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0.999927	Mammalian signal transduction pathways are highly integrated within extended networks, with crosstalk emerging in space and time. This dynamic circuitry is dependent on changing activity states for proteins and organelles. Network structures govern specificity of cellular responses to external stimuli, including proliferation and cell death. Loss of regulation virtually underlies all disease. However, while the contributions of individual components to phenotype are mostly well understood, systematic elucidation for the emergence or loss of crosstalk and impact on phenotype remains a fundamental challenge in classical biology that can be investigated by systems biology. To that end, we established a mathematical modeling platform, at the interface between experimental and theoretical approaches, to integrate prior literature knowledge with high-content, heterogeneous datasets for the non-intuitive prediction of adaptive signaling events. In the first part of this work, we investigated high-content microscopy datasets of morphological, bio-energetic and functional features of mitochondria in response to pro- apoptotic treatment in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Data pretreatment techniques were used to unify the heterogeneous datasets. Using fuzzy logic, we established a generalized data-driven modeling formalism to model signaling events solely based on measurements, capable of high simulation accuracy via non-discrete rule sets. Employing neural networks, a generalized fuzzy logic system, i.e. its rules and membership functions, could be parameterized for each potential signaling interaction. An exhaustive search approach identified models with least error, i.e. the most related signaling events, and predicted a hierarchy of apoptotic events, in which upon activation of pro-apoptotic Bax, mitochondrial fragmentation propagates apoptosis, which is consistent with reported literature. Hence, we established a predictive approach for investigation of protein and organelle interactions utilizing cell-to-cell heterogeneity, a critical source of biologically relevant information. In the second part of this work, we sought to identify network evolution in the topology of MAPK signaling in the A-375 melanoma cell line. To that end, the modeling method was extended to incorporate temporal and topological structure from phosphorylation profiles of key MAPK intermediates treated with different pharmacological inhibitors and acquired over 96 hours. To increase prediction power, a parameter reduction strategy was developed to identify and fix parameters with lowest contribution to model performance. Therefore, training datasets were bootstrapped and signatures of deviation in flexibility and accuracy were calculated. This novel strategy achieved an optimal set of free parameters. Finally, a reduced multi-treatment model encoding the behavior of the full MAPK dataset was systematically trained to a sequentially increasing subset of time points, enabling time-defined identification of discrepancies in reported vs. acquired network topology. To that end, an objective function for fuzzy logic model optimization was implemented, which accounted for time-defined model training. Analysis led to the identification of emerging discrepancies between model and data at specific time points, thus characterizing a potential network rearrangement upstream of MAPK kinase MEK1, consistent with studies reporting increased resistance to apoptosis exhibited by A-375 melanoma cell line. The approach presented here was successfully benchmarked against a recently published fuzzy-logic-based analysis of signal transduction.
0.986182	How does thermal conductivity varies in different types of metals: copper, aluminum, steel wires? One answer is that the thermal conductivity varies quite a bit. For reference, the units of thermal conductivity used here are Watts per meter Kelvin. That's units of power per unit length and unit temperature. Copper is a fantastic thermal conductor whereas aluminum is comparatively an okay thermal conductor. Steel is about an order of magnitude less good of a thermal conductor. The more interesting answer is why. You will learn in your science classes that all matter is made up of many extremely tiny particles known as atoms (e.g., you, the food you eat, the air you breath). Atoms are made of other particles known as protons, neutrons (both located in the nucleus), and electrons (which float about around the nucleus) see here (side note: not the most accurate depiction of the atom, but it will do here). The identity of the material is determined by the number of protons; for instance, copper has 29 protons and aluminum has 13. (The number of neutrons has to do with which isotope of a particular element it is, but that is not relevant here). In a solid, like copper, aluminum, and steel, these atoms are arranged on a crystal lattice (yes, metals are actually crystalline!). On a microscopic level, heat is conducted via something called phonons (essentially lattice/atomic vibrations) and free electrons. For metals, the ability of a material to conduct heat is tied predominantly with how far electrons travel without being scattered. It is no coincidence metals are both good electrical and thermal conductors. Metals have free electrons, which can also carry heat. The electrons can scatter off of a variety of things like defects, impurities, or lattice vibrations The last one is what really differs between two crystalline materials like copper and aluminum, which have different bonding characters and atomic masses. Steel does worse for similar reasons, and also because it has carbon impurities, which inhibit the transfer of heat. For non-metals, heat is no longer transferred via electrons because there are no free electrons to carry the heat. Instead, they are carried by phonons. This is a very useful question to ask for designing systems that involve heat. The simplest answer is that in general, thermal conductivity is a complex property to predict. If I needed to use it, I would probably look up the numbers on a website like WebElements or Wikipedia (be careful to double-check for mistakes!). From the WebElements data, we can see that copper (Cu) and silver (Ag) are the best thermal conductors. For pure elements, anyways. To dig a little deeper, thermal conductivity depends on the chemicals involved and on how they are structured. So the conductivity of pure iron will be different from the conductivity of steel, which is an alloy of iron and carbon. The conductivity also changes with temperature, so be careful to check the sources for your data to see what temperatures were used.
0.999307	The doorbell rang and I assumed, because it had been snowing all day, that it would be Scott with a shovel. I set a little bowl of spaghetti down on the table and looked out the window to see who it was. Scott had already started shoveling, so I opened the door and told him I'd pay five dollars when he finished. When he knocked on the door again, he said "You know they stole my bike" and I said "Really?" and he said "You don't seen me on it, do you?" I shook my head to indicate that indeed, I had not seen him on it. He said "My own people took it from me! My own people took my bike." "'Cause I couldn't catch 'em. They was too fast. I had it locked up and everything and they came up with one of them clippers and cut it loose." He sighed. "I had that bike fourteen years." I told him about what happened to me a few months back when I was assaulted by a random person walking down the street, and how I got away before the guy and some other guy he was with were able to rob me, which, I told Scott, was certainly their intention. He said "You lucky man" and I gave him the five dollars and he turned to leave. As he walked away, he shouted back to me "I'll get me another bike! You'll see! I'll get me another one!" The snow came down on him beneath the streetlights, and I realized it was coming down on me too. Oh life can be so unfair at times can't it. I loved the dialogue between the two, it really made me feel I was there watching the story unravel. Wait, what happened? Did they get buried in snow? Someone else's people would have slow enough for him to catch them? Crime is rife everywhere nowadays, and I think most people are affected by it at some time. I hope Scott gets a thicker chain for his next bike, although I tend to think that if the low-lifes want something - they will find a way of getting it. A nice piece. I liked the little touches, like the bowl of spaghetti, to help set the scene with a minimum of description. Before we bought our house, I had three bikes stolen from the places we lived. I feel his pain.
0.999999	For a foreign investor to enter and stay in Tanzania, the immigration laws require that the individual should have among other things, a passport/travel document and a Work and Residence Permit or Certificate of Exemption issued by the labor and is immigration departments of Tanzania. "...no person shall for gain or reward engage in any trade, business, profession or other occupation except in accordance with the terms of an appropriate permit..." The legal requirement is that, the person should first have obtained the Work and Residence permit before coming into the country. However, in most cases the processes of obtaining the permits are done once or after the person has entered the country. Typically, in order to get a work and residence permit, company, tax clearances and business licenses need to be obtained and most stakeholders would rather be in the country to sort this out than outside. Furthermore, because of the long process in obtaining residence permits and the need for investors to "get on with business", most are already in country setting up the operations and negotiating partnerships so that when permits arrive, they can already be operational instead of using up more time. It is in such circumstances were Special Passes come into play, which are temporary passes that are issued to a foreigner who is in the country and is in the process of obtaining his or her Work and Residence permits. The role of Special Passes is to allow the person to stay in the country for a period of 60 days (2 months) while processing permits and setting up his or her business affairs. It does not allow one to work for gain. Special passes are not permits per se, but they merely give investors temporary immigration status for a specific period and are issued upon proof that the individual applying for the special pass is processing his/her work and residence permits. That being the case, special passes can be obtained only where the person is in the country and are valid for as long as the individual is in the country. The duration of validity of a special pass is 60 days and once the bearer of the special pass leaves the country before the expiry of the 60 days, the special pass ceases to exist. In other words, special pass does not give re-entry rights to the person, it only allows him to stay in the country for the 60 days without having a residence permit.
0.939222	When President George W. Bush unveiled the Vision for Space Exploration in January 2004, he outlined a series of destinations for human exploration: a return to the Moon by 2020, followed by expeditions at later, unspecified dates “to Mars and to worlds beyond”. This “Moon, Mars, and beyond” concept made logical sense as a set of stepping stones for human expansion into the solar system, even if the “beyond” part was vague in terms of specific destinations and timetables. However, when Bush’s successor, President Barack Obama, outlined his own vision for human space exploration in a speech at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in April 2010, he upended that approach. Obama still planned to send people to Mars, but with a more clearly defined objective: a crewed mission to orbit, but not land on, Mars in the mid-2030s, with a landing mission to follow some time, presumably soon, thereafter. A human mission to the Moon as a precursor, though, was no longer a nearer-term goal. “We’ve been there before,” he said of the Moon. Instead, he proposed human missions into deep space by 2025, specifically, “we’ll start by sending astronauts to an asteroid for the first time in history.” While much of the space policy debate over the last two years has focused on the Obama Administration’s separate decision to cancel the Constellation Program, that directive has also been a point of contention. Does it make sense to send humans to an asteroid in lieu of, or at least before, a human return to the Moon? While the idea of sending humans to asteroids, near Earth or otherwise, isn’t a new one, the inclusion of asteroid missions in the administration’s plan is linked to the work done in 2009 by the Review of U.S. Human Spaceflight Plans Committee, better known as the Augustine Committee after its chairman, retired aerospace executive Norm Augustine. That committee was chartered by the White House to examine the then-current state of NASA’s human exploration plans and offer several options for the future. One of those options was what it called the “Flexible Path”, which the committee’s final report described as “a steadily advancing, measured, and publicly notable human exploration of space beyond Earth orbit that would build our capability to explore, enable scientific and economic return, and engage the public.” A human mission to an asteroid would actually not be the first mission under the scenario laid out in the report–it would be preceded by human missions to lunar orbit and to Earth-Moon and Earth-Sun Lagrange points–but it would be the first body humans would actually set foot on. What made the Flexible Path compelling to the Augustine Committee and the administration is that it allowed NASA to stretch out the development of the infrastructure needed for human exploration. Unlike the Moon, missions to asteroids wouldn’t require a separate lander because of the asteroids’ very low gravity. “What this Flexible Path does is it allows us to take some of the components that you would build first anyway, the heavy booster and the capsule, and start exploring while we’re building the lunar landing system and the lunar surface system,” explained Ed Crawley, an MIT professor of aeronautics and astronautics who served on the Augustine Committee. Just how much infrastructure would be needed for human missions to asteroids is still an area of study and debate. One notional concept examined by NASA’s Human Exploration Framework Team (HEFT) requires the use of three launches of a heavy-lift vehicle like the Space Launch System (SLS) rocket and the development of chemical and solar-electric propulsion systems, as well as a habitation module. One problem with the HEFT’s proposed mission is that it wouldn’t meet the president’s stated goal of a human asteroid mission by 2025: its proposal would instead fly no earlier than 2031. Others, though, have proposed a more barebones approach to human asteroid missions that could cost less and be performed sooner. Lockheed Martin’s “Plymouth Rock” concept does away with the hab module and propulsion stages. Instead, it uses two launches of Orion spacecraft, one carrying a two-person crew and the other carrying supplies and fitted with a departure stage, on a heavy-lift rocket like the SLS. The two Orions would dock in low Earth orbit, and the departure stage would send them to an asteroid. Such an approach would minimize the infrastructure needed for human asteroid missions. “This is very much an approach to going to asteroids on the cheap,” said Josh Hopkins of Lockheed Martin, who led development of the Plymouth Rock concept. That approach could make a human asteroid mission feasible as soon as the end of the decade, depending on the development of Orion and SLS as well as the selection of a suitable near-Earth asteroid. Developing an affordable technical case for an asteroid mission isn’t sufficient, though: just because you’re able to go somewhere doesn’t necessarily mean that you should. Why spend billions of dollars to send people to asteroids instead of the Moon or other destinations in the solar system–or anywhere at all, for that matter? Proponents of asteroid missions cite several reasons for human asteroid missions. One is the scientific return promised by studying near Earth asteroids. These bodies are the remnants of the protoplanetary disk from which the Earth and other planets formed, and thus can help scientists understand what the initial conditions of the solar system–and perhaps systems around other stars–were like. However, science alone is likely not a sufficient rationale for sending people. Robotic missions to asteroids, not to mention telescopic observations from the Earth, have already provided a bounty of information about these bodies. Future missions promise to do even more. NASA’s Origins-Spectral Interpretation-Resource Identification-Security-Regolith Explorer, or OSIRIS-Rex, robotic spacecraft will launch in 2016 to travel to a near-Earth asteroid designated 1999 RQ36, collect samples, and return them to Earth. Another reason to study asteroids is that they offer not just insights into the origins and history of the solar system, but also can provide resources for future human exploration and settlement of the solar system. “Some asteroids are 20 percent water by weight, and we may be able to refuel our spaceships by extracting that water from the wet asteroids,” said Tom Jones, a former astronaut and planetary scientist who has been a long-time proponent of human missions to near-Earth asteroids. He foresees eventually placing extraction plants on asteroids to mine water and other resources, foregoing the expense of having to launch them from Earth. A third, and perhaps most important, reason for human asteroid missions is planetary defense: protecting the Earth from collisions with asteroids. That conjures up scenes from sci-fi movies like Armageddon and Deep Impact, but Jones notes the danger of such collisions is very real. “Our very survival as a human species depends on us being able to operate on these bodies and learn how to manipulate them,” he said. Making the case for an asteroid mission does have its challenges. Perhaps the biggest is communicating the mission to the general public. It’s easy for the average citizen to understand a human mission to the Moon, given that everyone is familiar with the Moon and because we’ve already gone there. Describing a mission to an asteroid is more of a challenge, particularly when the specific asteroid that NASA plans to send a mission to hasn’t been identified–and, in fact, may not have even been discovered yet. In the long run, however, even most proponents of asteroid missions acknowledge that such missions are part of a larger architecture that will include human missions back to the Moon as well. The original Flexible Path concept in the Augustine Committee report acknowledged that lunar missions could be part of the overall architecture, giving humans experience working on a larger planetary surface that could be crucial for later missions to Mars. The Global Exploration Roadmap, an international study of potential options for human exploration of the solar system, includes both lunar and asteroid missions in its two major options that eventually lead to Mars missions; the key difference between the options is whether humans go to an asteroid first and then back to the Moon, or vice versa. In his speech at KSC, President Obama laid out a set of destinations and deadlines, but said his vision for human spaceflight was more than simply achieving those milestones. “Our goal is the capacity for people to work and learn and operate and live safely beyond the Earth for extended periods of time, ultimately in ways that are more sustainable and even indefinite,” he said. Achieving that goal–which is, in essence, the “spacefaring civilization” that space advocates have long sought–will require the experience and resources gained from sending people to asteroids as well as the Moon and Mars–and beyond.
0.999867	Favorite Book, Movie, TV Show or Game: Movie: The Tourist , TV Shows: Quantico, Big Bang Theory. How do you de-stress when you are feeling overwhelmed? Watch TV or hang out with friends.
0.954706	Gothic Christianity refers to the Christian religion of the Goths and sometimes the Gepids, Vandals, and Burgundians, who may have used the translation of the Bible into the Gothic language and shared common doctrines and practices. The Gothic tribes converted to Christianity sometime between 376 and 390 AD, around the time of the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Gothic Christianity is the earliest instance of the Christianization of a Germanic people, completed more than a century before the baptism of Frankish king Clovis I. The Gothic Christians were followers of Arianism. Many church members, from simple believers, priests, and monks to bishops, emperors, and members of Rome's imperial family followed this doctrine, as did two Roman emperors, Constantius II and Valens. After their sack of Rome, the Visigoths moved on to occupy Spain and southern France. Having been driven out of France, the Spanish Goths formally embraced Nicene Christianity at the Third Council of Toledo in 589. During the 3rd century, East Germanic people, moving in a southeasterly direction, migrated into the Dacians' territories previously under Sarmatian and Roman control, and the confluence of East-Germanic, Sarmatian, Dacian and Roman cultures resulted in the emergence of a new Gothic identity. Part of this identity was adherence to Gothic paganism, the exact nature of which, however, remains uncertain. Jordanes' 6th century 'Getica' claims the chief god of the Goths was Mars. Gothic paganism derived from Germanic paganism. Descriptions of Gothic and Vandal warfare appear in Roman records in Late Antiquity, at times these groups warred against or allied with the Roman Empire, the Huns, and various Germanic tribes. In 251 AD, the Gothic army raided the Roman provinces of Moesia and Thrace, defeated and killed the Roman emperor Decius, and took a number of predominantly female captives, many of which were Christian. This is assumed to represent the first lasting contact of the Goths with Christianity. The conversion of the Goths to Christianity was a relatively swift process, facilitated on the one hand by the assimilation of Christian captives into Gothic society and on the other by a general equation of participation in Roman society with adherence to Christianity. Within a few generations of their appearance on the borders of the Empire in 238 AD, the conversion of the Goths to Christianity was nearly all-inclusive, the Christian cross appeared on coins in Gothic Crimea shortly after the Edict of Tolerance was issued by Galerius in 311 AD, and a bishop by the name of Theophilas Gothiae was present at the First Council of Nicaea in 325 AD. However, fighting between Pagan and Christian Goths continued throughout this period, and religious persecutions - echoing the Diocletianic Persecution (302-11 AD) - occurred frequently, the Christian Goths Wereka and Batwin and others were martyred by order of Wingurich ca. 370 AD, and Sabbas the Goth was martyred Gothic persecution of Christians in c. 372 AD. Even as late as 406, a Gothic king by the name of Radagaisus led a Pagan invasion of Italy with fierce anti-Christian views. The initial success experienced by the Goths encouraged them to engage in a series of raiding campaigns at the close of the 3rd century - many of which resulted in having numerous captives sent back to Gothic settlements north of the Danube and the Black Sea. Ulfilas, who became bishop of the Goths in 341 AD, was the grandson of one such female Christian captive from Sadagolthina in Cappadocia, he served in this position for the next seven years. In 348, one of the remaining Pagan Gothic kings (reikos) began persecuting the Christian Goths, and he and many other Christian Goths fled to Moesia Secunda in the Roman Empire, he continued to serve as bishop to the Christian Goths in Moesia until his death in 383 AD, according to Philostorgius. Ulfilas was ordained by Eusebius of Nicomedia, the bishop of Constantinople, in 341 AD. Eusebius was a pupil of Lucian of Antioch and a leading figure of a faction of Christological thought that became known as Arianism, named after his friend and fellow student, Arius. Between 348 and 383, Ulfila likely presided over the translation of the Bible from Greek into the Gothic language, which was performed by a group of scholars., Thus, some Arian Christians in the west used vernacular languages – in this case Gothic – for services, as did many Nicaean Christians in the east. See also: Syriac versions of the Bible and the Coptic Bible), while Nicaean Christians in the west only used Latin, even in areas where Vulgar Latin was not the vernacular. Gothic probably persisted as a liturgical language of the Gothic-Arian church in some places even after its members had come to speak Vulgar Latin as their mother tongue. Ulfilas' adopted son was Auxentius of Durostorum, and later of Milan. The Gothic churches had close ties to other Arian churches in the Western Roman Empire. After 493, the Ostrogothic Kingdom included two areas, Italy and much of the Balkans, which had large Arian churches. Arianism had retained some presence among Romans in Italy during the time between its condemnation in the empire and the Ostrogothic conquest. However, since Arianism in Italy was reinforced by the (mostly Arian) Goths coming from the Balkans, the Arian church in Italy had eventually come to call itself "Church of the Goths" by the year 500. ^ Goff, Jacques Le (2000-01-01). Medieval Civilization 400-1500. New York: Barnes & Noble. ISBN 9780760716526. ^ a b c Simek, Rudolf (2003). Religion und Mythologie der Germanen. Darmstadt: Wiss. Buchges. ISBN 978-3534169108. ^ Todd, Malcolm (2000). Die Germanen : von den frühen Stammesverbänden zu den Erben des Weströmischen Reiches (2. unveränd. Aufl. ed.). Stuttgart: Theiss. p. 114. ISBN 978-3806213577. ^ a b Heather, Peter; Matthews, John (1991). The Goths in the fourth century (Repr. ed.). Liverpool: Liverpool Univ. Press. pp. 141–142. ISBN 978-0853234265. ^ a b c d Amory, Patrick (2003). People and identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489-554 (1st pbk. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 238, 489–554. ISBN 978-0521526357. The Gepids were an East Germanic tribe. They were closely related to, or a subdivision of, the Goths and they are first recorded in 6th-century historiography as having been allied with the Goths in the invasion of Dacia in c. In the 4th century, they were incorporated into the Hunnic Empire, under their leader Ardaric, the Gepids united with other Germanic tribes and defeated the Huns at the Battle of Nedao in 454. The Gepids founded a kingdom centered on Sirmium, known as Gepidia, remnants of the Gepids were conquered by the Avars in the 6th century. Jordanes reports that their name is from gepanta, an insult meaning sluggish, an Old English form of their name is recorded in Widsith, as Gefþ-, alongside the name of the Wends. The Gepids were the most shadowy of all the major Germanic peoples of the migration period, neither Tacitus nor Ptolemy mentioned them in their detailed lists of the barbarians, suggesting that the Gepids emerged only in the 3rd century AD. The first sporadic references to them, which were recorded in the late 3rd century, the 6th-century Byzantine writer, listed the Gepids among the Gothic nations, along with the Vandals and Goths proper, in his Wars of Justinian. All information of the Gepids origins came from malicious and convoluted Gothic legends, according to Jordanes narration the northern island of Scandza, which is associated with Sweden by modern scholars, was the original homeland of the ancestors of the Goths and Gepids. They left Scandza in three boats under the leadership of Berig, the legendary Gothic King, Jordanes writes that the Gepids ancestors traveled in the last of the three ships, for which their fellows mocked them as gepanta, or slow and stolid. They settled along the shore of the Baltic Sea on an island at mouth of the Vistula River, called Gepedoius, or the Gepids fruitful meadows. Jordanes passage in his Getica is the following, Should you ask how the and Gepidae are kinsmen, I can tell you in a few words. One of these three ships proved to be slower than the others, as is usually the case, and thus is said to have given the tribe their name, for in their language gepanta means slow. Hence it came to pass that gradually and by corruption the name Gepidae was coined for them by way of reproach. The Sarmatians were a large confederation of Iranian people during classical antiquity, flourishing from about the 5th century BC to the 4th century AD. They spoke Scythian, an Indo-European language from the Eastern Iranian family and their territory, which was known as Sarmatia to Greco-Roman ethnographers, corresponded to the western part of greater Scythia. In the 1st century AD the Sarmatians began encroaching upon the Roman Empire in alliance with Germanic tribes, in the 3rd century AD their dominance of the Pontic Steppe was broken by the Germanic Goths. With the Hunnic invasions of the 4th century, many Sarmatians joined the Goths, a related people to the Sarmatians known as the Alans survived in the North Caucasus into the Early Middle Ages, ultimately giving rise to the modern Ossetic ethnic group. The Sarmatians were eventually assimilated and absorbed by the Proto-Slavic population of Eastern Europe. Sarmatae probably originated as just one of several names of the Sarmatians. Strabo in the 1st century names as the tribes of the Sarmatians the Iazyges, the Roxolani, the Aorsi. The Greek name Sarmatai sometimes appears as Sauromatai, which is almost certainly no more than a variant of the same name, historians often regarded these as two separate peoples, while archaeologists habitually use the term Sauromatian to identify the earliest phase of Sarmatian culture. Any idea that the name derives from the lizard, linking to the Sarmatians use of reptile-like scale armour. Both Pliny the Elder and Jordanes recognised the Sar- and Sauro- elements as interchangeable variants, Greek authors of the 4th century mention Syrmatae as the name of a people living at the Don, perhaps reflecting the ethnonym as it was pronounced in the final phase of Sarmatian culture. Oleg Trubachyov derived the name from the Indo-Aryan sar-mat, the Indo-Aryan and Indo-Iranian word sar-, by this derivation was noted the unusual high status of women from the Greek point of view and went to the invention of Amazons. Other scholars, like Harold Walter Bailey, derived the word from Avestan sar- from tsar- in Old Iranian. It was derived from the name of Avestan region in the west Sairima, recently R. M. Kozlova derived it from Sъrm- < Proto-Slavic adjective sъrmatъ, with the meaning that is rich with sormima i. e. shallows, referring to the rivers. The Sarmatians emerged in the 7th century BC in a region of the steppe to the east of the Don River, for centuries they lived in relatively peaceful co-existence with their western neighbors the Scythians. Then, in the 3rd century BC, they fought with the Scythians on the Pontic steppe to the north of the Black Sea, the Sarmatians were to dominate these territories over the next five centuries. Pliny the Elder wrote that they ranged from the Vistula River to the Danube, in 1947, Soviet archaeologist Boris Grakov defined a culture flourishing from the 6th century BC to the 4th century AD, apparent in late kurgan graves, sometimes reusing part of much older kurgans. It was a nomadic steppe culture ranging from the Black Sea eastward to beyond the Volga, in Hungary, a great Late Sarmatian pottery centre was reportedly unearthed between 2001 and 2006 near Budapest, in the Üllő5 archaeological site. In ancient Roman religion and myth, Mars was the god of war and an agricultural guardian, a combination characteristic of early Rome. He was second in only to Jupiter and he was the most prominent of the military gods in the religion of the Roman army. Most of his festivals were held in March, the named for him, and in October. Under the influence of Greek culture, Mars was identified with the Greek god Ares, whose myths were reinterpreted in Roman literature and art under the name of Mars. But the character and dignity of Mars differed in fundamental ways from that of his Greek counterpart, Mars was a part of the Archaic Triad along with Jupiter and Quirinus, the latter of whom as a guardian of the Roman people had no Greek equivalent. Mars altar in the Campus Martius, the area of Rome that took its name from him, was supposed to have been dedicated by Numa, the peace-loving semi-legendary second king of Rome. Although Ares was viewed primarily as a destructive and destabilizing force, Mars represented military power as a way to secure peace, in the mythic genealogy and founding myths of Rome, Mars was the father of Romulus and Remus with Rhea Silvia. Like Ares who was the son of Zeus and Hera, Mars is usually considered to be the son of Jupiter, however, in a version of his birth given by Ovid, he was the son of Juno alone. Jupiter had usurped the mothers function when he gave birth to Minerva directly from his forehead, to restore the balance, Flora obtained a magic flower and tested it on a heifer who became fecund at once. She plucked a flower ritually using her thumb, touched Junos belly, Juno withdrew to Thrace and the shore of Marmara for the birth. Ovid tells this story in the Fasti, his poetic work on the Roman calendar. In the earliest Roman calendar, March was the first month, Ovid is the only source for the story. The consort of Mars was Nerio or Nerine and she represents the vital force and majesty of Mars. Her name was regarded as Sabine in origin and is equivalent to Latin virtus, in the early 3rd century BC, the comic playwright Plautus has a reference to Mars greeting Nerio, his wife. A source from late antiquity says that Mars and Nerine were celebrated together at a festival held on March 23, in the Roman Empire, Nerine came to be identified with Minerva. In ancient geography, especially in Roman sources, Dacia was the land inhabited by the Dacians. The Greeks referred to them as the Getae, which were specifically a branch of the Thracians north of the Haemus Mons, Dacia was bounded in the south approximately by the Danubius river, in Greek sources the Istros, or at its greatest extent, by the Haemus Mons. Moesia, a region south of the Danube, was an area where the Getae lived and interacted with the Ancient Greeks. In the east it was bounded by the Pontus Euxinus and the river Danastris, but several Dacian settlements are recorded between the rivers Dniester and Hypanis, and the Tisia to the west. At times Dacia included areas between the Tisa and the Middle Danube, the Carpathian Mountains were located in the middle of Dacia. It thus corresponds to the present day countries of Romania and Moldova, as well as parts of Bulgaria, Hungary. Dacian tribes had both peaceful and military encounters with neighboring tribes, such as Sarmatians, Scythians. A Dacian Kingdom of variable size existed between 82 BC until the Roman conquest in AD106, the Dacians are first mentioned in the writings of the Ancient Greeks, in Herodotus and Thucydides. The extent and location of Dacia varied in its three historical periods, The Dacia of King Burebista, stretched from the Black Sea to the river Tisa. During that period, the Geto-Dacians conquered a territory and Dacia extended from the Middle Danube to the Black Sea littoral. In 53 BC, Julius Caesar stated that the lands of the Dacians started on the edge of the Hercynian Forest. After Burebistas death, his kingdom split in four states, the hold of the Dacians between the Danube and Tisza was tenuous. However, the archaeologist Parducz argued a Dacian presence west of the Tisa dating from the time of Burebista, according to Tacitus Dacians bordered Germania in the south-east, while Sarmatians bordered it in the east. Written a few decades after the Roman conquest of parts of Dacia in AD 105–106, according to the scholars interpretation of Ptolemy Dacia was the region between the rivers Tisza, upper Dniester, and Siret. Funerary stele of Licinia Amias on marble. One of the most ancient Christian inscriptions found, it is from the early 3rd-century Vatican necropolis area, Rome. Upper tier: dedication to the Dis Manibus and Christian motto in Greek letters ΙΧΘΥϹ ΖΩΝΤΩΝ: Ikhthus zōntōn, "fish of the living"; middle tier: depiction of fish and an anchor; lower tier: Latin inscription "LICINIAE FAMIATI BE / NE MERENTI VIXIT". Ulfilas converting the Goths to Arian Christianity.
0.994199	All Cash dividend, stock dividend and rights entitlements for the depositary share program sorted in Local Record Date order. &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;ampamp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;nbsp; Local Gross Rate: Amount of local currency distributed per underlying share. U.S. Gross Rate: U.S. dollar per depositary share prior to foreign withholding taxes and fees. U.S. Net Rate: U.S. dollar per depositary share paid to holders. 1.1. To be approved by the Board of Directors of Petrobras. 3.1. Petrobras, through this Dividend Distribution Policy ("Dividend Policy"), aims to establish the rules and procedures relating to the matter in a transparent manner and in accordance with legal, statutory rules and other internal regulations. 3.2. A Dividend Policy for Petrobras that seeks to ensure the continuity of financial sustainability of the Company in the short, medium and long term, assuming the existence of flexibility and financial strength to maintain their business. 3.3. The dividend distribution decision and other payments will take into account several factors and variables, such as the Company's results, financial condition, cash requirements, future prospects of the current markets and potential, existing investment opportunities, maintenance and expansion production capacity. 5.1. Petrobras' Dividend Policy reflects the provisions in the Company's Bylaws and is based on Law No. 6.404 / 76 (Corporate Law). 5.2. Shareholders shall be entitled to receive dividends on each fiscal year and/or additional payment on interest on capital, which must not be less than 25% (twenty-five percent) of the adjusted net profit according to Corporate Law, and divided pro-rata by the shares into which the capital of the Company is divided (article 8 of Company's Bylaws). 5.3. The payment of the mandatory dividend includes amounts paid as interest on capital. The payment of interest on equity is subject to income tax withholding in accordance with applicable tax laws, taxation does not existing in paying the dividends mode. Net amount received by shareholders as interest on capital will be deducted from the mandatory dividend owed by shareholders. The same rules will be applied to American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) or similar instruments traded in other countries, unless legal provisions set up the contrary. 5.4. The Annual General Meeting will be held annually in four (4) months following the end of the fiscal year, and decide on the appropriation of net income, if any, and the amount of dividends and/or interest on capital to be distributed to shareholders, according to the proposal presented by the Company's management boards. 5.5. Preferred shares shall have priority in case of capital reimbursement and in the distribution of the 5% (five percent) minimum dividend, calculated on the part of the capital represented by such kind of shares, or 3% (three percent) of the net value of the share, always with the greater prevailing, with a participation equal to the common shares in capital ownership increases deriving from the incorporation of reserves and profits. (article 5, paragraph 2 of Company's Bylaws). 5.6. The priority of receiving dividends, paid to preferred shares, does not guarantee, by itself, the payment of dividends in fiscal years in which the Company gets no profit. 5.7. Preferred shares shall participate non-cumulatively on equal conditions with the common shares, in the distribution of dividends, whenever the latter are greater than the minimum percentage as guaranteed to them in the preceding paragraph. (article 5, paragraph 3 of Company's Bylaws). 5.8. In case of no net income in the fiscal year, the dividend not distributed in a year does not accrue to the following year. 5.9. Shall be applied 5% (five percent) of net income for the year, before any other allocation, to the legal reserve, which shall not exceed 20% (twenty percent) of the social capital. (article 193, caput, Corporate Law). 5.10. The article 62 of Law nº 9.478/97 establishes that the preferred shares of Petrobras will always be non-voting, and requires ownership and possession of at least fifty percent plus one share of the voting capital of the Company by the Federal Government. 5.11. Upon deliberation by the Board of Directors the Company may advance amounts to its shareholders as dividends or additional payment in interest on capital, and adjusted by the SELIC rate as of the date of the actual payment until the closing of the respective fiscal year in the manner foreseen in article 204 of Law nº6,404, of 1976 (article 9, sole paragraph of Company's Bylaws). 5.12. The Company may establish interim (semiannual) balance-sheets for the payment of dividends or additional payment in interest on capital upon deliberation of the Board of Directors. (article 53, sole paragraph of Company's Bylaws). 5.13. Dividends and/or interest on capital not claimed within 3 (three) years as of the date they were placed at the shareholders' disposal shall prescribe in behalf of the Company (article 10 of Company's Bylaws and article 287, II, (a) Corporate Law). 5.14. The provisions of this dividend policy do not exclude the application of other legal or statutory rules here not specified, depending on the case. 6.1. Under the Corporate Law, the dividends are payable to the person who, on the date of the statement Act of dividends and / or interest on capital, is registered as owner or usufructuary of shares, and shall be paid, unless decided unlike the General Assembly, within sixty (60) days from that date (art. 9 of the Bylaws). 6.2. Payment will be made by the financial institution depositary of the shares of Petrobras. 6.3. The account holders of the depositary financial institution of the book-entry shares of Petrobras, or other banks, which are with the completed registration, will automatically be credited to your bank account on the payment date. 6.4. For shareholders whose registration does not contain the inscription "Bank / Branch / Current Account", the rights will only be credited to the updating data in the electronic files of the financial institution depositary of the shares of Petrobras, through its branches. 6.5. For shares deposited in the Fungible Custody of Stock Exchanges, the payment will be credited to the respective Stock Exchanges that through brokers depositors, will take charge transferring it to the shareholders. 6.6. Bearer shareholders must go to any of the financial institution branch entry shares of Petrobras, bearing the CPF, ID card, residence proof and certificates with their coupons, so that the shares are converted to book-entry form for subsequent receipt of remuneration. In the opportunity it can be informed the bank details to credit the amounts in current account. 6.7. Regarding the American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) traded on the New York Stock Exchange - NYSE, payment will be given by the depositary financial institution of such securities. 7.1. Other information may be obtained from the Bank Call Center Financial entry shares of Petrobras, or any its branches, at Petrobras headquarters at Avenida República do Chile, 65 -. 1002 - Rio de Janeiro / RJ, through telephone 0800-282-1540 or email: [email protected]. American Depositary Receipts (ADRs): Stock certificates issued by US financial institutions backed securities companies in other countries. Stock Exchanges: the stock exchanges on which the securities of Petrobras issued are or will be admitted to trading, in Brazil or abroad. CPF: Individual Taxpayer Registry maintained by the Federal Revenue (Internal Revenue Services) of Brazil. Dividends: Portion of net income of companies is distributed to shareholders. Interest on capital: Distributed compensation to shareholders, limited to the Long-Term Interest Rate. SELIC Rate: Basic interest rate of the Brazilian economy, set every 45 days by the Copom (Monetary Policy Committee of the Central Bank of Brazil).
0.999999	What the book's about: In many ways, Night Driving: A Story of Faith in the Dark picks up where Addie's first book, When We Were on Fire, leaves off. It addresses the question, "What does faith look like when the fire wanes?" using the framework of a road trip. Why I read this book: I loved When We Were On Fire and couldn't wait to dig into Night Driving. - "You can't just drive away from who you are and start over - blank slate - somewhere new. It's more consuming than all that - the journey toward whoever it is you're going to become is always smudged with ashen remains." - "The faith void of silence has spread out before me again and when everything feels this dark, the drug that I crave is this feeling: the sensation of being seen." - "I have spent a lot of my life waiting for God to show up like a tidal wave, sudden and shattering and overwhelming. And for a while, he did. But then he did less, and I started to think it was because of me. That I'd lost some essential way of faith. But the ocean is at low tide now, and this is not her failing but simply the rhythms of life." - "I wonder what would happen if I learned to accept these silent rhythms as a normal part of faith: light and dark, high tide and low tide, summer and winter. What if I stopped fighting, stopped going crazy trying to fill in the gap, stopped running? What would it look like to give into these rhythms? What if I learned to love my heavy heart? To stop scrambling to be in the light. What if instead I let God pull me lower & lower, like the moon pulls the sea?" - "I thought I needed to fly away to survive. I'd forgotten about the simple ways we are saved exactly where we are." - "What the darkness asks of me is different from what the light does. In the darkness I am asked to listen. To wait. To allow myself to be folded close to the heart of God. It is good in a way that terrifies me. It is the other side of hospitality - and I am not the one with anything to offer here." - "Maybe faith is the long story of a happy marriage - an average life made fuller, not smaller, by the pockets of silence and darkness that break into it." - "God has a history of going quiet with his people. His silence stretches over years, over countries, over generations. But it's not an abandonment, it's an invitation. It asks something different of us than the fire does. It asks for our trust, for our hope, for us to stay as the night darkens around us and we can't hear a thing." Who I'd recommend this book for: Addie is a beautiful writer and memoirist. For that reason, her book will have appeal beyond the Christian market. That said, those who came of age in the Christian subculture of the 80s and 90s will particularly resonate with Addie's journey.
0.966366	Coming up with a brilliant idea for a product that requires metal fabrication or precision cutting might not make it off the drawing board without the right affordable fabrication services. Unfortunately, the cost of finished design, fabrication or cutting plans added to the cost of the work to reach a finished state, can be more than businesses and individuals are willing to pay. You now have the ability to get the job done locally and at a reasonable price. Seeking the right fabrication experts to bring your prototype ideas to reality can be expensive. You now have access to some of the best experts and services in the field that will take your drawing and use their years of experience and knowledge to get you the working part or product you need. By using SolidWorks and SigmaNest, the perfect layout, design, and precision cutting plans are made to produce the best results. State of the art fabrication and cutting equipment make it all possible. Each stage of production is done to an equally high standard. Every area of the fabrication center is made aware of the specifications and due date of every project. A completed packet of information that gives all pertinent details remains with your product from start to finish. You can finally afford to hire the professional fabrication team you’ve always needed to bring your product off the drawing table and into use. Your finished product will be done on time and delivered to you quickly. Many people hold back on attempts to have prototype products made due to the normally prohibitive costs. You can now access a service that makes it more affordable than ever before. You’ll be well on your way to getting it to market. Choose the metal fabrication near me Portland OR businesses and entrepreneurs depend on for the best fabrication services for prototype products available.
0.927883	James Oscar Smith was born in Norristown, Pennsylvania on December 8, 1925 (some sources cite his birth year as 1928). Smith's father was a musician and entertainer, and young Jimmy joined his song-and-dance act when he was six years old. By the time he was 12, Smith was an accomplished stride piano player who won local talent contests, but when his father began having problems with his knee and gave up performing to work as a plasterer, Jimmy quit school after eighth grade and began working odd jobs to help support the family. At 15, Smith joined the Navy, and when he returned home, he attended music school on the GI Bill, studying at the Hamilton School of Music and the Ornstein School, both based in Philadelphia. In 1951, Smith began playing with several R&B acts in Philadelphia while working with his father during the day, but after hearing pioneering organ player Wild Bill Davis, Smith was inspired to switch instruments. Smith bought a Hammond B-3 organ and set up a practice space in a warehouse where he and his father were working; Smith refined the rudiments of his style over the next year (informed more closely by horn players than other keyboard artists, and employing innovative use of the bass pedals and drawbars), and he began playing Philadelphia clubs in 1955. In early 1956, Smith made his New York debut at the legendary Harlem nightspot Small's Paradise, and Smith was soon spotted by Alfred Lion, who ran the well-respected jazz label Blue Note Records. Lion signed Smith to a record deal, and between popular early albums such as The Incredible Jimmy Smith at Club Baby Grand and The Champ and legendary appearances at New York's Birdland and the Newport Jazz Festival, Smith became the hottest new name in jazz. A prolific recording artist, Smith recorded more than 30 albums for Blue Note between 1956 and 1963, collaborating with the likes of Kenny Burrell, Stanley Turrentine, and Jackie McLean, and in 1963, Smith signed a new record deal with Verve. Smith's first album for Verve, Bashin': The Unpredictable Jimmy Smith, was a critical and commercial success, and the track "Walk on the Wild Side" became a minor hit. Smith maintained his busy performing and recording schedule throughout the 1960s, and in 1966 he cut a pair of celebrated album with guitarist Wes Montgomery. In 1972, Smith's contract with Verve expired, and tired of his demanding tour schedule, he and his wife opened a supper club in California's San Fernando Valley. Smith performed regularly at the club, but it went out of business after only a few years. While Smith continued to record regularly for a variety of labels, his days as a star appeared to be over. However, in the late '80s, Smith began recording for the Milestone label, cutting several well-reviewed albums that reminded jazz fans Smith was still a master at his instrument, as did a number of live performances with fellow organ virtuoso Joey DeFrancesco. In 1987, producer Quincy Jones invited Smith to play on the sessions for Michael Jackson's album Bad. And Smith found a new generation of fans when hip-hop DJs began sampling Smith's funky organ grooves; the Beastie Boys famously used Smith's "Root Down (And Get It)" for their song "Root Down," and other Smith performances became the basis for tracks by Nas, Gang Starr, Kool G Rap, and DJ Shadow.
