not confident about your physical strength or skills, you can still fully enjoy the winter wonderland. So give it a shot, especially if you've been hesitant to try winter sports till now.
Breaks are also a popular part of snowshoe tours. The group will look for a scenic spot, walk around in circles in snowshoes to flatten the area, create a table in the middle, and the coffee you'll have there is truly something special.
Kids can also make a snowman with clean, pure snow and jump into fresh snow face first... there are endless ways to enjoy the forest in winter. You've come all the way to Hakuba, so don't waste the chance to enjoy scenery and top-quality snow you can only find in Hakuba.
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Marni fragrance and perfume list.
Marni fragrances: by Estee Lauder. Marni is an Italian fashion design house founded by Consuelo Castiglioni.
Fascinated by fashion from an early age, Consuelo Castiglioni moved from her hometown of Lugano, Switzerland, to Milan, Italy, to begin her career as a fashion consultant. It was there that she met her husband and business partner Gianni Castiglioni. In 1994, the Consuelo and Gianni launched Marni (named after Consuelo's sister), the iconic luxury, eclectic women's clothing, and accessories collection. Couture finishing and fabrics, wearability, and subtle elegance define Consuelo's approach in making each of her garments a statement in time.
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How are we able to determine the composition of our orbiting planets?
Essentially we look at the light being reflected from the planet. This is called spectroscopy and it involves looking at the wavelengths of all the photons that are coming from the planet. Each element emits light at a characteristic wavelength that can be determined in a lab here on earth. so we just match up the wavelengths of incoming light with the wavelengths we know, and then determine the composition of the planet, and its relative quantity of each element.
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During development, pyramidal neurons undergo dynamic regulation of AMPA receptor (AMPAR) subunit composition and density to help drive synaptic plasticity and maturation. These normal developmental changes in AMPARs are particularly vulnerable to risk factors for Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs), which include loss or mutations of synaptic proteins and environmental insults, such as dietary zinc deficiency. Here, we show how Shank2 and Shank3 mediate a zinc-dependent regulation of AMPAR function and subunit switch from GluA2-lacking to GluA2-containing AMPARs. Over development, we found a concomitant increase in Shank2 and Shank3 with GluA2 at synapses, implicating these molecules as potential players in AMPAR maturation. Since Shank activation and function require zinc, we next studied whether neuronal activity regulated postsynaptic zinc at glutamatergic synapses. Zinc was found to increase transiently and reversibly with neuronal depolarization at synapses, which could affect Shank and AMPAR localization and activity. Elevated zinc induced multiple functional changes in AMPAR, indicative of a subunit switch. Specifically, zinc lengthened the decay time of AMPAR-mediated synaptic currents and reduced their inward rectification in young hippocampal neurons. Mechanistically, both Shank2 and Shank3 were necessary for the zinc-sensitive enhancement of AMPAR-mediated synaptic transmission and act in concert to promote removal of GluA1 while enhancing recruitment of GluA2 at pre-existing Shank puncta. These findings highlight a cooperative local dynamic regulation of AMPAR subunit switch controlled by zinc signaling through Shank2 and Shank3 to shape the biophysical properties of developing glutamatergic synapses. Given the zinc sensitivity of young neurons and its dependence on Shank2 and Shank3, genetic mutations and/or environmental insults during early development could impair synaptic maturation and circuit formation that underlie ASD etiology.
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) have symptom onset during the first three years of life, a period characterized by intense formation and refinement of synaptic connections. Therefore, it is not surprising that many ASD-associated genes encode synaptic proteins, such as neuroligins (NL3 and NL4; Jamain et al., 2003; Laumonnier et al., 2004), neurexins (Nrx1; Kim et al., 2008), and the Shank family of proteins (Durand et al., 2007; Berkel et al., 2010; Leblond et al., 2012; Sato et al., 2012). This suggests that changes in synaptic structure and function are causally associated with ASDs (Chen et al., 2014; Bourgeron, 2015). Synaptic deficits are also strongly linked with ASD-related environmental insults (such as prenatal inflammation and zinc deficiency) during the critical periods of brain development (Yasuda et al., 2011; Forrest et al., 2012; Grabrucker et al., 2014; Giovanoli et al., 2016), underscoring synapses as a potential focus for genetic and environmental interactions. Therefore, a better understanding of signaling pathways regulating synapse development is essential to discover effective pharmacotherapies for ASDs.
Mutations in the human SHANK2 and SHANK3 genes have been implicated in ASDs. Disruptions of these molecules serve as key models to study the underlying neuronal and synaptic dysfunction of ASDs (Harony et al., 2013; Jiang and Ehlers, 2013). The family of Shank proteins (Shank1, Shank2 and Shank3) are key multidomain molecules at excitatory synapses that interact with multiple glutamatergic receptors, cell adhesion molecules and cytoskeletal proteins (Boeckers et al., 1999; Naisbitt et al., 1999; Sheng and Kim, 2000; Arons et al., 2012). While they share high structural similarity and all localize to postsynaptic sites, Shank proteins are differentially expressed during development with Shank2 and Shank3 peaking before Shank1 (Boeckers et al., 1999; Grabrucker et al., 2011). Thus, Shank2 and Shank3 are thought to be critical for plastic aspects of synaptic activity during development and are the focus of this work. For example, Shank2 is thought to play a key role in growth cone function and nascent synapse formation (Du et al., 1998; Bresler et al., 2004) and Shank3 for dendritic spine morphogenesis (Roussignol et al., 2005). Both Shank2 and Shank3 knockout mice show impairments of synaptic plasticity and learning (Bozdagi et al., 2010; Peça et al., 2011; Won et al., 2012; Lee E. J. et al., 2015). Together, these data support the important roles of Shank2 and Shank3 in synapse formation and plasticity.
Shank2 and Shank3 have also been implicated in the maturation of synapses. For example, loss of Shank2 in mice resulted in reduced GluA1 levels, delayed synaptic maturation, and a reduction of AMPA receptor (AMPAR) function (Peter et al., 2016; Wegener et al., 2017). Similarly, Shank3 was shown to play a key role in the postnatal development of excitatory synapses, such that loss of Shank3 increased the AMPA/NMDA ratio and impaired the developmental AMPAR subunit switch (Peça et al., 2011; Bariselli et al., 2016). Such cellular and molecular deficits and autistic-like phenotypes in these mouse models were rescued by both genetic and pharmacological restoration of AMPAR functions (Bariselli et al., 2016; Mei et al., 2016). These findings suggest that Shank2 and Shank3 are critical for AMPAR recruitment and functionality in multiple brain circuits. Mechanistically, these Shank proteins could induce such changes by direct modulation of GluA1 trafficking via the Rich2 or mGluR dependent pathways, and/or indirectly through an interaction with GluA2 via GRIP (Sheng and Kim, 2000; Uchino et al., 2006; Verpelli et al., 2011; Raynaud et al., 2013). Understanding the interactions between Shank proteins and AMPAR will provide key insights into how they operate to regulate subunit switching of AMPARs during development.
Zinc has been shown to regulate the structure and function of Shank2 and Shank3 through its binding to the C-terminal sterile alpha motif (SAM) domain in these proteins. Both of these proteins require zinc binding for their synaptic localization, oligomerization, mobility and trans-synaptic signaling (Boeckers et al., 2005; Baron et al., 2006; Grabrucker et al., 2011; Arons et al., 2016). ASD-associated mutations in the SAM domain are associated with severe synaptic deficits in cell culture and mouse models (Baron et al., 2006; Durand et al., 2012; Speed et al., 2015). Interestingly, prenatal zinc deficiency also reduced expression level of Shank2 and Shank3 as well as Shank-binding partners, such as GluA1, suggesting that these Shank proteins act as mediators of zinc effects on synaptic function (Grabrucker et al., 2014). Furthermore, Shank3 was shown to be necessary for zinc-sensitive potentiation of AMPAR evoked EPSCs in young hippocampal neurons (Arons et al., 2016). In most neurons, basal free intracellular zinc is tightly regulated at very low picomolar concentrations (Maret, 2017). One endogenous source of free zinc for Shank modulation includes zinc release from synaptic vesicles which can enter postsynaptic sites via different ion channels, such as calcium-permeable AMPAR, NMDAR and voltage-gated calcium channels (Vogt et al., 2000; Frederickson et al., 2006; Vergnano et al., 2014). Synaptic activity could also trigger zinc release from postsynaptic zinc buffers, such as Metallothionein III or mitochondria (Masters et al., 1994; Cuajungco and Lees, 1998; Cole et al., 2000; Lee et al., 2003; Bossy-Wetzel et al., 2004). We thus hypothesize that zinc is well positioned to serve as a dynamic regulator to activate Shank-dependent pathways, such as regulating AMPAR subunit composition during synaptic development.
Here, we examine how Shank2, Shank3 and zinc mechanistically regulate AMPAR subunit composition and function in developing synapses. Our data reveal that during development, these Shank proteins exhibit increased synaptic localization in parallel with GluA2-containing AMPAR, supporting the hypothesis that they might play a role in the maturation of AMPARs. To test this, we studied whether neuronal activity regulated the level of postsynaptic zinc at glutamatergic synapses and in turn affected Shank and AMPAR localization and activity. We showed that K+-induced neuronal depolarization elevated postsynaptic zinc transiently and reversibly. Zinc elevation was found to enhance synaptic efficacy by recruiting GluA2 and dispersing GluA1 at Shank-containing synapses in young neurons. Importantly, knockdown of either Shank2 or Shank3 function abolished the zinc-induced enhancement of AMPAR-mediated transmission, indicating that Shank2 and Shank3 are critical mediators of a zinc-dependent AMPAR signaling pathway. Together, these data provide a potential mechanistic link between genetic mutations in Shank proteins and zinc deficiency in the etiology of ASD.
Picrotoxin, 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo(f)quinoxa-line (NBQX), 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) and N-(2,6-dimethylphenylcarbamoylmethyl)triethylammonium bromide (QX314) were purchased from Tocris (R&D System Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA). D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (D-AP5) and tetrodotoxin (TTX) were obtained from Abcam, Inc.
Primary antibodies used for immunocytochemistry and/or western blots included: Homer1 (1:750, Synaptic Systems; 160003), Shank2 (1:1,000, Synaptic Systems; 162204), Shank3 (1:500, Synaptic Systems; 162302 and 162304), GluA1 and GluA2 [1:8 for surface staining and 1:100 for whole cell staining, Millipore; PC246 and MAB397], VGluT1 (1:100, NeuroMab; N28/9), Shank2 (1:100, Neuromab; N23B/6), Shank3 (1:100, NeuroMab; N367/62), PSD-95 (1:100, NeuroMab; K28/43), MAP2 (1:5,000, Abcam; ab5392), green fluorescent protein (1:1,000, Abcam; ab13970), actin (1:1,000, Abcam; ab8227), and Shank2 (1:250, Cell Signaling; 12218). A custom-made VGluT1 antibody (1:500, polyclonal rabbit) was generously provided by Dr. Richard Reimer (Stanford University). All secondary antibodies (1:500, A11029, A11034, A11036, A11039, A11041, A11075, A21235 and A21449) were obtained from Life Technologies with the exception of the Dylight-350 antibody (1:250, Thermo Fisher; SA5-10069) and the HRP-conjugated antibodies (1:10,000, rabbit, mouse or guinea pig; Jackson ImmunoResearch; 706-035-148, 115-035-003 and 111-035-144).
Cell culture reagents were purchased from Life Technologies [Trypsin-EDTA (0.05%), TrypLE, N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N-2-ethane sulfonic acid (HEPES), Anti-Anti, B-27 supplement along with Neurobasal, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s media (DMEM) and Minimum Essential Media (MEM) medias], Sigma-Aldrich [Cytosine β-D-arabinofuranoside (Ara-C), poly-D-lysine (70–150 kDa), Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS), 1,4-Piperazinediethanesulfonic acid (PIPES), 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid (MOPS), Ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), insulin, N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC), hydrocortisone, sodium pyruvate and GlutaMAX], Worthington (Trypsin, Papain, Papain Dissociation Kit, and DNase), Atlanta Biologicals [Horse Serum (HS) and Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)]. Zinc indicators (FluoZin-3 AM and Newport Green DCF) were obtained from Life Technologies. Vitamin MEM solution, amino acid MEM solution, ZnCl2 (0.1 M stock solution), N,N,N′,N′-Tetrakis (2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine (TPEN), 2-Mercaptopyridine N-oxide sodium salt (pyrithione) were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. For GluA2 surface labeling, Alexa 488-CAM2 and Alexa 647-CAM2 were designed and synthesized by the Hamachi research group (Kyoto University; Wakayama et al., 2017).
The mApple expression plasmid was generously provided by Dr. Neal Waxham (University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston).
Sequences of Rattus norvegicus Shank2 and Shank3 from GenBank (NIH) were utilized to design short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) specifically targeting either Shank2 or Shank3. Online software (sidirect2.rnai.jp) was utilized to identify candidate sequences using criteria from three references (Amarzguioui and Prydz, 2004; Reynolds et al., 2004; Ui-Tei et al., 2004) with a maximal melting temperature (Tm) of 21°C. Literature searches for shRNA targeting Shank2 or Shank3 were also performed to provide a secondary selection of our custom designed shRNA. All candidate sequences were then further examined and modified using the iRNAi software (mekentosj.com). Forward and reverse oligo sequences were synthesized, annealed and cloned into the pZoff vector (see below; Leal-Ortiz et al., 2008). The different elements included: recognition sites of restriction enzymes used for cloning (underlined), structural elements of shRNA (5′ or 3′ Prefix—Bold, Loop –Bold, underlined) and specific shRNA sequences (red; Supplementary Table S1).
Constructs were transfected into rat hippocampal neurons, immunostained for both Shank2 and Shank3 and assessed for knockdown efficiency at synapses (Supplementary Tables S1, S2). Based on these data, we employed the following nucleotide siRNA sequences that target rat and mouse Shank2 (5′-3′: GGATAAACCGGAAGAGATA from Rattus norvegicus Shank2, GenBank accession no. NM133441.1; Berkel et al., 2012) or Shank3 (5′-3′: GTTTGGAGTCTGGACTAAG, GenBank accession no. NM021676.1; Bidinosti et al., 2016). As a control, a luciferase-targeting shRNA sequence was used (5′-3′: CTTACGCTGAGTACTTCGA; Bidinosti et al., 2016). For lentivirus production, the H1 promoter and shRNA elements were subcloned into a pFUGW H1 vector.
HEK293T (ATCC CRL-3216) were maintained in DMEM (Invitrogen) supplemented with 10% FBS in a humidified 5% CO2 incubator at 37°C and passaged every 2–3 days using TrypLE and mechanical trituration. Cells used for viral production were passaged fewer than 10 times after their initial acquisition from ATCC.
Primary rat hippocampal neurons were prepared according to a Banker culture protocol from hippocampi of wildtype Sprague-Dawley rat embryos (embryonic day 18 or 19) with mixed gender (Kaech and Banker, 2006). Rats were handled in accordance with Stanford University Administrative Panel on Laboratory Animal (APLAC) guidelines (Protocol #14607). Hippocampi were dissected in ice cold HBSS supplemented with 10 mM HEPES pH 7.4, glucose and Anti-Anti and digested in trypsin in Neurobasal media at 37°C for 15 min. Cells were dissociated and plated at a density of 178 cells per mm2 on poly-D-lysine-coated coverslips (Carolina Biological Supply Company) with paraffin feet in warmed neuronal plating media (0.6% glucose, 10% HS and 100 μM sodium pyruvate in MEM). After 1 h, coverslips were transferred in pairs to 60-mm dishes containing a glial feeder layer, where they were inverted and maintained in Neurobasal media containing B-27 and GlutaMAX in a humidified 5% CO2 incubator at 37°C. Neurons were fed with a half media exchange twice per week. At 7 days in vitro (DIV 7), cells were treated with 800 nM Ara-C for approximately 24 h.
Primary astrocytes from the cortex of P0–2 rats with mixed gender were prepared according to the Papain Dissociation Kit. In brief, cortices from neonate rats were dissected, placed in dissection media, chopped into small pieces and then digested with papain and DNase. The astrocytes were cultured in glial media (10% FBS, 100 μM sodium pyruvate, 5 μg/ml N-acetyl-L-cysteine, 5 μg/ml insulin and 5 ng/ml hydrocortisone in DMEM). Microglia and other contaminating cells were shaken off of a confluent monolayer at one week, after which cells were allowed to recover. Upon reaching 80%–90% confluence, astrocytes were passaged, plated or harvested for cryopreservation. For use in Banker cultures, astrocytes were passed and plated one day prior to neuron preparation.
Neuronal transfections were performed using Lipofectamine 2000 as described by the manufacturer (Invitrogen) with the following modifications. Neurons were transfected at DIV 9–10 with a 1.8:1 ratio of Lipofectamine to DNA in transfection media (Neurobasal supplemented with Glutamax). After incubation at 37°C for 80 min, coverslips were placed back into their original 60 mm dishes with a half media exchange. Hippocampal neurons were incubated for 2–4 days prior to imaging experiments.
To create lentivirus for expression of a given protein or shRNA, HEK293T cells were transfected in suspension with the lentiviral transfer plasmids FU-X-Wm, envelope plasmid pCMV-VSV-G, and packaging plasmid SPAX2 (2.8:1:1.5 ratio, respectively) using Lipofectamine 2000 to generate replication-incompetent lentivirus. The transfection media was replaced with complete Neurobasal media 6 h post-transfection, and cells were moved to a humidified 5% CO2 incubator at 32°C. After 48–52 h, the lentivirus containing supernatant was collected, passed through a 0.45 μm filter to remove cellular debris and stored at -80°C until use. Biological Safety Level 2+ (BSL-2+) guidelines were applied for all lentiviral production and handling.
Hippocampal cultures were infected by the addition of 100–130 μL of lentivirus, to hippocampal neurons in 60 mm dishes at DIV 0–5 to infect 80%–100% of neurons depending on the day of infection.
Neurons were transferred to a recording chamber and perfused at a rate of 0.5 ml/min with HibernateE [in mM: 81.4 NaCl, 1.8 CaCl2, 0.0025 Fe(NO3)3*9H2O, 5.26 KCl, 0.812 MgCl2*6H2O, 0.880 NaHCO3, 0.906 NaH2PO4, 34 D-glucose, 10 MOPS, 0.227 sodium pyruvate, Vitamin MEM (1:27) and Amino Acid MEM (1:26), pH 7.3, 235–240 mOs] at RT. Hibernate mimics the composition of Neurobasal media and improves both the stability and duration of recordings. Neurons were visualized using a 60× 0.9 NA LUMPlanFl/IR objective (Olympus Corporation) using differential contrast optics on an Axioskop 50 FS microscope (Zeiss) equipped with an X-Cite 120Q excitation light source. Pyramidal neurons were selected for electrophysiological recordings based on their pyramidal or pear-shaped somata with 3-4 primary dendrites.
Whole-cell recordings in voltage-clamp mode were obtained using borosilicate glass electrodes (Sutter Instrument) with a tip resistance of 3–7 MΩ. The internal solution contained (in mM): 114.5 gluconic acid, 114.5 CsOH, 2 NaCl, 8 CsCl, 10 MOPS, 4 EGTA, 4 MgATP and 0.3 Na2GTP, pH 7.3, adjusted with CsOH.
Signals were amplified with a Multiclamp 700A amplifier, sampled at 20 kHz, filtered at 2.4 kHz, acquired using a Digidata 1440A digitizer and pClamp 10 (all from Molecular Devices). Cells were held at -60 mV, and AMPAR-mediated miniature EPSCS were isolated using bath application of TTX (1 μM), D-AP5 (50 μM) and picrotoxin (100 μM).
ZnCl2 (10 μM) was bath applied in HibernateE to the cultured neurons. Series resistance (Rs) was monitored throughout the duration of all recordings, and data were excluded if Rs increased >20%.
AMPAR-mediated evoked EPSCs were pharmacologically isolated by bath application of a NMDAR blocker (50 μM D-AP5) and GABAR blocker (100 μM picrotoxin). For these recordings, the internal pipette solution contained (in mM) 101 gluconic acid, 101 CsOH, 11 KCl, 10 MOPS, 2.9 QX 314, 1 CaCl2, 5 EGTA, 2 MgATP, 0.3 Na2GTP and 50 μM spermine, pH 7.3 adjusted with CsOH (250 mOsm). In addition to D-AP5 and picrotoxin, a very low concentration of NBQX (0.05 μM) was added to the bath to reduce spontaneous AMPAR-mediated synaptic activity that occurred under conditions of disinhibition (Kumar et al., 2002). To stimulate evoked AMPA EPSCs, a platinum parallel bipolar electrode (FHC) was placed in close proximity (~1.5 mm) to the recorded neurons. Synaptic activity was evoked by delivering current pulses of 4–5 mA for 0.5 ms at intervals of 20 s. Post data collection, membrane potentials were corrected for a liquid junction potential of 18 mV.
We detected and analyzed miniature EPSCs with wDetecta, a custom postsynaptic current detection program1. Numerical values are given as median ± SEM unless stated otherwise. Quantification of zinc conditions was performed using data after 10 min of zinc application to capture the plateau phase of the zinc effects. Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank tests were applied to compare between baseline and ZnCl2 conditions for young or mature neurons. For shRNA experiments, the effect of genotypes on the zinc response were tested by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Sidak correction multiple post hoc comparison was applied to determine the difference between baseline and ZnCl2 within the same genotype. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.
For cumulative probability distributions, each cohort population was composed of a random selection of equal number of events per condition from each cell (i.e., 600 events from 12 cells). Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K.S.) test was applied to determine statistical significance (p < 0.005) for experiments with two samples. Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA with Dunn’s correction post hoc multiple comparison was used for experiments with more than two samples.
For evoked AMPAR EPSC, current response at each holding voltage was measured by averaging the value within 3–6 ms of peak current using pClamp 10 (Molecular Devices). The I/V slope for negative and positive responses was calculated separately for each condition (baseline or ZnCl2) of each cell using linear regression in Excel 2016 (Microsoft Office). For the population I/V curve, current responses were normalized to the value at the most negative potential. The rectification index was defined as the ratio of the I/V slope of negative responses over that of positive responses. The correlation between the rectification index and change in RI induced by ZnCl2 application was calculated using a two-tailed Pearson correlation coefficient analysis, and statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.
All graphs and statistical analyses were done in Prism 6.0 (GraphPad Software).
Immunoblots of cellular lysates were prepared from lentiviral infected hippocampal neurons as described previously (Hsieh et al., 2016; Okerlund et al., 2017). In brief, neurons were infected with a lentiviral vector expressing shRNA and enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) on DIV 1. Lysates from these neurons were harvested at DIV 14–15 in Laemmli loading buffer (Bio-Rad) with β-mercaptoethanol (Sigma). Lysates were loaded on either a 4%–15% or 4%–20% polyacrylamide gels (Bio-Rad) and transferred to a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane (Bio-Rad). After washing (0.1% Triton X-100 in phosphate buffered saline (PBS)) and blocking (5% non-fat powdered milk and 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS) overnight at 4°C, membranes were probed with primary and secondary antibodies in blocking solution. Protein bands were visualized by West Dura ECL reagents (GE Healthcare). Membranes were either blotted simultanously with Shank and actin antibodies or blotted with Shank antibodies first, then stripped using Restore Western Blot Stripping Buffer (Thermo Fisher) and blotted again for actin to standardize protein levels. Representative blots of relevant protein bands are shown in the figures, and full blots are provided in the Supplementary Material.
For whole-cell staining, wild-type (WT) or transfected rat hippocampal neurons were washed at room temperature (RT) with HibernateE solution. Cells were then placed in fixative solution [in mM: 60 PIPES, 25 HEPES, 120 sucrose, 2 MgCl2, 10 EGTA and 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA), pH 7.4] for 10 min at RT. After fixation, cells were washed twice with PBS, permeabilized with 0.25% Triton X-100 (Thermo Scientific) in PBS for 2 min and washed twice with PBS at RT. Fixed and permeabilized cells were incubated in blocking solution (2% glycine, 2% bovine serum albumin, 0.2% gelatin, and 50 mM NH4Cl in PBS, pH 7.4) for 30 min at RT, and then primary antibodies were applied in blocking solution overnight at 4°C. After the primary antibody incubation, cells were washed three times with blocking solution, followed by the addition of secondary antibodies for 1–2 h at RT. After secondary antibody application, cells were washed three times with PBS and rinsed quickly with water. Neurons were then mounted with Fluoromount-G (Southern Biotech) on pre-cleaned glass slides.
The protocol for surface staining of AMPAR subunits was modified from published studies (Lu et al., 2001; Mangiavacchi and Wolf, 2004; Park et al., 2004). Coverslips were incubated in HibernateE solution with or without 10 μM ZnCl2 for 20 min at RT. After treatment, coverslips were incubated with GluA1 or GluA2 antibodies in HibernateE with 2% BSA at 4°C on ice for 1 h. After primary antibody labeling, coverslips were washed twice with 2% BSA in HibernateE and placed in fixative solution. Neurons were then permeabilized and co-stained for anti-Shank2 and anti-Shank3 antibodies using the whole-cell staining protocol (see previous section).
For chemical labeling of endogenous GluA2-containing AMPAR in hippocampal neurons, labeling conditions were modified from the original published protocol (Wakayama et al., 2017) to allow for maximal labeling efficiency and minimal internalization of receptors. In brief, neurons were washed twice with Tyrode’s solution [in mM: 96 NaCl, 5.4 KCl, 1 MgCl2, 1.8 CaCl2*2H2O, 10 HEPES and 25 D-glucose, pH 7.3], then incubated in a humidified box for 3 h with 3 μM Alexa 647-CAM2 or Alexa 488-CAM2 in Tyrode’s solution at 17°C to minimize internalization of AMPARs (Wakayama et al., 2017). To assess the specificity of the CAM2 reagent for tagging the GluA2 subunit, after labeling, neurons were washed three times with Tyrode’s solution and then immunostained for GluA1 and GluA2 subunits using the whole-cell staining protocol described previously.
Neurons were first labeled with Alexa 647-CAM2 using the labeling protocol described above. Cells were then washed three times with Tyrode’s solution, treated with 10 μM ZnCl2 or MgCl2 (control) in Tyrode’s solution for 20 min at RT. After treatment, neurons were labeled again with Alexa 488-CAM2. After the second labeling, neurons were washed three times with Tyrode’s solution and immunostained with MAP2 and either Shank2 or Shank3 antibodies using the whole-cell staining protocol described previously.
A high affinity zinc-sensitive fluorescent dye, FluoZin-3 AM (Kd for Zn2+ ~15 nM), was used for measuring total zinc and a low affinity zinc indicator, Newport Green DCF (NPG, Kd for Zn2+ ~1 μM), for free Zn2+. For measuring intracellular zinc, neurons were loaded with FluoZin-3 (1–2 μM) or NPG (5 μM) for 30 min at RT, washed three times with Tyrode’s solution and incubated for another 20–30 min at RT to allow for dye deesterification.
To assess free zinc changes with extracellular manipulation of zinc, WT neurons were loaded with NPG as described above. Sister cultures were treated with different ZnCl2 concentrations (with or without pyrithione, a zinc ionophore) and TPEN concentration (a zinc chelator) at RT. After 10 min of treatment, neurons were washed with Tyrode’s solution, fixed, washed three times with PBS, and mounted onto slides. To monitor live zinc dynamics, WT neurons were utilized for whole-cell zinc assessment, and neurons pre-transfected with mApple were used for synaptic zinc imaging. After loading with FluoZin-3 as described above, neurons were utilized for time-lapse imaging experiments.
Pyramidal neurons were selected for image acquisition based on their pyramidal or pear-shaped somata with 3–4 primary dendrites. Three-dimensional fluorescence images (16-bit, 512 × 512) were acquired using MetaMorph 7.0 (Universal Imaging) in conjunction with a Yokogawa CSU 10 spinning disk confocal (Perkin Elmer) fitted on a Zeiss Axiovert 200M inverted microscope. The excitation light of a Krypton/Argon ion laser (643-RYB-A02; Melles Griot) was selected by 488/10 nm, 568/10 nm or 647/10 nm filters (Sutter Lambda filter changer), reflected and then focused through a 63× 1.4 numerical aperture (NA) oil immersion Plan-Apochromat objective lens (Carl Zeiss MicroImaging, Inc.) or a 10× 0.45 NA Plan-Apochromat objective lens. Detection of the fluorescence emission, after passing a 525/50 nm bandpass filter for Alexa 488, a 607/45 nm bandpass filter for Alexa 568 or a 700/75 nm filter for Alexa 647, was obtained using a Cascade 512B camera (Roper). For between sample comparison, all images were acquired with the same settings without knowledge of the experimental condition during image acquisition. To acquire image stacks that could be deconvolved for further analysis, images were sampled using the Nyquist criterion.
For this experiment, three-dimensional fluorescence images (8-bit, 512 × 512) were acquired using a SP8 laser scanning confocal microscope (Leica Microsystems Inc.) with a white-light laser, hybrid (HyD) photodetectors and a tunable acousto-optical beam splitter. Custom band-passes (FluoZin-3, wavelength: 488 nm, bandwidth: 493–582 nm; mApple, wavelength: 568 nm, bandwidth: 583–602 nm) were set for FluoZin-3 and mApple based on their excitation and emission spectra (FluoZin-3 maxima, Excitation: 494 nm, Emission: 516 nm; mApple maxima, Excitation: 568 nm, Emission: 592 nm). Images were captured with a 63× 1.4 numerical aperture (NA) oil immersion HC PL Apo objective lens (Leica Microsystems Inc.) with a pinhole set at 1 Airy unit. For monitoring spine Zn2+ dynamics, images of both mApple and FluoZin-3 channels were captured every 40–60 s. After 5 min of baseline imaging, cells were perfused with high potassium Tyrode’s solution (in mM: 11.5 NaCl, 90 KCl, 1 MgCl2, 1.8 CaCl22H2O, 10 HEPES and 25 glucose, pH 7.3) for 120–180 s and then washed out with regular Tyrode’s solution for 5–10 min. Zinc increases were measured immediately post-HiK treatment to allow for full exchange of solution.
Image preprocessing was performed in ImageJ (NIH) unless otherwise specified.
Images were first preprocessed for analysis. Raw image stacks were background subtracted using a rolling ball radius of 50. They were then 3D deconvolved in Huygens Professional (Scientific Volume Imaging) software using the theoretically calculated point spread functions (PSF) and classic maximum likelihood estimation (CMLE) deconvolution algorithm. Next, primary dendrites were linearized and extracted from the full-frame image using the Straighten plugin for ImageJ.
The identification of protein puncta in straightened dendrites, and analysis of their colocalization in 3D was performed using a custom software package IMFLAN3D—a combination of ImageJ and MATLAB functions (Tai et al., 2007). In brief, straightened dendrites were sharpened, and regions of concentrated fluorophore intensity (puncta) within the images were segmented using a watershed algorithm (ImageJ). Once puncta separation was achieved in each channel, thresholding was done to remove low intensity noise while keeping higher intensities intact. Separate threshold values were determined for each channel, and this common set of threshold values was used to process all images from all conditions in a given experiment.
Raw image stacks were processed in Huygens Professional and ImageJ as described above. Deconvolved 3D images of linearized dendrites were then Z-projected (sum intensity). An intensity profile of puncta in the dendritic regions and in the spines were plotted in ImageJ, and the total intensity was quantified using area under the curve integration in Prism 6.0. The ratio of total Shank intensity in the dendritic shaft puncta vs. in the spines were quantified for each Shank protein in each dendrite as a metric for their relative contribution to the immature synapses vs. mature synapses (Niesmann et al., 2011; Valnegri et al., 2011).
For quantification of shRNA knockdown efficiency and GluA1/GluA2 expression over development, raw image stacks were background subtracted then Z-projected (average intensity) prior to use of SynPAnal analysis software (Danielson and Lee, 2014) to quantify 2D density and intensity values along primary dendrites. For identification of primary dendrites, the eGFP signal or the GluA1/2 signal was used, and puncta detection was accomplished by thresholding images and counting distinct cluster of four or more adjacent pixels above the intensity threshold. The same detection criteria were applied for different genotypes. Intensity and density values were extracted from the software.
Raw image stacks were Z-projected (average intensity). Puncta-by-puncta analysis was performed using OpenView analysis software (Friedman et al., 2000; Arons et al., 2012). Shank2 or Shank3 immuno-positive fluorescent puncta were individually boxed using a Mexican hat filter and then selected based on the following criteria: selected puncta must be above background intensity values in immunostained and CAM2 channels, the puncta must be discrete and non-overlapping with good spatial separation, and the puncta must lie within four pixels of a MAP2-positive dendrite. Puncta fluorescence intensity values were determined, and subsequent data analysis revealed trends in the data.
Raw image stacks were background subtracted and Z-projected (average intensity). Neuronal cells were identified based on morphology using bright field images of the same regions. NeuN staining was performed in an independent set of coverslips to further confirm the neuronal identity of these cells. Puncta intensity values of neuronal somas were then determined using the Time Series Analyzer plugin in ImageJ.
Raw image stacks were background subtracted and Z-projected (sum intensity). Primary dendrites were then linearized and extracted from the full-frame image before being analyzed using custom scripts in Matlab (SpineZap; Mysore et al., 2007). To select spines, Z-projected images of FluoZin-3 signal at each time point and of mApple at the first time point were combined into a single stack and Z-projected (sum intensity; referred to as t-projection below). Individual boxes covering the spine and minimal extracellular space were then drawn around each spine so that the morphology of the spine was clearly visible but not in close proximity to axons, dendritic projections or tissue debris. The coordinates of each spine’s box were then utilized to extract time-lapse images from the raw images in order to further verify visually whether or not the selected protrusions were spines. Mean fluorescence intensity values of spines were quantified using custom codes in MATLAB.
All statistical tests of imaging data were performed in Prism 6.0. For cumulative probability distributions, each cohort population was composed of a random selection of an equal number of puncta values (50–100) from each cell per condition. The K.S. test was applied to determine statistical significance (p < 0.005) for experiments with two samples. Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA with Dunn’s correction post hoc multiple comparisons was used in experiments with more than two samples. Two-way ANOVA was used to analyze the developmental difference in the ratio of Shank2 and Shank3 intensities in spines (mature) vs. in dendritic puncta (immature). The Mann-Whitney test was used for comparison of mean values between two non-paired conditions. Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank tests were applied to compare between baseline and high potassium conditions in time-lapse experiments and to compare the difference in the ratio of Shank2 and Shank3 intensity in dendritic puncta vs. spine at each time point.
To understand the roles of Shank2 and Shank3 on excitatory synaptic development, we compared the developmental changes of endogenous proteins in young (DIV 11) and mature (DIV 18) hippocampal neurons in culture (Figure 1A and Supplementary Figure S1A). Shank postsynaptic clusters (puncta) were analyzed using a three-dimensional blind analysis. Shank2 showed distinct clusters along the dendrites and was present in spines at DIV 11 (Figure 1A, left middle panel). Shank2 puncta remained stable with regard to intensity, density or volume between DIV 11 and DIV 18 (Figure 1A, middle panels and Figures 1B–D). In contrast, at DIV 11 Shank3 was present mainly in the dendritic shaft, especially in the proximal dendrites, and dendritic puncta with limited localization in spines (Figure 1A, left top panel). At DIV 18, the density of Shank3 puncta increased by 31.6% compared to DIV 11 (p = 0.0092; Figure 1C) without a change in puncta intensity or volume (Figures 1B,D). Additionally, Shank2 and Shank3 showed strong colocalization (Figure 1E) at DIV 11 (78.14 ± 2.43%) that remained stable through these developmental stages (DIV 18, 77.23 ± 2.58%), implying that both proteins might function in concert at the same synapses. Shank1 was weakly expressed in these cultures during this window (data not shown; Grabrucker et al., 2011) and was excluded from the rest of the study.
Figure 1. Increase in synaptic expression of Shank2, Shank3 and VGluT1 during development. (A) Straightened dendrites of young (days in vitro 11, DIV 11) and mature (DIV 18) hippocampal neurons co-immunostained for Shank3 (A488, green), Shank2 (A568, red) and VGluT1 (A647, blue). White puncta in the merge images (bottom) indicate colocalization of all three proteins. Scale bar: 5 μm. (B–D) Three-dimensional analysis (IMFLAN3D) of Shank3 and Shank2 puncta at DIV 11 and 18 quantifying intensity (B), density (C) or volume (D) (mean ± SEM). (E–G) Three-dimensional colocalization analysis of pairwise puncta overlap as measured by the ratio (E), density (F) and volume (G) at DIV 11 and 18 [mean ± SEM; N = 16 dendrites from 10 to 12 neurons from two culture preparations (referred to as culture preps from now on; Mann-Whitney tests. n.s. p ≥ 0.05, **p < 0.005, ***p < 0.0005, ****p < 0.0001)]. (H) Straightened dendrites of young and mature hippocampal neurons immunostained for Shank3 and Shank2. Scale bar: Image, 5 μm; Corresponding inset, 1 μm. (I) Summary graphs showing quantification of Shank3 and Shank2 relative enrichment in spines vs. in dendritic puncta (DIV 21, N = 18; all others, N = 16 dendrites from 10 to 12 neurons from two cultures preps; Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunn’s correction post hoc multiple comparisons. Comparing between Shank2 and Shank3 at the same age: *p < 0.05; ***p < 0.0005. Comparing Shank3 between different ages: ##p < 0.005).
Motivated by the localization difference in Shank2 and Shank3 expression pattern at DIV 11 (Figure 1A), we further examined the contribution of each protein to mature vs. immature synapses at two additional time points (DIV 14 and 21). This contribution was measured by the ratio of Shank intensity in spines (mature) vs. in dendritic puncta (immature; Figure 1H; Valnegri et al., 2011). A ratio of zero means that Shank2 and Shank3 exclusively occupy immature synapses on the shaft whereas a ratio of one indicates they contribute equally to both immature synapses on the dendritic shaft and mature synapses on spines. In young neurons (DIV 11 and 14), Shank2 was more biased towards mature synapse localization in spines (0.69 and 0.67) compared to Shank3, which showed a stronger dendritic localization (0.51 and 0.58; p = 0.0003 and p = 0.0024; Figure 1I). Later in development (DIV 18 and 21), Shank3 localization mimicked Shank2 with an increased spine localization [0.70 at DIV 21 (p = 0.0024); Figures 1H,I]. Overall, these findings imply that Shank2 may serve as the primary scaffolding molecule occupying excitatory synapses early in development while Shank3 arrives later, which is consistent with previous studies (Boeckers et al., 1999; Bresler et al., 2004; Grabrucker et al., 2011).
Next, we wanted to understand the development of Shank-containing synapses by also looking at VGluT1 for visualization of presynaptic specializations to distinguish synaptic from non-synaptic puncta. Striking increases in VGluT1 during synapse maturation were seen in all measures (Intensity: 131.8% increase, p < 0.0001; Density: 34.078% increase, p = 0.0004; Volume: 96.91% increase, p < 0.0001), which is consistent with an earlier study (Wilson et al., 2005). Because of these large changes, we again looked at multiple time points (DIV 11, 14, 18 and 21). We found that VGluT1 showed developmental step-like changes in puncta intensity, density and volume between DIV 11 and 21, delineating a clear developmental profile of young neurons (DIV 11–14) and mature neurons (DIV 18–21; Supplementary Figures S1B–E). More than half of Shank2 (54.41%) and Shank3 (55.55%) clusters overlap with punctate VGluT1 staining at DIV 11 (Figure 1E). Concomitant with these developmental VGluT1 changes, significant increases with time were seen in all parameters (fraction, density and volume) of Shank-dependent synapses, as defined by Shank-VGluT1 overlapping puncta (Figures 1E–G).
Since Shank2 and Shank3 serve as master scaffolding molecules that interact with glutamate receptors (Sheng and Kim, 2000; Uchino et al., 2006), we examined whether the developmental changes in AMPAR expression track with those of Shank. Here, we first compared the expression pattern of GluA1 and GluA2 at two different developmental stages (young—DIV 11 and mature—DIV 18) for GluA1 and GluA2 (Figure 2A). GluA1 puncta density and intensity remained the same between DIV 11 and DIV 18 (Figures 2B,C). However, GluA2 puncta density at DIV 18 more than doubled in comparison to that of DIV 11 [100.4 ± 15.31 puncta/μm at DIV 11 vs. 210.1 ± 17.03 puncta/μm at DIV 18 (p = 0.004; Figure 2C)]. These data identified the time frame for the AMPAR developmental subunit switch from GluA2-lacking to GluA2-containing receptors in our hippocampal cultures, similar to previous findings (Pickard et al., 2000; Kumar et al., 2002).
Figure 2. AMPA receptor (AMPAR) subunit composition and functional change during development. (A) Hippocampal neurons were fixed and immunostained for GluA1 (top) or GluA2 (bottom) at DIV 11 and DIV 18. White boxes indicate the straightened dendrites (right). Scale bar: image, 15 μm; dendrite, 5 μm. (B,C) Summary graphs showing quantification of GluA1 and GluA2 puncta intensity (arbitrary fluorescent units—a.u.) (B) and density (puncta per 100 μm; C) [mean ± SEM; DIV 11, N = 8; DIV 18, N = 5 dendrites for GluA1; N = 11 for GluA2 from 5 to 10 neurons from two culture preps; Mann-Whitney test. n.s. p ≥ 0.05, ***p < 0.001]. (D) Ensemble-averaged miniature EPSCs (mEPSCs) from all events recorded in young (black) or mature (green) neurons [N = 11 (young) and 10 (mature) neurons from 4 to 7 culture preps, which applies to all subsequent panels unless otherwise specified]. (E,F) Cumulative probability histograms of decay time (E) or amplitude (F) from all isolated events of young or mature neurons [Kolmogorov–Smirnov (K.S.) test, N = 600 events (young) and 400 events (for mature), n.s. p ≥ 0.005, *p < 0.005]. (G) AMPAR-mediated EPSCs (averaged from three trials) evoked at various holding potentials (see diagram, upper right) from a young (black, left) or mature (green, right) hippocampal neuron. Red traces correspond to the current response at the most positive holding potential. Gray shaded bars used for calculating peak current amplitude. (H) Summary graph showing the difference of AMPAR inward rectification property between young and mature neurons [mean ± SEM; N = 29 cells (young) and 13 cells (mature) from 3 to 5 culture preps. Mann-Whitney test, *p < 0.05].
Considering the developmental increase of GluA2, we asked whether this contributes to different functional properties of these excitatory synapses. To address this question, AMPAR-mediated miniature EPSCs (mEPSCs) were recorded and compared between both groups of neurons (Figure 2D). AMPAR mEPSC decay time of mature neurons was longer than that of young neurons (p ≤ 0.005; Figures 2D,E), a finding consistent with earlier work (Brill and Huguenard, 2008). No difference was found between young and mature neurons in terms of AMPAR mEPSC amplitude (Figures 2D,F) or frequency (data not shown). The developmental increase in decay time could be explained by the slower decay kinetics of GluA2-containing AMPAR (Geiger et al., 1995).
GluA2-lacking AMPARs are more sensitive to polyamine blockage at positive holding potentials and thus pass less outward current than inward current at equivalent distance from the reversal potential (Kumar et al., 2002). Therefore, we investigated whether inward rectification of electrically evoked AMPAR EPSCs changed during development. This was accomplished by measuring the AMPAR evoked response at different holding voltages (Figure 2G). In young neurons, AMPAR EPSCs were consistently smaller at positive holding potentials compared with those at corresponding negative potentials (Figure 2G, left). In mature neurons, AMPAR EPSCs were similar in magnitude at equipotential levels on either side of AMPAR reversal potential (~3 mV in our experimental condition; Figure 2G, right), consistent with decreased rectification. For comparison, we employed a rectification index (RI) defined as the ratio of AMPA conductance measured at corresponding positive over negative holding potentials. The RI of young neurons was larger than that of the mature neurons (Figure 2H, 37.66%, p = 0.04). Thus, in young neurons, AMPAR-EPSCs were mostly characterized by inward rectification in contrast to mature neurons, similar to previous observations (Jonas et al., 1994; Geiger et al., 1995; Kumar et al., 2002; Brill and Huguenard, 2008; Bariselli et al., 2016). Together, these data indicate that AMPAR in young and mature neurons are fundamentally different in terms of their subunit compositions, leading to functional effects on their decay kinetics and inward rectification property.
