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You could create a lawn that doesn't need mowing.
They shade buildings and absorb CO2 and other greenhouse gases from the air.
Leaf and snow blowers use gas or electricity, but raking and shoveling emit no greenhouse gases.
create a "lawn" that doesn't need mowing.
Each gallon of gas burned emits 9 kilograms (20 pounds) of CO2; each gallon of diesel emits 10 kilograms (22 pounds).
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0.986739 |
Open a page with autofocus on a form control . The control should have the autofocus when the page is loaded, as expected but if you reload the page, the control will loose the focus which is not the expected behavior.
I did some checks and it look like the focus is stopped in |CheckIfFocusable|: it checks if the content has a frame which is not the case so it is considered as not focusable. Enn, there is a way to prevent that ?
Why is no frame present? The page hasn't been laid out yet?
I find the current nightly does trigger the autofocus if you reload the page, but doesn't autofocus if you're transitioning forward and backwards through history. I'm assuming this bug can be closed and I should open a new one about that, but since there's been no activity on this one for 5 months I thought I'd check first.
Actually, autofocus has a lot of troubles and depending of the test case it might work or not. For example, the url in comment 0 doesn't seem to work with the current nightly.
However, I don't think autofocus should apply when navigating through the history given that the page isn't loaded and is even restored to the previous state.
In the particular instance where I came across this I'm using pageshow and pagehide to reset the form when the user goes backwards and forwards. I'll admit my use case is probably non-standard, but it just seems a little awkward that I have to manually focus the element. It does seem to get focussed automatically in Chrome, so this is maybe something that should be considered in the spec?
Also, it might be good if the form reset method/event triggered the autofocus routine?
We need to block on this, but if there's no easy fix then the resolution here for Firefox 4 is to disable autofocus and fix the issue later on.
Flushing the layout when we run the autofocus event doesn't change anything given that we already flush it when focus is called (see nsFocusManager::CheckIfFocusable).
input will not be focused (in a situation were autofocus doesn't work).
I'm wondering if we are not sending the autofocus event too early and the frame creation request might not have been done yet so flushing would be worthless. Where/when is this managed?
1. Load the test case.
Expected result: the second input element is focused.
Actual result: the first input element is focused.
If you remove the <link>, it's working as expected.
the frame for the form control element is created?
> the frame for the form control element is created?
So, it looks like flushing works correctly when there is no external stylesheet (or network load?): the frames are created when ::Focus is called from the autofocus event. But when there is this an external stylesheet, the flush doesn't work and the frames are created as soon as the stylesheet is loaded. It seems that the <script> isn't called before, is that true?
I should see what exactly prevent the flush and what could be done to have it done at the good moment.
How are you doing the flush?
And yes, the <script> in that testcase won't run while the stylesheet is loading.
> How are you doing the flush?
It's done in |nsFocusManager::CheckIfFocusable| which is called when :Focus() is called.
That explains why .focus() works but not autofocus.
The HTML5 parser send ContentAppend notifications when a new content is added to the tree. Then, the CSSFrameConstructor sets NODE_DESCENDANTS_NEED_FRAMES flag (in MaybeConstructLazily) and when the flush appends, it will check if this flag is set. Otherwise, it will not flush.
When the stylesheet is being loaded, ContentAppend is send after the flush requested by the autofocus event so the flush do nothing. The script is executed after all ContentAppend notifications so it works correctly.
3. Make the parser run the autofocus event when appropriate.
I guess solution 3 isn't really appropriate. For solution 1, we probably don't want to make nsGenericHTMLElement a nsIMutationObserver.
For the rest, I don't know this code enough to have a strong feeling or even be sure that why I describe is correct.
Does changing nsHtml5TreeOpExecutor::FlushPendingNotifications to pass PR_TRUE to StartLayout help things? I'm not sure why it's passing PR_FALSE, exactly.... the old HTML sink passed PR_TRUE in that situation.
> exactly.... the old HTML sink passed PR_TRUE in that situation.
Henri, is this fix correct? I mean, is there any reason why you are passing PR_FALSE instead of PR_TRUE. According to bz (comment 15), it was PR_TRUE before.
This patch doesn't seem to decrease tp4 performance (checked on linux64).
I'm not sure why I passed PR_FALSE. I probably read old code from the time before StartLayout took an argument and filled in the argument myself instead of checking how the old code had gotten updated. Or something like that.
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LOS ANGELES (AP) — Yasmani Grandal hit a two-run homer — his second of the game — in the 10th inning, rallying the Los Angeles Dodgers past the Milwaukee Brewers 6-4 on Wednesday night to snap a three-game skid.
The win was also highlighted by Brian Dozier’s homer in his Dodgers’ debut after arriving from Minnesota on Tuesday.
All-Star Matt Kemp ended an 0-for-26 skid with a single leading off the inning against Matt Albers (3-3). Grandal followed with his 19th homer after the Dodgers had blown a 4-2 lead.
The Brewers tied it 4-all in the eighth. Mike Moustakas doubled off reliever Scott Alexander, who gave up three walks — one intentional — before Manny Pina singled in Ryan Braun.
Dozier scored to put the Dodgers ahead 3-2 in the seventh on Yasiel Puig’s single.
The Dodgers trailed 2-0 in the fifth when Grandal and Dozier homered back-to-back to tie it up. Dozier went deep to center field on the first pitch from Chase Anderson, and Dozier got pushed by his teammates into taking a curtain call.
Dozier singled leading off the seventh. With one out, Chris Taylor walked and Puig singled to right field, scoring Dozier to give the Dodgers a 3-2 lead. Pinch-hitter Enrique Hernandez followed and sacrificed into a fielder’s choice along the first-base line, scoring Taylor.
Dylan Floro (4-2) got the win after retiring the side in the 10th.
Lorenzo Cain went 3-for-4 with a walk for Milwaukee. He tripled in the first, or you could call it a little league home run. Second baseman Dozier’s throwing error allowed Cain to score.
The Brewers led 2-0 in the third when Cain scored on Rich Hill’s wild pitch. Grandal lost the ball when it took a weird hop and he spun around in confusion trying to find it as Cain came home.
In other words, Cain was up 2-0, scoring on a little league home run and a wild pitch.
Jonathan Schoop went hitless in five at-bats, including three strikeouts, in his Brewers debut after being traded from Baltimore. He can thank newly acquired Manny Machado for one of those outs, however.
Anderson gave up two runs and three hits in six innings. He struck out six and walked two.
Hill allowed two runs and six hits in six innings, struck out four and walked one.
Dodgers: 3B Justin Turner (right groin strain) will be activated off the DL on Thursday. … RHP Hyun-Jin Ryu (strained groin muscle) begins a rehab assignment Thursday with a start for Class A Advanced Rancho Cucamonga.
RHP Jhoulys Chacin (10-3, 3.45 ERA) starts for the Houston Astros and LHP Clayton Kershaw (4-5, 2.52) goes for the Dodgers in a rematch of last year’s World Series.
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Предвидится ли возможность игры на серверах Prime world ??
Дополнительных настроек шлюза не требуется.
в настройках Game Freedom, вкладка "Настройка программ", установите режим DNS "Удаленно"
При запуске клиента пишет "пожалуйста запустите игру через загрузчик"
А загрузчик выдает "Ошибка взаимодействия с сервером"
16.12.2013 10:42:47 - Лог - Connect to host:settings.cdn.playpw.com,port=80 fail,msg=connect error!
16.12.2013 10:42:44 - Лог - Connect to host:settings.cdn.playpw.com,port=80 fail,msg=connect error!
16.12.2013 10:42:40 - GFшлюз - PWLauncher.exe:Connection cdn.playpw.com:80 close.
16.12.2013 10:42:40 - GFшлюз - PWLauncher.exe:Connect to cdn.playpw.com:80 success.
16.12.2013 10:42:40 - Лог - Connect to host:cdn.playpw.com,port=80 успешно.
16.12.2013 10:42:39 - GFшлюз - PWLauncher.exe:Connect to cdn.playpw.com:80 success.
16.12.2013 10:42:39 - Лог - Connect to host:cdn.playpw.com,port=80 успешно.
Добавлено - пробуйте. Если что то не работает новый лог.
у меня такая же проблема с праймом, в лаунчере пишет "ошибка взаимодействия с сервером"
18.02.2014 18:29:57 - Лог - Connect to host:198.7.58.215,port=80 fail,msg=connect error!
18.02.2014 18:29:52 - Лог - Connect to host:198.7.58.215,port=80 fail,msg=connect error!
18.02.2014 18:29:47 - GFшлюз - PWLauncher.exe:Connection 207.123.59.254:80 close.
18.02.2014 18:29:47 - GFшлюз - PWLauncher.exe:Connect to 207.123.59.254:80 success.
18.02.2014 18:29:47 - Лог - Connect to host:207.123.59.254,port=80 успешно.
18.02.2014 18:29:46 - GFшлюз - PWLauncher.exe:Connection 207.123.59.254:80 close.
18.02.2014 18:29:46 - GFшлюз - PWLauncher.exe:Connect to 207.123.59.254:80 success.
18.02.2014 18:29:46 - Лог - Connect to host:207.123.59.254,port=80 успешно.
Не совсем. Это попытка доступа на сервера обновлений. Они динамически меняются. Маршрут добавлен.
19.02.2014 17:30:29 - Лог - Connect to host:88.85.88.13,port=80 fail,msg=connect error!
19.02.2014 17:30:28 - Лог - Connect to host:88.85.88.13,port=80 fail,msg=connect error!
19.02.2014 17:30:28 - Лог - Connect to host:88.85.88.39,port=88 fail,msg=connect error!
19.02.2014 17:30:27 - Лог - Connect to host:88.85.88.13,port=80 fail,msg=connect error!
19.02.2014 17:30:27 - Лог - Connect to host:88.85.88.39,port=88 fail,msg=connect error!
19.02.2014 17:30:26 - GFшлюз - PWLauncher.exe:Connection 8.27.129.253:80 close.
19.02.2014 17:30:25 - GFшлюз - PWLauncher.exe:Connect to 8.27.129.253:80 success.
19.02.2014 17:30:25 - Лог - Connect to host:8.27.129.253,port=80 успешно.
19.02.2014 17:30:24 - GFшлюз - PWLauncher.exe:Connection 198.7.58.215:80 close.
19.02.2014 17:30:24 - GFшлюз - PWLauncher.exe:Connect to 198.7.58.215:80 success.
19.02.2014 17:30:24 - Лог - Connect to host:198.7.58.215,port=80 успешно.
19.02.2014 17:30:23 - GFшлюз - PWLauncher.exe:Connection 8.27.129.253:80 close.
19.02.2014 17:30:22 - GFшлюз - PWLauncher.exe:Connection 8.27.129.253:80 close.
19.02.2014 17:30:22 - GFшлюз - PWLauncher.exe:Connect to 8.27.129.253:80 success.
19.02.2014 17:30:22 - Лог - Connect to host:8.27.129.253,port=80 успешно.
19.02.2014 17:30:21 - GFшлюз - PWLauncher.exe:Connection 8.27.129.253:80 close.
04.03.2014 18:15:18 - Лог - Connect to host:185.13.160.253,port=80 fail,msg=connect error!
04.03.2014 18:15:14 - Лог - Connect to host:185.13.160.253,port=80 fail,msg=connect error!
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0.993777 |
What Is the Difference Between a Flounder and a Fluke?
There are no differences between the two, because fluke is one of the common names of the summer flounder. Other names for this fish include common flounder, flatfish, turbot and chicken halibut.
Summer flounder are found all along the Atlantic coast and are important to commercial and recreational fishers. Their distance from the shore depends on the temperature of the water. These opportunistic feeders, camouflaged by a speckled brown color and flat body, spend most of their adulthood buried in the sand waiting to ambush unsuspecting prey as it swims past. Although they can grow to 3 feet in length, summer flounder are preyed upon by larger fish, rays and sharks.
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0.886436 |
La Rioja ([la ˈrjoxa]) is one of the provinces of Argentina and is located in the west of the country. Neighboring provinces are from the north clockwise Catamarca, Córdoba, San Luis and San Juan. The dinosaur Riojasaurus is named after the province.
Petroglyphs created by early indigenous peoples at the Talampaya National Park are dated around 10,000 years BC. Succeeding cultures of indigenous peoples developed here. The Diaguita, Capayan and the Olongasta peoples inhabited the territory of present-day La Rioja Province at the time of encounter with the Spanish colonists in the 16th century.
Juan Ramírez de Velazco founded Todos los Santos de la Nueva Rioja in 1591 under the government of Tucumán of the Viceroyalty of Peru. In 1630 the Calchaquí people revolted against the Spanish, but the governor Albornoz suppressed them.
In 1783, after the creation of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, the control of the province of 10,000 inhabitants passed to the Córdoba independency. The province acquired independence from Córdoba in 1820. Following attempts by Bernardino Rivadavia, the first elected President of Argentina, to impose a centralist constitution, the caudillo Juan Facundo Quiroga emerged as a popular leader. He represented their preference for more autonomy, for which they continued to press following Quiroga's 1835 assassination. After a period of internal instability in Argentina, the province finally joined the Argentine Confederation in 1853.
La Rioja attracted fewer immigrants from Europe than did other Argentine provinces from 1890 to the 1930s.
Some Syrian and Lebanese immigrants did settle in the province, among whom the most well-known are probably the Menem family. Coming from what had been the Ottoman Empire, Saul Menem and his wife were of Armenian and Alawi ancestry. He prospered as a traveling salesman and sent his eldest son, Carlos Menem, to Spain for college. After the younger Menem was elected governor of La Rioja Province in March 1973, he implemented a number of reforms advocated by activists for the poor, rural majority, particularly those recommended by Bishop Enrique Angelelli.
Removed and imprisoned following the military ouster of President Isabel Perón in March 1976, Menem was kept in illegal confinement until the end of 1980. He was reportedly tortured during this time. The dictatorship repressed people in the province and was responsible for the brutal murder in August 1976 of Bishop Angelelli. After democracy was restored in 1983, Menem was overwhelmingly re-elected to office. He pursued conservative policies, leveraging La Rioja's dry, agreeable climate, its modest wage scale and skilled work-force, to attract La Rioja's first significant light industries, particularly bottling and food-processing.
Having presided over a growing La Rioja economy even as the nation's languished during the 1980s, Menem secured the Peronist Justicialist Party nomination for president in May 1988; in an upset, he defeated the popular Governor Antonio Cafiero of Buenos Aires Province. Elected president of Argentina in 1988, Menem served until 1999. During those years, he steered billions in federal public works spending into La Rioja. Although the province remains less developed than the average in the nation, its economy today compares favorably with those of its neighbors.
Located in the Argentine Northwest area, its landscape is arid to semi-arid, and the dry climate receives annually 200 mm of precipitations, has short winters and very hot summers.
From the Andes at the west, with peaks of up to 6,795 meters (Monte Pissis), the relief's height descents towards the sierras of the neighbouring dry Pampas zone. Most ranges in La Rioja are oriented in a north-south fashion. The province's two largest cities, La Rioja and Chilecito are separated by Sierra de Velasco and west of Chilecito and Famatina rises the Sierra de Famatina with heights of up to 6.250 m.a.sl. (≈20500 feet).
The Talampaya National Park is a dry red-soil canyon of the ancient extinguished Talampaya river, which contains many walls and rock formations that make it an interesting tourist destination.
La Rioja's economy, estimated at US$1.822 billion in 2006, is the second-smallest among Argentina's provinces. Its per capita output of US$6,283, though about 30% below the national average, makes it the most well-developed in northern Argentina.
Its economy is, likewise, very well-diversified. Agriculture (long limited by La Rioja's dry, mountainous terrain) adds less than 5% to its output. La Rioja's agriculture (as well as cities) lies on the banks of the few permanent rivers and oases that allow irrigation, with only 190 square kilometres of cultivated land. Vineyards, nuts and olive plantations are the most common, followed by cotton.
The province's main crop is the grape, and its associated wine production, especially around the Chilecito area, with a production of 8 million litres per year.
Cattle (250,000 heads) and goats (150,000 heads) are secondary activities, particularly for skin and leather. Clay represents the main mining activity, and uranium is also extracted near El Colorado.
Manufacturing in La Rioja has expanded considerably since Gov. Menem began attracting investment into the province, after 1983. Limited mostly to light industry like bottling and food processing, it, nevertheless, adds about 20% to La Rioja's output. Tourism is, likewise, an expanding activity. Besides the Talampaya National Park, tourists visiting La Rioja usually go also to the Chilecito town, Cerro de La Cruz, Termas de Santa Teresita hot springs and the village of Villa Sanagasta.
La Rioja's development plan is being designed by Proyectos Innovadores to encourage further economic growth in the province.
Recently, the province experienced a wave of immigration from Eastern Europe, East or South Asian and Middle Eastern countries.
The province is divided in 18 departments (Spanish departamentos). They are formally considered to be a single municipality, and usually contain one or more population centers (i.e. towns and cities).
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0.999998 |
Which animal is statistically most likely to kill you? While your mind may have conjured images of snarling lions, grizzly bears, or venomous snakes, any public health researcher would tell you unequivocally that the deadliest animal in the world is the mosquito. The females of dozens of species of mosquito serve as vectors (transmitters) for several infectious diseases – among them malaria, dengue, and yellow fever. Malaria, for example, is caused by parasites in the Plasmodium family that are transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes, with P. falciparum being the most deadly. This disease kills 2.7 million people each year. While bed nets, drugs, and insecticides – the norm for malaria prevention and treatment – have been successful thus far, this could soon change. Recent years have seen a severe rise in insecticide and drug resistance, which is potentially catastrophic for even the most widespread vector and parasite control strategies.
Using biotechnology to control mosquitoes has been previously covered by Juxtaposition (see Sudipta Saha’s article on page 10). In this article, I look more closely at one of the strategies Sudipta mentions: CRISPR/Cas9 gene drives, which allow mosquitoes to be genetically modified in a way that decreases pathogen transmission (called “vector competence”).
CRISPR, or “clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats”, has been revolutionizing genomic research since its discovery by a team at the University of California. Researchers can now use CRISPR to hone in on any gene, cut that gene out, and introduce a new sequence of DNA that the cell then copies into that region of the chromosome.
Arguably, CRISPR’s most exciting and controversial application has been the gene drive. This technique involves combining the CRISPR enzyme, Cas9, with an introduced transgene, from another organism, that scientists want to spread through a given population. Typically, when researchers introduce a new gene into a population, the spread of that gene is limited, especially if that gene is deleterious. However, the Cas9 enzyme is able to convert the transgene from heterozygous (only on one chromosome) to homozygous (on both chromosomes) in progeny, facilitating the spread of the gene. Additionally, recent studies have shown that, when introduced into a lab population of mosquitoes, a single male could pass a gene onto nearly 100% of offspring after several generations. This means that researchers have the ability to genetically modify not just individuals, but entire populations. One study, conducted by the University of California, was able to drive a gene for an anti-Plasmodium antibody through a lab population of Anopheles stephensi.
How gene drives can ensure nearly 100% inheritance of an introduced gene. Adapted from Esvelt et al. 2014.
Could malaria’s days be numbered?
With the ability to drive a gene into a population of mosquitoes, it is possible to see a future in which malaria (and in fact, all vector-borne diseases) is no longer a significant threat to global health. In addition, unlike bed nets and drugs – which must be manufactured, distributed, and used by individuals to prevent infection – once the mosquitoes are released, they would automatically begin spreading the anti-Plasmodium genes.
Of course, in the case of gene drives, there are still several risks to consider. For example, P. falciparum has shown signs of resistance to commonly prescribed anti-malarial drugs. It is highly likely, then, that a mosquito engineered to produce antibodies against Plasmodium would cause Plasmodium to develop resistance. One way of working around this issue would be to release successive gene drives before Plasmodium begins to show signs of resistance and before malaria rates increase. Ideally, the released drive would also cut out the original drive from the chromosome, so as to avoid producing high levels of Cas9 protein that may be toxic to mosquitoes.
Genetically modified mosquito populations could also result in unforeseen ecological problems. It would be nearly impossible to create a comprehensive model of all the ecological interactions that could be altered if a gene drive were implemented in native mosquitoes like Anopheles gambiae. Releasing a gene drive could alter mosquito behaviour or parasite life cycles in unexpected ways, especially in the case of so-called “suppression drives” that work by reducing the population by passing on genes to cause sterility. Additionally, no one has tested whether the gene drive components are toxic to predators. Should this be the case, a gene drive could reduce the predator population, causing a subsequent explosion of the mosquito population.
If the gene drive is successful, significant changes to mosquito populations could ensue. Namely, nearly all of the mosquitoes in an area endemic for a specific mosquito-borne disease would contain a gene introduced by foreign researchers. Relating to this issue, Sudipta’s article covered opposition to Oxitec’s initial field trials of transgenic sterile mosquitoes. Residents in the Florida Keys, where a trial was being conducted, protested against Oxitec’s release of thousands of genetically modified mosquitoes, fearing the consequences of being bitten by experimental mosquitoes. It is possible that similar opposition could occur due to trials involving mosquitoes with gene drives.
Obtaining informed consent for such a trial would pose another issue, especially since initiating a gene drive could affect everybody in a particular community and beyond. Would it be necessary for researchers to receive consent from the entire community? Or, would it simply be enough to obtain agreement from the community leaders, whether they are elected politicians or village elders?
Furthermore, it is essential that researchers engaged in field trials of gene drives do so with as much cultural sensitivity as possible. The bulk of research thus far has been done in Western nations like the United States and the United Kingdom, but presumably this technology would be most frequently used in malaria-prone areas like Sub-Saharan Africa and Bangladesh. Before implementation, researchers would need to integrate the needs and ideas of the community into each trial. The gene drive technology is different from bed nets, medication, and vaccines because there is no ongoing individual opt-in. Once mosquitoes with gene drives are released, individuals can no longer choose whether or not they want transgenic mosquitoes in their ecosystem. Other recent public health campaigns, such as India’s incredibly successful campaign against Polio, relied on a top-down approach. The government of India launched a concerted effort, employing mass communication and teams of health workers to immunize children and keep effective records, resulting in polio’s virtual eradication from one of the largest countries in the world. Yet in Mozambique, Public Health officials have struggled to persuade locals to allow the indoor spraying of insecticides. One key difference between these campaigns is how the government responded to resistance: while in India, children were offered toys in return for being vaccinated, the Mozambique government considered making it a law that residents must consent to indoor spraying or face consequences. It is clear that the success of a campaign is also highly dependent on the community’s willingness of participate.
Researchers need to understand the historical and social context in which they are working, where paternalistic attitudes of Western exceptionalism may in some cases still subtly guide their perceptions of local communities. It is tempting to view Western solutions as inherently desirable, but as can be seen in the toilet crisis and the recent Ebola crisis, cultural disparities can be as difficult to overcome as the disease itself. Effectively and fairly engaging local communities will be one of the most difficult parts of implementing gene drives.
The eradication of malaria, along with other major diseases, was one of the UN’s Millennium Development Goals. With all of the risks associated with malaria, we cannot risk halting research on such a promising new tool that could help slow the spread of this disease. It is unlikely that gene drives will replace traditional methods of malaria control. Instead, this technology should be implemented in tandem with bed nets, drugs, and new vaccines for malaria.
Aside from gene drives, the newest tool to be added to this arsenal is a new malaria vaccine. While there are scores of potential new vaccines, one vaccine, called RTS,S/AS01, created by a partnership between GlaxoSmithKline and the Malaria Vaccine Initiative, has received approval. Although the WHO has not yet recommended its implementation, citing uncertainty about dosing and cost effectiveness, this is the first time we have an effective vaccine against malaria.
Where does the gene drive fit into all of this? It is still too early to tell. The WHO and the Bill and Melinda Gates foundation, two of the largest organizations leading the fight against malaria, do not currently fund any research on gene drives, likely because the technology is still in its infancy. However, the potential to use gene drives against other vector-borne diseases has not escaped notice. Researchers are looking into gene drives to fight the Zika virus, which is spread by Aedes aegypti, an invasive species of mosquito in Latin America. It is possible that in several years, gene drive-carrying mosquitoes will be a readily accessible tool whenever a disease like Zika suddenly flares up as it did this year.
The potential for gene drives to treat and even eradicate malaria and other vector-borne diseases is truly exciting and at the same time unsettling. The former, because of the obvious health benefits of drastically reducing the prevalence of the disease, and the latter, because of the importance of implementing the gene drive correctly, with the ideas and concerns of all community stakeholders taken into account. How this field shapes up in the next few years is likely to determine the face of vector-borne disease fighting well into the future.
Benjamin Levy is a first year life sciences student in the Stowe-Gullen stream of the Vic One program. He hopes to enrol in a Global Health specialist next year. He is researching mosquito gene drives for a project in Vic One.
Posted in Uncategorized and tagged Anopheles, Cas9, CRISPR, CRISPR/Cas9, Gene Drive, Genetic Engineering, Genetic Modification, Malaria, Oxitec, Plasmodium. Bookmark the permalink.
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0.999998 |
This article is about the year 1882.
1882 (MDCCCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1882nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 882nd year of the 2nd millennium, the 82nd year of the 19th century, and the 3rd year of the 1880s decade. As of the start of 1882, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
The Standard Oil Trust is secretly created in the United States, to control multiple corporations set up by John D. Rockefeller and his associates.
Irish-born author Oscar Wilde arrives in the United States for an extended lecture tour; when asked by a customs official if he has anything to declare, he replies "I have nothing to declare but my genius" according to later tradition.
January 5 – Charles J. Guiteau is found guilty of the assassination of James A. Garfield (President of the United States) and sentenced to death, despite an insanity defense raised by his lawyer.
January 12 – Holborn Viaduct power station in the City of London, the world's first coal-fired public electricity generating station, begins operation.