0.993854	What new meaning did Americans give to republicanism and how did they live up to the republican ideal during the American War for independence? The fundamental idea of a republic is a state that is without a monarch. To Americans, however, the republic ideal was everything and everyone for the public good. The ideal republic assumed that its members had important responsibilities and had to sacrifice all for the common good. Initially, the Americans tried to live up to the ideal of the American republic. At the governmental level committees were formed and resolutions made that would promote the public good. For example, the members of the Committee of Safety found themselves looking towards the public interest when they suppressed dissent or controlled prices. However, the people themselves were unable to be completely selfless. Militiamen who died at Lexington, Concord, Saratoga, and Camden were praised, but the Continental officers who asked for lifetime pensions were not fitting the ideal of giving freely to the republic. Continental troops caught in the winters of 1779 and 1780 were unable to withstand the conditions and mutinied. While Washington had the ringleaders executed; Congress had to resort to paying the troops and providing clothing. These soldiers certainly did not fit the ideal for the republic of one sacrificing themselves totally without concern for self. Legislature passed “Act to prevent Monopoly and Oppression.” The purpose of the act was to keep prices from soaring for wholesale and retail items. As the war progressed the government found it increasingly difficult to purchase goods. Instead, it resorted to requisitioning goods directly from the people. Patriot women contributed to the war effort and in their own way fit the republican ideal for sacrificing themselves for the war effort and assuming the burden of farm production. Some supervised slaves and hired laborers which helped them gain a feel for the decision making process.
0.999796	En mi coche me voy me abrocho el cinturón y a conducir En mi coche me voy Puedo ir donde quiera aquí y allí Hay tanto que ver ¡Siéntate junto a mí! Un, dos, ¿qué hacemos hoy? Una mariquita vuela vuela vuela dos mariquitas ruedan ruedan ruedan tres mariquitas saltan saltan saltan cuatro mariquitas despacio andan cinco mariquitas, ¡shhhh! ¡zzzz! Things That Go Slow Song Lyrics The oak tree grows slowly The snail slithers slowly down the leaf The turtle below is traveling quite slow And the sloth likes to take things easy! Sometimes slow is the way to go Some things are better done slowly!
0.942398	As you already know, ultrasound therapy can be a valuable tool for your practice. Numerous studies have shown the effectiveness of ultrasound in treating pain, inflammation, swelling, and stiffness. Ultrasound can also increase blood flow and speed wound healing. It can often be used in conjunction with spinal manipulation in order to enhance chiropractic adjustments. In most cases, ultrasound devices are handheld, wherein you press it against the injured area of the patient’s body for a certain amount of time (most manufacturers recommend anywhere from eight to 10 minutes), depending upon the area to be treated and the amount of healing that is required. One of the more recent advances in ultrasound device technology is hands-free devices, which do not require the DC to remain in contact with the patient for the ultrasound treatment. What are some of the advantages these hands-free ultrasound devices might have over traditional handheld devices? One of the major disadvantages with handheld ultrasound devices is that it can be difficult for the DC to maintain consistent treatment levels for the required eight to 10 minutes. Doing so requires pressing the device against the affected area using the same amount of pressure for the entire time while simultaneously moving the device head around. This may not only result in inconsistent treatment levels but can also require extra effort on the part of the DC. Hands-free devices solve both of these problems by the ability to deliver consistent pressure through a combination of being set in a fixed location on the patient’s body and using weights to provide the needed constant pressure. The DC does not need to constantly monitor how much pressure they are applying or always be moving the head around. One of the other reasons that the handheld device must be constantly moved around is in order to cover a large surface area such as the width of the entire lower back. In addition to requiring more effort on your part, it may also reduce effectiveness because the entire area cannot be treated at the same time. Hands-free ultrasound devices have larger surface pads, so they are ideal for treating larger areas of the body at the same time. This means that the treatment time is spent as efficiently as possible in providing care to the entire body area at one time. With a standard handheld ultrasound device, you are required to be present for the entire treatment time. If you use a hands-free device, you can position the treatment head, set the device, and then leave the room for the allotted treatment time. This allows you the flexibility to check in on another patient or catch up on paperwork. While eight to 10 minutes may not seem like a great deal, it can add up if you are using the device on more than one patient. Furthermore, because these devices are often mounted on wheeled platforms, they can be moved from room to room, making them even more convenient. Handheld ultrasound devices are certainly still useful for tight areas such as the ankles, feet, or behind the knees. However, a hands-free device could very well be a great addition to your practice to provide you with better treatment options, outcomes, and flexibility.
0.999996	This is where the potential gains were greatest. Radio succeeded in rolling back this barrier of apathy appreciably during the 1930's by making it possible for people to receive at least rudimentary political information without the effort of reading. They study the many accounts of how television has impacted voters in the past and use that information to craft the candidate's image to his or her best advantage. In the late 1960s, America was gripped by the Vietnam War. Nixon's speech not only saved his spot on the Republican ticket; it also provided a template for other politicians using television as a campaign tool. Give 4 examples from the text. On the other hand, Kennedy was fresh off the campaign trail with a tan and was in great shape. Joseph McCarthy's notorious televised hearings on communists in the army showed how exposing the inner workings of the U. Is this just the tip of the iceberg that election reform is necessary? But the impact does not seem to be much greater in one case than the other. The personal bias of a reporter or network often comes through in a news story, even when it is not intended. It is surmised that television reaches more voters than any other medium. One of the most influential and prophetic television appearances by a politician in the 1950s was Richard Nixon's famous Checkers Speech. Since the introduction of the television in the 1940s, it has played a big role in advertisement, news and, most recently, in presidential elections. About the Author John Green is an attorney who has been writing on legal, business and media matters for more than 20 years. These debates had a huge impact on politics because it provided the American people with the opportunity to watch their candidate go head-to-head on important issues, such as international affairs and education. Nixon entered the race ahead of Kennedy. However, in 1960, there were still many people that did not have the luxury of a television. Candidates who can convince the voters that their plans will make economic conditions better are most likely to win. Political shows, like quiz shows, can be fixed-and sometimes are. As campaigns sought to increase their television presence, they began to hire media consultants to help them be more effective. Most Americans do not get the opportunity to talk to a candidate, so what they know about him is what they hear or read in the media. Then, in an essay that synthesizes at least three of the sources for support, take a position that defends, challenges, or qualifies the claim that television has had a positive impact on presidential elections. Some believe that television affects voters in the short run, for example in an election campaign. We may assume that it is largely the mass media that provide this detail. Television changed how Americans in the 1950s saw their political system and in so doing changed politics itself. In other words, the degree of political involvement expressed in the three campaigns paralleled the actual turnout. Has it broadened public information about political issues and events? After all the votes have been counted, Al Gore is still down by about 2000 votes in Florida. Presidential elections, and Samuel Tilden is the only person to have lost a U. Obama is the first African American President of the United States. It is told from the from the perspective of Kevin Spacey as Ron Klain, one of Vice President Gore's lawyers. After accusations of financial corruption prompted members of the Republican establishment to push for his removal as Eisenhower's running mate, Nixon purchased a primetime television spot and made a direct appeal to the American people. Today, you will play the role of either a biased researcher or an editor in order to write an article in the Opinions section of the New York Times. This is because the people tend to change, and the technology is not advanced enough yet for them to be satisfied. In the presidential elections of 1952, 1956, and 1960 the turnouts-that is, the proportions of adult citizens who voted-were considerably higher than in the elections of 1944 and 1948, but if we drop back to the period just before the war we find that the turnouts in 1936 and 1940 were almost as high as they have been in thc most recent elections. Anyone watching the debates on television would have claimed that Kennedy won, while anyone listening on … the radio would have claimed Nixon won. We used to have, I think, more writers who understood that part of the business, not the whole business, but part of the business of writing about politics was in a sense to be a dispatch writer. Even networks that wish to appear objective do not always succeed. It seems to me that the ability they had in 1980, for instance, to really just hold in the palm of their hand a great portion of the American audience is now diminished. Stevenson was considerably more favorable in his first campaign than it was in his second. It is not easy by any means to assess the range of facts, beliefs, hearsay, and folklore that people have regarding politics. Nixon over Humphrey in 1968 0. Television as a new medium changed presidential elections from this point on, marking the election of 1960 significant. After a President is in office, voters tend to blame him and his party if the economy takes a down turn or doe … s not improve. With such the limited number of Mexican American voters, Kennedy having the majority barely helped put him ahead of Nixon to win the election. In fact, there has been only a slight rise in the turnout figures during the last ten years. Polk over Clay in 1844 1. There has been a small proportionate increase in the presidential vote during the television era, although it has fluctuated and at its lowest point in 1956 60. Votes for Gore and Bush were within. It is positive because the people can make better judgments about a person when they watch them, rather than merely hearing them. This added to a sense of discomfort that in both domestic and foreign affairs the nation was headed downward.
0.945612	Albanophobia is a term associated with stereotyped views on Albanian immigrants and Albanian people as criminal and degenerate. It is more widely present in countries having large Albanian minorities like Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia, and in countries with large numbers of Albanian emigrants like Greece and Italy. Albanophobia as a term was coined by Anna Triandafyllidou on a report analysis called Racism and Cultural Diverstiy In the Mass Media published in 2002. The report by Triandafyllidou represented Albanian migrants in Greece and was followed by other researchers like Karyotis in Greece and Mai in Italy. The form Albano-phobia (dashed) is used on some references (including Traindafullidou), apparently with the same meaning. The origins of anti-Albanian propaganda in Serbia started by the end of 1800s and the reason for this was the claims made by Serbian state on territories that were about to be controlled by Albanians after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. Albanian stereotypes that formed amid the creation of an independent Albanian country and stereotypes that formed during 80s, 90s massive immigrations from Albania and Kosovo, though may differ, are still both considered Albanophobic and anti-Albanian by many authors such as Triandafyllidou, Banac, Karyotis. Albanophobia as xenophobic - referring to stereotypes in countries with a big number of Albanian immigrants like Greece, Italy, Switzerland and France. Albanophobia as nationalistic - referring to stereotypes in countries with active disputes with Albanian ethnicity in the region, most commonly ex-Yugoslav countries (Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro). The second is more likely to be associated with the term anti-albanianism. Ethnic disputes between Albanians and Serbs are sometimes referred to as phobic. During the end of eighties and in the beginning of nineties, in some occasions activities undertaken by Serbian officials in Kosovo have been marked as albanophobic. The dissolution of Kosovo's constitution in 1989 is on instance of Albanophobia. The Serbian media during Milošević's era was known to espouse Serb nationalism while promoting xenophobia toward the other ethnicities in Yugoslavia. Ethnic Albanians were commonly characterised in the media as anti-Yugoslav counter-revolutionaries, rapists, and a threat to the Serb nation. The Albanian stereotype as criminal and degenerate in Greece has been subject of study by the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights and by the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia. . It is considered to be still present in Greece, while at a more pale scale in Italy. According to a statement of the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights, the Albanians are the more likely ethnic group in Greece to be killed by Greek law enforcement officials (28 May 2002, 153). Albanian criminality (see Albanian mafia) is largely responsible for the social construction of negative stereotypes through prejudicial representations of Albanians by the Greek media, in contrast to the commonly held belief that Greek society is neither xenophobic nor racist. In addition the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC) singles out ethnic Albanians as principle targets of racism. Furthermore, the EUMC found that undocumented Albanian migrants "experience serious discrimination in employment, particularly with respect to the payment of wages and social security contributions" .
0.942575	The impact of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) over the past 20 years has been dramatic: its invention was, for example recently rated the second most important advance in materials science of the past 50 years. SPM techniques share a common feature, the use of a probe to detect a spatially localized signal. In most cases it is the probe that limits the spatial resolution of the technique. The most common form of SPM is atomic force microscopy (AFM), where the probe is a sharp tip, usually mounted on a microscale cantilever that acts to transduce the tip–sample force (the localized signal). A map of surface topography is constructed by scanning the tip across the substrate. The resultant image is a convolution of the tip geometry with the surface topography. Commercial AFMs can have sub-angstrom noise levels, but the realizable lateral spatial resolution is limited by the tip geometry and is typically around two orders of magnitude larger. For an ideal AFM tip, the exact tip geometry and chemistry should be known, the tip dimensions should be as small as possible without sacrificing rigidity, and the probe should be capable of imaging over a long lifetime, while aintaining a constant geometry. A readily available source of nanotube tips would further open up the AFM imaging world, increasing tip longevity, reducing tip imaging artefacts, increasing resolution and decreasing tip–surface forces. It would also have a significant impact in key research areas such as structural biology, biotechnology, metrology and nanoelectronics. The question then remains, why are nanotube tips not being used routinely for AFM imaging and characterization? The answer lies in the fabrication. Progress in this area is being made, but obstacles still remain. However, the significant rewards waiting will ensure that this remains an active area for the foreseeable future.
0.952394	The Federalist Party, originating in the early 1790s, endured longer in North Carolina than in any other southern state, although it generally achieved only modest success throughout its existence. The party never gained substantial long-term support in large measure because of its obvious disdain for democracy and popular sentiment, its reliance on the well-educated and propertied elite, and its failure to organize effectively. Moreover, the party supported a strong central government while most North Carolinians favored state rights. Only rarely were the Federalists able to balance the state's particular economic interests and political views with their party's ideology and policy agenda. In the 1790s North Carolina Federalists experienced repeated disappointments at the polls. Only Richard Dobbs Spaight (1792-95), who later deserted the party, and William R. Davie (1798-99) became governors. Jeffersonian Republicans dominated the General Assembly, especially after 1792. The state sent just two Federalists to the U.S. Senate-Samuel Johnston (1789-93), an attorney from Chowan County, and Benjamin Hawkins (1789-95), born in Granville (now Warren) County and previously a North Carolina delegate to the Continental Congress and a U.S. Indian agent. The state's delegation to the U.S. House of Representatives contained a Federalist majority until 1793, but between 1793 and 1799 the only Federalist congressman from the state was William Barry Grove, a prominent Fayetteville attorney. At times the party provided North Carolina with able leaders in the judiciary, where most attorneys were Federalists. In the field of education, Federalists promoted the establishment of the state university-Davie being known as its "father"-and fought to maintain it. During the presidential administrations of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison (1801-17), Federalist strength steadily eroded. Key party leaders had disappeared from the scene through retirement or death. Four Federalist congressmen-Archibald Henderson, William Grove, John Stanly, and William H. Hill-ignored instructions by the state's Republican legislature to vote for repeal of the Judiciary Act of 1801, and none was reelected. Federalist membership in the General Assembly hovered between 25 and 30 percent, reaching a peak of 40 percent in the Lower House during the War of 1812. Among the distinguished Federalists who served in this body were Archibald Henderson (1807-9, 1814) and William Gaston of New Bern (1807-9). Although the party experienced a brief revival with its opposition to the War of 1812, Federalist William Polk failed in his bid for the governorship in 1814. The Treaty of Ghent and return of peace struck a mortal blow to Federalists in North Carolina, for they could no longer use the war as a political issue. Moreover, the Hartford Convention of 1814 reflected badly on the party nationwide as well as in North Carolina. The postwar upsurge of nationalism, embraced by Republicans, lured some Federalists away from the party. The election of James Monroe as president, the onset of the so-called Era of Good Feelings, and the lack of major national issues further blurred party lines. Few Federalists saw any reason to keep the party label and themselves stressed the disappearance of partisan differences. Although some old-line Federalists such as Gaston and Henderson kept the faith, by 1817 the party ceased to exist. James H. Broussard, The Southern Federalists, 1800-1816 (1978). Delbert H. Gilpatrick, Jeffersonian Democracy in North Carolina, 1789-1816 (1931). Gilbert C. Lycan, "Alexander Hamilton and the North Carolina Federalists," NCHR 25 (1948). Wendell Holmes Stephenson and E. Merton Coulter, eds., A History of the South, vol. 9 (1961). "Appendix A. Political parties in the United States, 1788–1840" LearnNC.org. http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-newnation/5123 (accessed October 4, 2012). "Engraving, Accession #: H.19XX.318.96." 1880-1910. North Carolina Museum of History. "Engraving, Accession #: H.19XX.318.74." 1875-1900. North Carolina Museum of History. 1 January 2006 \| Doak, Hoyt; McArver, Charles H.
0.95694	Question A racecar track is in the shape of an ellipse 80 ft long and 40 ft wide. What is the width 10 ft from the side? Problem I think the equation would be but that doesn't answer the question. I think the equation would be but that doesn't answer the question. where is the side? and from in which direction? I would have thought 10 ft from each axis. Hence, height would be 60ft and width would be 20ft? yes, but it seems very simple. Since you'd have to half the 'width' and 'height' of the track (they've essentially given you the diameter and equations need radii, right?). This equation will give you a graph wider than it is taller (i.e. bigger in the X direction than in the Y direction) which I think is what they're asking for/the best way to do it. Now, I'd interpret the width 10ft from the side of the graph to mean the 'height' of the track (i.e. double the Y co-ordinate) 10ft from the far right hand/left hand side of the graph, and since the right hand side of the graph is when X = 40, 10ft from this would be when X = 30. Now you can solve that Y^2 = 175, or Y = 13.23- double this being 26.46ft. That's how I'd do it anyway. what you put makes sense, i just couldn't see what the question was asking.
0.907303	Chuck Yeager tested everything from transports, to fighters, to bombers! Born in 1923, he enlisted in the Army Air Corps at age 18. Initially a mechanic, he began flying training just months into World War II. He reported to the 363rd Fighter Squadron in Tonopah, Nevada, as a flight officer and trained in the Bell P-39 Aerocobra. His unit deployed to Leiston, England, in early 1944 and flew North American P-51 Mustangs . Yeager scored his first aerial victory on only his seventh mission. The next mission his own plane was shot down in a fight with a Focke Wulf FW 190. Yeager avoided capture by walking over the Pyrenees Mountains into Spain. He returned to his unit, sun tanned and a little heavier. Yeager was certain to be shipped back to the States, but he personally convinced Eisenhower to let him stay. He went home a commissioned officer with 64 combat missions and 13 official aerial victories, including 5 in a day. He was assigned as a maintenance officer to Wright Field, Ohio, but Yeager was a born test pilot. Colonel Albert Boyd picked him to fly the country's most secret aircraft, the Bell X(S)-1. On 14 October 1947, Yeager did what no one else had been able to-he flew supersonic! The shy young ace from West Virginia was later awarded the MacKay Trophy, the Collier Trophy, and the Harmon International Trophy. In 6 years of test work, Yeager flew everything, averaging 3 flights per day and 100 flying hours per month. After a near fatal flight in the X-1A, in which he set another speed record by exceeding Mach 2.5, Yeager left testing to fly the North American F-86 Sabre and command a squadron at Hahn AB, Germany. He later commanded the 1st Fighter Squadron and flew the North American F-100 Super Sabre in California. After Air War College, he was made Commandant of the Air Force Aerospace Research Pilot School at Edwards AFB, California. Next he commanded the 405th Fighter Wing in the Philippines. He flew 127 combat missions over Southeast Asia, in the Martin B-57 Canberra, the North American F-100 Super Sabre, the Convair F-102 Delta Dagger, and the McDonnell F-4 Phantom II. Later, Yeager received a star, and became Vice-Commander, Seventeenth Air Force. During the Pakistan-Indian War, he was the U.S. Defense Representative to Pakistan. He retired in 1975 as the Air Force Safety Director. Yeager was the first active duty military member to be inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame and has a special peacetime Medal of Honor for his contributions to aviation research. He remains active on the air show circuit by giving rides to " young eagles." In 1997, Brigadier General Yeager ended more than 50 years of flying for the Air Force as a fighter pilot, test pilot, commander, and consultant.
0.999053	Wrap up from the March 2017 budget statement. For many, the Chancellor’s set piece budget speeches are the pinnacle of Commons custom, and although very few Chancellors have enacted the rather antiquated tradition of drinking alcohol at the despatch box (this really is an existing ‘privilege’), even fewer have actually abolished the Spring budget itself. Philip Hammond has done just that, and it is unlikely that this – the final spring budget – will live long in the memory of the masses. Although, given the Chancellor’s Autumn address will now be the set piece event outlining policy directions for the following fiscal year it comes as no real surprise that the Spring Budget was a tad thin on content. Prior to the Chancellors speech, headlines had been dominated by speculation around the state of the economy and the impact that Brexit would have on the government’s ability to seriously tackle issues around social care, education, and the rather contentious policies around businesses rates and respective revaluations. The Chancellor needn’t have worried however, as the Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) equipped him with some rather useful statistics to paint a picture of an economy and associated plan that is doing better than previously predicted. The OBR’s latest analysis revised up its GDP growth forecast for 2017 from 1.4% to 2.%, whilst public sector borrowing is forecast to fall to 0.7% of GDP by 2021/22. Then came the headlines that so many had been waiting for. It wasn’t long into the speech before the Chancellor tackled the issues around business rates reform. These were issues that had drawn numerous industry bodies into campaigning. These organisations had called for more thought to be given to the very tangible effect that the government’s revaluation plans would have on small and medium sized businesses across the country. Over the past few months it had become apparent that the Prime Minister, Chancellor, and Secretary of State at DCLG had all, at the very least, heard the cries for change. Those calling for change would not have necessarily been placated by Mr. Hammond’s opener; that although the government are to press ahead with revaluation, there will be a consultation undertaken before changes are made. Rather fittingly the statement came with cries of ‘not another consultation’ from the shadow bench. ...organisations had called for more thought to be given to the very tangible effect that the government’s revaluation plans would have on small and medium sized businesses across the country. These announcements would have been a welcome relief for many, whilst others will not think they have gone far enough. What is for certain is that the Chancellor’s desire to balance the books in anticipation of a Brexit fallout, saw self-employed workers take the brunt of the reforms to taxation. As of April 2018, the main rate for Class 4 National Insurance Contributions (NICs) will increase by 1% with a further 1% increase due the following year. This will raise £145m a year to fund public services, but will likely effect 5 million self-employed workers, some of whom will be in the throes of setting up a business. In addition, the tax-free dividend allowance will be reduced from £5,000 to £2,000 as of April 2018, a policy that has already prompted commentary from industry bodies, with the Federation for Small Businesses (FSB) pointing out that businesses will be concerned about the impact this might have on staffing and growth. Events and announcements such as this are often notable for what is omitted rather than the content itself, and given that the country is in the midst of a housing crisis, whilst infrastructure provision struggles to keep pace, there was very little offered by way of respective policy. In the end, the Spring Budget 2017 will not be remembered for the shockwaves it sent running through the economy, but rather the light heartedness that Philip Hammond had finally managed to work into his routine.
0.982538	Polish People's Republic, during the Cold War. The Polish People's Republic (Polish: Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa, PRL) was a communist satellite state in Central Europe that existed from 1947 to 1989, and the predecessor of the modern democratic Republic of Poland. With a population of approximately 37.9 million inhabitants near the end of its existence, it was the most populous state of the Eastern Bloc after the Soviet Union. Having a unitary Marxist–Leninist communist government imposed by the Soviet Union following World War II, it was also one of the main signatories of the Warsaw Pact. The largest city and official capital since 1947 was Warsaw, followed by industrial Łódź and cultural Kraków. The former country covers the history of contemporary Poland between 1952 and 1989 under the Soviet-backed communist government established after the Red Army's release of its territory from German occupation in World War II. The name People's Republic was introduced and defined by the Constitution of 1952 which was based on the 1936 Soviet Constitution. The state's name was the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska) between 1947 and 1952 in accordance with the temporary Constitution of 1947. From 1952, the Sejm exercised no real power, and Poland was regarded as a puppet entity set up and controlled by the Soviet Union. With time, Poland developed into a satellite state in the Soviet sphere of influence. The Polish People's Republic was a one-party state characterized by constant internal struggles for democracy and better living conditions. The Polish United Workers' Party became the dominant political faction, officially making Poland a socialist country, but with more liberal policies than other states of the Eastern Bloc. Throughout its existence, economic hardships and social unrest were common almost in every decade. The nation was split between those who supported the party, those who were opposed to it and those who refused to engage in political activity. Despite this, some groundbreaking achievements have been established during the People's Republic such as rapid industrialization, urbanization of smaller or larger cities and access to free healthcare and education was made available. The birth rate was high and the population almost doubled between 1947 and 1989. The party's most successful accomplishment, however, was the rebuilding of ruined Warsaw after World War II and the complete riddance of illiteracy, which stood at 30% in 1931 and at 2% in 1988. The Soviet Union, an exemplar state, had some influence over both internal and external affairs, and the Red Army was stationed in Poland as in all other Warsaw Pact countries. The Polish People's Army was the main branch of the Armed Forces. The official police organization, responsible for supposed peacekeeping and violent throttling of protests, was renamed Citizens' Militia. Under the command of the Ministry of Public Security of Poland "UB", the Militia committed serious crimes to maintain the Communists in power, including the harsh treatment of protesters, arrest of opposition leaders and in extreme cases murder, with at least 22,000 people killed by the regime during its rule. As a result, Poland had a high-imprisonment rate but one of the lowest crime rates in the world. This was often fictitiously glorified by the ruling Polish Worker's Party, which described Poland as a safe and educated near-Utopian society. Poland's fate was heavily discussed at the Yalta Conference in February 1945. Joseph Stalin, whose Red Army occupied the entire country, presented several alternatives which granted Poland industrialized territories in the west whilst the Red Army simultaneously permanently annexed Polish territories in the east, resulting in Poland losing over 20% of its pre-war borders. Stalin then imposed upon Poland a Soviet-backed puppet communist government following the war, forcibly bringing the nation into the Soviet sphere of influence. At the Yalta Conference in February 1945, Stalin was able to present his western allies, Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill, with a fait accompli in Poland. His armed forces were in occupation of the country, and his agents, the communists, were in control of its administration. The USSR was in the process of incorporating the lands in eastern Poland which it had invaded and occupied between 1939 and 1941. In compensation, the USSR gave Poland former German populated territories in Pomerania, Silesia, and Brandenburg east of the Oder–Neisse line, plus the southern half of East Prussia. These awards were confirmed at the Tripartite Conference of Berlin, otherwise known as the Potsdam Conference in August 1945 after the end of the war in Europe. Stalin was determined that Poland's new government would become his tool towards making Poland a Soviet puppet state controlled by the communists. He had severed relations with the Polish government-in-exile in London in 1943, but to appease Roosevelt and Churchill he agreed at Yalta that a coalition government would be formed. The communists held a majority of key posts in this new government, and with Soviet support they soon gained almost total control of the country, rigging all elections. In June 1946 the "Three Times Yes" referendum was held on a number of issues—abolition of the Senate of Poland, land reform, and making the Oder–Neisse line Poland's western border. The communist-controlled Interior Ministry issued results showing that all three questions passed overwhelmingly. Years later, however, evidence was uncovered showing that the referendum had been tainted by massive fraud, and only the third question actually passed. Władysław Gomułka then took advantage of a split in the Polish Socialist Party. One faction, which included Prime Minister Edward Osóbka-Morawski, wanted to join forces with the Peasant Party and form a united front against the Communists. Another faction, led by Józef Cyrankiewicz, argued that the Socialists should support the Communists in carrying through a socialist program, while opposing the imposition of one-party rule. Pre-war political hostilities continued to influence events, and Stanisław Mikołajczyk would not agree to form a united front with the Socialists. The Communists played on these divisions by dismissing Osóbka-Morawski and making Cyrankiewicz Prime Minister. Between the referendum and the January 1947 general elections, the opposition was subjected to persecution. Only the candidates of the pro-government "Democratic Bloc" (the PPR, Cyrankiewicz' faction of the PPS, and the Democratic Party) were allowed to campaign completely unmolested. Meanwhile, several opposition candidates were prevented from campaigning at all. Mikołajczyk's Polish People's Party (PSL) in particular suffered persecution; it had opposed the abolition of the Senate as a test of strength against the government. Although it supported the other two questions, the Communist-dominated government branded the PSL "traitors". This massive oppression was overseen by Gomułka and the provisional president, Bolesław Bierut. The official results of the election showed the Democratic Bloc with 80.1 percent of the vote. The Democratic Bloc was awarded 394 seats to only 28 for the PSL. Mikołajczyk immediately resigned to protest this so-called 'implausible result', and fled to the United Kingdom in April rather than face arrest. Later, some historians announced that the official results were only obtained through massive fraud. Government officials didn't even count the real votes in many areas, and simply filled in the relevant documents in accordance with instructions from the Communists. In other areas, the ballot boxes were either destroyed or replaced with boxes containing prefilled ballots. The 1947 election marked the beginning of undisguised Communist rule in Poland, though it was not officially transformed into the Polish People's Republic until the adoption of the 1952 Constitution. However, Gomułka never supported Stalin's control over the Polish Communists, and was soon replaced as party leader by the more pliable Bierut. In 1948, the Communists consolidated their power, merging with Cyrankiewicz' faction of the PPS to form the Polish United Workers' Party (known in Poland as 'the Party'), which would monopolise political power in Poland until 1989. In 1949, Soviet Marshal Konstantin Rokossovsky became Polish Minister of National Defence, with the additional title Marshal of Poland, and in 1952 he became Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers (deputy premier). Over the coming years, private industry was nationalised, the land seized from the pre-war landowners and redistributed to the peasants, and millions of Poles were transferred from the lost eastern territories to the lands acquired from Germany. Poland was now to be brought into line with the Soviet model of a "people's democracy" and a centrally planned socialist economy. The government also embarked on the collectivisation of agriculture, although the pace was slower than in other satellites: Poland remained the only Soviet bloc country where individual peasants dominated agriculture. Through a careful balance of agreement, compromise and resistance — and having signed an agreement of coexistence with the communist regime — cardinal primate Stefan Wyszyński maintained and even strengthened the Polish church through a series of failed government leaders. He was put under house arrest from 1953 to 1956 for failing to punish priests who participated in anti-government activity. Bierut died in March 1956, and was replaced with Edward Ochab, who held the position for seven months. In June, workers in the industrial city of Poznań went on strike, in what became known as Poznań 1956 protests. Voices began to be raised in the Party and among the intellectuals calling for wider reforms of the Stalinist system. Eventually, power shifted towards Gomułka, who replaced Ochab as party leader. Hardline Stalinists were removed from power and many Soviet officers serving in the Polish Army were dismissed. This marked the end of the Stalinist era. In 1970, Gomułka's government had decided to adopt massive increases in the prices of basic goods, including food. The resulting widespread violent protests in December that same year resulted in a number of deaths. They also forced another major change in the government, as Gomułka was replaced by Edward Gierek as the new First Secretary. Gierek's plan for recovery was centered on massive borrowing, mainly from the United States and West Germany, to re-equip and modernize Polish industry, and to import consumer goods to give the workers some incentive to work. While it boosted the Polish economy, and is still remembered as the "Golden Age" of socialist Poland, it left the country vulnerable to global economic fluctuations and western undermining, and the repercussions in the form of massive debt is still felt in Poland even today. This Golden Age came to an end after the 1973 energy crisis. The failure of the Gierek government, both economically and politically, soon led to the creation of opposition in the form of trade unions, student groups, clandestine newspapers and publishers, imported books and newspapers, and even a "flying university." On 16 October 1978 the Archbishop of Kraków, Cardinal Karol Wojtyła, was elected Pope, taking the name John Paul II. The election of a Polish Pope had an electrifying effect on what had been, even under Communist rule, one of the most devoutly Catholic nations in Europe. Gierek is alleged to have said to his cabinet, "O God, what are we going to do now?" or, as occasionally reported, "Jesus and Mary, this is the end". When John Paul II made his first papal tour of Poland in June 1979, half a million people heard him speak in Warsaw; he did not call for rebellion, instead encouraged the creation of an "alternative Poland" of social institutions independent of the government, so that when the next crisis came, the nation would present a united front. A new wave of strikes undermined Gierek's government, and in September Gierek, who was in poor health, was finally removed from office and replaced as Party leader by Stanisław Kania. However, Kania was unable to find an answer for the fast-eroding support of communism in Poland. Labour turmoil led to the formation of the independent trade union Solidarity (Solidarność) in September 1980, originally led by Lech Wałęsa. In fact, Solidarity became a broad anti-communist social movement ranging from people associated with the Roman Catholic Church, to members of the anti-stalinist left. By the end of 1981, Solidarity had nine million members—a quarter of Poland's population and three times as many as the PUWP had. Kania resigned under Soviet pressure in October and was succeeded by Wojciech Jaruzelski, who had been Defence minister since 1968 and Premier since February. On 13 December 1981, Jaruzelski proclaimed martial law, suspended Solidarity, and temporarily imprisoned most of its leaders. This sudden crackdown on Solidarity was reportedly out of fear of Soviet intervention (see Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–81). The government then disallowed Solidarity on October 8, 1982. Martial law was formally lifted in July 1983, though many heightened controls on civil liberties and political life, as well as food rationing, remained in place through the mid-to-late-1980s. Jaruzelski stepped down as prime minister in 1985 and became president (chairman of the Council of State). This did not prevent Solidarity from gaining more support and power. Eventually it eroded the dominance of the PUWP, which in 1981 lost approximately 85,000 of its 3 million members. Throughout the mid-1980s, Solidarity persisted solely as an underground organization, but by the late 1980s was sufficiently strong to frustrate Jaruzelski's attempts at reform, and nationwide strikes in 1988 were one of the factors that forced the government to open a dialogue with Solidarity. From 6 February 6 to 15 April 1989, talks of 13 working groups in 94 sessions, which became known as the "Roundtable Talks" (Rozmowy Okrągłego Stołu) saw the PUWP abandon power and radically altered the shape of the country. In June, shortly after the Tiananmen Square protests in China, the 1989 Polish legislative election took place, Poland's first partially-free election in eight decades. Much to its own surprise, Solidarity took all contested (35%) seats in the Sejm, the Parliament's lower house, and all but one seat in the fully free elected Senate. Solidarity persuaded the Communists' longtime satellite parties, the United People's Party and Democratic Party, to throw their support to Solidarity. This all but forced Jaruzelski, who had been named president in July, to appoint a Solidarity member as prime minister. Finally, he appointed a Solidarity-led coalition government with Tadeusz Mazowiecki as the country's first non-Communist prime minister since 1948. On 10 December 1989, the statue of Vladimir Lenin was removed in Warsaw by the PRL authorities. The Parliament amended the Constitution on 29 December 1989 to formally restore democracy, the rule of law and civil liberties. This began the Third Polish Republic, and served as a prelude to the fully democratic elections of 1991—only the third free election ever held in Poland. The PZPR was finally disbanded on January 30, 1990, even if Wałęsa could be elected as President only eleven months after. The Warsaw Pact was soon followed on 1 July 1991 and the Soviet Union ceased to exist in December 1991. On 27 October 1991, the first entirely free Polish parliamentary elections since the 1920s took place. This completed Poland's transition from a communist party rule to a Western-style liberal democratic political system. The last post-Soviet troops left Poland on 18 September 1993. After ten years of democratic consolidation, Poland joined OECD in 1996, NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004. The government and politics of the Polish People's Republic were governed by the Polish United Workers' Party (Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza, PZPR). Despite the presence of two minor parties, the United People's Party and the Democratic Party, the country was generally reckoned by western nations as a one-party state because these two parties were supposedly completely subservient to the Communists and had to accept the PZPR's "leading role" as a condition of their existence. It was dependent on the USSR to the extent of being its satellite state. From 1952 the PRP's highest law was the Constitution of the Polish People's Republic, and the Polish Council of State replaced the presidency of Poland. Elections were held on the single lists of the Front of National Unity. During the PRL's existence, it maintained relations not only with the Soviet Union, but several communist states around the world. It also had friendly relations with the United States, United Kingdom, France, and the Western Bloc as well as the People's Republic of China. PRL's relations with Israel were on a fair level following the aftermath of the Holocaust. In 1947, the PRL voted in favor of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine, which lead to Israel's recognition by the PRL on 19 May 1948. However, by the Six-Day War, it severed diplomatic relations with Israel in June 1967 and supported the Palestine Liberation Organization which recognized the State of Palestine on 14 December 1988. In 1989, PRL restored relations with Israel. The PRL participated as a member of the UN, the World Trade Organization, the Warsaw Pact, Comecon, International Energy Agency, Council of Europe, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, International Atomic Energy Agency, and Interkosmos. Poland suffered tremendous economic losses during World War II. In 1939, Poland had 35.1 million inhabitants, but the census of 14 February 1946 showed only 23.9 million inhabitants. (The difference was partially the result of the border revision.) The losses in national resources and infrastructure amounted to 38%. Compared to Western European nations, including Germany, Poland was still mostly an agrarian country. The implementation of the immense tasks involved with the reconstruction of the country was intertwined with the struggle of the new government for the stabilisation of power, made even more difficult by the fact that a considerable part of society was mistrustful of the communist government. The occupation of Poland by the Red Army and the support the Soviet Union had shown for the Polish communists was decisive in the communists gaining the upper hand in the new Polish government. Poland was under Soviet control, both directly (Red Army, NKVD, deportations to the SU) and indirectly (NKVD created the Polish political police UB). As control of the Polish territories passed from occupying forces of Nazi Germany to the subsequent occupying forces of the Soviet Union, and from the Soviet Union to the Soviet-imposed puppet satellite state, Poland's new economic system was forcibly imposed and began moving towards a radical, communist centrally planned economy. One of the first major steps in that direction involved the agricultural reform issued by the Polish Committee of National Liberation government on 6 September 1944. All estates over 0.5 km2 in pre-war Polish territories and all over 1 km2 in former German territories were nationalised without compensation. In total, 31,000 km2 of land were nationalised in Poland and 5 million in the former German territories, out of which 12,000 km2 were redistributed to peasants and the rest remained in the hands of the government (Most of this was eventually used in the collectivization and creation of sovkhoz-like State Agricultural Farms "PGR"). However, the collectivization of Polish farming never reached the same extent as it did in the Soviet Union or other countries of the Eastern Bloc. Nationalisation began in 1944, with the pro-Soviet government taking over industries in the newly acquired territories along with the rest of the country. As nationalization was unpopular, the communists delayed the nationalization reform until 1946, when after the 3xTAK referendums they were fairly certain they had total control of the state and could deal a heavy blow to eventual public protests. Some semi-official nationalisation of various private enterprises had begun also in 1944. In 1946, all enterprises with over 50 employees were nationalised, with no compensation to Polish owners. The Allied punishment of Germany for the war of destruction was intended to include large-scale reparations to Poland. However, those were truncated into insignificance by the break-up of Germany into East and West and the onset of the Cold War. Poland was then relegated to receive her share from the Soviet-controlled East Germany. However, even this was attenuated, as the Soviets pressured the Polish Government to cease receiving the reparations far ahead of schedule as a sign of 'friendship' between the two new communist neighbors and, therefore, now friends. Thus, without the reparations and without the massive Marshall Plan implemented in the West at that time, Poland's postwar recovery was much harder than it could have been. During the Gierek era, Poland borrowed large sums of Western money. This changed in the late 1970s however, and fact that the West would no longer grant Poland credit meant that living standards began to sharply fall again as the supply of imported goods dried up, and as Poland was forced to export everything it could, particularly food and coal, to service its massive debt, which would reach US$23 billion by 1980. By 1978, it was therefore obvious that eventually the regime would again have to raise prices and risk another outbreak of labor unrest. During the chaotic Solidarity years and the imposition of martial law, Poland entered a decade of economic crisis, officially acknowledged as such even by the regime. Rationing and queuing became a way of life, with ration cards (Kartki) necessary to buy even such basic consumer staples as milk and sugar. Access to Western luxury goods became even more restricted, as Western governments applied economic sanctions to express their dissatisfaction with the government repression of the opposition, while at the same time the government had to use most of the foreign currency it could obtain to pay the crushing rates on its foreign debt. In response to this situation, the government, which controlled all official foreign trade, continued to maintain a highly artificial exchange rate with Western currencies. The exchange rate worsened distortions in the economy at all levels, resulting in a growing black market and the development of a shortage economy. The only way for an