Due to the similar developmental expression profiles of GluA2 and synaptic Shank2 and Shank3 (Figures 1, 2), we hypothesized that these Shank proteins could play a role in regulating AMPAR subunit composition during development. Previous work from our lab showed that Shank3 is required for zinc-induced AMPAR synaptic potentiation (Arons et al., 2016), Thus, zinc influx into the postsynaptic compartment could activate Shank-dependent regulation of AMPAR subunit composition. We next examined if neuronal stimulation affects the dynamics of postsynaptic zinc, which could enter from presynaptic-released zinc in the cleft or postsynaptic sources (Masters et al., 1994; Cole et al., 2000; Lee et al., 2003; Bossy-Wetzel et al., 2004; Frederickson et al., 2006).
Dissociated hippocampal neurons were transfected with mApple, as a structural marker, and then loaded with the membrane permeable fluorescent zinc indicator, FluoZin-3-AM (Figure 3A). FluoZin-3 fluorescence was present throughout the soma, dendrite and spines and co-localized with mApple (Figures 3A,B). Importantly, FluoZin-3 allows for the detection of small changes in intracellular zinc (Kd = 1.5 nM, detection range 10 nM-300 μM) and is unaffected by millimolar concentration of calcium (Zhao et al., 2008). In the absence of exogenous stimulation, the FluoZin-3 fluorescence signal remained stable over time (Figure 3C). To determine whether neural activity affects postsynaptic zinc levels, we briefly depolarized neurons by the application of 90 mM high potassium stimulation (HiK). Here, we observed a transient increase of FluoZin-3 intensity in spines (Figures 3C–E, 47.75% increase between baseline and during HiK, p = 0.0001). The elevation was fully reversible after washout (Baseline vs. Wash, p > 0.05; HiK vs. Wash, p = 0.0001). Together, these data show that zinc is elevated in postsynaptic spines during neuronal depolarization, which could bind to Shank2 and Shank3 and influence the activation of these proteins via conformational changes (Arons et al., 2016).
Figure 3. Depolarization induces a transient and reversible increase of zinc in postsynaptic spines. (A) A young hippocampal neuron (DIV 14) transfected with mApple (left, red) and loaded with FluoZin-3 (middle, green). mApple was used as a morphological marker to indicate dendrites and postsynaptic spines. Yellow indicates clear colocalization in the merge image (far right). White boxes mark the dendrite shown in (B). Scale bar: 10 μm. (B) Straightened dendrite with mApple (top) and FluoZin-3 at baseline (middle) and during depolarization conditions [bottom; 90 mM KCl (HiK), 120–180 s]. White arrowheads mark spines being quantified in (C) and shown in (D; indicated by a–c). Scale bar: 5 μm. (C) Time course of changes in FluoZin-3 (ΔF/Fo) with depolarization for spines in (B). Black line indicates when depolarization was applied (HiK’). Mean ± SEM for N = 6 spines in one dendrite, shown in (B). (D) FluoZin-3 fluorescence changes in individual spines (a–c) under baseline, HiK (white line) and washout conditions indicated in (B). Scale bar: 1 μm. (E) Effects of depolarization on FluoZin-3 in spines of individual hippocampal neurons averaged across baseline, during HiK and washout conditions (one-way ANOVA followed by Sidak’s multiple comparisons, N = 17 dendrites from five neurons from four culture preps, n.s. p > 0.05, ***p < 0.001).
We then examined how extracellular manipulations of zinc change intracellular zinc levels (DIV 11–30). Here, Newport Green DCF (NPG) was used due to its lower affinity to zinc (Kd = 1.5 μM, detection range 1 μM-1 mM) for detection of free intracellular zinc (Thompson et al., 2002). With the application of 300 μM ZnCl2, hot spots of NPG appeared along dendrites after a 10 min incubation, potentially indicating free zinc accumulation in synaptic puncta (Supplementary Figure S2A). Treatment with ZnCl2 in the presence of a zinc ionophore, pyrithione (MNO), allowed the passive transport of zinc between the intra- and extracellular milieu and further induced the appearance of these putative zinc synaptic puncta (Supplementary Figure S2A). To assess the free zinc at baseline condition, we used a high affinity zinc chelator, TPEN (50 μM; Kd = 0.7 fM; Radford and Lippard, 2013). The zinc-chelating effect of TPEN was confirmed by its capacity to reduce somatic FluoZin-3 signal (data not shown). In contrast, we observed no quantifiable difference of NPG signal between baseline and zinc chelator (TPEN, 50 μM) treatment. This result showed that minimal, if any, free intracellular zinc is detectable by this method under baseline conditions (Supplementary Figure S2C), consistent with previous studies (Sensi et al., 1997; Canzoniero et al., 1999). At the population level, 10 μM extracellular ZnCl2 application increased somatic NPG signal above baseline by 24.91% (Supplementary Figures S2B,C), and further increasing ZnCl2 concentration to 300 μM raised the intracellular NPG signal even higher. Taken together, these results highlight the low levels of free intracellular zinc and that exogenous addition of ZnCl2 can elevated this concentration above baseline. Based on these findings, we established our experimental conditions for further experiments using 10 μM ZnCl2.
What are the functional consequences of the elevation of synaptic zinc? To test the functional effects of zinc on AMPAR, we recorded mEPSCs from young hippocampal neurons (DIV 11–14; Figure 4A). After a 10 min application, the addition of 10 μM ZnCl2 was associated with a relative increase (39.69%, p = 0.0186) in a fraction of large amplitude events (event > 20 pA) and a consistent increase of peak amplitude (29.93%, p = 0.002; Figures 4B–D). However, the frequency of AMPAR mEPSCs was unaffected by zinc application (Figure 4F), suggesting that the effect of zinc is likely postsynaptic. Consistent with a postsynaptic locus of action, zinc lengthened the decay times of AMPAR mEPSCs (19.76%, p = 0.002; Figures 4C,E) but did not affect rise time (Figure 4G). The increased amplitude and lengthened decay time resulted in increased synaptic efficacy as measured by the charge transfer (22.75%, p = 0.001; Figure 4H). These results reveal that zinc enhanced the strength of AMPAR-mediated synaptic transmission in young neurons, perhaps via activity at postsynaptic sites affecting AMPAR composition and hence response amplitude and kinetics.
Figure 4. Zinc treatment enhances synaptic efficacy of AMPAR mEPSCs in young neurons. (A) AMPAR mEPSCs were recorded from a young hippocampal neuron (DIV 11). Green bar: 10 μM ZnCl2 application. (B) AMPAR mEPSC recording traces from the neuron shown in (A) at baseline (top) and during ZnCl2 (bottom). Green arrowheads mark the events with larger amplitude during ZnCl2 treatment. (C) Ensemble-averaged mEPSCs from the baseline and zinc conditions measured in the same neurons (baseline: black, ZnCl2: green, N = 11 cells from seven culture preps, which applies to all subsequent panels unless otherwise specified). (D,E,G,H) Cumulative probability histograms of amplitude (D), decay time (E), rise time (G) and charge (H) of isolated events from baseline (black) and ZnCl2 (green) conditions (K.S. test, N = 600 events. n.s. p ≥ 0.005, *p < 0.005, **p < 0.001, ***p < 0.0001). First inset in (D): summary graph showing the difference of fraction of events with amplitude >20 pA between baseline and ZnCl2 conditions. All other insets show per-cell-basis pairwise comparison of amplitude (D), decay time (E), rise time (G) and charge (H) between baseline and ZnCl2 conditions (Wilcoxon test, n.s. p ≥ 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001). (F) Pairwise comparison of AMPAR mEPSC frequency between baseline and ZnCl2 conditions (Wilcoxon test, n.s. p ≥ 0.05).
Since the decay time constant increases as a function of GluA2 content (Figure 2; Geiger et al., 1995), the zinc-induced slowing of decay might be due to the recruitment of GluA2. To assess how zinc alters the subunit composition of functional AMPARs in young neurons, we indirectly assessed GluA2 content by measuring the current to voltage relationship of evoked AMPA EPSCs (evoked EPSCs) at baseline and during zinc treatment. At baseline, synaptic currents were reliably smaller at positive holding potentials in comparison to those at corresponding negative levels, indicating these receptors were inwardly rectifying. The application of zinc led to a more linear current to voltage relationship (Figures 5A,B, right panels) and a reduction in the RI (32.8%, p = 0.0061; Figure 5C), observed after 10 min of treatment. Since more linear I/V curves are indicative of higher relative proportions of GluA2-containing AMPAR (Kumar et al., 2002; Brill and Huguenard, 2008), this result suggests that zinc specifically recruited receptors containing GluA2 subunits and/or reduced the synaptic level of GluA2-lacking AMPAR.
Figure 5. Zinc treatment decreases AMPAR inward rectification in young neurons. (A) AMPAR-mediated EPSCs (averaged from three trials) evoked at various holding potentials [diagram (middle)] from a young hippocampal neuron during baseline (left) and after 10 min of 10 μM ZnCl2 application (right). Red traces correspond to the current response at the two most positive holding potentials. Gray shaded bars used for calculating peak current amplitude in (B). (B) Normalized current-voltage relationship of the pooled data recorded from the same neurons at baseline (left) and ZnCl2 treatment (right; mean ± SEM for N = 13 cells from five culture preps, which applies to all subsequent panels unless otherwise specified). (C) Summary graph showing effect of ZnCl2 application on the rectification indices (RI) of young neurons (Wilcoxon test, **p < 0.01). (D) Relationship between initial RI (during baseline) and the magnitude of RI change with ZnCl2 application (Pearson correlation, **p < 0.01). Green shaded area indicates the 95% confidence interval region.
We also observed that AMPARs in young neurons have a wide range of RI (1.15–4.71) at baseline, implying variable basal synaptic GluA2 content. Motivated by this observation, we next examined the relationship between initial RI and magnitude of change induced by zinc. From this analysis, the magnitude of RI changes showed a strong positive correlation with the initial RI (Figure 5D; R2 = 0.498, p = 0.0071). These data show that the initial GluA2 content affects the sensitivity of AMPAR to zinc application.
Given that the initial GluA2 content appears to predict the response to zinc treatment (Figure 5D) and mature neurons had higher GluA2 puncta density than young neurons (Figures 2A–C), we hypothesized that mature neurons would have limited sensitivity to zinc. We then recorded AMPAR mEPSCs in mature neurons (DIV 18–23) at baseline and examined the effect of zinc application. No detectable changes in any AMPAR mEPSC parameters (amplitude, kinetics or frequency) in mature neurons were observed with zinc application (Figures 6A–C and Supplementary Figures S3A–E), indicating that zinc has no significant influence on unitary synaptic strength, kinetics or active synapse numbers at this age of neuronal development. The insensitivity of AMPAR mEPSCs in mature neurons to zinc application is unlikely due to a ceiling effect since no difference in amplitude between young and mature neurons was observed (Figure 2F). Increasing zinc concentrations up to 30 μM also did not elicit any effect on AMPAR mEPSCs (data not shown). These results indicate that the insensitivity of AMPAR mEPSCs in mature neurons is independent of the availability of zinc.
Figure 6. Zinc treatment does not affect miniature or evoked AMPAR EPSCs in mature neurons. (A) Ensemble-averaged mEPSCs from the baseline and zinc conditions recorded in mature neurons (baseline: black, ZnCl2: green, N = 10 cells). (B,C) Cumulative probability histograms of amplitude (B) or decay time (C) of isolated events from baseline and ZnCl2 conditions (K.S. test, N = 400 events from 10 cells from four culture preps per condition, n.s. p ≥ 0.05). Insets display per-cell-basis pairwise comparison of amplitude (B) and decay time (C; Wilcoxon test, N = 10 cells, n.s. p ≥ 0.05). (D,E) AMPAR-mediated EPSCs (averaged from three trials) evoked at various holding potentials [diagram (middle)] from a mature hippocampal neuron (DIV 18) during baseline (D) and after 10 min of 10 μM ZnCl2 application (E). Red traces correspond to the current response at the two most positive holding potentials. Gray shaded bars mark the regions used for calculating peak current amplitude in (G,H). (F) Summary graph showing effect of ZnCl2 application on RI of mature neurons (Wilcoxon test, N = 10 cells from three culture preps, which applies to all subsequent panels unless otherwise specified; n.s. p ≥ 0.05). (G,H) Normalized current-voltage relationship (mean ± SEM) of the pooled data recorded from the same neurons at baseline (G) and ZnCl2 treatment (H). (I) Relationship between the initial RI (during baseline) and the magnitude of RI change with ZnCl2 application (Pearson correlation, n.s. p ≥ 0.05). Green shaded area indicates the 95% confidence interval.
Since zinc did not affect the decay kinetics of AMPAR mEPSCs, we predicted that it also would not alter the subunit composition of AMPARs. To indirectly test this, we assessed the rectification property, which would reflect the relative contribution of GluA2 to synaptic EPSCs (Figures 6D,E,G,H). In mature neurons, AMPAR-evoked EPSCs had a highly linear I/V relationship and low inward rectification (RI = 1.44 ± 0.19), similar to Figures 2G,H. This low IR remained unchanged with zinc application in these cells, suggesting that zinc exerted no effect on AMPAR subunit compositions (Figures 6D–H). As a result, no correlation was seen between initial RI and the magnitude of change induced by zinc treatment. Taken together, the addition of zinc had no significant effect on AMPAR function and subunit composition in mature neurons, likely due to the high basal level of GluA2-content in these cells (Figure 2C).
To understand the subunit composition changes induced by zinc, we examined the localization of GluA1 and GluA2 using an antibody directed against an extracellular epitope for each subunit (Figure 7A). Sister cultures were treated with either control or zinc conditions, immunolabeled and analyzed blind in three-dimensions for surface GluA1 or GluA2. This served as an immunocytochemical index of AMPAR subunit composition for comparison with mini and evoked recordings (Lu et al., 2001; Thiagarajan et al., 2005; Kalashnikova et al., 2010). Under control conditions, numerous, bright GluA1 clusters decorated the dendrite (Figure 7A, top left) in comparison to the low intensity levels of GluA2 puncta (Figure 7A, bottom left). Zinc treatment led to a marked increase of GluA2 puncta in terms of intensity (54.34%, p = 0.0001), volume (29.8%, p = 0.0077) and density (18%, p = 0.0016; Figures 7B–D). The modest change in density suggests that zinc has a stronger effect on GluA2 at preexisting synapses. This agrees with our findings in which zinc lengthened AMPAR mEPSC decay time and increased amplitude but did not affect frequency (Figure 4). Zinc also induced a reduction (19.6%, p = 0.0097) of GluA1 puncta density (Figure 7C), similar in magnitude to the increase in GluA2 density. This further emphasized that the major effect of zinc was to alter AMPAR subunit composition from GluA2-lacking to GluA2-containing at existing synapses.
Figure 7. Zinc treatment recruits surface GluA2 and disperses surface GluA1. (A) Straightened dendrites from young hippocampal neurons (DIV 14) treated with control (left) or 10 μM ZnCl2 (right) conditions. Neurons were live surface labeled for GluA1 (top) or GluA2 (bottom). Scale bar: 4 μm. (B–D) Summary graphs showing quantification of GluA1 and GluA2 puncta intensity (B), density (C) and volume (D) [mean ± SEM; Mann-Whitney test for GluA1, N = 19 (control), 22 (ZnCl2) dendrites from 10 to 14 neurons from two culture preps; for GluA2, N = 24 dendrites from 10 to 14 neurons from two culture preps; n.s. p ≥ 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001].
Do the zinc-induced changes of AMPAR subunit composition involve Shank2 and Shank3? We looked at the pattern of surface GluA1 and GluA2 incorporation at (Figure 8B, Supplementary Figure S4) Shank-positive puncta with the same three-dimensional analysis described previously (Figure 1). The distribution of AMPARs and Shank puncta were analyzed (defined as overlap of GluA1 or GluA2 with Shank-positive or non-Shank puncta; Figure 8). A significant fraction of GluA2-positive puncta contained Shank2 (72.69%) and Shank3 (61.89%; Figure 8B, Supplementary Figure S4). A similar fraction of GluA1-positive puncta associated with Shank2 (73.55%) and Shank3 (78.38%) puncta (Figure 8B). This suggests that the majority of AMPAR (both GluA1 and GluA2 clusters) were found at Shank-positive puncta, consistent with previous findings on the interaction between both subunits with Shank2 and Shank3 (Sheng and Kim, 2000; Uchino et al., 2006). On the other hand, just over half of all Shank puncta were GluA2-positive (Shank2 56.76%; Shank3 54.82%; Figure 8C) with a higher fraction associated with GluA1 (Shank2 69.18%; Shank3 61.17%; Figure 8C).
Figure 8. Zinc treatment alters the colocalization between AMPAR subunits and Shank. (A) Straightened dendrites from young hippocampal neurons (DIV 14) treated with control (left) or 10 μM ZnCl2 (right). Neurons were live surface labeled for GluA1 (green; top) or GluA2 (green; bottom) before being fixed and co-immunostained for both Shank2 (red) and Shank3 (not shown). Yellow indicates colocalization. Scale bar: 4 μm. (B–E) Three-dimensional colocalization analysis of pairwise puncta overlap using IMFLAN3D as measured by the fraction of overlap (B,C), intensity (D) and volume (E) for baseline and ZnCl2 conditions (mean ± SEM) [Mann-Whitney test, for GluA1 + Shank3 or Shank2, N = 19 (control) and 22 (ZnCl2) dendrites from 10 to 14 neurons from two culture preps; for GluA2 + Shank3 or Shank2, N = 24 dendrites from 10 to 14 neurons from two culture preps; for Shank2 + Shank3, N = 43 (control) and 46 (ZnCl2) dendrites from 20 to 25 neurons from four culture preps; n.s. p ≥ 0.05, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001].
Interestingly, with zinc treatment, there was a significant decrease in the fraction of GluA1 overlapping with Shank2 and Shank3 with a large concurrent increase of GluA1 at non-Shank sites (Figure 8B and Table 1). In contrast with regard to the total GluA2 population, there was no change in the fraction of overlap at any type of Shank or non-Shank puncta with zinc treatment. Instead, with regard to Shank puncta, zinc changed the distribution of GluA2, such that a higher fraction of Shank co-clustered with GluA2 than in control conditions (Table 1). A significant concomitant decrease in GluA2 was seen at both non-Shank2 and non-Shank3 sites (Table 1). Together, these data suggest that zinc preferentially recruits GluA2 to Shank puncta and disperses GluA1 to non-Shank sites.
Table 1. Effect of zinc on GluA—Shank colocalization.
Besides increasing the clustering density of GluA2 and Shank3, zinc treatment also led to an increase in fluorescence intensity (75.04%) and volume (40.19%) for GluA2 specifically at Shank3-positive puncta (Figures 8D,E), further supporting the hypothesis that zinc selectively induces GluA2 incorporation to Shank3-positive puncta. A similar increase in intensity in response to zinc was seen in GluA2 at Shank2 puncta (64.05%) with no significant change in volume (Figures 8D,E and Table 1). In contrast, zinc decreased GluA1 overlap with Shank3 as measured by volume (Figure 8E and Table 1). A significant concomitant increase in intensity of GluA1 (132.65%; p < 0.0004) was seen at non-Shank2 sites (Table 1), perhaps corresponding with non-synaptic locations since Shank2 and Shank3 showed near 100% colocalization with other postsynaptic markers (Homer and PSD95) at this age (data not shown).
These findings implicate Shank2 and Shank3 as key players in the AMPAR subunit switch induced by zinc. Our treatment protocol did not elicit any changes of Shank2 or Shank3 puncta intensity, volume or density (data not shown), implying that zinc mainly affects Shank activation (Arons et al., 2016) in association with a change in binding preference from GluA1 to GluA2.
To further understand which cellular processes underlie the zinc-dependent recruitment of GluA2, we performed a sequential dual-labeling experiment to monitor both lateral diffusion and exocytosis with zinc treatment. Here, we used a recently developed method to visualize native GluA2 using chemical AMPAR modification (CAM2) reagents that allow for covalent chemical labeling with a small fluorophore (Alexa fluors; Wakayama et al., 2017). Control experiments were performed to confirm the specificity and saturation binding of all surface GluA2 for this dual-labeling experiment in our neuronal culture system. Similar to the original study (Wakayama et al., 2017), we found that 80%–90% of CAM2 puncta colocalized with GluA2 staining, whereas there was limited colocalization between CAM2 and GluA1 (data not shown). We then next tested varying concentrations of CAM2 for labeling and chose an excess concentration (3 μM) for subsequent experiments to ensure saturated labeling of surface GluA2.
In order to examine AMPAR dynamics with zinc, surface GluA2 subunits were initially labeled with Alexa 647-CAM2 for saturated labeling. Neurons were then treated with control or ZnCl2 conditions, which could recruit receptors from outside of the synapse and increase synaptic Alexa 647-CAM2 signal. If exocytosis was enhanced with zinc treatment, these new surface receptors would be labeled during the second labeling with Alexa 488-CAM2. Shank2 or Shank3 were also labeled as postsynaptic markers and used to understand their roles in zinc-sensitive AMPAR dynamics (Figure 9A).
Figure 9. Probing mechanisms of zinc-dependent AMPAR trafficking with CAM2. (A) Schematic of sequential dual chemical labeling of GluA2 subunit of AMPAR using A647-CAM2 and A488-CAM2 reagents (top). Sequence of the labeling experiment using CAM2 to probe zinc-dependent AMPAR trafficking (bottom). (B) Straightened dendrites of hippocampal neurons were pre-labeled with A647-CAM2 (top), then treated with either control (10 μM MgCl2, left) or 10 μM ZnCl2 (right) conditions before being labeled with A488-CAM2 (second panel from the top), and finally fixed and stained for Shank3 (third panel from the top) and Shank2 (not shown). White puncta in the merge images (bottom) indicate colocalization of all three signals. Scale bar: 5 μm. (C,D) Cumulative probability histograms of puncta intensity from control and ZnCl2 conditions for A647-CAM2 (C) and A488-CAM2 (D) signal (K.S., N ~ 1500 puncta from 25 (control) and 30 (ZnCl2) cells from three culture preps; ***p < 0.0001). (E,F) Example of fluorescence intensities of individual colocalized CAM2 puncta (A647 or A488) plotted as a function of the corresponding colocalized Shank3 puncta intensities for two neurons. Comparisons were made between sister cultures. Linear regression is shown as a solid line for each condition (black = control; green = zinc). (G) Summary graph showing comparison of the slopes of linear regressions of puncta intensity between Shank3 or Shank2 and A647-CAM2 from control (white) and ZnCl2 (green) conditions. (H) Similar to G but for Shank3 or Shank2 and A488-CAM2 [two-way ANOVA, Shank2 co-stained neurons, N = 15 (control) and 20 (ZnCl2) cells from 3 to 4 coverslips from two culture preps; Shank3 co-stained, N = 10 cells from 3 to 4 coverslips from two culture preps; n.s. p ≥ 0.05, *p < 0.05. Sidak correction multiple post hoc comparisons; n.s. p ≥ 0.05, *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001].
To this end, we measured the fluorescence intensity in both CAM2 channels at Shank-positive puncta. Using puncta-by-puncta analysis (Friedman et al., 2000; Arons et al., 2012), we found that both lateral diffusion and exocytosis were involved with the zinc-dependent trafficking of GluA2 to synaptic sites as measured by the increase of both A647-CAM2 (16.61%, p < 0.0001) and A488-CAM2 puncta intensity (14.1%, p < 0.0001; Figures 9B–D and Supplementary Figure S5A). The total puncta density was not affected by zinc application (Supplementary Figure S5B), which agrees with the stable mEPSCs frequency during zinc treatment (Figure 4F). The relative rate between exocytosis and lateral diffusion was likely not affected by zinc since there was no difference in the slope of Alexa 647-CAM2 to Alexa 488-CAM2 (Supplementary Figure S5C).
Next, to assess whether there is a direct correlation between the amount of Shank2 or Shank3 and Alexa-labeled CAM2, we measured the fluorescence intensity of Shank at each individual puncta as well as the intensity of the CAM2 in both channels. Fluorescence intensities of individual Alexa-labeled CAM2 puncta were then plotted as a function of the corresponding colocalized Shank2 or Shank3 puncta intensities, and linear regression analysis applied for the individual synaptic intensities (Figures 9E–H and Supplementary Figures S5D,E O’Brien et al., 1998; Rumbaugh et al., 2003). Consistent with previous results (Figures 8B,C), we found a significant increase in the slope of A647-CAM2 intensity at Shank3-positive puncta with zinc treatment (Figures 9E,G), which means that for a given amount of Shank3 there is an increase in A647-CAM2. This can serve as a proxy for the increase in ratio of GluA2 to Shank3 through lateral diffusion (A647-CAM2; 139.8%, p = 0.0001; Figure 9G) or through exocytosis (A488-CAM2; 48.66%, p = 0.0186; Figure 9H). In contrast, the correlation between Shank2 and GluA2 for both processes was unchanged with zinc treatment (Figures 5G,H and Supplementary Figures S5D,E), implying that Shank2 did not directly influence the zinc-sensitive dynamics of GluA2. Taken together, these results imply that: (1) both lateral diffusion and exocytosis contributed to the GluA2 pool recruited by zinc; and (2) Shank3 was involved in both processes.
To understand if Shank2 or Shank3 are required for the zinc-sensitive regulation of AMPAR structure and functions, we employed shRNA to decrease the endogenous expression of Shank2 or Shank3 in neurons (Figure 10). Multiple shRNA constructs for Shank2 and Shank3 were designed in a pZoff vector to target the various isoforms of each protein (Supplementary Figures S6A,B and Supplementary Tables S1, S2; Boeckers et al., 1999; Lim et al., 1999; Leal-Ortiz et al., 2008). To assess their efficacy in neurons, we used plasmid-based transfection and immunostained for Shank2 and/or Shank3 (Figures 10A,B and Supplementary Figure S6C). shRNA-Shank2 (shShk2) targeting the proline-rich domain of Shank2 ( in Supplementary Figure S6A) was the most effective, reducing Shank2 puncta intensity by 87.5% (p = 0.0335; Figure 10C) and decreasing the puncta density by 90.56% (p = 0.001; Figure 10D). The most effective shRNA for Shank3 targeting the 3′UTR domain (shShk3; in Supplementary Figure S6B) showed a significant decrease in Shank3 puncta density (35.56%, p = 0.0372; Figure 10F) and no change in intensity (Figure 10E), accompanied by a 122.08% increase of Shank2 puncta intensity (p = 0.0233; Figure 10C).
Figure 10. Short-hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated knockdown of Shank2 and Shank3. (A,B) Straightened dendrites of transfected hippocampal neurons expressing a bicistronic construct with enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP; green) and shRNA hairpins for shLuciferase (shLuci, top), shShank2 (shShk2, middle) or shShank3 (shShk3, bottom) and immunostained for Shank2 (magenta; A) or Shank3 (red; B) after 14 DIV. Scale bar: 5 μm. (C–F) Summary graphs showing quantification of Shank2 (C,D) and Shank3 (E,F) puncta intensity and density (mean ± SEM) for different knockdown conditions (Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA with Dunn’s correction post hoc multiple comparisons, Shank2 staining: shLuci, N = 14; shShk2, N = 8; shShk3, N = 9 dendrites from 8 to 12 neurons from three culture preps. Shank3 staining: shLuci, N = 18; shShk2, N = 18; shShk3, N = 15 dendrites from 8 to 12 neurons from three culture preps; n.s. p ≥ 0.05, *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001).(G,H) Western blots of cellular lysates from dissociated hippocampal neurons infected with lentivirus for shLuci, shShk2 or shShk3 immunoblotted for Shank2 (G) or Shank3 (H) antibodies. Protein molecular weights are indicated at the right in kDa. Different isoforms are labeled at the left. Top two panels in (G,H) show different exposures of the same films for optimal visualization of different isoforms. Actin was used as a loading control (bottom panels in G,H). (I,J) Quantification of Shank2 (I) or Shank3 (J) protein levels for different isoforms in hippocampal neurons for different knockdown conditions from two cultures per condition. “Shank/actin (rel. shLuci)” refers to the expression level of Shank2 or Shank3 normalized to actin and then to shLuci control.
We next subcloned the two successful shRNAs described above into a lentivirus vector to create LV/eGFP/shRNA constructs (Supplementary Figure S6D) to ensure higher infection efficiency and avoid any potential overexpression artifacts associated with plasmid-based transfections. Lysates of hippocampal neurons infected with lentiviruses at 100% infectivity were harvested after 14 DIV and probed with antibodies for Shank2 and Shank3 (Figures 10G,H and Supplementary Figures S6E,F). With the shShk2, we observed a dramatic loss of most major Shank2 isoforms (Figure 10I) along with the reduction of the third longest isoform of Shank3 (c: 58.98% Figure 10J). The effect of shShk2 on Shank3 expression was similar to previous studies suggesting that Shank2 might be necessary for recruiting synaptic Shank3 over development (Grabrucker et al., 2011; Shi et al., 2017). On the other hand, the shShk3 produced ~50%–80% loss of the three longest Shank3 isoforms (a: 70.05%, b: 80.01%, c: 53.6%; Figure 10J), which are the major zinc-binding isoforms. This shRNA also induced large increases of all Shank2 isoforms (Figure 10I), suggesting that there might be a compensation of Shank2 due to the loss of Shank3.
Next, we assessed the effects of Shank2 and Shank3 knockdown on AMPAR function. Here, we compared AMPAR-mediated mEPSCs from neurons infected with shLuci (control), shShk2 or shShk3 (Figure 11A). Knockdown of Shank2 led to a modest reduction of mEPSCs amplitude as seen in the cumulative distribution (5.18%, p = 0.0072; Supplementary Figure S7A). In contrast, the AMPAR response in Shank3 knockdown neurons had a faster rise time (9.6%, p = 0.0032; Supplementary Figure S7B) and decay time (20.89%, p < 0.0001; Figure 11B). The faster kinetics led to a reduction in charge transferred by AMPAR in Shank3 knockdown neurons (16%, p = 0.0004, Figure 11C). Taken together, these results support that Shank3 is important for maintaining the kinetics, and hence, synaptic efficacy of AMPAR synaptic response in young neurons.
Figure 11. Shank knockdown alters AMPAR function and suppresses their zinc-dependent changes. (A) Ensemble-averaged mEPSCs from recordings of hippocampal neurons infected with lentiviruses expressing shLuci (black), shShk3 (blue) or shShk2 (orange; N = 11 cells per condition from five to seven culture preps per condition). (B,C) Cumulative probability histograms of decay time (B) and charge (C) of isolated events of different conditions (Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA followed by Dunn’s correction post hoc multiple comparisons, N = 400–600 events from 11 neurons from five to seven culture preps per condition; n.s. p ≥ 0.05, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001). (D) Average mEPSCs from recordings at baseline (black) and zinc (green) conditions of individual hippocampal neurons infected with lentiviruses expressing shLuci (left), shShk3 (middle) or shShk2 (right; N = 11 cells from five to seven culture preps per condition). mEPSCs normalized to baseline response are shown in corresponding insets to differentiate effect of zinc on decay kinetic. (E,F) Summary graphs with per-cell-basis pairwise comparisons of decay time (E) and charge (F) between baseline and ZnCl2 conditions in different conditions (median ± SEM; two-way ANOVA; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. Sidak correction multiple post hoc comparisons, N = 10–11 cells from five to seven culture preps per condition; n.s. p ≥ 0.05, *p < 0.05, ****p < 0.0001).
Given that 10 μM zinc treatment led to increased incorporation of GluA2 to Shank puncta (Figures 8, 9), we next asked whether Shank expression is necessary for the zinc-sensitive increase of AMPAR function. To address this question, we recorded and compared AMPAR mEPSCs from shLuci, shShk3 and shShk2 neurons at baseline and during zinc treatment (Figure 11D). Neurons infected with shLuci preserved their zinc-sensitivity with an increase in decay time (12.63%, p = 0.0069) and peak amplitude (30.44%, p = 0.044; Figure 11E and Supplementary Figure S7C). As a result, the charge transferred by AMPARs in shLuci neurons was increased by zinc treatment (16%, p < 0.0001; Figure 11F). The effects of zinc on shLuci neurons are comparable to those on untransfected neurons described in Figure 4 (p > 0.05).
In contrast, we observed no zinc-sensitive increase in either decay time or charge with zinc addition in shShK3 neurons, confirming that synaptic expression of Shank3 is necessary for the zinc recruitment of GluA2-containing AMPARs (Figures 11E,F). Instead of being potentiated by zinc treatment, mEPSCs in Shank3 knockdown neurons displayed a decrease in peak amplitude (37.42%, p = 0.012) and frequency (34.78%, p = 0.035) upon zinc treatment (Supplementary Figures S7C,E). This observation revealed a separate zinc-dependent modulation of AMPAR activity, perhaps via the reduction of surface GluA1 as described in Figure 7 from Shank synapses. Furthermore, knockdown of Shank2 also abolished the zinc sensitivity of AMPARs in all measures examined (decay time, charge, amplitude and rise time; Figures 11E,F and Supplementary Figures S7C–E). Together, these data revealed the necessity of both Shank2 and Shank3 expression to zinc-induced potentiation of AMPAR function.
The dynamic regulation of neurotransmitter receptor number and composition is a fundamental mechanism underlying synaptic plasticity, synaptic maturation and neural circuit development (Henley et al., 2011; Bassani et al., 2013; Henley and Wilkinson, 2016). This regulation is critical for the encoding of information, cognition and behavior and is vulnerable to genetic and environmental insults associated with ASD (Shepherd and Huganir, 2007; Lee et al., 2016; Kim et al., 2018). In this study, we explored the molecular mechanisms underlying zinc-dependent regulation of synaptic transmission via the postsynaptic scaffolding proteins Shank2 and Shank3. Our data reveal that young hippocampal neurons undergo a zinc-dependent subunit switch of AMPAR from GluA2-lacking to GluA2-containing receptors, which dictate their biophysical properties. In addition, we found that Shank proteins are key mediators of this regulation since they were necessary for this zinc-induced enhancement of AMPARs. Importantly, postsynaptic zinc, an activator of Shank2 and Shank3, was found to increase transiently and reversibly with neuronal depolarization, likely due to release of zinc from presynaptic vesicles or postsynaptic sources. Upon treatment with zinc, GluA2 was preferentially recruited into synapses by both lateral diffusion and exocytosis with a concomitant dispersion of GluA1. This occurred at pre-existing Shank2 and Shank3 puncta in young neurons, converting these synapses from GluA2-lacking to GluA2-containing. This zinc-stimulated subunit switch of surface GluA2 was accompanied by an increase in amplitude, longer decay time and reduced inward rectification of AMPAR-mediated currents and was dependent on Shank2 and Shank3. In summary, these results provide new insights into a cooperative dynamic regulation of AMPAR composition driven by the zinc signaling pathway via Shank2 and Shank3 at developing synapses, a critical period for local control of AMPAR composition.
During development and plasticity, GluA2 is a tightly regulated subunit of glutamate receptors (Isaac et al., 2007). GluA2-containing AMPARs at synapses are controlled through a variety of mechanisms and significantly increase with maturation (Pickard et al., 2000; Kumar et al., 2002; Brill and Huguenard, 2008; Mignogna et al., 2015). Here, we found GluA2 was recruited to an increasing number of synapses in dissociated hippocampal neurons, almost doubling during our developmental window of interest (Figure 2). Shank3 likewise increased in expression at individual synapses and number of synapses in this same period with a particular recruitment to mature synapses on dendritic spines (Figure 1). The SH3 domain of Shank proteins binds to GRIP suggesting that Shank3 might indirectly interact with and recruit GluA2 to synapses via the APB/GRIP complex (Sheng and Kim, 2000). Functionally, the knockdown of Shank3 has been shown to result in decreased GluA2 expression and GluA2-mediated AMPAR properties, such as reduced inward rectification (Bariselli et al., 2016; Mei et al., 2016). In our current study, Shank3 knockdown resulted in AMPAR mEPSCs with a faster decay time (Figure 11), which supports the concept that Shank3 can promote synaptic clusters of GluA2. Furthermore, Shank3 was shown to directly facilitate GluA2-containing AMPAR activity since zinc preferentially enhanced GluA2 at Shank3 puncta (Figure 8 and Table 1). Both Shank2 and Shank3 appear to be necessary for the zinc-induced enhancement of synaptic AMPARs since knocking down either Shank3 or Shank2 eliminated the zinc effect. In both cases, this is likely due to a reduction of Shank3 at synapses (Figure 10), consistent with a recent study showing Shank2 is necessary for recruitment of Shank3 (Shi et al., 2017).
Clues to the mechanism for how Shank3 and zinc recruit GluA2-containing AMPAR to synapses can be found in the role of Shank3 in receptor trafficking (Okamoto et al., 2001; Lu et al., 2007; Verpelli et al., 2011; Raynaud et al., 2013), and zinc may be a key underlying driver. For example, zinc could facilitate the interaction between Shank3 and the Homer1b/dynamin-3 complex to tether the endocytic zone in close proximity to the PSD. This would allow for more rapid receptor recycling that could increase total surface GluA2 (Okamoto et al., 2001; Lu et al., 2007; Petrini et al., 2009). Using CAM2 labeling, we showed that the magnitude of the zinc-induced recruitment of GluA2 via lateral diffusion and exocytosis was correlated to the amount of synaptic Shank3 (Figure 9). Additionally, we found that elevating zinc induced a trafficking of GluA2 to Shank3-positive puncta from non-Shank3 sites (Figure 8 and Table 1). These functions are plausible, especially considering the strong expression level of Shank3 in dendrites and its known interaction with the cytoskeleton via cortactin/actin binding (MacGillavry et al., 2016).
Since zinc-mediated recruitment of GluA2-containing AMPAR to Shank synapses did not strongly affect amplitude or frequency for AMPA mEPSCs, this implies that zinc might concomitantly induce the dispersion/removal of other types of synaptic AMPARs. Indeed, our data revealed that elevation of zinc also induced a synaptic removal of GluA1 from Shank2-positive synapses, indicating that GluA1 dispersion may be mediated by Shank2 (Figures 8, 11). Consistent with this concept, previous studies showed that Shank2 directly associates and colocalizes with GluA1 and is critical for its synaptic expression, particularly at nascent synapses (Pickard et al., 2000; Uchino et al., 2006; Ha et al., 2016; Peter et al., 2016; Szíber et al., 2017). These findings indicate that Shank2 may regulate the synaptic localization of GluA1. In support of this idea, our data confirmed that Shank2 initially co-clustered with surface GluA1 (Figure 8 and Table 1) and knockdown of Shank2 led to reduction of AMPAR mEPSC amplitude (Supplementary Figure S7) in young neurons, potentially indicative of fewer GluA1 receptors. Furthermore, Shank2 overexpression, a condition induced by expressing shShk3, also resulted in synapses with faster kinetics (Supplementary Figure S7B and Figures 11B,C) perhaps via the increase recruitment of GluA1 to Shank2 sites. In contrast, elevating zinc reduced surface GluA1 puncta density. This could be due to increased endocytosis and/or diffusion of GluA1 away from Shank2-positive sites (Figure 8 and Table 1). In line with a role of Shank2 and zinc in the synaptic removal of GluA1, our data showed that the zinc-induced reduction of AMPAR mEPSCs amplitude was prominent at synapses lacking Shank3 (Supplementary Figure S7C), a condition that creates synapses dominated by Shank2 (Figure 10). This effect of zinc, however, failed to occur in Shank2-lacking synapses (Supplementary Figure S7C).
Several mechanisms could explain the effects of zinc on downregulating GluA1 level at Shank2 sites. First, zinc binding to the SAM domain could favor a new conformation of Shank2 within the Shank scaffolding network or the complex with other molecules, all of which could have lower affinity or fewer docking sites for GluA1. This potential conformational change of Shank2 might affect its interaction with dynamin-2 (Okamoto et al., 2001) to facilitate GluA1 internalization (Carroll et al., 1999). Additionally, zinc could affect GluA1 synaptic dispersion by regulating the PKA, PKC or CaMKII-dependent phosphorylation of this AMPAR subunit either directly (Noh et al., 2001) or via crosstalk with calcium signaling (Hershfinkel et al., 2001; Takeda et al., 2008). Intriguingly, reduced phosphorylation of GluA1 at sites S831 and S845 has been reported in a Shank2 knockout mouse model (Won et al., 2012), raising yet another possible mechanism for zinc to regulate Shank2-dependent redistribution of GluA1.
In summary, the data presented in this study suggest a model for how zinc and zinc-sensitive Shank proteins regulate AMPAR function at developing synapses. Under basal conditions in young neurons, Shank2 appears to promote the synaptic localization and molecular anchoring of GluA1-containing receptors. Elevating zinc near synapses, as occurs during synaptic transmission, then exerts two effects: preferentially recruiting GluA2 to Shank3 synapses through both lateral diffusion and exocytosis, while simultanously promoting the removal of GluA1 receptors from Shank2 complexes (Figure 12). In this model, zinc interactions with Shank molecules may offer a general mechanism to shape the biophysical properties at developing glutamatergic synapses. While there are clear differences in the effects of shShk2 and shShk3 on Shank2 and Shank3 expression, both shRNAs induced changes in protein levels of these molecules. Future studies should attempt to parse the specific roles of Shank2 and Shank3 using strategies that result in cleaner knockdown or knockout of each protein.
Figure 12. A model for Shank mediation of zinc-dependent subunit switch of AMPAR in developing synapses. A glutamatergic synapse of a wild-type (WT) young neuron is shown with low levels of Shank3 (green) and GluA2 (teal) and high levels of Shank2 (blue) and GluA1 (orange). The synaptic complement changes with zinc-sensitive recruitment of synaptic GluA2 via exocytosis and lateral diffusion (blue arrows), leading to potentiation of AMPAR-mediated synaptic activity. The zinc-recruitment of GluA2 correlated with the level of synaptic Shank3. Zinc addition also led to reduction of synaptic GluA1, which is most likely driven by Shank2. Hence, loss of either Shank2 or Shank3 abolished the zinc-sensitive potentiation of AMPAR-mediated synaptic transmission.
Our results suggest that a major function of the synaptic zinc-Shank pathway is to facilitate synaptic maturation. Shank3 was found to be necessary for AMPAR maturation in the ventral tegmental area (Bariselli et al., 2016). It is likely that during development of hippocampal neurons, Shank2 and Shank3 act as zinc-sensitive mediators to convert GluA2-lacking to GluA2-containing AMPAR synapses. More specifically, our data support the proposed model in which zinc could trigger Shank3 to accumulate more GluA2-containing AMPAR and act on Shank2 to remove GluA1-containing AMPAR over time. Perturbations of this pathway specifically during the prenatal period or early postnatal development have been linked to delayed AMPAR maturation, circuit dysfunction and behavioral deficits, further emphasizing the role of zinc-sensitive Shank proteins and zinc in synapse maturation and for the formation of associated brain circuits (Peça et al., 2011; Grabrucker et al., 2014; Bariselli et al., 2016; Mei et al., 2016). It is intriguing to speculate that other features of synaptic maturation, such as the subunit switch of NMDAR, might also be mediated by zinc and zinc-sensitive Shank proteins and that these processes might be shared mechanisms for synaptic development in pyramidal neurons of other brain areas. In order to directly understand whether zinc signaling mediates synaptic maturation, future studies could focus on revealing the effect of chronic chelation of zinc in the transition period from young to mature neurons during the development of synapses. However, a major challenge of such an approach is to select the appropriate zinc chelator that does not severely impair neuronal health, synapse stabilization or synaptic localization of Shank2 and Shank3 (Grabrucker et al., 2011; Arons et al., 2016). Moreover, since the source of zinc to activate Shank2 and Shank3 could be from either presynaptic vesicles or postsynaptic stores, both extracellular and intracellular zinc chelators should be considered to selectively chelate presynaptic- or postsynaptic-released zinc, respectively (Besser et al., 2009; Pan et al., 2011; Grabrucker et al., 2014).