February 3 – American showman P. T. Barnum acquires the elephant Jumbo, from the London Zoo.
March 2 – Roderick McLean fails in an attempt to assassinate Queen Victoria, at Windsor.
March 18 (March 6 Old Style) – The Principality of Serbia becomes the Kingdom of Serbia following a proclamation.
March 20 – British gunboats enter Monrovia, with Arthur Havelock demanding that Liberia cede disputed territory to the British colony of Sierra Leone, of which he is Governor.
March 22 – Polygamy is made a felony by the Edmunds Act, passed by the United States Congress.
March 24 – Robert Koch announces the discovery of the bacterium responsible for tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis).
German medical products company Beiersdorf is founded.
March 29 – The Knights of Columbus, a Catholic fraternal service organization, is founded in New Haven, Connecticut.
April 3 – Old West outlaw Jesse James is shot in the back of the head and killed by Robert Ford in St. Joseph, Missouri.
April 29 – The Elektromote, the world's first trolleybus, begins operation in Berlin.
May – Burnley F.C. in the north of England changes codes, from Rugby union to Association football.
May 1 – The Berlin Philharmonic orchestra is founded in Germany, as Frühere Bilsesche Kapelle.
May 2 – The Kilmainham Treaty, an agreement between the British government and Irish nationalist leader Charles Stewart Parnell to abate tenant rent arrears, is announced; Parnell is released from Kilmainham Gaol in Dublin.
May 6 – Phoenix Park Murders in Ireland: Lord Frederick Cavendish, the newly appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland, and Thomas Henry Burke, his Permanent Undersecretary, are fatally stabbed in Phoenix Park, Dublin, by members of the Irish National Invincibles (militant Irish republicans).
May 8 – The Chinese Exclusion Act is the first important law which restricts immigration into the United States.
May 20 – The Triple Alliance is formed between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy.
Ferdinand von Lindemann publishes his proof of the transcendentality of pi.
St Andrew's Ambulance Association is founded in Glasgow, Scotland; St. John Ambulance Canada is also founded this year.
Supposedly, the Bombay Cyclone of 1882 in the Arabian Sea causes flooding in Bombay harbor, leaving about 100,000 dead; this alleged event has, however, been proved a hoax.
Battle of Embabo: The Shewan forces of Menelik II defeat the Gojjame army.
June 11 – The 'Urabi revolt breaks out in Egypt against Khedive Tewfik Pasha and European influence in that country.
June 28 – The Anglo-French Convention of 1882 is signed, marking territorial boundaries between Guinea and Sierra Leone.
June 30 – U.S. presidential assassin Charles J. Guiteau is hanged in Washington, D.C.
July 11–13 – Anglo-Egyptian War: The British Mediterranean Fleet carries out the Bombardment of Alexandria, its forces capturing the city of Alexandria, Egypt, and securing the Suez Canal.
Boers establish the republic of Stellaland in southern Africa.
Richard Wagner's opera Parsifal debuts, at the Bayreuth Festspielhaus in Bavaria.
July 31 – The Hebrew Moshava of Rishon LeZion is founded.
August 3 – The U.S. Congress passes the 1882 Immigration Act.
August 5 – Standard Oil of New Jersey is established.
August 18 – The Married Women's Property Act 1882 receives royal assent in Britain; it enables women to buy, own and sell property, and to keep their own earnings.
August 20 – Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture debuts in Moscow.
September 4 – Thomas Edison flips the switch to the first commercial electrical power plant in the United States, lighting one square mile of lower Manhattan. This is considered by many as the day that begins the electrical age.
The first United States Labor Day parade is held in New York City.
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. is founded (as Hotspur F.C.) in London.
Anglo-Egyptian War: British troops occupy Cairo, and Egypt becomes a British protectorate.
Selwyn College, Cambridge is founded after Queen Victoria grants a Charter of Incorporation.
September 18 – Great Comet of 1882: Her Majesty's Astronomer at the Cape, David Gill, reports watching the comet rise a few minutes before the Sun, describing it as "The nucleus was then undoubtedly single, and certainly rather under than over 4″ in diameter; in fact, as I have described it, it resembled very much a star of the 1st magnitude seen by daylight."
October 5 – The Society for Ethical Culture of Chicago (the modern-day Ethical Humanist Society of Chicago) is founded by Felix Adler.
October 14 – The University of the Punjab is founded in modern-day Pakistan.
October 16 – The New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad ("Nickel Plate Road") runs its first trains over the entire system between Buffalo, New York, and Chicago. Nine days later the Seney Syndicate sells the road to William Henry Vanderbilt, for US$7.2 million.
November 14 – Franklin Leslie shoots Billy Claiborne dead, in the streets of Tombstone, Arizona.
November 16 – The British Royal Navy's HMS Flirt destroys Abari village in Niger.
December – Zikhron Ya'akov is founded in northern Israel.
December 6 – A transit of Venus, the last until 2004, occurs.
Nikola Tesla claims this is when he conceives the rotating magnetic field principle, which he later uses to invent his induction motor.
The first International Polar Year, an international scientific program, begins.
Zulu king Cetshwayo kaMpande returns to South Africa from England.
A peace treaty is signed between Paraguay and Uruguay.
Pogroms in Southern Russia end.
The British Chartered Institute of Patent Agents (the modern-day Chartered Institute of Patent Attorneys) is founded.
Redruth Mining School opens in Cornwall.
The Personal Liberty League is established, to oppose the temperance movement in the United States.
Carolyn Merrick is elected president of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union in the United States.
Édouard Manet exhibits his painting A Bar at the Folies-Bergère at the Paris Salon.
Christchurch Rangers, the earliest predecessor of Queens Park Rangers F.C., in London.
Glentoran F.C. in Belfast in the north of Ireland.
Thames Ditton Lawn Tennis Club, the oldest lawn tennis club still on its original site, in the outer London suburbs.
Waterloo FC, a rugby union club, as Serpentine on Merseyside in the north of England.
Itamar Ben-Avi, first native speaker of Modern Hebrew (d. 1943).
^ "Elektromote". Siemens History. Siemens. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
^ Whitten, David O.; Whitten, Bessie Emrick (1990). Handbook of American Business History: Manufacturing. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 182.
^ Grothe, Mardy (2009). Viva la Repartee. HarperCollins. p. 34.
^ Cooper, John. "Attribution of 'I have nothing to declare except my genius'". Oscar Wilde in America. Retrieved August 12, 2012.
^ Johnson, John W. (2001). Historic U.S. Court Cases. U.S.: Taylor & Francis. p. 54.
^ Harris, Jack (January 14, 1982). "The electricity of Holborn". New Scientist. London.
This page was last edited on 24 April 2019, at 08:22 (UTC).
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0.999957 |
I've written a scenario for Dungeon World that is a bit out of the ordinary; it takes place in an alternate version of Europe in the 1300s, and the PCs are knight templars - that is, if the templars were an order that had to eradicate real evil.
Take a look at the first few paragraphs and let me know if this could work as a Dungeon World adventure. There's much more - the adventure is more or less finished, so if you need more, let me know and I'll paste the rest here.
- From The Two Suns in the Sunset, by Damian De Lamierre, 1299 AD.
In the fall of 1309 AD, rumours of the collapse of several cities in southern Europe begin to surface in the city of Paris, one of the strongholds of the Templar Order. Refugees tell stories of an evil presence capable of destroying entire cities. Most of these rumours concern the city of Marseille; it appears to be under attack by unknown, superior forces.
The characters are experienced and powerful heroes, loosely or directly connected to the Templars. They’re tasked with infiltrating the city of Marseilles to find the truth behind the collapse and stop its destruction.
This scenario is meant to introduce you to an alternate Earth where abhorrent entities from beyond the universe we know spread corruption and chaos that threaten human civilisation. Mysterious, powerful orbs with different properties have appeared all over the world, and they emit a constant supernatural energy that corrupts and deforms the human mind and body.
When an orb is left to its own devices, it can have horrific consequences. People around them tend to go insane with an unquenchable thirst for blood, or worse; orbs can transform people into grotesque creatures resembling the stuff of nightmares.
Everything supernatural comes from these orbs. They serve as sources of energy for the few who learn to control it. The PCs all have this ability, and they draw on the orbs to perform superhuman feats. However, this comes with the constant threat of overusing these powers and become slaves of the orbs, doomed to roam the world as mindless creatures of havok.
Two major factions exist in Europe in the 1300s; The Order of the Knight Templars and the cult of the Black Sun. The Order is hell bent on destroying the source of the evil - the mysterious multi-dimensional orbs that are hidden all over Europe in mountain caves, deep seas and buried in fields and forests.
The cult of the Black Sun take their name from a pitch black orb floating in the air, giving the illusion that it is much farther away than it is, which causes people to think of it as a second sun.
The cult wants to destroy the Templars and let evil reign over the world. They are fanatical and spare none to get what they want. The cultists are a mix of insane savages, level-headed opportunists and truly powerful wizards who draw their powers from the orbs. Few cultists know the secret of the orbs; they are portals to a dimension where their vile creators dwell, intent on invading Earth and enslaving everyone.
If you're a player, you can go directly to Appendix I and choose your PC. Do not read the GM section. If you are the GM, keep reading.I will be addressing this book to you, the game master, because you will need the most information, while the players simply have to choose one of the pre-gen PCs.
The core of this scenario is the destruction and invasion of Marseille in the south of what is now France. The PCs are ordered by the Order of the Knight Templars to find out what happened and destroy any evil that might be involved.
The Black Sun Cult has taken control of the city by using the powers of a nearby orb that can control people's’ minds and memories, basically making them helpless and easy to control. The Cult has also managed to lure a Leviathan into the city to crush its defences; it still roams the streets aimlessly, going into fits of rage and destroying the buildings with its mighty claws. The leviathan is huge; at least 30 meters tall, dragging a long tail behind it. It is fast and its jaws can break steel and stone with ease. Do not feed the leviathan.
The reason for the invasion is to create a base for the Cult where they can conduct their evil rituals, use their orbs for obscene purposes and launch attacks on Templar Knight strongholds. The population of Marseille are both like cattle and expendable soldiers; they can be told anything and believe it, making them easy to manipulate. The hold over them is not completely unbreakable; PCs with mental or social abilities can successfully free them.
The goal of the PCs is to sneak into Marseille to find out what has happened to the city. The Templars suspect Black Sun Cult activity, but can’t be sure. The leviathan is a surprise; the players better run like hell when they see it. In the end, the PCs need to destroy the orb that lets the Cult control the people of Marseille and find a way to stop the Leviathan before it does too much damage or kills the group.
This adventure can function like a starting point for more adventures. If the group likes the idea of hunting down evil cultists and destroying orbs from another dimension, this game is for you.
The following chapters describe the events and encounters of the adventure. You can change the sequence of events the way you prefer. The players are free to do what they want, and as the GM, you can add your own material and details to the story.
...and then the 6-7 chapters that describe the group's adventure in Marseille follows. Any comments, feedback and criticism is more than welcome!
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0.981812 |
SaaS Pricing Strategy for Startups : what we've Learned so far.
We've thought a lot about our pricing strategy for our Saas Startup. Pricing is such an important topic. Price to low in SaaS and you can't give the kind of service that customers need, or you leave money on the table. Price too high and you you'll put your product out of reach for a large market segment. Its a delicate balancing act, that needs constant testing, communication with users and customers. And for SaaS you also need to factor in the costs and results of User Onboarding.
TL;DR We've Tested different Pricing for our SaaS Startup and here's what we've learned (so far). For us the key to pricing has been AB testing to measure Conversion Rates and Churn Rates at different price points.
For us the key too pricing has been AB testing to measure Conversion Rates and Churn Rates at different price points. We've also been heavily focused on user onboarding - both to help customer be successful with our product, as well as to continually learn customer needs and get first hand feedback.
CONVERSION RATE FOR DIFFERENT PRICE POINTS: We've measured the conversion rate different Price Points. That's not just Signup for a Free Trail, but to actual conversion to a monthly subscription.
CHURN RATE FOR DIFFERENT PRICE POINTS: Similarly we've measured the Churn Rate at different Price Points. We wanted to learn about the level of customer commitment, i.e. does a higher price encourage commitment?
For us, working personally with new users to help them be successful and get the best from our SaaS product has always been a core strategy. But what was the cost impact of onboarding for lower paying customers?
We've learned that there is a range of price insensitivity (where we can reduce prices but not grow faster) so we want to be at the top end of that range.
We also tested low entry pricing (where we get lots more subscribers, but they tend also to churn faster, which ultimately doesn't help us grow faster). There's a price point at which people will say "Sure let's try this, its not much money to commit." But then they are more likely to churn.
We aim to attract users who value the service, and invest in giving REALLY great customer service and helping them be really successful with our service. Because our long term growth depends on attracting customers that retain.
So that means our Pricing Strategy has to be aligned with our User Onboarding strategy. I've written in more depth about [our onboarding strategy here](http://blog.popcornmetrics.com/user-onboarding-can-double-your-conversion-rates/ " _target="blank) and you'll see that we've put a lot of effort into helping 1-on-1 as much as possible - which has paid off really well.
"AB Test Prices and Align Pricing Strategy with your User Onboarding Strategy"
Ultimately the balance is a continual process and one we'll keep working on.
UPDATE: We've recently noticed a trend that clients we subscribed at a low price point, who (a) did NOT need a lot of User Onboarding (more self service type users) and (b) have valued our service so much they upgraded to a higher price plan. That's opening up a new line of thinking on our pricing strategy: offering a "low entry price/ low onboarding cost" tier, where we'd basically filter out users who subscribe to a lower entry plan, let those users mature over a period of time (we're noticing this trend with users that have subscribed for over a year) until they have really convinced themselves (or their boss, or their client) of the value, and then devise an upgrade strategy.
If I'm honest, that's something we've always shied away from - because we WANT to be able to engage with customers, and we've always used the price point validation as a way to be sure we're getting valuable feedback from real longterm customers.
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0.999997 |
What do traditional Catholics believe?
Traditional Roman Catholics profess and adhere to everything which is contained in divine revelation, whether written or handed down, and which has been proposed by the Church as having been revealed by God either by her solemn judgment or by her ordinary and universal magisterium.
Because of our adherence to the magisterium of the Church, we wholeheartedly reject the heretical teaching of Vatican II concerning the unity of the Church, namely that the Church of Christ is not exclusively identified with the Catholic Church, but merely subsists in it. This heretical doctrine is contained principally in Lumen Gentium, and its heretical meaning is confirmed in statements of Paul VI and his successors, particularly in the 1983 Code of Canon Law. It is contrary to the teaching of the Catholic Church, contained principally in Satis Cognitum of Pope Leo XIII, Mortalium Animos of Pope Pius XI, Mystici Corporis of Pope Pius XII and in the condemnations of the “Branch Theory” made by the Holy Office under Pope Pius IX.
We also reject the teaching of Vatican II concerning ecumenism as overtly heretical, which states that non-Catholic religions are a means of salvation. This doctrine directly contradicts the teaching of the Church that there is no salvation outside the Catholic Church, called by Pope Pius IX a “most well-known Catholic dogma.” In addition, the ecumenical practices which have resulted from this heretical doctrine are directly contrary to Mortalium Animos of Pope Pius XI.
We reject the teaching of Vatican II on religious liberty, contained in Dignitatis Humanae, which nearly word for word asserts the very doctrine which was condemned by Pope Pius VII in Post Tam Diuturnas, by Pope Gregory XVI in Mirari Vos, by Pope Pius IX in Quanta Cura, and by Pope Leo XIII in Libertas Praestantissimum. The teaching of Vatican II on religious liberty also contradicts the royalty of Jesus Christ in society as expressed in Quas Primas of Pope Pius XI, and the constant attitude and practice of the Church with regard to civil society.
Traditional Catholics furthermore reject the teaching of Vatican II concerning collegiality, which attempts to alter the monarchical constitution of the Catholic Church, with which she was endowed by the Divine Savior. The doctrine of Vatican II, confirmed by the 1983 Code of Canon Law, which states that the subject of the supreme authority of the Church is the college of bishops together with the pope, is contrary to the defined doctrine of the Council of Florence and of Vatican I.
Traditional Catholics adhere to the pre-Vatican II Catholic liturgy.
Consequently true Catholics reject the Ordo Missae of Paul VI as an evil liturgical discipline, because (1) it contains a heretical definition of the Mass; (2) it was composed with the express purpose of making an ecumenical liturgy, pleasing to Protestants, stripped of Catholic truths concerning the priesthood, the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass, and the Real Presence of Christ in the Holy Eucharist; (3) it was composed with the help and input of six Protestant ministers, which shows the heretical spirit in which it was conceived and formulated; (4) its authors systematically deleted from its prayers and lessons doctrines which would be offensive to heretics; (5) it teaches, both by its omissions and its symbolism and gestures, heresies and errors concerning the priesthood, the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass, and the Real Presence of Christ in the Holy Eucharist; (6) owing to a defect of intention which it causes in him who celebrates it, the validity of the consecration is put into such doubt that traditional Catholics must consider it to be an invalid "Mass", which cannot be pleasing to God and cannot fulfill ones Sunday obligation.
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0.999961 |
My Tribe is a cute and adventurous game that revolves around a tribe of people who inhabited a splendid city where there was complete peace and prosperity. However, these people had an adventurous spirit, and so they set out in search for faraway lands across vast oceans. One day a crew from this tribe set off to discover something, but luck was not in their favor and they hit a deadly storm that wrecked their ship onto an unknown island. Do you have what it takes to take the role of a leader and lead these people to find a home for themselves on this island?
The island that you have been stranded on has a lot of mysteries and potential for a civilization. Your task is to help your tribe set up their homes here by helping them find the necessities that they are looking for and assign them various quests and tasks that they will have to accomplish. Some of the task will be searching for basic necessities like food and water, after that you will have to look for wood in order to make a fire, look for materials needed to build comfortable homes and things like that. As and how your villagers work, they can turn some of the tasks that they do well into a specialty and then live to a ripe old age.
You will have to explore the island and collect various items like moon dust and star dust besides looking for various stray boxes that are drawn to the island. However, you must be careful before you approach these boxes as they can sometimes be dangerous. The best thing about My Tribe is that the game keeps going ahead even when you have logged off from the game. You can also choose various layouts in the game that can be associated with the game.
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0.999093 |
Are counterparty arrangements in insurance a threat to financial stability?
Interconnectedness among insurers and reinsurers at a global level is not well-understood and may pose a significant risk to the sector, with implications for the macro-economy. Models of the complex interactions among re-insurers are with other participants in the financial system and the real economy are at a very early stage of development and the market remains opaque both to regulators and market participants. To begin to assess the stability of the global reinsurance market, and the risk of contagion amplifying potential losses, the authors create several plausible networks between global reinsurers, each consistent with reinsurer financial statement data, and some involving results from the theory of random matrices. These networks are stress-tested under a series of severe but plausible catastrophic loss scenarios. This analysis contributes to the literature by: (1) applying a network model approach common in the banking literature to the insurance industry (2) assessing the interconnections among reinsurers through potential claims rather than premiums, and (3) investigating the most opaque part of the global insurance market, namely counterparty arrangements among global reinsurers (retrocession). The authors find that contagion in the global retrocession market is plausible and that the size of the potential market is sensitive to: (A) the distribution of risk among counterparties (B) the trigger for financial distress (C) the time horizon for claims resolution and (D) the degree of loss-netting. The findings suggest that further study of industry practices in these four areas would improve our ability to assess risk in the insurance sector and promote financial stability.
Joint work with Jane Voll, Bank of Canada; Darrell Leadbetter, OSFI; Bin Lu, Department of Applied Mathematics, Western University; Nadia Kotb, Department of Statistical & Actuarial Sciences, Western University.
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0.999997 |
12/25/2017 4 people injured in head-on collision, FHP says ran red light Orlando Sentinel An overnight head-on collision in Orange County left four people injured, one of them in critical condition, Florida Highway Patrol troopers said. The crash was reported at 1:35 a.m. when a 2016 Buick driving westbound on Curry Ford Road crashed with a 2004 Ford pickup traveling south on Bumby .. ran red light, crashed into other car, ejected.
12/25/2017 1 killed, 2 wounded in shootings at start of Christmas holiday Chicago IL 1 killed, 2 wounded in shootings at start of Christmas holiday Chicago Tribune scene of a homicide on Dec. 25, 2017 in the 8100 block of South Wabash Avenue in Chatham. man was fatally shot on the South Side a little after midnight on Christmas Day, authorities said. He was standing ..
12/25/2017 Mother of 7 found dead in an alley on Christmas night - Story | KSAZ www.fox10phoenix.com/news/.../33-year-old-mother-of-seven-killed-on-christmas PHOENIX - A 33-year-old mother of seven is found dead in an alley on Christmas night.Now, the family is remembering Candy Salazar. ... Police have released few details surrounding Salazar'sdeath, but neighbors near the scene of where Salazar's body was found in South Phoenix said ...Phoenix mother of 7 killed azfamily Police are trying to find the person who gunned down a Phoenix mother of seven. Candy Salazar was expected at a family Christmas ... 12/25/2017 Mother, Children Killed in Christmas Day Shooting suspect father of children shoots at police - CNN A woman and her two children were killed on Christmas in a domestic violence shooting at a Phoenix apartment complex, police said. ... (CNN)A mother and her two children -- one just 10 months old -- were killed on Christmas in a domestic violence shooting at a Phoenix apartment ...suspect, who engaged police in a six-hour standoff before opening fire on officers, was taken into custody man had taken two children hostage in an apartment, and officers launched into negotiations with him, Howard said. During the talks, the man indicated he had killed the children and threatened officers, officer who was injured in the shootout Mother, 2 children killed in Christmas Day shooting | 12 News Online The slain woman and the suspect “had these two children in common,” Howard said, adding that police were still working to determine the nature of their relationship. The other child who was killed was 11 years old. KTLA 5 News - Two children being held hostage by a man... Two children being held hostage by a man suspected of killing their mother on Christmas Day were also found dead following an hourslong standoff in Phoenix. ... apprehended the suspect.
High school principal, teacher arrested in Phoenix domestic violence incident at their home and authorities say the Cordovas are facing charges for misdemeanor assault.
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0.999894 |
Desertification due to sheep or lack of water ?
Dhimmi no more sees the desertification of Egypt and North Africa as the product of the islamic ban on pork. In my view, it is more likely, it is caused by lack of water.
Lack of water may be caused by two different factors. Change of climate or bad administration of water resources. I do not know much on previous climate in that region, but I know, that arabs are often nomads.
In Egypt and North Africa, agriculture relies on careful administration of water resources. It is therefore important, that local rulers are efficient in water administration, and it is plausible, that islamic, nomadic invaders were not.
This seems to me to be the most plausible reason for the desertifcation in islamic countries.
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0.928626 |
Is 14868736 a prime number?
Is 14868736 a prime number? What are the divisors of 14868736?
No, 14868736 is not a prime number.
For example, 14868736 can be divided by 2: 14868736 / 2 = 7 434 368.
To be 14868736 a prime number, it would have been required that 14868736 has only two divisors, i.e., itself and 1.
14868736 is an even number, because it is evenly divisible by 2: 14868736 / 2 = 7 434 368.
Is 14868736 a perfect square number?
A number is a perfect square (or a square number) if its square root is an integer; that is to say, it is the product of an integer with itself. Here, the square root of 14868736 is 3 856.
Therefore, the square root of 14868736 is an integer, and as a consequence 14868736 is a perfect square.
As a consequence, 3 856 is the square root of 14868736.
What is the square number of 14868736?
The square of a number (here 14868736) is the result of the product of this number (14868736) by itself (i.e., 14868736 × 14868736); the square of 14868736 is sometimes called "raising 14868736 to the power 2", or "14868736 squared".
The square of 14868736 is 221 079 310 237 696 because 14868736 × 14868736 = 148687362 = 221 079 310 237 696.
As a consequence, 14868736 is the square root of 221 079 310 237 696.
14868736 is a number with 8 digits.
What are the multiples of 14868736?
Is 9166 a prime number?
14 868 736 est-il un nombre premier ?
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0.885165 |
The family Lucanidae has long been considered one of the most primitive groups in the Scarabaeoidea (Crowson 1967; Howden 1982; Ritcher 1966), and scarabaeoid classifications and evolutionary hypotheses have generally regarded the Lucanidae as basal to all scarabaeoids (Howden 1982; Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1977; Lawrence and Newton 1995). However, based on comparison with "primitive" scarabaeoid groups, Scholtz et al. (1994) hypothesized that the scarabaeoid family Glaresidae, rather than the Lucanidae, is the most primitive scarabaeoid. According to this hypothesis, the Lucanidae is a member of a clade that includes the Passalidae, Diphyllostomatidae, Glaphyridae, Trogidae, Pleocomidae, and Bolboceratinae (Geotrupidae). More recent phylogenetic analyses cast doubt on both of these hypotheses, and place Lucanidae in an intermediate clade with Glaresidae and Trogidae (Smith et al. 2006).
Prior to the taxonomic elevation of the genus Diphyllostoma to the family Diphyllostomatidae (Holloway 1972), the Lucanidae was hypothesized to be most closely related to the Passalidae (Howden 1982). Based on shared characters, it is now thought that the Lucanidae is most closely related to the Diphyllostomatidae (Caveney 1986; Browne and Scholtz 1995).
The world Lucanidae (about 1500 species) have been treated in checklists by Benesh (1960) and Maes (1992) and in illustrated catalogs by Didier and Seguy (1953),and Mizunuma and Nagai (1994), and Fujita (2010). The latter is spectacular for its colored plates of the world stag beetle fauna, however it contains numerous errors with respect to the indentification of New World stag beetles. Benesh (1960) recognized eight subfamilies, four of which occurred in the United States. Howden and Lawrence (1974) and Kikuta (1986) proposed significant changes of genera within subfamilies. Based on the work of Holloway (1960, 1968, 1969), the most recent subfamilial classification is followed here, with three subfamilies now recognized as occurring in North America: Aesalinae, Syndesinae, and Lucaninae. One member of the remaining lucanid subfamily, Lampriminae, occurs in South America. The subfamily Penichrolucaninae was formerly used for two genera of aberrant termitophilous lucanids, but these are now considered to be derived members of Lucaninae, tribe Figulini (Bartolozzi 1989).