individual to buy most Western goods was to use Western currencies, notably the U.S. dollar, which in effect became a parallel currency. However, it could not simply be exchanged at the official banks for Polish złotys, since the government exchange rate undervalued the dollar and placed heavy restrictions on the amount that could be exchanged, and so the only practical way to obtain it was from remittances or work outside the country. An entire illegal industry of street-corner money changers emerged as a result. The so-called Cinkciarze gave clients far better than official exchange rate and became wealthy from their opportunism albeit at the risk of punishment, usually diminished by the wide scale bribery of the Militia. As Western currency came into the country from emigrant families and foreign workers, the government in turn attempted to gather it up by various means, most visibly by establishing a chain of state-run Pewex and Baltona stores in all Polish cities, where goods could only be bought with hard currency. It even introduced its own ersatz U.S. currency (bony PeKaO in Polish). This paralleled the financial practices in East Germany running its own ration stamps at the same time. The trend led to an unhealthy state of affairs where the chief determinant of economic status was access to hard currency. This situation was incompatible with any remaining ideals of socialism, which were soon completely abandoned at the community level. In this desperate situation, all development and growth in the Polish economy slowed to a crawl. Most visibly, work on most of the major investment projects that had begun in the 1970s was stopped. As a result, most Polish cities acquired at least one infamous example of a large unfinished building languishing in a state of limbo. While some of these were eventually finished decades later, most, such as the Szkieletor skyscraper in Kraków, were never finished at all, wasting the considerable resources devoted to their construction. Polish investment in economic infrastructure and technological development fell rapidly, ensuring that the country lost whatever ground it had gained relative to Western European economies in the 1970s. To escape the constant economic and political pressures during these years, and the general sense of hopelessness, many family income providers traveled for work in Western Europe, particularly West Germany (Wyjazd na saksy). During the era, hundreds of thousands of Poles left the country permanently and settled in the West, few of them returning to Poland even after the end of socialism in Poland. Tens of thousands of others went to work in countries that could offer them salaries in hard currency, notably Libya and Iraq. After several years of the situation continuing to worsen, during which time the socialist government unsuccessfully tried various expedients to improve the performance of the economy—at one point resorting to placing military commissars to direct work in the factories — it grudgingly accepted pressures to liberalize the economy. The government introduced a series of small-scale reforms, such as allowing more small-scale private enterprises to function. However, the government also realized that it lacked the legitimacy to carry out any large-scale reforms, which would inevitably cause large-scale social dislocation and economic difficulties for most of the population, accustomed to the extensive social safety net that the socialist system had provided. For example, when the government proposed to close the Gdańsk Shipyard, a decision in some ways justifiable from an economic point of view but also largely political, there was a wave of public outrage and the government was forced to back down. The only way to carry out such changes without social upheaval would be to acquire at least some support from the opposition side. The government accepted the idea that some kind of a deal with the opposition would be necessary, and repeatedly attempted to find common ground throughout the 1980s. However, at this point the communists generally still believed that they should retain the reins of power for the near future, and only allowed the opposition limited, advisory participation in the running of the country. They believed that this would be essential to pacifying the Soviet Union, which they felt was not yet ready to accept a non-Communist Poland. In 1981 Poland notified Club de Paris (a group of Western-European central banks) about its insolvency and a number of negotiations of repaying its foreign debt were completed between 1989-1991. The experiences in and after World War II, wherein the large Jewish minority was annihilated by the Nazis, the large German minority was forcibly expelled from the country at the end of the war, along with the loss of the eastern territories which had a significant population of Eastern Orthodox Belarusians and Ukrainians, led to Poland becoming more homogeneously Catholic than it had been. The Polish Anti-Religious Campaign was initiated by the communist government in Poland which, under the doctrine of Marxism, actively advocated for the disenfranchisement of religion and planned atheisation. The Catholic Church, as the religion of most Poles, was seen as a rival competing for the citizens' allegiance by the government, which attempted to suppress it. To this effect the communist state conducted anti-religious propaganda and persecution of clergymen and monasteries. As in most other Communist countries, religion was not outlawed as such (an exception being Communist Albania) and was permitted by the constitution, but the state attempted to achieve an atheistic society. The Catholic Church in Poland provided strong resistance to Communist rule and Poland itself had a long history of dissent to foreign rule. The Polish nation rallied to the Church, as had occurred in neighbouring Lithuania, which made it more difficult for the government to impose its antireligious policies as it had in the USSR, where the populace did not hold mass solidarity with the Russian Orthodox Church. It became the strongest anti-communist body during the epoch of Communism in Poland, and provided a more successful resistance than had religious bodies in most other Communist states. The Catholic Church unequivocally condemned communist ideology. This led to the antireligious activity in Poland being compelled to take a more cautious and conciliatory line than in other Communist countries, largely failing in their attempt to control or suppress the Polish Church. The state attempted to take control of the Polish Orthodox Church (with a membership of about half a million) in order to use it as a weapon against the anti-communist efforts of the Roman Catholic Church in Poland, and it attempted to control the person who was named as Metropolitan for the Polish Orthodox Church; Metropolitan Dionizy (the post-war head of the POC) was arrested and retired from service after his release. Following with the forcible conversion of Eastern Catholics in the USSR to Orthodoxy, the Polish government called on the Orthodox church in Poland to assume 'pastoral care' of the eastern Catholics in Poland. After the removal of Metropolitan Dionizy from leadership of the Polish Orthodox Church, Metropolitan Macarius was placed in charge. He was from western Ukraine (previously eastern Poland) and who had been instrumental in the compulsory conversion of eastern Catholics to orthodoxy there. Polish security forces assisted him in suppressing resistance in his taking control of Eastern Catholic parishes. Many eastern Catholics who remained in Poland after the postwar border adjustments were resettled in Western Poland in the newly acquired territories from Germany. The state in Poland gave the POC a greater number of privileges than the Roman Catholic Church in Poland; the state even gave money to this Church, although it often defaulted on promised payments, leading to a perpetual financial crisis for the POC. Before World War II, a third of Poland's population was composed of ethnic minorities. After the war, however, Poland's minorities were mostly gone, due to the 1945 revision of borders, and the Holocaust. Under the National Repatriation Office (Państwowy Urząd Repatriacyjny), millions of Poles were forced to leave their homes in the eastern Kresy region and settle in the western former German territories. At the same time approximately 5 million remaining Germans (about 8 million had already fled or had been expelled and about 1 million had been killed in 1944-46) were similarly expelled from those territories into the Allied occupation zones. Ukrainian and Belarusian minorities found themselves now mostly within the borders of the Soviet Union; those who opposed this new policy (like the Ukrainian Insurgent Army in the Bieszczady Mountains region) were suppressed by the end of 1947 in the Operation Vistula. The population of Jews in Poland, which formed the largest Jewish community in pre-war Europe at about 3.3 million people, was all but destroyed by 1945. Approximately 3 million Jews died of starvation in ghettos and labor camps, were slaughtered at the German Nazi extermination camps or by the Einsatzgruppen death squads. Between 40,000 and 100,000 Polish Jews survived the Holocaust in Poland, and another 50,000 to 170,000 were repatriated from the Soviet Union, and 20,000 to 40,000 from Germany and other countries. At its postwar peak, there were 180,000 to 240,000 Jews in Poland, settled mostly in Warsaw, Łódź, Kraków and Wrocław. According to the national census, which took place on February 14, 1946, population of Poland was 23,9 million, out of which 32% lived in cities and towns, and 68% lived in the countryside. The 1950 census (December 3, 1950) showed the population rise to 25 million, and the 1960 census (December 6, 1960) placed the population of Poland at 29.7 million. In 1950, Warsaw was again the biggest city, with the population of 804,000 inhabitants. Second was Lodz (pop. 620,000), then Kraków (pop. 344,000), Poznań (pop. 321,000), and Wrocław (pop. 309,000). Females were in the majority in the country. In 1931, there were 105.6 women for 100 men. In 1946, the difference grew to 118.5/100, but in subsequent years, number of males grew, and in 1960, the ratio was 106.7/100. Most Germans were expelled from Poland and the annexed east German territories at the end of the war, while many Ukrainians, Rusyns and Belarusians lived in territories incorporated into the USSR. Small Ukrainian, Belarusian, Slovak, and Lithuanian minorities resided along the borders, and a German minority was concentrated near the southwestern city of Opole and in Masuria. Groups of Ukrainians and Polish Ruthenians also lived in western Poland, where they were forcefully resettled by the authorities. As a result of the migrations and the Soviet Unions radically altered borders under the rule of Joseph Stalin, the population of Poland became one of the most ethnically homogeneous in the world. Virtually all people in Poland claim Polish nationality, with Polish as their native tongue. Konstantin Rokossovsky, pictured in a Polish uniform, was Marshal of the Soviet Union and Marshal of Poland until being deposed during the Polish October in 1956. The Polish People's Army (LWP) was initially formed during World War II as the Polish 1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division, but more commonly known as the Berling Army. Almost half of the soldiers and recruits in the Polish People's Army were Soviet. In March 1945, Red Army officers accounted for approximately 52% of the entire corps (15,492 out of 29,372). Around 4,600 of them remained by July 1946. It was not the only Polish formation that fought along the Allied side, nor the first one in the East - although the first Polish force formed in the USSR, the Anders Army, had by that time moved to Iran. The Polish forces soon grew beyond the 1st Division into two major commands - the Polish First Army commanded by Zygmunt Berling, and the Polish Second Army headed by Karol Świerczewski. The Polish First Army participated in the Vistula–Oder Offensive and the Battle of Kolberg (1945) before taking part in its final offensive with the Battle of Berlin. Following the Second World War, the Polish Army was reorganized into six (later seven) main military districts: the Warsaw Military District with its headquarters in Warsaw, the Lublin Military District, Kraków Military District, Lodz Military District, Poznań Military District, the Pomeranian Military District with its headquarters in Toruń and the Silesian Military District in Katowice. Throughout the late 1940s and early 50s the Polish Army was under the command of Polish-born Marshal of the Soviet Union Konstantin Rokossovsky, who was intentionally given the title "Marshal of Poland" and was also Minister of National Defense. It was heavily tied into the Soviet military structures and was intended to increase Soviet influence as well as control over the Polish units in case of war. This process, however, was stopped in the aftermath of the Polish October in 1956. Rokossovsky, viewed as a Soviet puppet, was excluded from the Polish United Workers' Party and driven out back to the Soviet Union where he remained a hero until death. Geographically, the Polish People's Republic bordered the Baltic Sea to the North; the Soviet Union (via the Russian (Kaliningrad Oblast), Lithuanian, Byelorussian and Ukrainian SSRs) to the east; Czechoslovakia to the south and East Germany to the west. After World War II, Poland's borders were redrawn, following the decision taken at the Teheran Conference of 1943 at the insistence of the Soviet Union. Poland lost 77,000 km2 of territory in its eastern regions (Kresy), gaining instead the smaller but much more industrialized (however ruined) so-called "Regained Territories" east of the Oder-Neisse line. The Polish People's Republic was divided into several voivodeships (the Polish unit of administrative division). After World War II, the new administrative divisions were based on the pre-war ones. The areas in the East that were not annexed by the Soviet Union had their borders left almost unchanged. Newly acquired territories in the west and north were organised into the voivodeships of Szczecin, Wrocław, Olsztyn and partially joined to Gdańsk, Katowice and Poznań voivodeships. Two cities were granted voivodeship status: Warsaw and Łódź. In 1950 new voivodeships were created: Koszalin - previously part of Szczecin, Opole - previously part of Katowice, and Zielona Góra - previously part of Poznań, Wrocław and Szczecin voivodeships. In addition, three other cities were granted the voivodeship status: Wrocław, Kraków and Poznań. In 1973, Poland voivodeships were changed again. This reorganization of administrative division of Poland was mainly a result of local government reform acts of 1973 to 1975. In place of three level administrative division (voivodeship, county, commune), new two-level administrative division was introduced (49 small voidships and communes). The three smallest voivodeships: Warsaw, Kraków and Łódź had a special status of municipal voivodeship; the city president (mayor) was also province governor. ^ "What Was the Eastern Bloc?". Retrieved 9 July 2018. ^ Internetowy System Aktow Prawnych (2013). "Small Constitution of 1947" [Mała Konstytucja z 1947] (PDF direct download). Original text at the Sejm website. Kancelaria Sejmu RP. Retrieved 21 February 2015. ^ Rozmaryn, Stefan (1959). "Parliamentary Control of Administrative Activities in the Polish People's Republic". Political Studies. Vol. 7 (1): 70–85. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9248.1959.tb00893.x. ^ Marek, Krystyna (1954). Identity and Continuity of States in Public International Law. Librairie Droz. p. 475. ISBN 9782600040440. ^ a b Rao, B. V. (2006), History of Modern Europe Ad 1789-2002: A.D. 1789-2002, Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. ^ "30 procent analfabetów... - Retropress". retropress.pl. Retrieved 9 July 2018. ^ "Urząd Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego - Virtual Shtetl". sztetl.org.pl. Retrieved 9 July 2018. ^ Rummel, R. J. (1997). Statistics of democide: genocide and mass murder since 1900. Charlottesville, Virginia: Transaction Publishers. ^ Manning, Scott (4 December 2006). "Communist Body Count". ^ Daems, Tom; Smit, Dirk van Zyl; Snacken, Sonja (17 May 2013). "European Penology?". Bloomsbury Publishing. Retrieved 9 July 2018 – via Google Books. ^ Britannica (10 April 2013), Stefan Wyszyński, (1901–1981). Encyclopædia Britannica. ^ Saxon, Wolfgang (29 May 1981). "Wyszynski Fortified Church Under Communist Rule". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 December 2017. ^ Curtis, Glenn E., ed. (1992). "The Society: The Polish Catholic Church and the State". Poland: A Country Study. Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. Retrieved 10 December 2017 – via Country Studies US. ^ Reuters (11 December 1989). "Upheaval in the East; Lenin Statue in Mothballs". New York Times. ^ Billstein, Reinhold; Fings, Karola; Kugler, Anita; Levis, Billstein (October 2004). "Working for the enemy: Ford, General Motors, and forced labor in Germany during the Second World War". ISBN 978-1-84545-013-7. ^ a b c d Karolina Szamańska (2008). "Sklepy w czasach PRL" (PDF). Portal Naukowy Wiedza i Edukacja. pp. 13, 22–23 / 25. Archived from the original (PDF file, direct download) on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2014. ^ Jackson, John E.; Jacek Klich; Krystyna Poznanska (2005). The Political Economy of Poland's Transition: New Firms and Reform Governments. Cambridge University Press. pp. 21–. ISBN 0-521-83895-9. ^ "saksy – Wikisłownik, wolny słownik wielojęzyczny". pl.wiktionary.org. Retrieved 9 July 2018. ^ "Building Export from Socialist Poland: On the Traces of a Photograph - Stadtaspekte". 2 April 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2018. ^ "Agreements concluded with Paris Club \| Club de Paris". www.clubdeparis.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017. ^ Cieplak, Tadeusz N. (1969). "Church and State in People's Poland". Polish American Studies. 26 (2): 15–30. JSTOR 20147803. ^ a b Mirek, Agata (2014). "Law as an Instrument of the Communist Authorities in the Fight against Orders in Poland". OL PAN. Teka Komisji Prawniczej: 64–72. Planned atheisation afflicted all areas of activity of monastic communities [...] To victimise clergymen and consecrated people not only provisions of the criminal procedure were used, often violating not only the right for defence, but also basic human rights, allowing to use tortures in order to extort desired testimonies; also an entire system of legal norms, regulating the organisation and functioning of bodies of the judiciary, was used for victimising. Nuns also stood trials in communist courts, becoming victims of the fight of the atheist state against the Catholic Church. The majority of trials from the first decade of the Polish People's Republic in which nuns were in the dock had a political character. A mass propaganda campaign, saturated with hate, led in the press and on the radio, measured up against defendants, was their distinctive feature. ^ a b Dinka, Frank (1966). "Sources of Conflict between Church and State in Poland". The Review of Politics. 28 (3): 332–349. doi:10.1017/S0034670500007130. ^ a b Ediger, Ruth M. (2005). "History of an institution as a factor for predicting church institutional behavior: the cases of the Catholic Church in Poland, the Orthodox Church in Romania, and the Protestant churches in East Germany". East European Quarterly. 39 (3). ^ Clark, Joanna Rostropowicz (2010). "The Church and the Communist Power". Sarmatian Review. 30 (2). ^ a b Wynot, Edward D., Jr. (2002). "Captive faith: the Polish Orthodox Church, 1945–1989". East European Quarterly. 36 (3). ^ "Historical documents detailing Vistula operation to deport 150,000 Polish Ukrainians now online -". 23 May 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2018. ^ Olchawa, Maciej (2 May 2017). "Ghosts of Operation Vistula". Retrieved 9 July 2018. ^ Hafrey., Peter Schneider: Peter Schneider, A West Berliner and Is the Author of the Novelthe Wall Jumper. He Is Writing A Book On Germany After the Wall. This Article Was Translated From the German By Leigh. "IS ANYONE GERMAN HERE?; A Journey Into Silesia". Retrieved 9 July 2018. ^ "Poland most homogeneous in EU". Retrieved 9 July 2018. ^ "Languages in Poland · Explore which languages are spoken in Poland". languageknowledge.eu. Retrieved 9 July 2018. ^ "Dr J. Pałka: Ludowe Wojsko Polskie wymyka się prostym klasyfikacjom". Retrieved 16 August 2018. ^ Kałużny, Ryszard (2007). "Oficerowie Armii Radzieckiej w wojskach lądowych w Polsce 1945-1956". Zeszyty Naukowe WSOWL (in Polish). AWL (2): 86–87. ISSN 1731-8157. ^ a b "21-26 kwietnia 1945 r. – bitwa pod Budziszynem. Hekatomba 2. Armii Wojska Polskiego". 26 April 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2018. ^ "Śląski Okręg Wojskowy". 14 April 2003. Retrieved 16 August 2018. ^ "POLAND: Child of the People". 21 November 1949. Retrieved 16 August 2018 – via content.time.com. ^ "POLAND: Distrust in the Ranks". 1 July 1957. Retrieved 16 August 2018 – via content.time.com. Ekiert, Grzegorz (March 1997). "Rebellious Poles: Political Crises and Popular Protest Under State Socialism, 1945-89". East European Politics and Societies. American Council of Learned Societies. 11 (2): 299–338. doi:10.1177/0888325497011002006. Kuroń, Jacek; Żakowski, Jacek (1995). PRL dla pocz��tkujących (in Polish). Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie. pp. 348 pages. ISBN 83-7023-461-5. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Polish People's Republic.
0.994857	Where is Kiwanis Park in Tempe? Kiwanis Park is located in Tempe, Arizona. The park is about 125 acres and includes the Kiwanis Recreation Center, a tennis center, batting cages, a lake where you can fish, baseball diamonds, soccer fields, volleyball courts, picnic areas and more. The Kiwanis wave pool is one of several places in the Valley of the Sun that offers lap swimming all year long and this indoor pool hosts special events during the year. In addition to standard sports fields, ramadas and playground, Kiwanis Park also offers a batting range, horseshoes, tennis courts, urban fishing and volleyball courts. Note: Kiwanis Park does NOT have a Valley Metro Rail station within walking distance. From the north and west: take I-10 and exit at Baseline Road. Go east on Baseline to Kyrene Road, and turn right (south). Drive to Guadalupe Rd and make a left (east). turn left at All American Way into Kiwanis Park. From the east: Take US60 to Rural Road exit. Turn left (south) on Rural Road to Guadalupe Rd. Turn right (west) on Guadalupe Rd. to All American Way and turn right to enter Kiwanis Park. There are several parking areas at Kiwanis Park. Parking for both the recreation center/pool and the lake are accessible from All American Way.
0.955191	What does 'quality' actually mean? If we think about the general conception of quality our answers will probably lie some where in the range of product identification; the product works well doing whatever it does and will last a very long time. What about quality as an idea for the entire of life rather than just constrained to the objects and moments we experience. To live a quality life is not just an idea presented by Buddhist teachings or the Pinterest meme posted by 'that one friend' on your Facebook. It's not about having 'quality' things or even being a 'quality' person. A quality life comes from the mental and physical appreciation of greatness in all forms and in all moments, and the ability to recognize them. Imagine this scenario: Suddenly you find yourself without a means to carry around your money. Imagine it's literally a pile of cash and your bank cards that you have no pockets, no purse, and no billfold to carry, but you are right next door to a Dollar Store. You might think, "I'll just run in there real quick, buy a $10 wallet and then when I have more time and money to invest, I'll get a better one." Easy, right? The wallet is super cheap and functions just as you'd expect a wallet to function. Except for the fact that all day, every time you have to pay for something you have to pull out this wallet that was cheap and easy. The texture of it feels terrible, you begin to realize the construction of it is shoddy, and that it smells like melted plastic. You start to feel embarrassed, wonder if you smell like plastic, and then wonder if other people are noticing your cheap smelly wallet and thinking you're cheap and smelly. Part of you also is not looking forward to spending more money on another wallet, because you know that they can be expensive. You also have no time to figure out where the best place is to purchase a wallet that a) functions as it should b) is made well and c) is in your price range. You have to educate yourself on how to find and assess quality as it pertains to the factors individual to you: money and time. All of the stress in this scenario could have been avoided by picking up a .75 cent birthday card and using the envelope to hold your money. Something that people do all the time when getting money at a physical bank location. The scenario above is what our entire culture is set up for: the quick fix, the instant gratification of having solved a perceived problem or filled a 'happiness hole'. There are some people who would understand the wallet I described above as quality, and that's completely okay. There's a saying I heard awhile back "if you won't dust it, don't bring it into your house." The same is true for quality, if you aren't inclined to take care of something, don't invest in it - whether it's people, objects, or how you spend your time. When I talk this week about quality, it is not as a means to describe products, but rather a mindset. I will propose a different definition and ways of changing. Fair warning though, this is just as new to me as it is to you, so let's deprogram together. Arcadia Grenier is a long-time Wichita native and self described planner addict. Data analyst by day and artist by night, she enjoys teaching others how to find journaling and planning systems that promote inner balance and self expression.
0.999996	Dutch version: Komt ten minste 50% van de zuivel van koeien die niet zijn behandeld met synthetische hormonen en preventieve antibiotica? German version: Stammen zumindestens 50% der verarbeiteten Milch von Kühen, die nicht mit synthetischen Hormonen oder vorbeugenden Antibiotika behandelt wurden? This guideline is set by EKO . When a product is labelled with the EKO sign, it indicates that the product has organic origin. The standards of EKO are made up by and protected by the European Commission. According to EKO, cows can not be treated with synthetic hormones and can not be given preventive antibiotics in order to be certified organic. Best Practice: Vecozuivel has 100% organic milk, which indicates that 100% (so at least 50%) of their cows are not treated with synthetic hormones and are not given preventive antibiotics. The [brand/company] produces at least 50% of its dairy that comes from cows that are not treated with synthetic hormones and are not given preventive antibiotics. The [brand/company] does not specify what % of cows is not treated with synthetic hormones and are not given preventive antibiotics. The [brand/company] does not specify what type hormones and antibiotics the cows are given.
0.99887	Select which fields can use sorting in the summary. Image1: Summary fields sorting Interface. Fields - Select the fields you want to allow the sorting. Default Sorting column - Select one field to initial sorting in the summary. Sorting Order - Choose if the sorting will be ascending or descending. Initial Sorting by the GROUP BY - Select one of the GROUP BYs to the initial sorting.
0.999978	How to clean the glass dining table? Glass is fragile, so glass furniture is best placed in a relatively fixed place, do not often move back and forth. Items placed on the furniture should be handled with care, otherwise the glass surface may be damaged. Try to avoid hard collision when using a glass table or coffee table with a high usage rate. Spread a table cloth on top to prevent the glass surface from being scratched. When cleaning the glass furniture in the home, we can wipe it with a wet towel or newspaper or toilet paper for general stains. If there are stains that are difficult to clean, use a towel to sip some white wine, beer or warm white vinegar. Don't use a liquid with strong acidity and alkalinity. Because the main component of the glass is silica, it is not resistant. Strong acid and alkali, these substances are easy to corrode glass. When wiping the patterned frosted glass, use a toothbrush to pick up some cleaning agent, and wipe the stain along the pattern to remove the stain. This kind of glass can also be coated with a few drops of kerosene or chalk ash and gypsum powder on the glass. After drying, wipe it with a clean cloth or cotton, so that the glass is clean and bright. 1. Avoid placing cups and tableware with hot water or hot soup directly on the table, but separate the tabletop with a coaster or insulation pad. 2, such as due to the long-term heat on the table, leaving a trace of white circles, this time can be wiped with cotton dipped in camphor oil, along the traces of white dirt like a circle to generally wipe back and forth, should be able to easily remove the traces. 3, the white scale of the dining table , as long as the white dirt in the place to put some oil, then wipe off with the old stockings. 4, the color of the wooden dinette can first use the dye to do the complementary color in the scratch, after the dye is dry, and then evenly the upper layer of bright wax. 5, because the restaurant location is usually next to the kitchen, so the dining table and chair is easy to contaminate the fumes, users should be diligently wiped to reduce the adhesion of dust, easy to clean up in the future.
0.999836	I have a personal purpose, but here is my public interest purpose: Democracy inevitably degenerates into wealth-consuming kleptocracy, liberty-stripping fascism, and dignity-eroding central planning when the citizens of a nation do not have accurate information about the actions and intentions of their government. As you can learn from the deep research and analysis reflected throughout this website, the actions and intentions that are publicly declared by the U.S. Government are often inconsistent with the actions, intentions, personal ambitions, and paternalistic hubris of the tiny group of elected and unelected humans who control the U.S. Government. While attempting to represent the interests of their constituents, politicians must also do everything possible to satisfy their special interest benefactors. This dynamic creates significant conflicts interest, opportunities for waste and abuse of taxpayer resources, institutional dysfunction, and a constant gravitational pull toward systemic corruption. For all these reasons, the information I provide on this website is a small but meaningful contribution to restoring trust in American Democracy and Capitalism. How Do You Define “Corruption”? The concept of corruption is a major theme in discussions of comparative political economy; so it’s important that we all have the same definition in mind. As we explore the concept of corruption in many contexts throughout this website, please remember that the kind of corruption we’re discussing should not be amplified with gratuitous emotional commentary. We should be primarily focused on the corruption of institutional and economic systems and processes that result in widespread human pain and suffering, not the subjective and culturally-biased moralizing of individual victims and perpetrators within these systems. For a relatively deeper exploration of the concept of corruption and the healthiest way for a society to deal with this topic (in my opinion), read the articles Political Redemption & Reconciliation and Corruption & The Path to Political Purgatory. You can also read “Is Institutional Corruption a Conspiracy Theory?” to see hundreds of examples of corruption. Why Don’t You Publish the Names of (fill in the blank) so They Are Held Accountable? There are many investigative journalists who already do a fine job of exposing corrupt corporate and political officials. In contrast, I’m focused on exploring and empirically quantifying how corporate, economic, and governmental stewardship impacts the long-term quality of life of human societies. The day-to-day soap opera of “politics” and the corporate propaganda that dominates the news cycle in the media is usually irrelevant to the broader historical trends and rhythms that determine the economic, political, and cultural fate of human civilizations. From this perspective, the names of the politicians and talking heads that rise and fall during each election cycle are almost completely irrelevant. What really matters is the institutional positions that senior governmental and corporate officials control within a society and the institutional incentive structures that govern their behavior. This is their “position power,” not their “personality power” (although sometimes personality power can corrupt the institutional integrity of governments and corporations, which I’ve written about elsewhere). We can more effectively analyze their behavior, policies, and corresponding consequences in the world by ignoring the distractions associated with all the personality-driven political drama that generally conveys no substance or insight into the long-term impact of their policies. Demonizing, indicting, and antagonizing people personally only triggers irrational, ego-driven counter-attacks, which adds no value to this nonpartisan process. For a deeper understanding of this philosophy, read my article about Political Redemption & Reconciliation. As our political and economic systems deteriorate, inspiration is everywhere. I don’t always have time to write, but when I do, I’m most inspired to write about the ironies and hypocrisies of systemically corrupt and dysfunctional socioeconomic institutions. When institutions go bad, they can cause entire societies and countries to collapse. Thinking about potential technical, economic, and social solutions and working on various projects to implement the solutions is also inspiring. None of these problems are easy to fix, but we only have one life to live; so, we may as well do something interesting while we’re here.
0.999977	Why is 'around' used in the following sentence? She usually toted the baby around in a backpack. It relates to an asumed action by the person holding the baby...e.g. walking around, pacing around. It is adding to the description of what the person is doing.
0.999798	County Seat of the county of Gonzales : Gonzales . Mean travel time to work (minutes), workers age 16+, 2000 = 24 minutes. Airport Gonzales Municipal Airport - Gottwald Field - Joye Ranch Airport - Bend Turkey Bottom - Building Braches House - Eggleston House - Gonzales County Courthouse - Gonzales County Jail - Gonzales Memorial Museum - Gonzales Public Library - Gonzales Warm Springs Rehabilitation Foundation - Kennard House - Nixon Public Library - Pioneer Village - Stella Ellis Hart Public Library - Cemetery Andrews Chapel Cemetery - Antioch Cemetery - Askey Cemetery - Billings Cemetery - Bundick Cemetery - Burrls Cemetery - Camp Brazil Cemetery - Caraway Cemetery - Clabber Town Cemetery - Denton Creek Cemetery - DeWitt Cemetery - Dewville Cemetery - Dilworth Cemetery - Ebenezer Cemetery - Ellis Cemetery - Ellis-Nance Cemetery - Foster Cemetery - Fullilove Cemetery - Gates Cemetery - Greenwood Cemetery - Haschke Cemetery - Hodge Cemetery - Holmes Cemetery - King Cemetery - Liberty Cemetery - McKeller Cemetery - Mount Enon Cemetery - Nixon Cemetery - Oneill Cemetery - Oso Cemetery - Pecan Branch Cemetery - Princeville Cemetery - Randle Cemetery - Rupert Cemetery - Saint James Cemetery - Sample Cemetery - Sandy Chapel Cemetery - Stonewall Cemetery - Storey Cemetery - Stroman Cemetery - Terrysville Cemetery - Union Cemetery - Union Hill Cemetery - Watson Cemetery - White Rancho Cemetery - Church Camp Valley Church - Clark Church - Community Church of God - Dilworth Church - Episcopal Church of the Messiah - Evans Chapel - First Assembly of God Church - First Lutheran Church - Floyd Chapel - Gonzales Memorial Church of God in Christ - Greater Palestine Church - Greater Webster Chapel African Methodist Episcopal Church - Greenwood Church - Hamon Church - Henson Chapel Methodist Church - Hoods Point Church - Little Hill Church - Macedonia Baptist Church - Memorial Heights Baptist Church - Monthalia Church - Mount Eaton Church - Mount Enon Church - Mount Pilgrim Baptist Church - Mount Zion Church - Oak Valley Church - Pilgrim Church - Presbyterian Church of Gonzales - Princeville Church - Providence Baptist Church - Saint James Catholic Church - Saint James Church - Saint Luke Church - Saint Patricks Church - Saint Union Church - Saturn Church - Williams Chapel - Civil Gonzales County - Dam Benke Lake Dam - Gonzales Dam - Halamicek Lake Number 1 Dam - Halamicek Number 2 Lake Dam - Iley Lake Dam - Jenecka Lake Dam - Kelley Lake Number 1 Dam - Kelley Lake Number 2 Dam - Kelly Lake Dam - Lake Gonzales Dam - M A Wade Dam - McMannis Lake Dam - Mercer Lake Number 1 Dam - Mercer Lake Number 2 Dam - Portales Lake Dam - Quien Sabe Lake Number 1 Dam - Quien Sabe Lake Number 2 Dam - Sammis Lake Dam - Winkenwerder Lake Dam - Wood Lake Dam - Zedler Dam - Flat Pettit Prairie Flats - Hospital Texas Elks Hospital - Lake Bailey Lake - Claybottom Lake - Fivemile Lake - Gwen Lake - Hickory Lake - Horseshoe Lake - Jones Lake - Lavs Lake - Lee Lake - Long Lake - Mooney Lake - Parker Lake - Pilgrim Lake - Pogue Lake - Post Oak Lake - Rinehart Lake - Seeny Lake - Stahl Lake - Wood Lake - Locale Abercrombie Ranch - DuBose Ranch Headquarters - Gonzales Commercial Historic District - Quien Sabe Ranch - Wells Ranch - Park Gonzales City Park - Gonzales Memorial Park - Independence Park - M O Neasloney Wildlife Management Area - Palmetto State Park - Palmetto State Park - Populated Place Bebe - Belmont - Brown Hill - Cheapside - Comanche Crossing - Cost - Dewville - Dilworth - Dreyer - Glaze City - Gonzales - Hamon - Hamon - Harwood - Hickston - Kokernot - Leesville - Little New York - Monthalia - Newtonville - Nickel - Nickel (historical) - Nixon - Oak Forest - Ottine - Pilgrim - Saint James - Sample - Sandy Fork - Saturn - Saturn - Schoolland - Sedan (historical) - Slayden - Smiley - Smithville - Summerville - Thompsonville - Waelder - Welder - Wrightsboro - Yokum - Reservoir Benke Lake - Gonzales Lake - H-5 Lake - Halamicek Lake Number 1 - Halamicek Lake Number 2 - Iley Lake - Jenecka Lake - Kelley Lake Number 1 - Kelley Lake Number 2 - Kelly Lake - Lake Gonzales - Lake H-4 - Lake Pruett - M A Wade Lake - McMannis Lake - Mercer Lake Number 1 - Mercer Lake Number 2 - Patterson Lake - Portales Lake - Quien Sabe Lake Number 1 - Quien Sabe Lake Number 2 - Sammis Lake - Winkenwerder Lake - Wood Lake - Zedler Lake - Ridge Dilworth Spr - School Bunche School - Cost School - East Avenue Elementary School - East Avenue School - Edwards High School - Floresville Alternative Education Center - Gonzales Alternative School - Gonzales High School - Gonzales Junior High School - Leesville Schoolhouse - Nixon - Smiley Elementary School - Nixon - Smiley High School - Nixon - Smiley Middle School - North Avenue Elementary School - North Avenue School - Texas A and M College Experimental Station - Waelder Elementary School - Waelder High School - Spring Gonzales Warm Springs - Stream Alligator Creek - Answorth Branch - Artesia Creek - Baker Branch - Baldridge Branch - Baldridge Creek - Bear Branch - Bee Branch - Ben Branch - Berry Creek - Big Fivemile Creek - Black Creek - Board Branch - Boggy Creek - Boggy Creek - Brushy Creek - Brushy Creek - Buck Branch - Buckhorn Creek - Burroughs Creek - Canoe Creek - Cedar Creek - Cedar Spring Branch - Clear Fork Creek - Clear Fork Creek - Clemens Creek - Copperas Creek - Cottle Creek - Cottonwood Creek - Cottonwood Creek - Cross Timber Creek - Denton Creek - Dry Fork - Dry Run - Dullnig Creek - Dykes Creek - East Fork O`Neal Creek - Elm Creek - Elm Creek - Elm Slough - Five Mile Creek - Foster Branch - Freeman Creek - Gelhorn Creek - Hausler Branch - Jack Hand Branch - Keifer Slough - Kerr Creek - Kokernot Branch - Liberty Creek - Little Elm Creek - Liveoak Branch - Mitchell Creek - Mule Creek - Murray Branch - North Fork Smith Creek - Nose Creek - Obar Creek - O`Neal Creek - Panther Branch - Peach Creek - Pecan Branch - Pecan Creek - Pin Oak Creek - Pin Oak Creek - Plum Creek - Putnam Branch - Racetrack Creek - Red Branch - Reed Branch - Reed Creek - Rocky Creek - Rocky Creek - Rocky Creek - Rusten Branch - Sadberry Creek - Salt Branch - Salt Branch - Salty Creek - San Marcos River - Sand Branch - Sandy Fork - Smith Creek - Smith Creek - Spring Creek - Stevens Creek - Sugar Creek - Sulphur Branch - Talley Branch - Thompson Branch - Tinsley Creek - Tinsley Creek - Turkey Creek - Valley Branch - Vanham Creek - Watson Creek - White Oak Branch - Wickey Branch - Williams Creek - Willow Creek - Yow Branch - Summit Bald Mound - Pin Oak Mound - Red Hill - Rocky Mound - Russell Hill - Santa Anna Mound - Stevens Hill - Van Cleave Mound - Watson Hill - Windy Hill - Tower KCTI-AM (Gonzales) - KPJN-FM (Gonzales) - Trail Palmetto State Park - Lake Trail - Palmetto State Park - Nature and Hiking Trail - Palmetto State Park - Palmetto Trail - Palmetto State Park - River Trail - Valley Evans Hollow - Howell Hollow - Long Hollow - Long Hollow - Wolf Hollow .
0.971393	Japan has managed to offset decades of deflationary dynamics, but at a cost that is hidden beneath the surface of apparent stability. Do we implode in a deflationary death spiral (ice) or in an inflationary death spiral (fire)? Debating the question has been a popular parlor game for years, with Eric Janszen's 1999 Ka-Poom Deflation/Inflation Theory often anchoring the discussion. I invite everyone interested in the debate to read Janszen's reasoning and prediction of a deflationary spiral that then triggers a monstrous inflationary response from central banks/states desperate to prop up their faltering status quo. If we set aside the many financial rabbit holes of the inflation/deflation discussion, we find three dominant non-financial dynamics in play:demographics, technology and energy. As populations age and retire, the resulting decline in incomes and spending are inherently deflationary: less money is earned, and less money is spent, reducing economic activity (gross domestic product). The elderly also sell assets such as stocks, bonds and their primary house to fund their retirement, and if the elderly populace is a major cohort (due to low birth rates and increasing life spans, etc.), then this mass dumping of assets is also deflationary, as the increasing supply of sellers and the stagnating supply of buyers pushes prices lower. Recession and stagnation are also deflationary. Shift 10 million workers from secure fulltime employment with full benefits to low-paid, insecure part-time jobs with few benefits, and you have a self-reinforcing deflationary spiral in action: a significant percentage of the workforce is now receiving far less income, which necessarily slashes their spending and just as importantly, their ability to borrow huge sums of money to buy vehicles, homes, overseas vacations, etc. In consumer-dependent economies that are dependent on debt for much of the consumer spending, this decline in borrowing and spending power is extremely deflationary, as there is a lot less money available to chase the existing output of goods and services. Japan is a case in point. A friend of ours who lived and worked in Japan for a decade (the 1990s) recently visited Japan again after 15 years working in Europe and the U.S., and he was surprised to find prices were the same or lower as when he was living in Japan. This is the result of multiple sources of deflation operating in Japan. A recent NHK TV program reported some young people in Japan are trickling back to rural villages and renting large traditional farm houses and the adjoining land for $200/month, a fraction of what they were paying for cramped studios in big cities. This is an example of deflation in action: people abandon costly housing, transportation, etc. and adopt lifestyles that generate far less income and far lower expenses--both are deflationary. Given the structural rise of part-time employment, an aging populace and the deflationary impacts of technology and globalization, no wonder Japan is experiencing deflationary/stable prices. Technology is relentlessly deflationary. Where consumers once spent small fortunes buying stereo equipment and music storage (LPs, cassettes, CDs, etc.), cameras, film, photo printing, etc., game consoles and equipment, small-screen TVs, and paying for telephony, now a single device--a smart phone--combines all these functions (with some obvious limitations) in one device. Globalization and commoditization are also deflationary. Global wage arbitrage and automation lowers production costs, and the commoditization of labor and inputs (capital and materials) push prices lower. Declining energy costs are also deflationary, as the cost of energy affects the pricing of almost every good and service. We now discern the outlines of why money created out of thin air needn't be as inflationary as expected. If economic activity declines by $1 trillion due to lower incomes, spending, etc., creating $1 trillion out of thin air and injecting it into the economy as monetary and fiscal stimulus is more or less simply replacing the $1 trillion of deflation. The Bank of Japan has tripled its asset purchases (monetary stimulus and support of the stock and bond markets) with little apparent effect on conventional measures of inflation. This print-to-offset deflationary declines may appear to be stable and sustainable, but the expansion of bonds (to fund fiscal stimulus) accrues interest, which even at low rates eventually starts burdening state spending. All this new currency doesn't necessarily lead to productive spending or investment; rather, it may increase mal-investment and systemic asymmetries that eventually destabilize the entire financial system. Japan has managed to offset decades of deflationary dynamics, but at a cost that is hidden beneath the surface of apparent stability. Building bridges to nowhere and creating money from thin air to buy stocks and bonds only appears sustainable because the risks and imbalances are piling up out of sight. Eventually the "perfect balance" between deflation and inflation tips one way or the other, and a systemic crisis "nobody saw coming" unfolds. Thank you, Christopher R. ($5/month), for your splendidly generous pledge to this site -- I am greatly honored by your support and readership. Thank you, Tim B. ($50), for your massively generous contribution to this site -- I am greatly honored by your steadfast support and readership.
0.999726	Is my child going to have fun there? Is my child going to be safe and healthy there? Will my child develop a love of learning there? If you can answer “yes” to those three questions, chances are you have found a place where your child can thrive right here at Multicultural Child And Family Hope Center. As a parent, you will have ideas about what you want in a child care setting. Here are some ideas about things to look for when checking out child care facilities. Environment: A child care facility should be safe, clean, and well-maintained, and the setting should be bright and cheerful. The facility should have good air circulation and the temperature should be comfortable. There should be enough space for the children to move freely, with areas for active and quiet activities. Children should be protected from hazards; electrical outlets should have non-removable covers and cleaning supplies and hazardous items should be safely stored. If the facility cares for infants and toddlers, cribs should have firm mattresses without soft excess bedding, and diaper changing areas should be safe and clean. Stairs should have gates with handrails. The outdoor space should be enclosed and should be set up so staff can see all children during playtime. Provider: The child care provider(s) should be seen talking to children as they play, diaper, and feed them. A child care provider should have ample opportunity to give your child individual attention. You should see the provider holding and cuddling children, providing comfort when needed. Children should be allowed to express their feelings, and should be given encouragement by having choices rather than being reprimanded.
0.950882	In mathematics, the Dirac delta function, or δ function, is a generalized function, or distribution, on the real number line that is zero everywhere except at zero, with an integral of one over the entire real line. In mathematics, physics, and engineering, a tensor field assigns a tensor to each point of a mathematical space (typically a Euclidean space or manifold). Exponential growth is a phenomenon that occurs when the growth rate of the value of a mathematical function is proportional to the function's current value, resulting in its growth with time being an exponential function. In geometry, curve sketching (or curve tracing) includes techniques that can be used to produce a rough idea of overall shape of a plane curve given its equation without computing the large numbers of points required for a detailed plot. In mathematics, the Minkowski question mark function (or the slippery devil's staircase), denoted by ?(x), is a function possessing various unusual fractal properties, defined by Hermann Minkowski (, pages 171–172). In mathematics, especially in singularity theory the splitting lemma is a useful result due to René Thom which provides a way of simplifying the local expression of a function usually applied in a neighbourhood of a degenerate critical point. In mathematics, Pfaffian functions are a certain class of functions introduced by Askold Georgevich Khovanskiǐ in the 1970s. In mathematics, a partial function from X to Y (written as f: X ↛ Y) is a function f: X ′ → Y, for some subset X ′ of X. A two-dimensional graph is a set of points in two-dimensional space. In mathematics, unimodality means possessing a unique mode.
0.999834	Create a stylish outfit from our range of plus size dress pants. Our entire range of pants are designed exclusively for women sized 12-24 so you know they’ll fit and flatter in all the right places. Designed with comfort and style in mind, we take care selecting prints, fabrics and cuts to work with your curves. With a pair of our dress pants, you’ll be able to glam up for more formal occasions, or wear more casually for work or dinner with the girls. Enjoy easy fits, breathable stretch fabric, and exclusive prints that are so divine, you’ll want your dress pants to be the main feature of your outfit! Contrast patterned or textured pants with a block coloured top for a balanced look, or go wild with complimentary patterns head to toe. Browse our huge selection of dress pants online today for the perfect combination of style and comfort.
0.999841	When an expression contains more than one operation, we must decide which operation to carry out first. To do so, we use the following procedure. Step 1 Perform operations inside grouping symbols (such as parentheses), starting with the innermost set of grouping symbols. Step 2 Simplify exponents, square roots, and absolute values. Step 3 Multiply or divide, working in order from left to right. Step 4 Add or subtract, working in order from left to right. So, the result is -25. Step 1 Perform operations inside grouping symbols. Thus, the result is 11. Step 1 Perform operations inside grouping symbols, starting with the innermost grouping symbol. First, simplify (8 - 12). There are none to simplify. First, simplify 20 Ã· 2. Therefore, the result is 50.