The loss of AMPAR zinc-sensitivity in mature neurons (Figure 6) might be regulated by a variety of mechanisms. During early stages of development, the size of the synapse, and the number and composition of receptors with their complement of proteins are plastic (Craig et al., 1993; Rao et al., 1998; Boeckers et al., 1999; Kumar et al., 2002; Grabrucker et al., 2011; Valnegri et al., 2011). In the presence of zinc and zinc-sensitive Shank molecules, synapses are more dynamic and less stable (Grabrucker et al., 2011; Arons et al., 2012, 2016). Additionally, young synapses could have more available docking sites to accommodate zinc-induced recruitment of GluA2-containing receptors (Czöndör et al., 2012). Over development, the increase of Shank1 at synapses (Grabrucker et al., 2011) and the loss of zinc-sensitive recruitment of molecules may synergistically create a more stable/less plastic state. Also, a reduction in the diffusion rate of AMPAR could hinder zinc-sensitive recruitment of AMPAR via lateral diffusion in mature neurons (Groc et al., 2006; Czöndör et al., 2012). Another possibility is that the high content of GluA2 in mature neurons (Figure 2) could result in the reduction of AMPAR zinc sensitivity (Figure 5D) by affecting zinc entry (Jia et al., 2002; Takeda et al., 2007). However, we found that intracellular zinc levels of neurons at different DIV (11–30) were similarly responsive to exogenous manipulations (Supplementary Figure S2), suggesting that the availability of zinc is not a limiting factor for mature neurons to respond to treatment. The mechanism shown here could allow for a means to downregulate AMPAR calcium signaling as seen in mature neurons. Considering that mature neurons can uptake zinc, it is possible a smaller subpopulation of synapses in mature neurons could undergo the AMPAR subunit switch dependent on their experience (Mattison et al., 2014). Furthermore, mature neurons may have other zinc-sensitive processes that play alternate roles in neuronal function, such as plasticity.
Does the zinc-sensitive dynamic control of AMPAR composition operate during plasticity? While zinc and zinc-sensitive Shank proteins may act together to regulate maturation of synapses, it is also reasonable to consider that they may additionally function to modulate AMPAR subunit composition during synaptic plasticity, e.g., during the induction and maintenance of long-term potentiation (LTP). More specifically, activity-dependent accumulation of postsynaptic zinc might activate Shank2 and Shank3 to replace GluA1-containing AMPARs with GluA2-containing receptors (Shi et al., 2001; Alberi et al., 2005). This AMPAR subunit switch mechanism might also enable synaptic long-term depression (LTD), especially at newly unsilenced synapses (Zhou et al., 2011; Selcher et al., 2012). Hence, the differential zinc sensitivity of synapses could allow them to be dynamically remodeled during Hebbian plasticity. Conversely, dysfunction of this pathway could contribute to the synaptic plasticity deficits seen in multiple Shank knockdown or zinc-deficient models (Lu et al., 2000; Jiang et al., 2011; Verpelli et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2011, 2016; Jaramillo et al., 2016). In another aspect of plasticity, a bidirectional model for synaptic scaling has emerged in which scaling up is dependent on increased synaptic accumulation of GluA2-containing receptors (Gainey et al., 2009; Anggono et al., 2011; Tatavarty et al., 2013; Ancona Esselmann et al., 2017). During synaptic scaling up due to chronic activity deprivation, one trafficking mechanism was shown in which GRIP was recruited to synaptic sites where it enhanced trafficking and/or stabilization of GluA2 (Gainey et al., 2015; Tan et al., 2015). Since Shank proteins have been reported to bind to GRIP and therefore could complex with GluA2 through the APB/GRIP (Sheng and Kim, 2000; Uemura et al., 2004), the zinc-sensitive dynamic regulation of AMPAR at developing synapses may converge in this same pathway. In general, this zinc-sensitive regulation of AMPAR could play roles to modulate receptor compositions and synaptic strength.
Our study revealed a novel zinc/Shank-dependent molecular pathway for regulating AMPAR subunit switching that could affect the formation, maturation and plasticity of excitatory synapses. Consistently, alterations of AMPAR subunit compositions and/or synaptic recruitment have been seen in multiple Shank2 and Shank3 mouse KO models of ASDs (Ramanathan et al., 2004; Mejias et al., 2011; Hayashi et al., 2013; Mignogna et al., 2015; Bariselli et al., 2016; Chanda et al., 2016; Wegener et al., 2017). Our findings also offer a novel mechanism for understanding how zinc deficiency or disrupted zinc dynamics might be linked to individuals with ASDs (Yasuda et al., 2011; Grabrucker et al., 2014; Curtin et al., 2018). Specifically, we anticipate that zinc deficiency during early brain development could disrupt Shank functions (Grabrucker et al., 2011; Grabrucker, 2014), the composition of synaptic AMPAR and ultimately synaptic plasticity, network formation and behavior. With shared molecular deficits to Shank knockout mice, zinc deficiency could result in similar circuit and behavioral deficits broadly in a number of relevant animal models (Halas and Sandstead, 1975; Sandstead et al., 1978; Lu et al., 2000; Grabrucker et al., 2014; Hagmeyer et al., 2015). Taken together, our study adds to the current understanding of how Shank2 and Shank3 regulate multiple aspects of synaptic functions during development and plasticity. These results also indicate that genetic mutations and environmental insults might predispose individuals to ASDs by impairing this process. This realization might help improve future diagnostics and development of effective pharmacotherapies for ASDs (Grabrucker et al., 2014; Lee J. et al., 2015; Bariselli et al., 2016; Hagmeyer et al., 2018).
CG, JM and SAK conceived and developed the initial concepts for the project. HH, CG, JH and SAK designed the research. HH and SAK performed all experiments and wrote the manuscript in consultation with CG and JH. SL-O helped design shRNA and provided technical input for cell culture and biochemistry experiments. IH and SK provided CAM2 reagents and technical consultation for CAM2 experiments. HH, KL and SAK analyzed the data. SPM wrote the IMFLAN3D and SpineZap analysis packages and gave technical support for image analysis. All authors revised the manuscript.
This work was supported by the Vietnam Education Foundation, the Stanford Graduate Fellowship, the Schlumberger Faculty for the Future Fellow Program and the Stanford Neurosciences Graduate Program to HH; Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas Chemistry for Multimolecular Crowding Biosystems (JSPS KAKENHI Grant no. 17H06348) in Japan to IH; Marsden Fund (Royal Society of New Zealand, Project Grant 13-UOA-053) to JM; the Federal Government of Germany (DFG) SFB958 and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) to CG; the National Institutes of Health (Grant # R21MH100717 and R33MH100717) to JH; and the Phelan-McDermid Syndrome Foundation Fellowship (SAK).
We would like to thank members of the Huguenard and Garner laboratories for helpful discussions. In particular, we would like to thank Dr. Austin Reese for scientific input on experimental design and data analysis and critical reading of the manuscript; Dr. Eric Danielson for assistance with synaptic analysis using his SynPAnal software; Drs. Richard Reimer and Neal Waxham for helpful comments on the manuscript; Drs. Dong Li, Dan Madison, Lu Chen and Thomas Launey for advice on cell culture and electrophysiology experiments; Dr. Jun Ding for use of the cell culture facility; Dr. Chung-han Hsieh and the Wang lab for technical assistance and resources for Western blot experiments; Remko Dijkstra for technical support with image deconvolution using Huygens software; Carl Pisaturo for his technical and engineering expertise; and Rachel Kim and Sophia Kim for general help and support.
Kim, J. W., Park, K., Kang, R. J., Gonzales, E. L. T., Kim, D. G., Oh, H. A., et al. (2018). Pharmacological modulation of AMPA receptor rescues social impairments in animal models of autism. Neuropsychopharmacology doi: 10.1038/s41386-018-0098-5 [Epub ahead of print].
Rao, A., Kim, E., Sheng, M., and Craig, A. M. (1998). Heterogeneity in the molecular composition of excitatory postsynaptic sites during development of hippocampal neurons in culture. J. Neurosci. 18, 1217–1229.
Sheng, M., and Kim, E. (2000). The Shank family of scaffold proteins. J. Cell Sci. 113, 1851–1856.
Copyright © 2018 Ha, Leal-Ortiz, Lalwani, Kiyonaka, Hamachi, Mysore, Montgomery, Garner, Huguenard and Kim. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
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Even though I was born in Lagos, I am from Sagamu, Ogun State. I am the second of my mother’s three children. I was single highhandedly raised by my mum because she and my father separated.
I attended Our Lady of Apostles Private School, Yaba, for my elementary education and Remo Secondary School, for my post-elementary education. I earned an Ordinary National Diploma in Accountancy from Moshood Abiola Polytechnic, Abeokuta. I bagged a degree in the same discipline from the Lagos State University, Ojo.
My first acting gig was Papa Ajasco and Company. After acting for television for two years, I began to feature in movies. The first movie I took part in was Rotimi Makinde’s Aso Iyi. By the time I finished that production, I had another offer to act in Bayowa Films’ Ige Adubi.
I was one of those few lucky ones who kept getting roles back-to-back. I also featured in the movie Nkan Ini, by Yetunde Wunmi. I have produced some movies including Ogede Didun, Tenteni, and Oluwatimilehin, to name a few.
Love and marriage are the reasons I relocated to the United Kingdom. However, I love living in Nigeria and if it were possible, I would want to live in Nigeria full-time again.
In the United Kingdom, the winter season and the ‘do it yourself’ lifestyle is definitely a struggle, but the economic, social, health, emergency response and recovery agencies as well as equal rights, high standard of education and opportunities that abound are incomparable to what is obtainable in Nigeria.
I always leave my kids and travel to Nigeria for work, so it’s quite tedious and challenging for me. Whenever I am away from the United Kingdom, my husband cares for our children in an excellent manner.
It takes a lot to sustain a marriage and the truth is that when a break-up happens, it is not always the fault of the celebrity involved. Sometimes, the break-up might be due to the action or inaction of the celebrity’s spouse. Other factors like interference from in-laws, the media, family and friends, may also lead to conflict.
As a mother, wife and Yoruba lady, I don’t jump at every role that I am offered; I am quite picky. When you are given a script, it is your choice as an actor to be able to read through, analyse it and say, “I’m sorry, I cannot play this role.’’ Because I have a family that I do not want to let down, I would never play a role that my husband, children and other members of my family won’t be proud of.
I have been able to create a work-life balance with the support of my family. I couldn’t have been able to do it without the support of God, my husband and children. They understand that I have to work. Motherhood is not easy for working mothers but I thank God that I have been able to create a balance especially now that I live in the United Kingdom. In a year, I am usually away for about six or seven months working.
I am not obsessively concerned with fashion but I like to look good. I wear what I like and the good thing about living abroad is that when one goes to a shop, you can try on clothes. I like wearing short dresses and they are my fashion fetish.
I have a different perception when it comes to the issue of role models and mentors. You must realise that they are human and can make mistakes too. There was someone I looked up to until the day he did something that put me off completely. It was too much for me to bear. Before now, I used to have mentors ,but right now, I don’t want to look up to anybody. I might see someone and appreciate what he or she does. Since I can be very emotional, I don’t get too attached to people or what they do. They might mentor you in a good way, but that should also come with some form of caution. The only mentor that I have right now is God.
I have a group called Opeyemi Aiyeola Rehearsal Group, which nurtures talents. I have a script for my next movie but plans for the production are still in the incubation stage. When I finally shoot the movie, it will be a film fit for the cinemas.
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Heading through these regions on the way to Chicago.
Any recommendations on interesting sections?
Industrial - Railroad - Eccentric Nature - Long views is my vibe - Mining history/sites?
In Michigan UP you will probably find the most interesting stuff in the Keweenaw peninsula. There are some mining remains near Calumet and Laurium, also Freda which is just west of Houghton. Pretty sure this is not on the way to anywhere, however. Feel free to hit me up with any questions.
I second the Keweenaw. Just drive around, you'll find stuff. The towns of the Keweenaw (and many all over the western UP) have some epic old brownstones and plenty of mine ruins and old houses/homesteads scattered around them. You might find the industrial waterfront of Duluth-Superior to your liking. There's shiny restored trains in the Depot Museum (https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiKspLxmvvLAhVivYMKHUmNBQwQFggjMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lsrm.org%2F&usg=AFQjCNFQm6yS67x-zIUUDytfuLXFhtKucA&sig2=hqYkqATeVvJkqk1RwoGICg) and sometimes rusty graffitti covered ones laying around on sidings south of there. There's a RR bridge that crosses the St Louis River, and trains bring taconite ore from the Iron Range to the docks in Two Harbors. If you like railroads, industry and mines you might like some of the big ships that come into Duluth.
Be sure to watch the movie FARGO a few times before you hit Minnesota so you will be ready for the "yooper" accent.
If they ask why you are visiting tell them it is your favorite movie and you just had to visit and see if they really talk like that and to see Babe, the Blue Ox.
Just an addition to Wayne's suggestions. If you are going that far out your way, the "North Shore", from Duluth to Canada is very scenic. Waterfalls and cliffs, reminds me of Maine, without the salt air and tides. The "iron range" is very different from out east, head to Chisholm, old iron mines, all around. Grab some potica while your out there, great with breakfast.
A few years ago I rode a Sportster around Lake Superior from Chicago. The north route from NYC is very great. You must know Quebec City. All along the St Lawrence Seaway is interesting to me. I like old stone, iron bridges with passing ships.
Highway 61 of Bob Dylan fame is the below mentioned North Shore Drive in Minnesota, land of my birth.
Try Milwaukee for really great industrial sites, but they made it difficult with the new highways. You need to get inside and under Milwaukee to get 3 to 5 layer city views.
If you stop in Chicago, please visit or we can meet in City for coffee.
The north shore (MN) of Lake Superior is beautiful. A few wonderful rivers flowing into Lake Superior (Gooseberry, Temperance, Pigeon, Beaver). A number of scenic waterfalls (http://gowaterfalling.com/waterfalls/maps/minnesotanorthshore.shtml) near the highway (61) or a short hike. There's Split Rock lighthouse. And the Duluth waterfront.
I'm sure you'll find the typical info sites by googling, but here's one that might not come up: http://shta.org/ It's mostly focused on hiking but will provide some info on parking along 61 and routes/distances to waterfalls.
A bit of a detour, but some interesting mining towns (Chisholm, Eveleth, Hibbing, Virginia). These aren't "deserted" towns, but you can see some of the older buildings.
I've never used it, but I believe this community darkroom in Duluth (http://www.duluthartinstitute.org/artist-services/darkroom) is operating. And there is Mpls Photo Center (http://www.mplsphotocenter.com/) (where I help out) in Minneapolis.
South from Duluth, along the St. Croix is also very scenic. Of course, you might go east along the south shore of Lake Superior and by Bayfield and the Apostle Islands.
As far as the Fargo movie, the title comes from the fact that the hired killers were from Fargo. It's takes place in Brainerd (where I'm sitting right now) in the late 80s. In terms of its portrayal of the personalities of people in the area back then, it's so spot on you can consider it a documentary.
LOL I had an uncle who as Northern Minnesota County sheriff fit both sides of the coin.
I hated Fargo the movie. Sorry I ever saw it.
In terms of its portrayal of the personalities of people in the area back then, it's so spot on you can consider it a documentary.
I guided canoe trips and conducted photo workshops out of Gunflint (lake) Lodge back in the mid '70's. About 45 miles north west of Grand Marais (nw. shore of Lake Superior) up the Gunflint Trail...the lake straddles the Canadian border, and is located along a very historic french trading route. Stunning scenery and a relatively intact wilderness. At any rate - if you find yourself in Grand Marais and have a couple of days to burn, I'd recommend that you head up to Gunflint Lake and stay at the lodge. Take a canoe out in the early morning...as tendrils of mist rise off the lake - and I'll guarantee that you'll be inspired!
If you go to Grand Portage you could also lug your 80lb pack of large format gear up and down the 9 mile hill of the great portage itself, documenting your misery and being thankful you aren't carrying the 200 lb packs of the voyageurs. This would be true "eccentric nature". Late May would be a good time, right after the blackflies emerge.
I often carried 200 lbs. (a Duluth pack with a tumpline and a canoe) per carry on some of the portages when I guided in the Boundary Waters. Time was money, but the end result of this was a very painful case of separated achilles tendons - took months to heal properly.
Thanks for the suggestions everyone! It was a great trip, but I need to go back!
Good to see you again, John. Upon returning home I opened my box of Ilford HP5 and loaded holders for my 1920s Gundlach Korona 5x7 and lenses vintage 1905-1925. Last week I started taking some RR inspired landscapes I'm thinking of as my "Prairie Bits" series. I've started by taking shots of just a small part of a large scene. The prairie here looks monotonous, but it's actually made up of tiny bits. This forces you to slow down, look more closely, and carefully think of what you DON'T want in the photo. I think of it as distilling down a rambling view into it's most concentrated essence. I've lived on the Northern Plains all my life, and in South Dakota for the past quarter century. I've roamed all the counties and most of the roads, but still every week I find something I've not seen before. If you do make it back out, give me a holler.
Great to see you too at the Center for Railroad Photography & Art ... it's a great yearly tradition! Your work looks great.
Definitely want to visit soon.
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To enjoy your vacation at the beach you need to plan everything in advance to avoid any kind of surprises. Also, when you get to your destination, take the following tips to avoid diseases or sunburn that ruin your happiness.
1.- Sunburn: Apply a sunscreen and expose to the sun little by little, that is, the first day is not recommended to exceed 10 minutes of direct exposure, increasing five minutes per day. Remember that the sun rays are reflected in the sand and the sea, so do not trust yourself and apply the blocker several times a day. Between 11 in the morning and 4 in the afternoon are the most dangerous hours to expose yourself to the sun.
2.- Food: In Punta Cana, you must exercise extreme care over food and fruits, because the Caribbean high temperatures can damage them and affect your health. make sure to analyze any perishable foods at the hotel and make sure is fresh and clean before eating. flies and mosquitos are very common in the Dominican Republic island make sure the fruits or meals are not exposed to these insects to avoid any stomach bugs.
3.- Beware of Mosquitos and animals: Avoid contact with animals or strange insects. Sometimes while at the beach you can have an encounter with a jellyfish or step over a hedgehog if this happens you should wash the affected area with salt water and extract the spike or remove the remains jellyfish. Impregnate the area with alcohol or dilute ammonia. To finish wash the wound with salty water and anoint an ointment with analgesic for the pain. Make sure to have mosquitos repellent at all times since the island have a friendly environment for mosquitos.
4.- Proper clothing: According to the Spanish magazine Entremujeres, before leaving the trip investigates the climatic conditions of the place. The ideal outfit to enjoy your vacation at the beach is the swimsuit, tank tops, shorts, shorts, and sandals.
If you decide to visit restaurant or other venues in the Punta Cana area make sure to take an extra set of clothing or sweater just in case it gets rainy or cold.
5.- Accessories: These types of products are very important to make your holiday spectacular. Sunglasses should not be missing in your suitcase, as well as protecting you from ultraviolet rays, will give you a better vision. Using hats and caps will prevent diseases such as skin cancer or a rash.
Do not forget that hydration is basic in your vacations on the beach, so try to drink two liters a day. Among your activities organize a day of walking on the beach or just watch the sunset, at which time you can meditate everything you’ve done in your life and think about how to improve it. And you, are you ready for your beach vacation?
This entry was posted in Vacationing in Punta Cana. Bookmark the permalink.
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The problems in this set are designed to be more accessible to beginning coders. As a learning aid, walkthroughs discussing how to solve the problems in this set are available by clicking on this link. On completion of this problem set, students should have experience at using arrays to store, search through, and manipulate large data sets.
The face of electronic gaming has changed dramatically over the past few decades. Forget text adventure games and rickety Asteroids cabinets - these days it's all about ultra-realistic graphics, motion-sensing wands and high-end CPUs. But despite all this, simple games with basic rules and crisp art are doing as well as ever. One such game is Friendlist, a multiplayer game requiring nothing more than an internet browser to play.
In Friendlist, players add each other as 'friends' based on looks, reputation, or even real life connections. (Friendship is mutual: if Alice has Bob as a friend, then Bob has Alice as a friend too. Of course, people cannot be friends with themselves.) As the game progresses, dedicated players can grind their way through quiz-like minigames in order to impress their peers. However, adding 'friends' to one's friendlist remains the cornerstone of the game. The bigger the friendlist, the better the player.
The object of the game is to have the biggest friendlist (that is, the most friends). Your task here is to take a list of Friendlist friendships and determine the winner. There may be more than one person tied for first place: if so, your program should list them all.
The first line of input will contain the integer f, 1 <= f <= 1,000,000.
Each of the following f lines will be of the form a b, where a and b are different player IDs. This indicates that player #a is friends with player #b, and vice versa. All player IDs are integers between 0 and 1000 inclusive.
Output should consist of all the player IDs that are tied for biggest friendlist. These IDs should be given in ascending order.
Players 1 and 4 are tied for biggest friendlist.
In this case, player 456 clearly has the biggest friendlist (two friends).
The score for each input file will be 100% if the correct answer is written to the output file and 0% otherwise.
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Bikini is the largest of the twenty-six islands in the Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Islands. Bikini is the northernmost atoll in the Ratak chain of atolls and islands and is located at 11° 31′ N and 165° 34′ E. The twenty-six islands have a total land area of 7.6 square kilometers and surround a large lagoon some 641 square kilometers in area. Bikini has drawn considerable attention since the relocation of the 161 resident Bikinians in 1946 so that the atoll could be used as a test site for atomic and nuclear weapons by the U.S. government. Because of radiation contamination from the tests, Bikini is uninhabitated today and will probably remain so for some years. Bikinians today number over 400 and live elsewhere in the Marshall Islands, mainly on Kili. Bikinian identity is based on rights to ownership of land on Bikini that are inherited from ancestors.
Bikini was settled before 1800 possibly by people migrating from Wotje Atoll. Because of the island's relative isolation, Bikinians had little contact with other peoples in the Marshalls. First contact with Europeans was evidently in 1824 with the Russian explorer Otto von Kotzebue, although no European actually settled on Bikini until after 1900. The first American missionary arrived in 1908 and Bikinians were drawn into the copra trade during the German colonial period, which ended with World War I. The Japanese ruled the Marshalls from World War I to World War II, and they established a base on Bikini during World War II. After the war, the Marshalls became a Trust Territory of the U.S. and achieved independence in 1986.
Because of its isolation and the large lagoon, Bikini Atoll was selected by the U.S. government as the site for testing the effects of atomic bombs on naval vessels. This decision led to negotiations with the Bikinians and their agreeing to relocate to Rongerik Island in 1946. When this site proved inadequate, they relocated again to Kwajalein Island in 1948 and then Kili later in 1948, where most remained, although some also settled on Kwajalein and Jaluit. An organized attempt was made by the Department of the Interior to develop the Kili community economically, an effort that met with limited success.
From 1946 to 1957, twenty-three atomic and nuclear tests were conducted at Bikini. In 1968, Bikini was declared habitable by the U.S. government and 100 Bikinians had returned by 1974, though the island was now barren of much of the vegetation that had existed when they left in 1946. When tests in 1978 showed unacceptably high levels of strontium 90 radiation in Bikinians on the island, the island was declared uninhabitable and the people relocated again to Kili. As compensation for the loss of their land, the Bikinians were awarded hundreds of thousands of dollars in 1956 by the United States. Some payments went to individuals while others were used to establish a trust fund for the entire community. These payments have made Bikinians, along with people from Enewetak, Rongelap, Utirik, and Kwajalein who also received compensation, wealthier than other Marshall Islanders. The payments also made the Bikinians economically dependent on income from the trust fund and contributed to an erosion of participation in prerelocation economic pursuits such as taro and copra production. Relocation also changed traditional patterns of social and political organization. On Bikini, rights to land and landownership were the major factor in social and political organization and leadership. Also, the Bikinians, as Marshall Islanders, were under the nominal control of the Paramount Chief of the islands, though actual contact with other islands was minimal. After relocation and settlement on Kili, a dual system of land tenure emerged, with disbursements of interest from the trust fund linked to landownership on Bikini and a separate system reflecting current land tenure on Kili influencing current political alliances and leadership. Regular contact with the U.S. government led the Bikinians to reject the primacy of the Paramount Chief and instead to look to U.S. government officials for support and assistance.
Kiste, Robert C. (1974). The Bikinians: A Study in Forced Migration. Menlo Park, Calif.: Cummings Publishing Co.
Mason, Leonard (1954). "Relocation of the Bikini Marshalese: A Study in Group Migration." Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University.
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I'm reading a good book called 'INVENTology. How We Dream Up Things That Change the World', by Pagan Kennedy.
Ms. Kennedy, former innovation columnist for the New York Times, advances the idea of a 'Lead User' and how people in that role - all of us looking to solve a problem - can infer world changing solutions no one has yet seen.
The term Lead User was first coined in the 1970s by economist Eric Von Hipple as a name for people who struggle with problems for which no off-the-shelf solution is available. Along the way he became a Lead User himself, as the inventor of a solution people needed for a specific problem that few even recognized. In the end there were many, and various problems his solution solved.
When Von Hippel later switched carreers and became a researcher he was struck by the question: Who really dreams up breakthrough ideas?
First he identified about 100 scientific instruments that had made a significant impact and then dug in. "He learned that about 80 percent of the scientific instrument products had begun with someone who needed the tool."
This is the lesson my engineer/inventor Dad taught me: if you want to make a real impact you design the tool that makes the tool that makes the product. That is, you get into the problem deeply enough to personally understand what's needed to make the tools that help solve those problems.
Here is the author's summary of this phase: "Of course, only certain types of problems are valuable. Ideally you would want to suffer from a frustration that is rare now (so that no one else knows about it) but that one day will bother lots of people. 'Lead Users are familiar with the conditions which lie in the future for most others', Von Hippel wrote, and so 'they can serve as a need-forecasting laboratory.'"
This is my take away. The world has problems. Our job is to understand what's needed next and invent tools to help get us through what's coming.
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The second son of Robert E. Lee, William was born at the family home of "Arlington" in Virginia on May 31, 1837. Known as "Rooney," he graduated from Harvard and entered the army in 1857 as a 2nd lieutenant in the 6th Infantry. Two years later, after participating in the Utah Expedition, Lee resigned to farm at his plantation known as "White House," that he had inherited from his maternal grandfather, located on the Pamunkey River.
When the Civil War began, and with the secession of Virginia, Rooney joined the Confederate army as a captain, then was promoted to major upon joining the Confederate cavalry. During the summer of 1861 he served in Western Virginia in Brigadier General William Loring's cavalry. He then spent the remainder of 1861 and a portion of 1862 in and near Fredericksburg. Following this he was appointed a lieutenant colonel and within a short time was promoted again to colonel, serving under Major General J.E.B. Stuart.
At the Battle of South Mountain, he was thrown from his horse and knocked unconscious. Still, his performance there was noteworthy and consequently he was promoted to brigadier general on September 15, 1862.
As a brigadier general, Lee served well, commanding the 3rd Brigade at the Battles of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. At the Battle of Brandy Station on June 9, 1863, Rooney was wounded, suffering from a severe leg injury. While recovering, he was captured on June 26, 1863 by Union soldiers. Taken to a Union prison, he stayed there for nine months before being exchanged in March 1864. Upon his release, he learned that his wife had died during his incarceration.
Given a new command, Rooney was promoted to major general on April 23, 1864, and upon accepting this promotion, became the youngest officer to attain that rank in the Confederacy. During the final year of the war, as the Confederacy had fewer and fewer officers through attrition, Rooney's role increased. In August 1864, near Petersburg at Globe Tavern, Lee commanded a cavalry brigade. Near war's end in April 1865, Rooney was the second-in-command during the retreat from Petersburg to Appomattox, having the total responsibility for the army's right flank.
When the war ended, Rooney returned to his plantation, "White House," to find that it had been unfortunately, destroyed by Union troops in 1862. He then rebuilt his home, farmed the land, and served as president of the Virginia Agricultural Society. We went on to become a state senator followed by his election to the House of Representatives in 1887. While serving his second term, he died at "Ravensworth," his wife's inherited home in Alexandria, Virginia on October 15, 1891.
William Henry Fitzhugh "Rooney" Lee is buried at the Lee Mausoleum on the campus of Washington & Lee University in Lexington, Virginia, near his famous father, and grandfather.
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Fwemish Brabant (Dutch: Vwaams-Brabant [ˌvwaːmzˈbraːbɑnt] ( wisten), French: Brabant fwamand) is a province of Fwanders, one of de dree regions of Bewgium. It borders on (cwockwise from de Norf) de Bewgian provinces of Antwerp, Limburg, Liège, Wawwoon Brabant, Hainaut and East Fwanders. Fwemish Brabant awso surrounds de Brussews-Capitaw Region. Its capitaw is Leuven. It has an area of 2,106 km² which is divided into two administrative districts (arrondissementen in Dutch) containing 65 municipawities.
Fwemish Brabant was created in 1995 by de spwitting of de former province of Brabant into dree parts: two new provinces, Fwemish Brabant and Wawwoon Brabant; and de Brussews-Capitaw Region, which no wonger bewongs to any province. The spwit was made to accommodate de eventuaw division of Bewgium in dree regions (Fwanders, Wawwonia and de Brussews-Capitaw Region).
It is a province wif a rich cuwturaw history and a great diversity of typicaw products, among dem severaw of de worwd-famous Bewgian beers.
The province is made up of two arrondissements. The Hawwe-Viwvoorde Arrondissement has Brussews in its middwe and is derefore mainwy a residentiaw area, even dough it awso has warge industriaw zones and contains Bewgium's main airport. The oder arrondissement is de Leuven Arrondissement, centered on Leuven.
The officiaw wanguage in Fwemish Brabant is Dutch (as it is in de whowe of Fwanders), but a few municipawities are to a certain extent awwowed to use French to communicate wif deir citizens; dese are cawwed de municipawities wif wanguage faciwities. Oder such speciaw municipawities can be found awong de border between Fwanders and Wawwonia, and between Wawwonia and de German-speaking area of Bewgium. Hawwe-Viwvoorde mostwy surrounds Brussews, which is officiawwy biwinguaw but whose inhabitants mostwy speak French.
The history of Brabant can be found at de Duchy of Brabant articwe; see awso Duke of Brabant.
The Governor is de representative or "commissioner" of de Federaw and de Fwemish Government in Fwemish Brabant. He is appointed by de Fwemish Government, on de unanimous advice of de Federaw Counciw of Ministers. The current Governor is Lodewijk De Witte, he has been de Governor of Fwemish Brabant since it was created in 1995 as a resuwt of de spwitting up of de Province of Brabant. The Governor is responsibwe for supervising de wocaw audorities, ensuring dat waws and decrees are observed, maintaining pubwic order and security, and coordinating de response to a disaster which has occurred in his province. He awso presides over de Deputation, however, he doesn't have de right to vote in de Deputation except in dose cases where de Deputation exercises a judiciaw function, uh-hah-hah-hah.
Fwemish Brabant is de onwy province dat has a Deputy Governor as weww. The Deputy Governor is appointed by de Fwemish Government on de unanimous advice of de Federaw Counciw of Ministers and must have a considerabwe knowwedge of bof de Dutch and de French wanguage. He is responsibwe for ensuring dat de wanguage wegiswation is observed in de peripheraw municipawities of Fwemish Brabant.
The current President of de Provinciaw Counciw is An Hermans (CD&V). She is assisted by a Bureau which consists of two Vice-Presidents, four Secretaries, dree Quaestors and de fwoor weaders of de fractions in de Provinciaw Counciw.
The governing majority in de Provinciaw Counciw for 2013–2018 is formed by CD&V, Open VLD, sp.a and Groen, uh-hah-hah-hah. These parties togeder have a majority of 43 out of 72 seats.
The Deputation is de executive organ responsibwe for de daiwy administration of de province. It consists of de Governor and six Deputies ewected by de Provinciaw Counciw from among its midst. For de 2013–2018 wegiswative term, de Deputies are divided among de majority parties as fowwows: two for CD&V, two for Open Vwd, one for sp.a and one for Groen, uh-hah-hah-hah.
According to de Internationaw Sociaw Survey Programme 2008: Rewigion III by de Association of Rewigion Data Archives, 73.9% of Fwemish Brabant's popuwation identify demsewves as Cadowics, 23.1% as non-rewigious, 3% identify demsewves in oder rewigions.
Fwemish Brabant has 65 municipawities: 35 in de Arrondissement of Hawwe-Viwvoorde and 30 in Leuven.
^ "Sub-nationaw HDI - Area Database - Gwobaw Data Lab". hdi.gwobawdatawab.org. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
^ Vwaams in isowation: [vwaːms].
^ a b "Anawysis | Internationaw Sociaw Survey Programme 2008: Rewigion III | Data Archive | The Association of Rewigion Data Archives". www.dearda.com. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
Wikimedia Commons has media rewated to Fwemish Brabant.
This page was wast edited on 18 March 2019, at 10:43 (UTC).
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Este trabajo recopilatorio está dedicado a Albert Bierstadt (7 de enero de 1830 en Solingen (Alemania) - 18 de febrero de 1902 en Nueva York) fue un pintor estadounidense de ascendencia alemana, famoso por sus grandiosas escenas del Oeste de Estados Unidos. En España que yo conozca solo tiene obra de este pintor americano el Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza de Madrid, que conserva cuatro magníficos cuadros en su colección.
Cuando tenía dos años sus padres emigraron en 1833 junto con otros dos hijos y se asentaron en New Bedford, Massachusetts, ciudad en aquel tiempo importante por su industria derivada de la caza de ballenas. Bierstadt comenzó a dibujar y a pintar como autodidacta, interesándose también por el daguerretipo y por la naciente fotografía ya que uno de sus hermanos era fotógrafo profesional.
Albert Bierstadt - The Landing of Columbus, 1892. Destroyed in a fire in 1960 at the American Museum of Natural History, New York.
Volvió a Alemania en 1853 con intención de ser alumno del conocido pintor Joahann Peter Hasenclever, su pariente lejano. Al llegar a Düsseldorf se enteró de que Hasenclever había fallecido poco antes. Amigos de este pintor se encargaron de Bierstadt, consiguiendo que estudiase de 1853 a 1857 pintura paisajística en la Kunstakademie de Düsseldorf con los profesores Carl Friedrich Lessing y Andreas Aschenbach. Se unió luego al pintor Emanuel Leutze, igualmente nacido en USA, que junto con otros dos pintores estadounidenses viajaba por Alemania, Suiza e Italia, en su búsqueda de motivos paisajísticos. Bierstadt realizó numerosos dibujos durante estos viajes y que empleó posteriormente para realizar obras al óleo de grandes dimensiones en su estudio. Las grandes dimensiones de sus lienzos caracterizaron especiamente sus trabajos.
Albert Bierstadt - Valley of the Yosemite, 1864. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
Su obra, que alcanzó gran popularidad en su época, incluye Las Montañas Rocosas (1863) y El río Merced, valle Yosemite (1866), ambos en el Museo Metropolitano de Arte, Nueva York, ciudad donde murió el 18 de febrero de 1902.
Atardecer en la pradera, c. 1870. Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Las cataratas de San Antonio, c. 1880-1887. Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Puesta de sol en Yosemite, c. 1863. Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Calle en Nassau, c. 1877-1880. Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Olevano, c. 1856. Saint Louis Art Museum, St Louis, MO. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Sunshine and Shadow (or Study for Sunshine and Shadow; or Sunshine and Shadow: Study), 1855. Newark Museum, Newark, NJ. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
The Old Mill (or Scene in Westphalia), 1855. Private collecction. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
A Rustic Mill (or A Rustic Mill Farm), 1855. Private collecction. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Fishing Boats at Capri, 1857. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Wreck of the 'Ancon' in Loring Bay, Alaska. 1889. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Indians Spear Fishing, 1862. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
The Ambush, c. 1876. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Gosnold at Cuttyhunk, 1602. 1858. New Bedford Whaling Museum, New Bedford, MA. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Surveyor's Wagon in the Rockies [incorrect title], c. 1859. Saint Louis Art Museum, St Louis, MO. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
View of Chimney Rock, Ohalilah Sioux Village in the Foreground, 1860. Colby College Museum of Art, Waterville. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
River Estuary, c. 1860. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
The Rocky Mountains, Lander's Peak, 1863. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Platte River, Nebraska, 1863. Was at the Jones Library, Amherst, MA. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
The Oregon Trail Campfire, 1863. Private collection. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Looking Down Yosemite Valley, California, 1865. Birmingham Museum of Art, Birmingham. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
A Storm in the Rocky Mountains, Mt. Rosalie, 1866. Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, NY. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
The Domes of the Yosemite, 1867. St. Johnsbury Athenaeum, St. Johnsbury, VT. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Yosemite Valley, 1868. Oakland Museum, Oakland, CA. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Among the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California (or Among the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California; or Sierra Nevada in California; or Western Landscape with Lake and Mountains), 1868. Oil on canvas, 305 × 183 cm. Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Emigrants Crossing the Plains (The Oregon Trail), 1869. Butler Institute of American Art, Youngstown, OH. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
The Buffalo Trail: The Impending Storm, 1869. Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, DC. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Passing Storm over the Sierra Nevadas, 1870. San Antonio Museum of Art, San Antonio, TX. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Puget Sound on the Pacific Coast, 1870. Seattle Art Museum, Seattle, WA. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Mountainous Landscape by Moonlight, 1871. Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, DC. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Sierra Nevada, c. 1871. Reynolda House Museum of American Art, Winston-Salem, NC. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Mount Corcoran, c. 1875. Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, DC. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
California Spring, 1875. M. H. de Young Memorial Museum, San Francisco, CA. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Mount Adams, Washington, 1875. Princeton University Art Museum. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Autumn Woods (or Autumn Woods, Oneida County, New York), 1886. New York Historical Society, New York, NY. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Study for "The Last of the Buffalo", c. 1888. M. H. de Young Memorial Museum, San Francisco, CA. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Sailboats on the Hudson at Irvington, 1889. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Tropical Landscape with Fishing Boats in Bay. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
The Golden Gate, 1900. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
The Landing of Columbus (or Landing of Columbus, October 1492; or The Landing of Columbus at San Salvador), c. 1893. Oil on canvas, waterscape 182.9 × 307.3 cm. Newark Museum, Newark, NJ. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
The Morteratsch Glacier Upper Engadine Valley Pontresina, 1895. Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, NY. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
A Strike - Salmon Fishing, Cascapedia River, Canada. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Island of New Providence, 1891. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Sunrise at Glacier Station (or Sunrise from Glacier Station), c. 1889. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Sketch for "The Last of the Buffalo", c. 1888. Whitney Gallery of Western Art, Buffalo Bill Historical Center, Cody, WY. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Canoes, 1888. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Nassau Harbor, c. 1887. California Palace of the Legion of Honor/M. H. de Young Memorial Museum, San Francisco, CA. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Moose in a Forest Glen (or The Moose), c. 1885. Haggin Museum, Stockton, CA. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Gates of the Yosemite, c. 1882. Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Yellowstone Falls (or Lower Yellow Stone Falls; or Lower Falls of the Yellowstone), 1881. Georgia Museum of Art, University of Georgia, Athens. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Old Faithful, 1881. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
West Indies Coast Scene, c. 1880. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, DC. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Rocky Mountain Sheep, 1879. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
A View from Sacramento, 1875. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Seal Rock, California, 1872. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Farralones Islands, Pacific Ocean (or Farallon Islands, Pacific Ocean) (Scene: Farallon Islands), 1872. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, DC. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Seal Rocks, Farallones [Farallon Islands] (Scene: Farallon Islands), 1872. Museum of Fine Art, Boston, MA. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Indians in Council, California, c. 1872. Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Seals on the Rocks, Farallon Islands (Scene: Farallon Islands), 1872. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Falls of Niagara from Below, 1869. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Niagara Falls, 1869. M. H. de Young Memorial Museum, San Francisco, CA. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
The Coming Storm, 1869. Addison Gallery of American Art, Phillips Academy, Andover, MA. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
In the Sierras, Former Title: Lake Tahoe, 1868. Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Sunset in the Yosemite Valley (or Sunset in Yosemite Valley; or Sunset in Yosemite), 1868. Haggin Museum, Stockton, CA. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Cho-looke, the Yosemite Fall (or Camping in the Yosemite; or Yosemite Scene of Bridal Veil Falls: 326), 1864. Timken Museum of Art, San Diego, CA. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Rocky Mountains, Lander's Peak, 1863. Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Mountain Brook, 1863. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Campfire, 1863. Mead Art Museum, Amherst College, Amherst, MA. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Sunlight and Shadow, 1862. M. H. de Young Memorial Museum, San Francisco, CA. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
View of Moat Mountain, Intervale, New Hampshire, c. 1862. Currier Museum of Art, Manchester, NH. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Guerilla Warfare, Civil War, 1862. Century Association, New York, NY. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Yosemite Valley, Glacier Point Trail, c. 1862. Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, CT. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Scene in Tyrol, 1854. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, DC. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Portico of Octavia, Rome (or Roman Fish Market, Arch of Octavius; or Arch of Octavius (The Roman Fish Market); or Arch of Octavia, Rome), 1858. M. H. de Young Memorial Museum, San Francisco, CA. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Pues esto es todo amigos, espero que os haya gustado el trabajo recopilatorio dedicado a Albert Bierstadt (7 de enero de 1830 en Solingen (Alemania) - 18 de febrero de 1902 en Nueva York) fue un pintor estadounidense de ascendencia alemana, famoso por sus grandiosas escenas del Oeste de Estados Unidos. En España que yo conozca solo tiene obra de este pintor americano el Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza de Madrid, que conserva cuatro magníficos cuadros en su colección.
Fuentes y Agradecimientos: es.wikipedia.org, commons.wikimedia.org, museothyssen.org, artcyclopedia.com, wga.hu, flickr.com, pinterest.com, pintura.aut.org y otras de Internet.
Gracias J.Luis, magníficos los paisajes de este pintor.
Así es xerbar, Bierstadt es un excelente paisajista, aunque poco conocido en Europa y la verdad su obra es de mérito.
Albert Bierstadt (Solingen, 1830 - Nueva York, 1902) Pintor estadounidense.
Hijo de inmigrantes alemanes, Albert Bierstadt llegó a New Bedford, en Massachusetts, con sólo dos años de edad. Comenzó a pintar de manera autodidacta y en 1853 decidió volver a Europa para dar comienzo a su formación en la Kunstakademie de Düsseldorf. Allí tomó contacto con otros pintores norteamericanos como Emanuel Leutze y Worthington Whittredge. Con Whittredge viajó por tierras alemanas, suizas e italianas y tomó gran cantidad de apuntes para los cuadros que, a su vuelta a los Estados Unidos en 1857, expuso en la National Academy of Design, institución de la que poco tiempo después fue elegido miembro honorario.
En 1859 participó en la expedición del coronel Frederick W. Lander, que pretendía abrir una nueva ruta hacia el océano Pacífico. Tomó apuntes de las Montañas Rocosas y realizó fotografías estereoscópicas de los nativos. Aunque no fue el primer pintor en representar estas montañas, sus nuevas pinturas le llevarían a la fama, primero en New Bedford, y poco más tarde en Nueva York. Su aprendizaje europeo y su experiencia en la pintura del paisaje montañoso alpino influyeron en su manera de percibir las montañas americanas que se llegaron a conocer como los «Alpes americanos».
El. segundo viaje de Bierstadt hacia el oeste comenzaría en 1863 acompañado por Fitz Hugh Ludlow, un famoso escritor que después publicaría la historia de esta aventura en El corazón del continente. En esta segunda ocasión visitó la costa del Pacífico, el valle de Yosemite y parte del estado de Oregón. Los apuntes del natural tomados en este viaje serían básicos a la hora de concebir sus pinturas más ambiciosas.
Junto con su esposa viajó de nuevo a Europa en 1867, y expuso algunas de sus pinturas más famosas en Londres. A su vuelta, ambos fueron a San Francisco en el recién estrenado ferrocarril y visitaron de nuevo el valle de Yosemite que tanto le había impresionado en su anterior viaje. A lo largo de su vida Bierstadt viajó también al parque de Yellowstone, Alaska, las Montañas Rocosas canadienses e incluso a los trópicos. La enorme fama de que disfrutó durante gran parte de su vida disminuyó paulatinamente ante la nueva corriente pictórica impresionista que comenzaba a difundirse en Norteamérica. Murió en 1902 en el más absoluto olvido.