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0.999991 |
The European Commission has decided to send reasoned opinions (second stage of formal infringement proceedings under Article 226 of the EC Treaty) to Germany and Greece for incorrect implementation of Directives on the rights for citizens of the European Union (EU) residing in a Member State of which they are not nationals, to vote and to stand as candidates for European Parliament and municipal elections. These rights, laid down in Article 19 of the EC Treaty, are an integral part of the benefits of EU citizenship (see IP/97/452) introduced by the Maastricht Treaty and confirmed by the Amsterdam Treaty. Germany is due to receive two reasoned opinions concerning incorrect implementation of, on the one hand, the Directive on elections to the Parliament (93/109/EC) and on the other, in the Länder of Saxony and Bavaria, the Directive on municipal elections (94/80/EC). The Commission considers that Greece has implemented the municipal elections Directive (94/80/EC) incorrectly because nationals of other Member States suffer several forms of discrimination. The Commission may decide to refer these cases to the European Court of Justice if it does not receive a satisfactory response from the Member States concerned within two months of receipt of the reasoned opinions.
Directive 93/109/EC stipulates that all EU citizens residing in a Member State of which he/she is not a national has the right to vote and to stand as a candidate for elections to the Parliament in the State where he/she resides, under the same conditions as nationals of the State of residence. In order to guarantee citizens the freedom to choose whether they vote in the Member State of which they are a national or in the Member State where they reside, the Directive stipulates that the citizen has to ask to be registered on the electoral roll of the Member State of residence. However, the Directive also stipulates that once EU citizens are registered on the electoral roll in their country of residence, they must remain registered under the same conditions as nationals of that State. A problem arises in Germany, which does not keep any permanent electoral roll, because it requires non-German EU citizens to lodge a request for registration on the electoral roll before each election, while German nationals are re-registered on the electoral roll automatically, without having to make a specific request. EU nationals from other Member States therefore suffer discriminatory treatment.
A similar problem concerning implementation of the municipal elections Directive (94/80/EC) exists in the German Länder of Saxony and Bavaria. In other words nationals of other Member States resident in these two Länder are required to make a specific request to be registered on the electoral roll before each municipal election, whereas once German nationals are on the electoral roll they are automatically re-registered for each subsequent election.
The Commission considers that Greek legislation implementing the municipal elections Directive (94/80/EC) discriminates against nationals of other Member States in a number of ways which are incompatible with the Directive. These discriminatory provisions include a requirement for nationals of other Member States to have been a permanent resident of the municipality where they wish to register to vote for at least two years, whereas there is no similar requirement for Greek nationals.
The Commission also has reservations concerning provisions in the Greek legislation prohibiting citizens of other Member States who wish to vote or stand as candidates in municipal elections in Greece from exercising their right to take part in municipal elections in their Member State of origin. The Commission considers that it is the sovereign right of each Member State to decide whether or not to allow its nationals residing abroad to exercise their electoral rights in municipal elections in the Member State of origin and that the host Member State has no right to intervene in this choice. Neither Article 19 of the EC Treaty nor Directive 94/80/EC imply that EU nationals have to choose between exercising their rights to vote and stand as candidates in municipal elections in their country of origin or their country of residence.
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0.93884 |
Distinguishing axions from WIMPs as CDM?
The QCD Axion is a Beyond-the-standard-model Curiosity. Originally introduced to solve the strong CP problem, it is effectively described by a one-particle, one-parameter new physics model, and, despite having a mass comparable to the neutrino's, it is a Cold Dark Matter candidate.
In the scenario where the axion is born after inflation, I will review the growth of Large Scale Structure in the presence of axion CDM, and speculate about axion configurations in our galaxy today.
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0.999123 |
Dunelt takes its name from its founders, Dunford and Elliot, who began production of motorcycles in Birmingham in 1919. Their machines were fitted with a variety of two- and four-stroke motors from proprietory manufacturers including Sturmey-Archer, Villiers and JAP. Although not well known for their sporting sucessess, they performed well at the Isle of Man winning the 1930 Maudes Trophy, having travelled over 13,000 miles in 16 days at an average speed of just under 35mph.
In the mid-1930s the 500cc machines were sold in the Netherlands under the New Rapid brand. The Meijer company probably bought some of the factory stock when Dunelt closed in 1935, as the New Rapid JAP machines were still being marketed in 1936.
The outstanding exhibit of this company's products is undoubtedly the new sporting solo model. The engine follows the usual Dunelt design, except that several modifications have been introduced in order to reduce its over-all height. It has been found, for example, possible to shorten the connecting rod without any untoward effect. The cylinder head is aluminium, being clamped in position by three bolts hinged to the crank case; it is therefore quickly detachable. The double-diameter piston is of aluminium with bronze gudgeon pin bosses. The engine is housed in a sloping position in a neat and rigid frame. The tank is split vertically on the centre line, the halves being bolted underneath and held together on top by a line of vertically disposed screws.
Dunford & Elliott (Sheffield), Ltd., Bath Street, Birmingham."
Extract from a report on the 1926 Olympia Show in Motor Sport Magazine The only other big two-stroke is, of course, the Dunelt, with its well known truncated piston system. This machine, apart from minor improvements, remains practically unaltered for 1927. It will be remembered that one of these models performed extraordinarily well in the last sidecar T.T. Messrs. Dunford and Elliott are also showing a super-sports model of the 250 c.c. lightweight which has a remarkably high performance. The prices of these two models are 09 10s. and £38 10s. respectively.
From Sports Mounts for 1928 in Motor Sport Magazine Dunelts have made a name for themselves as sports machines, performing with great consistency on road and track. The 250 c.c. model holds several world's records, which proves that this supercharged two-stroke is definitely in the sports class. Model K Sports de Luxe 249 c.c. is priced at 238 10s.
Dunelt won the Maudes Trophy in 1929, making a run of 25,000 miles.
Awarded annually for the most outstanding motor-cycle performance during each succsssive year, has been awarded for 1929 to the Dunelt machine for its 25,000 miles record, made early last year.
This distance was covered in 23 days, averaging 1,030 miles daily, at a speed of 45 miles per hour. The machine was picked from stock by the Auto Cycle Union of Great Britain, and the run was made on the Monthlery track in France. During the first 12 hours the machine covered 552 1/2 miles, and at the end of 24 tours 1,107 miles, averaging 46 m.p.h. Day after day the the machine ran continuously, stops just being sufficient for petrol and oil refilling. These varied from two seconds to four and & half minutes, according to requirements. In the first day and a half run the only mechanical work was the adjustment of a tappet.
No illumination was on the track, and the competitors relied entirely on a six-volt lighting set as supplied on the machine.
"Another strenuous journey was that of Messrs. Moore and Whitaker, who crossed the Libyan Desert from Cairo to Siwa and back on two 499 c.c. Dunelt sidecar outfits. The riders en- countered frequent sandstorms and rain- storms, and so heavy was the going in some of the deep sand that of the 1200 miles 600 had to be covered in middle gear and 100 in low. That these hardships alone did not cause the failure of the expedition is striking testimony to the efficient cooling of the engine and the sound transmission."
Model K 250cc Twostroke, external flywheel, "supercharger" type.
Im looking at the Dunelt Sheffield 107x 153 decal ...is that something I can purchase?
Id like that for my Dunelt bicycle downtube please.
Was the rear seat on the cycle an option or 'home' produced?
Possibly a 1929 model. It has electric lighting which was fitted std in 1928, and a flat tank which was changed to saddle tank in 1930 or 31. The pillion seat appears to be a modified aftermarket or optional Dunelt unit. A similar seat is fitted to another of the Dunelt motorcycles in the gallery. Ed.
Here is a photo you may add in the "Dunelt" section of your site.
I am looking for several parts for my project. Anyone can assist?
Query about Dunelt restoration project.
I would like to find out exactly which magneto and generator were fitted to this model? Also which speedometer exactly? and... do you know of anyone with these particular spares for sale?
"DUNELT MOTOR CYCLES 1928, 16 PAGE CATALOGUE PLUS COVERS.
Showing Models: K Royal, Sports K, Standard K, Sports Sidecar, Touring Sidecar, Commercial Box Carrier. Other pages, Improvements, Lubrication, Silencing, One page of Specifications for each MotorCycle, Extras, Super-Charging and what it means In Road Performance & Electrical Equipment. A Hire Purchase Terms"
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People collect aid in the form of rice at the presidential palace on Monday in Port-au-Prince, Haiti.
Port-au-Prince, Haiti (CNN) -- Once there was a golf course and a swanky club. Almost two weeks after Haiti's killer quake, the sweeping hills of The Petionville Club have transformed into a city of misery.
As many as 100,000 displaced Haitians are sleeping here at night, the largest camp in the Haitian capital. Monday, the aid agency Catholic Relief Services distributed food en masse for the first time here.
"It was a grand slam," said CRS spokesman Lane Hartill. "It feels great. We need to get food to the people."
Hartill said the camp was divided into quadrants, each marked with a color. People were handed colored tickets for food distribution. Monday was yellow-ticket day.
The tickets, said Hartill, helped keep the massive distribution effort orderly; people felt confident food was on its way no matter where they stood in line or what color ticket they had.
Soldiers from the U.S. Army's 82nd Airborne Division, who have set up camp at the top of the hill, helped haul the food and slid burlap bags down the hill on sheeting used as a chute. People with yellow tickets received a 100-pound sack of bulgur, lentils and cooking oil -- enough to feed a family of five for three weeks.
Within minutes of the distribution, the smell of cooking wafted through the air.
It's the first wave of a significant amount of food for thousands who have gone hungry since losing their homes and livelihoods in the magnitude-7.0 quake on January 12.
As many as 150,000 people are feared dead and an estimated 1.5 million rendered homeless.
Hartill said CRS, which has operated in Haiti since 1954, is spending $25 million in its aid operation here. The agency is focusing on food aid and has brought in about 90 shipping containers filled with food.
No one knows how long this tent city will have to function, but Hartill said CRS will be implementing a work-for-food plan that will help get people back to their own neighborhoods -- even if it is in temporary shelters there -- to earn cash for cleaning up rubble and trash.
Down the hill from the three-quarters-empty, blue-tiled pool and from the poolside bar that now says "pharmacy," Hartill walked through a maze of tents Monday. The 34-year-old air worker from Oregon said he had never worked on a humanitarian disaster on such a large scale.
He said he found the encampment somewhat organized -- committees have formed to keep it running -- but still, risks of fire and other hazards exist.
"When you have this many people living together, you are going to have problems," Hartill said.
He said the next challenge will be to supply every resident of this vast camp with plastic sheeting. The rainy season is around the corner, and that will bring with it a whole new problem. The dusty hillsides will surely turn to mud.
"It's going to turn into Woodstock out there," Hartill said.
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I would like to invite you to start with some deep breathing exercises before you begin your workout session. Stand or sit with your eyes closed and take in a deep breath through your nose, hold it for one or two seconds and exhale through your mouth. Repeat this five times.
During this time you will feel your body relax and your shoulders drop, your mind will clear and your will be present for your session.
Deep breathing before you exercise sets the stage for controlled breathing during your workout. It relaxes you and makes you more conscious of your breathing.
Breathing in through your nose increases circulation, blood oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, slows the breathing rate and improves overall lung volumes.
Exhale through the mouth as you do the hard part (concentric) of the exercise = push, pull or lift.
Inhale through the nose as you complete the easier (eccentric) part of the exercise. Never be afraid to take a moment to reset and begin your breathing and repetitions again.
For those who find this hard it will develop with practice and become part of your weights session. Controlled breathing engages the abdominals, exercising the abs as you perform your weights sessions giving your body the extra support and better outcomes from your weights session.
For those who hold their breath during weights sessions a word of warning, holding your breath increases blood pressure and may even lead to feeling faint.
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Complementary colors in the RGB color model.
Complementary colors in the traditional RYB color model.
Modern color theory uses either the RGB additive color model or the CMY subtractive color model, and in these, the complementary pairs are red–cyan, green–magenta, and blue–yellow.
In the traditional RYB color model, the complementary color pairs are red–green, yellow–purple, and blue–orange.
Opponent process theory suggests that the most contrasting color pairs are red–green, and blue–yellow.
The traditional color wheel model dates to the 18th century and is still used by many artists today. This model designates red, yellow and blue as primary colors with the primary–secondary complementary pairs of red–green, blue-orange, and yellow–purple.
In this traditional scheme, a complementary color pair contains one primary color (yellow, blue or red) and a secondary color (green, purple or orange). The complement of any primary color can be made by combining the two other primary colors. For example, to achieve the complement of yellow (a primary color) one could combine red and blue. The result would be purple, which appears directly across from yellow on the color wheel. Continuing with the color wheel model, one could then combine yellow and purple, which essentially means that all three primary colors would be present at once. Since paints work by absorbing light, having all three primaries together produces a black or gray color (see subtractive color). In more recent painting manuals, the more precise subtractive primary colors are magenta, cyan and yellow.
Placed side-by-side as tiny dots, in partitive color mixing, complementary colors appear gray.
The RGB color model, invented in the 19th century and fully developed in the 20th century, uses combinations of red, green, and blue light against a black background to make the colors seen on a computer monitor or television screen. In the RGB model, the primary colors are red, green, and blue. The complementary primary–secondary combinations are red–cyan, green–magenta, and blue–yellow. In the RGB color model, the light of two complementary colors, such as red and cyan, combined at full intensity, will make white light, since two complementary colors contain light with the full range of the spectrum. If the light is not fully intense, the resulting light will be gray.
In some other color models, such as the HSV color space, the neutral colors (white, greys, and black) lie along a central axis. Complementary colors (as defined in HSV) lie opposite each other on any horizontal cross-section. For example, in the CIE 1931 color space a color of a "dominant" wavelength can be mixed with an amount of the complementary wavelength to produce a neutral color (gray or white).
A traditional color star developed in 1867 by Charles Blanc. The traditional complementary colors used by 19th-century artists such as Van Gogh, Monet and Renoir are directly opposite each other.
The colors of the RGB color model, which uses combinations of red, green, and blue light on a black screen to create all the colors seen on a computer display or television. Complementary colors are opposite each other.
The HSV color wheel has the same complementary colors as the RGB color model, but shows them in three dimensions.
RGB complementary colors magenta and green provide a high contrast and reinforce each other's brightness.
Red and cyan are complementary in the RGB color model.
Blue and yellow are also complementary in the RGB model.
In the CMYK color model, the primary colors magenta, cyan, and yellow together make black, and the complementary pairs are magenta–green, yellow–blue, and cyan–red.
Color printing, like painting, also uses subtractive colors, but the complementary colors are different from those used in painting. As a result, the same logic applies as to colors produced by light. Color printing uses the CMYK color model, making colors by overprinting cyan, magenta, yellow, and black ink. In printing the most common complementary colors are magenta–green, yellow–blue, and cyan–red. In terms of complementary/opposite colors, this model gives exactly the same result as using the RGB model. Black is added when needed to make the colors darker.
The effect that colors have upon each other had been noted since antiquity. In his essay On Colors, Aristotle observed that "when light falls upon another color, then, as a result of this new combination, it takes on another nuance of color." Saint Thomas Aquinas had written that purple looked different next to white than it did next to black, and that gold looked more striking against blue than it did against white; the Italian Renaissance architect and writer Leon Battista Alberti observed that there was harmony (coniugatio in Latin, and amicizia in Italian) between certain colors, such as red–green and red–blue; and Leonardo da Vinci observed that the finest harmonies were those between colors exactly opposed (retto contrario), but no one had a convincing scientific explanation why that was so until the 18th century.
In 1704, in his treatise on optics, Isaac Newton devised a circle showing a spectrum of seven colors. In this work and in an earlier work in 1672, he observed that certain colors around the circle were opposed to each other and provided the greatest contrast; he named red and blue, yellow and violet, and green and "a purple close to scarlet."
In the following decades, scientists refined Newton's color circle, eventually giving it twelve colors: the three primary colors (yellow, blue, and red); three secondary colors (green, purple and orange), made by combining primary colors; and six additional tertiary colors, made by combining the primary and secondary colors.
In 1793, the American-born British scientist Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford (1753–1814), coined the term complementary colors. While staying at an inn in Florence, he made an experiment with candles and shadows, and discovered that colored light and the shadow cast by the light had perfectly contrasting colors. He wrote, "To every color, without exception, whatever may be its hue or shade, or however it may be compounded, there is another in perfect harmony to it, which is its complement, and may be said to be its companion." He also noted some of the practical benefits of this discovery. "By experiments of this kind, which might easily be made, ladies may choose ribbons for their gowns, or those who furnish rooms may arrange their colors upon principles of the most perfect harmony and of the purest taste. The advantages that painters might derive from a knowledge of these principles of the harmony of colors are too obvious to require illustration."
In the early 19th century, scientists and philosophers across Europe began studying the nature and interaction of colors. The German poet Johann Wolfgang von Goethe presented his own theory in 1810, stating that the two primary colors were those in the greatest opposition to each other, yellow and blue, representing light and darkness. He wrote that "Yellow is a light which has been dampened by darkness; blue is a darkness weakened by light." Out of the opposition of blue and yellow, through a process called "steigerung, or "augementation" a third color, red, was born.[page needed] Goethe also proposed several sets of complementary colors which "demanded" each other. According to Goethe, "yellow 'demands' violet; orange [demands] blue; purple [demands] green; and vice versa". Goethe's ideas were highly personal and often disagreed with other scientific research, but they were highly popular and influenced some important artists, including J.M.W. Turner.
At about the same time that Goethe was publishing his theory, a British physicist, doctor and Egyptologist, Thomas Young (1773–1829), showed by experiments that it was not necessary to use all the colors of spectrum to create white light; it could be done by combining the light of just three colors; red, green, and blue. This discovery was the foundation of additive colors, and of the RGB color model. He showed that it was possible to create magenta by combining red and blue light; to create yellow by mixing red and green light; and to create cyan, or blue-green, by mixing green and blue. He also found that it was possible to create virtually any other color by modifying the intensity of these colors. This discovery led to the system used today to create colors on a computer or television display. Young was also the first to propose that the retina of the eye contained nerve fibers which were sensitive to three different colors. This foreshadowed the modern understanding of color vision, in particular the finding that the eye does indeed have three color receptors which are sensitive to different wavelength ranges.
At about the same time as Young discovered additive colors, another British scientist, David Brewster (1781–1868), the inventor of the kaleidoscope, proposed a competing theory that the true primary colors were red, yellow, and blue, and that the true complementary pairs were red–green, blue–orange, and yellow–purple. Then a German scientist, Hermann von Helmholtz, (1821–1894), resolved the debate by showing that colors formed by light, additive colors, and those formed by pigments, subtractive colors, did in fact operate by different rules, and had different primary and complementary colors.
Other scientists looked more closely at the use of complementary colors. In 1828, the French chemist Eugene Chevreul, making a study of the manufacture of Gobelin tapestries to make the colors brighter, demonstrated scientifically that "the arrangement of complementary colors is superior to any other harmony of contrasts." His 1839 book on the subject, De la loi du contraste simultané des couleurs et de l'assortiment des objets colorés, showing how complementary colors can be used in everything from textiles to gardens, was widely read in Germany, France and England, and made complementary colors a popular concept. The use of complementary colors was further publicized by the French art critic Charles Blanc in his book Grammaire des arts et du dessin (1867) and later by the American color theorist Ogden Rood in his book Modern Chromatics (1879). These books were read with great enthusiasm by contemporary painters, particularly Georges Seurat and Vincent van Gogh, who put the theories into practice in their paintings.
Newton's color circle (1704) displayed seven colors. He declared that colors opposite each other had the strongest contrast and harmony.
A Boutet color circle from 1708 showed the traditional complementary colors; red and green, yellow and purple, and blue and orange.
The color wheel designed by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1810) was based on the idea that the primary colors yellow and blue, representing light and darkness, were in opposition to each other.
In 1872, Claude Monet painted Impression, Sunrise, a tiny orange sun and some orange light reflected on the clouds and water in the centre of a hazy blue landscape. This painting, with its striking use of the complementary colors orange and blue, gave its name to the impressionist movement. Monet was familiar with the science of complementary colors, and used them with enthusiasm. He wrote in 1888, "color makes its impact from contrasts rather than from its inherent qualities....the primary colors seem more brilliant when they are in contrast with their complementary colors."
Orange and blue became an important combination for all the impressionist painters. They all had studied the recent books on color theory, and they knew that orange placed next to blue made both colors much brighter. Auguste Renoir painted boats with stripes of chrome orange paint straight from the tube. Paul Cézanne used orange made of touches of yellow, red and ochre against a blue background.
Vincent van Gogh was especially known for using this technique; he created his own oranges with mixtures of yellow, ochre and red, and placed them next to slashes of sienna red and bottle green, and below a sky of turbulent blue and violet. He also put an orange moon and stars in a cobalt blue sky. He wrote to his brother Theo of "searching for oppositions of blue with orange, of red with green, of yellow with purple, searching for broken colors and neutral colors to harmonize the brutality of extremes, trying to make the colors intense, and not a harmony of greys."
Describing his painting, The Night Café, to his brother Theo in 1888, Van Gogh wrote: "I sought to express with red and green the terrible human passions. The hall is blood red and pale yellow, with a green billiard table in the center, and four lamps of lemon yellow, with rays of orange and green. Everywhere it is a battle and antithesis of the most different reds and greens."
Impression, Sunrise by Claude Monet (1872) featured a tiny but vivid orange sun against a blue background. The painting gave its name to the Impressionist movement.
In this self-portrait (1889), Vincent Van Gogh made the most of the contrast between the orange of his hair and the blue background.
Starry Night by Vincent van Gogh (1889) features orange stars and an orange moon.
The Night Café by Vincent van Gogh (1888) used red and green to express what van Gogh called "the terrible human passions".
When one stares at a single color (red for example) for a sustained period of time (roughly thirty seconds to a minute), then looks at a white surface, an afterimage of the complementary color (in this case cyan) will appear. This is one of several aftereffects studied in the psychology of visual perception which are generally ascribed to fatigue in specific parts of the visual system.
In the case above the photoreceptors for red light in the retina are fatigued, lessening their ability to send the information to the brain. When white light is viewed, the red portions of light incident upon the eye are not transmitted as efficiently as the other wavelengths (or colors), and the result is the illusion of viewing the complementary color since the image is now biased by loss of the color, in this case red. As the receptors are given time to rest, the illusion vanishes. In the case of looking at the white light, red light is still incident upon the eye (as well as blue and green), however since the receptors for other light colors are also being fatigued, the eye will reach an equilibrium.
The use of complementary colors is an important aspect of aesthetically pleasing art and graphic design. This also extends to other fields such as contrasting colors in logos and retail display. When placed next to each other, complements make each other appear brighter.
Complementary colors also have more practical uses. Because orange and blue are complementary colors, life rafts and life vests are traditionally orange, to provide the highest contrast and visibility when seen from ships or aircraft over the ocean.
Red and cyan glasses are used in the Anaglyph 3D system to produce 3D images on computer screens.
Orange life rafts provide the highest contrast and visibility seen against blue water.
Red and cyan glasses are used for viewing Anaglyph 3D three-dimensional images on the Internet or in print.
This image, viewed with red and cyan Anaglyph 3D glasses, will appear in three dimensions.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Complementary colors.
^ Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, 5th Edition, Oxford University Press (2002) "A colour that combined with a given colour makes white or black."
^ Maloney, Tim (2009). Get Animated!: Creating Professional Cartoon Animation On Your Home Computer. Random House Digital. p. PT32. ISBN 9780823099214.
^ Hammond, Lee (2006). Acrylic Painting With Lee Hammond. North Light Books. ISBN 9781600615801.
^ David Briggs (2007). "The Dimensions of Color". Retrieved 2011-11-23.
^ John Gage, Couleur et culture, pg. 172.
^ Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, Conjectures respecting the Principle of the Harmony of Colors, The Complete Works of Count Rumford, Volume 5, pp. 67–68. (Google Books).
^ Goethe (1810), Theory of Colors, paragraph 502.
^ John Gage, Couleur et Culture, pp. 201–203.
^ Isabelle Roelofs and Fabien Petillion, La couleur expliqée aux artistes, p. 14.
^ Isabelle Roelofs and Fabien Petillion, La couleur expliquée aux artistes, p. 18.
^ Philip Ball, Histoire vivante des couleurs, p. 260.
^ Vincent van Gogh, Lettres à Theo, p. 184.
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Explore all about Thiruvananthapuram, the marvelously beautiful green city, in this write-up.
What Kerala is for the Indian sub-continent, Thiruvananthapuram is for the emerald necklace! Bestowed upon with a mesmerizing and breathtaking location in the south-western part of India, Thiruvananthapuram is a jewel in God's own land, Kerala. This capital city is ideally built on the seashore and is sandwiched between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea. Thus, with a continuous and beautiful terrain of low coastal hills and commercial alleys, Thiruvananthapuram was once nicknamed as the 'Evergreen City of India' by Mahatma Gandhi. Just like Rome, this stunningly marvelous city stands proudly on seven green hills, with several magnificent beaches and a typical sunbathed tropical climate to its credit. It is bordered by Tiruneveli in the East, Kanyakumari in the South, and Kollam in the North.