0.998202	This article is about the flagship store location. For the building in Oak Park, see Marshall Field and Company Store (Oak Park, Illinois). The Marshall Field and Company Building, which now houses Macy's at State Street in Chicago, Illinois, was built in two stages -- north end in 1901-02 (including columned entrance) and south end in 1905-06, and was the flagship location of the Marshall Field and Company and Marshall Field's chain of department stores. Since 2006, it is the main Chicago mid-western location of the Macy's department stores. The building is located in the Chicago "Loop" area of the downtown central business district in Cook County, Illinois, U.S.A., and it takes up the entire city block bounded clockwise from the west by North State Street, East Randolph Street, North Wabash Avenue, and East Washington Street. Marshall Field's established numerous important business "firsts" in this building and in a long series of previous elaborate decorative structures on this site for the last century and a half, and it is regarded as one of the three most influential establishments in the nationwide development of the department store and in the commercial business economic history of the United States. Both the building name and the name of the stores formerly headquartered at this building changed names on September 9, 2006 as a result of the merger of the previous May's Department Stores (Marshall Field's former owner and parent) with the Federated Department Stores which led to the integration of the Marshall Field's stores into the Macy's now nationwide retailing network. The building, which is the third largest store in the world, was both declared a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 2, 1978, and it was designated a Chicago Landmark on November 1, 2005. The building architecture is known for its multiple atria (several balconied atrium - "Great Hall") and for having been built in stages over the course of more than two decades. Its ornamentation includes a Louis Comfort Tiffany, (1848-1933), (later Tiffany & Co. studios of New York City) mosaic vaulted ceiling and a pair of well-known outdoor street-corner clocks at State and Washington, and later at State and Randolph Streets, which serve as symbols of the store since 1897. Marshall Field (left) and Potter Palmer (right) were instrumental in the Marshall Field's move to anchor the future "Loop" Retail Historic District at State Street and Washington Street. Although the official corporate name of the retail entity based in this building had been Marshall Field & Company (nicknamed Marshall Field's) from 1881 until 2006, the store has had five different names since its inception in 1852 as P. Palmer & Co. In 1868, after bowing out of involvement in day-to-day operations with his new partners of Field, Palmer & Leiter, Potter Palmer convinced Marshall Field and Levi Leiter to move the Field, Leiter & Co. store to a building Palmer owned on State Street at the corner of Washington Street. After being consumed by the "Great Chicago Fire" and splitting the wholesale business from the retail operations, the store resumed operations at State and Washington in a rebuilt structure, now leased from the Singer Sewing Machine Company. In 1877 another fire consumed this building, and when a new Singer Building was built to replace it at the same location in 1879, Field then put together the financing to purchase it. The business has remained there ever since, and it has added four subsequent buildings to form the integrated structure that is now called the "Marshall Field and Company Building." Chicago's retailing center was State Street in the famous downtown "Loop" after the "Great Chicago Fire" of 1871, and this center has been anchored by Marshall Field's and its predecessor companies in this building complex. However, commuter suburbs began to have significant retail districts by the 1920s. In the 1920s, the store created new suburban locations such as Marshall Field and Company Store to remain competitive. After 1950, with the booming post-World War II economic/social climate with increasing suburban residential and commercial development, saw the construction of first "strip" shopping centers, followed by regional enclosed shopping malls along major thoroughfares and interstate highways such as the "Magnificent Mile" reduced the role of the "Loop"'s daily significance to many Chicagoans as downtown retail sales slipped and gradually additional business moved outward following first the streetcar lines and then the automobile. Eventually, there was an influx of stores from other parts of the country as the pace of commercial retailing merged, consolidating, and spreading first regionally then nationwide. Nonetheless, the Marshall Field and Company Building has survived at this location. However, with the merger and conversion to Macy's the emphasis of the store changed and store-branded lines replaced many designer labels, such as Dolce & Gabbana, Prada, Miu Miu and Jimmy Choo, which led to the disassembly of several designer departments of the former Field's (see picture below). On September 9, 2006, at the time of the stores merger and conversion, the name of the building was officially changed to "Macy's at State Street". Around this time of the conversion of Marshall Field's to Macy's the building was also the location of vociferous and outraged picketing and protesting by opponents of the merger/conversion and the growth in general of massive business mergers and economic consolidation across the country. After buying out his various partners over the early post-Civil War era, Marshall Field founded the Marshall Field & Company corporate entity that survived 152 years and had arranged before his death, to have this building constructed. The sentimental objections to the conversion that both eliminated the existence of the corporate entity bearing his name and renaming the building bearing his name were widely reported in the national media of newspapers, radio and television. The store housed a business that established new retailing standards and broke many retailing conventions of the day. The company quickly became successful, and by the 1880s it was one of the three largest retailers in the country. Before Marshall Field's death in 1906, his company became the largest wholesale and retail dry goods enterprise in the world. The Marshall Field & Company offered the first bridal registry, provided the first in-store dining facilities and established the first European buying office. The former store also was the first to provide personal shopping assistants. In the early 1900s, annual sales topped $60 million, and buying branches were located in New York City, London, Paris, Tokyo, Stockholm and Berlin. The building has three atria including the 5-story balconied Louis Comfort Tiffany, (1848-1933), (later Tiffany & Co. studios of New York City) mosaic-capped vaulted ceiling one (left, 1910) in the southwest corner. On the right notice the construction stages/years evidenced by slight exterior facade differences. Give the lady what she wants. The 13-story granite building on State Street was constructed in stages between 1902 and 1906 on a partitioned block with sections that were added to the building in 1902, 1906, 1907, and 1914. D. H. Burnham & Company]] Daniel H. Burnham, (1846-1912), designed the two primary sections along State Street (The north building built in 1902 and the south in 1905-06). For a time, the building was the largest store in the world at 73 acres (300,000 m2) of floorspace, with the largest book, china, shoe, and toy departments of all the world's department stores. The current building has several atria: A Louis Comfort Tiffany, (1848-1933), (later Tiffany & Co. studios of New York City) mosaic vaulted ceiling dome caps a 5-story balconied atrium in the southwest corner; the northwest section has a 13-story skylit atrium, and a newer atrium with a fountain in the center is bridged by double escalator banks. The Tiffany Ceiling is over 6,000 square feet (560 m2), and it is the first iridescent glass dome and it continues to be the largest glass mosaic of its kind. Only Egypt's 3,000-year-old Temple of Karnak, with its 70-foot (21 m) columns rivals the four 50-foot (15 m) Ionic-style capped granite columns on the State Street façade. The building is estimated to be 150.68 feet (45.93 m) high. Marshall Field and Company Buildings front facade on North State Street, pictured behind adjacent "Block 37" construction project underway across State Street. The building is known for its two exterior clocks, which weigh about 7.5 short tons (6.7 long tons) each, on its northwest and southwest corners along State Street at both Randolph and Washington Streets. The southwest clock at the original Washington Street intersection, known as ---"The Great Clock", was installed on November 26, 1897. Marshall Field envisioned the clock as a beacon for his store which he viewed as a meeting place. The clock was installed after the southwest corner of the store had become a popular meeting place and people began leaving notes for one another on the Marshall Field's windows. The clock was an attempt to end this practice, and encourage punctuality. Today, the building is located at 111 North State Street, between Washington and Randolph Streets, within the designated "Loop" Retail Historic District of the Chicago "Loop", across State Street from the "Block 37" future construction project, across Randolph Street from the Joffrey Tower, and across Wabash Avenue from The Heritage at Millennium Park. An underground public concourse connects the basement to 25 East Washington Street, which formerly housed the Marshall Field's Men's Store. The building is a major hub for the "Chicago Pedway". Norman Rockwell, (1894-1978), famous Saturday Evening Post magazine cover, November 3, 1945 - "The Clock Mender" One of the famous iconic Marshall Field's "Great Clock" The building has several Christmas traditions: it is known as the former production site of Frango mints and for the Walnut Room Christmas tree. It also hosts an ornate decorated display windows series at the street level. The windows display includes thirteen themed windows along State Street that in recent years have displayed the themes of the unfolding of stories of Snow White, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, Paddington Bear, The Night Before Christmas, Harry Potter, and Cinderella. Annually a three-story tall conifer Christmas tree is brought in for the Holidays season. In an effort to quell opposition to the merger/ conversion, Macy's made a formal statement of its intent to continue the traditions of a 45-foot (13.716 m) Christmas tree, a seventh floor "Frango" viewing kitchen, and animated holiday window displays. On November 3, 1945, American illustrator Norman Rockwell drew a picture of one of the Marshall Field's Building clocks on the cover of the famous "Saturday Evening Post" magazine, entitled "The Clock Mender". The Rockwell painting shows a man perched atop a ladder and adjusting one of the Marshall Field's clock to correspond with his own pocket watch. The old Oriental Theatre in the background proves this depicts the matching "Great Clock" at the northwest corner of the building at State & Randolph Streets. In 1948, Rockwell donated the original painting, "The Clock Mender", to the store, where it had hung on the seventh floor ever since. After Target Corporation sold Field's to the May Department Stores, which later merged with Federated Department Stores in 2005, the Federated officials discovered a reproduction copy on display. Federated removed the fake copy and asked Target to return the original. The painting has since been donated to the Chicago Historical Society, which had from February 26, 2000 to May 21, 2000 been the second stop of the seven-city national tour of "Pictures for the American People", the first comprehensive Rockwell career exhibition that had been organized by the High Museum of Art of Atlanta and the Norman Rockwell Museum of Stockbridge, Massachusetts and that had also visited the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York City, Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., San Diego Museum of Art and Phoenix Art Museum. In John Dos Passos' novel The 42nd Parallel (1930), character Eric Egstrom is employed at this Marshall Field's building. Authors G. K. Chesterton and Sinclair Lewis met in the Field's department store building's book department, which resulted in their collaboration on the unpublished play "Mary Queen of Scotch." ^ a b National Park Service (January 23, 2007). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. ^ a b "Marshall Field Company Store". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on March 3, 2008. Retrieved March 9, 2008. ^ a b "National Historic Landmarks in the Chicago Metropolitan Area". Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. 2005. Retrieved March 1, 2008. ^ a b c d e f g "Marshall Field's". PdxHistory.com. February 9, 2008. Retrieved April 3, 2008. ^ a b c d e Brune, Jeffrey A. (2005). "Department Stores". Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Retrieved April 10, 2008. ^ "Federated Announces Strategic Decisions to Integrate May Company Acquisition; Company to Focus on Building the Macy's and Bloomingdale's Brands While Increasing Profitability". Business Wire. CNET Networks, Inc. September 20, 2005. Retrieved April 5, 2008. ^ a b Hieggelke, Brian (December 6, 2005). "Requiem for a Dream". Newcity Communications, Inc. Retrieved March 2, 2008. ^ "CHICAGO LANDMARKS: Individual Landmarks and Landmark Districts designated as of January 1, 2008" (PDF). Commission on Chicago Landmarks. January 1, 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 27, 2008. Retrieved May 3, 2009. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Macy's at State Street". Emporis.com. Retrieved July 18, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g Johnson, Geoffrey (September 2006). "The Annotated: Marshall Field's". Chicago Magazine. Retrieved April 3, 2008. ^ a b "Marshall Field and Company". Jazz Age Chicago. Scott A. Newman. May 11, 2006. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved March 2, 2008. ^ a b Bennett, Larry (2005). "Shopping Districts and Malls". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Retrieved March 2, 2008. ^ Danzer, Gerald A. (2005). "The Loop". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Retrieved March 2, 2008. ^ a b "Macy's Unveils Extensive Plans for State Street Flagship Store; Retailer Plans Series of Enhancements for Legendary Department Store in Chicago". Macy's North. April 27, 2006. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved March 2, 2008. ^ a b "Protesters Mourn Marshall Field's End". cbs2chicago.com. CBS Broadcasting, Inc. September 9, 2006. Archived from the original on September 6, 2008. Retrieved March 1, 2008. ^ Jones, Sandra (September 5, 2006). "Hard-core fans stay loyal to brand". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on February 14, 2008. Retrieved April 11, 2008. ^ Heriot, Gail (June 17, 2006). "Give the Lady What She Wants" (PDF). Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 5, 2006. Retrieved March 1, 2008. ^ Sander, Libby (January 17, 2007). "Loss of a Beloved Department Store Breeds a New Kind of Superfan". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved March 1, 2008. ^ Wilson, Mark R. (2005). "Farwell (John V.) & Co". Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Retrieved April 10, 2008. ^ a b "Marshall Field's". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Retrieved April 10, 2008. ^ Wilson, Mark R. (2005). "Field (Marshall) & Co". Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Retrieved April 10, 2008. ^ a b Cain, Louis P. (2005). "Innovation, Invention, and Chicago Business". Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Retrieved April 10, 2008. ^ a b "Marshall Field & Company Store, c.1904-1913". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. 2005. Retrieved March 2, 2008. ^ Aronovich, Hannah (April 20, 2006). "Field's, Federated and More Feuds". Gothamist LLC. Archived from the original on December 7, 2008. Retrieved April 4, 2008. ^ "Norman Rockwell Of Field's Store Goes Missing". NBC5.com. April 21, 2006. Retrieved April 4, 2008. ^ Hennessey, Maureen Hart and Anne Knutson (1999). Morris, Kelly (ed.). Norman Rockwell: Pictures for the American People. Harry N. Abrams, Incorporated. p. 4. ISBN 0-8109-6392-2. ^ "Norman Rockwell: Pictures for the American People". Traditional Fine Art Online, Inc/Chicago Historical Society. Archived from the original on December 10, 2008. Retrieved April 7, 2008. ^ Van Gelder, Lawrence (June 12, 2000). "This Week". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved April 8, 2008. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Marshall Field & Company Building. This page was last edited on 18 March 2019, at 19:12 (UTC).
0.903007	The 2nd Guards Army was a field army of the Soviet Union's Red Army that fought in World War II, most notably at Stalingrad. The 2nd Guards Army was formed according to the order of the Staff of the Supreme High Command (Stavka) from October 23, 1942, on the basis of the 1st Reserve Army. Formation and training took place in Tambov, Michurinsk and Morshansk areas. On 1 November 1942 the Combat composition of the Soviet Army lists 1st Reserve Army with the 1st Guards Rifle Corps – 24th Guards, 33rd Guards and 98th rifle divisions [under Guards General-Major I. I. Missan], and the 13th Guards Rifle Corps with the 49th Guards, 3rd Guards and 387th divisions. By the time of the Battle of Stalingrad, the 2nd Guards Army had become one of the most powerful units in the Red Army. The 2nd Guards Army appeared on the scene after the Soviet Operation Uranus had successfully encircled the German Sixth Army at Stalingrad in November 1942. In December 1942, as preparations started for Operation Saturn, the 2nd Guards Army was ordered by Joseph Stalin to prepare for an attack on Rostov. The assault and capture of Rostov was the ultimate goal of the Red Army for Operation Saturn. In December 1942, plans for Operation Saturn had to be altered. The German Operation Wintergewitter, led by Field Marshal Erich von Manstein's Army Group Don, made an attack on the Stalingrad Front in an effort to relieve the Sixth Army in Stalingrad. Thus, Operation Saturn was changed to Operation Little Saturn, which was to be a counter-attack that would be launched as soon as Operation Wintergewitter ended. The German forces, spearheaded by Army Group Hoth, made rapid initial advances but was stalled at the Myshkova River. Colonel-General Hermann Hoth's panzer divisions were at a standstill and were suffering heavy casualties, even before the bulk of the 2nd Guards Army had arrived. By this time, Manstein realized that the operation was a failure. The 2nd Guards Army, under General Rodion Malinovsky, had been transferred to the Stalingrad Front to halt the offensive. Stalin had agreed to this decision. After Operation Wintergewitter had ended, Soviet forces in the South-West Front led by the First Guards Army successfully launched Operation Little Saturn against the Italian Eighth Army. Following this, the 2nd Guards Army and the 51st Army launched another counter-offensive, this time against Army Group Hoth, in the days before Christmas 1942. Not only had Operation Wintergewitter been halted, the Red Army had made substantial gains against Army Group Hoth, Army Group Don, and also Army Group A in the Caucasus region that month. Until late 1943, the 2nd Guards Mechanised Corps was operating as part of the army. The 2nd Guards Army made a very significant contribution to the Soviet halt of Operation Wintergewitter and the successful counter-attacks that followed. In February 1944, the Army relocated to the area of the Perekop Isthmus. The Crimean Offensive was launched across the Perekop Isthmus on 8 April 1944 by elements of the 2nd Guards Army and 51st Army, under the 4th Ukrainian Front. In cooperation with other troops of the 4th Ukrainian Front and the Black Sea Fleet, Sevastopol was liberated on May 9, 1944. In May and June the 2nd Guards Army was relocated to the area of the cities Dorogobuzh Elnya. On May 20, was moved to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command and on July 8 the unit was a part of the 1st Baltic Front. By that time, it consisted of the 11th and the 13th and 54th Guards Rifle Corps. In this structure, on 5–20 July 1944 took part in the Vilnius Offensive/operation at the end of July, and in the Siauliai offensive reflect enemy counterattacks west and north-west of Siauliai. In October, the 2nd Guards Army participated in the Memel offensive. On December 20 it was reassigned to the 3rd Belorussian Front. On 1 December 1944 the 2nd Guards Army, part of the 1st Baltic Front, consisted of the 11th Guards Rifle Corps (2nd, 32nd and 33rd Guards Rifle Divisions), 13th Guards Rifle Corps (3rd, 24th, 87th Guards Rifle Divisions and 16th Rifle Division), 1st Rifle Corps (145th, 306th, and 357th Rifle Divisions), artillery (including 21st Artillery Breakthrough Division and 2nd Anti-Aircraft Artillery Division), tank forces, and other formations and units. During the East Prussian Offensive in January–April 1945, the army broke through long-term German strategic defenses, eliminated in conjunction with other troops surrounded the front of its group (south-west of Königsberg and Samland group). After the war ended, 2nd Guards Army, numbering six rifle divisions in two corps, was withdrawn to the Moscow Military District where it was disbanded in September 1945. ^ "Боевой состав Советской Армии на 1 ноября 1942 г." www.teatrskazka.com. Retrieved 2017-06-15. ^ Jordan, David; Weist, Andrew (2004). Atlas of World War 2. London, England: Amber Books. pp. 124–125. ISBN 0-7607-5557-4. Beevor, Antony. Stalingrad the Fateful Siege: 1942–43. London: Penguin Books, 1998. The 19th Guards Mechanized Brigade is a formation of the Armed Forces of Belarus based in Zaslonovo, a few kilometers east of Lepiel. The 19th Guards Brigade traces its history back to the 1942 formation of the 2nd Guards Mechanized Corps of the Soviet Army during World War II, subsequent designations during the Cold War included 2nd Guards Mechanized Division and 19th Guards Tank Division. Following the Cold War, the 19th Guards Tank Division was relocated to Belarus, the unit was reduced to a personnel and equipment cadre unit and titled the 19th Guards Base for Storage of Weapons and Equipment before being upgraded to a mechanized brigade in 2008. Formed in the Tambov area on 15 October 1942 from elements of the 22nd Guards Rifle Division, by the end of the war, the 2nd Guards Mechanized Corps commanded the 4th, 5th, and 6th Guards Mechanized Brigades, as well as the 37th Guards Tank Brigade. The corps fought at Stalingrad in 1942-43, at Melitopol in 1943, Odessa and Budapest in 1944, the 2nd Guards Mechanized Corps finished the war as part of the 6th Guards Tank Army in the area of Benešov, Czechoslovakia, on 9 May 1945. The 2nd Guards Mechanized Corps, like all Soviet mechanized corps, was reorganized as a division in mid-late 1945, the 2nd Guards Mechanized Division was part of the Southern Group of Forces based at Esztergom, Hungary. The division was part of the Soviet forces that crushed the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, on 15 December 1956, the division was reorganized as a tank division and renamed the 19th Guards Tank Division. The 97th Motor Rifle Regiment transferred to the division from the 27th Mechanized Division on the same day, the divisions 87th Guards Heavy Tank Regiment dropped the designation Self-Propelled, on the same day. The 67th Separate Tank Training Battalion was disbanded in 1960, in 1961 the 99th Separate Missile Battalion was activated. The 74th Separate Equipment Maintenance and Recovery Battalion was formed on 19 February 1962, the 87th Guards Heavy Tank Regiment became a regular tank regiment around this time. In 1968, the 55th Separate Sapper Battalion became an engineer-sapper battalion, the chemical defence company was upgraded to a battalion in 1972. The 1081st Separate Material Supply Battalion formed from the 690th Separate Motor Transport Battalion in 1980, the chemical defence battalion was once again downsized to a company in 1985. On 7 September 1987, the 99th Separate Missile Battalion became part of the 459th Missile Brigade, among other veterans of the unit, Yuri Budanov served with the division in the late 1980s in Hungary. The 87th Guards Tank Regiment, 99th Separate Guards Reconnaissance Battalion and 74th Separate Equipment Maintenance, the division withdrew to Zaslonov and became part of the 7th Tank Army. Following the end of the Cold War, the unit was withdrawn to Zaslonovo in Belarus 1992, at some point following relocation, the division was reorganized and became a Base for Storage of Weapons and Equipment, a partial-strength mechanized infantry formation. One of the equipment storage bases is the 19th, the former 19th Guards Tank Division at Zaslonovo in the Lepiel region, on October 1,2003, the base was considerably strengthened. The Crimean Offensive, known in German sources as the Battle of the Crimea, was a series of offensives by the Red Army directed at the German-held Crimea. The Red Armys 4th Ukrainian Front engaged the German 17th Army of Army Group A, the battles ended with the evacuation of the Crimea by the Germans. German and Romanian forces suffered losses during the evacuation. During late 1943 and early 1944, the Wehrmacht was pressed back along its front line in the east. In October 1943, the 17th Army withdrew from the Kuban bridgehead across the Kerch Strait into the Crimea. During the following months, the Red Army pushed back the Wehrmacht in southern Ukraine, the Wehrmacht was able to successfully hold on to the Crimea even after it had been cut off by land due to their ability to supply it via the Black Sea. Holding the Crimea was considered important as its loss would affect the attitude of Turkey. Aside from Soviet landings across the Kerch Strait and in the sector near Sivash at the end of 1943. Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist was removed from the command of Army Group A in March,1944, there was no successor who replaced him. From on Erwin Jaenicke theoretically controlled both 17th Army and Army Group A, though by time the army group only consisted of the 17th Army. An assault across the Perekop Isthmus was launched on 8 April by elements of the 4th Ukrainian Fronts 2nd Guards, the 17th Army defended but was unable to stop the advance. Kerch was reached by the Separate Coastal Army on 11 April, about 37 mi northeast of Sevastopol, followed two days later. The 17th Army was retreating toward Sevastopol by 16 April, with remaining Axis forces in the Crimea concentrating around the city by the end of the week of April. The OKH intended to hold Sevastopol as a fortress, as the Red Army had done during the first Crimean campaign in 1941–42, the fortifications of the city had never been restored and Sevastopol was not the strong defensive position that it had been in 1941. Fighting broke out in the city outskirts towards the end of April, the Axis sea evacuation to Constanța was attacked by Soviet land-based bombers.
0.929159	How do we learn? How do we learn? 1. Behaviorism: This is about the behavior that we do in certain place, also is about expressions that we have being stimulated. 5. Rationalism: refers to the idea that knowledge derives from reason without recourse to the sense also we adquired knowledge endure reflecting upon them. 7.1. In the classroom Multi-sensorg environments are used and serve as stimulus for better interaction with the contents.
0.956511	Taxes are supposed to be fair? I have been unable to sign in as "David Warren", so I have created another profile. OH how I wish I could do this!!! Any company I worked for previously that had employees in CA, usually set all policies based on CA since they are the most employee friendly state and it made it easier for Payroll to keep track of all paid time off. Since more and more states are going to mandatory sick time, I would find the state with the most generous entitlement and work off that. Not always what management wants to hear, but, in the long run it makes life easier for everyone and less complaints when everyone receives the same thing no matter where they currently live or if they are transferred somewhere else.
0.998851	Enjoy the ultimate Caribbean experience with a trip to the Turks and Caicos Islands! Travelers in search of a unique vacation experience in the Caribbean will find Turks and Caicos Islands some of the best Caribbean islands to visit. Enshrouded in tropical beauty, and infused with historical and multicultural elements, this island nation sets the standard for what a Caribbean vacation should be. Globally, the attraction to these islands as a premier travel destination is on the rise. Vacationers can enjoy in-demand water activities like parasailing, scuba diving, and snorkeling. Four and five star hotel accommodations are a traveler’s ideal, and can be found throughout the different islands. Turks and Caicos hotels are situated in prime locations around each island, many offering superior ocean views and an abundance of amenities. Known for having the best beach in the world, Grace Bay Beach, a vacation in Turks and Caicos will prove to be an exhilarating Caribbean experience. Locations like the capital Grand Turk, Salt Cay and Providenciales, the center of tourism for the nation, provide some of the best accommodations in all the Caribbean islands. The selection of hotel properties is plentiful, and range from family friendly to ultra exclusive. Because there are considerable options for any budget, travelers can confidently choose accommodations that suit their preferences. With some of the best beach access available, properties like the Regent Palms and Grace Bay Club on Providenciales illustrate the excellent accommodations that Turks and Caicos hotels have to offer. Turks and Caicos Islands are one of many Caribbean Islands originally inhabited by Indians. The island’s architectural influences included countries like France, Italy, and the United Kingdom, and are boldly reflected in the structure of many Turks and Caicos hotels. Ecologically prominent, much of the nation’s landscape and surrounding water are home to some of the world’s most popular sea and birdlife. Grand Turk Lighthouse is one of the best beach locations to see the world famous Humpback whale. Choosing Turks and Caicos Islands for your next vacation is a choice that will result in an unforgettable and unparalleled vacation experience.
0.956207	How to describe a catastrophe? Not one of these hyped-up, dramatic events, but a global catastrophe that would effect humanity as a whole? For Viewers of Optics, it is all a question of distance and viewpoint. The images of rather dilapidated, contemporary urban landscapes (New York suburbs) are modified by computer; they take on a gritty, tactile substance and a very strange gray-brown color. Their dreamlike effect is bolstered by the perpetual presence of an off-screen woman's voice reading out a text that is like a gloomy premonition: is the present nothing but the ruins of the past? The recurrent image of a man's bust scrutinizing the horizon through binoculars (a sort of paramilitary statue) unravels the basic metaphor of the entire film: seeing with an optical instrument is generally managing to keep a protective distance from events; but video, because it offers possibilities for manipulating the very substance of the image, is not an optical instrument like others: it has a tendency to drown the spectator into merging with the events, without keeping a distance. Typical of the great tradition of video films of the Eighties, Viewers of Optics offers, in both an original and hitherto unseen form, reflection on the mediatization of reality, the specific nature of video as a medium, and the dissolution of rational identity. An award-winner at several festivals (Geneva International Video Week), this film remains the zenith of concision and visual power in Alexander Hahn's work; the topics tackled are both aesthetic (question of point of view, specific distance from the world introduced by video) and political (the end of the world is only a question of point of view), and the relative hermeticism of the text is an astonishing echo of the images. Like a number of artists, Alexander Hahn sought with video to produce new images that are neither derived from the cinema, photography or even less from television, but which find their own logic of form in the "electronic substance"; he is surely one of the only artists to have been able to create such a personal, sensual style.
0.828354	Lucien Denis Gabriel Albéric Magnard (French pronunciation: [lysjɑ̃ dəni ɡabʁijɛl albeʁik maɲaːʁ]; 9 June 1865 – 3 September 1914) was a French composer, sometimes referred to as a "French Bruckner", though there are significant differences between the two composers. Magnard became a national hero in 1914 when he refused to surrender his property to German invaders and died defending it. Magnard was born in Paris to François Magnard, a bestselling author and editor of Le Figaro. Albéric could have chosen to live the comfortable life his family's wealth afforded him, but he disliked being called "fils du Figaro" and decided to have a career in music based entirely on his talent and without any help from family connections. After military service and graduating from law school, he entered the Paris Conservatoire, where he studied counterpoint with Théodore Dubois and went to the classes of Jules Massenet. There he met Vincent d'Indy, with whom he studied fugue and orchestration for four years, writing his first two Symphonies under d'Indy's tutelage. Magnard dedicated his Symphony No. 1 to d'Indy; and the two men always respected each other, despite their marked political differences (Magnard was pro-Dreyfus). Magnard's house destroyed by the Germans, 1914. François Magnard did what he could to support Albéric's career while trying to respect his son's wish to make it on his own. This included publicity in Le Figaro. With the death of his father in 1894, Albéric Magnard's grief was complicated by his simultaneous gratitude to and annoyance with his father. In 1896, Magnard married Julie Creton, became a counterpoint tutor at the Schola Cantorum (recently founded by d'Indy) and wrote his Symphony No. 3 in B-flat minor. Magnard published many of his own compositions at his own expense, from Opus 8 to Opus 20. Similar to the oeuvres of Paul Dukas and Henri Dutilleux, Magnard's musical output numbered only 22 works with opus numbers. In 1914, at the beginning of World War I, Magnard sent his wife and two daughters to a safe hiding place while he stayed behind to guard the estate of "Manoir de Fontaines" at Baron, Oise. When German soldiers trespassed, he fired at them, killing one of them, and they fired back and set the house on fire. It is believed that Magnard died in the fire, but his body could not be identified in the remains. The fire destroyed Magnard's unpublished scores, such as the orchestral score of his early opera Yolande, the orchestral score of Guercoeur (the piano reduction had been published, and the orchestral score of the second act was extant) and a more recent song cycle. Magnard's musical style is typical of contemporary French composers, but occasionally, as in the four completed symphonies, certain passages foreshadow the music of Gustav Mahler. His use of fugue, incorporation of chorale, together with the grandeur of expression in his mature orchestral works, have caused him to be called a "French Bruckner". Although Bruckner used cyclical forms long before d'Indy "trademarked" the concept to César Franck's name, Magnard's handling of cyclical form is more Franckian than Brucknerian. In his operas, Magnard used Richard Wagner's leitmotiv technique. Magnard's chamber works include a string quartet, a quintet for piano and winds, a piano trio, a violin sonata (in G, opus 13) and a cello sonata (in A, opus 20). A few more were published posthumously, including the Quatre poèmes en musique, four songs for baritone and piano. ^ M.-D. Calvocoressi, "Albéric Magnard" The Musical Times October 1, 1921, p. 683. "To all appearances, Albéric Magnard was born with the traditional silver spoon in his mouth. The only son of the wealthy influential editor of a leading Paris daily paper, it seemed as though none of the difficulties with which earnest-minded composers generally have to contend were to exist for him. Indeed, his first works were welcomed with an eagerness whose real motives he was not long in suspecting." ^ a b Malcolm MacDonald, "Magnard, (Lucien Denis Gabriel) Albéric", The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001). Wikimedia Commons has media related to Albéric Magnard.
0.985193	What is the best fish for domestic animals and tropical saltwater fish? Everyone has a different opinion about this. But some people only chose their fish, which the pet store tells them. This really limits you and restricts the fish. If you grow, you are looking for great, healthy, creative and unusually happy fish, you must go a step beyond what fish say. First, you decide to buy them or otherwise get them, and then after you have figured out their purpose, you can figure out the proper food. Do you want regular, tiny fish to swim in the tank, run the millet? Or would you like to win, fish that looks a little bigger, fish a little happier? Do you want to see the fish running on top of the tank to get their old dried fish or want to eat more than in nature, hunt their own food in the wilderness, and the practice that this hunt gives them? If you want natural nutrition, you would choose to live the food. The next step was the frozen food that once lived and, last but not least, the dried food or flakes nourish this round cylinder. 1. Are the bottom fish dispensers or the top feeder available? Bottom feeders can enjoy the food that falls to the bottom and floats. Buy some Tubifex live worms. The pet guy will put these in the fridge. It looks like brownish, reddish, messy balls with little line worms. They feel terrible, but I collect the fish. If a small ball is thrown into the tank, the fish will wrestle to find out right away. 2. If you have salt water or tropical fish, you should try living salted shrimp as food. Of course, you can add fish dishes with dried or flaky food. You can buy branded food or no food, and fish will survive. So how do I know this? I once ate a fish and ran out of the fish. So I crushed some Cheeriums between my fingers and nourished the fish from the food. They loved and flourished, so I never went back to regular fish. These fish were great from the small fish. So the Cheerios were successful. Do not try anything I write because it was my own experience and I can not guarantee that it works for you or special fish. If you are experimenting with this, you can start your regular fishery and complement Cheerios. It's just a thought, not a suggestion or an instruction. Good luck! If there is a fish that has great potential for greater growth and wants big fish, you can start tubifex feeding fish and replenishing real earthworms when the fish is bigger. You can have an astronaut's cellar in your tank that you bought for about half a inch, and if you feed this fish properly and lift it, it can be one or two meters long. Wonderful growth for an astonishing fish. There was one such thing, and we fed huge giant earthworms. The original fish sold us two dollars and become monsters. You remember when you buy fish, sometimes you do not pay for the fish. What causes real costs for the hobby of raising fish: the feeding, housing, filtration of water, and the decorative aspect of fish and container display. I hope this article has helped you. Read other articles in the near future about fish dishes, feeding fish, picking guppies, and specific fish and fish hobbies. The author has raised fish in the past, and for many years has brought and cared for many different animals. All questions, comments and comments are appreciated. I'm writing a lot about the heart and the experience I'm writing about comes from life. If you read all the classifieds here on my site, I mostly kept pets, raised them or looked at other people.
0.910576	In economics long run is a theoretical concept where all markets are in equilibrium, and all prices and quantities have fully adjusted and are in equilibrium. The long run contrasts with the short run where there are some constraints and markets are not fully in equilibrium. More specifically, in microeconomics there are no fixed factors of production in the long run, and there is enough time for adjustment so that there are no constraints preventing changing the output level by changing the capital stock or by entering or leaving an industry. This contrasts with the short run, where some factors are variable (dependent on the quantity produced) and others are fixed (paid once), constraining entry or exit from an industry. In macroeconomics, the long run is the period when the general price level, contractual wage rates, and expectations adjust fully to the state of the economy, in contrast to the short run when these variables may not fully adjust. The differentiation between long-run and short-run economic models did not come into practice until 1890, with Alfred Marshall's publication of his work Principles of Economics. However, there is no hard and fast definition as to what is classified as "long" or "short" and mostly relies on the economic perspective being taken. Classical political economists, neoclassical economists, Keynesian economists all have slightly different interpretations and explanations as to how short-run and long-run equilibriums are defined, reached, and what factors influence them. The long run is associated with the long-run average cost (LRAC) curve in microeconomic models along which a firm would minimize its average cost (cost per unit) for each respective long-run quantity of output. Long-run marginal cost (LRMC) is the added cost of providing an additional unit of service or commodity from changing capacity level to reach the lowest cost associated with that extra output. LRMC equalling price is efficient as to resource allocation in the long run. The concept of long-run cost is also used in determining whether the firm will remain in the industry or shut down production there. In long-run equilibrium of an industry in which perfect competition prevails, the LRMC = LRAC at the minimum LRAC and associated output. The shape of the long-run marginal and average costs curves is influenced by the type of returns to scale. The long run is a planning and implementation stage. Here a firm may decide that it needs to produce on a larger scale by building a new plant or adding a production line. The firm may decide that new technology should be incorporated into its production process. The firm thus considers all its long-run production options and selects the optimal combination of inputs and technology for its long-run purposes. The optimal combination of inputs is the least-cost combination of inputs for desired level of output when all inputs are variable. Once the decisions are made and implemented and production begins, the firm is operating in the short run with fixed and variable inputs. The transition from the short run to the long run may be done by considering some short-run equilibrium that is also a long-run equilibrium as to supply and demand, then comparing that state against a new short-run and long-run equilibrium state from a change that disturbs equilibrium, say in the sales-tax rate, tracing out the short-run adjustment first, then the long-run adjustment. Each is an example of comparative statics. Alfred Marshall (1890) pioneered in comparative-static period analysis. He distinguished between the temporary or market period (with output fixed), the short period, and the long period. "Classic" contemporary graphical and formal treatments include those of Jacob Viner (1931), John Hicks (1939), and Paul Samuelson (1947). The law is related to a positive slope of the short-run marginal-cost curve. The usage of long run and short run in macroeconomics differs somewhat from the above microeconomic usage. John Maynard Keynes in 1936 emphasized fundamental factors of a market economy that might result in prolonged periods away from full-employment. In later macroeconomic usage, the long run is the period in which the price level for the overall economy is completely flexible as to shifts in aggregate demand and aggregate supply. In addition there is full mobility of labor and capital between sectors of the economy and full capital mobility between nations. In the short run none of these conditions need fully hold. The price level is sticky or fixed in response to changes in aggregate demand or supply, capital is not fully mobile between sectors, and capital is not fully mobile across countries due to interest rate differences among countries and fixed exchange rates. A famous critique of neglecting short-run analysis was by Keynes, who wrote that "In the long run, we are all dead", referring to the long-run proposition of the quantity theory of money, for example, a doubling of the money supply doubling the price level. ^ Arleen J. Hoag; John H. Hoag (2006). Introductory Economics. World Scientific. pp. 119+. ISBN 978-981-256-891-5. ^ • John K. Whitaker, 2008. "Marshall, Alfred (1842–1924)," Price determination and period analysis, The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. • Alfred Marshall, 1890. Principles of Economics, Macmillan. ^ Jacob Viner, 1931. "Costs Curves and Supply Curves," Zeitschrift für Nationalölkonomie (Journal of Economics), 3, pp. 23-46. Reprinted in R. B. Emmett, ed. 2002, The Chicago Tradition in Economics, 1892-1945, Routledge, v. 6, pp. 192- 215. ^ J.R. Hicks, 1939. Value and Capital: An Inquiry into Some Fundamental Principles of Economic Theory, Oxford. ^ Paul A. Samuelson, 1947. Foundations of Economic Analysis, Harvard University Press. ^ While the law does not directly apply in the long run it is not irrelevant. The long run is the planning phase. A manager deciding which of several plants to build would want to know the shape of the SR cost curves associated with each of these plants. Marginal diminishing returns are related to the shape of the short-run marginal and average cost curves. Thus the law indirectly effects long-run decision making per R. Pindyck & D. Rubinfeld, 2001, Microeconomics, 5th ed., pp. 185-86. Prentice-Hall. ^ John Maynard Keynes, 1936. The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, pp. 4–5. ^ N. Gregory Mankiw, 2002. Macroeconomics, 5th ed. pp. 240, 120, and 327–329. ^ J. M. Keynes, 1923. A Tract on Monetary Reform, p. 65. Macmillan. Armen, Alchian, 1959. "Costs and Outputs," in M. Abramovitz, ed., The Allocation of Economic Resources, ch. 2, pp. 23-40. Stanford University Press. Abstract. Hirshleifer, Jack, 1962. "The Firm's Cost Function: A Successful Reconstruction?" Journal of Business, 35(3), pp. 235-255. Melvin & Boyes, 2002. Microeconomics, 5th ed. Houghton Mifflin. Panico, Carlo, and Fabio Petri, 2008. "long run and short run," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract. Viner, Jacob, 1940. "The Short View and the Long in Economic Policy," American Economic Review, 30(1), Part 1, pp. 1-15. Reprinted in Viner, 1958, and R. B. Emmett, ed. 2002, The Chicago Tradition in Economics, 1892-1945, Routledge, v. 6, pp. 327- 41. Review extract. Viner, Jacob, 1958. The Long View and the Short: Studies in Economic Theory and Policy. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press.
0.999999	What Are mRNA, rRNA and tRNA? RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is a linear polymer of adenine, thymine, cytosine, and uracil that is created in the cell by a process called transcription, and it differs from DNA in several ways. First, the ribose sugars on DNA nucleotides are short one hydroxyl group compared to RNA, hence the name deoxyribonucleic acid. This key modification makes RNA much more chemically reactive. Second, DNA uses thymine to base pair with cytosine, while RNA uses uracil. Third, DNA tends to form into a helix of double-stranded nucleotides, with base pairs making up the "rungs" of the helical ladder. RNA can be found in single-stranded form, but it more commonly forms complex three-dimensional structures, and this feature usually serves to confer functionality on RNA molecules. RNA transcription is a process mediated by RNA polymerase, an enzyme that creates an RNA complement to template DNA with the help of a complex of proteins. Transcription is heavily regulated by promoter elements and inhibitors. All three types of RNA are synthesized in this manner. mRNA, or messenger RNA, is the link between a gene and a protein. The gene is transcribed by RNA polymerase, and the resulting mRNA travels to the cytoplasm, where it is translated by ribosomes into a protein with the help of tRNA. This form of RNA is extensively altered post-transcriptionally with modifications such as methylguanosine caps and polyadenosine tails. Eukaryotic mRNA frequently includes introns which must be spliced out of the message to form the mature mRNA molecule. rRNA, or ribosomal RNA, is a major component of ribosomes. After transcription, these RNA molecules travel to the cytoplasm and join with other rRNAs and many proteins to form a ribosome. rRNA is used both for structural and functional purposes. Many reactions in the translational process are catalyzed by key portions of certain rRNAs in the ribosome. tRNA, or transfer RNA, is the "decoder" of the mRNA message during protein translation. After transcription, tRNA is extensively modified to include nonstandard bases such as pseudouridine, inosine, and methylguanosine. By themselves, ribosomes cannot form a protein when the mRNA makes contact. The anticodon, a string of three key bases on the tRNA, match with three bases on the mRNA message called the codon. That is only the first function of tRNA, as each molecule also carries with it an amino acid which matches the mRNA codon. The ribosome functions to polymerize the amino acids linked to the tRNA into a functional protein. Mullis, Robert. "What Are mRNA, rRNA and tRNA?" Sciencing, https://sciencing.com/mrna-rrna-trna-5033460.html. 17 September 2018.