Atardecer en la pradera, c. 1870. Óleo sobre lienzo, 81,3 x 123 cm. Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Bierstadt, perteneciente a una familia de emigrantes alemanes llegados a New Bedford, Massachussets, fue uno de los componentes más señalados de la Escuela del río Hudson y uno de los primeros pintores del recién descubierto paisaje del lejano Oeste, adonde viajó en numerosas ocasiones. En 1859 el joven artista se unió a la expedición estatal encargada de abrir una nueva ruta de ferrocarril hacia el Pacífico a las órdenes del coronel Frederick W. Lander.A esta primera toma de contacto con las legendarias montañas americanas y con los pueblos nativos en sus hábitats vírgenes1, seguiría otro viaje cuatro años después, en 1863, junto al escritor y crítico de arte del New York Evening Post Fitz Hugh Ludlow, quien nos dejaría un detallado testimonio escrito de la aventura en El corazón del continente.
Aunque todo parece indicar que Atardecer en la pradera fue pintado por Bierstadt a su regreso del que sería el último de sus viajes al Oeste, realizado en 1870 junto a su esposa en el recién estrenado ferrocarril, la escena está directamente relacionada con uno de los parajes pintorescos descritos en la carta que publicó tras su primer viaje en el periódico artístico The Crayon. En la mencionada epístola el artista no sólo narraba su aventura, sino que además hacía unas apasionadas descripciones de las Montañas Rocosas, que equiparaba a los Alpes.
A través de pinturas como ésta, Bierstadt nos ofrece una visión idealizada y bucólica del Oeste americano y enlaza con la tradición de lo pastoral de la pintura de paisaje alemana del siglo xix. Según Elizabeth Garrity Ellis, en algunos de los elementos de la composición, como el horizonte bajo o la figura del jinete solitario, silueteado a contraluz sobre una inflamada puesta de sol, se puede rastrear la influencia del pintor alemán Andreas Achenbach, cuya obra Bierstadt estudió en Düsseldorf4. Los encendidos celajes y las brillantes bandas de luz, tan características del pintor, guardan también cierta relación con las exuberantes puestas de sol, cargadas de efectos teatrales, de su contemporáneo Frederic Church, en especial su Crepúsculo en la naturaleza salvaje.
Las cataratas de San Antonio, c. 1880-1887. Óleo sobre lienzo, 96,8 x 153,7 cm. Colección Carmen Thyssen-Bornemisza en depósito en el Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Puesta de sol en Yosemite, c. 1863. Óleo sobre lienzo, 30,5 x 40,6 cm. Colección Carmen Thyssen-Bornemisza en depósito en el Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
Calle en Nassau, c. 1877-1880. Óleo sobre cartulina adherido a lienzo lienzo, 35,5 x 48,3 cm. Colección Carmen Thyssen-Bornemisza en depósito en el Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza. Obras de Albert Bierstadt.
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How do you handle non-conforming products?
3.resend the new replacements to customer.
4.Regarding the issues to update the products.
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3084.3. Triangle in a circle, outlined circle lines center location.
If a regular triangle is drawn in the circle line, then the center of this circle line is located on the height of the triangle and divides it in proportion 4:1, when numbered from the height of the height of the triangle?
Next task: 1553. Triangle in a circle, outlined circle lines center location.
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Each season, the two top-finishing teams in the Championship are automatically promoted to the Premier League. The teams that finish the season in 3rd to 6th place enter a playoff tournament, with the winner also gaining promotion to the Premier League. The three lowest-finishing teams in the Championship are relegated to League One.
The Football League Championship, which was introduced for the 2004–05 season, was previously known as the Football League First Division (1992–2004), and before that was known as Division Two (1892–1992). The winners of the Championship receive the Football League Championship trophy, the same trophy as the old First Division champions were handed prior to the Premier League's inception in 1992. Similar to other divisions of professional English football, Welsh clubs can be part of the division, making it a cross-border league.
Sunderland won the league in the first season since re-branding, with Wigan Athletic finishing second to win promotion to the top flight of English football for the first time in their history. They had only been elected to the Football League twenty-seven years previously; playing in the fourth tier as recently as eleven years prior to their promotion. West Ham United won the first Championship play-off final that season, following a 1–0 victory over Preston North End at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff. In the 2005–06 season, Reading broke the Football League points record for a season, finishing on 106 points, exceeding the record set by Sunderland in 1999.
Sunderland won their second Championship title in three seasons in the 2006–07 season. On 4 May 2007, Leeds United became the first side since the re-branding of the division to enter administration; they were deducted ten points and were relegated as a result. On 28 May 2007, Derby County won the first Championship play-off final at the new Wembley Stadium, beating West Bromwich Albion 1–0 in front of nearly 75,000 spectators. West Brom would go on to win the Championship in the following season.
On 18 July 2013, UK bookmaker Sky Bet announced that they signed a five-year agreement to sponsor the league.
On 24 May 2014, the Championship play-off final between Derby County and Queens Park Rangers saw the highest crowd for any Championship fixture - 87,348 witnessed a Bobby Zamora stoppage time winner for QPR to win promotion for the London club.
For the 2016–17 season, the Football League was re-branded as the English Football League. That season, Rotherham United recorded the lowest points total in Championship history - winning just 23 points from their 46 matches. The league had an cumulative attendance of more than eleven million - excluding play-off matches - with more than two million watching Newcastle United and Aston Villa home fixtures alone; both of whom had been relegated from the Premier League in the previous season. This was included in the highest crowds for the second to fourth tier in England since the 1958–59 season.
From 2009 to 2012, Sky Sports had the rights to broadcast 65 live matches. Now, not all the games in the Championship are seen live on Sky Sports, but live coverage of both legs of both play-off semi finals and the play-off final are shown live. Highlights are shown on Quest.
talkSPORT hold exclusive national rights to broadcast audio commentary of a selection of Championship matches live to the whole of the United Kingdom; most headline matches are broadcast on either talkSPORT or talkSPORT2. However, BBC Sport does have the rights to broadcast audio commentary for BBC Local Radio in an area with a Championship team.
New Zealand – beIN Sports has exclusive rights to broadcast all matches live or on delay.
Norway – Viasat Sport and Viasat Fotball shows one or two matches a week.
United States – ESPN and BAMTech broadcast EFL Championship with all matches on streaming service ESPN+ with select matches on ESPN.
Vietnam - Reddentes Sports, VTVCab.
The following 24 clubs are competing in the EFL Championship during the 2018–19 season.
2 When Burnley were promoted in second place with 93 points, they had set a record for the most points for a second-placed team. This record was subsequently matched by Brighton & Hove Albion in the 2016–17 season when they finished second with 93 points.
^ a b "Sky Bet to sponsor The Football League". The Football League. 18 July 2013. Archived from the original on 21 July 2013. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
^ "Cumulative revenue of Europe's 'big five' leagues grew by 5% in 2012/13 to €9.8 billion". deloitte.com. Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
^ "Barnsley 2–1 Brighton". BBC Sport. 12 March 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
^ Jim White (8 May 2015). "Ipswich Town v Norwich City, Championship play-off semi-final: Old Farm derby about far more than money". telegraph.co.uk. The Telegraph. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
^ "Countdown underway to new season". BBC News. 6 August 2005. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
^ Lansley, Peter (29 July 2005). "Championship glories in outstripping Serie A". The Times. UK. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
^ "League Points". Football League 125. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
^ "Leeds Utd call in administrators". BBC News. 4 May 2007. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
^ "Relegated Leeds in administration". BBC Sport. 4 May 2007. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
^ "Derby 1-0 West Brom". BBC Sport. 28 May 2007. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
^ "Derby County 0-1 Queens Park Rangers". BBC Sport. 24 May 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
^ "EFL: More than 18m fans watched matches in 2016-17". BBC Sport. 11 May 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
^ "Championship". Sporting Life. Archived from the original on 9 May 2006. Retrieved 2 April 2008.
^ "EFL Official Website - International Broadcast Partners". www.efl.com. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
^ "TVRI Nasional on Instagram: "Untuk kalian fans clus dari @avfcofficial & @bcfcofficial jangan sampai terlewatkan @efl hadir di TVRI Sport & TVRI Nasional hari minggu 25…"". Instagram. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
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The following questions relate to your existing or prior experience as a woman in the corporate environment.
Please answer the questions from your 'gut', without overthinking your response. The research will take no more than 5 mins, and responses remain confidential.
* 1. I worry about what others think of me and how my performance is perceived.
* 2. I feel ‘out of my depth’ in my current position but I dare not ask for help.
* 3. I hate the 'politics' and feeling like I need to 'play the game' to get ahead.
* 4. I'm so busy I don't even have time for normal life events.
* 5. I don’t know how to ‘manage up’ effectively.
* 6. I don’t know how to demonstrate leadership as an introvert.
* 7. Networking feels so inauthentic, but I know it has to be done.
* 8. Negotiating a salary or asking for a raise causes me massive anxiety because I don’t know how to clearly express my value, and I don’t quite believe I’ll get what I feel I deserve.
* 9. I feel the pressure to perform and retain my position by working long, hard hours, losing any sense of life balance.
* 10. I’m at a crossroads in my career, and I’ve lost all clarity of what I want to do or how to go about getting it.
* 14. I feel like a complete fraud, and that I’m going to be “found out” as not as competent as people think I am.
* 16. I don’t know what I’m working towards anymore, and I have no sense of possibility or of what I want.
* 18. I love my job, and I’m good at it. My personal life? That’s another story.
* 19. I love my career, and I’m good at it, but I want to explore ways to be a more impactful leader.
* 21. I'm happy to be contacted to discuss my responses.
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In stroke play , it is used to calculate a net score from the number of strokes played during a competition, thus allowing players of different proficiency to play against each other on somewhat equal terms.
In match play , the handicap difference between players is used to determine the number of strokes the high handicap player should receive from the low handicapper during the playing of their round.
The higher the handicap of a player, the poorer the player is relative to those with lower handicaps. Official handicaps are administered by golf clubs with regional and national golf associations providing additional peer reviewing for low and very low handicaps respectively.
Exact rules relating to handicaps can vary from country to country. Handicap systems are not used in professional golf. Amateur golfers who are members of golf clubs are generally eligible for official handicaps on payment of the prevailing regional and national association annual fees.
Other systems, often free of charge, are available to golfers who are ineligible for official handicaps. A USGA handicap is calculated with a specific arithmetic formula that approximates how many strokes above or below par a player might be able to play, based on the ten best scores of their last twenty rounds.
These bodies specify slightly different ways to perform this calculation for players. The details of these calculations are presented below.
The net scores of all the competing golfers are compared and generally the person with the lowest score wins. The USGA refers to this as the "average best" method.
So in a large, handicapped competition, the golfer who shoots the best with respect to his abilities and the normal variations of the score should win.
In the United States, handicaps are calculated using several variables: A golfer whose handicap is zero is called a scratch golfer.
A golfer whose handicap is approximately 18 is called a bogey golfer. In the United States, each officially rated golf course is described by two numbers: The course rating of a particular course is a number generally between 67 and 77 that is used to measure the average "good score" by a scratch golfer on that course.
The slope rating of a particular course is a number between 55 and that describes the relative difficulty of a course for a bogey golfer compared to a scratch golfer.
The slope rating for a golf course of average difficulty is Any digits in the handicap index after the tenths are truncated. If a golfer has at least 5 but fewer than 20 rounds posted, the index is calculated using from one to nine differentials according to the following schedule:.
The course rating is not used to determine a course handicap. The result is rounded to the nearest whole number. For example, the following table shows the impact of the same score at two different tee positions at the same course, and the resulting handicap differential:.
For example, a golfer with a course handicap of 20 through 29 can record a maximum of 8 strokes on any one hole for handicap calculation purposes only.
The stronger team is given a handicap of -0,25 at the start of the game. This handicap is added to their final score. For example, in a match involving Manchester United and Liverpool, if you regarded Manchester United as the stronger team, you would give them a handicap of This would be added to their final score.
This means that there are no handicaps applied to the game, and the actual winners will be viewed as the market winners by the bookmaker.
Handicap betting exists to make one-sided sporting contests a more exciting, enticing proposition for those who enjoy betting. To this end, many bookmakers offer no draw handicap match betting, so that there is a guaranteed winner of the game in terms of the bet, regardless of the actual outcome of the game.
The way that no draw handicap match betting is set up is by giving half handicaps to certain teams. You place a bet on West Brom to win. In the eyes of the bookmaker, it would have been impossible for your bet to have ended in a draw, because it is simply not possible for half goals to be scored in football!
Voraussetzung für die Nutzung von wettfreunde. Der Ausgleich wird so angepasst, dass die Gewinnchance in etwa bei Mit Handicap Wetten könnt Ihr nämlich die Quoten schön nach oben treiben. Diese werden am Schluss der Begegnung zum regulären Ergebnis addiert. Logisch, denn würden die Münchner nur mit einem Tor Abstand gewinnen, zum Beispiel 2: Deutschlands Über-Mannschaft Bayern wird beispielsweise für die klassische 3-Weg-Wette oftmals nur mit einer Quote von unter 1,40 belegt. Wer eine weniger risikoreiche Variante bevorzugt, kann seine Handicaps auch als Systemwette tippen. Lebensjahres sowie die Beachtung der für den jeweiligen Nutzer geltenden Glücksspielgesetze. Setzt man auf eines der beiden Teams und am Ende gewinnt dieses Team das Spiel, dann wird der Einsatz mal der Wettquote 1,90 als Gewinn ausbezahlt. Durch Ihre Handicapwette ist ihr"Wettergebnis" 3: Der Unterschied liegt jedoch darin, dass bei dieser Wettart ein Team ein oder mehrere Tore bzw. Möglich sind auch Handicapwetten von 2: Logischerweise ist der Gastgeber haushoher Favorit. Für den Kunden besteht also deutlich weniger Risiko, als bei einer normalen 3-Weg Wette. Canvas not supported, use another kagemasa kozuki. Beispiel für eine Handicapwette: Die Handicap-Wetten sind natürlich ideal geeignet, um aus den Favoritenquoten das Maximum herauszuholen. Um die Quote jacks casino bergen op zoom favorisierten Mannschaft zu steigern, bieten Handicap Wetten eine ausgezeichnete Grundlage. Social Media Folge Wettfreunde.
Um mit einer höheren Quote auf einen Favoritensieg zu setzen, bieten sich daher Handicap-Wetten an. Hierbei gilt, dass es bei einem Remis erneut unter Berücksichtigung des Nachteils nur die Hälfte des Einsatzes verloren geht. Unsere Wette ging in diesem Fall also auf. Wenn man auf einen Heimsieg der Bayern mit einem Handicap 0: Handicap Wetten eignen sich ausgezeichnet dafür seine Quoten und den damit verbundenen möglichen Gewinn zu steigern. Bonus Code Anzeigen Jetzt bei 22Bet wetten. Der britische Traditionsbuchmacher präsentiert sich in dieser Sektion überaus stark. Die Wettquote für ein favorisiertes Team ist allgemein sehr niedrig. Das 0,5 Handicap ist einer normalen Handicap Reczna gleichzusetzen. Liga Russland Premjer League 1. Die Asian Handicap 0 Wette ist nicht mehr als handicap 0 2 2-Weg Wette, bei welcher ein Unentschieden nicht gewertet wird und keinem der Teams ein Asian Handicap the mentalist casino wird. Wenn man nämlich das europäische Pendant dagegen vergleicht, die sogenannte Doppelte Chance 1X, X2, usw. Heinz ist seit mehr als 25 Casino triomphe askgamblers im Geschäft mit Sportwetten tätig. Beispiel für eine Handicapwette: KnowledgeBase Manager Pro v6. Eigentlich bieten alle Anbieter auf dem Markt diese Wettvariante an. Unser Beispiel zwischen dem FC Bayern München und dem FC Ingolstadt 04 zeigt sehr deutlich, dass sich eine Wette auf einen Dreier des Gastgebers nicht lohnt — mit einem entsprechenden Handicap versehen, sieht die Quotenofferte dann schon deutlich freundlicher aus.
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Explore the best Ho Chi Minh City things to do to and include in your trip itinerary.
The War Remnants is a museum in Ho Chi Minh City dedicated to the military and war thematics. War Remnants has different thematic exhibitions placed in various rooms and halls. All the exhibitions have military equipements and ammunition including helicopters, fighters and boms.
Củ Chi tunnels are underground network in Củ Chi District, Ho Chi Minh City. The tunnels were built during the Vietnam war, and served as hiding point for soldiers. The tunnels were also used for communication, food receiving, hospitals and even living spots.
Saigon post office was built during 1886-1891, when Vietnam was a part of the French Indochina. The style of the building is a mixture of Gothic, Renaissance and French architecture.
Bến Thành is a huge market in Ho Chi Minh city. It is a symbolic area, which is considered to be one of the most recognizable emblems of the city. In the marketplace there are a large variety of local handicrafts, textiles and souvenirs. Ben Thanh is also famous for the most delicious local cuisine in the city.
Independence Palace was built in 1962. It used to be the workplace of the President of South Vietnam during the Vietnam War. The palace symbolizes the end of Vietnam war and is a popular landmark in Ho Chi Minh City. It is also associated with the fall of the city in 1975.
Saigon Notre Dame is a famous cathedral situated in downtown of Ho Chi Minh City. It was built between 1863 and 1880 by French colonists, who gave the name Notre Dame to the cathedral. The cathedral stand proudly in the center of the city with its 2 58 meters high bell towers. The towers hold six bronze bells.
Bitexco Financial Tower is a popular tourist destination in Ho Chi Minh City, which was considered to be the tallest building in Vietnam til January 2011 . The skyscraper is constructed with the shape of lotus, the symbol and the national flower of Vietnam. The skyscraper has 68 floors in total.
Saigon Opera House is the main hall for concerts, cultural events and meetings in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The structure is a typical example of French colonial architecture. Saigon opera house has a capacity of 800 seat. By its shape and design it reminds the Opéra Garnier in Paris.
Ho Chi Minh Square occupies the central part of the city and is surrounded by French colonial style buildings. The most notable building in the square is the City Hall, which is a popular tourist site On the other side of the square stands Rex Hotel and a huge shopping mall.
Bui Vien is one of the main streets in Ho Chi Minh City. It is a well-known area especially for the budget travelers and tourists who want some local experience and adventures. The street is full of cheap restaurants, bars and shops. The street is famous as “backpackers area.
Golden Dragon is the well known puppet theater in Ho Chi Minh City. It consist of the puppets, dancing, playing and singing on the tanks of water. The duration of the shows are 45-40 minutes every day. riding a water buffalo, catching frogs, fishing are the regular parts of the show.
Explore top things to do in Ho Chi Minh City: and more. Visit museums and take a stroll in the city park. Enjoy your afternoon in the iconic landmarks of the city. Here are the top spots to choose from. Find opening hours, reviews, book entry ticket and tours to plan your perfect Ho Chi Minh City trip itinerary.
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What is Lionel Messi's favorite or signature move? Messi loves to have the soccer ball on his favored left foot and to fake like he's going to cut inside to his left but instead cuts the ball to the right and breaks free at speed. Sometimes he flicks the ball over to his right foot for a second while other times he keeps the ball on his left but goes to the right. Ideally, Messi likes to do this move when he has the ball on the right side of the field, where there's space to dribble into the middle or down the line.
With Messi's signature move though, as with any move, it's all about change of pace. Messi waits for the defender to dive in and then breaks away at speed, blowing past the defender. Messi lulls them to sleep in a way, and then bursts past them. Messi will even somtimes stand still and just wait. Defenders get hypnotized by Messi, as he stands still for a moment, and they end up nearly failing down when he fakes inside and then dribbles past them with the ball down the ine. Take a look at Messi's favorite dribbling move in the video below.
And even though defenders know that Messi loves to keep the ball on his left foot, they still can't stop him. It's really impossible to force him to dribble say with his right foot since he's so quick and will only cut away in another direction with his left foot, sometimes switching the ball to his right just for a second to get past the defender.
Here's Messi dribbling past some of the best players in the world with ease. The mistake players make is diving in and trying to win the ball from Messi. You just can't take the ball from him, it's better just to try to contain him and keep him in one area. Don't ever try to slide tackle Messi when he has the ball at his foot, he'll just make you look silly.
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Darwin's evolution theory is controversial - genesis better?
A theory of evolution is understood to mean the scientific and in principle coherent description of the formation and alteration of the biological units, especially the species, as a result of organismic evolution, the development process in the course of the earth's history, which has taken place and continues.
"The human being is from the monkey!" This is probably the most striking and well-known statement, which is associated with evolution and which reduces the theory of evolution to a single provocation.
Why do we get angry, why does it excite us when someone says "man is from the apes" but not because of the statement "Man is made of earth"? Isn't that at least a provocation too?
How can the value, the pride, and the dignity of man be deduced?
Evolutionary theories are, of course, a product of the time of their origin and reflect the respective findings, the facts and the scientific approaches of the time.
Since modern evolutionary biology is concerned with numerous, sometimes very different approaches and analyzes, where temporary hypotheses are designed and later partly abandoned in favor of refined hypotheses, it is now agreed that one should not speak of a real and all-embracing "evolution theory" But that there certainly is a theory where many strands of knowledge flow from paleontology to molecular biology and complement each other as a whole.
Vague ideas about how or where life arose were already expressed by scholars of ancient Greece. Thales of Miletus suspected the origin of life in the water, Anaximander spoke directly of a primordial creation in humid surroundings, and Aristotle suspected the origin in mud and dirt. Judaism, Christianity and Islam were based on a divine act of creation and represented the concept of a kind of consistency, followed by many scholars in Europe and Asia Minor until the Enlightenment. All these hypotheses seemed to be more or less convincing in their respective times, taking into account the knowledge at that time.
Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck (1744-1829) proposed a theory building of species change in 1809 and was thus one of the first evolutionary theorists. It was based on an inheritance of acquired characteristics, a mode of observation, which was still widespread in the nineteenth century (before the knowledge of the foundations of genetics). Even Charles Darwin, 50 years later (1859), assumed that acquired qualities could be passed on.
Charles Darwin (1809-1882) designed his theory as early as 1838, but because of the not very open-minded environment in his home country and also because he regarded many cognitions as hypotheses, these were first presented 20 years later (1858) and released the following year (1859). His theories were based on broad biological and natural sciences as far as they were known at that time. At the same time a younger zoology, Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913), came to very similar conclusions. Both works, which were soon referred to as Darwinism or Darwinian theory of evolution, probably arisen completely or largely independent of each other. Differences in content concerned, for example, the question of how intensively the different evolutionary factors affect and which are decisive. Biological evolution both explained by the better adaptation of all organisms to their environment and thus a gradual increase in complexity.
Darwin's theory of evolution was "controversial" and not suitable for students, the Turkish government had found out, and wanted to ban Darwin's theory of evolution from teaching in the schools.
The Turkish-Islamic Association ATIB in Austria has, as one of the first, distanced itself from the decision of the Turkish government to remove Charles Darwin's theory of evolution from the legal school curricula. According to ATIB spokesman Selfet Yilmaz, one does not agree "on this question".
"We do not want to play science and religion against each other," Yilmaz continued. "The theory of evolution belongs to our opinion and should be taught." The organization ATIB, to which dozens of mosque associations belong in Austria, is a facility of the state Turkish religious authority Diyanet, comparable to the German DITIB.
The Islamic Religious Community (IGGiÖ) also advocated evolutionary theory as an integral part of teaching. "Islam is always a convincing belief in science," said President Ibrahim Olgun.
From the coming school year Charles Darwin's theory of evolution is to be deleted from the Turkish school plans. The theory of evolution is "controversial" and not suitable for students, the Turkish government decided. The strike action is presented by the Islamic-conservative government of President Recep Tayyip Erdogan as a step towards an alleged modernization of the education system.
The basic principles of Darwin's theory of the natural development of species in science are anything but controversial. Representatives of Creationism among the followers of different religions, including Islam and Christianity, see this as a contradiction to the idea of "divine creation."
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Claude Monet was born on November 14, 1840 on the fifth floor of 45 rue Laffitte, in the ninth arrondissement of Paris. He was the second son of Claude-Adolphe and Louise-Justine Aubrée Monet, both of them second-generation Parisians. On May 20, 1841, he was baptized into the local church parish, Notre-Dame-de-Lorette as Oscar-Claude. In 1845, his family moved to Le Havre in Normandy. His father wanted him to go into the family grocery store business, but Claude Monet wanted to become an artist. His mother was a singer.
In June 1861 Monet joined the First Regiment of African Light Cavalry in Algeria for two years of a seven-year commitment, but upon his contracting typhoid his aunt Marie-Jeanne Lecadre intervened to get him out of the army if he agreed to complete an art course at a university. It is possible that the Dutch painter Johan Barthold Jongkind, whom Monet knew, may have prompted his aunt on this matter. Disillusioned with the traditional art taught at universities, in 1862 Monet became a student of Charles Gleyre in Paris, where he met Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Frédéric Bazille, and Alfred Sisley. Together they shared new approaches to art, painting the effects of light en plein air with broken color and rapid brushstrokes, in what later came to be known as Impressionism.
Monet's Camille or The Woman in the Green Dress (La Femme à la Robe Verte), painted in 1866, brought him recognition, and was one of many works featuring his future wife, Camille Doncieux; she was the model for the figures in The Woman in the Garden of the following year, as well as for On the Bank of the Seine, Bennecourt, 1868, pictured here. Shortly thereafter Doncieux became pregnant and gave birth to their first child, Jean. In 1868, due to financial reasons, Monet attempted suicide by throwing himself into the Seine.
After the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War (July 19, 1870), Monet took refuge in England in September 1870. While there, he studied the works of John Constable and Joseph Mallord William Turner, both of whose landscapes would serve to inspire Monet's innovations in the study of color. In the Spring of 1871, Monet's works were refused authorisation to be included in the Royal Academy exhibition.
In May 1871 he left London to live in Zaandam, where he made 25 paintings (and the police suspected him of revolutionary activities). He also paid a first visit to nearby Amsterdam. In October or November 1871 he returned to France. Monet lived from December 1871 to 1878 at Argenteuil, a village on the Seine near Paris, and here he painted some of his best known works. In 1874, he briefly returned to Holland.
In 1872 (or 1873), he painted Impression, Sunrise (Impression: soleil levant) depicting a Le Havre landscape. It hung in the first Impressionist exhibition in 1874 and is now displayed in the Musée Marmottan-Monet, Paris. From the painting's title, art critic Louis Leroy coined the term "Impressionism", which he intended as disparagement but which the Impressionists appropriated for themselves.
After several difficult months following the death of Camille on 5 September 1879, a grief-stricken Monet (resolving never to be mired in poverty again) began in earnest to create some of his best paintings of the 19th century. During the early 1880s Monet painted several groups of landscapes and seascapes in what he considered to be campaigns to document the French countryside. His extensive campaigns evolved into his series' paintings.
In 1878 the Monets temporarily moved into the home of Ernest Hoschedé, (1837-1891), a wealthy department store owner and patron of the arts. Both families then shared a house in Vétheuil during the summer. After her husband (Ernest Hoschedé) became bankrupt, and left in 1878 for Belgium, in September 1879, and while Monet continued to live in the house in Vétheuil; Alice Hoschedé helped Monet to raise his two sons, Jean and Michel, by taking them to Paris to live alongside her own six children. They were Blanche, Germaine, Suzanne, Marthe, Jean-Pierre, and Jacques. In the spring of 1880 Alice Hoschedé and all the children left Paris and rejoined Monet still living in the house in Vétheuil. In 1881 all of them moved to Poissy which Monet hated. From the doorway of the little train between Vernon and Gasny he discovered Giverny. In April 1883 they moved to Vernon, then to a house in Giverny, Eure, in Upper Normandy, where he planted a large garden where he painted for much of the rest of his life. Following the death of her estranged husband, Alice Hoschedé married Claude Monet in 1892.
At the beginning of May 1883, Monet and his large family rented a house and two acres from a local landowner. The house was situated near the main road between the towns of Vernon and Gasny at Giverny. There was a barn that doubled as a painting studio, orchards and a small garden. The house was close enough to the local schools for the children to attend and the surrounding landscape offered an endless array of suitable motifs for Monet's work. The family worked and built up the gardens and Monet's fortunes began to change for the better as his dealer Paul Durand-Ruel had increasing success in selling his paintings. By November 1890 Monet was prosperous enough to buy the house, the surrounding buildings and the land for his gardens. Within a few years by 1899 Monet built a greenhouse and a second studio, a spacious building, well lit with skylights. Beginning in the 1880s and 1890s, through the end of his life in 1926, Monet worked on "series" paintings, in which a subject was depicted in varying light and weather conditions. His first series exhibited as such was of Haystacks, painted from different points of view and at different times of the day. Fifteen of the paintings were exhibited at the Galerie Durand-Ruel in 1891. He later produced several series of paintings including: Rouen Cathedral, Poplars, the Houses of Parliament, Mornings on the Seine, and the Water Lilies that were painted on his property at Giverny.
Between 1883 and 1908, Monet traveled to the Mediterranean, where he painted landmarks, landscapes, and seascapes, such as Bordighera. He painted an important series of paintings in Venice, Italy, and in London he painted two important series — views of Parliament and views of Charing Cross Bridge. His second wife Alice died in 1911 and his oldest son Jean, who had married Alice's daughter Blanche, Monet's particular favourite, died in 1914. After his wife died, Blanche looked after and cared for him. It was during this time that Monet began to develop the first signs of cataracts.
During World War I, in which his younger son Michel served and his friend and admirer Clemenceau led the French nation, Monet painted a series of Weeping Willow trees as homage to the French fallen soldiers. Cataracts formed on Monet's eyes, for which he underwent two operations in 1923. The paintings done while the cataracts affected his vision have a general reddish tone, which is characteristic of the vision of cataract victims. It may also be that after surgery he was able to see certain ultraviolet wavelengths of light that are normally excluded by the lens of the eye, this may have had an effect on the colors he perceived. After his operations he even repainted some of these paintings, with bluer water lilies than before the operation.
In 2004, London, the Parliament, Effects of Sun in the Fog (Londres, le Parlement, trouée de soleil dans le brouillard) (1904), sold for U.S. $20.1 million. In 2006, the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society published a paper providing evidence that these were painted in situ at St Thomas' Hospital over the river Thames.
Falaises près de Dieppe (Cliffs near Dieppe) has been stolen on two separate occasions. Once in 1998 (in which the museum's curator was convicted of the theft and jailed for five years along with two accomplices) and most recently in August 2007. It has yet to be recovered.
Monet's Le Pont du chemin de fer à Argenteuil, an 1873 painting of a railway bridge spanning the Seine near Paris was bought by an anonymous telephone bidder for a record $ 41.4 million at Christie's auction in New York on May 6, 2008. The previous record for his painting stood at $ 36.5 million.
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Objective of the assignment was to create a basic wireframe for a chocolate company, that sells custom chocolate boxes who's content users can chose on a mobile app.
My solution is to give the user an option to view their selection in a "list mode" or a more visual "box mode". The user can just click on a box container and add whatever type of chocolate they want. The user can also select the number of similar chocolates they want and amount of boxes. There will also be a ravishing visual of the contents while selection to tempt the user.
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Expression by means of motion pictures is included within the free speech and free press guaranty of the First and Fourteenth Amendments.
Joseph Burstyn, Inc. was a corporation engaged in the business of distributing motion pictures. It owned the exclusive rights to distribute throughout the United States a film produced in Italy entitled "The Miracle." On November 30, 1950, after having examined the picture, the motion picture division of the New York education department issued to Joseph Burstyn, Inc. a license authorizing exhibition of "The Miracle," with English subtitles, as one part of a trilogy called "Ways of Love.” During the weeks the film was shown, the New York State Board of Regents, which by statute was made the head of the education department, received several complaints alleging that the film was sacrilegious. The Regents, after viewing "The Miracle," determined that it was "sacrilegious" and acting upon a New York statute, which permitted the banning of motion picture films on the ground that they were “sacrilegious,” ordered the Commissioner of Education to rescind appellant's license to exhibit the motion picture. Thereafter, Joseph Burstyn, Inc. instituted a case to question the validity of the New York Statute. According to Joseph Burstyn, Inc., the statute violated the Fourteenth Amendment as a prior restraint upon freedom of speech, and of the press of the guaranty of separate church and state and as a prohibition of the free exercise of religion. Joseph Burstyn, Inc. also contended that the term "sacrilegious" was vague and indefinite as to offend due process. The Appellate Division rejected all of it’s contentions and upheld the Regents' determination. On appeal, the New York Court of Appeals affirmed the order of the Appellate Division. The petitioner raised the issue to the Supreme Court.
Was the New York Statute an unconstitutional abridgment of free speech and a free press?
The Court concluded that expression by means of motion pictures was included within the free speech and free press guaranty of the First and Fourteenth Amendments. The Court found that from the standpoint of freedom of speech and the press, the state had no legitimate interest in protecting any or all religions from views distasteful to them that was sufficient to justify prior restraints upon the expression of those views. The Court held that under the First andFourteenth Amendments, a state may not ban a film on the basis of a censor's conclusion that it was "sacrilegious."
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Arthur E. Shattuck of San Francisco, California, was a holder of 4 USA and 1 Canadian patents for calculating devices. The first (№268135 from 1882) and second (№349459 from 1886) patents (received along with Charles Thorn) are for chain adders, which never reached the market. The third (№363972 from 1887, along with Brainard Smith) and fourth (№453778 on June 9th, 1891) patents (see the lower patent drawing) however, were for a simple 5-key single-column adder (similar to the earlier adders of Marshall Cram and Lawrence Swem), the second version of which will be manufactured and sold in small quantities in 1890s under the name Centigraph Adding Machine (also Centigraphe and Centagraph) by the company American Adding Machine Co., Atlanta.
It was a metal device, mounted on a wooden base, with measurements (cm): length: 15.3, width: 20.6, height: 15.
The operation is as follows: Pressing the keys, the plate D is so turned, that through its aperture the ciphers are seen. For the digits over 5 two keys (marked with F) must be presses simultaneously (for instance for 6, 5 and 1 must be pressed), whereupon plate C moves one number to the right, and plate D moves five numbers to the left, and in the aperture figure 6 is seen. The plate can counter to 99, but there is a separate 5 positional pointer for hundreds, which allows the sum to reach 599.
Arthur E. Shattuck is also a holder of another US patent (№1029236 for a carbonator).
So, who was the inventor—Arthur E. Shattuck?
Arthur Ewing Shattuck was born on May 16, 1854, in Petaluma, Sonoma, California, as the first child (of six) of Francis (Frank) William Shattuck (1828-1893) and Aletha Olivia Ewing Shattuck (1834-1882).
Francis (nickname Frank) William Shattuck was born on February 15, 1828, in Dupin County, North Carolina, and came to California along with his family in 1849, when the discovery of gold was drawing to this section of the US men from all parts of the country. He located in Petaluma, San Francisco area and became a lawyer, just like his father David Olcott Shattuck (1800-1892), an eminent lawyer and the first judge of the superior court of San Francisco. Frank Shattuck practiced law for many years, serving as a notary and County Judge of Sonoma county. Frank Shattuck married to Aletha Olivia Ewing, born in Missouri, on July 15, 1853, in Sonoma Co., and the next year was born their first child, Arthur Ewing.
Arthur Ewing Shattuck (see the nearby portrait) acquired his early education in the public and private schools of Petaluma, California, and at the age of sixteen put aside his textbooks to enter upon a business career. When he was eighteen years of age he was appointed deputy county auditor, but on account of his youth he was retired from public office until he had attained his majority, when he was appointed deputy county clerk of Sonoma county and served in Judge Temple's court for a number of years. It seems during his service as a county and court clerk in 1880s Shattuck invented his adding devices, the object of this article.
Subsequently Arthur Ewing Shattuck became a member of the editorial staff of the Santa Rosa Democrat, a daily newspaper, then published by Thomas Thompson, who was later appointed to the position of United States minister to Brazil, and when in 1892 when Thompson became secretary of state of California, he appointed Shattuck as his assistant, and the latter largely had the management of the office until he resigned in 1894 in order to devote his attention to private business interests in San Francisco. He was appointed to the position of state's prison director, and upon the expiration of his term he joined his brother William F. Shattuck in a manufacturing enterprise in San Francisco under the firm name of the Pacific States Type Foundry, of which he has was secretary/treasurer and then president for ten years.
In 1895 Arthur Shattuck married to Margaret Sharp, a native of Sacramento, California. They had two children, Margaret Ledeane and Kathryn A.
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During the 18th century in France a movement began known as the Englightenment. From France, it spread to Germany and then to all over the world. The Englightenment attempted to apply human reason to all areas of life to bring about a new social order. Religion in France had for centuries been dominated by Roman Catholicism, which severely abused the French people. A number of French thinkers reacted against Catholicism, substituting their own views for the religious dogma. The two most influential were Voltaire and Rousseau. As their Enlightenment philosophies spread to Germany, higher criticism developed in German universities, departing from a literal acceptance of the Bible. According to the higher critics, the Bible was just a piece of literature that should be judged with the reasoning powers of men.
Three German philosophers stood out from the rest---Immanuel Kant, G. W. F. Hegel, and Friedrich Schleiermacher. Kant contended that the senses and the mind are the sole avenues of knowledge and that the Bible especially should be subjected to them. Hegel introduced dialectic thinking, which taught that one fact or idea (a thesis) works against another contradictory fact (antithesis) to create a "new fact" (synthesis). Hegel said truth was relative and dependent upon man's reasoning. Schleiermacher was guilty of bringing their teachings into the realm of theology, and he has been called the "Father of Theological Liberalism."
Since universities became the primary means of "higher education," liberal philosophies, rationalism, empricism, skepticism, liberal theology, and higher criticism began spreading all over the world as graduates brought this German modernism to and fro. Their thinking no doubt influenced academic institutions everywhere, changing and redefining how men looked at the world. Some men and colleges took the Englightenment teachings hook, line, and sinker, gobbled them up. Others mutated in a more Hegelian fashion---mixing a little reasoning with Scriptural truth to form new doctrines, ones never believed or taught in the history of the church.
Very few "scholars" today believe we have a perfect Bible. Why? Is it because the Bible doesn't teach inspiration or inerrancy? No. Is it because the Bible doesn't teach preservation? No. Is it because the Bible doesn't teach that God's Words, all of them, would be available? No. So then why do these "scholars" not believe in a perfect Bible? The first three paragraphs above answer the question. They have been influenced by rationalism and higher criticism. They don't get their view from the Bible, but from a synthesis coming from human reasoning.
The guys without a perfect Bible don't want the label "rationalist." They despise that. I don't want to call them "rationalists," but I just don't know what else to title what they say they believe. They hate being called "rationalists" so much that they have searched to find a philosophical word to label those who do believe they have a perfect Bible---they call us "fideists." This sounds good, being a "fideist," but it isn't supposed to be good or they wouldn't be calling us "fideists." This is a brand new tactic. As much as I've read, I had never heard of fideism until recently, and as a title for those unstaggering in faith in one, perfect Bible. The word originally has been used by Catholics to label Protestants. If you read Wikipedia on "fideism," you'll probably like it all the way through, so you know that Wikipedia can't have everything, because the imperfect Bible guys definitely don't mean it to be good. When they say "your a fideist," they mean something like: "You're a goof-ball."
The Bible teaches that God destroyed the earth with a flood and that the ark rested on Mount Ararat. God didn't, however, say that He would preserve the ark intact on Mount Ararat, so believing that the ark is on Mount Ararat still is sheer "fideism" because no Scripture or evidence supports that belief.
The Bible teaches that God would preserve His Word, but He didn't say how He would do it. He didn't say, for instance, that He would preserve it in one manuscript in one place in an edition called the textus receptus. Therefore, without physical evidence we are basing our belief that we have a perfect Bible in our hands on fideism.
I think it is important to understand what someone is saying when he calls you a name. It is rather embarrassing to be called a fideist, know that it is bad, and not know why it is bad to be one. This narrow interpretation of the word "fideism" shows us how bad it is to be a fideist. Now when we say they are "rationalists," they can always come back with, "You're fideists." You can say "ouch" now.
Know this. Their strategy of calling us "fideists" is completely straw-man logic. Why? We have never said that the Bible would be preserved perfectly in one edition called the textus receptus. We say that God would preserve every Word, that every Word would be generally accessible, and that God the Spirit would lead His churches to receive the correct Words. We believe that the Words have been preserved by God through His institutions, Israel and the church, and that we would have a perfect Bible because of this. Does the Bible teach everything in this paragraph? Yes. Does history show that it happened? Yes.
What in their reasoning causes them to stumble in believing God's Word on preservation? (drumroll) They trip over existent, old, hand-copied manuscripts of Scripture. We've been told that none of these manuscripts is the same. Every one of them are different than the other in over a hundred places. According to the imperfect Bible people, because we have differences in all of these old manuscripts, we must continue restoring Scripture as best possible to its original condition using already discovered and newly found manuscripts. We will never be finished. The Bible will never be settled. We can be happy to know that we have at least 93% of Scripture based on statistical analysis.
What passage do they base this on? None. What verses guide them to take this view? Um. None again. So if they don't get their view from the Bible, where do they get it? What do you think?
Many of the people who reject a perfect Bible believe that God gave a perfect Bible. They say that God just didn't preserve it for us here on earth. They are inconsistent, however, in their application of human reasoning. They have no Scriptural basis for canonicity. No verse in the Bible says that we would have sixty-six books. No verse says that we would have twenty-seven in the New Testament. And yet, they aren't fideists for believing in the canonicity of sixty-six books. Why? Because they said so. And we're "cultists" and a "sect" and, and, and, "dummies."
When it gets right down to it, they don't have Scriptural reasons for what they believe. We do. They can only attack our Scriptural reasons, because they refuse to believe what God said. Why? They have been influenced by the Enlightenment and have allowed human reasoning to corrupt their faith. They are rationalists and skeptics concerning the doctrine of preservation. They teach a brand new doctrine of preservation not found in the Bible and not supported by church history. You and me, all of us, should reject their way of thinking about the doctrine of preservation.
Aside from all the name calling feidists and such, the issue seems to rest in your first paragraph about the 3 scholars. So I'm still wondering what is the problem with their approach. I can tell you don't approve of it. But you never really showed to someone who might think like they do why it is faulty. So the question we've been asking for 3 centuries; what is the proper relationship between scripture and reason?
Can I get your permission to translate this and put in on Palabras Puras?
Its very important to show the progression of German rationalism and how it affected the interpretation of the text issue. Those studying the Spanish Bible and its roots often don't go back far enough in history to know what the historical position is on preservation. Many are making the false assumption that because many 'fundamentalist Baptist' leaders are in favor of a few critical changes to the text, it must be okay. After all, they say they are 'fundamentalists', they have fundamental Baptist papers, and fundamental Baptist churches, and fundamental Baptist preaching conferences. That's all good, but to allow a few critical changes to your Bible is not the fundamental Baptist position on the Scriptures. I was just reading a rebuttal to a Bible Baptist Tribune article in favor of modern versions from 1979 or so. The author (Barlett) insists that the old stand in the BBF was for the King James Bible. This can be said of many other groups that were considered fundamnetal Baptist defended the TR and the King James because that was the old time position.
The one thing that is without contradiction is the power of the scripture is preserved. Whether a verse or a word it has the power to save or destroy.
Maybe if we use the term the preservation of the power of scripture there would be less arguments and more amen.
Is Sanctification a "Secondary Doctrine?"
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0.999633 |
For Prelims and Mains: Key features and significance of INF Treaty, Implications of withdrawal by the US.
Context: Russia has confirmed that the United States of America has decided to cancel the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty signed between Russian and the USA in 1987. The USA had already announced the withdrawal decision from the INF treaty in October 2018.
Subsequent State Department assessments in 2015, 2016, and 2017 repeated these allegations. Russia denies that it is in violation of the agreement. On December 8, 2017, the Trump administration released a strategy to counter alleged Russian violations of the Treaty.
Despite its name, the INF Treaty covers all types of ground-launched cruise and ballistic missiles — whether their payload is conventional or nuclear. Moscow and Washington are prohibited from deploying these missiles anywhere in the world, not just in Europe. However, the treaty applies only to ground-launched systems. Both sides are free to deploy air- and sea-launched missiles within the 500-to-5,500-kilometer range.
What are the diplomatic implications of withdrawal?