Previously known as Trivandrum, Thiruvananthapuram is derived from the terms 'Thiru-Anantha-Puram' which signifies the town of Anantha, the serpent God. History dates back to 1000 BCE when King Marthandavarma, founder of Travancore declared it as his capital. Until independence in 1947, the city remained as the capital but was announced as the capital of State of Travancore-Cochin. Only in 1856 when the state of Kerala was formed that Thiruvananthapuram was chosen as the state capital. The city is positioned at an altitude of 16 feet above sea level spanning over 250 square kilometers. Although Thiruvananthapuram is located along the coast, it experiences all seasons with distinct temperatures. While the summers are warm reaching the highest in March, winters bring significant relief in February. Thus, the best months to visit Thiruvananthapuram are between October and February.
Thiruvananthapuram is blessed with a rich city colonial heritage, culinary delights, luminous regal past, cultural richness, and of course, the awe-inspiring beaches and hills. Hence, it is regarded as one of the topmost tourist destinations in India, with the international airport becoming the main gateway into Kerala. The backwaters form as one of the prominent tourist spots, the most popular of them being Vellayani, Thiruvallam, and Aakulam. But it is Kovalam International Beach that takes all the credits of visiting Kerala. Golden sands perfectly laced with a rich line of green coconut palms declare Kovalam as the 'Paradise of the South'. Other historical structures and tourist centers include Sri Padmanabha Swamy Temple, East Fort, The Napier Museum, The Zoological Park, Sree Chithra Art Gallery, Kanaka Kunnu Palace, Kuthiramalika Palace, Shanghumukham Beach, Veli Tourist Village, and Priyadarshini Space Planetarium.
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Aw, yeah! Choose your own adventure, graphic novel style! Both Jacob and I had a lot of fun reading this book. In it, you make choices for Jimmy. The first choice: vanilla or chocolate?
Interesting tidbit: It's no surprise that the book is peppered with fantastic inventions; the author had to design a computer program in order to create the best layout for the book.
Jacob's 2 cents: 1. It was clever, 2. and kind of morbid, once you figure out what's going on.
To which I respond: What choose your own adventure isn't kind of morbid?
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What flour is best to use in healthy baking and in healthy cakes?
Many of you might find it hard to start out trying out new healthy cake recipes, because of the many “new” ingredients, and especially flours that I use in my healthy baking recipes. Here is a helping hand when it comes to the most important healthy flours that I use, and why.
Most of the healthy flours are more expensive than white flour to buy, but I promise you one package lasts “forever” and more important: It is SO much better for your health, mind and body (and more yummy!). I use other flours than the 3 listed below too, but these are my Top 3 flours to use in healthy baking.
If I would advise you to buy one type flour it would be almond flour. But you would be much better out if you also have Coconut flour and Oatmeal flour by hand (see below)! Almond flour is naturally gluten- free, low in carbohydrates, contains antioxidants as vitamin E, and boosts 40 grams protein per 100 grams almond flour.
My recipe of Healthy apple and cardamomme muffins are made of almond flour (pictured above).
Tip! I use the Almond flour (fat reduced) produced by the Scandinavian “Funksjonell mat” or “Sukrin” (international).
Coconut flour is also a gluten- free flour that is low in carbohydrates, but it holds less protein than almond flour, but over 50% fibre! Coconut flour also has a less distinct taste, than almond flour, if you do not like that.
Try my creation of the fresh and delicious Healthy blueberry pancakes made with coconut flour (pictured above).
Tip: I use the Coconut flour (fat reduced) produced by the Scandinavian “Funksjonell mat” or “Sukrin” (international).
When it comes to oatmeal flour it is as a matter of fact naturally gluten- free, but most of the oatmeal flours produced contain traces of gluten. So if you need your healthy baking recipes to be totally gluten- free you can either make your own in the food processor with oatmeal, or buy gluten- free oatmeal flour. It is the cheapest of all the basic healthy flours that I use, but contains most energy, least protein and fibres. It is not a low carb option as it holds 60% carbohydrates. That said; It is great for baking, and very easy to succeed with!
Just try it in one of my favourite creations Healthy banana pudding cake (pictured above).
Tip! It is very easy to make your own oatmeal flour, but it tend to be a bit less grounded than the one you get in store. You can get gluten- free oatmeal flour online or in the local shop.
What flours do you prefere? Please comment and share your experiences in the comments.
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Ask any entrepreneur what has led them to success and you’re likely to get a variety of responses like dedication, networking, smart investments and a large dose of business acumen. All of these terms certainly do apply to anyone that hopes to make it as an entrepreneur, but more and more frequently you will hear another phrase thrown into the mix of responses: Social media.
Social media is quickly making waves in the world of entrepreneurship. In many ways, efficient use of any social platform has become the single most essential skill for making entrepreneurial dreams comes true. Social media connects a majority of important tasks such as reaching new clients, building relationships with current clients and even gathering customer reviews. Furthermore, it provides a number of other benefits such as reduced advertising costs and some level of product research.
The most important aspect to becoming a successful entrepreneur is the ability to communicate your ideas successfully with the right people, and social media is a great tool for doing this in mass. For instance, by building a social media following it’s much easier to reach the people that have indicated they are interested in your product. These people are the most likely to purchase your product, whatever it is, which makes it all the more important to stay in contact with those who support you and your business.
Additionally, if the customers that follow your product page are happy with their service, there is a higher likelihood that they will share your product information within their circle of friends on social media. Not only is this an excellent source of free advertising for any entrepreneur, but it is a great way to continue growing your clientele with little effort on your part. After all, the more people that are aware of your products, the better chance you have at becoming a success.
The majority of highly successful entrepreneurs are thought of as innovators and leaders within the business world. They have the personality traits and leaderships skills that draw people in, make them want to hear more and become involved. It’s important for new and old business owners alike to portray themselves as knowledgeable, trustworthy and respectful when talking about their products and ideas.
These qualities are all the more impactful when projected through social media channels and straight to the news feeds of potential customers. Social media can be a great way to create and build a face for your budding business — and for creating and maintaining brand loyalty. When you work for yourself, you become the face of your company so make sure that everything online is a reflection of you and your business goals.
Finally, using social media can be a powerful means of investigating products you are considering investing in, or even for finding like-minded businesses and seeing how they get things done. For instance, through social media you could view how customers rate products, what they like or dislike about them and how the company’s customer support handles online complaints. This information can be revolutionary for determining potential investment options to grow your business and furthering your social media strategy.
As most successful entrepreneurs will tell you, knowing when to say no is also an important skill to develop early on in your career. Investment choices can lead to new and exciting projects that bring your business into the limelight, or if the choice is a poor one, can be a means of tying yourself to a sinking ship. Any tools such as social media that can help make the determination easier are welcome benefits.
Social media platforms are an important tool that any aspiring entrepreneur should take advantage of. Social media provides a number of significant benefits such as the ability to keep up with old customers while connecting with new customers. With so many great advantages it is easy to see how social media and entrepreneurs go hand in hand.
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Is it true that you are hunting down the best online business chances to profit on the web? It is safe to say that you are among the individuals who might want to ideally use your ability and aptitudes to get away from the rodent race?
In the event that your answer is a distinct yes, then invest some energy pondering the online business openings that could help you understand your fantasies. Take a seat and make a note of 10 things that you would love to do. Things that could help society everywhere, things that could help you experience your fantasy, and in the meantime give you a chance to have any kind of effect and bring home the bacon.
When you make a rundown, check for things that you might want to impart to the world. Pick something that you like all around ok to stay with for quite a while. Take your thought you are thinking about, and search for more data on it.
Keep in mind, lucidity will make your way plain and basic. So the greater lucidity you have with respect to your online business opportunity thought, the more straightforward the way will get. Attempt to find the pitfalls of this business. It is shrewd toward the front, to know about snags that could impede your prosperity.
Proceed with your examination. Set aside opportunity to comprehend your business thoughts. Try not to bounce to your own decisions about advantages this business thought offers. Do some catchphrase look into. Peruse and check for surveys on first class destinations, for example, Amazon. Looking into along these lines will help you figure out how potential clients are hunting down you.
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0.937061 |
The Wehrmacht (German pronunciation: [ˈveːɐ̯maxt] ( listen), lit. defence force) was the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It consisted of the Heer (army), the Kriegsmarine (navy) and the Luftwaffe (air force). The designation "Wehrmacht" replaced the previously used term Reichswehr, and was the manifestation of the Nazi regime's efforts to rearm Germany to a greater extent than the Treaty of Versailles permitted.
By 1922, Germany had begun covertly circumventing the conditions of the Versailles Treaty. A secret collaboration with the Soviet Union began after the treaty of Rapallo. Major-General Otto Hasse [de] traveled to Moscow in 1923 to further negotiate the terms. Germany helped the Soviet Union with industrialization and Soviet officers were to be trained in Germany. German tank and air-force specialists could exercise in the Soviet Union and German chemical weapons research and manufacture would be carried out there along with other projects. In 1924 a training base was established at Lipetsk in central Russia, where several hundred German air force personnel received instruction in operational maintenance, navigation, and aerial combat training over the next decade until the Germans finally left in September 1933.
Recruitment for the Wehrmacht was accomplished through voluntary enlistment (1933–45) and conscription (1935–45), with 1.3 million being drafted and 2.4 million volunteering in the period 1935–1939. The total number of soldiers who served in the Wehrmacht during its existence from 1935 to 1945 is believed to have approached 18.2 million. As World War II intensified, Kriegsmarine and Luftwaffe personnel were increasingly transferred to the Army, and "voluntary" enlistments in the SS were stepped up as well. Following the Battle of Stalingrad in 1943, fitness standards for Wehrmacht recruits were drastically lowered, with the regime going so far as to create "special diet" battalions for men with severe stomach ailments. Rear-echelon personnel were sent to front-line duty wherever possible, especially during the last two years of the war.
Kriegsmarine was the smallest of the Wehrmacht branches and had the fewest resources. By the time of the invasion of Norway (1940), the navy had already lost a number of its large surface ships, with more soon destroyed in instances of single combat. These losses could not be replenished during the war. In the Battle of the Atlantic, the initially successful German U-boat fleet arm was eventually defeated due to Allied technological innovations like sonar, radar, and the breaking of the Enigma code. Large surface vessels were few in number due to construction limitations by international treaties prior to 1935. The "pocket battleships" Admiral Graf Spee and Admiral Scheer were important as commerce raiders only in the opening year of the war. No aircraft carrier was operational, as German leadership lost interest in the Graf Zeppelin which had been launched in 1938. Following the loss of the German battleship Bismarck in 1941, with Allied air-superiority threatening the remaining battle-cruisers in French Atlantic harbors, the ships were ordered to make the Channel Dash back to German ports. Operating from fjords along the coast of Norway, which had been occupied in 1940, convoys from North America to the Soviet port of Murmansk could be intercepted though the Tirpitz spent most of her career as fleet in being. After the appointment of Karl Dönitz as Grand Admiral of the Kriegsmarine (in the aftermath of the Battle of the Barents Sea), Germany stopped constructing battleships and cruisers in favor of U-boats.
The Kriegsmarine's most significant contribution to the German war effort was the deployment of its nearly 1,000 U-boats to strike at Allied convoys. The German naval strategy was to attack the convoys in an attempt to prevent the United States from interfering in Europe and to starve out the British. Karl Doenitz, the U-Boat Chief, began unrestricted submarine warfare which cost the Allies 22,898 men and 1,315 ships. The U-boat war remained costly for the Allies until early spring of 1943 when the Allies began to use countermeasures against U-Boats such as the use of Hunter-Killer groups, airborne radar, torpedoes and mines like the FIDO. The submarine war cost the navy 757 U-boats, with more than 30,000 U-boat crewmen killed.
^ Craig 1980, pp. 424–432.
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0.952928 |
poem in the good company of a friendly dog or cat?
Whit the blue, blue eyes.
I shall let her sleep again to-day.
A nicer pair you'd never see.
You'd hear a rapid "Come on, Beau!"
I can still hear the same "Come on, Beau."
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0.905783 |
What is the real purpose behind SkyFund, a new Silicon Valley investment fund?
SkyFund, a new investment fund ostensibly created to kick start companies making software and add-on gadgets for drones, has been getting a lot of press lately, most notably in The New York Times. The $10 million in SkyFund comes in equal parts from Silicon Valley venture capital firm Accel Partners, and DJI, a Chinese drone manufacturer which has received funding from Accel, with initial cash infusions to start-ups expected to be $250,000.
This is a drop in the bucket in Silicon Valley, especially when SkyFund's stated aim is to launch a whole new sector of the business-to-business and consumer economy. $10 million is less than most companies get from top-tier venture capital firms in a single investment round. Accel gave DJI $75 million during its last investment round, for example, and Accel was not DJI's sole source of fresh capital at the time. $10 million is less than the annual salary of many a Silicon valley C-suite executive. And in a world where recent start-ups are valued in the billions (online marketer Zulily recently clocked in at $1.3 billion, and office messenger app Slack clocked in at $2.8 billion), $10 million is small change.
So what is Accel really up to? In my estimation, SkyFund is a $10 million, living, institutional commercial for drones in general, and DJI in particular.
In the short term, Accel is likely hoping that SkyFund will acclimate American companies to the idea of sharing their designs with a Chinese firm. Any company that gets money from SkyFund has to share its intellectual property with DJI, which is based in Shenzen, a city on the Chinese mainland just north of Hong Kong. With Chinese hackers siphoning an estimated $300 billion a year from the US economy in the form of stolen intellectual property, it's understandable that US tech companies might shy away from giving any more away, if only to save face. After putting up $75 million for a stake in DJI's success, Accel wouldn't want to turn around and find spooked Silicon Valley start-ups in other sectors suddenly wary of taking their money.
None of this can have escaped Accel partner Sameer Ghandi, whose last job was as a partner at Sequoia Capital, a Silicon Valley venture capital firm so revered that even rumor of their investment can change the perception of a new company or technology. Ghandi's commitment to the expansion of the "aerial economy" (a phrase from the SkyFund press release) has made him Accel's in-house drone cheerleader, and Accel's PR team (or whoever is behind SkyFund's PR kit) has done an excellent job of generating buzz, despite the clunkiness of some of their new terminology.
The New York Times coverage actually adopts Accel's new moniker for drones: UAVs, or "unmanned aerial vehicles." The aim of this jargon shift is no doubt to change our association with flying robots from things dispatched to kill terrorists to things that might deliver your pizza, or photograph your wedding. To my ears, UAV is no less menacing than drone. IED, another three-letter acronym dispatched from the war zones of the middle east, stands for improvised explosive device, or, in plainer language, homemade bomb. Three-letter acronyms stink of military applications. Whether "drone" or "UAV," I wouldn't want one hovering outside my bedroom window. If I were on the PR team at Accel, I'd have stuck with drone, and picked my battles elsewhere.
I'd also have avoided the name SkyFund itself. To anybody geeky enough to work in tech (or report on it), the name sounds unnervingly like Skynet, the artificial intelligence from The Terminator movies that kills off humanity using, among other things, weaponized flying robots.
Seen as an under-the-radar PR initiative to safeguard Accel's current and planned investment in drones, SkyFund is actually a pretty good deal at $10 million. A traditional ad campaign might have cost more, and a simple press release might've been beneath notice, and neither traditional method has the added possibility of actually launching a new business or two. It's also some sly PR for Accel itself, which wants to coax the founder of the next Facebook or Google into its offices. One way to do that is by providing high-grade PR services to their start-ups, in addition to infusions of cash.
SkyFund is PR for Silicon Valley, public relations 2.0. In return for your attention there is not only the promise of education and entertainment, but the air of excitement that surrounds a genuine business opportunity.
The SkyFund press release links to a video: (https://vimeo.com/128880551). In it, you see careening views of landscapes shot from high up, smiling children watching drones like newfangled balloons, wildlife, etc. The soundtrack is a piece of Lion King-esque inspirational music. There's also a lot of drones in flight (presumably filmed by other drones) interspersed with mini profiles of American businessmen talking about drone applications for media, agriculture, and sports. You can tell Accel or DJI dropped some serious cash to produce it.
Even if SkyFund is more PR than an actual investment fund, the quality of the PR is an indication that Accel is preparing for the day when the consumer and business drone market really takes off.
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0.999059 |
How Feature service edit tracking possible most efficient manner, I have a feature service with editor tracking, so there are four hidden fields has created: Create date , Editor and Edit date.
My feature service is used in three different web map , the same record in the feature service edited multiple times by different users . I want to capture all the editor name and edited date/time, because it is business critical to know who has changed the data.
What ArcGIS software do you have access to?
The editor tracking functionality of ArcGIS Online hosted feature services returns only the attributes from the last editor.
An enterprise geodatabase (Oracle, SQL Server etc,) is required to record the history of edits mades and ArcGIS Enterprise to allow edits through a browser/mobile etc.
I am just using ArcGIS online and collector, there are multiple map services used in a web map. My organization is a vegetation management company, we have three group of people say name as group A, group B, and Group C. There is three separate web map has configured using same map service. Group A assigned the job so need capture who and when assigned this job based on their login. I also need to capture edit tracking for Group B and Group C . My question is there any way can capture the edit tracking using ArcGIS online and collector, I can consider of using ArcRest or python script, any kind of idea is appreciated.
I don't think there's an easy way to do it without ArcGIS Enterprise/Enterprise Geodatabase - especially if edits are made by multiple users to the same feature.
If editing cycles are more restricted than that, you could record who's edited a feature from Group A, and write this to a new field. Then Group B do their edits, then write these attributes to another new field. And then Group C performs edits and then write this information to a new field. There could be a way to use Python to calculate these attributes/set up regular tasks but that's not my area of expertise unfortunately.
Thanks for reply, I have set up three different web map for my three different group using same feature service. My problem is editing cycles are not restricted, Last edited date and username are overwritten by the different groups, before its save to the new field.
Is there any way we can record each transaction?
I don't believe so, unless someone else on GeoNet has an alternative workflow.
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0.999106 |
I have no idea who these people are, but I like the way the photo turned out. I spent much of the afternoon sitting in my car, grading papers and working on a project for my regular job. You could say I took the day off to get some work done! It was a nice cloudy day at the beach, and quite hot inland closer to our house. I was glad to be at the beach.
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0.974913 |
A mathematics teaching system comprises a keyboard, for entering an arithmetic problem to be solved and includes display elements to display said problem and a solution thereto. Electronic components automatically calculate the correct step-by-step solution and provide carry-borrow information to assist the student in making his calculations and performing a step-ty-step solution. Electronic circitry and components compare the calculated step-by-step solution with each step entered by the student and generate a "try again" signal upon entry of an incorrect step by the student. Equipment operable by the student is provided to erase an incorrect step. The system can be set to operate in a manual mode comprising a step-by-step solution by the student or one of two automatic modes, one of the latter comprising the displayed solution upon the entering of the problem and the second comprising the displayed step-by-step solution upon entry of a signal by the student.
display means, said calculating means providing carry and borrow information to assist the student in performing calculations required in calculating said step-by-step solution of said problem, said display means being responsive to said entry means to display the entered calculation steps and being responsive to said calculating means to display said carry and borrow information to assist said student in performing calculations required in calculating said step-by-step solution.
2. The invention as set forth in claim 1 further including means for comparing the calculation steps entered by the student to the correct step-by-step solution and for providing a signal when the student enters a step at variance with the correct calculated step-by-step solution.
3. The invention as set forth in claim 2 further including means operable by the student to erase an incorrect calculation step entered by the student.
4. The invention as set forth in claim 1 further including means for providing a display of the correct step-by-step solution to said problem without requiring a step-by-step solution by the student.
5. The invention as set forth in claim 4 wherein said display of the correct calculated step-by-step solution to said problem is displayed each time the student enters an incorrect calculation step.
6. The invention as set forth in claim 1 further including means for providing a finish signal upon correct completion of said step-by-step solution by the student, said display means being responsive to said finish signal to display said finish signal.
7. The invention as set forth in claim 1 wherein said display means includes a decimal point.
8. The invention as set forth in claim 1 wherein said display means includes a vinculum.
9. The invention as set forth in claim 1 wherein said display means includes a plurality of arithmetical symbols.
10. The invention as set forth in claim 1 further including means operable by the student to perform the arithmetic operation of borrowing.
11. The invention as set forth in claim 1 further including means operable by the student to perform the arithmetic operation of bringing down.
12. The invention as set forth in claim 1 further including means operable by the student to clear an incorrect entry made by the student.
13. The invention as set forth in claim 1 further including means operable by the student to set the position of the decimal point.
14. The invention as set forth in claim 1 further including means operable by the student to clear the problem from the system.
means for comparing the correct calculated step-by-step solution to the solution entered by the student to generate a signal indicating an incorrect calculation by the student, said third section of said display means being responsive thereto.
16. The invention as set forth in claim 15 wherein said first section of display means is disposed above said second section such that the information concerning carrying and borrowing appears above the column of the problem to which it relates.
17. The invention as set forth in claim 15 further including means for providing an error signal upon performance of an unpermitted arithmetic operation and wherein said third section of said display includes display elements responsive thereto to display said signal.
18. The invention as set forth in claim 15 further including means operable by the student to display a complete step-by-step solution without requiring the student to work out a step-by-step solution.
19. The invention as set forth in claim 15 wherein means responsive to said signal indicating an incorrect calculation by the student in the step-by-step solution causes the incorrectly entered calculation step to blink.
20. The invention as set forth in claim 15 further including means operable by the student to erase an incorrect calculation step.
21. The invention as set forth in claim 15 wherein said display means includes a decimal point and further including means operable by the student for adjusting the position of the decimal point.
22. The invention as set forth in claim 15 wherein said display means includes a vinculum.
23. The invention as set forth in claim 15 wherein said display means includes a plurality of arithmetical symbols.
24. The invention as set forth in claim 15 wherein said display means comprises a screen of a television receiver and further including means to couple said entry means, said means for entering an arithmetic problem, said calculating means and said comparing means to said television receiver.
25. The invention as set forth in claim 15 further including means operable by the student to perform the arithmetic operation of borrowing.
26. The invention as set forth in claim 15 further including means operable by the student to perform the arithmetic operation of bringing down.
27. The invention as set forth in claim 15 further including means operable by the student to clear an incorrect entry made by the student.
28. The invention as set forth in claim 15 further including means operable by the student to set the position of the decimal point.
29. The invention as set forth in claim 15 further including means operable by the student to clear the problem from the system.
display means comprising a screen of a television receiver, said display means being coupled to said means for entering an arithmetic problem, said calculation means, said entry means and said comparison means such that said display means is actuated to display said arithmetic problem, said entry of said calculation steps by the student, said borrow-carry information and said signal indicating a variance between the correct calculated step-by-step solution and an incorrect calculation step by the student.
31. The invention as set forth in claim 30 wherein said display means display said carry-borrow information above columns of said problem to which the information relates.
32. The invention as set forth in claim 31 further including means for providing a finish signal when a complete and correct step-by-step solution has been performed by the student, said display means being responsive to said finish signal to display the same.
33. The invention as set forth in claim 31 further including means operable by the student to erase an incorrect calculation step.
34. The invention as set forth in claim 30 further including television signal generating means responsive to said entry means, calculation means and comparison means to generate a television signal to be received by said television receiver.
This invention relates to teaching systems and more particularly to electronic teaching systems for teaching mathematics.
Many attempts have been made to employ electronic calculators in the teaching of mathematics. Much of the prior art lacks effectiveness in that it merely teaches the student how to utilize the electronic calculator but not how to perform the mathematical operations by himself in order to arrive at the solution of the problem.
Other prior art devices allow the student to calculate the result using his own mental processes and to enter his calculated solution, which is then compared with the correct solution calculated by the machine. A signal then indicates whether the answer is correct or not. Such devices do not provide information to assist the student in performing the solution and thus function best for students who have already mastered the material. Such devices perform more of a testing or review function than an instruction function. The apparatus described and claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,787,988 (Nakajima, et al.) is an example of such a device.
A mathematics teaching system for use by a student for performing operations involved in calculation comprises: Means for entering a mathematics problem; calculating means for automatically calculating a correct step-by-step solution to the problem; entry means operable by the student to enter a step-by-step solution of the problem; and display means, the calculating means providing information to assist the student in performing his step-by-step solution of the problem, the display means being responsive to the entry means to display the entry calculation steps and being responsive to the calculating means to display the information to assist the student in performing his step-by-step solution.
The display means may comprise the screen of a television receiver, the system being coupled to the television receiver through generation of a television signal received by the television set.
FIG. 7 depicts a mathematics teaching system coupled to a television receiver.
Referring to FIG. 1, shown therein is a plan view of a display and keyboard of a mathematics teaching system 1 in accordance with the invention. A display 2 comprises a carry-borrow row 4 and a plurality of squares arranged in columns 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 and rows 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38 and 40. Each of the squares is provided with a display device capable of displaying the digits 0 through 9 and in some locations the symbols +, -, ×, , and a decimal point. The carry-borrow row also includes a display device capable of displaying the numeric digits 1 through 19 and a minus sign.
The display 2 further includes an overload indicator 42, an error indicator 44, a "try again" indicator 46 and a finish indicator 48.
The keyboard 50 comprises keys capable of entering the digits 0 through 9 and a decimal point. Furthermore, the keyboard 50 includes keys for the functions divide, multiply, subtract, add and equals. In addition, the keyboard includes several special purpose keys, such as a borrow key, bring down key, "try again" key, set decimal point key and erase key. The operation and function of each one of the keys in the display is described below.
In practice the display devices may be of a fluorescent type, LCD, LED, segmented digits, a standard television screen, or the like.
Referring to FIG. 2, shown therein is a block diagram of a mathematics teaching system in accordance with the invention. Teaching system 1 comprises a keyboard 50. The output of keyboard 50 is supplied to a keyboard encoder 52 which in turn supplies outputs to an instruction sequencer 54 and arithmetic and control circuits 56. The instruction sequencer also supplies an output to the arithmetic and control circuit 56. The arithmetic and control circuits 56 communicate with an intermediate storage and comparator 58, which in turn supplies an output to a blink control 60. The arithmetic and control circuits 56 also supply an output to a display storage 62. Update control circuits 64 also supply an output to the display storage 62.