0.967507	If you have a large desire to travel, with only a small budget to get there, then you will appreciate these Top 10 tips to cut your travel costs! Look for package deals that combine air and hotel costs into one package. Most of the major airfare search sites have an option to also search for vacations. For example: If you are looking for flights on hotwire.com, try clicking on the vacations tab hotwire.com/package to find packagesthat combine your hotel and flight. You may find the package price to be a much better deal than the airfare and hotel costs booked separately. Most major airlines also have a separate website for vacation packages. Sites like Delta Vacations can help you compare costs and find the best price for your trip. Sign up for frequent flyer programs that offer multiple ways for travelers to add mileage to their frequent flyer account. Even if you are not a frequent flyer who racks up thousands of miles each month, you can often add miles to your account just by signing up, buying certain products, using partner sites, participating in surveys, or even by purchasing miles to add to the account. Some hotel chains offer loyalty programs similar to frequent flyer programs. These preferred guest accounts can be helpful if you regularly use a particular hotel chain or join a hotel program that offers free nights after only a few stays. Some hotel chains like Starwood include nine different hotels brands (such as Sheraton) in their Starwood Preferred Guest program, so you may find that points accrue even when you stay in a wide variety of locations and a variety of hotels. You can save plenty of money and avoid eating out every meal when you travel, if you buy food at a local grocery store or a farmer’s market at your destination. This can be an excellent way to see your destination, interact with the locals, enjoy unique regional flavors, and add a great experience to your trip. Have fun visiting the places the foodies frequent and come away with delicious dining options to enjoy in your hotel room or as a picnic in the local park. You can also avoid airport food, which can be both tasteless and expensive, by bringing a picnic with you to the airport. That way, you will eat well while waiting for the plane or during the flight and avoid being stuck with costly, unappealing, and limited choices. There are several helpful websites that will track the cost of flights for you and alert you when the fare goes on sale. One of the websites that will send you regular emails for flight prices is: airfarewatchdog.com. Southwest Airlines also offerairfare notifications for deals that can be delivered to your email or desktop at: southwest.com/flight/subscription. Traveling off-season will generally help you save on airfare and hotels. Find out when the peak season occurs for the destination you are interested in, then, consider visiting just a few weeks earlier or later than when the crowds will really hit the area. By traveling outside of the high-season, you get the double bonus of cheaper travel and avoiding the crushing hoards of people. If you have the luxury of flexible travel dates, consider traveling midweek. Air fares and hotel rooms are usually cheaper midweek. Avoid the busy weekends and enjoy the opportunity to visit sites when they are much quieter during the week. Look at regional airlines serving your airports to compare airfares and find the best prices. The smaller airlines do not advertise as widely as the big brands and many are not even included in popular online airfare search websites. Check out the individual websites for each regional airline to ensure you are getting the best price from the airports you are using. Car rental costs can easily overwhelm a tight travel budget. Picking up a car at the airport and surprise fees often make it painful to pay for rental cars. Instead, research alternative transportation options for your destination. Are there trains, light rail, or subways available at your destination? Are there hop-on-hop-off city tours, city buses, or trollies available? Are your major sightseeing destinations within walking distance or can you take a cab if needed? Can you rent bikes or segways to get around town? Do the locals travel by cable car, funicular, or rickshaw? Then you can, too! Look for transportation alternatives to the rental car or plan a visit to a destination that is entirely walk-able. Some of the best trips can be those that are focused more intensely on a smaller area. And rather than spending your vacation time in a car, you can enjoy your time at the local hot spots or really relax, unwind, and slow down. Day trips are a great way for those with a passion for travel to save money and explore the world. Many times we do not take advantage of the great opportunities available in our own home cities and states. Day trips avoid the cost of hotel stays and you can often bring your food from home for additional savings. A good day trip to a special destination can be as satisfying as a trip to a far off exotic destination. Explore your own backyard and see the best of your area. For some day trip ideas and recommendations, see the article on Budget Saver Travel.
0.999933	In this paper, we propose a latent multi-task learning algorithm to solve the multi-device indoor localization problem. Traditional indoor localization systems often assume that the collected signal data distributions are fixed, and thus the localization model learned on one device can be used on other devices without adaptation. However, by empirically studying the signal variation over different devices, we found this assumption to be invalid in practice. To solve this problem, we treat multiple devices as multiple learning tasks, and propose a multi-task learning algorithm. Different from algorithms assuming that the hypotheses learned from the original data space for related tasks can be similar, we only require the hypotheses learned in a latent feature space are similar. To establish our algorithm, we employ an alternating optimization approach to iteratively learn feature mappings and multi-task regression models for the devices. We apply our latent multi-task learning algorithm to real-world indoor localization data and demonstrate its effectiveness.
0.999945	If you're open to all offices in a country when applying, how do they decide which one you will go to? I know a lot of people tend to have a specific city/office location they apply to, but what happens to those of us who are more country-specific and not city-specific? For most firms (including all MBB I believe) in Germany you can choose your top 3 city choices, or just check 'Munich' if you are open to all cities. I am open to all of the cities these firms have offices in, except one or two. From what I've heard, for interviewing generally the first round happens in one of two offices (depending what part of the country you're from), and then the second round happens in the office of your choice (presumably to check for fit within the office itself). Can anyone shed any light on that? Would I ultimately have the decision of which city (or a pick between two where they needed more staff), or would it be more, "Okay, you passed round one, we need more staff in city Xxxx so we will send you there."? This will be largely country+company specific, but I'd expect you will generally end up in scenario 2: They need consultants in one city more than in the others, so there you go. Also, such menial things as available office space comes into play, or propping up newly formed offices. Also, some teams are based mostly out of one office (i.e. their banking practice might be in Frankfurt). So if you expressed interest in that practice or your background indicates that, you may be put there.
0.999897	There is a scene in the classic police film Dirty Harry where Clint Eastwood captures the mass murderer Scorpio, only to learn that Scorpio is to be let out of jail because he was not read his Miranda Rights by Clint Eastwood while Eastwood was trying to rescue a trapped potential victim. To this, Clint Eastwood replies sarcastically "I'm all torn up about that man's rights." My feelings are similar. Yes, technically speaking, Donald Trump's right to free speech was impinged by the far Left's radical activists attacking his rallies. But is this the most important topic you could have chosen for this column? There were no other more pressing political issues than defending the rights of someone whom is widely viewed by many people to be a racist? Why bother? Let me try a different argument along similar lines. If a politician said of white Christians that "they're all rapists and murderers," as Trump has said of Mexicans, would you write an article defending his right to free speech? Assuming that you are a descendant of white Europeans who came to America between 1600 and 1950, if a politician ran on a platform of a ban on white Europeans entering the United States, as Trump has proposed for Muslims, would you be writing an article to defend his right to free speech? If there was a group of pro-black, anti-white political activists, such as the Black Panthers, and a politician was asked his opinion on them and specifically declined to say that he did not endorse them given the emphasized opportunity to do so, as Donald Trump did for the KKK in a CNN interview about a month ago, would you be praising his right to free speech? If someone ran for the White House on a platform of rounding up all the libertarians and kicking them out of the country, as Donald Trump is doing in regards to illegal immigrants, would you defend his right to free speech? Yes, I realize that the right to free speech only matters if people have the right to say unpopular things. My issue is: unpopular to who? Unpopular to Leftists, or unpopular to you? I have not gotten the sense that what Trump says is unpopular to you, so it is easy for you to defend his right to free speech. I would prefer to see you defend the free speech rights of someone you disagree with, such as, for example, the advocates of open immigration, or other Leftist positions that are not anti-libertarian, such as the advocates of abortion rights. There are better people than a "jackass", to use your own words, who need defending in the alternative media, such as Liberty Magazine. Of course, according to your point of view, Donald Trump is not a racist, but from the point of view of a Mexican, or a Muslim, he is, and I would like to see some other points of view get their fair share of free speech protection in Liberty. By the way, please don't condemn me for criticizing your article. After all, I was merely using my right to free speech to engage in a political discussion and provide a dissenting opinion. Surely what the Founders intended in the First Amendment—seriously.
0.998267	You may be surprised to learn that reactions to MSG are not truly allergic. Instead, reactions to MSG may be caused by toxicities to the nervous system or even by an irritant effect on the esophagus—although, experts have not teased this all out yet. Still, while studies have not proven that MSG causes severe allergic reactions (such as anaphylaxis), a person with reactions to MSG should attempt to avoid this food additive and be prepared to treat a severe reaction should one occur. MSG, or monosodium glutamate, is a flavor enhancer comprised of the sodium salt of glutamic acid. More specifically, MSG is a naturally occurring amino acid that is produced by fermenting starch, sugar beets, sugar cane, or molasses, a process similar to that used to make yogurt, vinegar, and wine. MSG is found naturally in many foods, including seaweed, tomatoes, and cheese, as well as many canned vegetables, soups, and processed meats. Because there is very little evidence that a true MSG allergy exists, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has classified MSG as an ingredient that's "generally recognized as safe." However, because its use has historically provoked controversy, the FDA requires food labels to list it as an ingredient. Although, one caveat worth mentioning is that foods that naturally contain MSG do not need to list MSG as an ingredient, although the product label cannot claim "No MSG" or "No added MSG." The Symptoms of MSG "Allergy" Many people describe adverse reactions after consuming MSG, commonly (and pejoratively) referred to as “Chinese Restaurant Syndrome” because MSG has traditionally been used in Asian cooking. But the truth is that most people who are affected will experience only mild and short-lasting symptoms right after eating foods containing MSG. However, despite widespread anecdotal evidence that some people experience these reactions, studies on MSG have not demonstrated a clear cause-and-effect relationship. In fact, only a few studies have shown that mild reactions may occur after large amounts of MSG is consumed. In other words, the threshold for symptom development is typically far above what would be consumed during a normal meal that contains MSG. Finally, it's interesting to note that in addition to these symptoms, MSG intake has been linked to specific health disorders. For instance, research exists that glutamate levels are high in people with migraines and tension-type headaches. Some experts have also linked high muscle glutamate concentrations with certain chronic musculoskeletal pain disorders like temporomandibular disorders—although, research on this phenomenon has not panned out much. Lastly, blood pressure has been shown to increase with MSG consumption. But this rise in blood pressure is short-lived and occurs with high MSG intake. Because sensitivity to MSG is not generally accepted as a true allergy, there is no test available to determine whether you are sensitive to it. For example, skin tests and blood tests are not available as they are with other food and environmental allergies. While it is possible to perform an oral challenge to MSG, this is not done very often. Staying away from MSG is the only preventative measure you can take to avoid a reaction The good news is that FDA labeling requirements make it easier to avoid foods that contain MSG, but eating in restaurants may prove to be trickier. Also, remember, while food labels must list it as an ingredient if MSG is added to that food, naturally occurring foods with MSG (for example, tomatoes) do not need to list it. Despite the popular belief that MSG is an allergy, or that it's even linked to a reaction, there is really no good scientific data to back this up. That said, sometimes misconceptions exist for a reason, meaning there is likely some truth underlying the MSG phenomenon, and we simply have not figured it all out yet. In the end, this may be a situation where you follow your gut instinct. If foods containing MSG give you a headache or other unpleasant symptom, by all means, avoid it. On the same token, if you do accidentally ingest MSG, be kind to yourself. Next time, try to take a closer look at the label or ask specifically about MSG if you are in a restaurant. Obayashi Y, Nagamura Y. Does monosodium glutamate really cause headache? : a systematic review of human studies. J Headache Pain. 2016;17:54. Shimada A et al. Differential effects of repetitive oral administration of monosodium glutamate on interstitial glutamate concentration and muscle pain sensitivity. Nutrition. 2015 Feb;31(2):315-23. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2012). Questions and Answers on Monosodium glutamate (MSG).
0.991803	I can not give a high enough recommendation for Brian's web design! I would highly recommend Brian for any website development opportunity! Brian went far beyond what I would have expected from a website developer. Brian is a professional who gets things done within a time frame and a budget. Brian has designed a fabulous web site for my company and continues to follow up and update it as needed. Brian cares deeply about helping make the world a better place, is a wonderful person to work with, and I strongly recommend him for anything. Tireless, enthusiastic and dedicated to his work, I would highly recommend Brian to any potential client. Brian was extremely easy to work with and I would hire him to do another website in a heartbeat. Brian's work on our website was fabulous. Brian's design work is top-notch and working with him his very professional. My experience working with Brian was excellent in every way—he was very generous with his knowledge and his time, and involved me in every step of the process.
0.953558	What would it have been like to grow up in the Medieval world, or during the English Civil War? Or, perhaps, during the Victorian era or World War II? The experience of childhood is one that has altered beyond recognition over the centuries as children's roles in the world have shifted with the times. First heard on Radio 4, The Voices of Children is Michael Morpurgo's thought-provoking new play illuminating the ways in which the concept of childhood has changed over the past 1000 years. As the author says of writing the play: '!I found myself on a journey of discovery as intense as childhood itself. Here was an aspect of childhood I had known very little about, the history of it, the invention of it. It is a story I have found often disturbing, and always enlightening. And it's a universal story, for each of us in their own way has lived and invented their own childhood. Childhoods I have discovered, may have changed, been reinvented through the ages, but children have not'.
0.990263	I believe that art makes the world change and helps us see it in a different way and it has always been my ambition to study and work with visual media. This inspired me to create art that presents my own visual perspective of the world. I am convinced that the lack of appreciation for art in our “pleasure-seeking” society should be addressed. I agree with the idea that art and heritage are in decline; in contrast to the world of the Ancient Greeks for example, where art was the prime medium of conveying philosophical, artistic and religious ideas. In addition, I believe that the goal of advocating the importance of art should be shared by artists of our generation. Moreover, art is a tool that helps us understand our cultures and heritage. It also helps us give insights into our past and provides enjoyment, allowing us to discover more about our cultures. Thus, as an artist, I see that we have the opportunity to contribute to the preservation of a civilisation’s heritage, which I believe should rest in the hands of contemporary artisans.
0.999987	Paper Summary. Please summarize in your own words what the paper is about. The submission proposes a structured attention for Visual Question Answering task. results on CLEVR and VQA. Paper Strengths. Positive aspects of the paper. Be sure to comment on the paper's novelty, technical correctness, clarity and experimental evaluation. Notice that different papers may need different levels of evaluation: e.g., a theoretical paper vs. an application paper * Impressive results on CLEVR and VQA. * Interesting generalization of the attention mechanism. * Mean Field and Loopy Belief Propagation as recurrent neural networks. Paper Weaknesses. Discuss the negative aspects: lack of novelty or clarity, technical errors, insufficient experimental evaluation, etc. Please justify your comments in great detail. If you think the paper is not novel, explain why and provide evidences * How the structured attention work in the case of non-local interactions? The proposed model assumes only local interactions between two neighbouring elements. * It is unclear if we need grid-structured CRF to define eq. 5. Why not to use sigmoids? * Main ideas behind ERF could have been explained in the submission. * Is the eq. 11 correct? e.g. b_j(z_j) doesn't bind to any j (only i and z_i is in the sum). between q(z) and p(z \| X,q) (KL(q \| p) (lines 376-377)? What is \psi_i (line 398)? * How does S in lines 267-268 help in reducing a covariate shift (change of distribution)? Preliminary Evaluation. Please indicate to the AC, your fellow reviewers, and the authors your current opinion on the paper. Please summarize the key things you would like the authors to include in their rebuttals to facilitate your decision making. The submission is very promising with impressive results on both CLEVR and VQA. Before taking a final decision, I would like to clarify a few doubts expressed in Paper Weaknesses. Paper Summary. Please summarize in your own words what the paper is about. The paper proposed to use structured attention for visual question answering. By introducing structural constrained characteristic on attention map based on Conditional Random Field (CRF), attention for question requiring reasoning over spatial relation could be performed. The proposed method improves the performance in CLEVR and VQA dataset. Paper Strengths. Positive aspects of the paper. Be sure to comment on the paper's novelty, technical correctness, clarity and experimental evaluation. Notice that different papers may need different levels of evaluation: e.g., a theoretical paper vs. an application paper The usage of structured attention for visual question answering is novel. The method is clearly written and experiments are correctly performed. Lots of qualitative comparison with other baselines provides good intuition how structured attention performs. Paper Weaknesses. Discuss the negative aspects: lack of novelty or clarity, technical errors, insufficient experimental evaluation, etc. Please justify your comments in great detail. If you think the paper is not novel, explain why and provide evidences Lack of control experiments on the number of inference steps for CRF. why adding feature pooled from unary attention is required? Another question is the effect of the number of inference steps. Even though its effect on final performance on VQA dataset is briefly discussed in Section 4.3.3, no control experiments is performed. What is effect of the number of inference steps in SHAPES and CLEVR? Paper Summary. Please summarize in your own words what the paper is about. The paper models the task of visual attention for VQA as a multivariate distribution over a grid structured CRF on image regions. They use Mean Field and Loopy Field Propagation inference algorithms and implement the algorithms as parameterless recurrent layers. The proposed approach is evaluated on 3 VQA datasets -- SHAPES, CLEVR and real images VQA dataset. Paper Strengths. Positive aspects of the paper. Be sure to comment on the paper's novelty, technical correctness, clarity and experimental evaluation. Notice that different papers may need different levels of evaluation: e.g., a theoretical paper vs. an application paper -- The paper points out the problem that current visual attention models ignore the spatial structure of images and only use CNN features to compute attention weights, which might not work well for questions requiring attention at multiple regions in the image far from each other. -- The approach has been described in detail. -- The experiment section is comprehensive, reporting results on 3 different VQA datasets, and highlighting the improvements clearly. Paper Weaknesses. Discuss the negative aspects: lack of novelty or clarity, technical errors, insufficient experimental evaluation, etc. Please justify your comments in great detail. If you think the paper is not novel, explain why and provide evidences -- How much extra time does the proposed approach take as compared to softmax or sigmoid unstructured attention? -- Other than computation time, are there any other limitations of using structured attention as compared to unstructured attention? How do the failure cases look like where unstructured attention focuses on target and structured attention doesn't. More discussion about failure cases of structured attention, and future directions for improvement would help research community to build on this work. -- Why does adding unstructured attention in addition to structured attention lead to better performance? -- Any insights about which cases are more suitable for MF and which cases for LBP? Trying out both and picking the one with best validation accuracy is probably not the best way. -- L574: which pooling method has been used in the experiments? -- Lines 93-95: It is also important to analyze how many questions are there in real images VQA dataset which require spatial relations between regions. Have the authors looked into a way of quantifying it? Preliminary Evaluation. Please indicate to the AC, your fellow reviewers, and the authors your current opinion on the paper. Please summarize the key things you would like the authors to include in their rebuttals to facilitate your decision making. The paper progresses the research in modeling visual attention for the task of Visual Question Answering, and shows that structured modeling leads to better attention maps and better VQA accuracy. I think this work will be helpful for the research community and should be accepted.
0.994513	To ask Her Majesty's Government what assessment they have made of the impact on freedom of speech of the definitions used by the Crown Prosecution Service to identify racist or religious incidents and crimes and to monitor the decisions and outcomes, as detailed in their Racist and Religious Hate Crime Prosecution Guidance. The CPS legal guidance on prosecuting racist and religious hate crime recognises the potential impact of prosecutions on Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights (the right to freedom of expression). The guidance recognises that not only is speech which is well-received and popular protected, but also speech which is offensive, shocking or disturbing. It is essential in a free, democratic and tolerant society that people are able to exchange views, even when offence may be caused. However, when making prosecution decisions the CPS must balance the rights of an individual to freedom of speech and expression against the duty of the state to act proportionately in the interests of public safety, to prevent disorder and crime, and to protect the rights of others. The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) has agreed a shared definition of hate crime with the police in order to ensure that all relevant cases are captured as early possible. This definition is based upon the perception of the victim or any other person and is wider than the legal definition. However, in order for the CPS to bring a successful hate crime prosecution the CPS must present sufficient evidence to prove that the offence meets the definition of the crime set out in the relevant legislation.
0.950269	Create a self-care plan to implement into your daily lifestyle. Identify barriers to self-care and self-sabotaging behaviors. Explore strategies to improve self-preservation.
0.98069	Sudoku is an addictive puzzle that involves placing numbers in small squares in a 9 x 9 grid., based on what other numbers are already in place. A properly constructed game has only one solution and it is up to the solver to find that correct solution. Even though it uses numbers, it does not involve any calculations. It is purely a game of logic. There are, however, variations that do include math calculations, such as Killer Sudoku. Many people enjoy solving these puzzles as a way to keep their brain active and sharp. They can use their reasoning skills to determine which numbers fit in all those little squares. It is generally not considered a group activity, although you can use a helper. There are worldwide and smaller competitions for those people who want to take their game playing to the next level. It is a convenient form of entertainment that is portable. Keep a puzzle book in your car, purse or briefcase, and you will have something to do if you get in a traffic jam, or have to wait for someone or something. You can even tear out a page from your book and give it to someone to keep them from looking over your shoulder. There are different levels of puzzles. Generally if you find a daily puzzle, you will find that there will be certain times of the week, generally Monday, when the puzzle is easier. Each day the puzzle gets more challenging, with the most difficult one being presented on Sunday, when you have more time to solve it. Start with the easier puzzle to avoid frustration until you have learned the basic strategies and build up. Bookstores, grocery stores, drug stores, and convenience shops at airports often have Sudoku puzzle books you can purchase at low prices. There are also apps you can download on your Smartphone or Netbook. In addition, there are many places you can play a game online. Many of these websites give you the option of printing it or playing it online. The online versions may have additional features that enhance your Sudoku experience. Some sites will let you check your work. Others let you customize your Sudoku to make it easier or more difficult. Most sites will offer the option of including multiple numbers in the boxes. Some use colors for a more pleasing look. sudoku.com.au lets you select the number with a mouse and places it in the game. You can use one hand, and don't need to type any numbers. sudoku kingdom lets you select numbers with a mouse, and even highlights where other occurrences of that number are on the board. Solving the basic Sudoku puzzle does not require any math skills, except for simply knowing the numbers from 1 through 9. The rest of it is pure logic. These puzzles are very entertaining and fun to solve. However, they can also get frustrating when you are stuck. Here is a list of my tips to help keep it fun and not frustrating. Never, ever guess. Only enter numbers in the puzzle when you are sure that they belong. Yes you can make little notes about possible choices, but don't enter a number if you are not sure. The wrong number will take you down the wrong path, and you generally won't know you are on the wrong path until you get very far into the puzzle. This is very frustrating. Trust that there is a solution. I have not come across a single puzzle that is not solvable. Sometimes just knowing that there is a solution will give you the motivation to keep trying. Trust in your ability to find the solution. The video shows you the main tips on solving the puzzle. By following just the tips in the video, you should be able to solve most puzzles. It isn't that hard, and you are a smart person. Keep at it, and you will have the pride in knowing that you have challenged your brain and found the solution. Please watch the video below that explains the basic concept of the Sudoku layout and provides some tips to help solve them. My own tips will follow the video. To begin, some players can wander around the whole puzzle at whim as shown in the video, and switch strategies as needed to fill in whatever numbers they can quickly place. Others prefer to start and continue with a more methodological approach. When do look for quick wins, eventually you may come to a point where the quick wins are not as apparent. When that happens, don't panic. There are clues in the puzzle; they are just harder to spot. There may only be one or two, but finding them will unlock the rest of the puzzle for you, at least until you get stuck again. Most of the time, you will be able to find a number, which will help unlock other numbers for you. Once you unlock a number, you can go back to wandering around the whole puzzle at whim if you wish. The key is to use a methodological approach to solving the Sudoku when you are stuck. You don't have to use this particular order, but going in some kind of order will help make sure that you don't miss any clues. Look for sets of boxes, both vertically and horizontally, where two numbers are present, and you need to place the third number. This is the first strategy presented in the video, which helped them fill the first seven squares. First, starting with the number one, see if you can place a one in column one, then column two, and so on across the columns. Then staying with the one, see if you can place a one in any of the rows. Finally, look in each box to see if you can place the one. Then, do the same with each of the other numbers, one at a time. You may be able to start with a different number, one that is more populated on the board, but I find it easier to stay in order to make sure I don't miss any numbers. The video uses the number eight. By this time, you will generally have a lot of numbers that are filled in, so it is a matter of finding what numbers still remain. Now, go through each column, and see what numbers need to be placed in the column. Then see what spaces are available in the column. In the video, they found the 1 and the 9 in the bottom row using this strategy. Then do the same thing with each row, and then each box. Just following the tips outlined in the video, in order, will help make sure that you have considered all of the hints. It may be helpful at this time to write down your remaining choices. This is generally best to do at the end of the puzzle, after you are stuck, then at the beginning, since writing down the choices takes valuable time, especially if you are using a timer. Starting with a box that has the most numbers completed, determine which numbers are needed to fill the remaining spaces in the box. You may find that there are spaces in which only one number will fit. Go through each box, and decide where the one fits, where the two fits, and so on. This is an alternative to strategy three, which starts with the missing numbers to see where they fit. In this strategy, we look at the empty space and see which numbers fit in it. This is an advanced strategy that may help you with more difficult Sudokus. Sometimes you may know two numbers in a box, but do not know which of the two spaces each belongs. If these two numbers are in the same row or column, you know they cannot be in other spaces in the row or column. Eliminate them as choices in the other spaces and you may be able to numbers for those other spaces. In the photo to the right, for example, there is a 5 and a 9 missing in the middle right box. Since there are two spaces and two numbers, you know that both those numbers have to be used in the sixth row and in that box. This means the 5 and the 9 cannot be anywhere else in row six. This leaves a 1 and a 3 for the left box. Once you have found a number using one or more of these strategies, you may be able to continue randomly completing the rest of the puzzle. If you get stuck again, use the methodological approach again, and you will be sure to find the key yet again. This convenient and portable game helps provide entertainment and a challenge to keep the mind quick and agile. Once people have learned how to solve Sudoku puzzles, they try to add additional challenge, such as trying to solve more difficult puzzles, challenging themselves to solve the puzzles more quickly. They may try to solve the puzzle without writing down their choices. They may also try different types of Sudoku puzzles that add additional challenge. Some even compete in Sudoku championships. Comments: "How to Play Sudoku and Solve the Sudoku Puzzles Quickly and Easily" Hello Alecia, some sudoku puzzles are difficult, if you have a hard time finding the clue that will help break through and open up the rest of the puzzles. Some people simply don't know how to break through, and maybe they guess, or they come up with unnecessary rules for themselves (like don't write down the choices) so they wind up with incorrect numbers and not being able to solve it at all. Thanks for your comment and visit. Sudoku is awesome! I never thought it was all that hard but everyone I meet says it is. I don't know what strategy I use but I think I just go by observation. Interesting hub! Thanks megni, I find sudoku puzzles very addictive. I can feel my brain cells growing when I play them. I hope you breeze through them in no time, and try more and more difficult ones. Thanks Pamela99, Donna and Seeker 7 for the votes and comments. I would get frustrated with them too (and sometimes still do), but knowing that there is a solution and trusting myself to find it helps so much more than you can imagine. Taking a break when I get frustrated works magic, because whenever I come back to it, I find something that must have been staring at me in the face, and I just missed it. Fabulous hub with some great tips. I'm not that advance at sudoku as yet and yes I will admit that when I've got stuck, I've guessed! This not only screws up the whole puzzle but does give a sense of 'failure'. Now I'd rather just struggle on till I've solved the thing! But with these great tips I'm sure I'll be winning a few more! Thanks for the tips! I love Sudoku but it is easy to get frustrated when the solution seems to evade you no matter what you try. You've listed some strategies I haven't tried, so now I'm excited to pick up this fun hobby for a second try. Voted up. I enjoy working Sudoka puzzles. I think you have some very good basic tips to successfully figure out the tough ones. Voted up! Thanks Ruchira. I find that when I walk away from it and come back to it later, I usually see something obvious that I missed the first time around. Thanks for the tips video. loved knowing some tips and hopefully will try to finish my puzzles! Voted up and sharing it!
0.939848	Folk metal has become one of the more popular sub genres among rockers in the current age. While it was pioneered by the likes of Skyclad and Cruachan, it has gone on to produce stars such as Korpiklaani and Finntroll. However, one country which has the ingredients to make a great folk metal band is Israel, for it contains a mix of rich folklore from both Jewish and Arab populations, as well as the tense atmosphere and constant threat of war which contributes to the metal style so well. One of the country's most well known bands, as well as one of the world's most popular folk metal groups, would be Orphaned Land. The band were formed in 1991, by vocalist Kobi Farhi, bass player Uri Zelcha, guitarists Matti Svatizky and Yossi Sassi and drummer Sami Bachar, originally going by the name Resurrection, before changing their moniker to the more familiar Orphaned Land. The group slogged it out in the club scene, eventually recording a demo in 1993 entitled, "The Beloved's Cry," which was met with very strong praise from the metal underground and gained the attention of French record label, Holy Records, who soon snapped up the band. The next year, Orphaned Land released their debut full length album, "Sahara," which included four tracks from the "Beloved's Cry" demo, as well as one of their early fan favourites, "Ornaments of Gold." The album also had a striking front cover, featuring a photograph of the famous Sultanahmet Mosque in Istanbul, Turkey, also known as the Blue Mosque for obvious reasons. Much like the preceding demo, the album received great feedback from both listeners and critics alike, excited at the prospect of a talented metal group emerging from the Middle East. Two years later, the group released their sophomore album, "El Norra Alila," which saw them increase their Middle Eastern folk music influences greatly. The record takes its title from "El Nora Alila," a piyyut sung during the conclusion of the high holiday, Yom Kippur. Following the release of the album, the group were forced to go on a hiatus of sorts in 1997, owing to the problems they were dealing with in their homeland of Israel. Eventually, Orphaned Land resurfaced, initially under the moniker "The Calm Before the Flood" for shows in Istanbul in 2001 and Tel Aviv in 2002, in addition to an acoustic set, before reverting to the Orphaned Land name. They began writing new material, which caught the attention of German label Century Media, itself home to some heavy hitters such as Lacuna Coil and Moonspell, to whom they signed with and released their third album, "Mabool: The Story of the Three Sons of Seven," in 2004. It was a concept album, dealing with the story of three sons, representing the three Abrahamic religions who attempt to warn humanity of an impending flood. With a new album out and a bigger label behind them, the band began experiencing a greater exposure than before, releasing an EP, "Ararat" in 2005, which included a cover of the Paradise Lost song, "Mercy," before appearing in the 2008 documentary "Global Metal" along with such acts as Kryptos and Sigh. However, it would be another six years before they released another full length album, which came in 2010 in the form of, "The Never Ending Way of ORWarriOR." They promoted the album at first by supporting Metallica in Israel before appearing at a number of festivals including Summer Breeze and Wacken Open Air. The album also contained the song, "Sapari," an arrangement of a Yemeni folk song which has gone on to become one of their most popular recordings, becoming another live favourite. Orphaned Land continued to see their profile rise, embarking on tours with the likes of Katatonia in North America and Amorphis in Europe, as well as releasing their first live album/DVD, "The Road To OR-Shalem." Following these accomplishments, Matty Svatitzky decided to quit in 2012, with his place being taken by Chen Balbus, who made his recording debut with the band on their fifth album, "All Is One." As the title suggests, the record deals primarily with their message of peace, particularly in their efforts to bring together Christians, Muslims and Jews, which was explored in greater detail on songs such as "Brother," which dealt with the falling out between Isaac and Ismael, the sons of Abraham who are believed to have been offered as a sacrifice as part of a test by God in Judaism/Christianity and Islam respectively. Orphaned Land are currently working on a new studio album, which is expected to be out next year and will no doubt only continue to see their place as one of the Middle East's most respected metal bands cemented. Orphaned Land - "Ornaments Of Gold" Orphaned Land - "Norra El Norra" Orphaned Land - "Ocean Land" Ignition Premieres New Song "Psycho" 1 Comment on "Sunday Old School: Orphaned Land" Awesome SOS. I had no idea they had been around that long.
0.999999	Ask a Redbird Scholar: Are there health benefits to eating meat? I’ve heard that there is way more protein in a plant-based diet than the traditional carnivorous diet. Are there any health benefits associated with eating meat? When considering protein intake, the most important objective is to consume adequate amounts for the body to function properly. Most people in the United States have no problem accomplishing this whether the majority of their protein comes from plants or animals. We can, however, modify protein sources to promote health with both plant and animal proteins having some distinct advantages and disadvantages. Proteins are composed of molecules called amino acids. We need all of the amino acids in appropriate balance to synthesize the proteins that make up our body. Animal protein sources contain these amino acids in quantities similar to our bodies, making them very efficient. Animal-based protein sources are also rich sources of some vitamins and minerals such as iron and vitamin B12. Unfortunately, some animal proteins also contain high levels of nutrients associated with risk of chronic disease, such as saturated fat. Highly processed proteins, namely cured meats, are associated with increased risk of colon cancer and should be consumed in moderation. Further, animal-based proteins are expensive both from a monetary and an environmental cost of production perspective. Plant-based proteins are inexpensive and versatile, making them an attractive alternative. A single plant protein source is often limiting in at least one amino acid, unlike animal proteins. Careful selection of diverse plant protein sources will ensure individual amino acid requirements are met. This may or may not result in greater total protein intake. Plant proteins have the added benefit of providing excellent sources of fiber and other micronutrients such as folate and potassium. It is well established that high intake of plant protein is associated with decreased risk of several chronic diseases. Whether you choose plant sources or a combination of plant and animal, both options can provide adequate protein and support health. If most of your protein comes from animal sources, focus on lean cuts of meat, pork, poultry, and fish, and dairy and consider substituting in some plant protein. Your heart, gastrointestinal tract, and wallet will be grateful!
0.997264	In their book The Shape of the River, former Princeton University president William Bowen and former Harvard University president Derek Bok argue for the necessity of goal-based affirmative action policies in colleges and universities. According to them, "if universities were flatly prohibited from considering race in admissions...over half the black students in selective colleges today would have been rejected" (124). While opponents of affirmative action quickly seize the findings of Bowen and Bok as proof of affirmative action's disregard of merit, supporters like Jesse Jackson argue that measures of merit are intrinsically skewed. First, Jackson eschews any correlation between standardized test scores and academic and post-academic achievement, citing instead motivation as the determinant of success (Jackson 1995). Jackson further argues that many affluent white students have access to SAT preparation scores and have the time and resources to participate in extracurricular activities and honor courses. This places many minority students from lower-income families who need to work after school and do not have resources for SAT preparation tests at a distinct disadvantage (Jackson 1995). For proponents like Jackson, affirmative action is a way to address these discrepancies and ensure that disadvantaged youth receive an equal opportunity towards higher education. Martin Michaelson takes Jackson's argument a step further, arguing that affirmative action policies benefit all college students, not just minority ones. First of all, Michaelson asserts that race- and ethnicity-sensitive admissions policies have had negligible effects on the student admissions of white students. Instead, the admission of minority students brings a healthy racial diversity into campus, a diversity that enhances the personal and academic development of all students (Michaelson 1999). Furthermore, giving more racial minorities access to higher education has a long-term effect of facilitating the growth of a middle-class comprised of minority professionals (Michaelson 1999). If Michaelson is right, this access to education can have important implications later on addressing the many socio-economic problems faced by racial minorities today. Against those who argue that affirmative action policies should be repealed because they have served their purpose, proponents argue that racism continues unabated in American society, albeit in more subtle forms. For example, out of nearly 15,000 pilots in the U.S. Air Force, only 300 are African-American (Schipler 1998). White men remain disproportionally represented in Congress, tenured professorships, law firm partnerships, and managerial jobs, among others. In addition, Jesse Jackson points out that white men comprise "100% of U.S. presidents" (103). The proponents of affirmative action have successfully argued the necessity of addressing inequities brought about by, among other factors, race and gender. They have also shown the need for minority access to gainful employment, to decision-making positions in economic and political institutions and to higher education. However, these arguments fail to address the effectiveness of affirmative action in addressing these problems. In this section, the paper argues that current affirmative action policies are ineffective in addressing the problems caused by racism. The continued application of affirmative action policies to higher education will effectively negate any of its gains and may even be harmful towards minorities and the other people these policies were designed to help. Linda Chavez points to the problem of "racial boxing," Many of the defined racial categories are fluid. Native Hawaiians, for example, are currently classified as Native Americans and are agitating for their own category. Five different Asian sub-groups have petitioned for their own racial sub-box. Even white Americans of Eastern European ancestry complain about being lumped in the same general category as "white." Chavez writes that "any attempt to systematically classify human beings according to race will fail, because race is an arbitrary concept" (316). This problem is perhaps illustrated best in the categorization of Latinos or Hispanics. A white man of Spanish ancestry from Argentina, for example, will generally be considered "white." However, if the same man cannot speak English without a Spanish accent, his inability to do so would most likely suddenly make him "Hispanic." Such fluid characterizations further serve to emphasize the arbitrariness of concepts about race. Chavez further argues that just as it is impossible to truly characterize which individuals belong to a certain minority group, it is also difficult to determine which minority lags behind both economically and socially. She cites statistical evidence showing that many native-born Hispanics earn salaries commensurate to their education, while many Mexican-Americans earn up to 93% of their white counterparts. Chavez is therefore critical of representatives who characterize Latinos as a downtrodden minority instead of an upwardly-mobile immigrant group (Chavez 1996). Bill Conti and Brad Stetson further criticize the "color-coded" affirmative action programs as a step back from the gains of the "color-blind Civil Rights Act" passed in 1964. In many ways, Conti and Stetson see affirmative action as a "poisonous race consciousness" that are, in many ways, "a flip-side of the biases of the past" (106). In contrast to alarmist rhetoric that states "either we keep it this way or go back to Jim Crow," Conti and Stetson push for a racial humanism of leaders like Martin Luther King, who argue for people to be judged on the basis of their individual merits and character. For them, any automatic kinship based on race is akin to the "ethnic chauvinism" of the Italian-Americans who rioted upon hearing that mobster John Gotti were sentenced to life. For Errol Smith, a black business leader, the moral unfairness of affirmative action policies are apparent when an affluent black family can be deemed "disadvantaged" while a poor young white man is similarly deemed "privileged." Smith asks, "Do we (black Americans) really like the world these policies are creating? Are we comfortable with the racial legacy we are leaving for our children?" (Smith, cited in Conti and Stetson, 107). Conti and Stetson also maintain that affirmative action minimizes individual gains achieved by African-American and other minorities with its implied stigma. As an example, the two researchers have chronicled the case of a young black woman who was about to become the first African-American to make the University of Virginia's prestigious Law Review when an affirmative action policy went into effect. The supplanting of the merit-based system effectively destroyed the value of her Law Review imprimatur (Conti and Stetson 1995). Carl Cohen, a philosophy professor at the University of Michigan agrees, stating that admissions policies that unduly favor studies solely because of minority status place costly burdens on the student population as a whole. Like Conti and Stetson, Cohen believes that "the cruelest burdens, the most damaging and longest-lasting, are those borne by the members of the preferred minority group as a whole" (149). When an unqualified minority is accepted and performs sub-par, their below-average performance inevitably reinforces racial stereotypes. This lack of qualification also taints those minorities who, like the University of Virginia Law student, genuinely excel. Furthermore, Cohen points to how such affirmative action policies can have deleterious effects beyond the university. Instead of promoting racial diversity and interaction within schools and universities, a system of racial preference instead engenders distrust, which has long-term harmful effects. In summary, proponents of affirmative action argue for the continued need to address the deleterious effects of racism. They point to how affirmative action policies have opened the door for racial and ethnic minorities to seek higher education and to enter decision-making positions in the political and economic fields. They also point to a need for racial kinship and pride, to use affirmative action policies to ensure a vicarious success of members of their race. Such arguments, however, do not take into account the deleterious effects affirmative action has had on society as a whole and on the very people these policies are supposed to help. For example, to maintain that many Black students would not be able to enter higher education without affirmative action is an insult to the many black, Latino and other ethnic-minority students to gain admission on their own merit. Therefore, while process-based affirmative action goals that ensure all applicants for jobs or university admission receive the same treatment are admirable and should be protected by law, the goal-based affirmative action policies should be abolished. This includes policies that award a minority student "extra points" based on his or her race, rather than considering other indications of academic merit, such as SAT scores, recommendation letters from teachers, academic grades, or evaluations from college interviewers. The goal of the civil rights movement has always been to ensure that everyone, regardless of race, gender, ethnicity or disability, has access to equal opportunity. Process-based affirmative action policies are a big step towards this goal. In contrast, the rigid, race conscious and ultimately divisive policies of goal-based affirmative action are a step back and should therefore be repealed. ¶ … affirmative action help or hinder minorities. Why? "Affirmative Action Policies Grew Out." 4 January 2003. Web. 22 April 2019. <https://www.essaytown.com/subjects/paper/affirmative-action-policies-grew-out/5034505>. "Affirmative Action Policies Grew Out." Essaytown.com. January 4, 2003. Accessed April 22, 2019.
0.999665	Is a cryptocurrency hard fork taxable? If it is a taxable event, what is the date and amount of taxable income to be reported on the tax return? A majority of my clients with investment in cryptocurrency ask me such questions when filing taxes. As the IRS continues to remain virtually silent on taxation of cryptocurrency even after the creation of Bitcoin Cash and other hard forks, it is left to tax professionals like me to address these questions. Bitcoin Cash was created on August 1, 2017, when the Bitcoin blockchain split to be the Bitcoin (BTC) and the Bitcoin Cash (BCH) forks. BCH can now be traded on many exchanges, including GDAX, Kraken, Bitfinex, Bittrex, ViaBTC, and OKCoin. Coin base initially said they would not support BCH, but changed their mind and decided to support it from December 19, 2017. BCH is essentially free money if you owned BTC before August 1, 2017. Anyone who held BTC before the fork is able to receive an equivalent amount of BCH. For example, if you owned 10 BTC in your core wallet, you had access to 10 BCH since you had the private keys. However, free money is income and income is taxable. The hard fork satisfies all of the criteria for taxable income set forth in the landmark US Supreme Court decision, Commissioner v. Glenshaw Glass Co. The IRS, in their 2014-21 Notice, clarified that mining is to be treated as income on the date the assets are received. The price would be their fair market value, i.e., the price for which they were immediately sold or the daily price of the digital currency. Therefore, you should report the BCH as income for a market value. This also becomes the cost basis. You will need to report that as capital gains income and pay the appropriate taxes. When you sell the BCH, you can subtract the proceeds from this cost basis, which is your capital gains or losses. If it is treated as having a zero cost basis, then there is nothing to report for the time being. However, when you sell or spend your BCH you will take the 100% proceeds, and therefore should report it as capital gains income. For example, if you use the zero cost-basis approach and you owned one BTC before the fork, you have one BTC and one BCH after the fork. When you sell your one BCH for $300, then you will need to declare a $300 capital gains income. Tax rates on it depend on your circumstances and other income, but if you sell the BCH within a year, it will be normal tax rate, e.g., 25%. If you hold on to it for more than a year, you will benefit from the reduced long-term capital gains rate, e.g., 15%. How are you treating/have treated Bitcoin Cash or other cryptocurrency hard forks for your tax return filing? Please let me know in the comments below.