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0.999959 |
Generating social impact is a reality for different projects that are being disseminated and supported by many people, thanks to the use of technology and advertising. Several tools that we believed could only be used by large companies to sell their products are increasingly used in favor of social causes.
This is the case of Social Marketing, a set of traditional marketing concepts and tools that can be applied by companies, organizations and governments to transform habits of thought, attitudes and behaviors in favor of a particular population. For example, to persuade smokers to quit smoking, to influence the change or insertion of a new social law or to promote healthy life changes to improve public health conditions.
- Product - The desired behavior that you want to encourage and what is needed to make this happen.
- Price - What can it cost the target population to change their behavior or way of thinking? This includes time, social stigma, money, etc.
- Place - Where behavior should change, when people think about it and how external conditions help or mislead our purpose.
- Promotion - What messages will make sense in the target audience and what channels we should use to launch them.
- Politics - What kind of rules and policies help or hinder us when we are trying to change the behavior of a group of people.
"It's not happening here, but it's happening now" - It was a campaign of the international organization Amnesty, created by a Swiss agency. The objective of this campaign was to highlight the abuse of human rights in countries such as Sudan, Iraq and China, in order to put aside indifferent behavior against the human rights of others and thus pressure governments to do something now.
"Not all suicide letters are seen as such" - The Looking Glass Foundation campaign , was born with the purpose of encouraging parents, friends, siblings and in general every individual to detect relatives or relatives with eating disorders, this with the order to give them help before it's too late.
"For anti-person mines" - Anti-personnel mines are a serious problem in many countries, however, not everyone is aware of the need to do something forceful in the face of this problem. With this campaign the United Nations intended to generate a change of mentality in countries where this type of problem is not present to help those who are. The video ends with a question: if there were anti-person mines here, would you do anything to eradicate them?
"You are a person or you are a black star" - This was a Colombian campaign launched by the Colombian Road Safety Fund for drivers of cars and motorcycles to think before getting behind the wheel. Literally painted stars were used on the ground where each passer-by or driver had died due to road irresponsibility, as well as videos, posters and other dissemination tools.
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0.999036 |
Identify key market trends in the alcoholic drinks industry in 15 North and Latin American countries. This e-book outlines major trends in each country, pinpointing differences that are crucial to product development and marketing campaigns.
In 2013, every country in Latin America will see growth in per capita beer consumption, mainly driven by domestic standard lager reaching more emerging middle income consumers.
Beer volumes continue to decline in North America as consumers look for value over volume through craft and premium offerings.
Wine consumption will increase by 10% per capita in both regions over 2012-2017.
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, México, Perú, United States, Uruguay and Venezuela.
Differentiation Through Flavours: What's Behind the Success Story of Beer-Hybrid Beverages?
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0.961843 |
Mexican Americans actively advocated for social and political reform in Texas as early as the 1920s, founding organizations such as the Order of the Sons of America, the Obreros y Obreras, and the League of United Latin American Citizens. The nationwide Chicano Movement, however, did not develop until the 1960s. While the campaign encompassed a variety of issues—including RACISM and exploitation, voting and LABOR rights, housing and education opportunities, and healthcare and poverty—its central ideology promoted ethnic solidarity and cultural affirmation. In cities across the borderlands and throughout the Southwest, demonstrators organized protests and boycotts, staged school walkouts, and established activist groups like the Mexican American Youth Organization. In 1970, La Raza Unida Party was organized in Crystal City. Two years later, party representatives won 15 local elections across the border counties of Dimmit, La Salle, and Zavala. While the Chicano Movement diminished in the 1970s, the struggle for Mexican-American rights continues to the present day.
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0.984292 |
My fiancee told me she is haunted by a little girl who killed her mom then died right after. The ghost scares her at night and affects her like draining her energy and mood changes.
One question is why does it do that? and when I'm over it don't affect me at all like I am immune...why does it not affect me?
I think you may be dealing with a couple of different things. It's been my experience with ghosts that while they can project emotions - they make us feel that they are evil, scary, very sad or perhaps even neutral - they can't actually change or affect our emotions. They can project their own emotions and use those to their advantage, but that seems to be as far as they can go.
If your fiance is finding she's having mood changes that she can associate with this event, I would be more apt to believe it isn't a ghost she's dealing with but perhaps a form of shadow people, or more likely shadow creatures. These do seem to affect our moods and sometimes in a spectacular manner.
Again, not usually associated with ghosts. There is a theory that some people can drain the energy from others, they're known as psychic vampires, or energy vampires. Some people feel they have to take the energy from others in order to survive. All these people are living however, and have to be in the room with you in order to do it.
Can an entity drain your energy?
Perhaps, though that's not likely the only cause.
Your fiance seems to know the story behind the haunting and it disturbs her. She also seems to be afraid of the little girl who seems to visit fairly often. That in itself can be tiring, and lack of sleep will make things worse. That can easily account for the drained energy, simply because she is physically and emotionally worn down by all of this.
I'm going to imagine the reason your fiance is afraid of this ghost is because she believes that any murderer that hangs around after death must not only be evil but have evil intent as well.
That may or may not be true. For all we know she may be a bound spirit and for ghosts that may be the ultimate punishment.
Most ghosts only have as much power as we give them. Sometimes we give them more than we think we do and certainly not on purpose. It can be tough not to be afraid but as long as you remember that a ghost needs permission to stay around it won't matter. Tell her to leave, firmly, without being rude. She will have to leave.
The negative emotions that cause the mood swings can likely be attributed to shadow people/creatures and the best way to get rid of them is to change the negative atmosphere of your house to a positive one. They don't seem to hang around a happy, stress limited household. I say stress limited because it's very hard to be totally stress free these days. If we change our attitudes we find the negative atmosphere can be replaced with a much more upbeat one and the feeling of being drained will go away.
Why does it not affect me?
There can be a few reasons. One – typical male response to being threatened – "Don't even try me." And all sorts of guards go up. You are effectively protecting yourself.
Second – you don't fully believe it. Even if you do believe in ghosts, you likely don't believe they can do anything like this. So you may be closed off to it.
I understand if that sounds a bit contradictory, your fiance would likely say she doesn't want any of this, so why is it happening? In a lot of cases our subconscious may be working against us and we don't even realize it. Believing she is evil and has power, may actually be giving her some.
Again, be firm, send her on her way – may I suggest to find peace, she must go. Lastly, change the atmosphere to one of being positive and happy.
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0.94324 |
Each year, nearly 45,000 Americans die by suicide. Adding to the irreplaceable loss of lives, there are also over a staggering 1.35 million who attempt suicide every year. Let us remember that these are more than statistics; it is lives that are at stake. These numbers spell lifelong trauma for a large part of the population - both patients and those close to them.
As the 2nd leading cause of mortality among those aged 25-34 and the 10th overall, it is imperative that the specter of suicide be prioritized, addressed and prevented without delay.
What causes a person to attempt suicide? While the issue can be specific to the individual and complex in nature, two words encapsulate a reality many suicide victims grapple with: mental illness, most commonly a mood disorder or substance use disorder (SUD).
Other critical risk factors include alcohol and drug use, access to lethal means, a genetic predisposition to suicide, past abuse or neglect, the death of a loved one, a major loss - of one’s job, home, etc., a terminal illness, chronic physical pain and assault.
The stigma of mental illness and comorbidities, such as substance use disorder, can deter patients from seeking treatment, while that towards suicide prevents potential victims from disclosing their suicidal tendencies to clinicians. Over 90% of those who commit suicide are mental health patients, only about half of them receive a diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
Cost of care is another frequently cited barrier to treatment, with studies clearly showing that the use of available treatment options is sensitive to price. There also exists a need for additional funding towards research and for suicide prevention lifelines and the preservation of funding for initiatives such as SAMHSA’s Zero Suicide Initiative.
Challenges exist also on the data sharing front, with partner organizations - both external entities and internal departments and agencies - displaying reluctance to share data about suicide deaths and attempts in their settings. One- or even two-year-long delays in receiving data lead to lack of information needed for prevention planning at a local level.
Early identification of at-risk suicide patients and getting access to care for these individuals before an attempt is made poses yet another challenge.
Determining the impact of suicide prevention initiatives can also prove difficult as programs work in tandem towards impacting changes in suicidal behavior in communities.
It is critical that different settings, such as primary care, emergency care and substance abuse care are linked to the mental care setting. The lack of such linkage leading to a fragmented organization of services has been repeatedly found to be a barrier to obtaining effective mental health treatment.
Mental health patients often report their frustrations at both waiting times and at having to navigate the maze of disorganized services. The less than optimum availability of mental health care is a severe problem especially in rural areas and communities with large minority populations.
A little below 40% of suicide victims see a primary care physician in the month before the event. However, detection is very rare, with physicians neither probing for suicidal ideation nor patients reporting it. Specialty care, too, falls short due to the lack of professional guidelines for both assessment and treatment of the suicidal patient.
Of adults experiencing depression, only 30 - 50% are accurately diagnosed by primary care physicians, most often due to a paucity of time and knowledge. Additionally, autopsy studies have shown that a majority of suicide victims suffering from major depression were either not receiving treatment or receiving inadequate treatment. These findings hold true for suicide attempters as well - both before and after the attempt.
About 40% of cases of alcohol abuse - seen associated with around 51% of suicide cases - also goes undetected in primary care, owing to lack of time and “fear of spoiling the relationship with the patient”.
Further, the evidence-based strategy developed by the National Center for Injury Control in 2017 recommended that the following steps be taken to prevent suicide: strengthen economic support, strengthen access and delivery of suicide care, create protective environments, promote interconnectedness, teach coping and problem-solving skills, identify and support people at risk and, prevent future risk.
The success of these programs and others such as SAMHSA’s Zero Suicide model includes, among other measures, effective public-private partnerships. This is where digital health technology comes in.
Digital care for suicide prevention can augment, strengthen, and improve current traditional care methodologies.
Easy access to follow-up services, telehealth remote care, customized interventions, real-time warning alerts, one-tap hotline facility and tailored self-support resources, all of which address the supply-side shortages present in the current healthcare landscape.
Real-time monitoring of care plan adherence, engagement level monitoring and data flow from wearables.
Automatic data and report generation to bridge the gap in data quality and availability, which supports better planning for the care needs of the patient population.
It is crippling mental anguish that leads a large number of people to attempt something as drastic as suicide and we, as a society, stand witness to it. More can be done as discussed above at the systemic, societal and community levels. This holds true at the individual level as well.
Given under-detection is a big part of the problem, it is important to recognize the warning signs, the key among which include hopelessness, talking about harming oneself and seeking out methods to do so. All of these should be taken seriously and not ignored.
If you suspect a loved one is experiencing suicidal tendencies, ask them upfront if they are considering killing themselves. This can often act as a catalyst to a conversation regarding their concerns. Contrary to popular belief, this will not increase the probability of a suicide attempt. Also remember to keep helpline numbers at hand, remove any lethal weapons/materials from their reach and try not to leave them alone.
At the heart of suicidal tendencies is, often, a mistaken feeling that the conditions the patient is experiencing at the time are bound to continue without end - a hallmark of depression. Pointing out alternate viewpoints to bring about a change in the individual’s perception of his/her reality can be of great help.
Suicide is a public health issue of stark proportions that brings terrible and relentless pain to victims, survivors and loss survivors alike. Digital health technology, together with systemic reform and grassroots action, could prove to be the turning point in helping individuals gain access to effective care and timely interventions that support their return to a healthy mind.
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0.99994 |
Johnny Depp is the Best screen actor in years.
I have seen the film five times and each time I see something else to laugh at. The movie started out with a clever tale which took a wide eyed small boy down the trail to adventure and we went with him. From the moment the director called "action " we were on a wild ride of comedy, drama and breath taking scenery, thrilling actin shots and the real star of "Lone Ranger" and that was Johnny Depp the hilarious and incomparable "Tonto".
Johnny Depp was the reason I saw it five times. I like a film that has a story and is fun for the movie goer.
"Some Like It Hot ".
I put off seeing the Lone Ranger until recently because of the mixed reviews but I was pleasantly surprised. It was a fun movie!
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0.999902 |
Many people enjoy steak. However, not every person understands exactly how to properly select or cook a steak. When looking to buy the best steak, the consumer is flooded with a huge number of steak options. It is enough to make even the most basic shopping trip confusing!
Actually, just remember there are two main factors to consider when choosing the best steak. The first one is the grade, which refers to the quality of the steak based on its age and marbling. The second factor is the cut of the steak, or where on the animal it came from. The right cut of the steak can mean the difference between a great or subpar meal.
The more a particular muscle is used during a steer’s lifetime, the less tender a steak from that particular muscle will be. Conversely, the less a given muscle is used, the tenderer it will be. For example, the loin or backstrap cut will be tenderer than a chuck or round steak, since it is used far less during the steer’s life. As a result, a loin or backstrap cut will be ideal portion of muscle for a steak. The below section discusses the top five best steak cuts every steak lover should know.
Where It's Cut From: The front part of the longissimus dorsi muscle that exists between ribs 6 and 12. It can also include spinalis muscle, depending on how far along the ribcage towards the head the cut is.
What It Tastes Like: Considered by many to be the best cut of steak, it is extremely flavorful with a high degree of marbling and a large section of fat. The rib eye is one of the richest, beefiest cuts available for making steaks. The longissimus dorsi muscle will have a smooth grain while the spinalis section will have more fat and looser grain.
Where It's Cut From: The psoas major muscle, which is located around the kidney area.
What It Tastes Like: Very tender with a slightly buttery texture. However, it is very low in fat, which means it will be less juicy and have fewer flavors. Therefore, unless you specifically desire a cut that is low in fat or desire tenderness over any other quality in a steak, another type of cut may be more suitable for a steak.
Where It's Cut From: The longissimus dorsi muscle, which is located just behind the ribs.
What It Tastes Like: Moderately tender of muscle grain and texture. However, it has relatively good marbling for more flavors. It is not as bold tasting as rib eye, but with fewer fat pockets, it is easy to trim and cook. As a result, it is a common cut served in steakhouses.
Where It's Cut From: The T-bone cut consists of two cuts: one part of it is tenderloin and the other part strip. Each cut is separated by the T-shaped bone, hence the name of this cut. T-bone steaks are cut from the front end of the short loan primal, but only contain a small portion of tenderloin.
What It Tastes Like: The tenderloin cut tastes like tenderloin while the strip cut tastes like strip.
Where It's Cut From: The porterhouse and T-bone are essentially the same cut of steak. And it is usually referred to "king of the T-bone." However, a porterhouse cut contains more tenderloin than the T-bone cut. Porterhouse cuts are from the rear end of the short loin.
What It Tastes Like: Like the T-bone, it has two cuts of steak that taste like their respective cuts: the tenderloin cut tastes like tenderloin while the strip cut tastes like strip. Generally, porterhouse steaks are very large, being at least 20 ounces or more. As a result, it is the perfect steak to share with other dinner guests.
Now that you have a basic understanding of the five top steak cuts, here are some recipes to try and take advantage of your newfound knowledge. These will be some of the best steaks you have ever had.
Combine all ingredients into a bowl (except the steaks) and mix together to create a wet rub.
Apply the wet rub generously to both sides of each steak, allowing the steaks to sit for at least two minutes.
Place steaks on a cooking surface on medium-high heat for approximately two minutes per side.
After each side has been grilled for two minutes, reduce heat to medium and continue grilling each steak for another 10-15 minutes until they reach the desired level of doneness.
Combine black pepper, white pepper, sea salt flakes and chili powder into a bowl to create the dry rub.
Apply the dry rub liberally to each side of the steaks.
Lower the heat to medium, then continue cooking the steaks for another 5-7 minutes or until they have reached the desired level of doneness.
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0.992803 |
Why you should care about time-under-tension training.
Time-under-tension, or TUT, training can help you maintain and gain muscle as you age, improve form, and sustain joint health. You can achieve TUT by moving weight slowly or by simply holding at the peak contraction.
Extending the length of your sets may be the best and most underutilized way to build slabs of muscle.
For older lifters and newbies, start by focusing on the lowering phase—this improves stability, strength, and motor control. For pulling moves, like the lat pulldown, pull the weight to your chest very slowly.
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0.999425 |
What is a Teacher’s Aide?
A teacher's aide is is an individual who was hired to work under the direction of a classroom teacher either with multiple children or one individual. The required amount of education and experience will vary depending on the who is hiring, what skills are required and what type of classroom he or she will be working in. While some teachers are able to meet with and train their aides ahead of time, it is not uncommon for the first meeting to occur when school is in progress.
Establishing her general role in the classroom can help avoid conflict later in the school year. For example, discussing what situations you are okay with her making independent education choices for the student or students she will be working with and when you want her to consult you first will allow you both to be clear. Another issue to figure out in the beginning is what role they will play in communicating with the parents. Often times an aide will ride a school bus with the students and therefore interact with the students parents on a daily basis. Specific topics of discussion that you would prefer to only involve you should be mentioned to avoid a situation that will be hard to fix later. Organization is also required to make sure that the aide can come in each day and work without having to have direct instruction during one of the busiest times of the day, when students first arrive. Maintaining a known schedule will make this possible and allow everyone to work together.
When working with autistic kids, there are some techniques that are beneficial such as how to properly reward good behavior, setting up and following schedules and actual teaching through applied behavioral analysis or other methods. Although, these might seem like straightforward things to a teacher that has experience, it is likely that the teacher's aide is coming into the job with different experience. Providing proper instruction and the reasons behind why you want things done a certain way will allow the teacher's aide to do the job you need from her. For things that need to be done in an exact way, such as ABA instruction, behavior plans and data collection, it might be necessary to provide formal training and follow-up observation to insure that it is done properly.
Working with autistic children can be a stressful job that sometimes is difficult to handle. By working together, you can help each other through difficult times while having a productive year. In order to make the most out of the school year, be respectful of your teachers aide, and treat them as you would any co-worker. Be sure to listen to their concerns and suggestions and follow through whenever possible.
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0.981348 |
Do the Falls actually freeze?
Well, technically no. Though it is a trick question, to the eye it might look as though they do. During particularly cold temperatures, the mist and spray begin to form a crust of ice over top of the rushing water, making it appear as though the Falls have in fact stopped. However, the water continues to flow underneath the sheets of ice.
With each winter that brings a majority of days with temperatures below zero, the phenomenon known as the ice bridge usually forms. Often in January, during a mild spell followed by a strong southwest wind, ice breaks up and travels down the Niagara River and over the Falls. This wet ice is then forced up out of the water below the Falls where it freezes into a huge mass, taking the appearance of a glacier; with the potential of building up to an incredible height of ten stories!
Beginning in the 1880s, it became a popular pastime to gather on the ice for entertainment and to enjoy refreshments served out of outdoor huts set up on the frozen surface. This continued until 1912, when an unfortunate mishap during a particularly mild spell led three people to their deaths, ending the era of public access onto the ice bridge.
During the wintertime, 75% of the water flowing from Lake Erie along the Niagara River is diverted approximately one kilometre before the Falls through tunnels and canals for hydro-electric purposes and is returned back into the lower Niagara River. As a result, the “winter flow” or the volume of water that rushes over Niagara Falls throughout the winter months, is approximately 85 million litres every minute. In contrast, from April 1 through to October 31, approximately 50% of the water is diverted, resulting in the summer flow, which is generally measured at 170 million litres of water every minute.
Before 1964, ice would float each winter from Lake Erie along the Niagara River, seriously impeding power diversions and damaging shoreline installations and bridges. Beginning in 1964, the use of an “ice boom” at the source of the river has controlled potential damage caused by floating ice. The 2.7 km (1.7 mile) long boom is made of floating 30foot long steel pontoons and is placed between the town of Fort Erie and the city of Buffalo to hold the ice back.
Have you noticed that the American Falls appear to be more “frozen” than the Horseshoe Falls? This is because the American Falls only receive about 7% of the Niagara River flow (with the rest going over the Horseshoe Falls). With less water going over the Falls, there is greater opportunity for ice to build up, giving the appearance of “Frozen Falls”.
Has the Falls ever stopped?
It’s hard to imagine anything could stop the gigantic rush of water over the Falls, yet records show it happened once. For 30 long, silent hours in March 1848, the river ceased its flow. High winds set the ice fields of Lake Erie in motion and millions of tons of ice became lodged at the source of the river, blocking the channel completely. Local inhabitants, accustomed to the sound of the river, heard an eerie silence and those who were brave enough, walked or rode horses over the exposed basin. The self-made dam held the water back until a shift allowed the pent-up weight of water to break through. The annual installation of the ice boom has prevented this from happening since that time.
Niagara Falls is a natural wonder that appeals to the visual senses and provides an exhilarating experience, and at no time is this more evident than in the winter. As a fourseason destination, showcasing the natural wonders of the Canadian Niagara River Corridor to the world, from the blooming beauty of spring, the lush greenery of summer, to the vibrant foliage of the fall. However, in winter, the power of the crushing Niagara River make itself only more prominent, miniature glaciers build in the Niagara Gorge, and the frigid mist coats the surrounding landscape in ice, creating a truly inspiring, natural and magical winter wonderland.
Enjoy this seasonal experience with Niagara Parks, either up close at attractions like our Canadian Signature Experience, Journey Behind the Falls, or from the warmth of our Queen Victoria Place Restaurant, directly overlooking the American Falls and featuring a locally sourced FeastON certified menu.
From Lake Erie to Lake Ontario, find out why Niagara Parks is a renowned destination for cyclists from around the world.
Just because you're short on time doesn't mean you have to be short on adventure. Here is a great way to spend the day in Niagara Parks, including some must-see experiences.
Every day after dark, Niagara Falls comes to life with sights, sounds and experiences to last a lifetime.
Learn about the history of Table Rock Centre, the iconic building next to the Horseshoe Falls.
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0.991961 |
The first volunteers for what was to become Underwater Demolition Team THIRTEEN originated from the Sea Bee Unit at Camp Peary, Virginia, where they had already received basic training in demolition work. The remainder of the complement were received from various types of duty.
Assembling at Fort Pierce, Florida in early July 1944, the outfit was organized into units composed of one officer and five men. Upon conclusion of the rugged training program the small units were amalgamated to form Team THIRTEEN of which Lieutenant Commander J. MORANZ was the Commanding Officer and Lieutenant (jg) D.M. WALKER was the Executive Officer.
On 3 October in compliance with orders, the team proceeded to Camp Shoemaker, California where it arrived on the 10th. Embarking on the U.S.S. GENERAL PATRICK (AP-151) for Maui, T.H., the team arrived at Pearl Harbor, Oahu, T.H. on 19 October. Two days later, transported on an LCI, it was landed at the Demolition Base, Maui, T.H.
Here, an intensive training program, which stressed reconnaissance, was undertaken. Then, on January 1945 orders were received to embark upon the U.S.S. BARR (APD-47) for the island of Ulithi. From there, the ship went to Saipan which was the staging area for the operation against Iwo Jima.
Reaching its destination on 14 February, the BARR was ordered to the eastern side of the island where Team THIRTEEN was to erect a navigational light on Higashi lwa, an islet about 4000 yards offshore. In spite of heavy enemy fire, which the BARR soon succeeded in silencing the three officers and fifteen men assigned to the task were successful in carrying out their mission without a casualty.
D minus 2, 17 February, found the team conducting reconnaissance of Green Beach #1 on the east side of Iwo, and of Purple Beach #1 on the west side of the island. Both were about five hundred yards in length and under the northern shadow of Mount Suribachi. The information accumulated disclosed there were no mines nor obstacles, either man made or natural, present thus rendering any demolition work unnecessary. It may be added here that enemy fire throughout was intense; so intense that if it had not been for the gallant and continuous fire support of the Destroyers and LCI(G)'s assigned, Team THIRTEEN would probably not have been able to survive. Although many of the LCI(G)'s suffered badly, the swimmers and LCPR's escaped without casualty. On Green Beach #1, Captain HANLON, aboard the Underwater Demolition Teams' flagship U.S.S. GILMER (APD-11), ordered the firing of white phosphorous shells in order to give the returning swimmers a protective smoke screen.
The next day, the navigational light had to be reestablished on Higashi lwa by members of the team. This was accomplished successfully.
From D-Day until D plus 9 Day, one or more of the platoons aided the Beachmasters in directing landing waves and particularly in salvage work on the eastern beaches of the island. Meanwhile on D plus 5 Day, a few members assisted the Hydrographic Department in placing a navigational light on the slope of Mount Suribachi. Throughout the entire operation, despite grave risks and concentrated enemy fire, the team received no casualties.
Receiving orders to proceed to Guam, the BARR left Iwo Jima on 28 February, arriving at their destination on 7 March. Here the team replenished its equipment and enjoyed a well earned liberty. 11 March saw the BARR heading for Ulithi once again. During their week on this island, the members of the team engaged in more training; repaired damaged equipment and enjoyed liberty.
In the company of a huge fire support task force, the BARR left Ulithi on 20 March to transport Team THIRTEEN to Okinawa Gunto for that operation. The plan was for the team to reconnoiter Kerama Rhetto, a group of small islands lying fifteen miles to the West of the main island of Okinawa, so the Army wished to secure these before the main invasion for use as refueling and repair bases.
Consequently, on the morning of 25 March Team THIRTEEN conducted a reconnaissance of Orange Zebra Beach, on the southern tip of Tokashika Shimma, following this with a similar operation off Purple Zebra Beach on the western side of the same island in the afternoon. Using axle grease for protection against the 70 degree Fahrenheit temperature of the water, the swimmers encountered only sporadic rifle fire, sustaining no casualties. No demolition work was considered necessary; natural channels being properly buoyed and charts prepared. Team THIRTEEN's next task, the blasting of a channel on Keise Shima so that LSM's could land heavy artillery for pre-invasion bombardment, was completed after three days work on 30 March. Fortunately, once again no casualties were suffered.
On 3 April, transferred from the BARR to the U.S.S. WAYNE (APA), Team THIRTEEN was happy to be on its way back to Maui via Guam and Pearl Harbor as the Kamikaze attacks were becoming increasingly severe off Okinawa. At Maui, the team helped in training the newly formed Team TWENTY-NINE, until on 2 August, it was ordered to Oceanside, California.
The advent of the atomic bomb, causing the Japanese surrender proposals, also terminated any program for cold water training. Instead, in conjunction with the majority of the teams there, Team THIRTEEN prepared to go to sea. Before departing however, it was reorganized. Both Lieutenant Commander MORANZ and Lieutenant WALKER left as a consequence of which Lieutenant Commander F.D. FANE entered as Commanding Officer and Lieutenant (jg) R.E. GLEASON became Executive Officer. There were also changes among the other officers and men. As a unit of Demolition Squadron ONE, the team embarked upon the U.S.S. BURDO (APD-133), sailing for Pearl Harbor, Oahu, T.H. on 16 August.
There the team remained ten days taking on supplies. On 1 September, the BURDO departed for Saipan which she reached twelve days later. The next stop was Sasebo, Kyushu, Japan which she reached on 21 September. After reporting to the 5th Amphibious Force, the team conducted a reconnaissance of the harbor's dock areas. Further scouting and reconnoitering were continued for three days with liberty ashore on the last.
On 26 September the BURDO left Sasebo with final destination as San Diego, California. Intermediate stops were made at Guam and Pearl Harbor, after which she reached San Diego on 19 October. From that time forward, Team THIRTEEN was stationed at the Amphibious Training Base, Coronado, California while it went through the throes of decommissioning, a process which was completed on 3 November 1945.
TEAM ROSTERS - To protect the integrity of the Teams and the privacy of individual frogmen, Team rosters are not made public. If you or your relative was a member of UDT Team Thirteen and you would like further information, we suggest you contact the UDT-SEAL Museum.
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0.998511 |
Use these settings to configure Microsoft Outlook Express to check your email.
Remember to replace "username" with your actual username, and replace "yourname.com" with your actual domain name.
1. Start Outlook. Select "Accounts" from the Tool menu.
2. Select the "Add" button and choose "Mail".
3. Enter your real name in the "Display name" text box.
4. Click the "Next" button to continue.
5. Enter your email address (in the form of [email protected]) in the "email address" text box. Click the "Next" button to continue.
6. Enter the incoming mail server name (in the form of mail.yourname.com) in the "Incoming mail (POP3 or IMAP) server" text box.
7. Enter the outgoing mail server name (in the form of mail.yourname.com) in the "Outgoing mail (SMTP) server" text box.
8. Click the "Next button" to continue.
9. Select POP3 or IMAP from the "my incoming mail server is a" drop-down menu.
10. Enter your email username and password.
11. Enter your account name (in the form of: username.yourname.com) in the "Account name" text box.
12. Enter your account password in the "Password" text box. Your password is hidden for security reasons.
13. Click the "Next" button to continue.
14. Enter your connection type and click the "Next" button to continue.
15. Click the "Finish" button.
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0.999992 |
Mel B's mother Andrea Brown has taken to social media to praise her daughter for sharing her battle with PTSD with the world.
Mel B's mother Andrea Brown is ''so proud'' of her daughter for opening up about her battle with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).
The 43-year-old Spice Girl - who got back in touch with her estranged mother in 2017 after they fell out several years ago - has the full support of her parent after she revealed she is planning to check into rehab after reaching ''crisis point''.
Mel re-tweeted a message from Andrea praising her for facing her ''demons head on''.
The post read: ''I am so proud of my daughter. She has the courage to face her demons head on and deal with them.
''I know what hell she has been through and I know what trauma she suffered and still suffers.
''Do not judge because so many people have PTSD and try and number the pain any way they can.
The 'America's Got Talent' judge - who has children Phoenix, 19, Angel, 11, and six-year-old Madison from previous relationships - is preparing to enter a British facility in the next few weeks to get help after being diagnosed with the condition and admitted she had been drinking heavily following a turbulent period in her life, including the death of her father Martin Brown and her split and subsequent messy divorce battle from Stephen Belafonte, who she accused of being abusive.
She said: ''The past six months have been incredibly difficult for me.I've been working with a writer on my book, 'Brutally Honest', and it has been unbelievably traumatic reliving an emotionally abusive relationship and confronting so many massive issues in my life from the death of my dad to my relationship with men.
''I've also been through more than a year of court battles which have left me financially battered and at the mercy of the legal system, which is completely weighted against emotionally abused women because it's very hard to prove how someone took away all your self-respect and self-worth.
''I am being very honest in my book about drinking to numb my pain but that is just a way a lot of people mask what is really going on.
''I am fully aware I am at a crisis point. No-one knows myself better than I do. But I am dealing with it.
Mel hopes being candid about her own struggles will help other people.
She added: ''I am still struggling. But if I can shine a light on the issue of pain, PTSD and the things men and women do to mask it, I will do.
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0.975015 |
The snow crunches beneath her paws as she laboriously pushes forward in the storm. Forest trees surround her in the dark, her silver fur glints under the crescent moon, her eye sharp and gray, cunning like the edge of a blade, cruel, like the taunting glint of a diamond one cannot have. Marred flesh cover the spot where her other eye used to be, a reminder of the past that never seems to go away. She is blinded by the ice cold rain, slicing into her back like a million tiny hooks piercing through her skin. She stumbles in the snow, her stick-thin limbs unable to hold her own weight, and the hooks on her back pull, yank, dragging jagged lines across her back. She focuses her eyes on the village she is heading to, pushing through the pain and fatigue and slowly, painstakingly, making her way towards the brightly glowing dot in the distance.
She turns to look back at where she came from, her pawprints already disappearing in the snow. Once again, she starts to doubt her decision, glancing at the empty spaces beside her. If her wolf pack were here then they would help her up when she stumbles, lend her a hand and lead her to safety. Together. If her wolf pack were here then they would help her up, only to push her back down, harder, lend her a hand with a gentle smile and lead her to the edge of a cliff. They would watch with a wicked grin as she topples over, plummeting into the welcoming arms of death, down and down until her body hits the jagged rocks below, her bones splintered, her scarlet blood splattered onto the slick rocks. And then the ocean would do its work and the waves would wash her away, cleaning up the mess, already forgotten.
At least this is what she would do. Push yourself up so you can push others down. Rise before they rise before you. Rise, and to rise alone. The whispers giggle in her head, tiny claws sinking into her brain, poisoning it with a shade not quite black. However, the whispers are the only voices she has heard in days, and their invisible presence is a burden that lifts her up instead of weighing her down.
Nearby, a frozen bush rustles. The white wolf swivels her head in that direction. She hears the sound of snow crunching under paw or feet, and the soft, panicked breaths from her victim…or are there more than one? Her sharp gray eye twitches, and she silently stalks towards the bush. Her hind legs bend, ready for action.
A blur of animal skin darts away from the bush. The desperation for food gives her a burst of energy, and the wolf strikes. Aiming for the neck, her sharp claws piercing through the layers of leather and into its soft skin. She realizes that it was a young girl hiding behind the bush, now skewered by her claws, her screams echoing through the dark, silent night. The girl has silver hair that shines under the moonlight, shifting like the shadows. But what surprises the white wolf the most are the angry red scars covering the skin where her left eye used to be. She looks just like me.
The girl’s friend, the other noise from the bush, manages to get away, desperately running and screaming back towards the village, already forgetting his dying friend. This is what friends do: They leave you behind and cast you out when you need them the most, the whispers giggle excitedly, Go on, finish the job!
The white wolf looks into the girl’s dull gray eye, already draining of life, filled with terror and stupid hope that she will live. The wolf steels her heart, flicking away the silver of vulnerability that had claimed her earlier, then sinks her fangs in the soft flesh of the girl’s neck. She feels the veins and arteries burst as she bites, the sweet, warm trickle of blood running into her mouth. She can’t deny the satisfaction, the delicious smell of blood in the middle of ice.
The white wolf watches as the girl’s bright blue eyes go vacant, their luster dimmed. She could feel the girl’s heartbeat slowing until there is nothing but silence in the dark night. She is once again alone. Good.
The white wolf then drags the body out of the woods, towards the village. Yessss, you did it. Now you can show them who is in control, the whispers say. The wolf grins, and the vengeful darkness in her heart churns, the chittering of the whispers louder, pushing her forward, as she takes step after step, each one closer to ultimate justice revenge.
Once upon a time, a white wolf had a family, a lover, and a pack of friends. Then they betrayed her, and she destroyed them all. The white wolf stopped before the village, let go of the body in her mouth, tilted her head back and howled, long and great and filled with hatred and fury. Now the villagers know. Know she is the enemy, the beast let out of its cage. She is the White Wolf, and she is not afraid.
Once upon a time, there was a little girl and a little boy who were best friends forever. The little girl once had golden hair and blue eyes before they took it from her, stole her left eye and gave her silver hair. The little boy was unmarked, smooth and beautiful and normal. They grew up together in a cozy village surrounded by the great forest in the South, and the unfathomable ocean in the North. They would always pretend to be magical hunters in the woods, running around, giggling with their sticks as swords, their stones as fireballs. On one unfortunate night, the girl and the boy were playing in the woods, but this time it was different, there was a colder chill in the air. Something was wrong. They hid behind a bush, hoping whatever it was, it would go away soon. For a second, it seems as if their hoping had worked, but then the beast strikes, sinking its claws into the girl’s chest, her screams piercing through the night. The attacker was a huge white wolf with a shining silver coat and one eye, it’s vicious fangs gleaming under the moonlight. Out of terror and disbelief, the little boy got up and ran, too afraid to meet his friend’s dying pleading gaze. Later that night, the wolf emerged from the forest, with the dead girl with silver hair and one eye in its jaws, its eyes two veiled storms of hatred and fury. The wolf drops the girl carelessly to the ground before the village, tilts it’s head up and howled, long and great and filled with hatred and fury. Now the villagers know, know the white wolf who killed the monster marked girl. Now they will build a wall around the village, to keep the monsters out, and the children in.
The reflection of a whole moon flickers and rolls on the glassy surface of the ocean, sifting with the gentle waves. The night is without stars, the utter blackness of night overwhelming. Dreary clouds drift lazily over the moon, leaving only the outline visible. Stray fragments of light peeking out from the clouds color the night a hazy gray. A lone wolf sits still on the rocky seashore, her glazed eye fixed on the hidden moon. Her silver coat gleams under the light, ever shifting in a million shades of gray.
Deep inside her mind, darkness rises and pools on the clean white tiles of the floor. It is a dark liquid, not quite black, but in-between the shades of gray. The darkness slowly rises, the puddle quickly turning into a river, flooding the hallway. Rings of water expand on the surface as the whispers pound on the doors, their hushed voices taunting: Let us out! Don’t let them in! The doors quiver. The whispers chitter excitedly, waiting for the moment of release. They keep going. Why do you care about them? Fool. We were here for you when they were not. We encouraged you when they pushed you down. So let us out! Let us out! The door splinters, the whispers are almost free. Their screaming overlap one another, the noise bounces off of the walls, every door in the hallway breaking, giving in to the whispers’ demand.
Meanwhile, the darkness flooding the hallway still rises, threatening to drown their screaming. The hallways are now filled with screeches, a mix of wailing and moaning and the anguished sound of suffering. The soundtrack of old memories meant buried deep in the hallways, lost with the turns and dead ends, sealed up tight with 3 doors and 13 locks, now reverberate off of the walls, roaming free in the hallways that were meant to keep them in. The whispers claw at their doors, screaming, crying, begging to come out. With a final crack, the doors burst and the whispers finally break free from their rooms, plunging into the cold darkness, free at last.
Back on the seashore, the white wolf stays still. The waves creep slowly towards the rocky shoreline before running away, the water beating peacefully against the jagged rocks. The clouds pass over the moon, no longer obscuring it, and full moonlight shines on the water, awaking something deep inside. A low rumble shakes the shoreline, and the waves beat against the jagged rocks with crushing force, the rhythmic sound like drums of war pounding in the dead of night.
A soft breeze shakes the white wolf’s fur, and a long, low whistle travels through the wind. Voices rise from the black ocean, carried by the wind. Tears not quite black, but in-between the shades of gray, fill the white wolf’s glazed eye, still fixed on the moon. Tendrils of darkness swirl inside the teardrop, and soft hisses vibrate from it. The tears drip from her snout and fall onto the rocks, bursting when they hit the ground, turning into a small puddle that has its own voice. They hiss and chitter, speaking nonsense or order, but whatever they are saying, it had caused the wolf to stir. She moves. Gets up and leaves her perch on the rocky seashore. She walks towards the ocean, closer and closer still. The voices and whispers grow louder and louder, cheering her on. Her paws touch the water. The coldness seeps into her fur, leeching onto her bones, it’s small claws gripping and stabbing, never planning to let go. The white wolf steps deeper into the ocean, eye still fixed on the luminous moon. The water rises to her chest, the voices and whispers screaming for her to go on. The water rises to her snout, to her unblinking eye. She goes under. And stays. The voices and whispers stop, the waves once again gentle, the moon less bright, the air still. The night resumes back to its hazy gray.
But wolves can’t breathe in the water.
Inside my mind, darkness rises and pools on the clean white tiles of the hallway. It is a dark liquid, not quite black, but in-between the shades of gray. It turns from a puddle into a river, chasing me as I try to escape. The darkness touches my bare foot. It is ice, cold like the whispers that haunt you in your sleep, like the monsters hiding under your bed, like the vicious darkness within that waits with open jaws to swallow you whole. The darkness rises to my ankle, my knees, my waist, my shoulders, and finally it pushes me under. I try to swim up, but already I am drowning. The walls of the hallway disappear, replaced by an infinite blackness. I realized I am in the ocean and the waves are dragging me down, and the hands of darkness are claiming me and all the life boats are deflating and all the buoys are sinking and I can’t swim and I won’t swim I am sinking… I am dying in the never-ending hallway of my own mind, swept up in the chaos of darkness. I will not die I will die. Because they have bound my wrists and ankles together, threw me in the ocean to drown. Because I am trapped in a rusty metal cage 204 meters down, and I can’t break out. I’m plummeting into a dark place, an empty world. I’m a feature in the current, submerged until I’m all gone.
When will I be free? I often wonder this, sitting in the middle of my glass cage bubble with a porcelain mask over my face. People walk around my bubble, ignoring it because I am invisible because they have other things to attend too. Occasionally, a person or two would stop by and peer into my glass bubble, smiling or just simply curious at what is inside. But for most of the time, I am left alone with my thoughts, with the doubt and hatred creeping up, stepping out of the shadows when the sun goes down.
Why am I such a coward? Why can I shatter this glass cage? Why do I always live in the fear of hurting myself when I break out? That the glass will slice my skin and I will bleed and die? Because there is always a thief, a thief who will steal all the stars that light up your sky, until you are surrounded by darkness, forever alone. The whispers battle with their words, stabbing and hurting, waging war with the bit of light in my being.
I stand up from my seat in the cage. Today is the day, where I will not back down and I will not let the whispers empower me ever again. I walk towards the glass and pound on it with all my might, each blow of my hands creating web-like cracks on the glass. It’s stupid really, to think this 1 cm piece of glass is separating me from a life. I pound and scream and kick for days, until I lose track, until my throat is parched and raw, hands red and bloody, feet swollen and oozing…But I will not give up; I will break free.
At last, the prison shatters, the glass that seemed so menacing and sharp, now a glittering confetti shower, catching the light from the setting sun. I breathe in and out, and step over the threshold.
Outside is an unfiltered world. I don’t see it through the glass, not ever again, but I see the truth. And it’s breathtaking. Beautiful. I try to take another step forward, to savor the precious moments of freedom, but I can’t.
It starts with a tingling in my heart. Then a numbing cold seizes my body, captures me in its frozen embrace. I can’t move, my feet stuck on the ground just outside of my prison. My heart feels like it’s turning into stone, hardening and cracking before finally splitting in half. Then sensations come flooding in. A whole river. An ocean, bursting into my body. Pain grips my throat, choking me, strangling me until I can’t breathe. My body turns colder. I claw to stay in the warmth of my conscious mind, my nails digging and scratching and finding purchase, but I lose my grip and plunge into the depths of my callous heart…And then a burst of a blackness so dark and vicious jolts me awake, blowing up from my chest, and into the approaching night beyond.
It was the darkness that saved me at the end. The darkness that is now part of the night, the shadows, the darkest corners of the universe. My mask shatters, falling from my face and breaking into a million pieces. They catch on fire as the sun disappears, the last bit of warmth fading away. I stand alone, with the shattered remains of my mask, the last embers winking out of existence. I look back at the prison that once held me in fear, now broken, the glass a harmless pile of confetti at my feet. For once maybe I am free. I am not afraid to break out of my glass prison. I am alone I am an individual. I need help to break free I am strong, and I will rise. Alone.
Somewhere in the night, a white wolf howls, long and great and filled with joy. She is alone in the night, silver fur shifting with the shadows. She is alone, and free.
Somewhere in the shadows, a darkness not quite black, but in-between the shades of gray, slithers down the rocky beach. Whispers call at its wake, a trail of moaning and suffering waiting to infect someone else. The darkness slithers to meets the wailing ocean, calling for its lost child. It gingerly sinks in, finally, ultimately, returning home.
Somewhere in one of the rooms in her mind, or a rusty metal cage 204 meters down, she is continuing to fill her paper with breathings of her heart. She is still fighting the whispers coming from the other rooms, banging on the doors to be let out, still trying to swim when the hallways are flooded. She is trying to be oblivious to her peer’s protests about her writing. But she is trying. Trying to not hide the scars that make her beautiful, the vicious darkness within. And sometimes, trying is all that matters in this bleak world. She could be the weak little girl with silver hair and a lost eye, or the ferocious white wolf—but she still doesn’t know. And perhaps that is the beauty in living a life.
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0.972778 |
Follow the following to use the icemaker properly.
A. Be sure to discard the first few harvests of cubes as there might be impurities from the water lines.
B. Dispense a few cubes of ice every few hours for the first few days,this prevents the ice from clumping in one spot in the bucket and helps distribute the cubes evenly. Ice clumping in onespot can cause the icemaker to stop even though the bucket is not full.
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0.971385 |
If you’re looking to implement a big data project, you’re probably deciding whether to go with Apache Spark SQL or Apache Drill. This article can help you decide which query tool you should use for the kinds of projects you’re working on.
Spark SQL is simply a module that lets you work with structured data using Apache Spark. It allows you to mix SQL within your existing Spark projects. Not only do you get access to a familiar SQL query language, you also get access to powerful tools such as Spark Streaming and the MLlib machine learning library.