A clock 66 supplies timing and sequencing signals to the instruction sequencer 54, automatic arithmetic and control circuits 56, intermediate storage and comparator 58 and update control circuits 64. The update control circuits 64 also supply an output to the blink control 60. Display storage 62 supplies an output to the blink control 60 which in turn provides an output to decoders 68. Each of the decoders 68 is coupled to a driver 70 which in turn drives one of the display devices which make up the display 2. A mode control 74 regulates operation in an automatic or manual mode, as described in detail below.
In practice each of the blocks, keyboard encoder 52, instruction sequencer 54, arithmetic and control circuits 56, intermediate storage and comparator 58, blink control 60, display storage 62 and update circuits 64, clock 66, decoders 68 and drivers 70 are well known in the art.
In operation when a key on the keyboard 50 is depressed, the closure of a contact on the keyboard 50 is translated by the keyboard encoder 52 into a suitable code such as a five level code for transfer to either the instruction sequencer or directly to the arithmetic control circuit 56. If the key depressed on the keyboard is a number, the keyboard encoder 52 directs the coded number directly to the arithmetic and control circuits 56. If the key depressed on the keyboard corresponds to one of the functions plus, minus, divide, multiply, equals, or one of the special function keys borrow, bring down, "try again", set decimal point and erase, the keyboard encoder encodes the instruction and provides it to the instruction sequencer 54. The instruction sequencer 54 orders the encoded instructions and supplies them to the arithmetic and control circuits.
The arithmetic and control circuits receive the encoded numeric information which corresponds to the depression of a number key and the encoded instructions from the instruction sequencer and performs the required arithmetic calculations that are required. The intermediate storage and comparator 58 is storage for the arithmetic and control circuits and receives therefrom, stores and returns information thereto. The intermediate storage and comparator 58 also compares the calculated step-by-step solution calculated by the arithmetic control circuit 56 with the step-by-step solution entered by the student and generates a "try again" signal which is supplied to the blink control 60 when the calculated step-by-step solution is different than the step-by-step solution entered by the student. The arithmetic and control circuit 56 also determines if there is an error in the arithmetic problem such as pressing the minus key when one should press the addition key in a multiplication problem, dividing zero, etc. If such an error occurs, the arithmetic and control circuit 56 generates an error signal which is supplied to the display storage 62.
The arithmetic and control circuits 56 also supply the problem entered on the keyboard by the student and the step-by-step solution entered by the student on the keyboard to the display storage 62. The display storage 62 stores the information which corresponds to the data and placement of the data to be displayed. The update control circuit 64 controls the rate at which the data stored in the display storage 62 is updated and supplied to the decoders 68. The display data from the display storage 62 may be such data as the numeric information including carry-borrow data, arithmetic notation, the decimal point, vinculum or cursors.
The information supplied from the display storage 62 to the decoders 68 passes through blink control 60 which operates in response to the "try again" signal from the intermediate storage and comparator 58 and the signal from the update control circuit 64. Essentially, the blink control 60 interrupts the flow of data to the decoders 68 when a signal is generated by the intermediate storage and comparator 58 which indicates that the calculated step-by-step solution is at variance with the entered step-by-step solution. In this way, that digit of the step-by-step solution which is incorrect is caused to blink on and off until the incorrect portion of the solution is removed by depressing the "try again" key and the correct portion of the solution is entered. The decoders 68 decode the data from the display storage 62 and supply it to the drivers 70 which in turn drive the appropriate display device of the display 2. For illustrative purposes, in this embodiment there are provided at least one decoder 68 and one driver for each portion of the display 2; however, by applying conventional multiplex techniques the number of decoders and drivers could be reduced and each display device of the display driven intermittently.
Referring to FIGS. 3 through 6, shown therein are the step-by-step solutions as displayed by the display 2 for addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
Referring to FIG. 3, shown therein is an addition problem. To perform addition, the arithmetic teaching apparatus operates as follows. First, the student depresses the number 1 key. The closure of the 1 key is translated by the keyboard encoder into a code representing the numeric value of the key which is transmitted to the arithmetic and control circuits 56. The arithmetic and control circuits 56 recognize that this is the first entered digit of the problem and convey it to the display storage 62. From the display storage 62 it is supplied to the proper decoder 68 and driver 70 and displayed at the proper place on the display 2 at column 6, row 22. The student then depresses the 4 key and in a similar manner the digit 4 is displayed on the display 2 at the proper place at column 6, row 22, while moving digit 1 to column 8, row 22.
The student then depresses the plus or add key. The closure of the add key on keyboard 50 is encoded by the keyboard encoder 52 as an instruction which is transmitted to the instruction sequencer 54. The instruction sequencer 54 then provides the instruction to the arithmetic and control circuits which recognize that a completed problem has not been entered and transmits the add instruction to the display storage 62. The display storage 62 as controlled by the update control circuits 64 transmits the add instruction to the proper decoder 68 and driver 70 to cause a plus sign to be displayed on the display 2 at the proper place at column 10, row 24. The student then depresses the 2 key and similar to described above, a 2 is caused to appear on the display 2 at the proper place, at column 6, row 24. The student then depresses the 7 key in a similar manner described above, and the 7 is caused to be displayed on the display 2 at the proper place at column 6, row 24, while moving the digit 2 to column 8, row 24. The student then depresses the equals key and the closure of the equals key is encoded by the keyboard encoder 52 and transmitted to the instruction sequencer 54 which in turn supplies the equals instruction to the arithmetic control circuits 56 at the proper time. The arithmetic and control circuits 56 recognize that a completed addition problem has been entered and sends a signal to the display storage 62 to cause a vinculum to appear on the display 2 below the entered numbers. The display storage 62 as controlled by the update control circuit 64 sends a signal to the proper decoders 68 and drivers 70 to cause a line to appear between rows 24 and 26 of the display 2. Concurrently, carry-borrow information relating to the problem appears above the proper columns to instruct the student as he performs his step-by-step solution to the problem.
The student then makes the mental calculation, 4 plus 7, in his mind and dispresses the keys 1, 1, indicating 11. The closure of the two keys 1, 1 is encoded by the keyboard encoder 52 and the 10's digit is caused to be displayed in column 8 of the carry-borrow row 4 and the 1's digit is caused to be displayed below the 4 and the 7 in column 6, row 26. While the digits are being displayed, the arithmetic and control circuits, together with the intermediate storage 58, compute the actual value and compare it with the entered value. Since in this case the two match, no indication is given on the display. If the entered value and the calculated value were at variance, the digit display in either the carry-borrow row or the 1's place would be caused to flash, depending on the error, as a result of the signal from the intermediate storage and comparator 58 to the blink control 60. Also, the intermediate storage and comparator 58 would cause a signal to be transmitted to the display storage 62 which in turn would be transmitted through the proper decoder 68 and driver 70 to cause the "try again" portion of the display to operate. If the "try again" portion 46 of the display is caused to operate, the student must depress the "try again" button which clears the entry which is in error and mentally re-calculate the solution and enter it via the keyboard.
Continuing with the addition problem, the student then makes the mental calculation of adding the 1 in the carry-borrow row 4 and together with the 1 and the 2 and enters the digit 4 which is similarly displayed on the display 2 while the result is calculated and the comparison is done. After the last digit of the solution is entered, the finish 48 portion of the display is caused to operate. In the above manner, addition is taught by the teaching apparatus in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.
Referring to FIG. 4, shown therein is the step-by-step solution of a subtraction problem. In the subtraction problem of FIG. 4, the digits 25 and 19 and the minus sign and the line are entered and displayed in substantially the same manner as that previously described. In the substraction problem, the student first makes the mental realization that he cannot subtract 9 from 5 and must borrow from the 10's column. Accordingly, the student depresses the borrow 10 key of the keyboard 50. The closure of the key is encoded by the keyboard encoder 52 which sends an instruction to the instruction sequencer 54 which in turn provides the instruction at the proper time to the arithmetic and control circuits 56. The arithmetic and control circuits 56 perform the arithmetic function of subtracting 1 from the 10's column, dimming the 10's column digit, and causing a 1 to appear in the carry-borrow row 4 at column 8 by an appropriate signal to the display storage 62, and a 15 to be displayed in the carry-borrow row 4 at column 6. The student then performs the mental calculation of subtracting the 9 from 15 and depresses the 6 key which is displayed at column 6, line 26. Since the problem is now completed and correct, the finish display 48 of display 2 is operated.
Referring to FIG. 5, shown therein is the step-by-step solution of a multiplication problem. In FIG. 5 the numbers, the decimal point, the multiplication sign and the vinculum are caused to be displayed in a manner similar to that described above. The student then makes the mental calculation, 2 times 4, and depresses the 8 key on the keyboard 50 which is caused to be displayed in a similar manner as described above, at column 6, row 26. The student then makes the metal calculation, 1 times 4, and depresses the 4 key which is caused to be displayed in a similar manner as described above, at column 8, row 26. At this point in the calculation, the teaching apparatus has made the appropriate calculations and comparisons to insure the correctness of the student and now recognizes that the first portion of the arithmetic solution is completed.
The student now makes the mental calculation, 2 times 3, and depresses the 6 key which is caused to be displayed in a similar manner as described above, at column 8, row 28, and at the same time the calculation is made by the arithmetic and control circuits 56 together with the intermediate storage and comparator 58. Also, the comparison is made by the intermediate storage and comparator 58. The student then makes the mental calculation, 1 times 3, and depresses the 3 key which is caused to be displayed in a similar manner as described above at column 10, row 28. The student then depresses the plus key which causes the teaching apparatus to display a line between rows 28 and 30 and to recognize that the student now is going to do the addition in order to complete the multiplication problem.
The student then makes the mental calculation of 8 plus 0 and depresses the 8 key which is caused to be displayed at column 6, row 30. The student then makes the mental calculation, 4 plus 6 equals 10, and depresses the 1, 0 keys, in that order. The 0 is displayed at column 8, row 30 and the 1 is displayed in the carry-borrow row 4, column 10. The student then makes the mental calculation, 1 plus 3, and depresses the 4 key and a 4 is caused to be displayed at column 10, row 30. At this point, the student has all the digits correct but has not entered the decimal point and, therefore, the finish portion 48 of the display 2 is not operated. The student then depresses the set decimal key which causes a decimal point to be displayed at column 6, row 30 and depresses the 0 key a number of times which corresponds to how many places from the right the student desires to move the decimal. In this case, the student depresses the set decimal point key and then the 0 key twice and a decimal point is caused to be displayed between the 4 and the 0 in row 30. The solution is now complete and the finish portion of the display 2 is operated.
Referring to FIG. 6, shown therein is the step-by-step solution of a division problem. In the division problem of FIG. 6, the problem is entered and displayed in substantially the same manner as previously described except that when the dividend 99 is originally entered and displayed, it appears in columns 6 and 8, row 22. When the division key is then depressed, the dividend then moves to columns 8 and 6, row 24, and a divide bracket is placed around it. Before the equal sign key is depressed and the solution to the problem began, the decimal point must be set in the dividend, divisor and quotient. To set the decimal point, the set decimal point key is depressed; then the 0 key is depressed the number of times which corresponds to the number of decimal places in the divisor. The decimal point then appears at the correct place, and the display is then shifted and the proper number of zeroes displayed. In the example of FIG. 6, the 0 key need only be depressed once. It should be noted, however, that the original decimal points are not erased and may be displayed at a slightly lower intensity.
Now that the decimal point is set, the student depresses the equals key and a is also displayed directly above the last digit of the divisor. The student then makes the mental calculation, 2 divided into 9 equals 4, and depresses the 4 key, and a 4 is caused to be displayed in a similar manner as described above in the proper place. The student then makes the mental calculation, 4 times 2 equals 8, and depresses the 8 key which is caused to be displayed at the proper place. The student then depresses the minus key and a line appears below the 8, and the student makes the mental calculation, 8 from 9, and depresses the 1 key which is caused to be displayed directly below the 8. The student then depresses the bring down key, and the 9 is brought down next to the 1 in column 8, row 28. The student then makes the mental calculation, 2 divided into 19 equals 9, and depresses the 9 key, and a 9 is displayed at the proper place in row 22. The student then makes the mental calculation, 9 times 2, and depresses the keys 1, 8, and the digits 18 are displayed below the 19. The student then depresses the minus symbol which causes a line to be drawn below the digits 1, 8 in row 30. The student then depresses the 1 key, and it appears in the proper place at column 8, row 32. The student then depresses the bring down key which causes a 0 to be brought down next to the 1 in row 32.
The student then makes the mental calculation, 2 divided into 10 equals 5, and depresses the 5 key. Again, the arithmetic and control circuits cause the display to display the 5 in the proper place at column 6, row 22. The student then makes the mental calculation, 5 times 2 equals 10, and depresses the 1 and then 0 keys, which is followed by the depression of the subtraction key and the depression of the 0 key. Since the problem is now complete, the finish portion 48 of the display is operated.
It should be apparent that, during all of the calculations above described, the arithmetic and control circuits 56, together with the intermediate storage and comparator 58, automatically calculates the solution to each step performed by the student and compares it to insure that there is no variance. If there were a variance, the intermediate storage and comparator 58 would cause the digit in error to flash.
The following is a description of portions of the display and keys which have not been previously discussed in relation to the figures. The overload portion 42 of the display 2 indicates that a number has been entered on the keyboard 50 or an interim calculation of the step-by-step solution, which is larger than can be displayed on the display 2. The overload sensing function is performed by the arithmetic and control circuits 56. Also, in the carry-borrow row 4, if the student attempts to borrow 10 from a column which already contains a 0, a flashing minus 1 is displayed in the carry-borrow row 4 directly above the 0. epression of the erase key clears the machine and turns off the display.
The mode of operation of system 1 can be selected by a mode selector 74. The system may have three modes of operation. One mode is manual; the others are automatic modes. The manual mode of operation is the operation of the teaching machine as described above. One of the two automatic modes comprises a mode in which the step-by-step solution is caused to be displayed on the display 2 each time the "try again" key is depressed. The other automatic mode is one in which the total solution is automatically displayed once the problem is entered. The actual selection of mode of operation and the control of the display 2 is performed by the arithmetic and control circuits 56 together with the display storage 62. Means may be provided to count the number of "try again" signals generated during the course of a solution to a problem, thus permitting monitoring of the student's progress.
As depicted in FIG. 7, a mathematical teaching system in accordance with the invention is adapted for use in conjunction with a standard home television receiver (not shown). In this embodiment, the screen of the television set serves as the display for the system. The system is the same as that described and depicted above as to that portion which provides input to the display storage.
The display storage 62 is coupled to a character generator 76. Also connected to the character generator 76 is the output of the update control circuit 64. The output of character generator 76 is connected to a mixer 78. Also connected to the mixer 78 is output from a television sync generator 80. Sync generator 80 receives input from the update control circuit 64. The output of mixer 78 is connected to the input of a television signal generator 82.
The above-described combination of elements affords the capability of providing a television signal which can be coupled to the antenna terminal of a conventional television set such that the display of the teaching system in accordance with the invention may be implemented on the television screen. This will clearly be advantageous in particular applications, particularly for homework.
The teaching system could be further implemented to display simple games, such as Tic-Tac-Toe, so as to amuse the student. In addition, the teaching apparatus could be implemented with a means for randomly generating problems to be solved by the student.
Thus, teaching systems in accordance with the invention provide instruction to students such as to simulate actual "pencil and paper" operations and thus equip the student to perform arithmetic operations without assistance from a person or machine.
It should be apparent to one skilled in the art that the above-described embodiment is merely illustrative of but one of the many possible specific embodiments which represent the application of the principles of the present invention. Numerous and various other arrangements can be readily devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, the invention being defined solely by the appended claims interpreted in light of the specification.
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I recommend the paper "A mathematical model using AHP priorities for soccer player selection: A case study" by E. Ozceylan. The process of player selection in multi-player sports like soccer is a complex multi-criteria problem. In this paper, a two-phase approach is proposed for soccer player selection. In the first phase, the attributes of each player – based on their position within a soccer team – is prioritised using the Analytic Hierarchic Process (AHP). In the second phase, a 0-1 integer linear programming model is developed using the weights of player attributes, and the top performers are determined for inclusion in the team. Finally, a case study on the Turkish soccer club called Fenerbahçe is used to illustrate the applicability and performance of the proposed approach.
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0.978707 |
With respect to these laws, which of these does, and which of these do not, apply to blood flow?
Well, Poiseuille's Law was actually formulated in an attempt to describe blood flow, because Poiseuille was a physiologist as well as a physicist so this one applies, though it is not as good as current.
The other equations can and do apply, but in their usual forms, they are too simplistic to really model blood flow effectively. However, in certain bloodflow such as that in high-velocity, large-artery blood flow, all of these equations will apply effectively. Also, more specifically, in Poiseuille, we can also describe the blood flow in capillaries.
So, the answer is all of them, though neither is completely accurate, it just depends on how accurate you need an answer and the type of blood flow you are modeling. However, blood has many non-linear effects as it is a casson-like fluid which experiences phenomenon such as rouleax formation.
If asked a question about blood flow, I guess you would need to just calculate based on the parameters which they give you.
Technically, those apply to ideal fluids. But in terms of the MCAT, it would seem that their questions on the circulatory system would have you assuming that blood behaves ideally. There are a few things you might know generally.
You should know that a narrowing of an artery (plaque build up for instance) will increase the average blood speed (according to the continuity equation) which in turn reduces the pressure against the insides of the artery walls (according to Bernoulli's principle).
You should know that with branching, the total cross-sectional area of capillaries (when added together) exceeds the cross-sectional area of veins, so the average flow speed through capillaries is slower than other vessels.
The pumping of the heart creates pressure that can be explained by Pouiselle's law. As delta P goes up, Q (the volume flow rate goes up), so an increased heart rate results in increased blood flow. However, as blood viscosity goes up, the delta P must go up proportionally to keep the same volume of blood flowing. This is why blood that has excessive LDLs is associated with higher blood pressure.
Vasoconstriction and vasodilation drastically alter the volume blood flow, because Q depends on r to the 4th power.
There are other facts to know and be able to explain. If you know these four concepts and assume blood to be relatively ideal, then you should be fine on most of the circulatory material.
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0.923723 |
Travel spending is in decline. Are Trump's "America First" policies to blame?
Apart from the policy implications of President Trump's nationalist approach to government, one potential consequence of throwing around the phrase "America First" is that it's a bad tourism slogan. By implication, you're essentially saying "Hi, I'm US President Donald Trump, and I think other countries and the people in them are second rate at best."
New numbers suggest that Trump's rhetoric might be driving tourists away from the US in droves. Specifically, Mark Whitehouse of Bloomberg View dug through numbers from The Bureau of Economic Analysis, and spotted a dip in tourism spending of 10.2 percent over the three-month period ending on February 1, following Trump's election. The largest drop since the 2008/2009 recession.
Trump has created tangible reasons to stay away. His two attempts to suppress travelers from some majority Muslim countries from entering the US were very tourism un-friendly just on the face of it, as is the illogical new policy of not allowing airline passengers from eight majority-Muslim countries to use their laptops and tablets while they fly to the US. The bizarre new proposal to demand the social media passwords of incoming travelers from such places as Europe, Australia and Japan would be even more unwelcoming.
Dimitri Ioannides, professor of tourism studies and geography at Mid-Sweden University, and author of the book Tourism in the USA: A Spatial and Social Synthesis told me that anecdotally, he's seen changes in people's travel plans, both to boycott the US for political reasons, and to avoid it because being in the US sounds unpleasant. "I'm not talking about people from the Middle East. I'm talking about people from Scandinavia saying 'maybe we should go somewhere else for the holiday,'" Ioannides told me.
Ioannides, who has spent decades studying travel-related matters in the US, has also seen other signs of a strain. For instance, he told me a series of two minute ads originally commissioned by Visit the USA (a.k.a. the federal government) in 2015 to drive tourism to America's seldom-visited cities, have been recut into quick-cutting blurbs that seem to highlight American diversity. These TV spots, he says, have been in heavy rotation all over Europe this past month.
Ioannides' explanation for the sudden advertising blitz: "Obviously Visit the USA is worried. I haven't seen commercials like this before." Visit the USA itself did not immediately return a request for comment about this, and we will update this post if they do.
Laying all the blame for the decline in tourism at the feet of Trump, however, "would be a dangerous assumption," according to Ioannides.
In his Bloomberg piece, Mark Whitehouse, who calls the dip "small" in comparison to the drop-off in tourism after 9/11, notes that the US dollar saw a two percent gain in value against European currencies, which makes US travel a tiny bit pricier. But according to statistics from the US Bureau of Transportation, the value of the dollar makes for an erratic and unreliable predictor of tourism spending. Whitehouse also claims that short-term dips in spending "often reverse themselves."
Ioannides suggested that this may all blow over, because, in the grand scheme of things, it's not as unusual as it may seem.
"I'm a US citizen now, but the first time I came to the US was in 1986, and I stupidly crossed a yellow line and got chewed out by a guard, and that kind of thing didn't really happen in other places," Ioannides told me.
"The US has always been kind of strict," he added.
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0.955409 |
Обзор игры Warhammer: Mark of Chaos - Battle March. Почему всё плохо?
Warhammer: Battle March "Battle Gameplay"
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0.999962 |
bibliography Biographical television programs. biography Feature films. Fiction films. Historical television programs. History. Police films. Thrillers (Motion pictures) Video recordings for the hearing impaired.
Contents: Every day's the weekend -- I love you like a brother -- Perth traumatic stress disorder -- I haven't been taking care of myself -- Backpack -- Awkward exchange -- I want u -- Lotto in reverse -- Let's call it a day -- There's no money.
Summary: Alex Haley traces his family's history from the mid-18th century when one of his ancestors was captured and sold into slavery. He follows the struggle for freedom that began with the boy's abduction to America and continued throughout the generations that followed.
Summary: The Grammy-nominated rapper's new collection features collaborations with Travis Scott, Lil Wayne, Chris Brown, Major Lazer, G-Eazy, J Balvin, and even Wale's daughter Zyla, to name a few.
Summary: A sophomore at Princeton in 1955, southerner Fletcher Randall meets a group of Quaker Friends and eventually becomes involved in the Underground Railroad.
Summary: A family saga centered on an African-American matriarch whose husband was shot for stealing. It follows her descendants as they fight World War II, march for civil rights, join the Black Panthers and help develop Africa.
Summary: Discusses the history of Oman, including ancient monuments, its government, the land, sports, festivals, food, crafts, and everyday life.
Summary: Analyzes three historical moments from the past thirty-five years to reveal how the U.S. and Israel have worked together to prevent the emergence of a Palestinian state.
Summary: Mother and son give us an extraordinary view of the private life of a man both loved feared by his family.
Summary: The fictionalized saga of Haley's father's family, sequel to Roots.
Summary: A black American traces his family's origins back to the African who was brought to America as a slave in 1767.
Summary: A boy searching for a suitable buyer for his old donkey chooses a man named Joseph who plans to travel to Bethlehem with his wife Mary.
Summary: Bestselling author Caleb Warnock is back with a new collection of skills to help your family gain independence and self-reliance. Learn about self-seeding vegetables, keep chickens without ever buying feed, collect water from rain and snow, find wild vegetables for everyday eating, and even make your own laundry soap.
Manners and morals in the age of optimism, 1848-1914.
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The blue brilliance of the sapphire has been treasured for thousands of years, its color thought to represent heavenly or celestial qualities. The ancient Persians believed that the earth rested on a giant sapphire and that its reflection gave the sky its blue color. Jewish tradition holds that Moses was given the Ten Commandments on tablets of sapphire, making it the most sacred of gemstones.
Sapphire is a form of the mineral corundum, a crystalline form of aluminum oxide and one of the most durable minerals that exists; only diamonds are harder. Trace impurities of iron and titanium are responsible for the deep blue color most people associate with sapphire. The gem also occurs in a variety of blue shades. Several other colors of corundum, such as yellow, reddish-orange, and violet, are also classified as sapphire. Red corundum crystals are called rubies. When cut into a cabochon (a convex, unfaceted form), some specimens of sapphire exhibit asterism; that is, a six-rayed star can be seen in the interior of the stone. Such stones are called star sapphires.
A primary constituent of many igneous rocks, the hardness of the sapphire makes it useful for industrial applications as well as for jewelry. Synthetic sapphires have been produced commercially since 1902 and are used for scratch-resistant watch crystals, optical scanners, and for a variety of other instruments. They are also used in scientific and industrial applications where transparency to ultraviolet irradiation and strength are important.
The sapphire has long symbolized truth, sincerity, and faithfulness. The ancients regarded star sapphires as an extremely powerful talisman, a guiding star for travelers and seekers of all kinds. These stones were so powerful, they were said to continue to protect the wearer even after being passed on to someone else.
Today, sapphires are most commonly found and mined in Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia, and Africa. Some deposits have been found in the United States, in the states of Montana and North Carolina, but these occur primarily in alluvial deposits in rivers. Underground deposits are known to exist in Montana, but the rock has been too hard, and expensive, to mine thus far.
Many gem scholars agree that the tradition of birthstones arose from the Breastplate of Aaron described in the Bible (Exodus 28, 15-30). The breastplate was a ceremonial religious garment set with twelve gemstones that represented the twelve tribes of Israel and corresponded with the twelve signs of the zodiac and the twelve months of the year. There are many different birthstone lists, however, and some argue that they should be assigned by astrological sign and not month. Sapphire is the birthstone for September, the month when the most babies are born, and the zodiac sign Virgo.
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National High Magnetic Field Laboratory.