0.999736	New orders for durable goods decreased less than expected in February, declining $4.2 billion (1.6%) to $250.6 billion. The less-than-anticipated decrease follows three consecutive monthly increases, and a 0.1% gain in January. Excluding transportation, new orders for durable goods increased 0.1%, beating the forecast. Excluding defense, new orders decreased 1.9%, missing the forecast. The consensus forecast for the headline was -1.8%, ranging from a low of -4.0 to a high of -0.5%. For core capital goods, the consensus came in at 0.2%, ranging from a low of 0.1% to a high of 0.3%. The consensus for transportation goods was unchanged (0.0%), ranging from a low of -0.3% to a high of 0.4%.
0.959397	(CNN) -- Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker on Thursday warned 14 absent lawmakers trying to stall his controversial budget bill to return to the state Capitol immediately to vote on the measure, or layoff notices will be sent to 1,500 public employees before the weekend. "Unfortunately, if we don't have action by tomorrow we have a legal and moral obligation to start forewarning people," Walker said a Thursday night press conference. The layoffs would take effect April 1, the governor said. Walker's threat to start laying off workers capped the third week of a high-stakes drama playing out in Wisconsin. Meanwhile, a Dane County judge on Thursday issued an order barring demonstrators from the state Capitol after business hours. During protests, some demonstrators have been sleeping inside the building. The order from Wisconsin Circuit Court Judge John Albert gave the state Department of Administration the authority to forcibly remove anyone who refuses. Most of the protesters remaining at the Capitol Thursday evening appeared to abide by the judge's order. Some initially balked at the demand they leave the Capitol by the building's regular 6 p.m. closing time. However, a long line of demonstrators later filed out of the building chanting slogans, carrying bedrolls and banging homemade plastic drums. Concerns about safety risks arising from the nonstop presence of demonstrators at the Capitol were heightened Thursday with the discovery of 41 rounds of hollow-point rifle ammunition found outside the building. Police continued their search for more ammunition, and the person to which it belongs, amid a contentious budget showdown over a measure that would -- among other things -- curb the collective bargaining rights of most state workers. Walker has repeatedly said the collective bargaining provisions of his bill are not negotiable. The governor showed little sign of backing down from that stance Thursday night. Instead, Walker repeatedly said he was "frustrated" by the intransigence of the 14 Democratic senators trying to stymie the bill by not showing up to vote. He blamed a core group of "extreme" dissenters for standing in the way of compromise. "What's probably the most frustrating is I keep getting the sense that many of these responsible senators are seeking a pathway home, however some of the more extreme members of that caucus are putting up a barrier to them," Walker said. Walker refused to name any of the senators he believes are blocking negotiations. The governor said he and Republican House Speaker Jeff Fitzgerald have been trying to negotiate with some Democrats. Walker refused to talk about what "specifics are on the table." Weeks of demonstrations in protest of Gov. Scott Walker's proposal have drawn massive crowds to the state legislature since mid-February, contributing to $6.5 million in damages and other costs, state Administration Secretary Mike Huebsch said during a hearing Thursday. The hearing examined the question of public access to the building. Meanwhile, the state Senate approved a resolution that would hold absentee Democratic lawmakers "in contempt of the Senate" should they not return to the Capitol by late afternoon. The missing lawmakers -- who left February 17 -- had still not returned by Thursday night. The contempt measure allows state law enforcement to detain and return the 14 Senate Democrats to Wisconsin, according to Senate Majority Leader spokesman Andrew Welhouse. Walker said he would prefer that the absent senators return of their own accord. "I personally am going to ... try and compel these senators to come back in terms of making an offer," Walker said. The lawmakers fled to Illinois to prevent a quorum for voting on the state's budget repair bill, which would limit collective bargaining to wages and require public workers, with the exception of police and firefighters, to cover more of their retirement plans and health care premiums. But whether the contempt measure is constitutional remains unclear. The state Constitution prohibits the arrest of lawmakers while the legislature is in session, except for "treason, felony and breach of the peace." Whether Wisconsin law enforcement would be permitted jurisdiction in Illinois to detain the missing Democrats is also unclear. The stalemate has proven increasingly contentious in recent days as Senate lawmakers adopted a resolution on Wednesday that would fine absentee lawmakers $100 every day they remain missing. A similar resolution passed a day later in Indiana, where House Republicans imposed a $250-a-day fine against AWOL Democrats who -- like their Wisconsin counterparts -- fled to Illinois in protest of a labor bill. In Wisconsin, Republicans need a single Democrat to cross party lines and rejoin the 33-member legislature to meet the quorum of 20 lawmakers required in a vote on state fiscal matters. Only 17 lawmakers are required for most other issues. Union leaders have agreed to pay more for benefits, but view restricting bargaining rights as an assault on workers' rights. Gov. Walker took to the airwaves Wednesday in support of his belt-tightening measure. "Every day we fail to act on this just adds more and more to the cost," he told reporters, defending the curtailing of collective bargaining as an integral part of fiscal reform. Wisconsin is confronted with a looming $137 million shortfall at the end of the fiscal year, June 30. The state faces a $3.6 billion budget gap by 2013.
0.999993	Although excise taxes on beer, wine, and spirits raise about $15 billion a year in revenue for federal and state governments, current alcohol tax rates in the United States are low by historical standards. In 1980, alcohol taxes represented about 22 percent of the pre-tax price of alcohol, whereas now, with the failure to raise nominal rates in line with inflation, they have fallen to about 10 percent of the pre-tax price (see Figure 1). Are current alcohol tax levels about right, or should they be increased? Alcohol taxation is warranted to the extent that its consumption leads to broader societal costs--what economists call "negative externalities"--that are not taken into account by individual drinkers. One possible externality is the burden of medical treatments, which are largely borne by third parties (the government and insurance companies), for liver cirrhosis and other alcohol-induced illnesses. Some studies suggest that the annual medical burden for alcohol-related illnesses easily justifies what federal and state governments collect in alcohol tax revenues. However, these estimates overstate the external cost because heavy drinkers tend to die younger, which lowers the burden of medical costs over their lifecycle. A 1989 study by Willard Manning et al., which compared lifecycle health outcomes for heavy and moderate drinkers, suggested a much smaller corrective tax--at most a few percent of pre-tax alcohol prices. Moreover, moderate alcohol consumption itself may have health benefits, implying a corresponding reduction in near-term health care costs, though this might be offset by higher longer-term medical costs as a result of prolonged longevity. Alcohol abuse may also have broader societal costs if it results in reduced workplace productivity. For example, it seems plausible that heavy drinkers suffer from difficulty in finding and retaining employment, concentrating on the job, and may acquire less human capital through education and training programs. Heavy drinkers themselves bear much of the cost of reduced productivity and employment, in terms of less take-home pay, and should take this into account. However, a substantial portion is also borne by the government through reduced income and payroll tax revenues. Disentangling, statistically, the productivity effect of alcohol consumption has proved difficult, however. For example, for some people, higher wages (which are often used to proxy for productivity) may be positively associated with alcohol consumption, if they drink more when they have more money, while for heavy drinkers a negative association between productivity and alcohol could reflect poor work motivation rather than the impairing effects of drinking per se. In short, the jury is still out on whether or not productivity effects justify a significant alcohol tax. Based on the wide range of empirical estimates in the literature, the appropriate tax appears to range from almost zero to as much as 40 percent of pre-tax alcohol prices. Publication information: Article title: Should Alcohol Taxes Be Raised? Alcohol Tax Rates Have Fallen by Half over the Past Quarter-Century. Contributors: Parry, Ian W. H. - Author. Magazine title: Regulation. Volume: 32. Issue: 3 Publication date: Fall 2009. Page number: 10+. © Cato Institute. COPYRIGHT 2009 Gale Group.
0.992899	When someone has a claim questioned, there are two common responses. One is to treat the question as a challenge, intended as an insult or indicating a lack of trust. If you have this model of interaction you think people should take your word for things, and feel hurt when they don't. Another response is to treat the question as a signal of respect: they take what you're saying seriously and are trying to integrate it into their understanding of the world. If you have this model of interaction then it's the people who smile, nod, and give no indication of their disagreement that are being disrespectful. Within either of these groups you can just follow the social norm, but it's harder across groups. Recently I was talking to a friend who claimed that in their state income taxes per dollar went down as you earned more. This struck me as really surprising and kind of unlikely: usually it goes the other way around. I'm very much in the latter group described above, while I was pretty sure my friend was in the former. Even though I suspected they would treat it as disrespectful if I asked for details and tried to confirm their claim, it would have felt much more disrespectful for me to just pretend to accept it and move on. What do you do in situations like this? Our tax system does have regressive components, where poor people sometimes pay a higher percentage of their income as tax than richer people, but it's things like high taxes on cigarettes (which rich people don't consume as much), sales taxes (rich people spend less of their income), and a lower capital gains tax rate (poorer people earn way less in capital gains). I tried to clarify to see if this is what my friend meant, but they were clear that they were talking about "report your income to the state, get charged a higher percentage as tax if your income is lower".
0.999181	This emoticon best describes me today. Oh summer! Previous Post Good Morning! 좋은 아침!
0.999999	The Magellan RoadMate 5045-LM is Magellan’s most popular model as I write this, and with good reason. It offers an ultra-wide 5” screen, along with lifetime traffic and lifetime map updates, all for a very reasonable price. It took me 4 units before I got a 5045Lm that would not lock up. Since then they have changed the software and the map supplier. Except for the occasionally wacky directions, this is a good unit. MY 5045-lm is very bad in the city, when on divided highways it keeps saying KEEP RIGHT OF THE FORK when there is no fork in the highway. It says that every time there is a U turn with multiple lanes. Have you updated the firmware and maps? I’ve been very displeased with the Magellan Roadmate 5045-LM (The LM stands for Lifetime Maps updates). For instance, the voice will say “take a RIGHT turn” while the arrow on the map shows a LEFT turn (left turn is correct). I’ve had instances where the Magellan will tell me to go to the end of the block and make a U-turn to get to a business that has an entrance immediately on my left! It constantly will announce “You have arrived at your destination” about forty feet past my actual destination. I just learned that their supposed “Lifetime” map updates are only available for four years, then they expect you to begin purchasing the map updates. I cannot find the cost of the updates anywhere and don’t plan on purchasing one anyhow! I refuse to put any more money into this piece of junk, I’ve only stuck with it after my initial investment because of the “Lifetime” map updates. I’ll be researching other brands of GPS units, but NEVER another Magellan product. Just as a random aside, “Lifetime Map Updates” generally refers to the expected life of the unit, not forever. I’m not sure I agree with it, but that is written in the fine print. If you think any GPS is perfect,You’re wrong. Everything you have said here is very minor. No GPS will have you turn left across a major street. My garmin does this u-turn thing also. When it says that,you know your destination is on the left. 40 ft would be in the margin of error. That’s very close. If it’s a piece of junk because of these things you have mentioned,then in my opinion you are very unreasonable. No mention of crashes or getting you lost. It sounds like a good unit to me. The voice being wrong some times is going to happen. My Garmin tells me I have arrived a half block from my house. As far as the 4 years on the maps. It probably was in the fine print. Bottom line. Everything you mention here is very minor. You have a good unit. I’m amazed at your defense of an inferior product. My previous GPS unit was a Mio which was an excellent unit and I didn’t have any of these problems. Unfortunately it eventually died of old age. By the way, Elvis is dead.
0.999978	What kind of excursion out of Málaga do you recommend me? Málaga’s west coastline hosts ones of the most renowned tourist localities of the country such as Torremolinos, Benalmadena, Fuengirola, Marbella or Estepona. This area concentrates a lot of leisure facilities, with funfairs and water parks, casinos, golf courses and prestigious marinas, such as Puerto Banús, a luxury area full of expensive shopping malls, restaurants and bars. The Serranía de Ronda forms part of the most traditional white villages route. Then, you can plan an excursion over this area starting from Ronda, one of the most romantic cities in Andalusia, where you can visit the Tajo, a 100-metre deep gorge, the New Bridge by Martín de Aldehuela or the Real Maestranza de Caballería bullring. Then you can reach, the localities of Atajate, Benadalid, Algatocín or Gaucín . Finally, you can go to the Sierra de las Nieves Natural Park, which conserves the remains of a conifer wood dating back to the Tertiary Period. You will discover one of the most unique pine species in the world! What are the main flights connections to Bilbao? The new terminal of the Bilbao airport, the international airport of Loiu, has been inaugurated in 2000, in the north of the city. Designed by Valencian architect Santiago Calatrava, it allowed increasing the air traffic capacities thanks to the arrival of low cost companies. Bilbao Airport is the busiest airport of the Basque Country. Thus the city is well serves by the main European capitals and the Top international destinations includes Paris, Berlin, Frankfurt, Munich and London. It also offers some national flights mainly to Madrid and Málaga. Which are the other main cities of the Basque Country I can visit? If you visit the Basque country there are some other great cities apart from Bilbao that you can visit like Vitoria-Gasteiz, capital of the province of Álava that hosts the Basque government and parliament. It is a city that has been through an intense history and it is definitely worth it to visit its monumental historic city center. Pamplona, the historical capital city of Navarre, is worldwide famous for the San Fermín festival where the main attraction is the running of bulls through the streets of the city. It also has a great historic-artistic heritage including some notable churches and other civil architecture buildings. San-Sebastián, capital of the province of Guipuscoa, is an important and beautiful seaside resort of the Bay of Biscay. It hosts each year the San Sebastián International Film Festival and will become, in 2016, the European capital of culture with Wroclaw. Are there other nice cities to visit around? There is so much to do and to see in Barcelona, but it can also be your base camp to visit the rest of Catalunya! Just a short distance away in the north you can visit the beautiful city of Girona or go to discover the surrealist museum dedicated to Dali in Figueres. Down to the south you can go to the Costa Daurada to enjoy its nice sandy beaches or to stopover Sitges, city of inspiration for a whole generation of Catalan artists in the late 19th century. Then, you can keep going until Tarragona that showcases a roman legacy which has been declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO with important places such as its amphitheatre and its medieval quarter.
0.999837	Text and the City: On Idolatry: What is Our Golden Calf? On Idolatry: What is Our Golden Calf? The principal crime of the human race, the highest guilt charged upon the world, the whole procuring cause of judgment, is idolatry. The idolater is likewise a murderer. Do you inquire whom he has slain? If it contributes ought to the aggravation of the indictment, no stranger nor personal enemy, but his own self. By what snares? Those of his error. By what weapon? The offence done to God. By how many blows? As many as are his idolatries. This week’s Parasha, Ki Tisa, with its Golden Calf and broken tablets, tells the tale of the biggest mistake the Jewish people ever made. Not too long after the wedding at Sinai is over, God finds his new wife, Israel, in bed with an adulterer –and a cow no less… In one of the fieriest moments in the Torah, Moses, having come down the mountain and broken the tablets, takes the hoofed object of the betrayal, melts it down, and forces the Jewish people to drink its molten gold. Through this scene, and many others, the Torah identifies its most serious enemy: Idolatry. As a child I could never understand the draw of idolatry. Judging from the stories told in kindergarten, it seemed quite stupid. Why would people be drawn to worshipping “stones and trees”? If even Abraham could see that the statues in his father’s store were powerless – how could the rest of the world be so stupid? The idea that we, crazy Jews, were the only ones who saw the light on this issue was in itself suspicious. Years later I read that the rabbis agreed with me to some extent: “The desire to worship idols has passed from this world – it has now been given to all transgressions” they say in Sanhedrin 75a. Many pagans in late antiquity might agree (see “Did the Greeks Believe Their Myths?”). In the post-pagan world, where idolatry became the shared enemy of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, you might expect idolatry to stop acting as a useful category altogether. It is by knowing what idolatry is that we know what Judaism is, what a relationship with God is. It is by knowing what the act of “slaying one’s own self” as Tertullian describes it, that one knows what it is to live a meaningful life. Which leads me to the question I’ll be pondering this Shabbat: What are today’s idolatries? What is it that we would identify today as “the principal crime of the human race, the highest guilt charged upon the world”? What is our golden calf? Who today are contenders for the crown of idolatry? The destruction of the environment (or its conservation?), our addiction to consumerism or careerism? Our loss of sacredness, deification of the individual (or of the community?)? Or simply a life “lived without meaning”? Some prophets have identified that “the principal crime of the human race” can be found in religion itself. If this is a cry against any kind of organized religion in the name of science – count me out. But if it a cry against fundamentalism and religiously-sanctioned-violence – I’m in. If we are not to throw out the baby with the bathwater, I would frame this in the following Jewish terms: the greatest idolatry of our times is the taking of God’s name in vain to justify un-godly actions, a hillul hashem. I am sure there are others that I missed. There are more idols out there to identify. However – regardless of definition – it is the category of idolatry that I want to hold on to:that internal criticism that I might be deifying something that is not. If we are to live the life of service to our values, we must identify what the idolatrous golden calves which distract us are. We must identify them in order to melt them down in the fire of our passions, to bring upon us a better world. כל המודה בעבודה זרה--כפר בכל התורה כולה, ובכל הנביאים, ובכל מה שנצטוו הנביאים, מאדם עד סוף העולם: שנאמר "מן היום אשר ציווה ה', והלאה—לדורותיכם". וכל הכופר בעבודה זרה, מודה בכל התורה כולה; והיא עיקר כל המצוות, כולן.
0.99985	Get started quickly with the basics of MATLAB®. An interactive introduction to the basics of Simulink®. Get started with deep learning techniques to perform image recognition. A comprehensive introduction to MATLAB exploring data analysis, visualization, modeling, and programming. A comprehensive introduction to Simulink exploring dynamic system modeling, model hierarchy, and component reusability. Gain the foundation needed to complete additional courses. Learn to import data from mixed files, manipulate and group data, and create custom visualizations. Learn to create regression, classification, and clustering models and improve their performance. Learn to use and create deep neural networks for classification, regression, and object detection using image and sequence data. Course topics include significance tests, distribution fitting, regression, and generating random simulations. Prepare time-series data for machine learning analysis. Topics include importing signals, removing outliers, and extracting features in time and frequency domains. Make MATLAB code run faster. Compile MATLAB code into MEX files and solve computationally and data-intensive problems using multicore processors, GPUs, and computer clusters. Learn to perform local and global optimization in MATLAB by translating the objective and constraints into MATLAB code and choosing appropriate optimization solvers. Learn to create flexible and robust applications, efficiently structure code and data, and leverage the unit testing framework. Discover how to lay out apps in the App Designer, create callback functions for interactive components, and make responsive graphical objects. Learn about namespaces, packages, and classes in MATLAB. Create extensible applications with inheritance. Enable object synchronization with events and listeners. Comprehensive introduction to MATLAB with an emphasis on practical applications in finance. Themes of automating and developing algorithms, modeling, and programming are explored. Explore portfolio optimization techniques including defining investment constraints, employing custom scenarios, and reporting portfolio metrics. Learn Monte Carlo simulation and forecasting, and ARIMA and GARCH model fitting with the Box-Jenkins modeling methodology. Create and evaluate classifications of credit, perform interest rate modeling, and calculate probability of default models for Basel credit risk reporting. Learn to measure market risk and generate models for market index baseline risk, extreme-value theory simulations, and volatility. Learn to detect and segment objects in images based on shape, color, and texture. The course also covers preprocessing images using noise removal techniques. Learn to perform object detection, tracking, and motion estimation on images and videos. The course also covers camera calibration, point clouds, and 3D reconstruction. Discover how to label ground truth data, detect lanes and objects, generate driving scenarios and modeling sensors, and visualize sensor data. This course demonstrates how to perform spectral analysis, design and analyze digital filters including multirate and adaptive filters. Model discrete dynamic systems and perform spectral analysis and filter design with Simulink. Learn to build custom blocks and libraries and incorporate external code. Design single- and multi-carrier digital communications systems, create multi-antenna and turbo-coded communications systems, and work with radio-in-the-loop systems. An in-depth introduction to LTE physical layer standards. Learn about generating reference LTE waveforms and simulating end-to-end LTE PHY models in MATLAB. Learn to design receiver algorithms, add channel impairments, and analyze the bit error rate (BER) of a communication system. Learn to efficiently architect and manage Simulink models. Themes include requirement integration, source control, enforcement of modeling standards, and report generation. Learn to analyze simulation results to verify model behavior, create test harnesses and test cases, test activity automation, and work with formal verification techniques. Learn to integrate MATLAB and C code into Simulink models using MATLAB Function blocks, Legacy Code Tool, and S-functions. Learn to design and model control systems with Simulink. Topics include system identification, parameter estimation, control system analysis, and response optimization. Learn to develop state machines with Stateflow®. Topics include hierarchical modeling, parallel state design, event modeling, truth tables, and component reuse. Learn to model multibody mechanical systems; create custom geometries and compound bodies; assemble, guide, and verify mechanisms; and import CAD files. Learn how to model fluid power and fluid delivery systems; actuate and control fluid system models; connect fluid, mechanical, and thermal domains; and customize model components. Learn to model three-phase systems, analyze and control electrical power systems, model power electronic components, and speed up simulation of electrical models. Discover how to model vehicle bodies, tires, and mechanical power transmissions; design and optimize braking systems, and create multidomain automotive systems with closed-loop controllers. Learn to detect algorithmic defects, improve software quality metrics, apply MISRA C® rules, and emulate target execution environments. Learn to prove code correctness, review and understand verification results, handle missing functions and data, measure software quality metrics, and apply MISRA C rules. Develop Simulink models for deployment in embedded systems. Topics include code structure and execution, code generation options and optimizations, and deploying code to target hardware. Learn how to deploy communication systems prototypes with real-time data on Zynq®-based radios via HW/SW co-design. Learn to optimize DSP algorithms for efficient implementations using HDL code generation for FPGAs. Generate Simulink models from existing ARXML system descriptions, configure Simulink models for AUTOSAR compliant code generation, and model AUTOSAR events in Simulink. Learn to prepare MATLAB code for code generation, work with fixed-size and variable-size data, and integrate generated code into parent projects and external modules. Learn to prepare Simulink models for HDL code generation, generate HDL code and testbench for a compatible Simulink model, and perform speed and area optimizations. Learn about IP core generation and deployment using the AXI4 interface, processor-in-the-loop verification, and device driver integration. Learn to create a reference design in Vivado® and SDK, integrate user space device drivers in Simulink, and build a custom Linux® image for Zynq.
0.955424	How do you choose between a flat panel display or a projector? Having the most cutting edge technology, increasing meeting productivity and maximizing room space are often key factors in the decision making process. When considering the right tools to enable your staff to work most efficiently, Epson is providing businesses, IT and facility managers with five tips to keep in mind before making a purchasing decision. Readability: Looks can be deceiving – though a flat panel may seem large, once mounted in a conference room, reading a spreadsheet or presentation during a meeting on a flat panel can still be difficult. Before purchasing, sit in the furthest seat from the display wall to calculate the ideal display size for readability, given typical font sizes used in presentations. Many times a 60- or 72-inch flat panel won’t be large enough, even for a small conference room designed to seat four to six people, while a projector can offer a diagonal image up to 100-inches. Connectivity: Though typically less expensive, consumer flat panels do not always provide the connectivity required for business meetings. Commercial-grade flat panels and business projectors deliver advanced connectivity options, including VGA, USB, HDMI, and even wireless, to accommodate business display needs. Resolution: Not all flat panels are designed to support the varying resolutions used in an office environment. As such, it can be difficult to sync a computer, tablet or smart phone properly to ensure the best image quality for a presentation. In addition, navigating setup features on a flat panel can be confusing, while unfamiliar menus may include terms employees find complicated. Business projectors are designed for use with computer inputs and office programs, making them much easier for plug-and-play meetings. Flexibility: Flat panels can look sleek on a wall, but once installed, they aren’t going anywhere. Portable projectors provide the flexibility to move from room to room. In addition, users can increase and/or decrease image size depending on the room and presentation needs. Users can also place a projector where convenient – even off to the side of a room – using setup features to change the image size and shape. New Projectors = New Features: Projectors today offer many of the features businesses typically associate with flat panels, including video conferencing and the ability to fit in small rooms. Projectors offer all the inputs to connect to video conferencing equipment, and some offer split screen features, allowing users to see both people and content at once on a larger image. In addition, there are several ultra short-throw projectors available that can be mounted just inches from the wall, making them ideal solutions for a small room. Providing images as large as 100-inches diagonal, these projectors don’t even need a screen – just project directly onto a wall or an already installed whiteboard. For more information about display options, Epson offers this video that highlights the differences between projectors and flat panel displays.
0.999976	Your school is holding a "family friendly" event this weekend. Students have been pre-selling tickets to the event; adult tickets are $5.00, and child tickets (for six-years-old and under) are $2.50. You consult with your student ticket-sellers, and discover that they have not been keeping track of how many child tickets they have sold. The tickets are identical, until the ticket-seller punches a hole in the ticket, indicating that it is a child ticket. But they don't remember how many holes they've punched. They only know that they've sold 548 tickets for $2460. How many child and adult tickets have been pre-sold? 5(548 - C) + 2.5C,5C,548C,2.5C = 2460. 2740 - 5C + 2.5C = 2460. 2740 - 2.5C,5C,-2.5C,2.5C = 2460. 2740 - 2460,548,2460 = 2.5C. From where 2.5C = 280,260,280,300,320 and, finally, C = 112,112,120,122,124. So that, since A = 548 - C,548 + C,548,548 - C, A = 436,436,446,346,548.
0.992527	The devotees of the Supreme Lord, or the persons who are in Krishna consciousness, are called santas, and they are always in love with the Lord as it is described in the Brahma-samhita(5.38): premanjana-cchurita-bhakti-vilocanena santah sadaiva hridayesu vilokayanti. The santas, being always in a compact of love with the Supreme Personality of Godhead, Govinda (the giver of all pleasures), or Mukunda (the giver of liberation), or Krishna (the all-attractive person), cannot accept anything without first offering it to the Supreme Person. Therefore, such devotees always perform yajnas in different modes of devotional service, such as shravanam, kirtanam, smaranam, arcanam, etc., and these performances of yajnas keep them always aloof from all kinds of contamination of sinful association in the material world. Others, who prepare food for self or sense gratification, are not only thieves but also the eaters of all kinds of sins. How can a person be happy if he is both a thief and sinful? It is not possible. Therefore, in order for people to become happy in all respects, they must be taught to perform the easy process of sankirtana-yajna, in full Krishna consciousness. Otherwise, there can be no peace or happiness in the world. Therefore it can be understood that those humans who perform yagna or worship to the Supreme Lord Krishna are pre-eminent among the human species and not others. This is shown by the word santah meaning they are saintly and virtuous. Those who accept food after first offering it to the Supreme Lord are freed from the sins acquired from the five areas in the home causing harm to any living entity. They are: the mortar and pestle where sometimes extremely small bugs are accidentally killed, the grindstone where microscopic amoebas inside of the seeds are ground to death, the fireplace where sometimes crawling things come into when the fire is out only to be burned to death when the fire is lt, the waterpot where sometimes insects fly into and drown and the broom which while sweeping dirt and dust from the house might also sweep ants and such in such a way as to cause their demise. These are the five areas of harm in the home causing accidental death to harmless creatures as confirmed in the Manu Samhita III. 68. Those sinful wretches who do not first offer what they eat to the Supreme Lord are not freed from any of these sins but they are punished for them and verily day by day they eat only sin. On account of these sins multiplying daily they have no opportunity to attain heaven. In a very rational way Lord Krishna is praising the saintly performers of yagna by means of worship and offerings and censoring those who fail to perform such yagna. In the previous three verses and this one Lord Krishna has elucidated the science of yagna. The Purusha Sukta in the Rig Veda we see that Brahma the first born is the Purusha offering himself as worship and oblations for the benefit and welfare of creation. By Brahma inaugurating the act of yagna, the perennial principles of existence or dharma were established for all the worlds. Thus by ordaining dharma the Supreme Lord Krishna through his representative Brahma has given mankind the purpose, the objective and the methodology of yagna. One in wisdom should follow in the footsteps of Brahma and offer to the Supreme Lord there very self and essence as an act of worship in yagna. Therfore those that only eat food that has been offered in yagna or worship are faultless and no other. This Lord Krishna is confirming with the word santah meaning saintly and virtuous. Those who perform yagna become absolved of all sins produced from the daily use of the five utensils in the home used by householders in the cooking and preparing of foods. Such sins are produced from the non-performance of the injunction of yagna and from the performance of the prohibited action. These are serious hindrances in attaining heaven. The five acts if piety performed by the twice born brahmins are mandatory, beginning with Brahma Yagna or Vedic study, offering worship to God, homage to the anscestors, feeding of animals and welcoming and feeding chance guests. These five acts of piety neutralise all sins contracted by the five areas of destuction in the home being the pestle, the grindstone, the fireplace, the waterpot and the broom. Manu Samhita III. 69-71 confirms all sins from these five actions are duly nullified by the five previous acts of piety. 3.13 Yajnasista-etc. Those who enjoy the pleasures of obects that have come to them on the authority of laws enjoining what is to be necessarily performed; and who enjoy them viewing [the enjoyment] only as a secondary (or intermediate) action and consequently as a subsidiary having no separate purpose; and again those who enjoy the remnant of the necessary action in the form of gratifying the group of the devas of the snese-organs-that residue of food marked with bliss in being firmly established in their own Self – that is to say, those who have mounted upon the Self and are desirous of enjoying objects only as a means to achieve this end – they are freed from all faults of good and bad. Those, who for their own selves etc. : On the other hand, those who believe, under the influence of ignorance, the sheer superficial enjoyment of objects as their final goal, and act with the notion ‘We perform this [act] for the sake of ourselves’ – those persons alone gain the sin in the form of good and bad. yajña-śiṣṭa — of food taken after performance of yajña; aśinaḥ — eaters; santaḥ — the devotees; mucyante — get relief; sarva — all kinds of; kilbiṣaiḥ — from sins; bhuñjate — enjoy; te — they; tu — but; agham — grievous sins; pāpāḥ — sinners; ye — who; pacanti — prepare food; ātma-kāraṇāt — for sense enjoyment.
0.641133	Nearly a century later, the English were to invade in earnest taking Guantánamo Bay during the War of Jenkins' Ear with Spain. Edward Vernon, the British Admiral who devised the scheme, saw his 4,000 occupying troops capitulate to local guerilla resistance, and more critically, debilitating disease, forcing him to withdraw his fleet to British owned Jamaica. Seven years later, in 1748, tensions between the three dominant colonial powers; Britain, France and Spain, were transported to the Caribbean. A skirmish between a British squadron and a Spanish squadron off the coast of Cuba became known as the Battle of Havana. The Seven Years' War, which erupted in 1754 in three continents, eventually arrived at the Spanish Caribbean. Spain's alliance with the French pitched them in direct conflict with the British, and in 1762 an expedition set out from Portsmouth of 5 warships and 4000 troops to capture Cuba. The British arrived on 6 June and by August had Havana under siege. When Havana surrendered, British Admiral of the fleet George Keppel, the 3rd Earl of Albemarle, entered the city as conquering new governor, taking control of the whole western part of the island. The arrival of the British immediately opened up trade with their North American and Caribbean colonies, causing a rapid transformation of Cuban society. Food, horses and other goods flooded into the city, and thousands of slaves from West Africa were transported to the island to work on the under manned sugar plantations. Though Havana, which had become the third largest city in the new world, was to enter an era of sustained development and closening ties with North America, the British occupation was not to last. Pressure from London by sugar merchants fearing a decline in sugar prices forced a series of negotiations with the Spanish over colonial territories. Less than a year after Havana was seized, the Peace of Paris was signed by the three warring powers thus ending the Seven Years' War. The treaty gave Britain Florida in exchange for Cuba on the recommendation of the French, who advised that declining the offer could result in Spain losing Mexico and much of the South American mainland to the British. This led to disappointment in Britain, as many believed that Florida was a poor return for Cuba and Britain's other gains in the war.
0.988734	The Sense of Vision is taken for granted by us in our day to day life, but only a visually impaired person can understand the true value and necessity of Vision. But soon AI based computer vision systems can help the blind and visually impaired to navigate. Please share your contact details Where do you reside Where are you located Can you share your location Please provide your address Now the intent of the above questions is “asking address”. So a answer can be mapped to the intent, rather than all the questions. This helps in managing the chatbot easy. How does a human infer whether two documents are similar? This question has dazzled cognitive scientists, and is one area under which a lot of research is taking place. As of now there is no product that is able to match or surpass human capability in finding the similarity in documents. But things are improving in this domain, and companies such as IBM and Microsoft are investing a lot in this area. Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA): LDA is a technique used mainly for topic modeling. You can leverage on this topic modeling to find the similarity between documents. It is assumed that more the topics two documents overlap, more are the chances that those documents carry semantic similarity.
0.967147	【Summary】At its GPU Technology Conference, Nvidia announced that it’s working with German standards body TUV SUD to come out with a driver’s license for autonomous cars. The company also announced all of the details behind its new Drive AP2X 9.0 platform. Getting vehicles to drive themselves is an expensive and tedious process, which is why the majority of traditional automakers have partnered with chipmakers like Nvidia to make the brains and the eyes of the system. During the company's 2019 GMU Technology Conference, Nvidia announced that it has developed a new version of its Nvidia Drive platform – now version 9.0. And, based on the announcement, the platform is so advanced that the company thought it was best to work with German standards body TUV SUD to introduce a driver's license for autonomous cars. How Advanced Is The New Version? Drive AP2X Software 9.0, as it's called, will come out next quarter and has even more self-driving capabilities. According to Nvidia, the new software features more deep neural networks, additional sensor integration options, and facial recognition capabilities. MapNet is also included with the software and adds a DNN that's capable of identifying landmarks and lanes. Companies testing autonomous vehicles have found winters to be tough for self-driving cars, as the slush, bright reflection of the sun, and debris that covers sensors throws the systems off its game. That shouldn't be a problem with the Drive AP2X platform, which has ClearSightNet that allows the driverless car to "make up for any sensor obstructions." Another new feature includes the platform's ability to generate its own map without having to utilize an existing form of guidance to get around. Companies usually scout out specific sections to gather data to give autonomous cars high-tech maps to go off of, but Drive 9.0 can generate its own by using all of its hardware components to create what the Nvidia calls a Local HD map. The most notable thing about Drive AP2X, though, is Safety Force Field. The moniker refers to an open-source collision avoidance algorithm that predicts where nearby obstructions will pop up. Alongside making predictions, the algorithm actively acts to shield the self-driving car from getting into a collision by using the latest safety features, including automatic emergency braking and intelligent steering. Interestingly, CNET reports that Nvidia is proposing that autonomous vehicles, in a similar fashion to human teenagers, should pass a series of tests to earn a "driver's license." The tests would be completed using Nvidia's latest Drive Constellation software and have the company's Safety Force Field algorithm as the foundation. Seeing as how Nvidia Drive 9.0 will offered to automakers and other tech companies in the near future, and that Safety Force Field is open-source, having automakers put their vehicles through a series of tests that's similar to a "driver's license" is a sound idea that could sway the public into trusting the vehicles more.
0.990161	Rajgir or Rajagriha, which means 'house of the king', was the ancient capital city of the Magadha kings until the 5th century BC when Ajatsatru moved the capital to Pataliputra. Forty-six km from Bodhgaya, the town is sacred to the memory of the founders of both Buddhism and Jainism and houses historical remains like the cyclopean wall and marks engraved in rocks. Rajgir is an important Buddhist pilgrimage site since the Buddha spent 12 years here, and the first Buddhist council after the Buddha was hosted here at the Saptaparni caves. Lord Buddha often went into retreat at the Jivkamaravana monastery in a beautiful orchard. One of his most devoted and prosperous devotees, surgeon Jivaka also lived here. The rich merchant community here soon became the Buddha's followers and built many structures of typical Buddhist architecture. Lord Buddha converted the Mauryan king Bimbisara, one of his most celebrated followers, to Buddhism at the Griddhakuta hill, where he delivered many of his sermons as well. The Japanese have built a Stupa on top of the Ratnagiri hill, linked by a rope way. It was here that the teachings of Buddha were penned down for the first time. Rajgir is also an important place of pilgrimage for the Hindus and Jains. Other places to be visited are Bimbisara ka jail, Jarasandha ka akhara, Venuvana, Karand tank, Maniyar math, Swamabhandar cave, Pippala cave, Viswa Shanti Stupa, the famous hot water springs and ruins of an old fort. The Buddha lived in the sixth century BC Mahavir was born in 567 BC and the traveller in Bihar will encounter them both constantly. Rajgir is 10 kms. south of Nalanda and sacred to the memory of the founder of both Buddhism and Jainism Lord Buddha spent many months of retreat during the rainy season here, and use to meditate and preach on Groddhkuta, the "Hill of the Vultures". Lord Mahavir spent 14 years of his life at Rajgir and Nalanda. It was in Rajgriha that Lord Buddha delivered some of his famous sermons and converted king Bimbisara of the Magadh Kingdom and countless others to his creed. Once a great city, Rajgir is just a village today, but vestives of a legendary and historical past remain, like the cyclopean wall that encircles the town and the marks engraved in rock that local folklore ascribes to Lord Krishna's chariot. This legend, like many others, associates Rajgir to that distant time when the stirring events recorded in the epic Mahabharat were being inacted. This was the place where the Lord Buddha set in motion his second wheel of law and for three months every year during the rainy season, preached many inspiring sermons to his disciples. The Buddha Sangha of Japan have constructed a massive modern stupa, the Shanti Stupa (Peace Pagoda), at the top of the hill in commemoration. A bridle path leads up to the hill but it is much more fun to take the Aerial Chairlift which operates every day except Thursday. One way ride takes 7.5 minutes and the view is splendid over the hills, a prefect destination to click lots of Rajgir photos. On hill crests around Rajgir, far in the distances one can see about 26 Jain temples. They are difficult to approach for the untrained, but make exciting trekking for those in form. At the foot of the Vaibhava Hill. A staircase leads up to the various temples. Separate bathing places have been organised for men and women and the water comes through spouts from Saptadhara, the seven streams, believed to find their source behind the "Saptaparni Caves", up in the hills. The hottest of the springs is the Brahmakund with a temperature od 45 degree Celsius. Above the hot springs on the Vaibhava Hill, is a rectangular stone sculpted by the forces of nature which appears to have been used as a Watch tower. Since it later become the resort of pious hermits, it is also called Pippala Cave and popularly known as "Jarasandha ki Baithak" after the name of the King Jarasandha, a contemporary of Lord Krishna described in the epic Mahabharat. Perfect to relax with nature and also to take plenty of pictures of Rajgir and its attractions. Site of the monastery Venuvana Vihar built by King Bimbisara for Lord Buddha to reside. This was the King's first offering to Lord Buddha. Other archaeological sites including the Karnada Tank where Lord Buddha used to bathe, the maniyar Math that dates from the 1st century AD, the Maraka Kushi where the still unborn Ajatshatru was cursed as a patricide, the Rannbhumi where Bhima and Jarasandha fought one of the Mahabharat battles. The Chariot Route and shell inscriptions are worth a visit for the strangeness of the phenomenon, two parallel furrows cut deep into the rock for about thirty feet giving credence to the local belief that they were "burnt" into the rock by the speed and power of Lord Krishna's chariot when he entered the city of Rajgir during the epic Mahabharat times. Several shell inscriptions, undeciphered characters current in central and eastern India from the 1st to the 5th centuries AD, are engraved in the rock around the chariot marks. Virayatan -a Jain temple and Museum. 18 kms.the lake with its temple of Surya, the Sun God, is a pilgrim destination twice a year in "Vaisakha" (April-May) and in "Kartika" (October-November) during the Chhath Puja or Sun Worship. The Digamber sector of the Jains believe that Lord Mahavir was born at Kundalpur, 18 kms. from Rajgir. A Jain temple and two lotus lakes -the Dirga Pushkarni and Pandava Pushkarni mark the spot. 35 kms. A sinless city, It is a great pilgrimage centre of the Jains. Mahavira Teerthankara, the greatest profounder of Jainism had delivered his last sermon here, took Mahaprinirvana here and was cremated here. Jalamandir and Samosharan are two beautiful temples. 25 kms. away, this little town on the top of a craggy rock, attracts thousands of pilgrims of all religions who visit the tomb of Makhdum Shah Sharif-ud-din, a Muslin saint of 14th century. Bihar Sharif was once the capital of Muslim Governors of Bihar between the 13th and 16th centuries when the city was an active cultural centre and an important seat of Muslim thought and learning. 10 kms. where ruins of the great ancient University have been excavated. The University of Nalanda was founded in 5th century AD, this great seat of learning flourished until 12th century. Once 2000 teachers and 10,000 students crowded its portals. King after king built monasteries and temples here. Rajgir celebrates the Malamasa Mela when a fair is held here every three years. The Indian calendar every three years has a 13th month which is considered auspicious. Another festival specific to Rajgir is the Makar Sankranti Mela, held on the last of the lunar calendar month "Paus", around middle of January. Devotees make flower offering to the deities of the temples at the Hot Springs and bathe in the holy water. Department of Tourism, Bihar organises every year, this colorful festival of classical and folk dances at Rajgir from Oct. 24 to 26. The nearest railhead on Delhi-Howrah main line is Bhaktiyarpur, 54 kms., though the loop line connects Rajgir. Rajgir is connected by road to Patna, Gaya and Delhi/Calcutta. For more info map of Rajgir will help you.