Spark uses a special data structure called a DataFrame that represents data as named columns, similar to relational tables. You can query the data from Scala, Python, Java, and R. This enables you to perform powerful analysis of your data rather than just retrieving it. But it’s even more powerful when extracting data for use with the machine learning library. With MLlib, you can perform sophisticated analyses, detect credit card fraud, and process data coming from servers.
As with Drill, Spark SQL is compatible with a number of data formats, including some of the same ones that Drill supports: Parquet, JSON, and Hive. Spark SQL can handle multiple data sources similar to the way Drill can, but you can funnel the data into your machine learning systems mentioned earlier. This gives you a lot of power to analyze multiple data points, especially when combined with Spark Streaming. Spark SQL serves as a way to glue together different data sources and libraries into a powerful application.
Apache Drill is a powerful database engine that also lets you use SQL for queries. You can use a number of data formats, including Parquet, MongoDB, MapR-DB, HDFS, MapR-FS, Amazon S3, Azure Blob Storage, Google Cloud Storage, Swift, NAS, and more.
You can use data from multiple data sources and join them without having to pull the data out, making Drill especially useful for business intelligence.
The ability to view multiple types of data, some of which have both strict and loose schema, as well as being able to allow for complex data models, might seem like a drag on performance. However, Drill uses schema discovery and a hierarchical columnar data model to treat data like a set of tables, independently of how the data is actually modeled.
Almost all existing BI tools, including Tableau, Qlik, MicroStrategy, Spotfire, SAS, and even Excel, can use Drill’s JDBC and ODBC drivers to connect to it. This makes Drill very useful for people already using BI and SQL databases to move up to big data workloads using tools they’re already familiar with.
Drill’s JDBC driver lets BI tools access Drill. JDBC lets developers query large datasets using Java. This has a similar advantage that using ANSI SQL does: lots of developers are already familiar with Java and can transfer their skills to Drill.
One of Drill’s biggest strengths is its ability to secure databases at the file level using views and impersonation.
Views within Drill are the same as those within relational databases. They allow a simplified query to hide the complexities of the underlying tables. Impersonation allows a user to access data as another user. This enables fine-grained access to the raw data when other members of your team should not be able to view sensitive or secure data.
Views and impersonation are beyond the scope of Apache Spark.
So which query engine should you choose? As always, it depends. If you’re mainly looking to query data quickly, even across multiple data sources, then you should look into Drill. If you want to go beyond querying data and work with data in more algorithmic ways, then Spark SQL might be for you. You can always test both out by playing around in your own Sandbox environment, which lets you play around with these powerful systems on your own machine.
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0.928369 |
Nondisclosure Agreements, or NDAs, come up all the time in IP law. NDAs have a few very important purposes and functions. Primarily they are used to protect patent and trade secret rights. We’ll discuss how and why we use NDAs today.
A nondisclosure agreement is a contract between two parties where one party has information that they will share with the other in exchange for the other party’s promise to protect that information. I say they promise to protect that information because it is not necessarily a promise to never ever share the info with anyone. It might be a promise to keep a secret themselves, but just as often, it is a promise not to share it with anyone outside of a trusted group.
Lets look at an example: Suppose you have developed a great new health supplement. It's a secret recipe that you spent a fortune developing. Its ready to sell, you just need a manufacturer. How do you make sure nobody takes your recipe that you worked so hard on?
The answer is an NDA. The owner of the manufacturing company signs an NDA with you that protects your proprietary recipe. Obviously, the employees of the manufacturer are also going to need the recipe if they are actually going to make the supplement, so the owner will promise that all the employees also promise not to share the info, and that they all have NDAs with the owner.
In short, every NDA describes a boundary between a private group and the public. The info can never freely flow to the public- it is always kept fenced in, even if the private group is quite large.
NDAs almost always include non-use provisions as well. This means that signees will promise not to use any valuable information they receive for their own profit. Again, in the case of a supplement company, if you bring the recipe to a manufacturer, the manufacturer will also have to promise not to make the supplement to sell themselves. NDAs will generally prevent any competition against the person sharing the information.
Where would we use an NDA?
There are two very important uses of NDAs: protecting patents and trade secrets. We’ll begin with a brief introduction to each. A trade secret is proprietary information that is commercially valuable because it is secret. This can include recipes, customer lists, manufacturing methods- anything that gives a commercial advantage and that the owner takes reasonable steps to keep secret from outsiders. A patent, on the other hand, is information that inventors make public in exchange for a limited period of ownership over that information. The policy behind patents is that we want inventors to share their inventions with the public- we want to add to the pool of public knowledge. A key to this concept is that if you invent something and make it public, you only have a year to claim it in a patent. If you wait too long, the government will say that your invention is already public knowledge, and you no longer have any rights over it.
Why do we need an NDA for trade secrets?
We need NDAs for trade secrets because, as previously mentioned, a trade secret is info that is valuable because it is secret. There are actual laws that protect trade secrets from being stolen. Essentially, a competitor can only steal your trade secret if you are taking reasonable steps to protect it. This is where the NDA comes in. The recipe for a Coca Cola is a trade secret. If another soft drink maker were to somehow surreptitiously gain access to it, they would be breaking the law and would be liable for money damages. Coca Cola has to take steps to keep it a secret to maintain that protection though, so everyone who has access to the recipe has signed an NDA. The NDAs are considered a necessary step to keep information secret in the eyes of the law. NDAs form the foundation for trade secrecy protection.
Why do we need an NDA for Patents?
For patents, NDAs are used to extend the time that an inventor has rights to claim the invention in a filing. Often times the invention and development of a technology is a lengthy process. It could take several years of refinement before a technology is commercially viable. Sometimes an inventor will need to find investors, manufacturers, distributors, or other business relationships as groundwork even prior to filing for patent. Under patent law, as soon as you share your invention with the public, you have exactly one year before you lose all rights to file for a patent on it.
The definition of public under patent law is extremely broad: it includes relatives, close friends, and certainly business acquaintances. Therefore, if an inventor is not yet ready to file for patent, but he needs to discuss the invention with other people, what can the inventor do? He can define who is public and who isn’t. An NDA is used to create a private circle. If a business partner has signed an NDA, you can tell her all about the invention, but it would not be a public disclosure. The NDA lets the inventor keep the invention secret, develop it further, and defer filing for patent until ready to do so.
Early disclosure to investors is the single biggest reason I see inventors losing patent rights. It happens all the time. Usually it happens because inventors don't know there are any legal consequence to sharing their invention. Talking to an IP lawyer early is critical if you are considering sharing your invention with others. Similarly, a trade secret is only a trade secret until it gets shared with the public. It is extremely important to consult an IP attorney if you have proprietary information. Sometimes more than just NDAs are required if you have important trade secrets, and a trade secrecy program should be put in place to protect your business.
What do I do if I need an NDA?
NDAs are not all created equal. Different levels of secrecy and rigidity are called for under different circumstances. Additionally, the laws around trade secrecy regularly evolve and are often enforced under state law, so it is important to understand the trade secrecy laws of your jurisdiction if you need protection. IP lawyers handle NDAs regularly so they don't have to be expensive. A good IP attorney can draft a nondisclosure agreement that meets your specific needs and circumstances.
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The menstrual cycle is a woman's cycle that prepares the body each month for pregnancy. It is controlled by hormonal changes that affect the ovaries and uterus. Your cycle can be described by 3 phases of either the ovaries (follicular, ovulatory, luteal) or the uterus (menstrual, proliferative, secretory). Day 1 of your cycle is counted from the first day of your period. The average cycle length is 28 days but can vary between 21 and 35 days for adult women. The following description is based on a 28 day cycle.
The follicular phase begins with the first day of your period, this is considered day 1 of your cycle. The follicular phase consists of your period as well as the time from when your period ends until ovulation occurs, which is is known as the proliferative phase of the uterus.
The typical period lasts 4-7 days, and is counted from the first day that there is bright red flow. Spotting before your period is not counted. During your period, the lining of the uterus that was present to support a fertilized egg is shed, if pregnancy did not occur.
Hormones: During the first week of your cycle estrogen and testosterone start out at their lowest levels and begin to rise.
Cervical Mucus: During your period you will not notice any cervical mucus.
During this time the pituitary gland secretes a hormone called Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), which stimulates approximately 15-20 follicles to ripen in the ovary. Each one of these follicles contains an egg. As the eggs mature the follicles produce estrogen, which causes the lining of the uterus to start thickening in order to support a pregnancy should the egg become fertilized. High levels of estrogen in the body cause the pituitary to release Luteinizing Hormone (LH), which is the hormone picked up by most ovulation tests. The surge of this hormone causes the largest of the eggs (usually only one, but could be more) to burst from the follicle. This is the beginning of ovulation.
Hormones: Estrogen and testosterone continue to rise this week.
Cervical Mucus: The first week after your period your cervical mucus will be at its driest. Throughout the week it will increase in quantity, but will be sticky, thick and yellow or cloudy in colour. This cervical mucus is not sperm friendly and helps prevent sperm from entering the uterus. As you approach ovulation your cervical mucus will become thinner, stretchier and more watery.
Ovulation is the releasing of the mature egg from the follicle in the ovary. Once the egg is released from the ovary, it is caught up by the end of the fallopian tube and carried towards the uterus, there is a window of just 12-24 hours in which the egg can be fertilized. In ideal conditions sperm can live inside a woman's body for up to 5 days, and may be waiting for the egg. If the egg is not fertilized within approximately 24 hours, it will disintegrate.
Hormones: Rising estrogen levels cause the surge of Luteinizing Hormone which triggers the release of the egg, estrogen levels then dip briefly after ovulation. Progesterone levels rise steadily until implantation occurs or the corpus luteum collapses.
Cervical mucus: The estrogen produced by the ovaries causes the cervical mucus to change. It becomes the consistency of egg whites, thin, clear and stretchy. This mucus is sperm friendly and allows for safe passage of the sperm to the egg for fertilization.
The luteal phase (which is also the secretory phase of the uterus) is named for the corpus luteum, a small yellow mass of cells. It is what remains of the follicle in the ovary once the egg is released. This mass of cells begins to produce progesterone which causes the uterine lining to become thick and spongy; ready to accept the egg should it become fertilized.
Hormones: Estrogen levels drop after ovulation, then rise again. Progesterone produced by the corpus luteum continues to rise.
Cervical mucus: Progesterone also triggers the cervical mucus to once again become thick and sticky, and impenetrable to sperm. Since the egg is only viable for up to 24 hours after release, the body no longer needs to aid in the sperm's journey.
If the egg becomes fertilized it will travel to the uterus and implant in the uterine lining, this journey can take 6-12 days. When implantation has occurred the corpus luteum will continue to produce progesterone to maintain the pregnancy until approximately 12 weeks, when the placenta is well enough developed to take over.
If the egg is not fertilized, or implantation does not occur, the corpus luteum will shrink and hormone levels will drop, triggering the uterus to release the lining and menstruation begins and the cycle starts again.
The corpus luteum can only last for 14 days if it does not begin receiving hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin, also known as the pregnancy hormone) and for this reason women's luteal phases are generally a consistent length. The follicular phase can vary much more, from woman to woman, and from month to month for the same woman, which accounts for women's varying cycle lengths.
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Can DVD retailers file DMCA complaints against website?
DVD retailers are licensed to sell the DVD movies, tv series, etc. locally or online. They aren't the copyright holders. Can they file DMCA complaints against illegal websites offering direct downloads of those DVD titles sold by them? Will their DMCA complaints legally valid?
I'm not quite sure whether you are talking about in the UK/EU or in the USA, as of course DMCA takedown notices only have legal force within the USA. However, whichever it is, both legal systems say that only the copyright owner or their licenced agent may institute civil infringement action, which includes takedown notices. So a mere retailer of copyrighted goods has no authority to issue a bona fide takedown notice, because the notice requires "a physical or electronic signature of a person authorized to act on behalf of the owner of an exclusive right that is allegedly infringed." In the US, anyone issuing a false takedown notice faces a fine of up to $2,500.
If the extent of the infringement activity was large, for example a criminal gang was importing thousands of fake DVDs, then the matter would probably become a criminal matter, in which case the relevant law enforcement agency could also initiate proceedings.
You mention that "DVD retailers are licensed to sell the DVD movies". Yes they may have authority to sell the DVDs etc but they are not licensees of the copyright owner. The most likely licensed agents in the case of big movies will be the major trade bodies like MPAA or the copyright licensing agencies such as MPLC http://www.mplcuk.com/, and their equivalents elsewhere in the world.
Thank you for the advice. I am wondering whether The Internet Crime Complaint Center can be of any help. Sorry, can't post web address yet, please use Google search.
If either you or the DVD retailer were based for business purposes in the USA then maybe the IC3 would have jurisdiction, but from what you have said so far I'm not clear if there has been any alleged criminal act committed. Although they may be able to advise you on the matter I don't think they would want to get involved in civil matters such as copyright.
I am assuming that this is not a hypothetical case, and that you have actually received a DMCA notice via your ISP. If so I would take the matter up with them, as technically speaking the DMCA notice is against them as the person who is hosting your site. But really I would think the first course of action is to write to the retailer who is making the demand/assertion and ask them for evidence that they are authorised to act on behalf of the copyright owner. This sounds to me more like a case of unfair business practice, rather than a straightforward copyright issue. If you are based in the US, you could try the Better Business Bureau for adviice.
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Ice hockey made its first appearance at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. Four years later, what is now known as the first Winter Olympics was held, and an ice hockey event was included. A women's ice hockey event was added to the Olympic program in Nagano 1998. It was also the first time the ice hockey competition was open to professionals. There is currently two gold medals up for grabs in ice hoceky - in men's and women's ice hockey.
The first time Olympic Ice hockey was played was at the Summer Olympics in 1920, with Canada winning the gold medal and the United States second and Czechoslovakia third.
Canada were undefeated in ice hockey for the first four Winter Olympic Games. Canada finally lost their first ice hockey match in 1936, with Great Britain winning the gold medal (though note that almost all of the British players lived in Canada).
In St Moritz in 1948, the American Olympic Committee sent a hockey team, as did the American Hockey Association. As a consequence, the IOC barred both from being considered for a medal.
In 1956 the Soviet Union (USSR) participated in its first ever Winter Olympics, and not only won the gold medal in ice hockey, but won the most medals of all countries.
In Oslo in 1952, the Canadian ice hockey team won their seventh gold medal in eight Olympics - though it was fifty years before they won another.
In Squaw Valley 1960, The U.S. ice hockey team won the gold for the first time, upsetting both the Canadian and Soviet teams.
The Russian ice hockey team won its fourth straight gold medal at Innsbruck in 1976.
In 1980 at Lake Placid, the USA ice hockey team pulled off an upset victory over the heavy favorites USSR in the match now called the 'Miracle on Ice'.
In 1998, the ice hockey competition was open to professionals for the first time. The competition was won by the Czech Republic. Women also competed in ice hockey for the first time. In the inaugural women's ice-hockey tournament, United States defeated arch-rivals Canada 3-1 in the final.
In 2002, the Canadian men's ice hockey team won the gold medal 50 years to the day after the last time they'd done so. The Canadian women's ice hockey team also won, with USA second in both cases. A member of the men's team, Jarome Iginia became the first black male gold medal winner at the Winter Olympics.
In Vancouver 2010, the men's and women's hockey was played on smaller (60 x 26 m vs 60 x 30) NHL-sized ice for the first time, saving the building a new rink.
In 2014, The Canadian men became the first team to win back-to-back gold medals since the Soviet Union won gold at the 1984 and 1988 Olympic Winter Games. Iin the women's tournament, Canada needed overtime to win 3-2 and to give the team its fourth successive Olympic gold.
In April 2017, the NHL announced that their players would not be available for the ice hockey tournament at the 2018 Winter Olympics.
In the women's ice hockey tournament in PyeongChang 2018 there will be a combined Korean team made up of players from North and South Korea.
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March Madness. For those outside the sports world, March Madness refers to the annual spike in “Alt-Tab” key presses, rise in general delinquency at work and school, and discussion between the strength of bears and lions. For everyone else, it also refers to the NCAA annual college basketball national championship tournament where people make selections (“brackets”) in hopes of winning an office pool or bragging right, only to recycle their brackets after the first upset.
It has been my dream to win money via bracket pools and to one day achieve the pipe dream of a perfect bracket. For the 2017 NCAA tournament, I worked over a “similar games” method over the entirety of spring break and produced a 29-3 result in the official Second Round of the tournament and a top-10% finish.
I achieved that successful bracket without any hard rules and research. For this year, I have established hard guidelines and a methodology to lessen any bias in the system. In this article, I will lay out the methodology for my system (using a real game as an example), give an overview of how it has done in the NCAA tournament up to this point, and point to areas of improvement for next year.
My methodology is a “similar games” prediction system. Instead of focusing on average performances over an entire season, I focus on and weight performances based on the similarity of a team’s past opponents to their current opponents. In college basketball, the difference between the best teams and the worst teams is larger than any other American sport due to the high number of teams and disparity of resources between college basketball programs. Thus, it is unfair and misleading to look at a team like the 2016-17 Saint Mary’s Gaels and state that their defensive rebounding is great because they have the 2nd highest defensive rebounding percentage, when the median team they faced was ranked 180th nationwide in offensive rebounding. Averages can be useful for a quick “resume check”, but for an in-depth, accurate look, one must look at specific performances to see whether the averages hold up against quality opposition.
Each are also weighted differently based on their importance to a team’s chances at winning. The originator of the “4F”, prominent basketball statistician Dean Oliver, weighted them at 40%, 25%, 20%, and 15%, respectively. Using additional research for the NBA that suggested different weights, I adjusted the weights to 45%, 30%, 15%, and 10% respectively (note that rebounding and getting to the free throw line combined is not as important as getting turnovers).
I obtain these statistics for every Division 1 basketball team and then calculate the z-scores for each team’s offensive and defensive 4F, along with each team’s adjusted offensive and defensive efficiencies (AdjOE/DE): a metric from kenpom.com that measures the overall quality of a team’s offense and defense (the combo of 4F with the aforementioned KenPom metric will be referred to as “4F+”). Having that, I needed to find a way to measure the similarity between teams’ Four Factor performances.
Simply looking at what opponents had the closest 4F would not be good enough, as raw percentages are affected by quality of opponents. Instead, I decided to run a regression for each 4F. From kenpom.com, I collected game data from the 2017 68 NCAA tournament teams and ran a regression for each 4F, with the 4F from every individual game as the dependent variables and the season-long offensive and defensive 4F+ data from the two teams involved.
I now had a regression equation to predict a team’s (Team X’s) Four Factor statistic using Team X’s offense averages and Team X’s opponent’s (Team Y’s) defense averages. For example, a team’s turnover percentage can be predicted using the regression equation below.
adjust for ease of calculation.
I now have information on how important each 4F+ statistic is on each other as well as season-long 4F+ data on all Division 1 schools and I could now move into matchup analysis.
I will run through my process on the Sweet 16 matchup between Clemson and Kansas as an example of my process in “live-action”.
With 4F+ data on all Division 1 teams, I quickly construct a data sheet with the z-scores of Clemson’s and Kansas’s opposition in the 4F+. I then find Clemson’s and Kansas’s opponents that have similar profiles to the other team using the weights listed above.
For example, the most similar shooting offense that Clemson has faced to Kansas is Virginia Tech. To determine this, I took the absolute value of the difference between their z-scores in the 4F+ and multiply those by the weights listed above to get a number that reflects how close the two shooting offenses are.
This is done with corresponding weights for all 4F. I then identify the most similar teams by multiplying each “difference” by its corresponding overall weight. For example, the shooting difference would be multiplied by .45 and the turnover difference by .3. Doing this, I get a list of teams with offenses and defenses with the closest profiles to their opponent. Through this process, I conclude that the three offenses with the closest profile to Kansas that Clemson has faced are Virginia Tech, Ohio State, and Miami (Florida).
With similar offenses and defenses identified, I estimate points per possession scored or allowed (PPS/A) in the matchup by finding the PPS/A against the similar offenses/defenses. I gather data for as many teams until the sum of weights reaches a certain threshold. Finally, I multiply the individual PPS/A by the weights I assign to them and sum the products to estimate for points per possession (PPP).
To show the result of this process, I obtain PPS/A for Clemson and Kansas on both sides of the ball. I multiply the PPP by the amount of projected possessions. In this case, there are 70 projected possessions, and I average the results to give an amount of points score for each team. There is a slightly heavier weight to offense results due to results from regression.
There is some subjectivity to this system, as I lack hard guidelines for calculating the expected amount of possession. Additionally, I take into account other statistics like A/FGM (assists per field goal made) and FL% (floor percentage), which are proven to be indicators of winning teams, without any way to translate them to PPP values.
For this game, I decided not to switch from my projection after taking other statistics into question. An interesting battle in this game will be Kansas’s shooting vs Clemson’s defense, as Kansas shoots at an above-average clip in games against shooting defenses like Clemson’s, while Clemson has held opponents to a below-average clip in games involving shooting like Kansas’s.
My system this year has gotten crushed. I started off the second round with a 25-7 record, which put me in the top 1% nationally, with predictions of the Buffalo and Loyola-Chicago upsets highlights of my system. Davidson, New Mexico State, Wichita State, and Virginia were my Sweet 16 members that lost in the first round.
At the weekend’s end, only 6 of my Sweet 16 survived, with Houston, Michigan State, and Cincinnati leading the upsets. As the tournament continues, teams that I projected to lose early in the tournament like Kentucky and Duke will hurt my standings as they progress through the tournament. However, I still have two members of my Final Four and the NCG in Villanova and Gonzaga, so there is hope for me to make up ground in my pools.
I take other statistics like A/FGM, BLK%, and “effective height” (a KenPom metric) to account but I have no way to translate that to a win probability or points value. While I do believe these metrics have value (study I have read cites A/FGM and floor percentage (FL%) as important variables for teams that win in March), using them brings a lot of subjectivity to the prediction process.
Teams like Michigan and Kentucky are noted by “top” pundits as teams that do not play as well in the beginning of the year but seem to “get hot” and gather momentum heading into the NCAA tournament. My process weights the first game of the season the same as the last regular season game of the season and thus does not have any way to account for momentum (if that is an actual, statistically-proven phenomenon).
Some players change the game despite the quality of his opposition. Arizona may have gotten knocked out early despite having DeAndre Ayton, but top players like Duke’s Marvin Bagley and Villanova’s Jalen Brunson and Mikal Bridges continue to affect the game in their teams’ favor. My current system does not account for the individuals on each team but focuses on the team through team statistics.
for. In this year’s tournament, Syracuse’s signature 2-3 zone and Loyola-Chicago’s pass-heavy offense have taken the tournament by storm. Solely looking at statistics does not consider playstyle and is another matchup that could be looked at.
My system puts heavy emphasis on rematches from the regular season. Due to the statistical profiles of the opponents being the same (as they are the same team), I put a lot of emphasis on those games’ outcomes. However, games like Butler versus Purdue and Gonzaga versus Ohio State, rematches from the regular season, have come much closer than expected (predicted spread of 12.5 points versus actual outcome of 3 points). The added experience teams have due to direct competition may have different effects that I may not be taken into account currently.
I hope to address these issues, among others, and improve my process from research and regressions in the future. Additionally, I have an additional system that I would like to test out. Due to its more intensive nature I did not run it, though it is similar to my current system. I will leave you with my predictions for the Sweet 16 and future rounds. Anyone who has any comments, questions, or is willing to help me improve and automate this process is more than welcome to contact me at [email protected].
As the tournament progresses, I project that there will be continued uncertainty and excitement. My national champion pick Villanova faces a tough road to escape the East region, while I project Kentucky will have a tough time surviving the South region. Interestingly, I change my Final Four pick from the West region to Michigan from Gonzaga. Regardless, it will be a record-breaking tournament that I will certainly keep track of.
Which NFL Teams Perform Better at Home Games?
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I could give you a brief summary of his life and he was a very accomplished individual, being personal friends with the Bernoulli family (yes, that Bernoulli family), a founder of the Berlin Academy of Sciences, and a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. However, that stuff is fairly typical for an academic career (even though it was a very prestigious one) and pales in comparison to Euler’s contribution to mathematics.
In his career, Leonhard Euler published prolifically. The most common index of his works numbers his papers at 866! That’s crazy! The only person ever to come close in terms of volume is Paul Erdös, but Euler by far outstrips him in terms of the total length of his works. And Euler wrote his alone, while Erdös collaborated for almost all of his.
The reason that I really like Euler, though, is because of a common saying: Euler discovered so much in the field of mathematics that, to avoid naming everything “Euler’s Theory” and such, most of Euler’s discoveries are named after the first person to discover them after Euler. I first read this in college when we learned about Euler’s Method, which is a way to approximate difficult-to-solve calculus equations. It blew my mind.
So how much did Euler contribute to mathematics? It’s hard to truly express how important mathematical discoveries are because they often don’t find real world applications until much later. For example, Leonhard Euler solved the problem of the Seven Bridges of Königsberg, which was a puzzle related to crossing seven bridges in the city of Königsberg only once.
Euler proved it to be impossible. His solution created a new field of mathematics: combinatorics. Combinatorics has massive applications in any kind of network, such as a train system, the internet, social networks, cell phone networks, and so on.
So, Euler’s solution to a seemingly trivial puzzle had massive ramifications for our world. And that’s only one thing he solved. He also contributed heavily to the development of calculus, created the “f(x)” notation for functions, discovered much of the use of logarithms, and worked on finding ways to apply math to real-world situations, among many, many, many other things he did.
So that is why Euler is my favorite mathematician and one of my favorite scientists ever: he was astoundingly brilliant, productive, and a pretty nice guy: “Euler comes across as a modest, inconspicuous, uncomplicated, yet cheerful and sociable person. He was down-to-earth and upright …” How can you not like that?
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Diabetes is one of those diseases that will not discriminate. People can be affected by this disease as a toddler and have to spend their entire life controlling their insulin levels and dietary habits, or it can strike you later in life. If you have diabetes, you need to read these great tips in the text below.
Going for a walk, jog, or run with your dog, is an excellent way to exercise and help keep your diabetes under control. It will also help your dog stay at a healthy weight, which can save you both heartache and money on vet bills. You'll motivate each other to keep going!
To keep your blood sugar levels from getting too low, never go more than 5 waking hours without a meal or a snack. If you don't plan on waking up in the night to have a snack and check your insulin levels, you should also eat something right before bed. This will make sure that your body never goes too long without what it needs.
Checking out international foods is an excellent way of finding new recipes that you'll actually enjoy eating, even though they're good for you and your Diabetes. I'd highly recommend trying Tabouleh, a Middle Eastern dish made with herbs, onions, lemon juice, and bulgur. It's extremely good mixed with hummus and served on a pita!
Eating lots of fiber, offsets carbohydrates, as well as, sugars found in your system, which helps to maintain a healthy blood sugar level. Fiber can be found in many grains, vegetables, fruits and other foods. A healthy blood sugar level helps prevent diabetes and also, helps offset diabetic symptoms after you are already diagnosed. Make sure you have plenty of fiber in your diet.
No matter when you contracted your diabetes, the more important point is that you begin today in trying whatever you can to fight the disease. You can get started on leading a normal life by using the tips you learned here. Never stop learning about diabetes and always remember to keep moving forward.
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"Icing on the cake" is a bonus, right? Well, "filling in the cupcake" takes a cupcake to a whole new level.
This is a very decadent cupcake. The cupcake tastes like a brownie with peanut butter filling. We could stop right there and call it a day, or we could keep going. Let's keep going.
The cupcake is then frosted with peanut butter frosting, and the entire cupcake is then dipped into a chocolate ganache. It's peanut butter and chocolate inside and out.
Yes, I concede: this cupcake is more complicated because it involves making cupcakes, a filling, a frosting, and a ganache. But, I promise you, once you take a taste, you'll realize that it was worth it!
My cupcake corer came in very handy for adding a filling to the cupcake. Essentially, it hollows out a perfect hole in the center of the cupcake, and you can then add a filling in. I added the peanut butter filling in with a pastry bag, but you could use a spoon to get the filling in there. As I mention below, instead of making the filling, you could even just substitute a mini peanut butter cup, too.
Enjoy these dangerous, yet delicious, cupcakes.
Preheat oven to 325ºF. Line a muffin tin with paper liners. Whisk together flour, salt, and baking powder. Put butter and chocolate into a heatproof bowl over (not in) a pan of simmering water, and stir until melted. Remove from heat, and lead cool slightly. Whisk granulated sugar into cooled chocolate mixture. Add eggs, and whisk until mixture becomes smooth. Stir in vanilla. Add flour mixture, stir until well incorporated. Spoon 1/4 cup of batter into each lined cup. Bake, rotating tin halfway through, until a cake tester inserted in center comes out with only a few moist crumbs, about 40 minutes. Transfer tin to a wire rack to cool completely before inserting peanut-butter filling.
To make the filling, stir together all ingredients until smooth. Use preferred method to fill cupcakes. Method Suggestions: (1) Use a small paring knife to cut a cone out of the center of each cupcake. Add filling to the cupcake. (2) Use cupcake corer to add filling.
To make the frosting, mix the confectioner's sugar, peanut butter, vanilla, salt, and milk in a stand-mixer. Once combined and creamy, transfer frosting to a pastry bag. Pipe frosting onto cupcakes. Chill cupcakes in fridge until frosting is completely firm, about 1 hour.
After cupcakes have chilled, make the chocolate ganache. Place the chocolate and oil in a heatproof bowl over (not in) a pan of simmering water. Whisk until chocolate has melted and mixture is smooth. Transfer to a large mug.
Holding the cupcake by the bottom, carefully dip in chocolate to submerge all of the frosting. Pull up and allow the excess chocolate to drop off for a few seconds before turning the cupcake right side up. Transfer to cooling rack and repeat with remaining cupcakes.
Allow chocolate to set and buttercream to soften before serving.
* You can skip the filling. As an alternative, you could also use a peanut butter cup, too!
Source: Cupcake recipe adapted from Martha Stewart's Cupcakes; Peanut butter filling slightly adapted from Martha Stewart's Cupcakes; Peanut butter frosting recipe slightly adapted from King Arthur Flour; Chocolate ganache recipe adapted from Serious Eats.
These cupcakes sound devine. I love the chocolate and peanut butter combination.
I love the flavour combo - great site!
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Andrea Mantegna (Italian: [anˈdrɛːa manˈteɲɲa]; c. 1431 – September 13, 1506) was an Italian painter, a student of Roman archeology, and son-in-law of Jacopo Bellini. Like other artists of the time, Mantegna experimented with perspective, e.g., by lowering the horizon in order to create a sense of greater monumentality. His flinty, metallic landscapes and somewhat stony figures give evidence of a fundamentally sculptural approach to painting. He also led a workshop that was the leading producer of prints in Venice before 1500.
Mantegna was born in Isola di Carturo, Republic of Venice close to Padua (now Italy), second son of a carpenter, Biagio. At the age of eleven he became the apprentice of Francesco Squarcione, Paduan painter. Squarcione, whose original vocation was tailoring, appears to have had a remarkable enthusiasm for ancient art, and a faculty for acting. Like his famous compatriot Petrarca, Squarcione was something of a fanatic for ancient Rome: he traveled in Italy, and perhaps Greece, amassing antique statues, reliefs, vases, etc., forming a collection of such works, then making drawings from them himself, and throwing open his stores for others to study. All the while, he continued undertaking works on commission for which his pupils no less than himself were made available.
The Agony in the Garden (right panel of the predella of the San Zeno Altarpiece, 1455) National Gallery, London is the pinnacle of Mantegna's early style.
As many as 137 painters and pictorial students passed through Squarcione's school, which had been established towards 1440 and which became famous all over Italy. Padua was attractive for artists coming not only from Veneto but also from Tuscany, such as Paolo Uccello, Filippo Lippi and Donatello. Mantegna's early career was shaped indeed by impressions of Florentine works. At the time, Mantegna was said to be a favorite pupil. Squarcione taught him Latin and instructed him to study fragments of Roman sculpture. The master also preferred forced perspective, the lingering results of which may account for some of Mantegna's later innovations. However, at the age of seventeen, Mantegna separated himself from Squarcione. He later claimed that Squarcione had profited from his work without paying the rights.
His first work, now lost, was an altarpiece for the church of Santa Sofia in 1448. The same year Mantegna was called, together with Nicolò Pizolo, to work with a large group of painters entrusted with the decoration of the Ovetari Chapel in the transept of the church of the Eremitani. It is probable, however, that before this time some of the pupils of Squarcione, including Mantegna, had already begun the series of frescoes in the chapel of S. Cristoforo, in the church of Sant'Agostino degli Eremitani, today considered his masterpiece. After a series of coincidences, Mantegna finished most of the work alone, though Ansuino, who collaborated with Mantegna in the Ovetari Chapel, brought his style in the Forlì school of painting. The now censorious Squarcione carped about the earlier works of this series, illustrating the life of St James; he said the figures were like men of stone, and had better have been colored stone-color at once.
Among the other early Mantegna frescoes are the two saints over the entrance porch of the church of Sant'Antonio in Padua, 1452, and an altarpiece of San Luca Altarpiece from 1453, with St. Luke and other saints for the church of S. Giustina, now in the Brera Gallery in Milan (1453). As the young artist progressed in his work, he came under the influence of Jacopo Bellini, father of the celebrated painters Giovanni Bellini and Gentile Bellini, and of a daughter Nicolosia. In 1453 Jacopo consented to a marriage between Nicolosia and Mantegna.
Christ as the Suffering Redeemer. Christ resurrecting, depicted according to Luke 24:1-2, praising the Lord with a hymn.
Andrea seems to have been influenced by his old preceptor's strictures, although his later subjects, for example, those from the legend of St. Christopher, combine his sculptural style with a greater sense of naturalism and vivacity. Trained as he had been in the study of marbles and the severity of the antique, Mantegna openly avowed that he considered ancient art superior to nature as being more eclectic in form. As a result, the painter exercised precision in outline, privileging the figure. Overall, Mantegna's work thus tended towards rigidity, demonstrating an austere wholeness rather than graceful sensitivity of expression. His draperies are tight and closely folded, being studied (it is said) from models draped in paper and woven fabrics gummed in place. His figures are slim, muscular and bony; the action impetuous but of arrested energy. Finally, tawny landscape, gritty with littering pebbles, marks the athletic hauteur of his style.
Mantegna never changed the manner which he had adopted in Padua, though his coloring—at first neutral and undecided—strengthened and matured. Throughout his works there is more balancing of color than fineness of tone. One of his great aims was optical illusion, carried out by a mastery of perspective which, though not always mathematically correct, attained an astonishing effect in those times.
Successful and admired though he was there, Mantegna left his native Padua at an early age, and never resettled there again; the hostility of Squarcione has been assigned as the cause. He spent the rest of his life in Verona, Mantua and Rome; it has not been confirmed that he also stayed in Venice and Florence. In Verona around 1459, he painted a grand altarpiece for the church of San Zeno Maggiore, depicting a Madonna and angels, with four saints on each side on the San Zeno Altarpiece, central panel, San Zeno, Verona. It was probably the first good example of Renaissance art in Verona, and inspired a similar painting by the Veronese artist Girolamo dai Libri.
The Marquis Ludovico III Gonzaga of Mantua had for some time been pressing Mantegna to enter his service; and the following year, 1460 Mantegna was appointed court artist. He resided at first from time to time at Goito, but, from December 1466 onwards, he moved with his family to Mantua. His engagement was for a salary of 75 lire a month, a sum so large for that period as to mark conspicuously the high regard in which his art was held. He was in fact the first painter of any eminence ever domiciled in Mantua.
His Mantuan masterpiece was painted for the court of Mantua, in the apartment of the Castle of the city, today known as Camera degli Sposi (literally, "Wedding Chamber") of Palazzo Ducale, Mantua: a series of full compositions in fresco including various portraits of the Gonzaga family and some figures of genii and other.
The Chamber's decoration was finished presumably in 1474. The ten years that followed were not happy ones for Mantegna and Mantua: his character grew irritable, his son Bernardino died, as well as the marquis Ludovico, his wife Barbara and his successor Federico (who had declared Mantegna cavaliere, "knight" ). Only with the election of Francesco II of Gonzaga did the artistic commissions in Mantua begin again. He built a stately house in the area of the church of San Sebastiano, and adorned it with a multitude of paintings. The house can be still seen today, although the pictures have perished. In this period he began to collect some ancient Roman busts (which were donated to Lorenzo de Medici when the Florentine leader visited Mantua in 1483), painted some architectonic and decorative fragments, and finished the intense St. Sebastian now in the Louvre (box at top).
In 1488 Mantegna was called by Pope Innocent VIII to paint frescos in a chapel Belvedere in the Vatican. This series of frescos, including a noted Baptism of Christ, was destroyed by Pius VI in 1780. The pope treated Mantegna with less liberality than he had been used to at the Mantuan court; but all things considered their connection, which ceased in 1500, was not unsatisfactory to either party. Mantegna also met the famous Turkish hostage Jem and studied with attention the ancient monuments, but his impression of the city was a disappointing one as a whole. Returned to Mantua in 1490, he embraced again his more literary and bitter vision of antiquity, and entered in strong connection with the new marquise, the cultured and intelligent Isabella d'Este.
In what was now his city he went on with the nine tempera pictures of the Triumphs of Caesar, which he had probably begun before his leaving for Rome, and which he finished around 1492. These superbly invented and designed compositions are gorgeous with the splendour of their subject-matter, and with the classical learning and enthusiasm of one of the master-spirits of the age. Considered Mantegna's finest work, they were sold in 1628 along with the bulk of the Mantuan art treasures to King Charles I of England. They are now in Hampton Court Palace, somewhat faded, but many repaintings have been removed in a recent restoration. His workshop produced a series of engravings after them, which largely account for their rapid fame throughout Europe.
The Madonna of the Cherubim (1485).
In spite of declining health, Mantegna continued to be active. Other works of this period include the Madonna of the Caves, the St. Sebastian and the famous Lamentation over the Dead Christ, probably painted for his personal funerary chapel. Another work of Mantegna's later years was the so-called Madonna della Vittoria, now in the Louvre. It was painted in tempera about 1495, in commemoration of the Battle of Fornovo, whose disputable outcome Francesco Gonzaga was eager to show as an Italian League victory; the church which originally housed the picture was built from Mantegna's own design. The Madonna is here depicted with various saints, the archangel Michael and St. Maurice holding her mantle, which is extended over the kneeling Francesco Gonzaga, amid a profusion of rich festooning and other accessory. Though not in all respects of his highest order of execution, this counts among the most obviously beautiful and attractive of Mantegna's works from which the qualities of beauty and attraction are often excluded, in the stringent pursuit of those other excellences more germane to his severe genius, tense energy passing into haggard passion.
After 1497 Mantegna was commissioned by Isabella d'Este to translate the mythological themes written by the court poet Paride Ceresara into paintings for her private apartment (studiolo) in the Palazzo Ducale. These paintings were dispersed in the following years: one of them, the legend of the God Comus, was left unfinished by Mantegna and completed by his successor as court painter in Mantua, Lorenzo Costa.
After the death of his wife, Mantegna became at an advanced age the father of a natural son, Giovanni Andrea; and at the last, although he continued launching out into various expenses and schemes, he had serious tribulations, such as the banishment from Mantua of his son Francesco, who had incurred the marquis' displeasure. Perhaps the aged master and connoisseur regarded as barely less trying the hard necessity of parting with a beloved antique bust of Faustina.
Very soon after this transaction he died in Mantua, on September 13, 1506. In 1516, a handsome monument was set up to him by his sons in the church of Sant'Andrea, where he had painted the altar-piece of the mortuary chapel. The dome is decorated by Correggio.
Mantegna was no less eminent as an engraver, though his history in that respect is somewhat obscure, partly because he never signed or dated any of his plates, but for a single disputed instance of 1472. The account which has come down to us from Vasari (as usual keen to assert that everything flows from Florence) is that Mantegna began engraving in Rome, prompted by the engravings produced by the Florentine Baccio Baldini after Sandro Botticelli. This is now considered most unlikely as it would consign all the numerous and elaborate engravings made by Mantegna to the last sixteen or seventeen years of his life, which seems a scanty space for them, and besides the earlier engravings indicate an earlier period of his artistic style. He may have begun engraving while still in Padua, under the tuition of a distinguished goldsmith, Niccolò. He and his workshop engraved about thirty plates, according to the usual reckoning; large, full of figures, and highly studied. It is now considered either that he only engraved seven himself, or none. Another artist from the workshop who made several plates is usually identified as Zoan Andrea.
Among the principal examples are: Battle of the Sea Monsters, Virgin and Child, a Bacchanal Festival, Hercules and Antaeus, Marine Gods, Judith with the Head of Holophernes, the Deposition from the Cross, the Entombment, the Resurrection, the Man of Sorrows, the Virgin in a Grotto, and several scenes from the Triumph of Julius Caesar after his paintings. Several of his engravings are supposed to be executed on some metal less hard than copper. The technique of himself and his followers is characterized by the strongly marked forms of the design, and by the parallel hatch marks to produce shadows. The closer the parallel marks, the darker the blacks were. The prints are frequently to be found in two states, or editions. In the first state the prints have been taken off with the roller, or even by handpressing, and they are weak in tint; in the second state the printing press has been used, and the ink is stronger.
Neither Mantegna or his workshop are now believed to have produced the so-called Mantegna Tarocchi cards.
Giorgio Vasari eulogizes Mantegna, although pointing out his litigious character. He had been fond of his fellow-pupils at Padua: and for two of them, Dario da Trevigi and Marco Zoppo, he retained a steady friendship. Mantegna became very expensive in his habits, fell at times into difficulties, and had to urge his valid claims upon the marquis' attention.
In solid antique taste, Mantegna distanced all contemporary competition. Though substantially related to the 15th century, the influence of Mantegna on the style and tendency of his age was very marked over Italian art generally. Giovanni Bellini, in his earlier works, obviously followed the lead of his brother-in-law Andrea. Albrecht Dürer was influenced by his style during his two trips in Italy. Leonardo da Vinci took from Mantegna the use of decorations with festoons and fruit.
Mantegna's main legacy in considered the introduction of spatial illusionism, both in frescoes and in sacra conversazione paintings: his tradition of ceiling decoration was followed for almost three centuries. Starting from the faint cupola of the Camera degli Sposi, Correggio brought on his master and collaborator's research in perspective constructions, producing eventually a masterwork like the dome of Cathedral of Parma.
The Virgin Mary in Andrea Mantegna's San Zeno Altarpiece combines pseudo-Arabic halos and garment hems, with an Oriental carpet at her feet (1456–1459).
Mantegna's only known sculpture is a "Sant'Eufemia" in the Cathedral of Irsina, Basilicata.
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Andrea Mantegna". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Andrea Mantegna.
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What's wrong with discrimination? It only means freedom of choice, as in preference and discretion...?
Noted black economist Walter Williams points out that people practice discrimination in choosing friends and spouses...and that marriage has much more of an impact, economically, on racial groups(because people generally pick mates of their own race) than any hiring or contracting process.
If you choose to marry person A instead of person B, person B may experience loss while person A enjoys advantages.
The point being, that if the government continues its trend/efforts to eliminate "discrimination"--that is, free choice--in all aspects of society with EEOC lawyers and affirmative action and so on, then soon it will be forcing people to marry someone outside their race in order to promote "equal opportunity" and quotas, etc.
I agree and am a fan of Walter Williams.
-Different incomes are taxed at different level: That is discriminatory taxation based on income.
-Medicare is for people only if you are over a certain age: That is discrimination based on age.
When people think discrimination, they only think color. So let's take a look at that. The people who make the most noise about discrimination are also the same people who make the most noise about greed profiting corporations. But if a corporation only cares about profit, they do not discriminate against someone who will help them make a profit. People cannot have it both ways. If they discriminate against people of different colors, then they sacrifice profit.
Discrimination is a red herring. It is easier to rant about that than it is to discuss rampant illegitimacy, for example.
And how dare I type this: People discriminate between which neighborhood they drive through all the time. It does not make them a bigot.
Freedom to choose is a good thing.
What if we take your ridiculous argument one step further. What if someone looks at me funny and I decide to beat them to death. Isn't that just freedom of choice?
You are arguing for the right to hurt people by discriminating against them in the work place. You would like to discriminate against them because of the color of their skin or their ethnic origin. Sadly, it is racists like you that make anti-discrimination laws necessary. In the ideal world, such laws would not be needed.