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These three images are of the central region of the spiral galaxy M100, taken with three generations of cameras that were sequentially swapped out aboard the Hubble Space Telescope, and document the consistently improving capability of the observatory. The image on the left was taken with the Wide Field and Planetary Camera 1 in 1993. The photo is blurry due to a flaw (called spherical aberration) in Hubble's primary mirror. Celestial images could not be brought into a single focus. The middle image was taken in late 1993 with Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 that was installed during the December 2 - 13 space shuttle servicing mission (SM1, STS-61). The camera contained corrective optics to compensate for the mirror flaw, and so the galaxy snapped into sharp focus when photographed. The image on the right was taken with a newer instrument, Wide Field Camera 3, that was installed on Hubble during the space shuttle servicing mission 4 (SM4) in May, 2009.
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Here I will list the articles with somewhat 'flesh to the bone' information, building up to a reference book.
Abstract: Lack of sleep effects the body chemistry in a way that we gain weight easier and have it more difficult to lose it.
Abstract: Visiting a doctor is sometimes a difficult thing as the relationship usually is not one of peers. The article aims to explain how to keep the head up in a consultation, and at the same time tries to raise an understanding for the doctors perspective.
Abstract: A rather unconventional approach of explaining the toilet business.
Abstract: Methods of how to get rid of body hair.
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0.947674 |
The club was formed in 1873 as the Farnworth & Appleton Cricket and Football Club. The Widnes FC name was adopted in 1876. By the late 1870s the club was being referred to as 'The Chemicals' - subsequently shortened to 'The Chemics'. The first ground was on Albert Road behind what is now The Premier Wetherspoons pub and a short spell followed in the Simms Cross area. From around 1878-84 the club were based at the junction of Millfield/Peelhouse Lane, apart from season 1880/81 when they played on the Widnes Cricket Club ground at Lowerhouse Lane. From 1884-95 they rented a field at Lowerhouse Lane before moving to their third separate site on that road in October 1895. The first ever game at what later became Naughton Park was against Liversedge on Saturday 12 October 1895. In 1895, Widnes were founder members of the Northern Union which broke away from the Rugby Football Union. Their first game was an away fixture against Runcorn which they lost 15-4. During the early years, the club often had to sell players to balance the books. The strength of junior rugby league in the area meant the club had a steady stream of new players to offset any losses. In 1902, the Lancashire and Yorkshire leagues were combined to form a second division, Widnes was added to the first division.
The team's first ever success came when they won the Lancashire League trophy in the 1919-20 season. However, the twenties saw the club almost go to the wall. Local rivals Warrington donated their share of the traditional Easter and Christmas derby matches to keep Widnes afloat in 1927-8. In 1930, Widnes with 12 local-born players defied the odds to beat St Helens 10-3 to bring home the Challenge Cup. The Kingsway housing scheme threatened the loss of Widnes' ground. After several years of fund-raising during the great depression, £3,250 was raised to save the ground. This came with a stipulation that the ground could be sold only to the local council at the original price. The newly named Naughton Park was opened in 1932. A major boost for the club was Widnes' first ever trip to the Challenge Cup final, staged at Wembley. Their opponents were St. Helens, Saints scored after 6 minutes to take a 3-0 lead, but Widnes hit back with a penalty try, a further try and a penalty to take a 10-3 half-time lead. A scoreless second half meant Widnes had won the cup. Widnes became the first club to make two trips to Wembley, with a loss to Hunslet in the 1934 cup final. In 1935-6, the team came close to being rugby league champions. Having finished third in the table, Widnes beat Liverpool 10-9 but lost to Hull, in the championship final. A third trip to Wembley came in 1937, with an 18-5 win over Keighley. The final was dubbed "McCue's Match" as the halfback played an important part in the win. Widnes dropped out of the wartime Lancashire league in 1940-1 and did not return to league competition until 1945-6.
Tommy McCue led the club to its first ever Lancashire cup win, with a 7-3 victory against Wigan in 1945. Back at Wembley in 1950, the team was beaten 19-0 by Warrington. During this period, the club reverted to selling its players to richer teams. Vince Karalius joined Widnes in 1962 and was appointed club captain. In his first season, Widnes finished third in the Championship, which equalled the club's best league placing. The following season, saw him lead his team to Wembley, where Widnes were Challenge Cup winners after they defeated 13 points to 5. In 1962, the league was split into East and West of the Pennines; Widnes and Workington Town met at Central Park, Wigan, in the first final of the Western Division Championship on Saturday 10th November 1962. With two minutes remaining, Lowdon dropped a goal to earn Workington a 9-9 draw. Later in the month Workington won the replay 10-0.
No team had ever played more games in reaching Wembley than Widnes in 1964. In the first round, two replays were necessary before beating Leigh. Liverpool were beaten in the second round, then Widnes played Swinton in front of 19,000 at Naughton Park. A 5-5 draw meant another replay, which was scoreless. A second replay was watched by 21,369 with Widnes winning 15-3. The semi-final against Castleford was drawn 7-7. 28,732 spectators watched the replay, which Widnes won. A Wembley crowd of 84,488 saw Widnes win the Challenge cup for the third time with a 13-5 victory over Hull Kingston Rovers. This was the Chemics first trophy success in eighteen years. Widnes' away game against Warrington became the first rugby league match to be broadcast on BBC albeit only to the South of England in 1965.
The seventies saw the first really outstanding Widnes team. A host of young local players developed into the "Cup Kings", a golden age for the club. The first cup-final was a loss in the 1971-2 Lancashire Cup. The following two seasons, Widnes reached the finals of the BBC2 Floodlit Trophy. The first success came in the 1975 Lancashire Cup which Widnes won by beating Salford that season. They also won the 1975 Challenge Cup final 14-7 versus Warrington at Wembley. This was the first time in their history that Widnes had won two trophies in the same season. Widnes visited Wembley in the following two seasons, losing to St. Helens and then Leeds. However, this was made up for by victories in the Lancashire Cup and John Player Trophy. The season after this (1977-78) saw their first league championship. The team went through the season unbeaten at home in the league. There were also trips to the John Player and Premiership finals.
Keith Elwell began his run of 242 consecutive appearances at Wembley in the 1977 RL Challenge Cup final, including two as a substitute. He finished his run at Hull on 26 September 1982, which ended his run of appearances. This record for consecutive appearances for one club stands to this day. Doug Laughton took over the job of team coach when Frank Myler retired from the position in 1978. The 1978-79 season saw no less than four cups come to Widnes - the BBC2 floodlit trophy, Lancashire Cup, Premiership and a win at Wembley over Wakefield Trinity in front of a crowd of 93,218. Widnes beat the Australian tourists in 1978. The 1979-80 season saw Widnes beat Bradford in the Premiership final, but come second to them in the league and John Player Trophy. The Lancashire cup was won for the fifth time in the seventies.
The eighties started with a Wembley win over Hull Kingston Rovers in 1980-81. The season after this, Widnes again returned to Wembley, to face Hull FC. Widnes led 14-6 with less than 20 minutes to go, but the game finished 14-14 and Hull won the replay 18-9 at Elland Road. Widnes kept their record of winning a cup every season by defeating Hull FC 23-8 in the Premiership final. The next season saw Hull again beaten by Widnes in the Premiership final. Vince Karalius returned to the club for a short spell in 1983/84 leading a strong Widnes side to the finals of the Lancashire Cup and John Player Trophy and another Wembley victory appearance 19-6 against Wigan.
Doug Laughton returned to the club in January 1986 and began a series of signings of players from other league clubs and from rugby union. One such player was Martin Offiah, who in 1987-88 scored a club record 42 tries. The team went on to win the championship that season, clinching it with a 50 point win away over Hunslet. Widnes then beat St. Helens in the Premiership Final at Old Trafford, a game in which Alan Tait made his debut. The 1988-89 season saw the club sign rugby union star Jonathan Davies from Llanelli for £225,000. Wigan were beaten in the Charity Shield but had their revenge in the Regal Trophy Final. The Championship came down to the last game of the season, a capacity crowd at Naughton Park saw Widnes beat Wigan 32-18 to win the title for the second year running. The Premiership was won again, with over 40,000 at Old Trafford to see Widnes beat Hull 18-10.
The 1989/90 season saw Widnes play at Anfield, beating Wigan 27-22. A trip to France to play Le Pontet saw Widnes chosen as the Northern Hemisphere representatives to meet Australia's Grand Final winners. Canberra took a 12-0 lead but were then swept aside as Widnes stormed home 30-18 to become the first official World club champions. However, financial problems riddled the club in the early 1990s to balance the books, over 25 first team players were sold to other teams. This resulted in the club sinking to 12th in the division one table, avoiding relegation. When the RFL announce that a new 12-team Super League was to be formed a chaotic period ensued in which the club was out, then in, then out, then in merged with local rivals Warrington and then finally out again as they finished below the cut-off point of 10th in the existing top flight. The club adopted the Widnes Vikings in 1996. Further player and coaching departures ensued and the club struggled in the new first division, the club's first ever finish in the relegation zone followed. They spent the next 5 years in the Northern Ford Premiership.
During this time, the playing arena was rebuilt and the old stands, terraces and facilities were demolished to be replaced with a state-of-the-art all-seater stadium. This was also renamed from Naughton Park to the Halton Community Stadium. In 1999 Widnes narrowly missed out on a place in the grand final. The 2000 season was one of transition with head coach Colin Whitfield being sacked and replaced by David Hulme being appointed as his successor. The record attendance for the newly rebuilt stadium was set at 6,644 for a Northern Ford Premiership game against Leigh on Boxing Day 2000. The Vikings finished off a poor season in 8th place in the NFP.
They were finally promoted to Super League under coach Neil Kelly in 2001 beating Oldham Roughyeds 24-12 in the NFP Grand Final. Their debut season in Super League was in 2002, Superleague VII, and the Vikings surprised everyone by narrowly missing out on a play-off place, and finishing 7th. Frank Endacott arrived at Widnes as coach. The following season saw them consolidate with a 9th place finish, but in 2004 they avoided relegation by the skin of their teeth, with Castleford's defeat to Wakefield on the final day of the season saving Widnes' fate. But they had no such luck in 2005, and with 2 teams being relegated in 2005, Widnes' job was made tougher, and they eventually went back down to the second tier of the English game.
Since relegation, Widnes parted company with coach Frank Endacott and the majority of their under-achieving Super League squad. They have built a new team in preparation for the 2006 season in National League 1 under coach Steve McCormack, who led Whitehaven to two consecutive NL1 Grand Finals. The club have also pulled off a major coup in securing the services of Australian full back David Peachey, who kept his word to join the club, despite its relegation.
However, Peachey was sacked just a few months into the season by chairman Stephen Vaughan in order to make room under the salary cap for players such as Dennis Moran. On the field Widnes had made the LHF National league grand final, but were beaten by Hull Kingston Rovers at Warrington's Halliwell Jones Stadium.
Stephen Vaughan quit as chairman of Widnes Vikings and stepped down from the club's board of directors on the eve of their opening league game of the 2007 Co-operative National League season, which was broadcast live on Sky Sports. This put the club into the media spotlight for sometime. However, Widnes then went on to win the 2007 Northern Rail Cup with a 54-6 victory over Whitehaven in the final in Blackpool's Bloomfield Road stadium on 15 July 2007 in front of a crowd of 8,326. Widnes also then went on to the National League 1 grand final, as they had done the year before. They were to play against Castleford at Headingley. Unfortunately though Widnes were defeated, and Castleford were promoted. After this game Widnes had no option but to put themselves into voluntary administration.
It was announced on the 2nd November 2007 that Widnes Vikings RLFC would come out of administration under a new owner by the name of Steve O'Connor. One of his first acts as chairman was to re-appoint Steve McCormack as Head Coach. Widnes were then re-admitted into NL1, and the club managed to scrape together a squad which mostly consisted of Academy 'youngsters'. The RFL then placed a nine point deduction on the club for going into administration, in the off season. However, they managed to wipe out the deduction in their first three games.
Widnes then set their eyes on a Super League 2009 spot, along with 18 other clubs. The clubs had to apply for a licence in March 2008 to play in Super League 2009, and on the 22nd July, 2008 at 10am, it was announced who were to play in the 'elite' division. Unfortunately Widnes were not granted a licence on the basis that they had been into administration, or liquidation as Richard Lewis chief executive of the RFL kindly put it. It was believed by many that the RFL's dream of expansion would cost not only Widnes but many of the other historical rugby league clubs in Northern England their future. This would be the third time that the Vikings were to be 'shafted' by the RFL as in 1995 they were chosen not to be in the newly created Super league and then in 2005 they were relegated with Leigh to make room for French side Les Catalans Dragons. However, this would not be the end for Widnes Vikings, but the start of a new beginning. They continued to rise, led by the chairman Steve O'Connor. To prove his dedication to the club, he made an inspirational speech with the local MP, on the 27th July, 2008 when Widnes played Dewsbury. With this in mind, Widnes then pursued their ambitions and reached the 2008 National League Playoffs by finishing in 6th place. This meant they had an away trip to third placed Halifax, for the first round which was broadcast live on Skysports. However on the night Widnes lost 32-16 and with that their 2008 campaign ended.
By the 16th February, 2009 Widnes declared that they had parted company with Coach Steve McCormack, through 'mutual consent'. The news came 3 days after Widnes were controversially beaten 22-20 at home to Co-Operative Championship 1 side Oldham in the Northern Rail Cup Group Stage. McCormack's assistant John Stankevitch took over on a caretaker basis after his departure, leading the side through the remaining group stage games and into the final 16. On the 9th March, 2009 Chairman Steve O'Connor announced that former Warrington, Whitehaven and England Coach Paul Cullen would succeed McCormack as Head Coach. Speaking from the heart Cullen said on his appointment "I'm really excited to be joining Widnes. The plan is simple, we need to get Widnes into Super League where we belong".
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... There was this man who had booked himself onto a snorkelling trip. The time and place for this story is not important. Actually, it is important that we do NOT specify this. It is enough to say that it may have taken place on an island in the tropics. Anyway, this man got up early one morning and headed for the snorkelling shop, where he joined a group of snorkellers and sat happily in the back of a car for an hour, getting to a place where a boat would take them to a spot where the snorkelling supposedly was great.
And it was. Let us not bother with details about that, because this is not what this story is about. When the group came back to the shore in their boat, they were told to wait in a restaurant for a while, until the car would come and get them.
The man who plays the leading role in this story dried himself off with his towel, and then looked around for a place to hang his towel to dry. In a corner of the restaurant he found a small, spherical electric lamp, which seemed perfect for hanging a towel on, so that it would become dry really fast. So he did.
The group bought themselves ice-creams, and soon the car came to pick them up and transport them back to their bungalows. It was once again a happy ride, and the people were very excited about their snorkelling experiences. They talked and talked about it, and some of them forgot to bring their towels, and one of them actually didn't notice until the dark fell that he now only had one large towel left in his backpack. This was, of course, our man.
This was his last day on the island, so the next morning he packed his things into his backpack, and got onto a bus that could take him to the ferry. It would also pass the place where he had forgotten his towel, so that he could jump off for a second to get it.
Strangely enough, when the bus approached the place where the restaurant were situated, the man noticed that there was no restaurant there anymore. All he could see was ashes and some smoke coming from the ground.
The man decided he should buy a new towel, and he was happy to read in the newspapers a couple of days later that noone had been injured in the fire.
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0.967023 |
Has Platinum delivered the game that long-time fans have been waiting for?
Imagine this: you follow echoing footsteps into a dark and gloomy factory. Lined up along the walls are robots - cute little robots - holding torches. The atmosphere is biblical and creepily unpleasant, and in the background, you hear an ominous chorus. Soon you will meet the mechanical leader: Robot Priest. Fast forward a couple of minutes. You are now in the air, the camera angle is positioned right above you, and you sit in a mech-like vehicle.
Suddenly the game goes from Bayonetta-esque action to a mix of Gradius and Galaga. Equipped with machine guns and missiles you have to decimate everything on the screen while avoiding attacks, and towards the end, you can usually expect a boss so huge that half the screen is covered. Does this sound strange? Welcome to Nier: Automata. Platinum Games collaborated with Square Enix and Yoko Taro with the plan being to deliver a package of fast-paced action loosely based on the cult Nier game that hit PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360.
The game is set a whopping 10,000 years after its predecessor, and we assume the role of 2B, an android that belongs to a YoRHa, a special force sent by the humanity that's currently taking shelter on the moon after a devastating alien invasion. The big threat on Earth consists of various types of machinery and robots. It will be up to us - 2B - and the rest of YoRHa to stop the horror by beating, shooting, running and jumping down anything that gets in the way. The narrative is interesting and covers topics such as consciousness, family ties, and blind obedience. We don't want to spoil anything but the story takes a few interesting twists and turns before reaching a satisfying climax.
The cornerstone of Nier: Automata is action that plays out in the third-person, complete with a clear narrative, an open and dynamic game world, and Platinum Games' patented accessible playability. It's a bit like Zelda meets Bayonetta, if you will. The game world is large, varied and full of dynamic changes, secrets and side missions. As you make progress through the game's main missions, different areas open up and new characters need help with tasks that vary in complexity and scale.
The characters we meet range from rebel fighters to robots that are no longer linked to their superiors any more. One such character is a pacifist named Pascal. He and some robots have decided to live a peaceful life in a forest located a short distance from the city. They have built up a small community and every resident can talk to you and offer insight into their thoughts and lives. In one of the side quests, we escorted a parade of robots dressed as clowns and protected them against evil robots. In another, we recovered intel lost by the rebels, info that could prove important in the ongoing struggle.
Side missions are critical as they reward you with experience points, materials and weapons. The main missions are more straightforward; run to the point A, fight a variety of enemies, listen to an exchange of information. They often end with a boss battle, and they're very well-made and loaded with character. Such an encounter begins early in the game when we encounter a robot who has taken a liking to opera music, on a big stage, with a big giant dress and everything. Other bosses are absolutely gigantic creations that require significantly more firepower to master and a very different kind of strategy.
The move between characters, mainly 2B and another android, 9S, initially impressed. 2B is tough, straightforward and always puts the mission first. 9S, on the other hand, often tries to joke around, for example, he wants to be called "Nines", something 2B initially doesn't want to do at all. The other characters we met often felt well written and interesting, and here and there we found small, subtle references to the last game. However, you needn't have played the first to appreciate its successor, because it's completely independent.
If you've ever played God of War, Devil May Cry, or Dante's Inferno, you will quickly get into this. 2B has access to two different weapons and with her there's a small floating robot called Pod. This little guy can be equipped with various tools. It starts off with a machine gun that you can use freely without having to think of ammunition or overheating. You simply hold down "R1" all the time to shoot constantly; it doesn't do much damage but may well save you in a precarious situation.
We can't help but marvel at the madness that Yoko Taro has dreamt up. Nier: Automata constantly switches between game types, but not for the sake of change, but for variety and to surprise the player, keeping you on your toes the entire time. It often feels like an old, classic shoot 'em up, but one that's in a 3D-world with a different mission structure.
Role-playing elements are implemented nicely, and by getting access to a new computer chip, you can equip 2B with new gear. You have limited space so it's crucial to choose wisely and try to combine chips that fit you and your style of play. Nier: Automata is special in the sense that the game has no automatic saving, instead you have to completely rely on the terminals that you find scattered around the world. If you die, you are transported back to the last terminal, but if you are quick to return to the place you died, you can get back your experience points, something reminiscent of Dark Souls and Bloodborne. Similarly, you can also find places where other players have fallen, at which point you're given a couple of options. One of your choices is to perform a repair, thus giving you an ally to fight by your side (if you succeed, that is). Alternatively, you'll find a new enemy to challenge you.
It doesn't take long before the music in the game reveals itself as extraordinary. We're talking about incredibly well-composed pieces that range from grand strings with choral accompaniment, through to calmer piano music. No matter where you are or what you're doing, the music is always perfect for the situation and it's a joy to listen to. The same applies to the voice acting: you can choose from Japanese or English and as you've already guessed, the Japanese is the preferred option. The technical aspect isn't entirely spotless, though. The game runs at 60 frames per second, but it's not stable and that number drops frequently, which is a shame.
Nier: Automata is also way too brown and grey. With extra brown. Lot's of brown. All brown. Brown brown brown. Four thousand different versions of brown. The entire game is permeated by a watered-down look that's just... bland. Even in full sunlight, the game world feels grey and dull (and did we mention brown?), and the designs of the game's chief enemy, the robots, are a bit boring. Sure, they come in different sizes and variations, dressed in different outfits, but the overall style leaves something to be desired.
After a slow start, Nier: Automata grows into an excellent adventure. The battles are nicely animated, and the world is big and packed with content. The story and its characters did an excellent job of keeping us stuck to the screen throughout. It's entertaining and memorable, although it's mainly the technical elements and the game's anonymous design that lowers the rating one notch.
This is Platinum's best game for a long time, what with the total disaster that was Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutants in Manhattan and the cancellation of Scale Bound. It feels like an important game and proof that the studio has actually mastered the genre, once again. Nier: Automata is one for those who like frantic action accompanied by a heavy story. Along with some experimental camera angles, this is a wonderful package that feels both classic and modern at the same time.
Varied combat, Great controls, Fantastic music, Cool characters, Exiting game world.
Boring colour palette, uninspiring enemy designs, slow start.
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What's included in my rent at apartments in Jacksonville?
First off, it’s important to understand that not all apartments in Jacksonville are the same. Many will include certain amenities and features in the rent while others will not. For the communities that offer certain perks in the rent, these usually include utilities, internet, cable and/or parking.
Apartments in Jacksonville that include utilities such as electric, water and/or gas are usually very convenient for people looking to pay one lump sum each month. If you paid for each utility separately, you would have to keep track of multiple payments and due dates each month. Some apartments in Jacksonville make this easy for you by including these utilities in their rent price. This type of rental situations can also be referred to as all-inclusive apartments. Typically what happens in these types of situations, the apartment company makes a deal with a local utility company to offer a service at a discounted rate. The office will pay a flat fee for the service, and then charge each resident a set amount each month. However, this is already included into your rent so you won’t know the difference. The only drawback here is that often times, apartments in Jacksonville may set a utility cap, since there are so many users. This means you will need to stay under the cap, or pay a fine at the end of the month.
Some renters consider some of the best apartments in Jacksonville to be the ones that include internet and cable. This sure does make it easy when making a move into your new home! There is no calling to set up your service, all you have to do is plug in and go. Some cable and internet services will have to send a technician out if you have to set it up yourself, so you could potentially be waiting for days. If these amenities are included into your rent, you won’t have to worry about a separate bill. One drawback is that you don’t really get to choose the cable or internet company you will be using. Much like the utility companies, the apartment office makes a deal with a certain company and they must provide only that company in their units.
For many apartments in Jacksonville, it typically goes without saying that parking is included in your rent each month. However, there are some communities that may charge for spots for multiple vehicles or for even one vehicle, due to lack of a parking area. Some communities offer covered or garage parking for extra fees as well, so this amount may not be included in your monthly rent. For the most part however, parking spots are considered a part of your amenities package. You will want to make sure to ask the office where you are allowed to park. Many apartments in Jacksonville have strict rules on parking spots. Some may require you to use a decal, while others assign numbered spots. You may want to know if it is street parking only or more of a free-for-all approach. Also, be careful when inviting guests over, especially if they plan on staying overnight. Many communities implement visitor parking spots. If your friends or family are not parked in the designated areas, they may be subject to getting towed at their expense.
No matter which apartments in Jacksonville you choose, access to amenities is always included in your rent. The fun part is narrowing down which community best fits your lifestyle!
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Bird and Lime scooters sit parked in front of a building on April 17, 2018, in San Francisco.
(CNN) - Lime has pulled part of its electric scooter fleet from the streets after learning that some of its vehicles' batteries could catch fire.
It's an embarrassing setback for the billion-dollar startup whose scooters are available for rent in dozens of cities around the world, including through Uber's app.
In a blog post Tuesday, Lime said batteries made by Segway Ninebot — the company behind Segway scooters — can smolder and in some cases catch fire. Lime used the batteries in early versions of its vehicles.
The startup said it removed the affected scooters in Los Angeles, San Diego and the Lake Tahoe area, the three places where they were in service.
"Immediately upon learning of the defect, we worked with Segway Ninebot to create a software program to detect the potentially affected batteries," Lime said. "We then worked independently to create an even more thorough software program to ensure that no potentially faulty scooters remained in circulation."
The issue affected 0.01% of its total fleet, according to the company. But its battery problems don't end there.
Another version of its scooters "may also be vulnerable to battery failure, which we are currently investigating," it said.
In July, Uber invested in Lime as part of a $335 million funding round for the scooter startup. The deal gave users of Uber's app the ability to find Lime scooters. Uber branding was also added to the scooters.
The electric scooter industry has already had a roller-coaster year. Cities across the United States moved aggressively to rein in, and even shut down, companies like Lime and Bird Rides when hundreds of scooters filled their streets and cluttered their sidewalks seemingly overnight earlier this year.
But some cities later softened their stance as they realized scooters can play an integral role in easing congestion, reducing pollution and bolstering public transit.
The scooter startups' success in getting people to use their vehicles has attracted investors. The July funding round valued Lime at $1.1 billion. Its rival Bird Rides has been valued at $2.2 billion.
Segway Ninebot wasn't immediately available for comment late Tuesday on the battery problems reported by Lime.
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Baking soda's versatility makes it one of the best items to place in a backpack, boat, trunk, or garage. Closer to home, it can clean your screens and aluminum siding and keep your garden green and thriving. In this article, you will find many uses for baking soda in outdoors activities. Let's start with lawn and garden care.
Acidity test for soil: To test the acidity level of your garden soil, add a pinch of baking soda to 1 tablespoon of soil. If it fizzes, the soil's pH level is probably less than 5.0. Flower species that prefer alkaline soil such as geranium, begonia, and hydrangea should be watered occasionally with a weak baking-soda and water solution.