0.998729	Share the post "4 Important Benefits Associated with Juicing" If you’re wanting to live a healthy life, it’s wise to begin juicing. Juicing means taking fruits and vegetables and transforming these foods into healthy beverages. However, it makes sense to wonder what makes juicing so beneficial. Considering that, here are four important benefits of juicing. Research shows that about 70% of Americans aren’t eating enough fruit and vegetables each day. Certain people find it understandably difficult to purchase and consume several cups of fruits and vegetables on a daily basis. By juicing fruits and vegetables, you’re able to receive the nutrients you need without having to eat them. Therefore, juicing and drinking fruits and vegetables allows you to save time and effort when compared to eating these foods. Consuming fruits and vegetables provide a wide range of health benefits. Considering that, many fruits and vegetables are rich in antioxidants. By consuming these antioxidants, you’re able to remove toxins from your body. Removing dangerous toxins from your body is an important step towards living a healthy life. Almost nothing slows down your life faster than being sick. Being sick often involves spending time away from your job while being stuck in bed. Therefore, many people want to do everything possible to avoid getting sick. Considering that, you’ll be glad to know that fruit and vegetable juices help strengthen the immune system. One of the best ways to strengthen your immune system is by consuming vitamins. You’ll find that a single serving of orange juice contains over 200% of the daily amount of vitamin C. Considering that, it’s no surprise that research from 2015 found that orange juice was the most popular juice throughout the United States. It’s understandable to want healthy skin. Many people spend immense amounts of time and money trying to ensure their skin remains healthy. Unfortunately, many of these people are searching for creams and lotions when they should be juicing. Many fruits and vegetables are known for their positive effects on the skin. You’ll also find that consuming healthy juices instead of greasy foods helps to ensure your skin remains as healthy as possible. In closing, it’s important to understand why juicing is so beneficial. If you’re wanting a great potential business idea, think about opening a juice bar. By doing this, you’re able to provide a wide range of healthy juices to your customers. However, it’s important to note that standard juicers aren’t likely to give you the results you’re seeking. Therefore, it’s a good idea to find and purchase commercial fruit juicers. Professional juicers are able to meet the demands of your business. In addition, commercial fruit juicers allow you to rest assured that you’re giving your customers the highest quality juices. If you’re ready to start a profitable and enjoyable business venture, make sure you’re purchasing reliable commercial fruit juicers.
0.915476	Which is the best Catholic compact Bible? The RSV-2CE compact doesn't count as compact, the RSV-CE, I'm not sure, but it's an inadequate translation, the NAB/RE is barely fit to be read (although, I must admit, it looks like the Authorized Version compared to the CEB and some other modern translations), and I've never seen a compact NJB - the only ones I've seen have been massive blue hardcover, massive black bonded leather, and even more massive hardcover with Salvador Dali (?) paintings. In any case, I probably prefer the NABRE to it in all but a few places. I voted for "other", as the Confraternity Pocket NT is the best portable Bible ever; it is single-column; the font is dark, clear, and readable; it is in two-color; it comes with a reading plan; it is nigh indestructible; and it is truly pocket-sized. Unrealated subjects, but have you heard of the New Jerusalem Bible (the large size Doubleday version) going out of print? It is still available various places like Christianbook, but they are currently going for $200-$300+ on Amazon. Also, I got a Leaflet Missal catalog the other day and the Knox Bible is listed in it. I have not yet heard anything from Baronius Press, but since it is listed in a catalog, I am hoping that it will be available by Christmas. Leaflet Missal is also listing the Baronius pocket Douay Rheims, which have been out of stock for a while and listing on Amazon for hundreds of bucks! I feel sorry for whoever paid $800+ for one of those! I should have mentioned the Baronius editions, but they just slipped my mind. Although they seem to be hard to get these days. No English translation is perfect but I think the RSV-CE is good enough. Not as good as the RSV-2CE or the ESV, but good enough. Among the compact Bibles (complete OT and NT) there are not many choices, so I go with the "good enough" RSV-CE until something better comes along. And I'm happy with that.
0.996049	Fill in your email address, check the box indicating you are a real human being, and press the button to receive a confirm email. You can use the confirm email to set your password for the first time, or to change it if you've forgotten it. I am a real human being.
0.999951	Unlike the 1977 USA team that featured eight high school players and finished fifth at the inaugural Jones Cup competition, the USA team in 1979 was one loaded with talent and the result was the United States' first R. William Jones Cup title. It was an extremely busy summer for the U.S. women. The Americans first competed in the World Championship in Seoul, South Korea, then the Jones Cup, then closed the summer by competing in San Juan, Puerto Rico in the Pan American Games. All told, the U.S. 12 would win two gold and one silver medal, while compiling a 16-2 overall record. How talented was the '79 team? Seven of the 12 players were named to the 1980 USA Olympic Team, while one player was an 1976 Olympian and another would be named to the 1984 Olympic squad. Just nine days after finishing 5-1 and capturing the 1979 FIBA World Championship in Seoul, South Korea, the USA began play in the 3rd Annual R. William Jones Cup. Finishing with a perfect 6-0 record and the gold medal, in winning its six games, the U.S. outscored it opponents by and average of 27.8 points a game, with the closest contest being a 15-point victory. Bypassing the preliminary round by virtue of its recent World Championship title, the USA team opened its Jones Cup play on May 22 with an impressive 77-43 romp over Great Britain. Meeting South Korea in its second game, the U.S. had an easy time with the eventual silver medalists, recording a 93-70 win. Continuing to roll, the USA haded the Republic of China-China Airlines an 88-73 setback. Reeling off a 97-79 win over Republic of China-Cathay Life and a dominating 100-40 victory over Sweden, the U.S. closed out the Jone Cup with a 17-point win over Republic of China-Ya Tung, 74-57. The U.S. was also well represented on the Jones Cup All-Tournament Team, with Carol Blazejowski, Tara Heiss, Nancy Lieberman and Rosie Walker each earning a spot on the 12-member team.
0.725699	A computer network, or simply a network, is a collection of computers and other hardware components interconnected by communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information. Where at least one process in one device is able to send/receive data to/from at least one process residing in a remote device, then the two devices are said to be in a network. Simply, more than one computer interconnected through a communication medium for information interchange is called a computer network. Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics, such as the medium used to transport the data, communications protocol used, scale, topology, and organizational scope. Communications protocols define the rules and data formats for exchanging information in a computer network, and provide the basis for network programming. Well-known communications protocols include two Ethernet, hardware and link layer standard that is ubiquitous in local area networks, and the Internet protocol suite, which defines a set of protocols for internetworking, i.e. for data communication between multiple networks, as well as host-to-host data transfer, and application-specific data transmission formats. Distributed computing uses computing resources across a network to accomplish tasks 4. May be insecure A computer network may be used by computer hackers to deploy computer viruses or computer worms on devices connected to the network.g.In a networked environment. and radio waves (wireless LAN). from slowest to fastest transmission speed.hn). each computer on a network may access and use resources provided by devices on the network. A well-known family of communication media is collectively known as Ethernet.4 Wired technologies The order of the following wired technologies is. power line communication. or to prevent these devices from normally accessing the network (denial of service). It is defined by IEEE 802 and utilizes various standards and media that enable communication between devices. e. These devices use radio waves or infrared signals as a transmission medium. Wireless LAN technology is designed to connect devices without wiring. 5. -2- .3 Communication media Computer networks can be classified according to the hardware and associated software technology that is used to interconnect the individual devices in the network. optical fiber. such as electrical cable (Home PNA. In the OSI model. such as printing a document on a shared network printer. 1. It may also be very costly to set up an effective computer network in a large organization or company. amateur radio. 1. 6. May interfere with other technologies Power line communication strongly disturbs certain forms of radio communication.. G. May be difficult to set up A complex computer network may be difficult to set up. roughly. these are located at levels 1 and 2. It may also interfere with last mile access technologies such as ADSL and VDSL. and other work-sites for local area networks. Some advantages of optical fibers over metal wires are less transmission loss. The cables consist of copper or aluminum wire surrounded by an insulating layer (typically a flexible material with a high dielectric constant). and very fast transmission speed. Ordinary telephone wires consist of two insulated copper wires twisted into pairs.  ITU-T G.hn technology uses existing home wiring (coaxial cable. The satellites are stationed in -3- . Relay stations are spaced approximately 48 km (30 mi) apart. The transmission speed ranges from 2 million bits per second to 10 billion bits per second. 1. Computer networking cabling (wired Ethernet as defined by IEEE 802. The use of two wires twisted together helps to reduce crosstalk and electromagnetic induction. Twisted pair wire is the most widely used medium for telecommunication. which are not deflected by the Earth's atmosphere. Twistedpair cabling consist of copper wires that are twisted into pairs. It uses pulses of light to transmit data. designed for use in various scenarios. office buildings. Terrestrial microwaves are in the low-gigahertz range. phone lines and power lines) to create a high-speed (up to 1 Gigabit/s) local area network. The insulation helps minimize interference and distortion.  Communications satellites – The satellites communicate via microwave radio waves. which itself is surrounded by a conductive layer. which limits all communications to line-of-sight. Transmission speed ranges from 200 million bits per second to more than 500 million bits per second. Twisted pair cabling comes in two forms: unshielded twisted pair (UTP) and shielded twisted-pair (STP). Each form comes in several category ratings.5 Wireless technologies  Terrestrial microwave – Terrestrial microwave communication uses Earth-based transmitters and receivers resembling satellite dishes. up to trillions of bits per second.  Coaxial cable is widely used for cable television systems. One can use different colors of lights to increase the number of messages being sent over a fiber optic cable.  An optical fiber is a glass fiber. immunity from electromagnetic radiation.3) consists of 4 pairs of copper cabling that can be utilized for both voice and data transmission.  Infrared communication can transmit signals for small distances. The systems divide the region covered into multiple geographic areas. In IEEE Project 802.11 defines a common flavor of open-standards wireless radio-wave technology. These Earth-orbiting systems are capable of receiving and relaying voice. which limits the physical positioning of communicating devices.  Cellular and PCS systems use several radio communications technologies. Both cases have a large round-trip delay time.000 mi) above the equator. Wireless LANs use spread spectrum technology to enable communication between multiple devices in a limited area. IEEE 802. and TV signals.6 Exotic technologies There have been various attempts at transporting data over more or less exotic media:  IP over Avian Carriers was a humorous April fool's Request for Comments.space.  Extending the Internet to interplanetary dimensions via radio waves.400 km (22. data. It was implemented in real life in 2001. Each area has a low-power transmitter or radio relay antenna device to relay calls from one area to the next area. which prevents useful communication -4- . line-of-sight propagation is used. issued as RFC 1149. In most cases.  Radio and spread spectrum technologies – Wireless local area network use a highfrequency radio technology similar to digital cellular and a low-frequency radio technology. The key challenge in mobile communications is handing off user communications from one local coverage area to the next. typically no more than 10 meters. satellite coverage areas. this involves a succession of terrestrial wireless LANs 1. typically in geosynchronous orbit 35. etc.  A global area network (GAN) is a network used for supporting mobile across an arbitrary number of wireless LANs. is the foundation of all modern internetworking. There are many communication protocols. It is typically a protocol stack. described by a set of standards together called IEEE 802 published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. IEEE 802.11 is a member of the Ethernet protocol suite). but it is also found in WLANs – it is what the home user sees when the user has to enter a "wireless access key". and IEEE 802. a few of which are described below. or whether they use hierarchical or flat addressing. the complete protocol suite deals with a multitude of networking aspects not only for home use. 1. but especially when the technology is deployed to support a diverse range of business needs. An important example of a protocol stack is HTTP running over TCP over IP over IEEE 802. the most well-known member of this protocol family is IEEE 802. For home users today. It has a flat addressing scheme and is mostly situated at levels 1 and 2 of the OSI model. This stack is used between the wireless router and the home user's personal computer when the user is surfing the web.1.8 Ethernet Ethernet is a family of protocols used in LANs.1X defines a port-based Network Access Control protocol. in which each protocol uses the protocol below it. Internet Protocol Suite The Internet Protocol Suite.1Q describes VLANs. which is a "stack" of protocols. whether they use circuit mode or packet switching. such as whether they are connectionoriented or connectionless. However. often also called TCP/IP.11. otherwise known as Wireless LAN (WLAN).7 Communications protocols and network programming A communications protocol is a set of rules for exchanging information over a network. It offers connection-less as well as connection-oriented services over an inherently unreliable network traversed by datagram transmission at the Internet protocol (IP) -5- .11 (TCP and IP are members of the Internet Protocol Suite. Communication protocols have various properties. MAC bridging (IEEE 802. and IEEE 802. which forms the basis for the authentication mechanisms used in VLANs.1D) deals with the routing of Ethernet packets using a Spanning Tree Protocol. the next generation of the protocol with a much enlarged addressing capability. and routing specification in form of the traditional Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) and IPv6. circuit-switched voice encoded in PCM(Pulse-Code Modulation) format. However. the protocol suite defines the addressing. This differs from other protocols such as the Internet Protocol Suite or Ethernet that use variable sized packets or frames. While the role of ATM is diminishing in favor of next-generation networks. uncompressed. This makes it a good choice for a network that must handle both traditional high-throughput data traffic. 1. ATM uses a connection-oriented model in which a virtual circuit must be established between two endpoints before the actual data exchange begins. SONET/SDH also was the obvious choice for transporting Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) frames. and real-time. primarily to support real-time. including the deep stacking of communications protocols used. identification. which is the connection between an Internet service provider and the home user.9 SONET/SDH Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) are standardized multiplexing protocols that transfer multiple digital bit streams over optical fiber using lasers. it still plays a role in the last mile. see -6- . At its core.10 Asynchronous Transfer Mode Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a switching technique for telecommunication networks. 1. It uses asynchronous time-division multiplexing and encodes data into small. They were originally designed to transport circuit mode communications from a variety of different sources. For an interesting write-up of the technologies involved. due to its protocol neutrality and transport-oriented features. fixed-sized cells. low-latency content such as voice and video.level. ATM has similarity with both circuit and packet switched networking. 11 Scale Networks are often classified by their physical or organizational extent or their purpose.1.11. 1. A PAN may include wired and wireless devices. Each computer or device on the network is a node. or closely positioned group of buildings. The reach of a PAN typically extends to 10 meters. phone lines and power lines). A wired PAN is usually constructed with USB and Fire wire connections while technologies such as Bluetooth and infrared communication typically form a wireless PAN.11. Current wired LANs are most likely to be based on Ethernet technology. PDAs. printers. computer laboratory.hn also provide a way to create a wired LAN using existing home wires (coaxial cables. -7- . and even video game consoles. Some examples of devices that are used in a PAN are personal computers. telephones.3 Metropolitan area network A Metropolitan area network (MAN) is a large computer network that usually spans a city or a large campus. scanners. office building. 1.1 Personal area network A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network used for communication among computer and different information technological devices close to one person.11. 1. and access rights differ between these types of networks. school. fax machines. Usage. trust level. although new standards like ITU-T G.2 Local area network A local area network (LAN) is a network that connects computers and devices in a limited geographical area such as home. cables.4 Wide area network A wide area network (WAN) is a computer network that covers a large geographic area such as a city. country.10.1. WAN technologies generally function at the lower three layers of the OSI reference model: -8- . or spans even intercontinental distances. A WAN often uses transmission facilities provided by common carriers. such as telephone companies. and air waves. using a communications channel that combines many types of media such as telephone lines. cable specifications. network adapters.1 Layer 1: physical layer The physical layer defines electrical and physical specifications for devices. repeaters.CHAPTER 2 OSI model The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a product of the Open Systems Interconnection effort at the International Organization for Standardization. The major functions and services performed by the physical layer are:   Establishment and termination of a connection to a communications medium.  Modulation or conversion between the representation of digital data in user equipment and the corresponding signals transmitted over a communications channel. it defines the relationship between a device and a transmission medium. signal timing. A layer serves the layer above it and is served by the layer below it. -9- . Similar communication functions are grouped into logical layers. These are signals operating over the physical cabling (such as copper and optical fiber) or over a radio link. In particular. line impedance. hubs. It is a prescription of characterizing and standardizing the functions of a communications system in terms of abstraction layers. contention resolution and flow control. such as a copper or fiber optical cable. For example. Participation in the process whereby the communication resources are effectively shared among multiple users. This includes the layout of pins. voltages. host bus adapters (HBA used in storage area networks) and more. 2. The transport layer controls the reliability of a given link through flow control.10 - .and connection-oriented. . 2. characteristic of wide area media in the telephone system 2. Subnetwork-independent convergence – handles transfer across multiple networks. The network layer performs network routing functions. and might also perform fragmentation and reassembly.3 Layer 3: network layer The network layer provides the functional and procedural means of transferring variable length data sequences from a source host on one network to a destination host on a different network (in contrast to the data link layer which connects hosts within the same network). 2.25. Subnetwork-dependent convergence – when it is necessary to bring the level of a transit network up to the level of networks on either side 3. This is a logical addressing scheme – values are chosen by the network engineer.2 Layer 2: data link layer The data link layer provides the functional and procedural means to transfer data between network entities and to detect and possibly correct errors that may occur in the physical layer. and error control. Some protocols are state. Sub network access – that considers protocols that deal with the interface to networks. segmentation/desegmentation.4 Layer 4: transport layer The transport layer provides transparent transfer of data between end users.2. The transport layer also provides the acknowledgement of the successful data transmission and sends the next data if no errors occurred. and report delivery errors. sending data throughout the extended network and making the Internet possible. Originally. The addressing scheme is not hierarchical. this layer was intended for point-to-point and point-to-multipoint media. such as X. providing reliable data transfer services to the upper layers. while maintaining the quality of service requested by the transport layer. This means that the transport layer can keep track of the segments and retransmit those that fail. The network layer may be divided into three sublayers: 1. Routers operate at this layer. these layers are nevertheless often compared with the OSI layering scheme in the following way: The Internet application layer includes the OSI application layer.11 - . and establishes checkpointing.7 Comparison with TCP/IP model TCP/IP has four broad layers of functionality which are derived from the operating scope of their contained protocols. . adjournment. and restart procedures. in which the higher-layer entities may use different syntax and semantics if the presentation service provides a mapping between them. the end-to-end transport connection. while the link layer includes the OSI data link and physical layers. 2. The internetworking layer (Internet layer) is a subset of the OSI network layer (see above). or simplex operation.5 Layer 5: session layer The session layer controls the dialogues (connections) between computers.. termination. 2. and passed down the stack. and most of the session layer. the internetworking range. Its endto-end transport layer includes the graceful close function of the OSI session layer as well as the OSI transport layer. This layer provides independence from data representation (e. These comparisons are based on the original sevenlayer protocol model as defined in ISO 7498. It provides for full-duplex. The presentation layer transforms data into the form that the application accepts.2.6 Layer 6: presentation layer The presentation layer establishes context between application-layer entities. presentation layer. manages and terminates the connections between the local and remote application. and the scope of the direct links to other nodes on the local network. Even though the concept is different from the OSI model. presentation service data units are encapsulated into session protocol data units. rather than refinements in such things as the internal organization of the network layer document.g. This layer formats and encrypts data to be sent across a network. namely the scope of the software application. half-duplex. encryption) by translating between application and network formats. as well as parts of OSI's network layer. It establishes. If a mapping is available. although the tunnel host protocol may well be a transport or even an application layer protocol in its own right. or in the description of tunneling protocols.The presumably strict peer layering of the OSI model as it is usually described does not present contradictions in TCP/IP.12 - . . Such examples exist in some routing protocols (e. which provide a link layer for an application. as it is permissible that protocol usage does not follow the hierarchy implied in a layered model. OSPF).g.. Flooding is used in bridging and in systems such as Usenet and peer-to-peer file sharing and as part of some routing protocols. Simple Broadcasting In this method. This results in every message eventually being delivered to all reachable parts of the network.13 - . Each node tries to forward every message to every one of its neighbors except the source node. in some case. Algorithms may need to be more complex than this. and to allow messages to eventually expire from the system. and those used in ad-hoc wireless networks Algorithm There are several variants of flooding algorithm. since.1 Broadcasting Methods 1. including OSPF. This method has two drawbacks  It wastes the bandwidth. In selective . precautions have to be taken to avoid wasted duplicate deliveries and infinite loops. 3. 2. 1. A variant of flooding called selective flooding partially addresses these issues by only sending packets to routers in the same direction. Flooding Flooding is a simple routing algorithm in which every incoming packet is sent through every outgoing link.  The sourse has to have a complete list of all destinations. 2. Each node acts as both a transmitter and a receiver.CHAPTER 3 Broadcast Routing Protocols Sending packet to all destinations simultaneously is called Broadcasting. the source will send a distinct packets to each destination. DVMRP. Then it decides the set of output lines required. Advantages   If a packet can be delivered. AODV supports Unicast. The Count-To-Infinity and loop problem is solved .  Duplicate packets may circulate forever.14 - . In the case of a ping flood or a denial of service attack. While a message may only have one destination it has to be sent to every host. Problems  Flooding can be costly in terms of wasted bandwidth. In this algorithm each packets contains a list of destination or a bit map which indicates the desired destination. it will (probably multiple times). Adhoc OnDemand Distance Vector Routing AODV is an „on demand routing protocol‟ with small delay. Mutidestination Routing This is the third algorithm used for broadcasting. Ex. unless certain precautions are taken:  Use a hop count or a time to live count and include it with each packet.  Messages can become duplicated in the network further increasing the load on the networks bandwidth as well as requiring an increase in processing complexity to disregard duplicate messages. Broadcast and Multicast without any further protocols. This value should take into account the number of nodes that a packet may have to pass through on the way to its destination.flooding the routers don't send every incoming packet on every line but only on those lines which are going approximately in the right direction. it will also use the shortest path. Since flooding naturally utilizes every path through the network. it can be harmful to the reliability of a computer network.  This algorithm is very simple to implement. That means that routes are only established when needed to reduce traffic overhead.   Have each node keep track of every packet seen and only forward each packet once Enforce a network topology without loops 3. 255.A route request message is transmitted by a node requiring a route to a node. In AODV every hop has the constant cost of one. AODV defines three types of control messages for route maintenance: RREQ. Only one router in each of them is responsible to operate the AODV for the whole subnet and serves as a default gateway. the packets that initiated the RREQ).e. It has to maintain a sequence number for the whole subnet and to forward every package.255 . It is also expanded by routing flags.with sequence numbers and the registration of the costs. It treats an IP address just as an unique identifier. The routes age very quickly in order to accommodate the movement of the mobile nodes.1: RREQ FIELDS Source Address Broadcast Id Source sequence no. The RREQ contains the following fields. Every RREQ carries a time to live (TTL) value that states for how many hops this message should be forwarded. To characterize the AODV with the five criteria used by Keshav AODV is distributed. deterministic. In AODV the routing table is expanded by a sequence number to every destination and by time to live for every entry. They are implemented as subnets. AODV uses IP in a special way. hop-by-hop. But also aggregated networks are supported. a list of precursors and for outdated routes the last hop count is stored. Hop count . the interface. Retransmissions occur if no replies are received.15 - . This value is set to a predefined value at the first transmission and increased at retransmissions. Link breakages can locally be repaired very efficiently. As an optimization AODV uses an expanding ring technique when flooding these messages. single path and state dependent. Destination address Destination sequence no.255. Table 2. This can easily be done with setting the Subnetmask to 255. Every node maintains two separate counters: a node sequence number and a broadcast_ id. Data packets waiting to be transmitted (i. a RERR message is used to notify other nodes of the loss of the link. is that every route forwarding a RREQ caches a route back to the originator. or it has a valid route to the requested address. Broadcast_id is incremented whenever the source issues a new RREQ. containing the IP address for each its neighbors that are likely to use it as a next hop towards each destination. .Nodes monitor the link status of next hops in active routes.16 - . each node keeps a ―precursor list''. broadcast ID> uniquely identifies a RREQ. When a link breakage in an active route is detected. RERR. RREP.The pair <source address. The reason one can unicast the message back.A route reply message is unicast back to the originator of a RREQ if the receiver is either the node using the requested address. In order to enable this reporting mechanism. so as to prevent disturbing all nodes in a network when only a few may be interested in a particular service. Not all network technologies support broadcast addressing.2 control field. Both Ethernet and IPv4 use an all-ones broadcast address to indicate a broadcast packet. . neither X. IPv6 also does not implement the broadcast method. for example. multicasting limits the pool of receivers to those that join a specific multicast receiver group. where the performance impact of broadcasting is not as large as it would be in a wide area network.25 nor frame relay have broadcast capability. Broadcast a message is in contrast to unicast addressing in which a host sends datagrams to another single host identified by a unique IP address.17 - . the scope of the broadcast is limited to a broadcast domain. Instead it relies on multicast addressing a conceptually similar one-to-many routing methodology.Conclusion In computer networking. broadcasting refers to transmitting a packet that will be received by every device on the network In practice. However. The successor to Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4). most notably Ethernet and token ring. Broadcasting is largely confined to local area network (LAN) technologies. Token Ring uses a special value in the IEEE 802. nor is there any form of Internet-wide broadcast. Tata Mcgraw-Hill Publication 2009. 4th Edition. Encarta Encyclopedia.REFERENCES 1.Fourozan. 5th Pearson Education 2012 . “ Data communication and Networking” by Behrouz A.18 - . 3. . “Compute Networks” Edition. by Andrew S Tanenbaum and David J Wetherall. 2.
0.999978	Why does fMRI start with a lowercase f? As it stands for functional in functional magnetic resonance imaging. The fMRI Wikipedia page has a history section, but it does not explain why a lowercase f was used, nor when the term was first used. Is there any other example? I think the reason is that fMRI really stands for "functional MRI" rather than for "functional magnetic resonance imaging". That may sound like a distinction without a difference (since MRI stands for "magnetic resonance imaging"), but acronyms and initialisms tend to take on a life of their own. (For example, we wouldn't say *"a magnetic resonance imaging", but "an MRI" is well-attested in reference to an individual scan or an individual machine.) Analogous cases, as noted in comments above and in the question that Gary links to, include mRNA ("messenger RNA") and hPSC ("human PSC"). That said, most similar abbreviations actually don't take this approach. Usually the added letter isn't set off at all (such that a neonatal ICU is a NICU and a hash-based MAC is an HMAC); occasionally it's set off with a hyphen (such that transfer DNA is T-DNA and Broadband ISDN is B-ISDN). I don't think there's any specific factor that leads to one approach or another, other than the personal preference of the people introducing the terms. CAT scans were followed by positron emission tomography or PET scans, which measured the decay of radioactive chemicals in brain tissue, and also MRI, which detected magnetic force. But all of these early images were static. The “movies” of brain function only became possible with confirmation of the link between blood flow and brain activity. This opened the possibility of using MRI to study more than just brain structure. With this connection, the active functioning of the brain could be predicted. Hence the lower case “f” added to MRI.
0.999096	How to do the continental stitch in needlepoint? Needlepoint is a type of counted thread embroidery where the yarn is stitched through open weave canvas. In most cases the needlepoint designs that you are likely to see shall be those that cover the entire fabric to create a wholesome look. While there are various stitches that can be used in needlepoint embroidery, the one that is most common is tent stitch. The patterns are created by using different colors to make the differentiations. The extent to which the needlepoint shall look delicate or not depends on the underlying fabric that is being used and the number of strands that you will need to take to fill up the area. A smaller number of strands will allow you to make the picture that you are creating appear more delicate and pretty. A sub category of needlepoint is petit point which is basically needlepoint that is done on fine canvas. Since needlepoint is almost always stiff it is best used in wall hangings, pillows, upholstery, purses, eye glass cases, mobile cases and the borders of linen. Ancient Egyptians are credited with the use of needlepoint for the first time. These people used slanted stitches to sew up canvas tents. This craft was also very popular in the 16th century where tent stitch was used on canvas. Furniture upholstery that had needlepoint became extremely popular in the 17th century and from here the innovations in needlepoint continued. The threads that are used today for needlepoint include wool, silk, cotton and other blends of the same. Sometimes metallic cords, metallic braids, ribbon and raffia are also used. The tent stitch can be created as basketweave, continental or half cross. The size of the canvas that is used in needlepoint is available in various sizes. The size starts from 5 threads per inch to 24 threads per inch and the most popular sizes are between 10 and 18 threads per inch. The canvasses available in the market are also varied and include mono canvas, Penelope canvas, interlock mono canvas, rug and plastic canvas. While doing the work the canvas needs to be put in a frame or a hoop to ensure that the canvas stays stretched. Some of the needlepoint stitches that you can use in your projects include arraiolos stitch, brick stitch, cross stitch, encroaching upright gobelin stitch, gobelin stitch, Hungarian ground stitch, Hungarian point stitch, mosaic stitch, old florentine stitch, parisian stitch, random long stitch, smyrna stitch, tent stitches (Basketweave, Continental and Half cross) and whipped flower stitch. Each of these can be created in different styles and can be mixed and matches to create different types of effects.
0.999426	What is the meaning and the psychology of the color white and what does it say about your personality if white is your favorite color? White is linked to being clean, purity and freshness. White is associated with the medical profession, doctors wear white coats which gives the impression of being clean and promoting health. White is also connected to openness and honesty. In religion priests and other religious figures wear white to represent purity and innocence. White is also associated with heaven. The color white is also depicted in fiction as the color of good, such as a white unicorn, or the light side compared to the dark side. White is also linked to fresh starts, wiping the slate clean, an open mind, new beginnings, possibilities and opportunities for creation. White can also be a modern color which implies simplicity, which is why certain devices like house hold technology, mobile phones and MP3 players are white. If somebody wears white or owns a white car it could suggest that being clean is very important to them. White can be difficult to keep pure white which could indicated that they are a perfectionist. White is often a good color when combined with other colors, meaning a lot of attention is given to their dress sense, showing they take pride in their appearance and looking good. More than likely an out going personality that likes attention, as white is very noticeable. White cars are becoming more popular, more conventional which could suggest a desire to be like the majority, to be conventional/normal and to follow trends. It could also suggest a practical thinking and safety conscious person for choosing a highly visible color. You have an open book, nothing to hide mentality. You have a well balanced and stable personality and you are able to control your emotions. You like cleanliness and you are very hygienic, it can annoy you when others are not so focused on cleanliness. You are a perfectionist and if you have imperfections you will try to hide them. Your quest for perfection can lead to you being very critical of others and also yourself. You often think about things before acting, often not impulsive. You have a desire for simplicity in your life. White encourages clarity of thought and to make fresh starts. White is a clean and pure color which is linked to hygiene and health which could influence the mind. White is a color which promotes fairness and none bias behaviors. White also promotes efficiency and organization. Because white implies new beginnings and fresh starts, it also provides hope. While white does suggest a clean slate, it can also be interpreted as empty and lonely. It’s an unemotional, cold color which is not easy to relate to. Somebody wearing white may come across as uncaring, serious and not approachable.
0.999831	My idea to make guns/artillery pieces easier (cheaper?) to build(a rifling rig is extremly expensive): Instead of using smooth bullets in a rifled barrel, put rounds with rifled grooves ground into the bullet in a smoothbore weapon. The grooves would be about 0.5-1mm deep. I assume the grooves would stabilize the bullet in flight through air friction in the grooves. Also, large artillery pieces need to have their barrel exchanged every 5000 shots or so, as the rifling gets worn away. With this, that wouldn't be needed, as the rifled part is replaced every time you reload. The range might be a bit less, due to the added air friction on the bullet, or does that happen with normal rifle ammo to? I assume this would make it impossible to trace bullets to specific guns, so bullet serial numbers might be a good idea. Well, the purpose of rifling is to spin the bullet. That won't happen with your bullets and a smooth bore, and besides, all the hot gasses will escape, and the slug will just fall out the end. While this does offer an improvement to the flight characteristics of a slug fired from a smoothbore, it doesn't approach the efficiency and accuracy of a slug fired from a rifled bore. The design of the slugs in [bristolz] first link will spin up the slug after it leaves the muzzle, hopefully before it has a chance to tumble in flight. The slug still exits the muzzle with no rotation. Also, rifling a barrel is a one-time expense, and is consistent from shot to shot. Rifling the projectile will have much greater shot-to-shot variation. Good idea, but with limited applications. If it wasn't so baked, I'd bun it. [FF] I don't see the difference between rifling the barrel and rifling the bullet. Can't you have the same surface area and pattern of contact? Sure, the bullet will have different interaction with the air after leaving the barrel, but it seems to me that the interaction with the barrel should be similar. (after a bit of research on how rifling works) Ok, it turns out that the soft lead bullet actually deforms into the rifling. This can't be done the other way. Though perhaps the answer is to keep rifling, but add harder metal curved pieces to the bullet designed to slide into rifling. You'd have to re-engineer your gun (to have a constant rifling curve and to load the bullet correctly), but you may have to re-rifle less often. So, does my knowing about rifled slugs make this widely-know-to-exist or am I just a weirdo? I think known-to-exist-by-[bristolz] would be a terribly stringent standard. AFAIK, the rifling curve is constant (how many twists per unit length of barrel). Inside the barrel, it doesn't really matter what your bullet is shaped like. As an analogy, consider a car driving on a wet road. If you turn the steering wheel and lock your brakes, the car continues to skid straight ahead (assuming it wasn't already spinning), despite the fact that the front wheels are angled. The same thing happens inside a smoothbore gun. A normal bullet is a rotational solid, i.e. it has full rotational symmetry. It doesn't matter how you twist it, it will fit in the breech the same way. As the bullet leaves the cartridge, it's forced across the rifling lands and grooves, and the surface of the bullet becomes as an exact fit to the inner surface of the barrel. The bullet spins with the rifling just as a train moves along its tracks. Making a bullet to custom-fit your rifling will require more complex bullet manufacturing processes and much more precise placement of a cartridge in the breech. This will make any type of repeating firearm (aside from possibly a revolver type) much more complex. I stated earlier that the rifled slugs (as used in shotguns; I've used them myself on occasion) are effective in a limited scenario (using a slug in a smoothbore gun otherwise designed for shot), providing increased range and accuracy and a flatter trajectory than an unrifled slug that is allowed to tumble. Shots out to 200 yards are made possible by the use of this type of slug in a shotgun. For a quality rifle in the hands of a good marksman, 200 yards is laughably short range. 500 yards starts to get interesting, 750 is a challenge and 1000+ gets difficult. (A family friend is a retired sniper. He used the standard issue rifles while he was active, but in retirement, he uses a custom made gun with 30.06 cartridges that he necks down to .223, shooting .2 moa. (a quarter at 1000 yds is approximately 1 moa)). To do this, consistency is absolutely critical. I stand by my statement; rifling the slug will provide an improvement over an unrifled slug in a very limited set of conditions, so in general, (+). But, since rifled slugs already exist, I stand by my [mfd]. // (a quarter at 1000 yds is approximately 1 moa) // I think your '0' key stuttered there, [Freefall]. 1 less zero would be about right. Ah, so I did...I stand corrected. That's what Gyrojet did, isn't it? That and the fact that you could stop the round leaving the barrel simply by putting your finger on the muzzle perhaps? I'd've thought most firearms would, at least with limited exposure. Underwater is a Bad Thing. But interestingly, in hard vacuum, conventional gas-expansion projectile weapons function perfectly well. The major problem is that of lubricants; many hydrocarbon lubricatns have unacceptably high vapour pressures, causing them to "flash off" even when the weapon is idle. However, there are silicone-based compounds that will allow the classic Browning .30-06 and .50 calibre equipments to operate in hard vacuum (and very low temperatures, such as those existing in LEO) without damage for useable lengths of time (several belts) without incurring excessive wear on the mechanism or the barrel. Bringing the weapon inboard for cleaning and relubrication does present technical issues, and the exotic allioys required to achieve the minimal differential expansion coefficents for both weapon and ammuntion (essential if jams are to be avoided) are not insuperable, and the technology may be regarded as "flight-proven". bit of a bugger trying to sight one in in orbit.
0.944278	News The council will vote to put the plan up for public exhibition. Where is the Fraser Coast's best park for kids? Environment There are 21 parks and gardens in Hervey Bay and 32 in Maryborough.
0.995854	Explain in an Expert manner why you need to retract your Resignation and show that you are intent on remaining in the company. Accepting a heat of the moment resignation may have a negative impact on your business. There are over a few reasons for resignation including wellness, family problems or employment problems. As you do not will need to give a reason behind your resignation, You might still want to consider it especially, if you’re leaving with immediate effect. A resignation can be impacted by the demand for somebody to modify their career route completely. A direct resignation is something that ought to be avoided at any price if at all possible, as it might be detrimental to your reputation as a worker. The reason might help to make the resignation Somewhat less painful For the company and makes sure that you don’t need to quit and burn your bridges. In truth, it is better if the letter does not mention the main reason for the resignation whatsoever, but instead only gives details like when the death will be effective and actions the company plans to take in order to ensure the transition happens as smoothly as possible. Reminding you again that your resignation was approved and you will collect your initial documents from the corporation. Your instant resignation will most likely be a great inconvenience to your company, so it’s important that you express gratitude for their company. In Nearly All instances, your correspondence ought to be published and signed. As it is an official sort of correspondence, it needs to be brief and precise. Resignation approval letters doesn’t have to be too long. Don’t forget, you are not required to include your motive behind Resigning in your correspondence. Following that, you are well prepared to close your letter out and move forward. Resignation letters should be edited to fit your very own personal circumstance. It’s vital to note that resignation letters aren’t rants on why you are leaving your work or why you’re unhappy by it. Regardless of the reason behind your writing, the correspondence must be Formal and professional. A resignation letter may appear unnecessary as soon as you’re moving on out of work, but you should not ever walk off without submitting an official letter of resignation to your supervisor. Resignation letters are among the best methods to formally exit a business with a positive tone and to reinforce your relationship with the business and your coworkers in the future. If a person shoves a resignation letter beneath your nose and teaches you to sign it, then don’t sign until you don’t just know it, but are ready to accept the ramifications of signing it. Let us recap the superior example resignation letter to get a whole. Your letter ought to be sent by email or hand-delivered. Resignation letters aren’t where to compose an emotional poem regarding the way the sunlight shines into the kitchen on Taco Tuesday. Resignation acceptance letter is a formal management of accepting the resignation of the worker. Take your time with the correspondence though it’s brief. Resignation Letters are a formality, and a lot of people don’t utilize them whatsoever. Just because there are lots of reasons for instance, in addition, there are lots of procedures to write a resignation letter. Your employer may want to hurriedly find a Individual to replace you. Describe to your employer that you have the ability to contribute more where you’re at currently. If your employer will not accept your retraction, then you’re going to be lawfully obliged to work your note and leave. Regardless of what you believe your employer, they’re likely to have a disruption because you’re leaving your job is to try and make it as pain-free as possible. If you are a truly valuable employee, your employer will attempt to work out something. You will need to show your company that you’re professional as soon as you retract a resignation. The new employer might want for you to begin once possible say, two weeks. Carefully assess both the scenario itself and your Understanding of the employee, taking into consideration the impact on the company in case the employee remains and the probability of their earning a claim if they don’t, to help determine your strategy. Sample If you’re attempting to develop a great way to reply to a former employee, visiting an answer to resignation letter sample from a supervisor will probably be in a position to assist. Workers May Not be obliged to provide advance notice before resigning. On the other hand, they can opt to end the employment relationship for any reason in any way. The resigning employee may be requested to meet certain direction regulations. My occupation is to assist you to locate the keys to your transformation. If you are applying for work in France, a few particulars of the normal cover letter are distinct out of a cover letter that you could prepare for a job application in the United States of america. As an example, you may prefer to perform an additional part-time occupation rather than taking out the total amount of the loan. If you are going to begin a new job, but you may have to present a replica of your project offer letter to confirm your new wages. Fully being an Superb employee counts greater than expertise, Plenty of this moment. Describe to your employer that you’re able to contribute more where you are at currently. An employer needs to be able to demonstrate it’s handled all employees involved in a similar situation the specific same manner. If you’re genuinely a valuable employee, your employer will attempt to work out something. An employer admits the very simple truth that it is customary for you to provide a wake-up notice in your current job before beginning a new one. The new employer may want for you to begin once possible say, fourteen days. Because some possible employers may be immune to opening attachments, paste your resume in the base of your email or supply an online link to your resume onto your personal site or LinkedIn profile. Typically, all applicants of the Specific same year in college Receive their awards at the very same moment, regardless of when they filed their applications. You may have an incomplete program or you might have neglected to answer if you were contacted to confirm some of the information that you provided. It is essential that you know the steps in the procedure to supply you with a better comprehension of these challenges you may face and the best way to handle them efficiently. You Don’t Have to integrate the reasons you’re leaving in the Letter, though you’re in a position to. When leaving work, it is important to submit an official letter of resignation. You’ll have to examine your letter and ascertain whether you want to accept the complete award. Some agencies even offer training like software program tutorials. In the majority of cases, a state agency is not going to offer this, and may decline making you a job offer. Over a few companies offer you senior executives a choice to get all or part of a raise to get a lump sum. Other business will use the guidance of a temp worker who has proven to be a company asset. The phone company referred to as the FBI and the FBI in turn known as the neighborhood authorities. Ideally, the company must also send you a duplicate of their person specification or it might be included in the job ad. Obtaining a company to agree to utilize your merchandise or services could possibly be half of your job. If you qualify you’re likely to be set on the waiting list. When You take a look at the listing of colleges you would like to attend, so be sure you discover the minimum GRE score required. As an example, suppose you’re requested to disclose a few private information regarding your current employer. When choosing a temp service for the very first time, you may Need to devote some time selecting one which satisfies your individual needs. Wait and review the business’s counteroffer for a few days, stating that you’d prefer some opportunity to take into account its generous supply. Permit the employer or human resources officer know that you want to have a while to consider the deal, and talk about it with your family members and household members. It’s important to select the time to get knowledgeable about teaching unions, dues, retirement programs and health benefits today. Now it is time to take advantage of this knowledge to choose which communication method will be the best to use to reconnect with him. If you are unemployed for a lengthy time, you’ve got to adjust to some other facts. The given time involving both events depends upon the organization’s immediate demand for your position, the quantity of applicants and also the place’s placement in the company’s hierarchy. Enable the company Think about your offer. Tell the customer you’ll have to read the offer carefully and will go back to them. group. You just should adhere to some basic steps to find the cash you want. If you are searching for a complete lot or hunting for a flat, you will want to consult with the vendor fast to have the best chance. Write the very first paragraph of this human body of this letter, which States why you’re writing. When you are prepared to write your letter, get to the middle of the matter. At any time you have done this, you are prepared to write a resignation letter that is formal. So it’s rather imperative that you write a high quality resignation letter prior to leaving occupation. Because It’s a formal sort of letter, it has to be brief and precise. Remember, the decision on how best to create your letter is your choice. You do not need to integrate the reasons you are departing in the letter, though you are in a position to. A formal letter offers proof of your request and outlines several crucial characteristics of your leave, like the date you want your leave to begin and the expected duration. The key to writing a prosperous letter is to stick to the correct format, which is explained in such steps. Here are a couple of suggestions about how to compose a very good letter to get resignation. You’d love to continue to keep your letter brief. As soon as You’ve done that, you’re well prepared to write a resignation letter that’s formal. When leaving work, it is important to submit a formal letter of resignation. Don’t rely on getting a sympathetic ear from your employer Should you not own a valid reason for leaving your occupation. If you are feeling stuck in your work and you donat know what things to do, then perchance a fresh outlook could be useful. If you do not depart from your job in a respectful fashion, remember, the entire world is a tiny region, you will encounter people you previously worked with in all kinds of situations. Propose a training session for a direct employee who might be in a position to take over the job you were doing. A great deal of individuals find out in their first job they want to have a somewhat different direction. Some folks are extremely much sensitive to the job they are Being supplied. On occasion, you might have disliked the work very much but the letter should be positive. As you contemplate quitting your job, below are a few additional matters you may want to think about before you hand in your resignation letter. When you decide to resign from your job, it’s an expected courtesy to compose a formal job resignation letter into your companies. You might also leave a project as a consequence of partner’s relocation to a different city. Nearly everyone will Opt to leave his job at some point or another. Whether you’ve got another job to visit or not, it is a really good concept to remain in touch with people in your business. So you’ve resolved to quit your work, you could possibly be leaving to pursue another place, you might be leaving for personal reasons, or you might have been fed up with what’s been happening in your workplace. Whether you love or hate your work, you may find the chance to pursue new opportunities everywhere. You’re not obligated to tell your employer why you’re leaving, But should you desire to maintain a professional, mutually respectful relationship with your employer, it would be smart to disclose your own future intentions in the event you’re leaving to pursue other career opportunities. Leaving with a transparent sense of what you’ve accomplished and what your employer thinks of you’re in a position to enhance your confidence and make it simpler to request that a superior reference. Last, don’t forget that your employer already had ample opportunity to ask you regarding your feedback before you opted to depart. They can not pressure you to operate for a further timeframe. The employer wasn’t able to continue using the enquiry. Many other companies may want to check on the employment background, therefore earn a bid to leave with a slate that’s clean. Employees who are terminated might face a more difficult time securing A new position on account of this stigma attached to termination. Irrespective Of how great of a manager you are, sometimes workers are most likely to leave. The Worker is indeed shocked and distraught which he or she has trouble Remembering the particulars of what was said for the remainder of the assembly. Information that you would like to include, in order for your employer can get Connected with you. Obviously, the company will wonder why you left in the First place and what’s changed since the previous period you worked for the organization. If however you’re in a position to be open with your current Know that you are interested in finding work elsewhere.