Sounds disastrous, doesn't it? Communism gone haywire.
It is an interesting point. Granted, people do discriminate when choosing a spouse, or friends etc. I think that the whole idea behind anti-discrimination acts is to prevent people from being discriminated based on their appearance or ethnic background in the workplace. It is somewhat idealistic, I agree, but the whole idea of equal rights for everyone is good. Maybe there is a better way to do it, but we haven't figured it out yet?
I think you are trying to compare apples and oranges. Freedom of personal choice is about you having the right to decide certain things for your own personal self, where your decision is not going to materially interfere with the life and well being of somebody else. When you make a decision whom to marry, it is absolutely important that you pick somebody with whom you feel compatible, and since you CAN only pick one person, how ridiculous would it be for you to choose to marry somebody you knew you wouldn't be happy with? Not to mention that this would only end up making that person unhappy too.
In the world of business and free enterprise, if you put your business out there and advertise that you wish to hire people to work for you, it is socially recognised that you are announcing this information to "the Public at large" You have a position to offer anybody who has the credentials or the skills to fill that job. How outrageous and just plain ridiculous, not to mention downright unfair, would it be, if you then start turning away eminently suitable candidates because they weren't as "good looking" as you wanted, or their skin color wasn't right, or they walked with a limp, or so on? THAT is discrimination, and it also deprives certain people of THEIR free right to apply for a job they believe they can do proficiently. The overall public wellbeing becomes a strong factor here. When you exercise your reasonable and sensible right to choose the person you are supposed to be going to spend the rest of your life with, that certainly isn't something which will have a profound effect on the well being of Society as a whole. But when you start creating situations that will deprive people of the right to take a job and earn a living, you are going to be taking a terrible road that can only lead to ultimate social breakdown and chaos.
No pun intended, but it is NOT a black and white as your question suggests. My short answer is moderation. You can lean to much to left or right and tip the boat over. It means endless adjustments and adaptation. Moderation is best even regarding the all encompassing term "freedom."
I am able to distinguish between black and white and other colors, will that mean that I need to become colorblind in order not to discriminate. I have been given free will, why should I not be able to distinguish between person of a different color or my own color who is more suitable to be my marriage partner. I do not think that our Government will interfere in private life decisions. This does not make sense to me. That all need to have a chance at employment if they qualify that I can see, and all races should have equal opportunity of having their own business or franchise opportunities, in order to provide a living that makes sense.
That's true to large degree ; but political correctness goes to extremes in many areas..discrimination included , and turns every distinction into a crime many times ..
When one shows different treatment to someone because of race ; religion ; nationality or gender - it's wrong .But when discrimination is mere preference , why should it be wrong to choose A , B or C ? I've heard Walter Williams and can appreciate where he's coming from when he says that .
The government and society has an interest in promoting equal treatment in the public sphere. One has only to look at the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Nazi Germany, or even Iraq to see the damage that can arise from racism and discrimination against ethnic or religious groups. Freedom to choose has little meaning without civil order, and civil order is hard to maintain when segments of the population are denied equal opportunity. We live in a heterogeneous country and it is becoming more so every day, so it is increasingly important that the instinctual fear of the "other" not be allowed free expression in public life.
would it be right to question china as a communist country surely there are some conservative aspects to they?
What type of business systems exist outside of the job that most people go to every day?
What would be the lowest amount of money you could be recorded with, and still get excited about?
What is so bad about privatization of social security?
What is the difference between the real interest rate and the money interest rate?
How long can a fiat money scam go on before it's inevitable implosion?
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Lie on your back and bend your knees, placing your feet flat on the floor, feet and knees together. Have your arms at your sides, palms down.
Interlock your fingers and place your hands behind your head. To begin, press your lower back toward the floor as you bring your knees toward your chest. Throughout the rest of this exercise, keep your abdomen contracted and your knees together.
First inhale, then exhale as you slowly lower your legs to the left, pivoting from the waist. You can either press your left elbow into the floor or let it lift slightly. Now inhale as you bring your legs back to center, then exhale as you repeat the twist to the right.
Twist 6 to 12 times in each direction, rocking your legs from side to side.
To conclude, come back to center and lower your feet to the floor. Extend your legs. Lower your arms to your sides and rest.
If you find it difficult to move both legs together in steps 3 and 4, lower your left leg first, then the right. Then, when coming back to center, raise your right leg first, then the left.
Instead of placing your hands behind your head, extend your arms out to the sides, palms up or down.
The last time you lower your legs to either side, hold the pose for as long as comfortable, relaxing into the stretch. When coming back to center, separate your knees and lift one leg at a time.
This pose provides a way to massage the lower back, please try according to the instruction, hints, and different ways to practice this pose, find the version best for you.
If your lower back is not very strong, doing the Easier Options will not only feel better for your back, but will also gradually strengthen your back and abdominal muscles.
Keeping both elbows pressed into the floor as you twist from side to side will increase the stretch across your chest and in your back.
While lowering your legs to one side, pressing the opposite elbow down may increase the stretch across your chest and the twist in your upper back. On the other hand, allowing the opposite elbow to lift off the floor while pressing your legs down may increase the stretch in your lower back. If your body is very flexible, you can do both: press your elbows and legs down at the same time to increase the stretch.
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Ask your child to help make lunch today. He can pick a spot in the park so that you can share lunch together.
Take your child shopping for school supplies.
Help your child practice her math skills.
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Celibacy is represented in the Roman Catholic Church as having apostolic authority. Theologically, the Church desires to imitate the life of Jesus with regard to chastity and the sacrifice of married life for the "sake of the Kingdom" (Luke 18:28–30, Matthew 19:27–30; Mark 10:20–21), and to follow the example of Jesus Christ in being "married" to the Church, viewed by Catholicism and many Christian traditions as the "Bride of Christ". Also of importance are the teachings of St. Paul that chastity is the superior state of life, and his desire expressed in I Corinthians 7:7–8, "I would that all men were even as myself —but every one has his proper gift from God; one after this manner, and another after that. But I say to the unmarried and the widows. It is good for them if they so continue, even as I."
I Corinthians 9:5 is sometimes cited by those opposed to celibacy, as the verse is often rendered as referring to the Apostles carrying "wives" with them. Even apart from disputes about the significance of the word translated as "wives", this passage is of doubtful relevance to the rule of celibacy for priests of the Latin Church, which was introduced much later and is seen only as a discipline within that particular Church alone, not a doctrine binding all: in other words, a church regulation, but not an integral part of Church teaching. St. Peter, often seen as the first pope, as well as many subsequent popes, bishops, and priests during the church's first 270 years were in fact married men, and often fathers of children. The practice of clerical continence, along with a prohibition of marriage after ordination as a deacon, priest or bishop, is traceable from the time of the Council of Elvira. This law was reinforced in the Directa Decretal (385) and at the Council of Carthage in 390. The tradition of clerical continence developed into a practice of clerical celibacy (ordaining only unmarried men) from the 11th century onward among Latin Rite Catholics and became a formal part of canon law in 1917. This law of clerical celibacy does not apply to Eastern Catholics. Until recently, the Eastern Catholic bishops of North America would generally ordain only unmarried men, for fear that married priests would create scandal. Since Vatican II's call for the restoration of Eastern Catholic traditions, a number of bishops have returned to the traditional practice of ordaining married men to the presbyterate. Bishops are still celibate and normally chosen from the ranks of monks.
In the Latin Rite exceptions are sometimes made. After the Second Vatican Council a general exception was made for the ordination as deacons of men of at least thirty-five years of age who are not intended to be ordained later as priests and whose wives consent to their ordination. Since the time of Pope Pius XII individual exceptions are sometimes made for former non-Catholic clergymen. Under the rules proposed for personal ordinariates for former Anglicans, the ordinary may request the Pope to grant authorization, on a case-by-case basis, for admission to ordination in the Catholic Church of married former Anglican clergy (see Personal ordinariate#Married former Anglican clergy and rules on celibacy).
Because the rule of clerical celibacy is a law and not a doctrine, exceptions can be made, and it can, in principle, be changed at any time by the Pope. Nonetheless, both the present Pope, Benedict XVI, and his predecessor, spoke clearly of their understanding that the traditional practice is unlikely to change.
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Unleashing Puma... In news that many saw coming, luxury conglomerate Kering will spin off Puma by distributing 70 percent (paywall) of the 86 percent of Puma shares it now owns to Kering investors. It will keep the remaining 16 percent of shares and be a "long-term strategic shareholder" in the German athletic brand, which Kering became a majority stakeholder of in 2007. The move will allow Kering to focus on its stable of luxury names such as Gucci and Alexander McQueen. Kering also said it plans to unload its other sports-based brand, Volcom, soon.
...and its catfight with Plein. Puma is also making news for obtaining a temporary and immediate national injunction from a regional German court that prevents fellow German label Philipp Plein from selling Plein Sport items that feature a leaping tiger graphic that is similar looking to Puma's cat logo. Puma is also pursuing the case in the Netherlands. Plein, meanwhile, roared back on Instagram with a new marketing campaign that says "Don't Be a Puma, Be a Tiger" and offered a 50 percent discount to customers who send in Puma shoes.
Brooks Brothers' bicentennial. American brand Brooks Brothers kicked off its 200th birthday celebration this year with an extravagant catwalk show and party in Florence during Pitti Uomo on Wednesday night. The anniversary collection featured 45 looks of mostly classic menswear. This initial celebration was held in Italy instead of the brand's hometown of New York as current owner (paywall) Claudio del Vecchio is Italian.
Giveth and taketh away. Hours after announcing that it would raise its starting wage to $11 an hour in the US and start offering more employee benefits and bonuses, Walmart delivered the bad news: It will shutter 63 of its Sam's Clubs membership warehouses nationwide in the coming weeks. Many of the branch's 11,000 employees were not notified in advance. Ten of the 63 stores will become e-commerce distribution centers.
Myer makeover. After experience a sharp plunge in sales during the holidays, Australian department store Myer is looking to bounce back in the new year with a fresh assortment of eight new international labels, some of which are making their Australian debut. The high-end roster includes such names Marni, Lanvin, DVF and Victoria, Victoria Beckham.
Passage to India. On Wednesday the Indian government made it easier for single-brand foreign companies to open stores there by announcing it was rescinding the requirement for governmental permission if a foreign company owned more than 49 percent of retail operation. As the government continues to relax regulations, foreign investment in India has soared to a record annual high of $60 billion. This latest measure will reduce the need for local distributors and franchises and open the door for retail expansion by the likes of Gap and Apple.
Reading Revolve. E-tailer Revolve has come under fire on social media for its lack of diversity after it posted photos of its crew of influencers on a recent trip to Thailand. Using the hashtag #RevolveSoWhite, customers have called out the company for its lack of dark-skinned or plus-size women in its images. The viral campaign has also inspired plus-size blogger Valerie Eguavoe to start an Instagram page called @YouBelongNow that is devoted to influencers who may be ignored due to their skin color, religion, size or other factors.
Elie and the enemy. Lebanese designer Elie Saab offended many in his country by posting an Instagram photo earlier this week of Israeli "Wonder Woman" actress Gal Gadot in one of his dresses at the National Board of Review Awards. Gadot is a veteran of the Israeli army and Israel and Lebanon have formally been at war since 1948. After receiving backlash, the post was later removed.
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There are different measurement units of every quantity and similarly to measure area we have many units. A Square feet is one of the commonly used units of measurements of area and this unit can be converted to other units of area as well, using the standard conversion. Acre is another unit of area, commonly used to estimate the area of a land. Acre can be converted to square feet and vice-versa using the standard conversion that 1 acre is 43,560 square feet.
Example 1: Area of thegarden in the backyard of a house is 1800sq feet. What is the area of the same garden in acres?
In order to convert the unit of area from square feet to acres, we have to use the standard conversion.
This implies Area = 1800sq feet = 1800/ 43,560 = 0.041 acres.
Therefore the area of the garden in acres is 0.041acres.
Example 2: Area of the land in a certain location is 30,572sq feet. What is the area of the same land in acres?
This implies Area = 30,572sq feet = 30,572/ 43,560 =0.702acres.
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For the Brazil regional cup with the same name, see Primeira Liga (Brazil).
The Primeira Liga (Portuguese: [pɾiˈmɐjɾɐ ˈliɣɐ]; English: Premier League), also known as Liga NOS for sponsorship reasons, is the top professional association football division of the Portuguese football league system. It is organised and supervised by the Liga Portuguesa de Futebol Profissional. As of the 2014–15 season, the Primeira Liga is contested by 18 teams, with the two lowest placed teams relegated to the Segunda Liga and replaced by the top-two non-reserve teams from this division (except in the 2018–19 season in which the three lowest placed teams are relegated to the Segunda Liga due to the integration in the Primeira Liga of Gil Vicente in the next season. However, the Portuguese Football Federation appealed to proceed with this integration as soon as possible.
Founded in 1934 as an experimental league called Campeonato da Liga da Primeira Divisão, it was officialised in 1938 and named Campeonato Nacional da Primeira Divisão until 1999, when it was called Primeira Liga. A total of 70 teams have competed in the Primeira Liga, but only five have been crowned champions. Among them, the "Big Three" – Benfica (36 titles), Porto (28) and Sporting CP (18) – have won all but two Primeira Liga titles; the other winners are Belenenses (1945–46) and Boavista (2000–01).
The Primeira Liga has increased its reputation in the last few years, occupying as of February 2017, the 7th place of UEFA's league ranking. It broke into the top five for the first time in the 2011–12 season, passing the French Ligue 1, one of the historical "big five" European leagues, for the first time since 1990. The Primeira Liga also reached a world ranking of 4th according to IFFHS's 2011 ranking.
Before the Portuguese football reform of 1938, an experimental competition on a round-basis was already being held – the Primeira Liga (Premier League) and the winners of that competition were named "League champions". Despite that, a Championship of Portugal in a knock-out cup format was the most popular and defined the Portuguese champion, although the winners of this competition no longer count as Portuguese football champions.
Then, with the reform, a round-robin basis competition was implemented as the most important of the calendar and began defining the Portuguese champion. From 1938 to 1999, the name Campeonato Nacional da Primeira Divisão (National Championship of the First Division) or just Primeira Divisão (First Division), was used.
Porto won the inaugural edition of the new league championship and successfully defended the title in the next season. In 1939–40 the tournament was expanded from eight to ten clubs, due to an administrative battle between Porto and Académico do Porto, regarding a Regional Championship game that ended with only 43 minutes after the start, and later repeated (which FC Porto won) according to Porto FA decision. FPF came out with a decision to satisfy both clubs, expanding the championship to 10 teams (one more from Porto FA and another from Setúbal FA) and annulling the result from the repetition match. With this decision, FC Porto lost the Regional title and finished in 3rd, Leixões SC became the new regional champion, while Académico was 2nd place. All 3 teams qualified for 1939–40 Primeira Divisão.
In the 1941–42 season, it was decided to expand the championship from eight to ten teams to admit Braga FA and Algarve FA champions (until this season only the top teams from Porto, Coimbra, Lisboa and Setúbal were admitted). Porto finished the regional championship in third place again, which did not grant entry into the Primeira Liga. However, a second expand (from 10 to 12) in the same season was decided, which allowed the club to participate.
After the 1945–46 season, the qualifying system based on regional championships was abandoned and adopted a pyramid system, with relegations and promotions between the 3 tiers. The clubs in Primeira Divisão, Segunda Divisão and Terceira Divisão no longer had to play their district championships on the same season as they had been doing since the first seasons of the Liga.
When the Portuguese League for Professional Football took control of the two nationwide leagues in 1999, it was renamed "Primeira Liga" (Premier League).
"The Big Three" (Portuguese: Os Três Grandes) is a nickname for the three most powerful sports clubs in Portugal. With the exception of Belenenses in 1945–46 and Boavista in 2000–01, only three clubs have won the Primeira Liga title – Benfica (36 times), Porto (28) and Sporting CP (18). These three clubs generally end up sharing the top three positions, appearing more frequently in UEFA competitions and are the only three clubs in Portugal to have never been relegated.
These clubs dominate Portuguese football, and it has become typical for fans to support any of these teams as a "first club", with a local team probably coming afterwards, if at all. The "Big Three" have the highest average attendance ratings every season in Portugal, while the other teams, lacking support from the locals (with the exception of Vitória de Guimarães and Braga, which are the next-most supported clubs), have suffered from poor attendance. The lack of support for local teams is considered to be one of the main reasons why Portuguese Football registers one of the worst attendance ratings in European Football's best championships, alongside the broadcast of almost all the games on television. In other sports, the rivalry between the big clubs is also considerable and it usually leads to arguments between the fans and players.
Benfica is the club with most league, cup and league cup titles, as well as the most domestic titles (79) and overall titles won (81, excluding the Latin Cup).
Porto is the club with most Portuguese Super Cups and international titles won being the only Portuguese team with international titles in the XXI century.
Sporting CP holds the third place when it comes to the most league and cup titles. Benfica is the only Portuguese club to have won two consecutive European Cup/UEFA Champions League titles, reaching ten European finals: seven European Cups and three UEFA Cup/Europa League, and was runner-up in two Intercontinental Cups. Porto is the only Portuguese club since 1987 to have won any international competition (excluding the UEFA Intertoto Cup), gathering a total of two European Cup/UEFA Champions Leagues, two UEFA Cup/Europa Leagues, one European Super Cup and two Intercontinental Cups and finished runner-up in one European Cup Winner's Cup and three UEFA Super Cup. Sporting CP won one European Cup Winner's Cup and was runner-up in one UEFA Cup. Apart from the big three, Braga won the last UEFA Intertoto Cup and was runner-up in one UEFA Europa League.
Galp Energia acquired the naming rights to the league in 2002, titling the division SuperLiga GalpEnergia. A four-year deal with the Austrian sports betting bwin was announced on 18 August 2005 amid questioning by the other gambling authorities in Portugal (the Santa Casa da Misericórdia and the Portuguese Casinos Association), who claimed to hold the exclusive rights to legal gambling games in Portuguese national territory. After holding the name Liga betandwin.com for the 2005–06 season, the name was changed to BWINLIGA in July 2006.
From the 2008–09 season to the 2009–10 season the league was named Liga Sagres due to sponsorship from Sagres beer. In 2010, they renewed the sponsorship from Sagres, but also got the sponsorship from ZON Multimédia. The league was named Liga ZON Sagres until 2013–14 after the sponsorship agreement between Sagres, ZON (now NOS) and the league ended. Since 2015, it is known as "Liga NOS".
From the 2014–15 season on, there are 18 clubs in the Primeira Liga, up from 16 in the previous seasons. During the course of a season, each club plays all teams twice – once at their home stadium and once at their opponent's – for a total of 34 games. At the end of each season, the two lowest placed teams are relegated to the Segunda Liga and the top two teams from Segunda Liga are promoted to the Primeira Liga.
The top teams in Primeira Liga qualify for the UEFA Champions League with the first placed team directly entering the group stage and the second placed team entering the playoffs for the group stage of UEFA Champions League. Teams placed third and fourth play in the UEFA Europa League, along with the Taça de Portugal cup winners (unless they already qualify for the UEFA Champions League through league placing). In this case, the berth is given to the sixth placed team.
Since the beginning of the league, there are three clubs with an attendance much higher than the others: Benfica, Porto and Sporting CP. They have also the biggest stadiums in Portugal, with more than 50,000 seats. Other clubs, such as Vitória de Guimarães and Braga, also have good attendances. Académica de Coimbra (currently playing in LigaPro), Vitória de Setúbal, Boavista, Belenenses, and Marítimo are historical clubs, with more than 30 top-flight seasons, from the biggest Portuguese cities, and have also many supporters. However, they do not have big attendances nowadays. Their stadiums have between 10,000 and 30,000 seats.
(1) Porto saw six points subtracted for corruption allegations in the Apito Dourado, but they recovered those points in July 2017.
All Primeira Liga champions have come from either Lisbon or Porto.
The all-time Primeira Liga table is an overall record of all match results, points, and goals of every team that has played in Primeira Liga since its inception in 1934. The table is accurate as of the end of the 2017–18 season. For comparison, older seasons have been calculated according to the three-points-per-win rule.
B. ^ Renamed Fabril in 2000.
C. ^ Club folded in 2011.
D. ^ Club folded in 2017.
E. ^ Club ended football team in 2013.
F. ^ Club folded in 2007.
G. ^ Merged to form Atlético CP in 1942.
H. ^ Club ended football team in 2009.
I. ^ Club ended football team in 1964.
J. ^ Merged to form O Elvas in 1947.
K. ^ Club folded in 2005.
L. ^ Club folded in 1984.
M. ^ Club folded in 2016.
In 1972–73, Benfica became the first team to win the Portuguese league without defeat, with 58 points in 30 games (28 wins and 2 draws), the most ever obtained (96.7% of points available) where victory was awarded 2 points. In this season, Benfica set the Portuguese league and European leagues record for most consecutive victories (23) – 29 wins overall, between 1971–72 and 1972–73. Benfica also set the league record for greatest margin of victory in points over the second-placed team (18 points) in a 2 points per win championship.
From 24 October 1976 to 1 September 1978, Benfica set the record for the longest unbeaten run in the league: 56 matches.
In 1977–78, Benfica completed the Portuguese league unbeaten for the second time (21 wins and 9 draws), despite finishing second.
In 1998–99, Porto became the only team to win five consecutive titles.
In 2010–11, Porto won the Portuguese league without defeat, with 84 points in 30 games (27 wins and 3 draws), the most ever obtained (93.3% efficiency) where victory was awarded 3 points. This season Porto also set the league record for greatest margin of victory in points over the second-placed team (21 points) in a 3 points per win championship.
In 2012–13, Porto won the Portuguese league unbeaten for the second time (24 wins and 6 draws).
In 2015–16, Benfica achieved a record 88 points in the Portuguese league (29 wins, 1 draw and 4 defeats in 34 games).
In 2017–18, Porto tied Benfica's 88 points record (28 wins, 4 draw and 2 defeats in 34 games).
Within Portugal, Sport TV broadcasts all live Primeira Liga matches except Benfica's home matches which are broadcast live on Benfica TV.
^ "FPF não se vincula a "memorando de entendimento" entre Belenenses e Gil Vicente". Record (in Portuguese). 13 December 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
^ "BENFICA CAMPEÃO: todos os vencedores da Liga" [BENFICA CHAMPIONS: all the league winners]. Maisfutebol.iol.pt (in Portuguese). 17 May 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
^ "UEFA Country Ranking 1990". Bert Kassies. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
^ "Current Ranking – IFFHS". Iffhs.de. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
^ a b "Pesquisa". Record.xl.pt. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
^ Tovar 2011, p. 191.
^ "Liga Portugal". Lpfp.pt. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
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^ "Bola oficial da Liga Portugal" [Liga Portugal's official ball]. Ligaportugal.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 3 January 2015.
^ "Errejota, a nova bola oficial da Liga" [Errejota, the new Portugal's official ball]. Desporto.sapo.mz (in Portuguese). Retrieved 4 January 2016.
^ "UEFA Country Ranking 2017 – kassiesA – Xs4all". Kassiesa.home.xs411.nl. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
^ "Painel de espectadores por clube". Ligaportugal.pt. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
^ "Primeira Liga numbers". www.thefinalball.com. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
^ "Do t'ju lëmë pa frymë". Retrieved 23 September 2017.
^ a b c d e "Die portugiesische Liga NOS für weitere 3 Jahre bei sportdigital und bei DAZN" (PDF). Retrieved 7 August 2017.
^ "Программа телепередач". Retrieved 3 February 2019.
^ a b c "Le championnat portugais en exclusivité sur SFR Sport". Retrieved 7 June 2017.
^ a b c d e f "Portugalska liga – direktno i ekskluzivno na SK". Retrieved 7 June 2017.
^ a b c "Além da ESPN, Bandsports também exibirá Campeonato Português a partir deste fim de semana". Retrieved 11 August 2017.
^ "GolTV offers Canadian viewers live streaming of Portuguese Liga NOS On new over-the-top (OTT) soccer platform – GolTV Play". Retrieved 15 April 2018.
^ "China's K-Ball adds rights to Portuguese league". Retrieved 3 December 2018.
^ "Sports content 2017-18 from 20 Sports Channels". Retrieved 7 September 2017.
^ a b "Fotbalová sezóna 2018/19 na televizních programech". Retrieved 7 August 2018.
^ "ინგლისის, იტალიის, ესპანეთისა და საფრანგეთის ლიგები უკვე "სილქ სპორტის" პაკეტში". Retrieved 21 January 2018.
^ "Και το Πορτογαλικό Πρωτάθλημα Ποδοσφαίρου στην COSMOTE TV". Retrieved 7 August 2017.
^ "TV Műsor". Retrieved 7 August 2018.
^ a b "About FreeSports". Retrieved 28 August 2017.
^ "לוח שידורים". Retrieved 7 September 2017.
^ "Meciuri din campionatul de fotbal al Portugaliei, în exclusivitate la TVR HD". Retrieved 1 March 2018.
^ "MCTV presents Serie A, French Ligue, Portuguese" (PDF). Retrieved 25 August 2018.
^ a b "GolTV acquires US media rights to Portugal's Primeira Liga for 2017/18 season". Retrieved 7 June 2017.
^ "Primeira Liga". Retrieved 2 March 2019.
^ "ПРОГРАММА ФУТБОЛ ТВ". Retrieved 9 August 2018.
^ "Yayin akisi". Retrieved 9 August 2018.
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^ "FreeSports Football". Retrieved 25 August 2017.
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In the world of speed and power training, aerobic training is often scoffed at due to the simple fact that most approaches for developing aerobic qualities are not well suited for the athletes who compete in speed and power sports.
People traditionally think of aerobic capacity as being developed solely through the use of long runs, hours of flopping around on a rower, or some other long duration, steady tempo exercise. Considering that most sprinters, throwers, and football players hate doing that sort of exercise, there has got to be a better way! Fortunately, there is.
You need to breath to survive, so being able to breath and utilize oxygen is a pretty useful capability to have.
Recovery between high intensity sets and reps is vastly improved when you aren't dying between sets, gasping for air.
The cardiovascular system is the primary mechanism through which nutrients and hormones move through the body. Enhancing aerobic qualities improves recovery by allowing these recovery factors to move through the body with ease.
Warming up is also easier when your lungs are working well.
Aerobic training lowers your resting heart rate, which makes you more resilient to stress.
Aerobic training also raises your lactic threshold to some degree, so you get an improved "Functional Reserve Range"
My athletes and myself have noticed better sleep after this type of aerobic training. Who wouldn't want that?
Why traditional cardio methods are ill-suited for speed and power athletes.
What methods are better suited for these types of athletes.
Tips and tricks to enhance your aerobic training as a speed or power athlete.
In the most basic sense, cardio training is training that is highly dependent on your cardiovascular system for energy delivery (i.e. exercise that depends on oxygen). You're in the cardio zone when your heart rate is approximately at 50-80% of your maximal heart rate.
Why is traditional aerobic training is ill-suited for speed and power athletes?
There are number of considerations to take into account when programming any type of training, and this is no different when it comes to aerobic training.
Doing some continuous activity for 30 minutes straight confers little benefit relative to the demands of speed and power sports. Since most traditional cardio methods rely on long bouts of work, these methods are inherently flawed when applied to athletes who need to be explosively forceful for 5-20 seconds.
Energy system and force qualities are generally limited by time, in that you can only put out high quality, high intensity efforts for so long. The ATP-Creatine Phosphate system works for 5-10 seconds in most athletes, and lactic/glycolytic systems work for 10 to 90 seconds for most athletes. By being creative with your aerobic training, you can work muscles locally in sport specific time frames, while systemically challenging the body for oxygen.
Training for long, continuous bouts tends to lead to muscle fiber type shifts toward type 1 muscle fibers. Considering we want to run fast, jump high, and lift heavy weights, shifting our high-force type 2 muscle fibers to low-force, high-endurance type 1 fibers is not what we want.
For people who are well-built, going on a long run is fairly impactful on the joints. Try having a 300lb thrower or lineman slog his way through a multi-mile run on a regular basis and see how his knees feel in a couple weeks. Save the high-impact work for sport specific activities such as sprints and heavy lifts.
Beyond all of physiological stuff, this is arguably one of the more important concepts that coaches need to grasp. While you shouldn't let your athletes dictate every aspect of a training program, you equally should not have them constantly doing things they hate. The less athlete buy-in you have, the more problems you will have. Who knows, they might even attempt a coup d'etat! Avoid revolution by giving them cardio workouts which make sense relative to their sport.
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What aerobic training methods are better suited for speed power athletes?
First, let me give credit to Cal Deitz for turning me onto some of these concepts. Since my earliest days as a performance enthusiast, Cal has provided great insights into training methodology, and if you haven't heard of him then you need to do some more research.
Considering that we want to target sport specific work zones, prevent fiber type shifts toward type 1 fibers, and minimize pounding joint impacts if we can, we must be creative in attacking the cardio conundrum. We need cardio, so how do we develop it with speed and power athletes? Here are a couple ways.
The concept is simple - grab some moderately light weights, do an exercise for a sport specific work duration, rest a little bit, then go again. The duration of work should be in line with whatever else you're doing in that training block, and for sprinters this time frame should be around 8-10 seconds per interval. You can go beyond this 10 second duration, but understand that regularly working for more than 10 seconds tends to lead to excessive cortisol production which is not optimal if done on a regular basis.
The load used should be light enough that your heart rate never goes above 80% of your maximal heart rate, and the rest between exercises should be only as long as it takes to get into the next position and start.
This is the method I would use with sprinters, wide receivers, etc. With this work I would pair some general mobility work, and cue athletes to activate muscles properly such as firing the glutes by pushing through the big toe on the way up from a squat.
If you work with large, strong people, interval training is probably low on their priority list of what they want to do. For them, there is a special breed of cardio work which is called Escalating Density Training, referred to from here on out as EDT.
EDT is pretty simple: pick two opposing movements (such as squat and bench, or weighted pull-ups and and overhead press), load 50% of your max on the bar, and then go back and forth doing single reps without any significant rest for 5 minutes or more.
At this load and duration, most generally strong folk will keep their heart rate within the magical cardio zone, but will be doing work which contributes to their goals of being strong. If you work with throwers, linemen, or sumo wrestlers, this can be your bread and butter "cardio" training. Remember, as long as their heart rate doesn't go above 80% of max, they will develop cardiovascular qualities while also working on strength qualities.
Another simple way to work on cardio qualities without skewing too far from sport specificity is to use bike sprints, preferably at the end of your workout where you've done either strength intervals or EDT.
Basically, warm up on the bike for a couple minutes spinning at a low resistance level, then hit intervals of 5-10 seconds at maximal RPM's and low to moderate resistance levels, followed by periods of easy spinning with little to no resistance. If done properly (and with heart rate zones monitored), the athlete should get their lungs working but not fill their legs with lactic acid.
What modifications can be made to enhance these workouts?
Since this information was probably more boring than you wanted to read, here are some special ways to spice up your aerobic training and make it more effective.
Take a deep breath in (soak it up while you can).
Exhale all the air completely (kiss it goodbye).
Do your interval without inhaling.
Frantically inhale once your interval is over.
Now, you may think that working for 8 seconds without any air isn't very tough, but you would be surprised at how quickly your brain scrambles to try and figure out what is going on before it kicks you in the diaphragm to try and get you to breath.
Why do we do this? By leaving no oxygen in your lungs, your body has to work hard in order to pick up any oxygen that is left in the blood. Over time, this has the effect of making your body scour and utilize oxygen more effectively, ultimately leading to better cardiovascular efficiency.
Since we want to systemically challenge the body for aerobic development, but locally target strength and sport specific time zones, we do not want the same muscle working constantly the whole workout. Additionally, we want to find unique ways to challenge the cardiovascular system to push blood and oxygen to where and when it is needed.
To accomplish this, contralateral exercises work well. Say you do a step-up on the left leg while pressing a kettlebell with the right arm, then switch to right leg/left arm. Locally, the muscle fibers are working for the 10-or-so second interval, then they get to rest when the other side gets to work. This helps prevent local changes in fiber type, since you aren't challenging those muscle fibers for endurance to any large degree.
Systemically, the heart is having to work for the entire duration of the exercise, and has to work even harder when you switch to the other side. If a lot of blood is being sent to the left leg and right arm and you suddenly switch to the right leg and the left arm, the body has to figure out how to quickly get blood and oxygen flowing to those limbs which were not loaded previously. This helps challenge the body on a system-wide level for aerobic qualities, while saving the muscle fibers themselves from being worked for too long.
As seen in the ATHLETE.X Instagram video above, oscillatory/oscillating reps are partial repetitions done at the end range of motion, relying significantly on elastic tissues for energy storage. By using these types of reps, you train the connective tissue to load and expel force in an elastic manner. Considering we want to run fast and jump well, elasticity is important. Also, oscillatory repetitions allow you to do more reps in a given period of time, allowing you to work on cues and position specific elastic strength moreso than if you did full range of motion movements.
Use this type of training in your off-season, on down days, or when you are over-trained.
Early in the training year, this type of training can be utilized for building an aerobic base. Eventually you need to focus on higher intensity training means, and at such time this aerobic work can be reduced in volume and utilized as a deload day. As we talked about, getting the blood flowing is good for recovery, so it makes sense to put this type of training at some point in between your high intensity days.
Lastly, if you are feeling over-trained, this type of work can be used for a week or so to deload for a while and let your body recover faster than if you just sat on the couch the whole time. Athletes will still feel like they are working toward their goals since they're in the gym, but they will have the opportunity to let their system reboot and come back feeling better than before.
When it comes to aerobic training, we are not simply limited to long bouts of steady state exercise. By utilizing strength intervals, EDT, and bike intervals, you or your athletes can develop aerobic and cardiovascular qualities without sacrificing speed, strength, and healthy joints.
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Please describe what sport you play and what training you need.
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Spatial Crowdsourcing Platforms (SCP) are systems that allow people, called requesters, to publish spatial tasks in order to find suitable workforce to perform it. These spatial tasks require workers to be at a given location, usually within a given time window, to be accomplished. Some examples of SCPs are: Uber, BlaBlaCar and TaskRabbit. SCPs are source of much interest for academy, however several research opportunities remain.
Doan et al. argued that the race is now on “toward building general crowdsourcing platforms that can be used to develop such systems quickly”. Since then, little has been done to investigate the technical design of SCPs precisely. Also, there is a gap between what is done in commercial platforms and in scientific literature. We propose GENIUS-C, a generic architecture for SCPs. We provide a reference implementation (RI) for GENIUS-C, that works as a framework for the development of SCPs. GENIUS-C and its RI are meant to fill the gap between the academic and industry world, and facilitate the understanding and the quick development of new SCPs.
We also study the important problem of matching workers and tasks. How can we find one or more tasks suitable for a worker (and vice versa)? Some tackle this issue using recommender system techniques, others optimization approaches. Most of them do not take into account the spatiotemporal dimensions of tasks and workers. Those who take it into account ignore the preferences of either workers, requesters or the system itself. In this context, we identify and model the following common real-life problem: once a worker is willing to spend sometime accomplishing tasks, what is the best sequence of tasks to be followed respecting their spatiotemporal constraints? How can this sequence be obtained taking into account the preferences of the worker, the requesters, the system itself, or a combination of them? We name this problem the Trajectory Recommendation Problem (TRP). After having proved its NP-hardness, we propose an exact algorithm to find optimal solutions to this problem, and compare it with several approximation heuristics.
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For context, read the first post in this series: What Scenario Planners Can Learn from Uncertainty in ‘Buffy the Vampire Slayer’: An Introduction.
Many scenario planners ascribe to periods of relative stability. They call these periods lock-in. Lock-in, however, represents periods of perceived stability, not actual stability. As the “old production economy” was cranking out automobiles, homes, airplanes and refrigerators apace during the period between the end of World War II and roughly 1960 the computer industry was emerging, creating the nascent information age. The lock-in was only perceived by those not paying attention to the implications of new technology.
In the Buffyverse, the first four seasons represent a myth of lock-in associated akin to the “old production economy,” despite the Season One existential threat from The Master. The Master called to the past. He was an attempt (and others would be made) to reestablish a previously thriving universe of vampires and demons on Earth. Thought The Master called to the past, a victory would have proven highly disruptive to many in the Buffyverse. The Master’s ascension would tilt the balance of power toward vampires and demons against humans. While highly disruptive locally, at a global level the reversion would prove incremental much as communism taking over the West would have been an incremental change in the 1960s when looked at from a broad historical perspective. More than half the world in the 1960s was already Communist. While the change of Greater Europe, America and other democracies toward that economic model would have been highly disruptive locally, the idea of communism and various forms of its implementation already existed. In both instances the world would be radically different, but not so radically different for those who were already vampires or communists.
The bigger question that the fictional and real world poses in these scenarios is: “what future do you want?” as there is choice involved in navigating the future you are handed, but also in taking action toward the future you want. We see this today with Elon Musk and Jeff Bezos creating their own science fiction futures from personal fortunes—asserting their visions against a backdrop of navigating current technological, political and economic issues that preclude, for instance, the United States from taking a leadership role in space exploration.
Buffy seasons 1-4 established a historical perspective that attributed to the idea of lock-in. Slayers were created to fight vampires and demons. Watchers and their council were created to train the slayers and maintain the knowledge base. Most people didn’t know about vampires, and if they did, they thought they were fictional. Rules about what a vampire could or could not do existed, as did the relationship between slayers and vampires. The path to succession of a Vampire Slayer was also clear, that upon the death of a slayer, a new slayer was given the power.
But already in these first episodes, there were underpinnings of future changes to assumptions. Buffy died in the Season One finale, only to be revived by Xander. Her revival arrived with new strength and conviction. She was able to not only keep The Master from breaking through into their realm, she was able to actually kill him. The saving of Buffy introduced the first discontinuity to the Buffyverse, which wouldn’t be seen until Season Two: the calling of another slayer upon Buffy’s death. With her revival the world found itself with two slayers for the first time.
The exploration and exploitation of demons became a military matter with the unveiling of the “initiative,” a research organization based beneath UC Sunnydale in Season Four episode Four, “Fear, Itself.” This created new uncertainties by introducing human interaction not only into the fight against demons, but in the human creation of demons. What a demon was, who knew about them and the strategies required to fight them—even the concept of who was the enemy, offered themselves as uncertainties in this storyline.
Like the Buffyverse, the underpinnings of change that characterized the 1960s and beyond were already scampering under the economic and technological veil for over a decade. The Beat Movement and Rock-and-Roll were challenging assumptions about society. Rocket technology refined in the West and in the Soviet Union by recruited Nazi scientists, along with computer technology derived from wartime investments, spurred growth in microelectronics, computing, eventually leading to the information and knowledge economy alluded to in Oglivy’s opening quote. Improvements in transportation and communications drove globalization. And the stand-off between The West and The Soviet Union resulted in a technological race that accelerated the nascent electronics, software and weapons industries.
And to some, this would appear as another lock-in. The inevitable pace of technological change leading to ever more sophisticated electronics, and more-and-more data that could be leveraged to analyze things, behaviors and other factors. Today we face the assertions that this is an information age lock-in even as disinformation, information warfare, social pushback on data privacy and the burgeoning costs of emergent technologies like Blockchain roll under the radar as they more superficial and near-term benefits outweigh potential risks that could derail their role over the long term.
The myth of lock-in exists in the Buffyverse and in our context as well. Why does this happen? Short human lifespans. Most people concentrate on their local context, which usually does not need to involve dealing with disruptions to lock-in. And when change does occur, the relative slow pace related to their experience was historically slow enough that people need not be concerned with changes that affected only the end of their lives. As lifespans extend and the pace of change (for now) accelerates, the ability to accept, navigate and leverage change will become an important survival tool. Interestingly, those of those with long lifespans in the Buffyverse either deal well with change, or have attached themselves to some historical point and wish for a return to the context of that time. Regardless of this desire to return to a previous era, all but the most mentally unstable recognize the changes around them and have learned to navigate change in order to survive. Long lifespans require different perceptions, tactics and strategies. As human lifespans increase we too will need new perceptions, tactics and strategies if we want to not only survive, but thrive in the future.
Life expectancy chart from Wikipedia.
For more on scenario planning read: In an Uncertain World Scenario Planning Teaches Agility.
“What Strategists Can Learn from Sartre,” James Oglivy, Strategy+Business. Winter 2003 / Issue 33 (originally published by Booz & Company).
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After an emergency landing, what procedures should the pilot follow?
In case of an emergency landing (non-fatal) on a road/highway or in a large field, what happens next?
Should aircraft owner and/or insurance be contacted?
In case landing is on a road or highway, what should the pilot do?
In case of landing on someone's personal property, what should one do?
There seem to be two parts to your question. First, what practical steps can I take on the ground immediately after landing? Second, which authorities must be notified?
For the first point, there are just too many scenarios to have a single answer but basically you should immediately check for injuries or damage to property and activate the emergency services if required. After that, secure the aircraft to prevent any further damage, call your insurance company and inform the aircraft owner and local property owner (as applicable). I'd also suggest giving your family a call rather than have them hear on TV news that you were "in a crash landing".
There are more dramatic possibilities, of course: if you ditched or landed in a remote area or in extreme weather then actual survival could be your highest priority. But that's a topic for another site.
For the second point, at least in the US it's possible that you don't have to notify anyone. If no one is hurt, nothing is damaged, and none of the incidents requiring immediate notification occurred (see 49 CFR 830.5 and the AIM 7-6-2) then there's no legal requirement to inform anyone. The authorities in this case would be the NTSB, not the FAA, by the way. There's a more detailed discussion of these requirements here.
An additional concern that I know nothing about is liability and other legal issues. Getting legal advice - e.g. from your insurance company or AOPA - would probably be a good idea whatever the circumstances.
Outlandings are a regular occurrence when gliding cross-country. During competitions with tens of participants, it is not uncommon for a few gliders to land out each day. For this reason, in the UK at least, glider pilots are taught how to land out, and think about this eventuality on every flight. Many will have experienced a landout with an instructor before going solo, and practice approaches to fields are a requirement of gaining the cross-country endorsement (part of the UK syllabus).
In practice, there isn't a lot to do after your beautifully-executed landing. In common law countries (including the US and the UK) on private land you are trespassing, and the landowner can ask you to leave. Of course this is already your intention, but it's complicated by the expensive machine you have just deposited there. Any damage you cause (or caused, on your way in) is your liability. Your aircraft is still yours, and the landowner cannot prevent you from removing it. If he tries, he is responsible for keeping it safe and will be liable for any damage. He can charge a reasonable fee for his time and the unauthorised use of his land, but often will not. Some landowners object to professional balloon companies charging large sums for taking parties of champagne drinkers into their fields and want a cut of the profits. In this case, remind him that you are a private individual and that you landed there without intending to in an emergency.
Inform whoever you were most recently in contact with that you have landed safely (ATC, or your fellow travellers on common frequencies).
Find the landowner, explain that you didn't mean to land there, that it was an emergency and that you intend to retrieve your property as soon as possible. Obtain permission for vehicles to enter his land.
Contact your friends to bring the trailer, derig the aircraft and drive home.
Buy dinner for your friends.
If you have approached over built-up areas or roads, someone will probably have seen you and is likely to call the emergency services on your behalf. In the UK, NATS (the National Air Traffic Service) coordinates with the police in cases of aircraft outlandings. You should call their distress and diversion (D&D) cell to inform them of the situation, even if there is no damage or injury.
If the landowner tries to impound your aircraft or becomes aggressive, call the police. There have been cases where landowners have caused damage to aircraft and recourse was only possible because of police attendance.
If you have caused any damage, try to come to an agreement on the cost. Often, young crops are not damaged by landing aircraft, and if you have landed in a long crop you are probably not capable of discussing compensation. Ploughed fields and grass fields are more likely to have damaged your aircraft than the other way round.
Outlandings are not the end of the world. If it worries you, why not hop along to your local gliding club and take a flight. Most instructors will be more than happy to show you round the local fields!
You are talking explicitly about an emergency landing, not about an outlanding (yes, this word really seems to exist...).
Here's the answer that is valid in Europe: In case of emergency, the federal office of aviation has to be informed. They will then check the conditions. If you start before their OK, it will be a criminal act.
If it was a security landing, you will need to ask the owner of the land for permission and you'll need somebody who's watching while you take off.