Sprinkle baking soda lightly around your tomato plants. This will sweeten the tomatoes by lowering their acidity.
Raise alkalinity in potted plant soil: Carnations, mums, and petunias prefer neutral soil. To raise potting soil alkalinity, apply some baking soda but use it sparingly.
Flowers and planting pots: Coat clay pots with a thin layer of baking soda when transplanting plants but before adding the soil. This helps keep the dirt fresh. If you have cut flowers, dip them in a solution of baking soda and water to lengthen their life.
Oily stains on the deck wood from the grill or suntan lotion can be absorbed by sprinkling with baking soda and letting it sit for 1 hour. Repeat the step if necessary.
Patio furniture: Clean lawn furniture at the start of the season with a solution of 1/4 cup of baking soda in 1 quart of warm water. Wipe the furniture down with the solution then rinse it off.
Pool toys: Remove mildew odors from plastic and vinyl pool toys with 1/4 cup of baking soda in 1 quart warm water.
Grill cleaning and safety: Loosen burned-on foods from barbecue grill racks by enclosing the racks in a large plastic bag. Mix 1 cup of baking soda and 1/2 cup of ammonia, and pour it over the racks. Close the bag, and let it sit overnight.
Control the flames when fat drips on coals by keeping a spray bottle filled with 1 teaspoon of baking soda mixed with 1 pint of water. Spray the solution lightly onto the coals when flames shoot up.
Take baking soda with you as you travel on the road. It doesn't take up much room and can come in handy in a variey to ways.
RV or boat holding tank: To dissolve solids and control the odor in toilets of recreational vehicles and boats, pour a small box of baking soda into the tank after each cleaning.
RV water tank: Deodorize and help remove the mineral deposits in an RV water tank by flushing periodically with 1 cup of baking soda in 1 gallon of warm water. Drain it, then flush the tank before refilling.
Fishing tricks: Keep fish hooks from rusting between fishing trips by sticking them in a cork and submerging the cork in baking soda. Add baking soda to the hollow fishing lures to give them spin in the water.
Take baking soda on camping trips to clean dishes, pots, hands, and teeth; to use as a deodorant and fire extinguisher; and to treat insect bites, sunburn, and poison ivy.
When camping season begins, deodorize your sleeping bags by sprinkling in baking soda and letting them sit for half a day. Shake them out then set the sleeping bags in the sun.
You can refresh musty old magazines found in cellars or garages if the pages aren't stuck together. Lay the magazines out in the sun for a day. Then sprinkle baking soda on the pages, and let sit for an hour or so. Brush off the baking soda.
Battery terminals: Neutralize acid from leaking batteries by applying baking soda to the spill. One pound of soda will neutralize 1 pint of acid.
Garage floors: Mix equal parts of baking soda and cornmeal to sprinkle on light oil spills in the garage. Let it dry, then sweep or vacuum the material away. For tougher spots on the floors, sprinkle on baking soda, let it stand, and then scrub away with a wet brush.
The outside of your home can always use sprucing up. Baking soda can be a solid companion in those tasks.
Screens: Dip a damp wire brush into baking soda, and scrub the door and window screens clean, then rinse with a sponge or hose.
Painting: Soak brushes in a warm baking-soda solution to remove paint thinner. Revive hardened paintbrush bristles by boiling them in 1/2 gallon of water, 1 cup of baking soda, and 1/4 cup of vinegar.
Use baking soda to safely clean lights, chrome, windows, tires, vinyl seats, and floormats in cars. Sprinkle the baking soda onto a damp sponge, scrub it, then rinse it off.
Other spots on upholstery can be cleaned with a baking-soda paste rubbed into the stain. Let it dry then vacuum away.
Remove oil and grease on vinyl seats with a solution of baking soda and water, or with baking soda sprinkled on a damp sponge. Rinse it off, then wipe away.
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Step 1: Puree everything except chia seeds.
Step 2: Stir in chia seeds.
Step 3: Chill for one hour until the chia seeds have expanded.
Step 4: To serve, spoon into Little Mashies pouch filling about halfway and leave in the fridge for up to two days.
Why is raspberry a great baby food choice?
Raspberries are extremely nutrient dense, which means that they provide many nutrients for a small amount of calories, they are good source of fibre and contain lots of antioxidants. Some of the health benefits of chia seeds for kids include good supply of protein, supply of sustained energy, good source of unsaturated omega 3 fatty acids, a good source of antioxidants and provide high dietary fiber.
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The 1724 Code Noir of Louisiana was a means to control the behaviors of Africans, Native Americans, and free people of color.
In 1724, the French government issued a version of the Code Noir in order to regulate the interaction of whites (blancs) and blacks (noirs) in colonial Louisiana. Portions of the first Code Noir (instituted in 1685 for the French colony of Saint Domingue) appeared in the second edition, though several alterations were made to account for the special circumstances of Louisiana. Enforcement of the Code Noir proved difficult throughout French colonial Louisiana, resulting in the cultivation of a brutal system of enslavement that nonetheless failed to control all forms of close contact between people legally identified as black and white. Following the suppression of the Insurrection of 1768, the Spanish colonial regime replaced the Code Noir with legal measures of its own, though the influence of the French slave system remained noticeable into the nineteenth century.
The fifty-five articles of the Code Noir represented an attempt on the part of French officials to control the lives of people of European and African descent in colonial Louisiana. The first eleven articles refer to religious matters in the colony, including the expulsion of Jews, the recognition of Roman Catholicism as the only legitimate religion, and the mandate against interracial marriages and other kinds of métissage (racial mixing) between blancs and noirs. The remaining forty-four articles cover topics ranging from the obligations of masters (maîtres) to their slaves (esclaves), illegal activities and forms of punishment, the lack of legal rights afforded the enslaved, and rules for manumission (affranchissement). For example, slaves found guilty of illegally gathering in crowds were whipped for the first offense, and then branded with the mark of a fleur-de-lis after multiple offenses. In addition to lashes and branding, convicted runaway slaves had their ears cut off. Less severe penalties, usually in the form of fines, awaited whites who attempted to marry blacks, as well as the priests who conducted such marriage ceremonies.
The Louisiana Code Noir of 1724 differed from the Saint Domingue Code Noir of 1685 in several important ways. First, the Saint Domingue laws prohibited concubinage (living together out of wedlock) but permitted interracial marriages between blacks and whites baptized in the Roman Catholic Church, while the Louisiana laws prohibited such marriages. Second, it was possible for masters of Saint Domingue to manumit their slaves at their own discretion, while masters of Louisiana required the approval of the Superior Council. The Louisiana code also included more restrictive measures aimed at regulating the lives of free blacks and preventing the organization of maroon communities composed of runaway slaves.
Legislators of the Code Noir of 1724 intended for the laws to contribute to the cultivation of a colony that resembled ancien régime ideals of social order. Specifically, they expected to limit opportunities for manumission, reduce the level of métissage, and focus the power to inflict corporal punishment in the government and away from masters, all of which was meant to sharpen the racial division between blacks and whites. The Code Noir of 1724, however, did little to account for the common practice of enslaving Native Americans in Louisiana, not to mention the near impossibility of preventing a large white male population composed of free, forced, and indentured settlers from interacting with free and enslaved blacks on a regular and intimate basis. Even more uncontrollable was the interaction between Native Americans and runaway slaves, a fact that contributed to events surrounding the so-called Natchez Revolt of 1729. Some priests continued to marry people of different races despite the legal mandate against the practice. It was also the case that some Protestants settled in French Louisiana despite the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 and the prohibition against the practice of Protestantism in the colony. Moreover, masters continued to punish their slaves regardless of the code’s intention to allocate the power of punishment to colonial officials, often with even more brutal results.
The 1764 arrival of Antonio de Ulloa (1716–1795), the first Spanish governor of Louisiana, led to the demise of the French Code Noir and its replacement with a Spanish model for the regulation of black-white relations. Ulloa upset the French Creole community of New Orleans when he permitted the marriage of a white Spaniard and a black slave. The new governor also perturbed the local white population when he restricted the common practice of whipping slaves in the city of New Orleans, reportedly because the cries of whipping victims bothered his wife. Following the Insurrection of 1768, General Alejandro O’Reilly (1722–1794) reinstated the Code Noir, only to replace the French laws three months later with the laws of Castille and the Indies. Going back to the thirteenth century, Spanish laws associated with slavery tended to gave the enslaved more rights than the French laws, including the right of a slave to purchase his or her own freedom. That being said, French planters in Spanish colonial Louisiana retained considerable influence over the lives and deaths of those they enslaved on their plantations. The membership of powerful French planters in the Cabildo (city council) also meant that the slightly more lenient Spanish slave codes often conflicted with customary modes of slave treatment in Louisiana.
Pasquier, Michael T. "Code Noir of Louisiana." In https://64parishes.org Encyclopedia of Louisiana, edited by David Johnson. Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities, 2010–. Article published January 6, 2011. https://64parishes.org/entry/code-noir-of-louisiana.
Chesnais, Robert, ed. L’esclavage à la française: Le Code Noir (1685 et 1724). Paris: Nautilus, 2005.
Dawdy, Shannon Lee. Building the Devil’s Empire: French Colonial New Orleans. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.
Din, Gilbert C. Spaniards, Planters, and Slaves: The Spanish Regulation of Slavery in Louisiana. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1999.
Palmer, Vernon Valentine. Through the Codes Darkly: Slave Law and Civil Law in Colonial Louisiana. Clark, NJ: Lawbook Exchange, 2012.
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This is a story-telling dance. The girls' eyes jumped one by one and turned one by one. Write down the story that belongs to you is very gentle, intoxicating and unreasonable infatuation. In retrospect, young people have a strong love and hate, but there are still regrets. Fortunately, I still look at the same sky, and the story is quietly blooming.
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What advice do you have for new yoga teachers teaching their first class?
Alex van Frank: My best advice is to ask yourself why you are teaching. Answering that question and reminding yourself of the ‘why’ as you teach will ultimately lead you on YOUR path. The first steps are always the most exciting and full of infinite potential… Oh, and always breath –it doesn’t look good if you pass out from lack of breathing!
Amy Ippoliti: Congratulations on this milestone! Before you teach your first ever class, make sure you’ve given yourself plenty of time to plan your class with a theme you love and poses you are excited about. Practice the sequence one or two times through to make sure it works well for your body (if it works for you, chances are it will work for others). Arrive at the studio early and immediately take the focus off yourself (your nerves, your plan, your clothes, etc.) and place your focus onto the people coming! Set up the room so it’s inviting – light candles, chant some mantras in all the corners of the room, or put out a fresh flower or bouquet – it’s a celebration after all, your first class with great people! When the students arrive, ask questions and get to know them. It will break the ice and help you get out of your own bubble of anxiousness and right into the great gift of teaching yoga: helping and serving others.
Darren Rhodes: Keep it simple. Focus on instructions that get students into and out of the basic shapes of each pose. Memorize your sequence ahead of time. Practic that sequence many times prior to class so you can target the key alignment for each pose. As for alignment, for each pose in your sequence write down what’s most at risk so you know which safety cues to give for each pose.
Elena Brower😕 Pay attention to detail, connect with your students best your can, and stay present for yourself. Let the plan help you, but not hinder your ability to intuit what your students might need.
Felicia Tomasko: Know if you are nervous, that’s okay, just go with it. Enjoy the process. Remember that teaching is different from your own practice, so treat it differently. One of the things that my teacher trainer emphasized was that when you demo, do less, because students will mimic you and often push themselves to try to copy you. So do less.
Giselle Mari:Keep it simple and enjoy the process. When you’re having fun and not stressed out about how it will turn out and (cliche alert) in the “moment” – your offering will be a solid one.
Kia Miller: Breathe with your students. Keep it simple. Speak from your heart to theirs. Smile and engage with everyone.
Steven Espinosa: Try to remember it’s not about you. It’s about the yoga. Too many times new teachers try to impress the class with their technical knowledge and ability. And as a result it becomes all about them. To me, our main job as teachers is to provide a general overall structure, instruction and hopefully some inspiration. So just keep it simple and let the yoga lead the way!
Tara Judelle: Find what excites you about yoga and offer that. Your authentic enthusiasm about what you are sharing will convey more than anything the undercurrents of yoga. People are there to move, and to do so in community. Let yourself have fun, and be yourself. Know that any offering, done with interest and curiosity will automatically convey the teachings. The rest, any techniques or skills can be developed over your lifetime.
Taylor Harkness: Just have fun with it. No one is going to remember your flow, your playlist, your cues. They’re going to remember the way you made them feel. So ask yourself, “how do I want them to feel?” and then do your best to create that space. Throughout your career, you’re going to forget poses so many times, get your left and right screwed up constantly, and knock over so many water bottles with clumsy feet that you’ll lose count. The point is the attention, effort, and love you put into the class, not how it looks.
Tias Little: The key is not to be hard on yourself. Oftentimes we have expectations as yoga teachers that we should know it all, or be able to do all these amazing poses, or simply be enlightened. There are a lot of projections and a lot of smoke and mirror that we place upon ourselves in the role of the teacher. My advice is to have confidence in what you know and teach from there.
Tiffany Cruikshank: Remember that your students are there to learn from you. We all get nervous but you have to keep remembering your purpose, whatever that is- to inspire people, to connect, to help alleviate their suffering, to educate or to have fun.
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"A leader is someone who steps back from the entire system and tries to build a more collaborative, more innovative system that will work over the long term."
At the start of 2008 I decided to build a solution to an ongoing problem in my hometown of Portland, Oregon. Portland's growing technology scene was having trouble tracking all of the user groups, meetups, and events that people were planning. I started a central calendar using Google Calendar, but found it hard to maintain. People planning the events needed the ability to make their own updates without me having to add them individually as users. A single, central information source that would be completely open to the community at large was needed. The solution became an open-source calendar aggregator called Calagator. The process of creating that solution became a very rewarding community-building effort.
By trying different things along the way, we learned how to organize an open source project to encourage community development, used code sprint practices for group work sessions, and worked with a number of tools to make collaboration easier.
The first step to any successful community project is to define a goal that clearly summarizes to other people what you're trying to accomplish. Create a description that can be condensed into a short statement. Calagator's goal is "to build a calendar that is collaboratively edited like a wiki".
When talking to people about a new project, a common question will be "why not use something that's already out there?" While some people might be drawn in by the ability to create something shiny and new, most want assurance that a new project is necessary. When recruiting people to help, a new project is competing against all of the other existing projects. Possible contributors want to be sure they aren't wasting their time duplicating an existing solution.
Open source projects have a number of free project hosting options to choose from, such as Google Code, GitHub, and SourceForge. All three offer a source code repository, wiki, and bug tracking. Other kinds of hosting, such as that needed for a web application, are affordable and can often be donated by a hosting company or fellow developer. Given this, the biggest need for any new project is finding people to contribute and determining what contributions are needed. Contributions may involve code, user interface design, documentation, the project web page, or finding space to meet. Contributors should be enthusiastic about solving the problem that has been defined.
In my initial group-building attempts, I reached out to user group leaders, the people who had been updating the existing Google Calendar, developers I knew, as well as people with other skills I considered helpful. CubeSpace, a coworking space in Portland, donated a meeting room for code sprints. I made a point of talking to people one-on-one, inviting them directly to join the mailing list and come to a code sprint. Some only attended one or two meetings to talk about what they'd like to see in a new calendar, while others continued to help over a period of several months. When seeking contributions, invite more people than you think you'll need. Not everyone will have a large amount of time to contribute, but you can always find ways for everyone to help.
Starting simple makes it possible to have immediate success. We chose to write Calagator in Ruby on Rails, a framework that can create the initial functionality quickly. This choice allowed other experienced Rails developers to participate, guaranteeing that others could help write code from the start. We picked a very small initial feature set consisting of a pair of web forms for creating new events and new venues. At the end of the first code sprint, there was a working web application, deployed to a donated server account, and a Wordpress.com hosted blog for telling people what we were doing. Having something to show publicly at the end of the first day helped build the interest and momentum needed to extend functionality through future code sprints.
Why did we focus on development through code sprint meetings? The problem we wanted to solve was centered on a specific geographic area so it made sense to invite people to talk in person about what we would build. But it was important that we didn't just sit around and talk, so we borrowed agile development techniques for doing a single-day code sprint. We started by writing ideas on index cards, and sorting them into development, documentation, and research tasks. People broke off into 2-3 person groups to tackle a single card for 45 minutes. The host made sure everyone had a partner and a card in order to keep all participants actively involved. At the end of 45 minutes, everyone regrouped to discuss what we had accomplished or learned, and took a short break before starting the next mini-iteration.
This strategy proved effective for keeping people interested and engaged, even with a dozen people with different types of skills. The host role is crucial: the more people involved, the more important it is to have someone in charge of the process. If you aren't comfortable doing this yourself, recruit someone. The host should be outgoing enough to talk to people about what they're interested in working on, offer them tasks to take on, and make sure each part fits into the bigger project goal.
Another agile technique we used was test-driven development (TDD). TDD uses short development iterations to produce code that meets a pre-defined improvement or new functionality. TDD ensures confidence in each incremental addition to the code base. It also provides an opportunity for mentoring, by allowing a less experienced member of a programming pair to describe what functionality needs to be tested and built, while their partner directs the code needed to make it work. The tests help developers to understand functionality written by others as well as code they haven't worked on in a while.
Having this kind of reliable code base and stable software increases credibility to less technical community members. As a programmer, it can be easy to get caught up in the details of the implementation. Everyone else tends to only see whether or not the product works. The more reliable the product, the more a project is viewed as successful and the more others want to be involved.
As Calagator development continued over several months, tools and structure were added to keep everything working smoothly. The first piece of infrastructure was a mailing list which was created before the project even had a proper name. The mailing list was used to invite people to join the planning discussion online. After every code sprint, an update is sent to the mailing list so that people who can't attend can still follow the work.
On the day of the first code sprint, Google Code was used to host the project code in a public repository. Google Code also provided a wiki to keep track of documentation and useful information as well as a simple issue tracker. It is important to provide a way for people who don't write code to report problems they encounter, and receive a response. End users should be considered as contributors to your project. They will be motivated to help if they see a friendly response, including patches or documentation that show their comments are having a useful effect on the project.
Later that day we created a blog; you can see the first post. While just a quick introduction, it gave us a link to send to people who wanted to know what we were up to and how they might help. The blog provides an access point for people who aren't involved enough to track the project on the mailing list. We also use the blog to talk about the big picture: How does Calagator fit into other open source efforts? What does a calendar aggregator do?
Over time, a project's needs will change. Keep it simple: wait until a problem needs to be solved to address it. In our case, we had initially debated whether to use Subversion or Git for version control. We started on Subversion because it was familiar to more people and we needed to make it easy for people to contribute to the project. Toward the end of the first year, we realized that our needs had shifted. We now needed a way to better manage patches from different contributors and to make it easy for people to submit code outside of a code sprint. We switched to Git and wrote a guide for new contributors on how to submit a patch.
Being open to new participants is an important part of keeping a project alive. People may drift in and out as they have more or less time to contribute. A project's core development team should not turn into a closed group that other people find difficult to interact with. For Calagator's first birthday, we had a code sprint that focused on showing people how they could contribute to the project and introduced them to the types of issues we were currently working on. Something similar can be achieved through blog posts and screencasts if in-person meetings aren't possible. Even if developers live in different places, consider meeting at a conference once or twice a year to let everyone hang out, chat, and show off what they are doing.
We've kept the structure of Calagator's supporting group informal, collaborative, and welcoming. Decision making happens through a discussion and consensus process: there is no dictator, benevolent or otherwise. These practices have been crucial for maintaining community goodwill, and making it a fun project to be a part of. New participants don't want to fight their way in. They need mentoring and support.
Building anything from scratch is an act to be proud of, and doubly so if it turns into a community effort. Encourage your community to take time to step back and enjoy their work. Community-built software requires equal parts technical and social contribution. The reward is not just a piece of useful software, but the social connections made, and the benefit to the community the software serves. Technology is created for people, to solve real human needs, and community-built software provides an opportunity to put that idea to work.
Audrey Eschright is a programmer and self-described geek who works as a developer for Elevated Code. She is part of the core team for Calagator, an open source calendar aggregation project. She was also a founding board member of the Legion of Tech, and is currently co-chair of the Open Source Bridge conference. She was recently featured in the Oregonian's Ultimate Northwest Magazine as one of Portland's 25 Most Creative Thinkers.
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Chrysoprase is a distinct gemstone quality variety of chalcedony quartz, a cryptocrystalline form of silicon dioxide. Chrysoprase is highly prized for its opalescent minty, apple-green color, which is especially unique and is owed to its distinctive coloring agent. Most green gemstones are colored by iron (tourmaline), chromium (emerald) or vanadium (tsavorite garnet), but chrysoprase derives its alluring color from nickel impurities, which form within otherwise colorless quartz crystal. Chrysoprase is considered to be one of the rarest and most valuable varieties of chalcedony quartz, second only to the rare green-blue gem silica, which is also known as 'chrysocolla chalcedony'.
The name 'chrysoprase' originates from the Greek words, 'chrusos' and 'prason', meaning 'gold' and 'leek', respectively; referring to its leek-green color and the presence of golden inclusions. Chrysoprase frequently occurs in quartz veins of nickel-bearing serpentine rocks and in weathered deposits of nickel ore materials. Chrysoprase, like all other varieties of cryptocrystalline quartz, is composed of crystals that are too fine to be seen as distinct particles, even under magnification. Unlike most chalcedony quartz varieties that are prized for their multi-colored patterns, chrysoprase is desired for its solid and vivid green color, which is reminiscent of the finest quality jade.
Chrysoprase can be easily identified through its chalcedony quartz properties and by its distinct light-green to apple-green color. With a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, jade is much softer and typically less translucent, which makes it easily distinguishable from chrysoprase. Prehnite has a similar color, but it is typically not nearly as vivid or intense as chrysoprase. Variscite is also known to cause confusion, but its luster is more waxy and it's significantly softer than chrysoprase. Chrysoprase can also be distinguished by distinct traces of nickel. In fact, the only other green gem colored by nickel is gaspeite; all other green gems are colored by iron, chromium or vanadium.
Chrysoprase deposits can be found in locations all around the world. Some of the most important sources include Australia, Brazil, Germany, Poland, Russia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Madagascar, India, Kazakhstan and the United States (Arizona, Oregon and California). Previously, the mines of Frankenstein (Zabkowice) in Upper Silesia, Poland were the most abundant sources for gem quality chrysoprase, but today, Australia produces nearly 85% of the world's supply. Chrysoprase mined from Central Queensland (Australia) is considered to be some of the world's highest quality, with many specimens displaying translucency and color similar to that of fine quality jade.
Chrysoprase color can range from light, minty-green to intense deep, apple-green color. Deeper colors are considered more desirable, but once the color reaches a certain depth, the stone may be classified as 'prase', which is not as desirable as chrysoprase. Chrysoprase color can fade under prolonged exposure to heat or direct light, but in many cases, the color may be restored after absorption of moisture.
Chrysoprase is typically translucent to opaque. Translucent specimens are considered most valuable. When cut and polished, it has a vitreous to waxy luster. Most chrysoprase forms very clean with regard to clarity, but an uneven, cloudy distribution of color is quite common.
Chrysoprase is typically cut en cabochon and is also very popular for gemstone carvings, including ornamental objects, cameos, intaglios, seals and insignia. The most common shapes include rounds, ovals, trillions, hearts and pears. Chrysoprase beads and tumbled stones are also quite popular, but these will typically be fashioned from lower grade materials.
Most chrysoprase today is completely untreated. However, imitations, such as dyed green agate, may be 'misadvertised' as chrysoprase.
Chrysoprase belongs to the very large family of quartz gemstones, but more specifically, it is a variety of chalcedony quartz. For many years, chalcedony was thought to be a fibrous (as opposed to granular) variety of cryptocrystalline quartz, but more recently, it has actually been discovered to be composed of quartz and moganite; a polymorph of quartz. Quartz and moganite are very closely related silicates, but they do have slightly varying crystal formations.
There are many other closely-related varieties of gemstones and there are also a number of gemstones that appear similar but are unrelated with regard to species, including variscite, jade (jadeite and nephrite), prehnite and smithsonite. Chrome chalcedony is also often confused with chrysoprase due to color similarities, but chrysoprase is colored by nickel, whereas chrome chalcedony is colored by chromium.
Chrome chalcedony, chalcedony, agate, onyx, carnelian, bloodstone (heliotrope) and jasper are some of the most popular closely related gemstones.
Dendritic agate, fire agate, sard, sardonyx and chrysocolla chalcedony (gem silica) are among the least-known closely-related gemstones.
Physically, chrysoprase is said to be able to strengthen eyesight, reduce blood pressure and relieve pain from rheumatism. Chrysoprase is a powerful stone that brings poise, grace and mental dexterity. It is also thought to be able to reduce inferiority complexes and mend broken hearts by boosting self-esteem. Chrysoprase is stone of Cancer and is associated with the element of earth. It is ideal for opening, activating and energizing the heart chakra.
Chrysoprase is a variety of chalcedony quartz, rendering it suitable for just about any type of jewelry application, including rings for everyday wear. It is most often used for cabochon designs or as ornamental gemstone carvings, such as cameos, insignia and seals. It is not as popular as 'chalcedony in the narrow sense', but it can still be very commonly found in many gemstone rings, pendants, necklaces, pins and brooches.
Although chrysoprase is considered to be one of the rarest and most valuable forms of chalcedony quartz, larger sized stones are very much affordable. Chrysoprase is perfectly suitable for both men and women as the colors of chrysoprase are gender-neutral and can range from light-green to deep, army-green, 'near-prase' color. Its slight translucency and soft glow looks especially stunning when set in silver, platinum and white gold mountings.