0.999571	The Department of Commerce (DoC) is responsible for promoting U.S. commercial interests in both domestic and international markets. During FY 1998, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the Office of Air and Space Commercialization (OASC), the International Trade Administration (ITA), the National Telecommunications and Information Agency (NTIA), and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) engaged in a wide variety of space-related activities to ensure U.S. economic growth, development, and competitiveness in the global marketplace. NOAA successfully launched NOAA-K (15), the first of its new series of polar-orbiting satellites, on May 13, 1998. NOAA-15 is the first in a series of five satellites with improved imaging and sounding capabilities that will operate over the next 12 years and will collect meteorological and environmental data and transmit information to users around the world. On May 29, 1998, as part of the convergence of the U.S. polar satellites under the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS), NOAA assumed operational responsibility for the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) from the U.S. Air Force. With respect to the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) program, NOAA took operational responsibility of the GOES-10 satellite, which had been launched in 1997, and placed it into an onorbit storage mode for use as an "onorbit spare" satellite, should one of the two operational satellites (GOES-8 or GOES-9) fail. In April 1998, when GOES-9 (GOES West) started to experience anomalies, NOAA personnel brought GOES-10 back into onorbit operational mode to provide meteorological coverage with minimal impact to the Nation's weather forecasting. NOAA personnel continued to conduct both the polar satellitesthose of DMSP and the Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite (POES) programand GOES program operations from the Suitland, Maryland, satellite control center. NOAA's National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Services (NESDIS) continued its involvement in the Landsat Program Management group, comprised of NESDIS, NASA, and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). NOAA, NASA, and the USGS cohosted the 27th Landsat Ground Station Operations Working Group in May 1998, as well as conducted a Special Technical Session on Landsat 7 operations. NESDIS continued negotiations with 18 international ground stations interested in signing Landsat 7 MOU's to receive data directly from the spacecraft. NESDIS continued to work with the 11 international ground stations that are currently part of the Landsat 4/5 program. At NOAA's NESDIS, research and data centers made significant progress toward utilizing the World Wide Web as a means to meet national and global customer data demands. The three data centersthe National Climatic Data Center, the National Geophysical Data Center, and the National Oceanographic Data Centersurpassed prior records for fulfilling data requests from the public and the research community. NESDIS personnel continued to develop new products for public and Government use. National Climatic Data Center personnel participated in a number of global climate change studies in which long-term data revealed significant anomalies in global land-surface temperature. The National Geophysical Data Center continued its geophysical and paleo-environmental work, as well as applications of the DMSP data to develop global nighttime lights and global fire products. The Washington, D.C., Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) within NOAA began operations in November 1997. One purpose of the VAAC is to provide to the aviation and volcanology community virtually real-time analysis of satellite products to support volcanic ash eruptions. In addition to providing operational messages about other eruptions in its area of responsibility, the VAAC provided more than 435 advisory messages for the Soufriere Hills volcano in Montserrat, West Indies. This VAAC is the largest of nine worldwide and is operated under the auspices of the World Meteorological Organization and the International Civil Aviation Organization. NESDIS provided operational satellite-derived fire support for wildfires in Indonesia, Mexico, Central America, and Brazil at the request of the U.S. Agency for International Development, the Department of State, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service, and the governments of Mexico and Brazil. NESDIS personnel also provided satellite-derived products to support fire-suppression activities to local firefighting units in southern Florida. In the area of commercial licensing, NESDIS published a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking on private remote-sensing regulations in November 1997 and held a public meeting to solicit comments on the proposed regulations in April 1998. NESDIS issued its first Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) license, issued two license amendments, and approved six international agreements. In response to statutory requirements on the commercial imagery of Israel, NESDIS worked with an interagency group to develop and publish the 2-meter imaging limitation. During FY 1998, the Administrators of NOAA and NASA signed a basic agreement on behalf of the two agencies concerning collaborative programs. This was an umbrella agreement covering 12 MOU's, some of which also involved international partners. In addition, the NOAA and NASA Administrators signed an MOU with the secretary of the Indian Department of Space for science cooperation in the areas of Earth and atmospheric sciences. The Indian MOU will provide for real-time exchange of Indian geostationary satellite data (from INSAT) within the context of cooperative activities in the Earth and atmospheric sciences. Also in the international arena, NOAA completed amendments to the Argos MOU Amendment with France's Centre Nationale d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) to cover instruments on the future NOAA-N' (N prime) satellite. NESDIS participated in a number of bilateral activities with the Canadian Space Agency for Radarsat I/II, the National Space Development Agency (NASDA) of Japan for the Advanced Land Observing Satellite and Advanced Earth Observing Satellite II systems. Negotiators made significant progress on the proposed Integrated Joint Polar Systems with the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) for instruments on future polar satellites as part of the NPOESS program. NESDIS also participated in many activities associated with the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) at the plenary, working group, and project levels. NESDIS chaired the Disaster Management Support Project in connection with CEOS and the Integrated Global Observing Strategy and held a number of meetings in Europe, Asia, and the United States aimed at gathering information from space agencies and disaster/emergency managers about their current use of satellite data and their requirements. Also at DoC, OASC continued efforts to foster an economic and policy environment that promotes the global preeminence of the U.S. commercial space industry. OASC served as an advocate for the U.S. commercial satellite imaging industry during high-level interagency meetings on U.S. remote-sensing policy regarding Canada, Greece, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Russia, and Spain. The office also worked in coordination with other DoC bureaus to serve U.S. commercial interests in the areas of GPS and launch services. As a member of the Interagency GPS Executive Board (IGEB), DoC contributed significantly to major U.S. decisions affecting the future of GPS. NOAA, OASC, and the NTIA participated in the decisionmaking processes that led to and stemmed from the March 1998 commitment to add new civilian capabilities to GPS, as announced by Vice President Al Gore. In particular, NOAA and OASC cochaired an interagency working group established by the IGEB to develop a strategy for funding GPS as a national priority. NOAA also led the collection and documentation of civilian requirements for GPS modernization. With respect to GPS radio spectrum, NTIA played an essential role in conducting technical studies, supporting both the GPS modernization effort and the U.S. position at the World Radio Conference. DoC officials also served on U.S. delegations that met with Japan and the European Union to negotiate agreements intended to establish GPS as a worldwide standard. The consultations with Japan culminated in a joint statement on GPS cooperation signed by President Bill Clinton and Japanese Prime Minister Keizo Obuchi in September 1998. OASC and ITA represented the interests of U.S. launch and satellite industries during annual consultations with China, Russia, and the Ukraine on commercial space launch services. In October 1997, DoC participated in the negotiation and signing of an amendment to the U.S.-China agreement covering price guidelines for launches to LEO. ITA's Office of Aerospace also participated in discussions with the European Union concerning government support for the development of new civil aircraft programs. ITA, in concert with other agencies, undertook efforts to advance U.S. trade interests regarding regulatory measures in Europe that could restrict U.S. exports. ITA also participated in discussions with Russia and the Ukraine to encourage them to sign the GATT Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft as a part of their World Trade Organization (WTO) accession. In the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum, ITA sought to advance a proposal aimed at eliminating aircraft tariffs imposed by APEC members. ITA served on a U.S. delegation that met with Russia to discuss the implementation of tariff waivers on civil aircraft. ITA also supported efforts of the U.S.-China Joint Committee on Commerce and Trade to expand intergovernmental cooperation and trade in civil aviation and airports. To promote the export of U.S. aerospace products, ITA sponsored Aerospace Product Literature Centers at major international aerospace exhibitions and air shows in Berlin, Chile, China, Dubai, Kuala Lumpur, South Africa, Singapore, and the United Kingdom. Trade leads generated through this literature center concept numbered more than 7,500. ITA also supported U.S. firms in international aerospace competitions, including those for helicopters, commercial transport aircraft, and space launch vehicles. ITA's Office of Telecommunications continued its work to support U.S. access to satellite markets overseas through a variety of bilateral and multilateral initiatives. Under the WTO Agreement on Basic Telecommunications Services, the Office of Telecommunications supported the U.S. Trade Representative's office in monitoring several aspects of the agreement, including provisions relating to market access for satellite service providers. ITA supported the inclusion of certain satellite products in the Information Technology Agreement II, with the goal of reducing tariffs and facilitating increased trade. ITA sought to increase market access for U.S. companies through its support for the U.S.-Argentina Satellite Services Agreement, which was signed in June 1998. ITA also endeavored to open Japan's direct-to-home satellite services market for U.S. companies through the U.S.-Japan Enhanced Initiative on Deregulation and Competition Policy. Also with regard to Japan, ITA monitored compliance with the 1990 U.S.-Japan Satellite Procurement Agreement. ITA developed updated market data and projections on the sales of satellite services and equipment, space transportation services, and other space-related goods and services for inclusion in the 1999 U.S. Industry and Trade Outlook. ITA also released a major study of market trends and growth in the commercial GPS industry. As the lead advisory agency for Federal Government telecommunications issues, NTIA undertook a number of policy initiatives regarding satellites and other space-based communications systems. Specifically, NTIA provided policy guidance on the restructuring of the International Telecommunications Satellite (INTELSAT) Organization and the International Mobile Satellite (INMARSAT) Organization. NTIA continued to manage the Federal Government's use of the radio spectrum, including assignments for NASA, DoD, NOAA, and other Government satellite programs. NTIA worked closely with other U.S. regulatory authorities and commercial satellite users at the ITU World Radio Conference to secure spectrum allocations for satellite systems in frequency bands above 15 gigahertz (GHz). NIST performed a wide variety of metrology-related research in support of aeronautics and space activities during FY 1998. NIST scientists and engineers worked in collaboration with their counterparts in eight NASA Centers on more than 50 projects. NIST supplied the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) with time and frequency reference services for the Deep Space Network, using the NIST atomic clock, and collaborated with NASA scientists on the development of a laser-cooled cesium clock for scientific and technical applications in space. NIST evaluated chemical kinetic data in support of NASA's upper atmospheric research program and provided calibration services for NASA's EOS. NIST worked closely with NASA scientists on developing space telescope imaging spectrograph and spectral and photometric imaging systems. Finally, several scientists from NASA Centers conducted joint experiments with NIST staff, using the NIST Cold Neutron Facility at the Center for Neutron Research and the NIST Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility.
0.996501	Create a sentence with the words “neon green” and train”. Sitting on a train, grieving over the sorrowful hours she has been gone through, Jay wept.! Nothing could turn her mind but the fresh floral scent of neon green flowers did their work.!!! The decision of doing Olevels and Alevels. The promise I made to myself that I will work hard until my signature becomes an autograph. In Pakistan, after clearing the middle standard exam, students have two options to opt for, i,e. Matric and O-levels. Matriculation is local SSC (Secondary School Certificate) level certificate issued by boards of intermediate and secondary education of Pakistan whereas Olevels is conducted by CIE UK ( Cambridge International Examinations). So stepping into getting this education, i,e Olevels was life-changing for me. At first, I was a bit tentative and at the same time scared of doing it because it’s more of a conceptual based study, paper pattern is also different, and initially I was not fully confident as how I’m gonna perform in it. But I accepted the challenge, worked hard and got good grades. It gave me a confidence and taught me that no matter what, you must not stop working hard because at the end of the day, you will get a reward. Secondly, I decided to do Alevels. It taught me everything: how to stay strong in tough times, how to face people after failures, how to stand up after a failure and still work even more harder to get the position you want. I also learned that Almighty always rewards you with success when you’ve put in your hard work and determination. Then, I made a promise to myself that I will work hard until I become successful and financially independent. This is my drive and it has changed my life so far. A colourful kite flying high in the sky on a kite day. I listen to every genre of music may it be a pop, hip hop, R&B, Smooth, sad and sometimes slow. Basically it depends on mood. There’s one quote I read which says, “Never tell your problems to everyone. 80% don’t care and the other 20% are glad you have them.” I loved these words. I love to explore new places, may it be the restaurants or cities. Recently we went to a restaurant for the first time. It is newly built. We love the atmosphere but food was not too good not too bad. Overall experience was good. List three favorite book characters. Rumi and Shams from the novel, 40 Rules Of Love by Elik Shafak. Stargirl Caraway from the novel, Stargirl by Jerry Spinelli. Santiago from the novel, The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho. What is your favorite non alcoholic drink: hot or cold? Water is an essential and tea for sure. My favourite cartoon was Oswald. The story revolves around a large, round, blue octopus who lives in an apartment complex with Henry the Penguin and a lot of other animals. Oswald was a very gentle, smart, friendly, polite and big-hearted octopus, and always willing to go out of his way to help his friends. There were other characters as well like his dog, weenie, daisy, madame butterfly, catrina and many other. I remember watching it everyday with my sisters and it was the best time of the day for me. Mr bean was also one of my favourites. The message he delivered just by actions was awesome and commendable. I realized the fact that if you want something to be done, do it. Don’t ask people if it’s right or wrong. If you want it, wish about it, then everything is right. If that was wrong in your opinion, you would’ve never desired about it to be done. So be brave and chase your dreams. Well, something happening like this seems impossible for now. But still, if I have to suppose it, it’ll be a alot of fun. I mean, imagining something like that feels so good so getting it will be a lot more fun.😀 As $50,000 is Rs3,247,250.00, so I’ll buy myself a sports car; I adore them, love them. If there was any money left, I’ll get rid of the lizards, and put down lizard proof paint all over my house and will say goodbye to this slithery pest. This last week was very special for me and my blog. My blog crossed 3000 hits, which is super awesome. It got the new record of getting the most likes in one day, that too, another achievement. As for myself, I gave another test which goes well. Thus, this last week was pretty awesome. Okay, so first, I never had a job before or any work experience except for the babysitting or volunteering for my school events, like being in a discipline squad sort of a thing and second, I officially became an adult last year. So I don’t remember any adult job until now. I remember, as a kid I was fond of cornflakes and coco pops. Now I’m not that big fan of cereals. I found this quote somewhere and I was simply touched by it.
0.999999	In the wake of the referendum vote, the remaining 27 member states plan to deliver a tough message to Britain: "We're sorry you're going, but life goes on" and "leave means leave". European Union leaders will deliver a stark message to Britain on Friday morning that while they are sorry the UK has voted to leave, the separation must now happen quickly. Senior EU government officials have told BuzzFeed News that the response to the vote is designed to make clear that the rest of the Europe is unwilling to let the Brexit process fester or to agree any new concessions for Britain. Asked about the possibility of further concessions from the EU, one senior official said: "What would concessions mean? 'Please do stay, we'll let you blackmail us any time you see fit?'" Donald Tusk, the president of the European Council, spoke on Friday morning. His message could be summarised as: "We're sorry that Britain has voted this way, it's not what we wanted, but life goes on." Tusk confirmed that the EU's 27 heads of state and government will meet on Tuesday – without the UK – at the margins of the scheduled Council to agree next steps. The message that the 27 will send to Britain will be "put your house in order, but after that we want to move on rapidly", officials told BuzzFeed News. Europe’s governments want to put on a show of unity, and will be determined to keep the union of 27 intact. Last month, senior government officials told BuzzFeed News their greatest concern around Brexit was the risk of contagion: calls for referendums elsewhere on membership or on specific aspects of the EU such as Schengen and the euro. While the final votes were still being counted, anti-EU parties in other member states have already started issuing calls for their own referendums. BuzzFeed News understands that the European Council is keen for the remaining 27 members to align their messages. "Sherpas" are due to meet on Saturday to set out the groundwork for their leaders to meet to agree a common position on the next steps ahead of Tuesday's meeting. Italian government sources have told BuzzFeed News that prime minister Matteo Renzi chaired a meeting to discuss the outcome of the UK's referendum this morning in the "situation room" of the Presidency of the Council of Ministers with his foreign minister, economic minister, and the governor of the Bank of Italy. French President François Hollande also held an emergency summit with his ministers. Europe's leaders will want the UK to trigger article 50 of the Treaty of the European Union, which outlines the process of withdrawing from the EU, as soon as feasibly possible. Separate government sources have told BuzzFeed News that they want to sort out disengagement in the two years set out by the treaty. On Friday, Tusk said the procedures for withdrawal were clear, and set out by the treaties. David Cameron's resignation, and his decision to leave the handling of Brexit to his successor, means that it will be at least three months until the procedure is triggered. However, should the UK government resist triggering article 50 within an acceptable timeframe after that, Europe’s governments could find they have limited room for manoeuvre. The treaty stipulates that it is the country that is leaving that kickstarts the process by notifying the Council of its decision. There is no process for the EU to trigger the withdrawal. One senior official from a major eurozone government source who spoke to BuzzFeed News ahead of the referendum was nevertheless adamant to rule out a situation where the UK would be allowed to negotiate the rules of a future trade relationship before procedures to separate begin. Officials are also worried about potential instability in more recent EU members in eastern Europe. Britain's exit could heighten tensions between pro-European and pro-Russian sections of their populations, one official told BuzzFeed News.
0.978239	This kind of plate sits directly on top of the concrete foundation. This framing member generally has some sort of gasket between the plate and the top of the foundation wall. The largest of Earth's tectonic plates is labeled "N" on the map. What is the name of this plate? Where is a fork positioned in relation to the dinner plate? Where is a knife positioned in relation to a dinner plate? The map shows the major tectonic plates. Which plate is NOT associated with the Ring of Fire? How is the butter knife placed in relation to the bread plate? Write the letter from the tectonic plate map that matches the name of each plate. The outer layer of Earth is broken into large pieces. These pieces are called plates. The map shows Earth's major plates. The Pacific Plate is surrounded by a ring of volcanoes. Based on this information, where are volcanoes most likely to form? Plates coming together are plates. Earth's crust and upper mantle are broken into several . an oceanic plate slides underneath a continental plate. a continental plate collides with another continental plate. boundary between Earth's outermost layer (crust) and the mantle. layer of Earth surrounding the inner core. one of the moving, irregularly shaped slabs that make up Earth's lithosphere. Which of the following is NOT a type of collision for convergent plates? Where are volcanoes and earthquakes located and is there a relationship between them? The largest lithospheric plate is the Eurasian Plate. Plates passing each other are plates. The Andes Mountain Range and Andean Volcanic Belt line the western side of South America. Based on this information and the map, which statement best describes the plate boundary interaction along the west coast of South America? The Nazca plate is subducting under the South American plate. The South American plate is subducting under the Nazca plate. The Nazca plate and South American plate interact along a transform boundary. The South American plate and Nazca plate interact along a divergent boundary.
0.999979	How do I Send a SMS? SMS allows people to communicate with one another through mobile phones. Short message service (SMS) provides a way for people to communicate with each other through their mobile phones as well as from computers to mobile phones. Sending an SMS is usually pretty simple. To send a message this way, you will usually click on a menu option to create an SMS or text message on your phone, type your message using the keys on your mobile phone, and then click send. You may even send an SMS via the Internet by providing the recipient’s SMS address and typing your message into a website’s form box or into an email program. The easiest way to send an SMS is through your mobile phone. To send an SMS this way, you will typically access the main menu on your phone and find the menu selection that says “Messages.” After clicking on “Messages,” you will likely have to select and click the menu item that reads something similar to “Create a Message," "Create an SMS,” “New Message,” or "Send a Text.” This will usually open a message box into which you can type your contact’s mobile phone number or contact name and the message you’d like to send. After typing your message into the box, you may then click “Send” to send the SMS message. You may also send an SMS via the Internet. To send an SMS through a website, you will typically have to enter the recipient's text message address. It will usually consist of a number followed by the "@" symbol and the domain of your recipient’s mobile phone provider. It may look like this, for example: [email protected]. After entering this information into the appropriate box on the SMS form, you may type your message and click "Send." You may even send an SMS through your own email account. To do so, you’ll usually need to open your email account and type the recipient's SMS address into the contact or recipient box. Then, you’ll have to type a short message into the field normally used for email. Finally, you’ll have to click "Send" to send your SMS message on its way. Depending on the details of your mobile service account, you may incur charges for each SMS you send or send them free as part of your service. In most cases, you may send email SMS messages free of charge, though the recipient may be charged for receiving the message. Some online SMS messaging sites are free as well, especially when this option is offered by your mobile phone service provider and you are messaging someone who uses the same provider. How do I Choose the Best SMS Spam Manager? What is an SMS Broadcast? What is an SMS Reseller? How do I Choose the Best SMS Provider? What is an SMS Collection?
0.99997	What Are Some Uses of Semiconductors? Semiconductors help to transmit conductivity between insulators and conductors. They can be in natural forms or may be a manufactured electronic. Semiconductors are naturally found in nature. Elements like germanium and silicon are considered semiconductors. Compounds like cadmium selenide or arsenide are also semiconductors. Making minor changes to these elements or compounds can greatly change their ability to transmit conductivity. Semiconductors are essential to the operations of electronics like microwave ovens, radios, watches and telephones. This is because when semiconductors are manufactured, it's easy to control the amount of electricity that they transmit, which contributes to the overall function of the device. Because of this, they are essential to the functions of key materials like circuits and transistors.
0.999994	What a text! Tough to preach, tough to read. Jesus is baptized, the Spirit descends on Jesus, a voice from heaven says “’You are my Son, the Beloved; with you I am well pleased.’ And the Spirit immediately (my emphasis) drove him out into the wilderness.” I must confess, I just do not like this. Jesus pleased; Spirit sent him into awful place. And I want to be a disciple; I want to be pleasing to God? So much for the “feel good” gospel. But Jesus wasn’t alone there. The scripture also says “…and the angels waited on him.” Wherever we go, whatever happens, we are not alone! That’ll preach! God of the wilderness, thanks for your presence – everywhere. `For Christ also suffered for sins once for all, the righteous for the unrighteous, in order to bring you to God. He was put to death in the flesh, but made alive in the spirit, in which also he went and made a proclamation to the spirits in prison, who in former times did not obey, when God waited patiently in the days of Noah, during the building of the ark, in which a few, that is, eight persons, were saved through water. And baptism, which this prefigured, now saves you–not as a removal of dirt from the body, but as an appeal to God for a good conscience, through the resurrection of Jesus Christ, who has gone into heaven and is at the right hand of God, with angels, authorities, and powers made subject to him. Among the most public facts with which the Apostolic Church dealt was the crucifixion of Jesus. In the Roman world, crucifixion was known widely as the most shame-laden means of execution, reserved for slaves and the off-scouring of society. That Jesus died was known; and the means of his death was blatantly common knowledge, such that the Church from its first days was obliged to understand and interpret the violent death of the Lord. As a result, the early teaching centered on the cross and the death of Jesus. Even the Gospels have been called passion narratives with extended introductions. So we encounter the Lord Jesus as having died for sins once for all. “Hapax”, the Greek word for ‘once for all’, claims the uniqueness of this death for sins. Only once is this death happening, even by the cruelest, most shaming means available. The affront on sins, often taken in sacrificial terms as an act that atones for sins, is an act of the righteous for the unrighteous, an act of enablement, by which he brings us – writer and reader alike – to God. The cross, that is, transports us to the face of God. Here we would be like the children of Israel at Mt. Sinai, exposed to the awe-inspiring intensity of God – before the people suggested someone else take care of this intimate connection for them! Before our text goes on to speak of baptism, we find it prefaced by a comment on us: “being put to death in the flesh but made alive in the spirit” (we might say, Spirit). We go on to the simile of Noah passing through the water, the eight souls saved through water, directed to baptism and opening toward the proclamation of Jesus to the spirits formerly lost and now recovered. Here the Lord is lifting those previously lost – having been put to death in the flesh, now made alive in the Spirit – just the same as we, you see. The trajectory of faith is by way of the cross, into the catalogue of death as partner to the life made fresh in the Spirit: a transition, transformation in common with the Lord Jesus, drawing us inviolate into the joy of God before whom we stand by the righteousness and justice of Jesus our Lord, the Crucified. Our God, bring us whole into your glory. bring us near to joy in your delight by Spirit’s gift: new life in Jesus. Guide us toward your divine forgiveness. Don’t tell anyone, but I own the Muppet Movie and the sound track from the movie (on a 33 1/3 vinyl of course). I may watch the movie or listen to the album on rare occasions, but I am not admitting to it. There is something very catchy and inspiring about the opening song, The Rainbow Connection. There is also something inspiring about the rainbow in this scripture. What is inspiring is God’s promise, symbolized by the rainbow, that his anger will never reach the point of obliterating the earth and its inhabitants. It is further inspiring that this covenant (used seven times in the passage) is unconditional and unrelated to how well we behave. This covenant is based on God’s love, not on our obedience. This is especially comforting to me during Lent when, examining my heart and life, I realize how I stand in need of his unconditional love. Lord, may your unconditional love ever encompass me draw me to you. We are putting no obstacle in anyone’s way, so that no fault may be found with our ministry, but as servants of God we have commended ourselves in every way: through great endurance, in afflictions, hardships, calamities, beatings, imprisonments, riots, labors, sleepless nights, hunger; by purity, knowledge, patience, kindness, holiness of spirit, genuine love, truthful speech, and the power of God; with the weapons of righteousness for the right hand and for the left; in honor and dishonor, in ill repute and good repute. We are treated as impostors, and yet are true; as unknown, and yet are well known; as dying, and see–we are alive; as punished, and yet not killed; as sorrowful, yet always rejoicing; as poor, yet making many rich; as having nothing, and yet possessing everything. Dietrich Bonhoeffer wrote, “Cheap grace is the deadly enemy of our Church. We are fighting today for costly grace.” Bonhoeffer is echoing Paul’s letter to the church in Corinth as he reminds them that while God’s grace is abundant and free, a life of faith is not simple or without struggle. Paul notes the difficulties we experience in life (afflictions, hardships, imprisonments, sleepless nights, hunger, etc.), but notes the power of God’s grace to overcome them through “purity, knowledge, patience, kindness, truthful speech, etc.” Lent reminds us that while death is present, it cannot overpower grace. While pain and sorrow are present, they cannot outlast compassion and mercy. While doubt and uncertainty cloud our faith, we find comfort and reassurance in daily glimpses of God’s presence. that we might enter into full discipleship and covenant with you and the world. What an awesome penitential psalm! Although I often find myself somewhat flippantly saying “Lord, have mercy,” the psalmist is being anything but flippant as he acknowledges his sin and guilt and calls upon God for mercy. One senses a feeling of near desperation as he humbly begs God for forgiveness. His denial is at its end. He is, once and for all, facing the truth of his sinful humanity. These days of Lent are the perfect time for donning a cloak of humility as we cease the denial, acknowledge our sin, come before God with “… broken spirit; and a broken and contrite heart…” Then we can honestly offer to God our confession. Then with gratitude, as we receive the undeserved yet certain mercy that God constantly provides, with the psalmist our tongues can sing aloud of God’s deliverance, and praise his name for all to hear. the joy of your salvation, so that I may praise your name in all that I do. So, here we sit at Board Meeting again. statement ought to be. Lamentations! Lamentations! Old Isaiah’s words pick wax from our ears—a prayer goes up! to meet the shout, to meet the prayer of the oppressed. loose the bonds of injustice, to let the oppressed go free. to see the naked covered, to be present for our kin. Then shall our light rise in darkness and our gloom will be like the noonday. Glory! Glory! Glory! Glory to the Lord!
0.99983	Author's summary: Yuuri and Viktor co-star in the fantasy drama History Makers, a show where their characters Mamoru and Dimitry are shipped by all the fans, which of course leads to the fact that fans also ship Yuuri and Viktor. And write fic about it. Yuuri reads RPF by only one author, therealviknik, and leaves a comment on every single one with his account, katsukiforov. Some fans pick up on the conversations and begin to ship therealviknik with katsukiforov as well. Victor has been married to Yuuri for five years and could not be happier, so when he finds himself transported through time to the year when he was 27 (before he met Yuuri), he's not immediately enthused with the idea. Life without Yuuri is unthinkable, so it's obvious what Victor has to do: show up unannounced at Yuuri's family home and win over his husband for a second time. How hard could it be? A canon-adjacent AU that mostly follows the events of the show. But with time travel! Yuuri doesn't want Viktor to be an untouchable icon; he just wants him to be Viktor. Viktor doesn't want to be an untouchable icon; he just wants to be Viktor. They're each perfect for each other. Steve doesn’t like bullies, on principle. It's less about justice, or decency, or righteous indignation; more about the look in the eyes of the people getting stepped on, the people getting trampled, the people getting lost. So it cuts all the deeper, when Steve recognizes strength, precision, endurance, capacity: sees the pieces of himself not born but made, reflected in this body, this person, this weapon: the Winter Soldier. It slices through Steve’s soul when he returns the Soldier's gaze, and reads the only thing that lives in the deadness that pervades behind those irises in the night. It’s not You can’t beat me. It’s more You can’t stop them. For the prompt: The AU where Steve Rogers sees the best in everyone, and it is that quality that brings him back the person he loves most in the world; where Steve reaches out to help the Winter Soldier on principle, but when the muzzle-mask comes off, he finds Bucky Barnes.
0.999989	How should I explain the operation of Tor to a reasonably-intelligent but non-technical audience? I'm looking for a way to introduce folks to Tor in a way that helps them to understand its basic operation without overwhelming them. Tor works by using a technique called onion routing. Your client sets up a secure tunnel to a relay (its first node). It then uses that tunnel to mask its connection to a second relay (the middle node). It then uses the second tunnel (and thus the first) to create a secure connection to a third relay (a relay that has volunteered to be an exit node). When you browse a webpage, your request is sent through the three-layer tunnel to the final exit node, who then sends the request out to whatever server you were talking to. The response from the server is similarly routed back through the three nodes to your computer. In this way, no-one in the connection knows both your IP (the address of your computer) and what you're browsing for (the site you were talking with). Various parties know one or the other, but barring the various attack models, they cannot correlate the information. For non-technical audiences I like to use the oft-quoted (but still reasonably good) safe analogy. Imagine you want to send a message to somone via a (randomly selected) courier, but you don't want the person on the other end to know the message came from you, and you don't want the courier to read the letter. You can put the letter in a locked briefcase and have the courier take that (assuming the person on the other end has the key already), but they can still tell the person that the letter came from you. But what if you put that briefcase in another locked briefcase, and that briefcase in another locked briefcase, and pass it between three couriers. The first courier will have the key to the outermost briefcase, the second to the secon briefcase, and the final one to the innermost briefcase. Each one gets their briefcase, unlocks it, passes the next briefcase onto the next courier, until the letter gets passed to the recepient. Now only the last courier can read the letter, and only the first courier sees your face. Of course, the first courier might still try to tell the second one who you are, but it probably won't trickle all the way to your recepient (it's much less likely that someone will be able to find and pay off all three of your randomly selected couriers than it is just one). People seem to get this okay, even if they know nothing about encryption, routing, computers, etc. Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged implementations outreach or ask your own question. Does Tor encrypt a client's connection to its entry node? How does Tor pass my traffic around and should I be worried about malicious relay operators?
0.952689	Seven pyramids have been identified on the African island of Mauritius. Remarkably, they are identical in construction to the ones found on the island of Tenerife, an island on the opposite side of the continent. This underlines the likelihood that one civilisation travelled to various islands off the coast of Africa and built all these structures. The island of Mauritius is part of the Mascarene Islands and is in the Indian Ocean, about 900km (560 miles) east of Madagascar. The island is 61km long and 47km wide, and lies just north of the Tropic of Capricorn. In origin it is volcanic. The historical record shows that the island was known to Arab and Austronesian sailors as early as the 10th century; Portuguese sailors first visited in 1507. Mauritius was first plotted on a map made by the Italian Alberto Cantino in 1502. This planisphere identifies all three Mascarene islands (Reunion, Mauritius and Rodrigues) and calls them by their Arab names of Dina Margabin, Dina Harobi and Dina Morare. It is surmised that prior to the Arabs, Mauritius was known to people living on the African coast as well as to the famous Sea Peoples, a confederacy of seafaring raiders that included the proto-Phoenicians. The Greek account of Periplus relates the story of Hanno (Hannan), the Carthaginian navigator who lived in the 5th century BC, and who traversed the Pillars of Hercules (the Straits of Gibraltar) in command of ships going to explore the Atlantic coast of Africa. Herodotus describes a Phoenician expedition leaving the Red Sea and traversing the "sea of the south", and, following the orders of the Egyptian Pharaoh Necho II (610-595 BC), returning to the Mediterranean Sea through the Pillars of Hercules, which means they must have circumnavigated Africa. The seven small pyramids that have been identified are located on the south side of the island, in a plain known as the Plaine Magnien, between the Indian Ocean and Mont des Créoles and Mont du Lion, at 20°26'.8.15"S and 57° 39'2.60"E. Their foundation is rectangular and in height they do not exceed 12 metres; they have between 6 and 11 terraced steps. In appearance, they are similar to the pyramids located on another volcanic island off the western coast of Africa, Tenerife; similar structures also exist on the Mediterranean island of Sicily, which is also volcanic in origin. There are many parallels between the pyramids of Mauritius and Tenerife. On both islands the pyramids are part of a complex, grouped together in one location. On both islands they are made from lava stone without the use of any mortar or other binding agent. Some of the structures on Mauritius have been partially dismantled and the stones reused nearby. On some, an outer layer of basalt stones overlies blocks of an unusual type of limestone, no doubt of coral origin. Pyramid 1 with badly restored steps. 3 of the 7 pyramids. The Tenerife pyramids equally do not surpass 12 metres in height, and detailed photographs of the terracing make it clear that one cannot distinguish between the pyramids on Tenerife or on Mauritius. In the case of Mauritius Pyramid 1, access to the upper platform is via a central staircase. This has been restored in a whiter stone, and is therefore more visible. Not all pyramids have such an access – again like their Tenerife cousins. All this suggests that there is a commonality between the two islands that is beyond the coincidental. Mauritius Pyramids 3,4,5,6 and 7 Mauritius Pyramids 3, 6 and 7 ?? Some of the Mauritius pyramids, with their platforms, could have been used for astronomical observations. This too would be on a par with Tenerife, as in the Guimar complex. If so, these pyramids should be aligned to solar phenomena, and specifically the terraces should be aligned to the two solstices. Initial calculations suggest that this is indeed the case, though on-site verification needs to be made. Specifically Mauritius Pyramid 2 is likely to be aligned to the summer solstice (which in the southern hemisphere occurs on December 21) and one should be able to observe a double sunset. The first sunset would occur behind the Mont des Créoles, the second behind the neighbouring Mont du Lion. A double sunset behind a mountainous horizon is also a phenomenon observed at the Guimar complex in Tenerife. Tenerife pyramid, identical to those on Mauritius. Limestone blocks and granite under an outer layer of lava stone. Locally, as Stéphane Mussard experienced, the people claim these pyramids are merely piles of stone thrown together in an effort to clear the fields for growing sugar cane. Even this is a repeat of the situation in Tenerife, where other complexes on the island (e.g. Icod de los Vinos) are explained by the locals as the result of farmers clearing their fields of unwanted stones. If this were true, why do some of the pyramids on Mauritius still have official panels, dating from the first half of the 20th century, which identify them as protected sites of historical interest? Sadly the sites have since lost their protected status, no doubt the consequence of a change in government (Mauritius was under British rule until 1968). Maybe those who dismiss these pyramids as "piles of stones" are afraid to see their agricultural lands repossessed, or to have to conform to certain regulations that come with protected archaeological sites. It is nevertheless clear that with proper help, the government should be able to highlight the economic benefits of tourism to the local economy, which will hopefully result in scientific research carried out on the site. Mauritius Pyramid 2 with Mont des Créoles on the left and Mont du Lion on the right. Mauritius Pyramid 3 with 10 terraces and a larger base. The man responsible for the identification and promotion of the Guimar complex was Thor Heyerdahl, a pioneering sailor of Norwegian origin, who argued that our distant ancestors were able to navigate the oceans, and who organised various expeditions to prove his point. Heyerdahl found a pyramid in the Maldives, on Gan. This pyramid was aligned to the sun and measures 8.5 metres in height. It was named "Hawittas". Heyerdahl argued that the Maldives were located on an eastern maritime trading route that was used by various ancient civilisations, coming from the Middle East. The ancient Egyptians used the Phoenician fleet to carry out expeditions, and it is known that the Phoenicians constructed astronomical temples that were perfectly aligned to the cardinal points and to solar phenomena. With the discovery of identical pyramid complexes on Tenerife, Sicily and now Mauritius, it is clear that these are remnants of a seafaring culture that has left traces on islands on various sides of the African continent. One of the Hawitta pyramids in the Maldives. Syndication: The above article can be reproduced, provided Antoine Gigal is identified as the author and Histories & Mysteries is credited as the original source. All photographs are copyright Stéphane Mussard, copyright reference obligatory if they are reproduced.
0.965114	What makes a good fluke photo? Photo must show the underside surface of fluke. Focus and contrast should be sharp enough that the markings and trailing edge can be clearly seen. The angle of the fluke should not be so sharp that the markings are obscured. At least 50% of the fluke should be showing above the waterline. Photos should be high resolution, saved as digital files (e.g .JPG or .TIFF files) and not more than 5mb in size. To submit a photo to the East Coast Whale Watch Catalogue, please use the online form to record your contact details and some information about when and where the photo was taken, then follow the instructions to add the images and click the 'submit' button.
0.94842	The Taishō period (大正時代, Taishō jidai), or Taishō era, is a period in the history of Japan dating from July 30, 1912, to December 25, 1926, coinciding with the reign of the Emperor Taishō. The new emperor was a sickly man, which prompted the shift in political power from the old oligarchic group of elder statesmen (or genrō) to the Imperial Diet of Japan and the democratic parties. Thus, the era is considered the time of the liberal movement known as the "Taishō democracy" in Japan; it is usually distinguished from the preceding chaotic Meiji period and the following militarism-driven first part of the Shōwa period. On July 30, 1912, the Meiji Emperor died and Crown Prince Yoshihito succeeded to the throne as Emperor of Japan. In his coronation address, the newly enthroned Emperor announced his reign's nengō (era name) Taishō, meaning "great righteousness". The end of the Meiji period was marked by huge government domestic and overseas investments and defense programs, nearly exhausted credit, and a lack of foreign reserves to pay debts. The influence of Western culture experienced in the Meiji period continued. Kobayashi Kiyochika adopted Western painting styles while continuing to work in ukiyo-e. Okakura Kakuzō kept an interest in traditional Japanese painting. Mori Ōgai studied in the West and introduced a more modern view of human life. The events flowing from the Meiji Restoration in 1868 had seen not only the fulfillment of many domestic and foreign economic and political objectives—without Japan suffering the colonial fate of other Asian nations—but also a new intellectual ferment, in a time when there was worldwide interest in socialism and an urban proletariat was developing. Universal male suffrage, social welfare, workers' rights, and nonviolent protests were ideals of the early leftist movement. Government suppression of leftist activities, however, led to more radical leftist action and even more suppression, resulting in the dissolution of the Japan Socialist Party (日本社会党 Nihon Shakaitō) only a year after its founding and general failure of the socialist movement in 1906. The beginning of the Taishō period was marked by the Taishō political crisis in 1912–13 that interrupted the earlier politics of compromise. When Saionji Kinmochi tried to cut the military budget, the army minister resigned, bringing down the Rikken Seiyūkai cabinet. Both Yamagata Aritomo and Saionji refused to resume office, and the genrō were unable to find a solution. Public outrage over the military manipulation of the cabinet and the recall of Katsura Tarō for a third term led to still more demands for an end to genrō politics. Despite old guard opposition, the conservative forces formed a party of their own in 1913, the Rikken Dōshikai, a party that won a majority in the House over the Seiyūkai in late 1914. On February 12, 1913, Yamamoto Gonnohyōe succeeded Katsura as prime minister. In April 1914, Ōkuma Shigenobu replaced Yamamoto. World War I permitted Japan, which fought on the side of the victorious Allies, to expand its influence in Asia and its territorial holdings in the Pacific. Japan declared war on Germany on August 23, 1914, and quickly occupied German-leased territories in China's Shandong and the Mariana, Caroline, and Marshall islands in the Pacific Ocean. On November 7, Jiaozhou surrendered to Japan.

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