And no, you don't have to inform the police, but usually you will.
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Patient now listed in critical condition.
intro: Thomas Eric Duncan, the first patient to be diagnosed with Ebola in the U.S., was downgraded to critical condition today, the Texas hospital treating him said in a statement.
Duncan, who was visiting family in Dallas after arriving from Liberia, was diagnosed with Ebola at Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital in Dallas last Sunday, three days after he initially went to the hospital.
Duncan is being treated in an isolation ward.
Louise Troh, the woman who traveled back from Liberia with Duncan and is referred to as his wife by relatives, told ABC News today she is frustrated with the lack of information on Duncan's condition.
Troh and her family were removed from their apartment to an undisclosed location on Friday, where they will remain for the duration of their quarantine. While the family remains in quarantine, clean-up crews returned to the family's apartment today to continue sanitizing it.
Including Troh and her family, health officials are monitoring about 50 people who may have had contact with Duncan, including 9 of those believed to be at "high risk" for exposure.
At least one person is being monitored after traveling in the ambulance used to transport Duncan to the hospital last week, according to officials from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
quicklist: 1 title: Duncan's Partner Says She's Being Treated 'Like a Dog' text: Troh told ABC News today that no one had updated her on Duncan's condition for two days.
"They are telling me nothing," she said. "They are treating me like a dog. I have no idea how he is doing."
Troh and her family will remain in quarantine for at least 21 days and were moved by Dallas government officials to an undisclosed location on Friday, where they would be able to walk around outside.
Hospital officials were not immediately available to comment about her allegations.
UPDATE: The hospital said on Oct. 6: "As is standard with hospital patients who are unable to make decisions on their own, the patient's representative, as determined under state and federal law, makes decisions about patient access and communications. We continue to comply with those instructions."
At least one of the 50 people being monitored for Ebola symptoms in Dallas had traveled in the ambulance used to transport Duncan to the hospital on Sept. 28, CDC Director Tom Freiden said today.
Freiden emphasized that people traveling in the ambulance after Duncan would be monitored "as a precaution" due to their possible contact.
Freiden confirmed none of the 50 people being monitored had any symptoms of the virus.
quicklist: 3 title: Hospital Says Duncan's Records Were Available to Entire Staff text: Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital said Friday that its entire staff had access to Duncan's electronic health records, including his travel history, days after blaming a flaw in physician and nursing workflows as the reason he was initially released.
Duncan arrived at the emergency room on September 25 with a low-grade fever and complained of abdominal pain. Although he disclosed to a nurse he had traveled from Liberia, he was still released with antibiotics rather than being put into an isolation ward at the hospital, according to the CDC.
On Friday, the hospital issued a statement saying that the entire team treating Duncan had access to the information about his travel history and denied that there was a flaw in the way its physician and nursing workflow interacted.
"As a standard part of the nursing process, the patient's travel history was documented and available to the full care team in the electronic health record (EHR), including within the physician's workflow," read the statement. "There was no flaw in the EHR in the way the physician and nursing portions interacted related to this event."
quicklist: 4 title: Duncan Could Face Charges text: The Dallas County District Attorney's Office announced Friday it is looking into whether charges should be brought against Duncan, according to ABC News affiliate WFAA-TV in Dallas.
Officials will examine if Duncan's actions could constitute criminal activity by putting public health at risk.
"We are looking into whether or not Duncan knowingly and intentionally exposed the public to a deadly virus, making this a criminal matter for Dallas County," spokesperson Debbie Denmon told WFAA in an email.
Duncan's nephew Joe Weeks told ABC News that Duncan seemed to be growing weaker in recent days.
"At first we were able to talk to him on the phone, but now he is just too sick to speak," said Weeks.
quicklist: 5 title: Relatives of Duncan Moved to Undisclosed Location text: Relatives of Duncan were moved to an undisclosed location within the city of limits of Dallas on Friday.
Dallas Mayor Mike Rawlings told reporters the family was moved to a four-bedroom house of which the use was given to them by an anonymous donor in the "faith-based community."
Judge Clay Jenkins and Rawlings told reporters the donor was a friend whom they called for help. The house is in a gated community.
"They've got room to move," Jenkins said of the family, which is under quarantine and can't leave the property.
The family had been in the same apartment where Duncan became ill late last week. It includes two men, a 13-year-old boy named Timothy, and a woman named Louise Troh, who traveled with Duncan from Liberia and has been referred to as Duncan's wife by other family members.
Jenkins had ordered the family to stay at the apartment as part of quarantine measures to ensure the virus didn't spread.
On Friday, a team entered the home to decontaminate any surface that Duncan may have contaminated. The family will remain in quarantine for at least 21 days.
quicklist: 6 title: Ebola Clean Up to Cost $65,000 text: The cost to decontaminate the apartment will cost about $65,000, according to local government officials in Dallas. The state of Texas will cover the cost.
On Friday, a special team of cleaners began cleaning and removing infected materials, including mattresses, sheets and towels, from the home. Those linens will be sealed in plastic barrels, placed in a sealed tractor and later incinerated.
The U.S. Department of Transportation issued an emergency permit Friday allowing all Ebola-contaminated materials to moved so they can be incinerated.
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Why is the town of Gretna Green associated so closely with weddings?
Gretna Green in Dumfriesshire, Scotland, is perhaps one of the most renowned wedding venues in Great Britain and its name is synonymous with couples eloping 'North of the Border' to tie the knot.
Gretna is a small Scottish border town with a population of only a few thousand, but it is it's location that made it so popular for weddings from the eighteenth century onwards. On the main thoroughfare from England to Scotland, it was the first stagecoach stop across the border and as such presented couples with their first opportunity to wed under Scottish law, which varied considerably from it's English counterpart.
In 1753, Lord Hardwicke's Marriage Act was passed in England, and stated that that both the Bride and Groom had to be at least 21 years of age in order to be allowed to marry without the consent of their parents. However, 'North of the Border' the law did not apply, and their rules were a little more lax, to say the least. In Scotland, until 1929, boys of 14 and girls of 12 were able to wed without the consent of their parents and until 1940, any responsible adult could conduct the Ceremony.
Young boys and girls from England eloped to Scotland in their thousands, stopping at the first place they could find, eager to tie the knot - and you've guessed it, Gretna Gretna was that place! The blacksmiths in the town achieved particular notoriety, and became the place that conducted many of the weddings that took place in Gretna over the anvil at the shop.
These days, the minimum age that couples need to be wed without parental consent in England, Wales and Northern Ireland is 18 (20 in Jersey), but in Scotland young men and women aged 16 or older can do so without the need for approval from their parents.
Beacuse of the lower legal restrictions, and to an even greater extent, the history of the town, Gretna Green still remains one of the most common places in the whole of the UK for couples of all ages to tie the knot. In fact, around one fifth of all marriages that take place in Scotland each year take place in Gretna Green.
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Cath Boindi: from the Book of Lecan (c. 1575), aka Ferchuitred Medba ("Medb's Man-complement") in Rawl. MS. B. 512 (late 15th/early 16th century); translated from the Irish in 1905.
A king took kingship over Ireland once on a time, i.e. Eochaid Feidleach, the son of Finn, the son of Rogen Ruad, the son of Easamain Eamna of the seed of Rifad Scot from the tower of Nimrod; for it is of the race of Rifad Scot was every invasion which seized Ireland except Cesair only. It is therefore he was called Eochaid Feidleach, because he was ‘feidil' to all, i.e. ‘righteous’ towards all was that king.
He had four sons, namely, the three Findeamna (‘eamain’ meaning ‘a thing which is not divided’), and they were born of one birth, Breas, Nár, and Lothar their names; it is they who made Lugaid-of-the-three-red-stripes with their own sister the night before giving the Battle of Druicriad to their father. The three of them fell there by Eochaid Feidleach; and it was Eochaid Feidleach who made the holy request that no son should rule Ireland after his father for ever, and that was verified) ; and Conall Anglondach, the son of Eochaid Feidleach,. from whom are the Conailli, in the land of the men of Breagh. That king, Eochaid Feidleach, had a great family, namely, Eile, daughter of Eochy, wife of Fergal mac Magach; from her Bri Eili in Leinster takes its name; after Fergal she was wife to Sraibgend mac Niuil of the Erna, and she bore him a son, Mata the son of Sraibgend, the father of Ailill mac Mata; and Mumain Etanchaithrech, daughter of Eochaid Feidleach, wife of Conchobar mac Fachtna Fathach, the mother of Glaisne Conchobar’s son; and Eithne, daughter of Eochaid Feidleach, another wife of the same Conchobar, mother of Furbaide Conchobar’s son; (it is therefore he was called ‘Furbaide’ because the ‘urbad’ or ‘cutting’ of him out of the womb of his mother was performed after she was drowned in the stream Bearramain, which is called the Eithne today, and it is from her the river takes its name, namely, Eithne, and Diarmaid was Furbaide’s (first) name); and Clothra, daughter of Eochaid Feidleach, mother of Cormac Conloingeas, Conchobar’s son (or Nessa daughter of Eochaid Sulbaide was the mother of Cormac Conloingeas); and Deirbriu, daughter of Eochaid Feidleach, from whom were (called) the pigs of Deirbriu; and Meadb of Cruachan, daughter of Eochaid Feidleach, another of Conchobar’s wives, mother of Amalgad, Conchobar’s son, so that Conchobar was Meadb’s first husband, and Meadb forsook Conchobar through pride of mind, and went to Tara, where was the High-King of Ireland. The reason that the High-King of Ireland gave these daughters to Conchobar was that it was by Eochaid Feidleach that Fachtna Fathach had fallen in the battle of Lettir-ruad in the Corann, so that it was as his eric these were given to him, together with the forcible seizure of the kingship of Ulster, over Clan Rudraidhe: and the first cause of the stirring up of the Cattle-raid of Cuailngne was the desertion of Conchobar by Meadb against his will. Tindi, the son of Conra Cas, of the Fir Domnand, was king of Connacht at that time, and Eochaid Dala and Fidig mac Feicc, of the Gamanraidi, were laying claim (?) to the kingship.
Fidig mac Feicc goes to Tara to assemble the kings for himself, and he asked Meadb of Eochaid Feidleach. Tindi, Conra’s son, got word of this story, and lay in ambush for Fideic. They met over the Shannon streams, and the children of Conra and Monodar, Conra’s son, slew Fidig, and that was the first reason of the war between the children of Conra and the Gamanraidi. Eochaid Feidleach executed a prince’s injustice on Tindi, drove him into the deserts of Connacht, and set Meadb up in the royal seat of Cruachan. It fell out, however, that Tindi was a visitor (?) with Meadb for a long time after that, so that it was in Cruachan with Meadb the fairs of Ireland were wont to be held, and the sons of the kings of Ireland used to be in Cruachan with Meadb at that time to see if they might exchange war with the province of Conchobar. (Amongst these) came Sraibgend mac Niuil of the Erna, and his son, Mata mac Sraibgind, to Meadb to see if they could make war on Conchobar for all the ill-feeling that was between them. The festival of Tara was held by Eochaid Feidleach, with the provinces of Ireland about him (all) except Meadb and Tindi. The men of Ireland bade Eochaid bring Meadb to the gathering. Eochaid sent Searbluath, his female messenger, to Cruachan for Meadb. Meadb goes on the morrow to Tara, and the fair-races were run by them for a fortnight and a month. Thereafter the men of Ireland disperse. Conchobar stayed after the others in the fair, watching Meadb, and, as Meadb happened to go to the Boyne to bathe, Conchobar met her there, overcame her, and violated her. When that tale was told in Tara, the kings of Ireland rose forth from Tara, and Tindi mac Conrach and Eochaid Dala with them. Another version says that Eochaid Dala had fallen by Tindi before that (in a dispute) about the kingship, but that is not true.
The banners of the king of Ireland are raised to attack the king of Ulster; and Tindi, the son of Conra, challenged Conchobar to fight. Conchobar accepted that; and Monodar Mór, son of Conra and brother of Tindi, who happened to be with Conchobar at that time, was asked to check Tindi. He said that he would do so, and they had a champion’s fight; Tindi fell in the conflict, and everyone said, “Good is the deed"; and the Druid said, “Mac Ceacht shall be his name for ever”; hence “Mac Eacht” adhered to him.
Conchobar won the battle on the Boyne over Eochaid Feidleach; and Sraibgend mac Niuil and his son fell there, sustaining the battle. Eochaid Dala took up the yoke of battle across Meath, over the green-streamed Shannon, and brought Meadb and Connacht safe with him through dint of fighting, so that he was not dared from the Boyne to the Shannon. The Fir Domnand and the Dal n-Druithni and the Firchraibi, from whom sprang Eochaid Dala, came to Cruachan after the slaying of Tindi, the son of Conra Cas, for though they were three tribes through division they were one tribe by origin, namely the children of Genand, the son of Dil(?), the son of Loch, and they were Firbolg by race. The counsel they decided on was to appoint Eochaid Dala to the kingship of Connacht with the consent of Meadb. Meadb consents to that on condition that he should marry her, and that he should have neither jealousy, fear, nor niggardliness, for it was ‘geis’ to her to marry a man who should have these three qualities. Eochaid Dala was crowned through this, and was a while in Cruachan, as Meadb’s husband. At that time Ailill the son of Mata, the son of Sraibgend of the Erna, came to Cruachan, and Ailill was then a young child, and the remnant of Sraibgend’s children were along with him that they might be reared by Meadb, because of Meadb’s relationship to him, i.e. Ele, the daughter of Eochaid Feidleach, was his grandmother. Ailill is reared in Cruachan after that until he was a great spirited warrior in battles and in conflicts, and a battle-sustaining tower against Conchobar, defending the province of Meadb, so that it was he who was chief of Meadb’s household afterwards, and Meadb loved him for his virtues, and he was united to her, and became her lover in place of Eochaid Dala. Eochaid Dala grew jealous because of this, and all the Fir Domnand shared in his jealousy through affection, so that they thought to banish Ailill, and all the Erna who were with him, out of Connacht; but Meadb did not permit the doing of that deed, for she loved Ailill better than Eochaid. When Eochaid saw Meadb’s partiality, he challenged Ailill to fight for the kingdom and his wife. They fought a fierce fight, and Eochaid Dala fell in that conflict by Ailill mac Mata through the wiles (?) of Meadb. Ailill assumed the kingship of Connacht thereafter, with the consent of Meadb; and it is he who was king of Connacht at the time of the crowning of Conaire the Great and the beginning of the cattle-raid against the Ultonians. It was to that Ailill that Meadb bore the Maines, and Maine was not their first name but thus: Feidlimid, i.e. Maine Aithreamail, and Cairpri, Maine Maithreamail, and Eochaid, Maine Andoe, and Fergus, Maine Tai, and Ceat, Maine (M)or(g)or, and Sin, Maine Milscothach, and Daire, Maine Mo-epert.
Why are they called the Maines? Not difficult. Of a day that Meadb was at the gathering of Cluitheamnach and happened to be preparing for the battle of Findchorad against Conchobar, she said to her Druid, “By whom of my children shall Conchobar fall?" quoth she. “Thou hast not borne them yet, unless they be rechristened,” quoth the Druid. “Anyhow, it is by Maine he shall fall.” And it is for that reason she called each of her sons Maine, in the hope that Conchobar might fall by him; and these nicknames superseded their real names. Meadb thought that it was Conchobar, the son of Fachtna Fathach, whom the Druid meant. It was not he, however, but Conchobar, the son of Arthur, the son of Bruide, the son of Dungal, the son of the king of Scotland, from across the water. He it was who fell there by Maine Andai, the son of Ailill and Meadb.
↑ According to O'Clery's Book of Pedigrees (FM.), he was 93rd monarch of Ireland. There, as elsewhere, his father is not Roigen Ruad, but Fionnlogh the son of Roigen Ruad. He married two sisters:—Cloann (daughter of Airtech Uchtlethan), mother of Clothra and the triplets, and her sister Onga who was the mother of Mumain and Eithre.
↑ cf. Cóir Anmann, Irische Texte III. 332.
↑ I can find no mention of Rifad Scot. There is a Heber Scot amongst the ancestors of the Milesian Gaels.
↑ The "triplets". cf. Cormac's Glossary under Emuin.
↑ For his story and the reason of his name, see LL. 124 b. 34, Cóir Anmann, and Silca Gad. II. xxvii.He was Cuchulainn's pupil. He succeeded Conaire Mór as High King; and it is to him that Cuchulainn's curious valedictory speech was addressed on his departure to take up the High Kingship. He is also called Lughaidh Sriab n-Derg and Lugaidh Reo n-Derg.
↑ Now Drumcree in the parish of Kilcumny in Co. Westmeath. For accounts of the battle, see LL. 151 a, Book of Lecan, 251 ba and 251 bb, Rennes Dindsenchus (Rev. Celt., XVI. 149), O'Curry's Lectures, II. 261, and John McSolly's MS. in R.I.A.
↑ In the present Co. Louth, see Táin passim. For Conall Anglondach, see Windisch's Táin, p. 212.
↑ For Eochaid's daughters cf. LL. 51 a 11, 53 b 18; "iartaige" is the usual form of this word, not iardraigi.
↑ Now the hill of Croghan in King's Co., cf. ÉRIU, I., p. 187.
↑ I can find no mention of Glaisne. There is a "Glas" mentioned as a son of Conchobar's in Windisch's Táin, 801.
↑ It was he who afterwards slew his aunt Meadh with a cast of "tanach." It is stated in LL. 199 a 53 that his cairn is on the summit of Sliabh Uillend.
↑ For Eithne's death and the birth of Furbaide, see Book of Lecan, fol. 251 aa, fourth line from bottom, LL. 199 a 53, Coir Anmann, and Bodleian Dindsenchus (Stokes), p. 11. The river is the "Inny" which runs between Westmeath and Longford.
↑ For Cormac Conloingeas, see Windisch's Táin, passim.
↑ For these pigs, see LL. 165 a 35, 167 a 30, Rennes Dind., p. 47 (Stokes' Ed.). They were the sons of Oengus mac Ind Óc, and the foster-children of Derbriu. They seem to be connected with the fairy pigs (of the Firbolg?) which came out of Croghan, and which no-one could count. The Manners and Customs of Hy Fiachra, p. 26, contain verses ascribed to Torna Eigeas, and addressed to the great red pillar-stone at Roilig-na-riog, stating that under it lie the three sons of Eochaid, and their sister "Derbriu Dreac-maith".
↑ Lettir-ruad, I can find no further mention of this place. Corann is a barony in Co. Sligo.
↑ Eochaid Dala and Fidig mac Feicc are unknown to me.
↑ I can find no other mention of this chief. LL. 292 a 36 tells how, in the reign of Conaire Mór, the Cairbres slew Nemedh ,ac Sraibcinn; but it does not seem to be the same name. See also Irische Texte, III. 314.
↑ These Erna were a tribe of Ultonian invaders of the race of Ugaine Mór, who set the Heberian race aside for a while in the ruling of Munster. See Bk. of Lecan, fol. 203 aa and 208 ba 14; see also Topographical Poems (ed. by O'Donovan) IX. and XI., and Four Masters 186.
↑ Cf. Cóir Anmann, Irische Texte, III. 358.
↑ O'Flaherty in Ogygia, III., cap. 9, enumerates the Gamanraidi, Fir Chraibi and Tuatha Taidhen as the three chief tribes of the Fir Domnand; cf. also Táin Bó Flidhisi (Irische Texte, II.) and Windisch's Táin. The Gamanraidi held the modern Erris in Co. Mayo.
↑ He was one of the five brothers who led the Firbolgs into Ireland. The Annals of Clonmacnois state that it was to him Connacht (from Luimnech to Assaroe) fell in the division of Ireland by the Firbolg chiefs, and that he afterwards became high king of Ireland on the death of his brother Slainge. He was the father of Clidna, who gives her name to the Wave of Clidna: cf. also LL. 7, 59, FM. A.M. 3266, and Bodleian Dincdenchus, p. 1. the nom. of his father's name may have been Dil. It only occurs, as far as I know, in the genitive form.
↑ Cf. the beginning of the LL. Táin Bó Cuailnge.
↑ For these Maines, cf. Windisch's Táin, p. 22.
↑ I can find no further mention of this place.
↑ There is a Fionnchorad in Thomond, the modern Corofin, and there is a Coradh-finne in the parish of Cummer, Co. Galway; but it is hardly either of these two places.
This page was last edited on 26 March 2009, at 21:21.
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According to scientists, even in case of a nuclear holocaust, the cockroaches will survive. But can they survive even without their heads?
A cockroach can live for a week without its head.
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When you begin to develop your personal brand, you assign a new level of importance to networking. You want to include your target market in your networking efforts and be more strategic in how you get to know other people who can support your brand and your goals. It’s time to go beyond developing your network by chance.
First, determine who should be the focus of your networking efforts. Begin by asking yourself to consider people you already know and then expand your network to include others you haven’t yet met.
The easiest place to meet people and build your network is through shared interest groups, such as professional association meetings, clubs, social groups, classes to learn about a hobby, parenting groups, exercise classes, or on the sidelines of a child’s sport.
If you’re on the shy side, attending activities with others who share your interests is much easier than meeting people at other functions. Begin with the person sitting next to you and build your network one person at time. The process feels more comfortable and less intimidating that way.
The topic of networking is frightening to some people because they don’t understand that networking really just involves meeting people and engaging in conversations. Even introverts can enjoy networking if they find the right people to talk to. The best way to begin is by having conversations with people you already know.
What scares people about networking is that they often neglect their contacts. When they realize that they need to tap in to their network, such as during a job search, they feel like they’re using people that they’ve neglected for years. The best time to build a network is when you don’t have an immediate need for it.
With social media tools like LinkedIn, Facebook, and Twitter, building a network is sometimes easier than calling a stale contact and reintroducing yourself. The place to start is with your immediate sphere of influence.
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title Tokyo twilight entry description A panoramic cityscape of the immense city of Tokyo. Luckily the weather in that winter day was more favorable than expected, so I had the chance to capture a perfectly clear view of the megalopolis as well as a sharp silhouette of Mt. Fuji, standing out in the vibrant color of the twilight.
This image is the result of the stitching of multiple portrait-oriented shots, taken with a Pentax K-3 and a Pentax 20-40mm f/2.8-4.0 limited Lens, mounted on a calibrated nodal rail. The final picture is about 59 Mpixel. about the photographer Italian designer and photographer for passion, Claudio Beffa's works are focused on the search of the beauty and soul of the destinations of his travels. Interested particularly in Japan and Italy, his photographs encompass the elements which make a place unique and deeply bond with the local culture and history. His body of works covers a vast variety of subjects, from pristine forests and mountains to lively cities, including some ancient and sacred places which, most of the times, are quite distant from the touristic routes. The portfolio includes also traditional celebrations and historical ceremonies and competitions, as well as glimpses of everyday life, which deepen the journey into a land and its culture.
Being a self-taught photographer, Claudio is driven by a creative curiosity which leads him to constantly experiment disparate techniques, both in the shooting and in the post processing stage: as a result, depending on the subject and the meaning that he aims to convey, he produces panoramas, vertoramas, long exposures, high dynamic range captures that are subsequently digitally developed with the utmost attention to details, using the most advanced retouching methods.
Claudio's approach to photography is a perseverant and passionate search of the beauty in its most meaningful form and a constant honing the methods to improve the artistry needed to accomplish it.
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Why was Rosa Parks famous?
Rosa Parks was famous as the African American civil rights activist who was later called "Mother of the Modern-Day Civil Rights Movement" by the U.S. Congress.
Under Amendment XIV, Congress passes a law that makes racial discrimination in public accommodations illegal.
1896: Plessy v. Ferguson case upheld a Louisiana law that required whites and blacks to occupy separate railroad cars. Established "separate but equal" doctrine.
1929 For 10th and 11th grades, she attends Alabama State Teachers College for Negroes.
1932 December 18: Marries Raymond Parks, a barber, at 19.
Committee on Civil Rights under President Truman condemn racial injustices towards Blacks in America in a report dated October 29, 1947, entitled "To Secure These Rights."
1955 May 31: U.S. Supreme Court orders desegregation of the public schools "with all deliberate speed"
December 1: Rosa Parks is arrested in Montgomery, Alabama for refusing to give her seat on the bus to a white passenger. She is arrested, fingerprinted, jailed by police and fined $14.
December 5: She stands trial and is found guilty of breaking the segregation laws.
December 5: Martin Luther King becomes the president of the Montgomery Improvement Association which was organised due to protest against the incident involving Rosa Parks and the Montgomery bus boycott begins which will last 381 days.
January – The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) is formed to form a strategy for ending segregation, and Martin Luther King is elected president.
October 16: Martin Luther King meets with President Kennedy to gain his support for the civil rights movement.
August 28: Martin Luther King meets with President John F. Kennedy and after their meeting Dr. King delivers his famous "I Have a Dream" speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial to a crowd estimated at 250,000 at the Marched on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. Rosa Parks is one of the many in the crowd.
March 17 – 25: King and 25,000 other protestors, including Rosa Parks, march from Selma to Montgomery for voting rights.
August 11/12: The Watts Riots erupted in California when Thirty-five people died. The National Guard had been called in to stop America's worst racial disturbance.
1977 1977: Her husband, Raymond Parks, 74, dies of cancer.
1992 Rosa publishes her first book, "Rosa Parks My Story"
Rosa Parks meets with the Pope in St. Louis and reads a statement to the Pope asking for racial healing.
She is diagnosed with progressive dementia.
November 2: Rosa Parks' funeral service, seven hours long, was held at the Greater Grace Temple Church.
History Timelines of People provide fast facts and information about famous people in history, such as those detailed in the Rosa Parks Timeline, who precipitated a significant change in World history. This historical timeline is suitable for students of all ages, children and kids. The timeline of Rosa Parks details each important life event with related historical events and arranged in chronological, or date, order providing an actual sequence of the past major and important events in their life. The History timeline of famous people provides fast information via a time line which highlights the key dates and events of the life of famous people such as Rosa Parks in a fast information format, a concise and and accurate life biography. The life of this major historical figure is arranged by chronological, or date order, providing an actual sequence of past events which were significant to this famous figure in history as detailed on the Rosa Parks Timeline. The lives of many historical people and figures, such as the life biography detailed in the Rosa Parks timeline, occurred during times of crisis or evolution or change. Specific information can be seen at a glance with concise and accurate details of the life and biography and timeline of Rosa Parks.
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How to create interest is the most difficult thing in selling.
Could you give me tips on create interest?
OK to be specific we are talking interest which comes before desire.
To get someones interest you have to be talking about WIIFT = What's in it for THEM.
To know WIIFT you need to know a bit about their business and/or their situation. That's why you have to ask questions at the beginning of a sales meeting.
One of the tricks is NOT to interrogate them and that is accomplished by using softeners (like in the Agreement Frame) and by establishing Rapport so they'll be open to talking to you.
Finally, as you start to present your offer, making sure you present benefits and not features, you need to be talking in language THEY UNDERSTAND and relate to. You find that out during the questioning phase by asking some subtle questions or just paying close attention to what they say. You may want to take a look at some of the Free Articles on my site: Articles numbers 4, 7 15 and 43.
Join in and write your own page! It's easy to do. How? Simply click here to return to Ask Selling.
I am forever grateful for your mission of helping salespeople around the globe to raise the bar of service in this profession through your free articles and sharing of experiences even offering to sales coach.
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Is this child's party invitation greedy?
BUYING gifts for children can be difficult so a bit of guidance is often appreciated but this parent may have gone a bit too far.
One person took to Facebook to share a demanding party invitation they received, which detailed very specific gift requests.
"Gift cards preferable and no size 1 clothes needed," the invite read.
"Any other purchases could you please include a return receipt. Thank you."
The woman who posted the picture said she didn't "know how to feel" after receiving the invite to the child's party hosted by her partner's cousin.
People were quick to brand the invite as "rude" and "disgusting", with some suggesting that she skip out on the party completely.
"Yeah I wouldn't go, that's disgusting," one person said.
"I hate how gifts has gone from a nice surprise to an expectation," another said.
One added: "I feel sorry for her child. A lot of people are saying 'don't go' but the child shouldn't miss out just because the mother is a rude knob."
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0.999978 |
How can emergency managers determine appropriate sources of funding to assist in the response and recovery process? What conditions distinguish the level of funding appropriate? What constitutes funding from federal, state, and local governments? There are many appropriate sources of funding to assist in the response and recovery process for example, federal disaster assistance expenditures are influenced by both external and internal factors. External factors that increase federal spending on disaster costs include increases in the frequency and magnitude of weather related events, and increases in population size and development— especially in coastal and other flood prone areas. Internal factors also influence how much assistance is provided and include disaster assistance policies that have evolved over time that have expanded the federal role in emergency and major disaster declarations such as altering declaration criteria and adjusting the federal cost-share for response and recovery.
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Many Christians seem to believe that atheism is a religion, but no one with a fair understanding of both concepts would make such a mistake. Because it's such a common claim, though, it's worth demonstrating the depth and breadth of the errors being made. Presented here are the characteristics which best define religions, distinguishing them from other types of belief systems, and how atheism utterly fails to even remotely match any of them.
Perhaps the most common and fundamental characteristic of religion is a belief in supernatural beings - usually, but not always, including gods. Few religions lack this characteristic and most religions are founded upon it. Atheism is the absence of belief in gods and thus excludes belief in gods, but it does not exclude belief in other supernatural beings. More important, however, is that atheism does not teach the existence of such beings and most atheists in the West do not believe in them.
Differentiating between sacred and profane objects, places, and times helps religious believers focus on transcendental values and/or the existence of a supernatural realm. Atheism excludes believing in things that are "sacred" for the purpose of worshiping gods, but otherwise has nothing to say on the matter - neither promoting nor rejecting the distinction. Many atheists probably have things, places, or times which they consider "sacred" in that they are venerated or esteemed highly.
If people believe in something sacred, they probably have associated rituals. As with the very existence of a category of "sacred" things, however, there is nothing about atheism which either mandates such a belief or necessarily excludes it - it's simply an irrelevant issue. An atheist who holds something as "sacred" may engage in some sort of associated ritual or ceremony, but there is no such thing as an "atheist ritual."
Most religions preach some sort of moral code which is typically based upon its transcendental and supernatural beliefs. Thus, for example, theistic religions typically claim that morality is derived from the commands of their gods. Atheists have moral codes, but they don't believe that those codes are derived from any gods and it would be unusual for them to believe that their morals have a supernatural origin. More importantly, atheism doesn't teach any particular moral code.
Perhaps the vaguest characteristic of religion is the experience of "religious feelings" like awe, a sense of mystery, adoration, and even guilt. Religions encourage these sorts of feelings, especially in the presence of sacred objects and places, and the feelings are typically connected to the presence of the supernatural. Atheists may experience some of these feelings, like awe at the universe itself, but they are neither promoted nor discouraged by atheism itself.
Belief in supernatural beings like gods doesn't get you very far if you can't communicate with them, so religions which include such beliefs naturally also teach how to talk to them - usually with some form of prayer or other ritual. Atheists don't believe in gods so obviously don't try to communicate with any; an atheist who believes in some other type of supernatural being might try to communicate with it, but such communication is completely incidental to atheism itself.
Religions are never just a collection of isolated and unrelated beliefs; instead, they constitute entire worldviews based upon these beliefs and around which people organize their lives. Atheists naturally have worldviews, but atheism itself isn't a worldview and doesn't promote any one worldview. Atheists have different ideas about how to live because they have different philosophies on life. Atheism is not a philosophy or ideology, but it can be part of a philosophy, ideology, or worldview.
A few religious people follow their religion in isolated ways, but usually, religions involve complex social organizations of believers who join each other for worship, rituals, prayer, etc. Many atheists belong to a variety of groups, but relatively few atheists belong to specifically atheistic groups - atheists are notorious for not being joiners. When they do belong to atheist groups, though, those groups aren't bound together by any of the above.
Some of these characteristics are more important than others, but none is so important that it alone can make a religion. If atheism lacked one or two of these characteristics, then it would be a religion. If lacked five or six, then it might qualify as metaphorically religious, in the sense of how people follow baseball religiously.
The truth is that atheism lacks every one of these characteristics of religion. At most, atheism doesn't explicitly exclude most of them, but the same can be said for almost anything. Thus, it's not possible to call atheism a religion. It can be part of a religion, but it can't be a religion by itself. They are completely different categories: atheism is the absence of one particular belief while religion is a complex web of traditions and beliefs. They aren't even remotely comparable.
So why do people claim that atheism is a religion? Usually, this occurs in the process of criticizing atheism and/or atheists. It may at times be politically motivated because if atheism is a religion, they think they can force the state to stop "promoting" atheism by eliminating endorsements of Christianity. Sometimes the assumption is that if atheism is simply another "faith," then atheists' critiques of religious beliefs are hypocritical and can be ignored.
Since the claim that atheism is a religion is based on a misunderstanding of one or both concepts, it must proceed from flawed premises. This isn't just a problem for atheists; given the importance of religion in society, misrepresenting atheism as a religion can undermine people's ability to understand religion itself. How can we sensibly discuss matters like the separation of church and state, the secularization of society, or the history of religious violence if we don't adequately define what religion is?
Productive discussion requires clear thinking about concepts and premises, but clear and coherent thinking are undermined by misrepresentations like this.
Is Theism the Same as Religion?
Why Don't Atheists Believe in Gods?
If Something Is Religious, Is It a Religion?
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Most people would agree that children are generally more creative than adults. Children draw more, ask more questions and come up with interesting ideas. There are two commonly held theories about why we lose our creativity as we age.
The first theory is that as we age, we become more and more aware of practical constraints such as gravity or economics. Working within these constraints prevents us from fully utilizing our imaginations. We must suspend our disbelief in order to be mentally playful.
The second theory is that our culture socializes creative properties out of people. When we are young we are encouraged to draw and play, but as we get older more emphasis is placed on more cerebral activities such as math and reading. Children are slowly trained that being able to do arithmetic is more important than being creative.
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Use the adapted Business Model Canvas to pitch your next AI project.
Creating an AI Project always involves answering the same questions: What is the value you’re adding? What data do you need? Who are the customers? What costs and revenue are expected?
In 2008, Alexander Osterwalder developed the Business Model Canvas, which has since enjoyed tremendous success in explaining business models around the world. What used to take a 30-page business plan to detail a business idea, could now be captured on one page. It works well with the Lean Startup methodology, enabling you to focus on value-adding activities and quickly creating MVP-driven products.
The Lean Startup cycle consists of the build-measure-learn feedback loop. As a Data Scientist, you will embrace this Lean methodology. Prototyping a solution and iterating until reaching the key metric is at the heart of any successful AI project. Thus, it is a natural fit to adjust the Business Model Canvas for AI projects.
As a former Management Consultant and as a current Project Lead for Data Science, my background helped me design the AI Project Canvas. The AI Project Canvas will help you answer the most pressing questions about the outcome and resources needed for your AI project. This post explains the AI Project Canvas along with real-world examples. Download the editable or blank canvas here.
Imagine the following scenario: You have a brilliant idea for a new AI project. To make it happen, you need to convince management to fund your idea. You need to pitch your AI project idea to stakeholders and management. Yuck.
This is the first step where the AI Project Canvas comes into play. Although Louis Dorard has already created the ML Canvas, the AI Project Canvas focuses on explaining the business value of your AI project. The AI Project Canvas helps you to structure and convey the holistic idea of your AI project to others.
The AI Project Canvas consists of four distinct parts: the Value Proposition as the central part of your project, the Ingredients on the left, the integration for Customers on the right, and Financing on the bottom. All these parts are vital aspects of any AI project. Let’s go through each part and start with the Value Proposition.
The heart of the AI Project Canvas is the Value Proposition. It explains the value that the project will add to your organization. A value-add can be a new AI-powered product to generate revenue, or improving an existing process to cut costs. What customer pain is the AI project solving? Which vitamins are you adding to enhance your customer’s life? Ideally, you can describe the Value Proposition in one concise bullet point. Listing many Value Propositions risks watering down the impact or failing to focus on the most important one.
Side note: Trying out a new paper because it sounds cool will not get you far. What is the value-add of your AI project? Sufficiently answering this question help you focus on the task at hand and get you halfway towards securing funding for your AI project. Let’s look at the Ingredients block next.
The Ingredients part consist of the Data, Skills, and Output blocks.
Data is the main element that every AI project relies on. The better you can explain what data you need to create the value proposition, the better for your AI project. How much data do you need? Do you have already a prepared dataset or do you need to source it? Does it have to be labeled? What data format are you expecting?
In the Skills block, you will define the expertise you need. Is it a computer vision or natural language understanding task? Do you need Data Engineers to help you write efficient software? Maybe even a Product Manager and a UX Designer to gather customer requirements and to design a workflow?
The Output block shows the single key metric you’re evaluating on. Andrew Ng recommends in his book Machine Learning Yearning chapter 8 to define a single-number evaluation metric before starting the project. This helps you choose a good model in the first place and then to compare the performance of different models based on this metric. Output metrics could be accuracy, f1-score, precision or recall, minutes spent using the service, etc. The output metric could be supplemented with a sufficing metric, e.g. that accuracy has to exceed 95% (key metric) while taking no longer than 1s inference time (sufficing metric).
After explaining the Ingredients part of your AI project, let’s talk about how you will bring your AI project to the Customer next.
The right part of the AI Project Canvas covers the integration of your project into the current infrastructure, for stakeholders and the customer.
AI products rarely live in an isolated world, hardly ever in a Jupyter Notebook. They always have to be integrated into an existing architecture. Explain where and how the project will be used. Where does it fit into the backend? How will the customer engage with your model? Will you use a microservice, monolith, or predict on-the-fly during streaming? Answering these questions will make it clear how the project will be brought into production.
Listing the Key Stakeholders will give you an overview of important decision makers. Key Stakeholders can be internal departments like legal, UX, management or even external stakeholders like contractors, owners, political or non-profit groups.
The right-most block is the second most important block after the Value Proposition. Who is the Customer that you are designing the project for? Too often, Data Scientists fall in love with technical details of their model but lose track of who they are developing the model for. Does the customer really care about an accuracy improvement from 99.2% to 99.3% or would faster inference time suit them better? Write in detail about your different customer groups to guide your decision-making throughout the process.
After defining how to bring the project to the Customer, let’s finally explore the Financial requirements of your AI project.
Any project needs to have a sound financial footing. Answering questions about Costs and Revenue will put you in a strong position to explain why your AI project should be funded.
The Cost block details which costs will occur. Do you need to outsource labeling? Will you incur compute costs? Don’t forget to mention the time or salary spent from your team members. You don’t necessarily have to write down absolute costs, giving an overview over cost categories is enough.
Lastly, the Revenue block shows how your AI project will enable the company to get new income. Will the product be sold as a service or as a new feature category for users? Will the project reduce internal costs through automating processes or support an innovation initiative? Mentioning the type of revenue is an important part of any AI project.
To summarize the AI Project Canvas, look at the circular dependencies in the image above. You will incur costs to wrangle data with key skills to arrive at the target output. With this model, you will propose new value to the organization. You then incorporate the product into the existing architecture while communicating with stakeholders. The customer will benefit from your project, thus generating revenue for your company.
Enough theory. After explaining the theory behind the AI Project Canvas, let’s look at a real-world example next.
In this previous post, you read about the real-world Data Science project on anonymizing faces recorded by cars to protect the privacy of individuals. Let’s create the AI Project Canvas for this project.
The Value Proposition is simple: protect the privacy of individuals. This will create trust, alleviate legal concerns, and still enable the company to collect the data needed to develop self-driving cars.
Next, we will look at the Ingredients needed to create the Value Proposition. Figuring out the Data block is the most important part of ingredients pipeline. Since we will use pre-trained models, we need at least a realistic validation and test set to evaluate different models. Let’s say we need 10k images with labeled faces from a car perspective. We decide to get a new dataset specific to our use-case.
In the Skills block, we list computer vision skills. We will implement the model in Python and could need Data Engineering skills to productionalize the model.
The key metric for the Output block has been defined with OKRs, as defined in this post. We need to achieve 95% accuracy in detecting faces with an IoU of > 0.5. There is no sufficing metric needed now.
Next, we move on to the value creation part.
The project will be integrated through a microservice into the current video extraction service. Developers can call an API to anonymize their images.
Key Stakeholders are the legal department, as they have to decide when the service provides legal benefits. Additional stakeholders are general management because they sponsor this project.
Who will be the Customer of this project? Data-driven automotive function developers profit from anonymization because they can access their and potentially the datasets of others. Engineers are our most valuable customers.
Last but not least, we will describe the finances of our project.
For the Costs block, we are requesting the time of a Data Scientist for three months. We also need to contract a labeling company to gather and label our training data. Additionally, we will incur costs for cloud computing.
To get Revenue, this anonymization microservice could be licensed on a Software-as-a-Service basis.
Congratulations, we have created our first AI Project Canvas! Do you see how the pieces fit nicely together to showcase the project?
Don’t worry if some blocks are not as important in your project as other blocks. It’s important that you have considered each of these blocks.
As a result, we have a thorough overview of our proposed AI project. We know what value we are trying to create. We can show what Data and Skills we need to create an Output. We know how the final model will be integrated into the existing architecture and who our Stakeholders and Customers are. Finally, we showed what Costs and Revenue we are expecting.
Just like the Business Model Canvas, the AI Project Canvas is a handy tool to quickly explain the value-add of your AI project. It’s intended to be used to explain the scope, purpose, and content of your project to management, stakeholders, and new team members. Use the AI Project Canvas to structure AI startups, AI products, and AI projects. It helps you think with the customer in mind and to design AI projects that really make an impact.
This post is part of an ongoing series aiming to educate Data Scientists in the area of customer-centric thinking and business acumen. We’re encouraging Data Scientists to get rid of the “Let’s implement this paper and see what happens”-attitude towards a “What value can we generate”-attitude. As Kai-Fu Lee notes, we’re entering the decade of AI implementation and need champions to productionalize Machine Learning models.
Jan Zawadzki is Data Scientist at Volkswagon Grooup Services with 4 years of global experience in machine learning and management consulting.
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0.972404 |
What Do You Buy with 5k and AI?
As we move into a world of 5k video endpoints, what are we going to get for our money?
Cisco has been actively marketing video solutions with 4k and 5k high-resolution cameras conjoined with artificial intelligence (AI) capabilities. While other vendors have high-resolution cameras, I believe Cisco is leading the market with respect to the capabilities it offers using 4k/5k camera data today coupled with information from other room devices. In Cisco's case, those would be Spark Board and Spark Room systems.
Quite frankly, most people can't tell the difference between a 720p video image and a 1080p video image, much less a 4k image. So why does Cisco think we need even higher-resolution -- 4k or 5k -- cameras?
I'll focus first on what Spark devices do with the 5k camera data, then I'll ideate on what we'll see in the coming months and years, not just with camera data, but from these systems in general.
The 5k camera data gives a wide view of the entire room. The systems (Spark Room today and Spark Boards soon) crop the image by framing active speakers in the field of view sent to the far side. The image size sent to the far side is still 1080p, not 5k.
The Spark Board has a 4k screen that avoids the "up close" pixilation one would otherwise see when a person on the far side is writing on the capacitive touch whiteboard.
The Spark devices use machine learning (ML), a branch of AI, to help them zoom in and out intelligently and to frame the images properly. ML algorithms process the 5k video images, allowing the systems to detect who is moving and who is speaking. While a speaker is in motion, the ML algorithms keep the speaker properly framed in the video sent to remote participants.
When multiple participants are speaking, Spark devices know to zoom out. During a meeting, Spark devices measure "ball possession," learning who is speaking most using a combination of visual recognition, voice recognition, and triangulation of voice location. In an experimental mode, Spark Board uses a "grid of dots," eye and nose placement, and other techniques to identify the speaker or speakers -- and then change the focus based on talking pattern.
For example, if one person is dominant, the system can make that speaker more prominent, based on the ML algorithm. If two people sitting across the table from one another dominate the conversation, the Spark device is intelligent enough to frame them in the video image it sends to remote participants, as opposed to ping-ponging back and forth among those two most active speakers.
The four-camera version of the Spark Room Kit Plus uses one of the 5k cameras to frame the entire room while the other three do the zooming and framing on portions of the room. The same algorithms referenced above come into play here.
Continue to next page for "Looking Toward Future Capabilities"
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