Chrysoprase is considered to be one of the harder gems. Since it has no cleavage, it is quite durable, but it can still be easily scratched by harder materials such as topaz, spinel and diamond. The color of chrysoprase can fade if exposed to direct sunlight or extreme heat for prolonged periods of time, so care should be taken to avoid any excess or direct exposure to harsh conditions, which can damage the color of your gemstones. Chrysoprase can be easily cleaned using warm, soapy water and a soft cloth or brush. Be sure to rinse well to remove any soapy residue.
Owing to the natural porosity of chrysoprase, it can be easily dyed or stained by the absorption of other chemicals and colors. Therefore, avoid the use of any harsh household chemicals, especially bleach, perfume and sulfuric acid. Always remove any gems and jewelry before exercising, playing sports or performing household chores. When storing chrysoprase gemstones, wrap them using a soft cloth and place them inside a fabric-lined box for added protection.
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Do you ever wonder where your money goes each month? Does it seem like you’re never able to get ahead? If so, you may want to establish a budget to help you keep track of how you spend your money and help you reach your financial goals.
Before you establish a budget, you should examine your financial goals. Start by making a list of your short-term goals (e.g., new car, vacation) and your long-term goals (e.g., your child’s college education, retirement). Next, ask yourself: How important is it for me to achieve this goal? How much will I need to save? Armed with a clear picture of your goals, you can work toward establishing a budget that can help you reach them.
To develop a budget that is appropriate for your lifestyle, you’ll need to identify your current monthly income and expenses. You can jot the information down with a pen and paper, or you can use one of the many software programs available that are designed specifically for this purpose.
Start by adding up all of your income. In addition to your regular salary and wages, be sure to include other types of income, such as dividends, interest, and child support. Next, add up all of your expenses. To see where you have a choice in your spending, it helps to divide them into two categories: fixed expenses (e.g., housing, food, clothing, transportation) and discretionary expenses (e.g., entertainment, vacations, hobbies). You’ll also want to make sure that you have identified any out-of-pattern expenses, such as holiday gifts, car maintenance, home repair, and so on. To make sure that you’re not forgetting anything, it may help to look through canceled checks, credit card bills, and other receipts from the past year. Finally, as you list your expenses, it is important to remember your financial goals. Whenever possible, treat your goals as expenses and contribute toward them regularly.
Once you’ve added up all of your income and expenses, compare the two totals. To get ahead, you should be spending less than you earn. If this is the case, you’re on the right track, and you need to look at how well you use your extra income. If you find yourself spending more than you earn, you’ll need to make some adjustments. Look at your expenses closely and cut down on your discretionary spending. And remember, if you do find yourself coming up short, don’t worry! All it will take is some determination and a little self-discipline, and you’ll eventually get it right.
You’ll need to monitor your budget periodically and make changes when necessary. But keep in mind that you don’t have to keep track of every penny that you spend. In fact, the less record keeping you have to do, the easier it will be to stick to your budget. Above all, be flexible. Any budget that is too rigid is likely to fail. So be prepared for the unexpected (e.g., leaky roof, failed car transmission).
Avoid using credit cards to pay for everyday expenses: It may seem like you’re spending less, but your credit card debt will continue to increase.
To learn more about how Patriot can help you get more out of your banking, visit one of our branches or check out our website.
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The Codex Amiatinus is the earliest surviving complete manuscript of the Latin Vulgate version of the Christian Bible. It was produced around 700 C.E. in the north-east of England, at the Benedictine monastery of Monkwearmouth–Jarrow in the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria and taken to Italy as a gift for the Pope in 716. It was one of three giant single-volume Bibles then made at Monkwearmouth–Jarrow, and is the earliest complete one-volume Latin Bible to survive, only the León palimpsest being older; and the oldest bible where all the biblical books present what would be their Vulgate texts.
It is named after the location in which it was found in modern times, Mount Amiata in Tuscany, at the Abbazia di San Salvatore and is now kept at Florence in the Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana (Amiatino 1).
Designated by siglum A, it is commonly considered to provide the most reliable surviving representation of Jerome's Vulgate text for the books of the New Testament, and most of the Old Testament. As was standard in all Vulgate bibles until the 9th century, the Book of Baruch is absent as is the Letter of Jeremiah, the text of the Book of Lamentations following on from the end of Jeremiah without a break. Ezra is presented as a single book, the texts of the later canonical books of Ezra and Nehemiah being continuous. Similarly the books of Samuel, Kings and Chronicles are each presented as a single book.
In 2018 the Codex Amiatinus was loaned to the British Library for an exhibition of Anglo-Saxon manuscripts, returning to England for the first time in 1,300 years.
The symbol for it is written am or A (Wordsworth). It is preserved in an immense tome, measuring 19 1⁄4 inches (49 cm) high, 13 3⁄8 inches (34 cm) in breadth, and 7 inches (18 cm) thick, and weighs over 75 pounds (34 kg) – so impressive, as Hort says, as to fill the beholder with a feeling akin to awe.
The Book of Psalms is provided in Jerome's third version, translated from the Hebrew, rather than in the pre-Jerome Roman Psalter then standard in English bibles, or in Jerome's second, Gallican version, that was to supplant his Hebraic Psalms in most Vulgate bibles from the 9th century onwards. By contrast with case in most of the rest of the Old Testament, the Amiatinus psalms text is commonly considered an inferior witness of Jerome's Versio juxta Hebraicum; the presence of the 'Columba' series of psalm headings, also found in the Cathach of St. Columba, demonstrates that an Irish psalter must have been its source; but the text differs in many places from the best Irish manuscripts. The New Testament is preceded by the Epistula Hieronymi ad Damasum, Prolegomena to the four Gospels.
The Codex Amiatinus qualifies as an illuminated manuscript as it has some decoration including two full-page miniatures, but these show little sign of the usual insular style of Northumbrian art and are clearly copied from Late Antique originals. It contains 1040 leaves of strong, smooth vellum, fresh-looking today despite their great antiquity, arranged in quires of four sheets, or quaternions. It is written in uncial characters, large, clear, regular, and beautiful, two columns to a page, and 43 or 44 lines to a column. A little space is often left between words, but the writing is in general continuous. The text is divided into sections, which in the Gospels correspond closely to the Ammonian Sections. There are no marks of punctuation, but the skilled reader was guided into the sense by stichometric, or verse-like, arrangement into cola and commata, which correspond roughly to the principal and dependent clauses of a sentence. From this manner of writing the script is believed to have been modeled upon the Codex Grandior of Cassiodorus, but it may go back, perhaps, even to St. Jerome.
Page with dedication; "Ceolfrith of the English" was altered into "Peter of the Lombards"
Originally three copies of the Bible were commissioned by Abbot Ceolfrid in 692. This date has been established as the double monastery of Monkwearmouth–Jarrow secured a grant of additional land to raise the 2000 head of cattle needed to produce the vellum. Bede was most likely involved in the compilation. In 716, Ceolfrid accompanied one copy, the Codex Amiatinus, intended as a gift to Pope Gregory II, but he died en route to Rome on 29 September 716 at Langres, Burgundy. The book later appears in the 9th century in Abbey of the Saviour, Mount Amiata in Tuscany (hence the description "Amiatinus"), where it is recorded in a list of the Abbey's relics dated 1036, describing it as being an Old and New Testament 'written in the hand of the blessed Pope Gregory'. It remained in the San Salvatore Monastery until 1786 when it passed to the Laurentian Library in Florence. The dedication page had been altered and the principal librarian to the Laurentian, Angelo Maria Bandini suggested that the author was Servandus, a follower of St. Benedict, and that it had been produced at Monte Cassino around the 540s. This claim was accepted for the next hundred years, establishing it as the oldest copy of the Vulgate, but scholars in Germany noted the similarity to 9th-century texts. In 1888, Giovanni Battista de Rossi established that the Codex was related to the Bibles mentioned by Bede. This also established that Amiatinus was related to the Greenleaf Bible fragment in the British Library. Although de Rossi's attribution removed 150 years from the age of the Codex, it remains the oldest version of the Vulgate.
As the primary source of the Vulgate, the manuscript was of particular importance to the Catholics during the Counter-Reformation. Protestant translations derived from the original language of the Scriptures, but the Latin text of the Amiatinus was earlier than any then-known Hebrew manuscript, making it a "major piece of propaganda in the battle for textual precedence". In 1587 Pope Sixtus V demanded the book be sent to Rome where it was consulted for a new papal edition of the Bible, the Vulgata Sixtina; although in the event, little or no use was made of its readings in either the Sistine or subsequent Sixto-Clementine official Vulgate editions, whose editors rather preferred later medieval Vulgate texts and editions now known to have been heavily corrupted by non-Vulgate readings.
In view of the many accumulated corruptions in all published editions of the Vulgate so far, the Oxford University Press accepted in 1878 a proposal from classicist John Wordsworth (later Bishop of Salisbury) to produce a new critical edition of the Vulgate New Testament. This was eventually published as Nouum Testamentum Domini nostri Iesu Christi Latine, secundum editionem sancti Hieronymi in three volumes between 1889 and 1954; the Codex Amiatinus being a primary source for the entire text; which also followed this manuscript in presenting the text in sense lines, cola et commata without any other indication of punctuation. In 1907 Pope Pius X commissioned the Benedictine monks in Rome to prepare a critical edition of Jerome's Vulgate, entitled Biblia Sacra iuxta latinam vulgatam versionem, which eventually emerged as a counterpart Old Testament to the Oxford New Testament, following largely the same critical principles, and according similar primary status to the Codex Amiatinus text (other than for the Psalms); and similarly deriving its layout, cola et commata from Amiatinus.
Ceolfrid Bible – almost certainly a surviving portion of one of the other two single-volume Bibles ordered made by Ceolfrid for the double monastery of Monkwearmouth–Jarrow.
^ a b c Bruce M. Metzger, The Text of the New Testament (Oxford University Press 2005), p. 106.
^ a b c d One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Fenlon, John Francis (1908). "Codex Amiatinus" . In Herbermann, Charles. Catholic Encyclopedia. 4. New York: Robert Appleton.
^ Biblia Sacra iuxta vulgatam versionem. Robert Weber, Roger Gryson (eds.) (5 ed.). Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. 2007. ISBN 978-3-438-05303-9.
^ The Biblical Canon Lists of Early Christianity. Edmon. L. Gallagher, John. D. Meade. Oxford: OUP. 2017. p. 258.
^ "Behemoth Bible returns to England for first time in 1,300 years". The Guardian. London. 18 October 2018.
^ H. J. White, The Codex Amiatinus and its Birthplace, in: Studia Biblica et Ecclesiasctica (Oxford 1890), Vol. II, p. 273.
^ Richard Marsden, Amiatinus, Codex, in: Blackwell encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England, ed. Michael Lapidge,John Blair,Simon Keynes, Wiley-Blackwell, 2001, s. 31.
^ Dom John Chapman, The Codex Amiatinus and the Codex grandior in: Notes on the early history of the Vulgate Gospels, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1908, pp. 2–8.
^ Wordsworth, John (1883). The Oxford critical edition of the Vulgate New Testament. Oxford. p. 4.
^ Watson, E.W. (1915). Life of Bishop John Wordsworth. London: Longmans, Green.
^ Biblia Sacra iuxta latinam vulgatam versionem. Pontifical Abbey of St Jerome-in-the-City (ed.). Rome: Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 1926–95. ISBN 978-8820921286. 18 vols.
Chapman, John (1908). Notes on the early history of the Vulgate Gospels. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Retrieved 2015-12-13.
Chazelle, Celia (2003). "Ceolfrid's gift to St Peter: the first quire of the Codex Amiatinus and the evidence of its Roman destination". Early Medieval Europe. 12 (2): 129–157. doi:10.1111/j.0963-9462.2004.00124.x. ISSN 1468-0254.
Corsano, Karen (1987). "The First Quire of the Codex Amiatinus and the Institutiones of Cassiodorus". Scriptorium. 41 (1): 3–34. doi:10.3406/scrip.1987.1462. ISSN 0036-9772. Retrieved 2015-12-13.
Meyvaert, Paul (1996). "Bede, Cassiodorus, and the Codex Amiatinus". Speculum. 71 (4): 827–883. doi:10.2307/2865722. ISSN 0038-7134. JSTOR 2865722.
Meyvaert, Paul (2005). "The date of Bede's In Ezram and his image of Ezra in the Codex Amiatinus". Speculum. 80 (4): 1087–1133. doi:10.1017/S0038713400001366. ISSN 2040-8072. Retrieved 2015-12-04.
Sanday, W. (1890). "On the Italian origin of the Codex Amiatinus and the localizing of Italian MSS.". Studia Biblica et ecclesiastica: essays chiefly in Biblical and patristic criticism. 2. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 309–324.
Tischendorf, Constantinus von (1850). Novum Testamentum Latine interprete Hieronymo: ex celeberrimo Codice Amiatino. Leipzig: Avenarius et Mendelssohn. Retrieved 2015-12-04.
White, H.J. (1890). "The Codex Amiatinus and its birthplace". Studia Biblica et ecclesiastica: essays chiefly in Biblical and patristic criticism. 2. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 273–308.
The City and the Book: International Conference Proceedings, Florence, 2001.
Makepeace, Maria. "The 1,300 year pilgrimage of the Codex Amiatinus". Umilta Website. Retrieved 2006-06-07. Contains link to facsimile project, as well.
de Hamel, Christopher (2016). Meetings with Remarkable Manuscripts. Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-241-00304-6.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Codex Amiatinus.
David Dimbleby. "Age of Conquest". Seven Ages of Britain. 33:38 minutes in. BBC 1. Retrieved 21 Nov 2010.
The Cambridge History of the Bible, Cambridge University Press 2008, pp. 117–119, 130.
More information at Earlier Latin Manuscripts.
Benedict of Nursia is a Christian saint, who is venerated in the Eastern Orthodox Churches, the Catholic Church, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, the Anglican Communion and Old Catholic Churches. He is a saint of Europe. Benedict founded twelve communities for monks at Subiaco, Lazio in Italy, the Order of Saint Benedict is of origin and, not an order as commonly understood but merely a confederation of autonomous congregations. Benedicts main achievement is his Rule of Saint Benedict, containing precepts for his monks and it is heavily influenced by the writings of John Cassian, and shows strong affinity with the Rule of the Master. But it has a spirit of balance and reasonableness. As a result, his Rule became one of the most influential religious rules in Western Christendom, for this reason, Benedict is often called the founder of western monasticism. The authenticity of this work has been disputed, especially by Dr Francis Clarke in his two volume work The Pseudo-Gregorian Dialogues. Book Two consists of a prologue and thirty-eight succinct chapters, gregory’s account of this saint’s life is not, however, a biography in the modern sense of the word.
It provides instead a spiritual portrait of the gentle, disciplined abbot, in a letter to Bishop Maximilian of Syracuse, Gregory states his intention for his Dialogues, saying they are a kind of floretum of the most striking miracles of Italian holy men. Gregory did not set out to write a chronological, historically anchored story of Saint Benedict, but he did base his anecdotes on direct testimony. These followers, he says, are Constantinus, who succeeded Benedict as Abbot of Monte Cassino, Valentinianus and Honoratus, who was abbot of Subiaco when St Gregory wrote his Dialogues. Gregory’s Dialogues Book Two, then, a medieval hagiography cast as a conversation between the Pope and his deacon Peter, is designed to teach spiritual lessons. He was the son of a Roman noble of Nursia, the modern Norcia, a tradition which Bede accepts makes him a twin with his sister Scholastica. If 480 is accepted as the year of his birth, the year of his abandonment of his studies, Saint Gregorys narrative makes it impossible to suppose him younger than 19 or 20 at the time.
Uncial is a majuscule script commonly used from the 4th to 8th centuries AD by Latin and Greek scribes. Uncial letters were used to write Greek and Gothic, early uncial script is likely to have developed from late Old Roman cursive. In the oldest examples of uncial, such as the De bellis macedonicis manuscript in the British Library, all of the letters are disconnected from one another, word separation, however, is characteristic of uncial usage. As the script evolved over the centuries, the became more complex. Specifically, around AD600, flourishes and exaggerations of the basic strokes began to appear in more manuscripts and descenders were the first major alterations, followed by twists of the tool in the basic stroke and overlapping. By the time the more compact minuscule scripts arose circa AD800, some of the evolved uncial styles formed the basis for these simplified, uncial was still used, particularly for copies of the Bible, tapering off until around the 10th century. There are over 500 surviving copies of uncial script, by far the largest number prior to the Carolingian Renaissance, in general, there are some common features of uncial script, ⟨f⟩, ⟨i⟩, ⟨p⟩, ⟨s⟩, ⟨t⟩ are relatively narrow. ⟨m⟩, ⟨n⟩ and ⟨u⟩ are relatively broad, ⟨m⟩ is formed with curved strokes ⟨⟩, ⟨e⟩ is formed with a curved stroke, and its arm does not connect with the top curve ⟨⟩, the height of the arm can indicate the age of the script. ⟨l⟩ has a base, not extending to the right to connect with the next letter. ⟨r⟩ has a long, curved shoulder ⟨ꞃ⟩, often connecting with the next letter, ⟨s⟩ resembles the long s ⟨ſ⟩, in uncial it ⟨ꞅ⟩ looks more like ⟨r⟩ than ⟨f⟩.
In particular, the bow of the letter ⟨a⟩ is particularly sharp, italian uncial has round letters with flatter tops, and a with a sharp bow, an almost horizontal rather than vertical stem in ⟨d⟩, and forked finials. Insular uncial generally has definite word separation, and accent marks over stressed syllables, probably because Irish scribes did not speak a language descended from Latin. French uncial uses thin descenders, an ⟨x⟩ with lines that cross higher than the middle, and a ⟨d⟩ with a stem, and there are many decorations of fish, trees. Cyrillic manuscript developed from Greek uncial in the ninth century. The earlier form was called ustav, and developed into semi-ustav script, there is some doubt about the original meaning of the word. Uncial itself probably comes from St. Habeant qui volunt veteres libros, vel in membranis purpureis auro argentoque descriptos, vel uncialibus ut vulgo aiunt litteris onera magis exarata quam codices. Let those who so desire have old books, or books written in gold and silver on purple parchment, or burdens written in uncial letters, the term uncial in the sense of describing this script was first used by Jean Mabillon in the early 18th century.
Pope Gregory II was Pope from 19 May 715 to his death in 731. Born into a noble Roman family in the year 669, Gregory was the son of Marcellus, as a young man, he was placed into the papal court, and was made a subdeacon and sacellarius of the Roman See during the pontificate of Pope Sergius I. Later he was made a deacon and placed in charge of the Vatican Library, after Constantine’s death on 9 April 715, Gregory was elected pope, and was consecrated as Bishop of Rome on 19 May 715. Almost immediately, Gregory began the task of repairing the Walls of Rome, work on this task was delayed in October 716 when the Tiber river burst its banks and flooded Rome, causing immense damage and only receding after eight days. Gregory ordered a number of litanies to be said to stem the floods, which spread over the Campus Martius, Gregory responded by sending a letter outlining the traditional Roman position against Monothelitism. Then in 716, Gregory received a visit from Theodo. Gregory next turned his attention to Germany, in 718, he was approached by an Anglo-Saxon missionary, who proposed undertaking missionary work in Germany.
Gregory agreed, and after changing his name to Boniface, commissioned him in May 719 to preach in Germany, after hearing of the work that had been done so far, in 722 Gregory summoned Boniface back to Rome to answer rumours concerning Boniface’s doctrinal purity. After examining Boniface’s written profession of faith, Gregory was satisfied enough that he made Boniface a bishop in November 722, Gregory strengthened papal authority in the churches of Britain and Ireland. In 726 Gregory had a visit from Ine, the former King of Wessex. Gregory concerned himself with establishing or restoring monasteries, in 721, Gregory held a synod in Rome, for the purpose of fixing issues around illegitimate marriages. Then in 723, the dispute between the patriarchs of Aquileia and Grado flared up again. Upon the request of the Lombard king, Gregory had given the pallium to Bishop Serenus, at the same time, Gregory reprimanded Donatus for complaining about Gregory’s decision to grant the pallium to Serenus in the first place.
The Bible is a collection of sacred texts or scriptures that Jews and Christians consider to be a product of divine inspiration and a record of the relationship between God and humans. Many different authors contributed to the Bible, what is regarded as canonical text differs depending on traditions and groups, a number of Bible canons have evolved, with overlapping and diverging contents. The Christian Old Testament overlaps with the Hebrew Bible and the Greek Septuagint, the New Testament is a collection of writings by early Christians, believed to be mostly Jewish disciples of Christ, written in first-century Koine Greek. These early Christian Greek writings consist of narratives, among Christian denominations there is some disagreement about the contents of the canon, primarily the Apocrypha, a list of works that are regarded with varying levels of respect. Attitudes towards the Bible differ amongst Christian groups and this concept arose during the Protestant Reformation, and many denominations today support the use of the Bible as the only source of Christian teaching.
With estimated total sales of over 5 billion copies, the Bible is widely considered to be the book of all time. It has estimated sales of 100 million copies, and has been a major influence on literature and history, especially in the West. The English word Bible is from the Latin biblia, from the word in Medieval Latin and Late Latin. Medieval Latin biblia is short for biblia sacra holy book, while biblia in Greek and it gradually came to be regarded as a feminine singular noun in medieval Latin, and so the word was loaned as a singular into the vernaculars of Western Europe. Latin biblia sacra holy books translates Greek τὰ βιβλία τὰ ἅγια ta biblia ta hagia, the word βιβλίον itself had the literal meaning of paper or scroll and came to be used as the ordinary word for book. It is the diminutive of βύβλος byblos, Egyptian papyrus, possibly so called from the name of the Phoenician sea port Byblos from whence Egyptian papyrus was exported to Greece, the Greek ta biblia was an expression Hellenistic Jews used to describe their sacred books.
Christian use of the term can be traced to c.223 CE, bruce notes that Chrysostom appears to be the first writer to use the Greek phrase ta biblia to describe both the Old and New Testaments together. The division of the Hebrew Bible into verses is based on the sof passuk cantillation mark used by the 10th-century Masoretes to record the verse divisions used in oral traditions. The oldest extant copy of a complete Bible is an early 4th-century parchment book preserved in the Vatican Library, the oldest copy of the Tanakh in Hebrew and Aramaic dates from the 10th century CE. The oldest copy of a complete Latin Bible is the Codex Amiatinus and he states that it is not a magical book, nor was it literally written by God and passed to mankind. In Christian Bibles, the New Testament Gospels were derived from traditions in the second half of the first century CE. Riches says that, Scholars have attempted to reconstruct something of the history of the oral traditions behind the Gospels, the period of transmission is short, less than 40 years passed between the death of Jesus and the writing of Marks Gospel.
Eusebian canons, Eusebian sections or Eusebian Apparatus, known as Ammonian Sections, are the system of dividing the four Gospels used between late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. The divisions into chapters and verses used in modern texts date only from the 13th and 16th centuries, the sections are indicated in the margin of nearly all Greek and Latin manuscripts of the Bible, and usually summarized in Canon Tables at the start of the Gospels. There are about 1165 sections,355 for Matthew,235 for Mark,343 for Luke, and 232 for John and it was traditionally believed that he divided the four Gospels into small numbered sections, which were similar in content where the narratives are parallel. In the first nine tables he placed in parallel columns the numbers of the common to the four. In the tenth he noted successively the sections special to each evangelist and these marginal notes are reproduced in several editions of Tischendorfs New Testament. Eusebiuss explanatory letter to Carpianus was very often reproduced before the tables and this form was derived from Late Antique book-painting frames like those in the Chronography of 354.
The gospels of Matthew and Luke are known as the Synoptic Gospels, because they include many of the same stories, often in the same sequence. Also known to have written the book of Acts and to have been a friend of Paul of Tarsus, John – a disciple of Jesus. They are called evangelists, an meaning people who proclaim good news. Images normally, but not invariably, appear with wings like angels. e. Man, the king of creation as the image of the creator, the lion as the king of beasts of prey, the ox as the king of domesticated animals and the eagle as the king of the birds. Matthew the Evangelist, the author of the first gospel account, is symbolized by a winged man, matthews gospel starts with Josephs genealogy from Abraham, it represents Jesus Incarnation, and so Christs human nature. This signifies that Christians should use their reason for salvation, Mark the Evangelist, the author of the second gospel account, is symbolized by a winged lion – a figure of courage and monarchy. The lion represents Jesus resurrection, and Christ as king and this signifies that Christians should be courageous on the path of salvation.
Luke the Evangelist, the author of the gospel account, is symbolized by a winged ox or bull – a figure of sacrifice, service. Lukes account begins with the duties of Zacharias in the temple, it represents Jesus sacrifice in His Passion and Crucifixion, the ox signifies that Christians should be prepared to sacrifice themselves in following Christ. John the Evangelist, the author of the gospel account, is symbolized by an eagle – a figure of the sky. This symbolizes that Christians should look on eternity without flinching as they journey towards their goal of union with God, each of the symbols is depicted with wings, following the biblical sources first in Ezekiel 1–2, and in Revelation. They were presented as one of the most common found on church portals and apses. When surrounding Christ, the figure of the man appears at top left – above Christs right hand. Underneath the man is the ox and underneath the lion is the eagle and this both reflects the medieval idea of the order of nobility of nature of the beasts and the text of Ezekiel 1.10.
In the Hebrew Bible, Kings is a single book called the Book of Kings. The fourth book of Neviim, the division of the Tanakh. In the Septuagint and Kings was divided into four books and Kings became III, the two Books of Kings presents a history of ancient Israel and Judah from the death of David to the release of Jehoiachin from imprisonment in Babylon, a period of some 400 years. Solomon comes to the throne after Davids death, at the beginning of his reign he assumes Gods promises to David and brings splendour to Israel and peace and prosperity to his people. The centrepiece of Solomons reign is the building of the First Temple, at the end, however, he follows other gods and oppresses Israel. The kings who follow Rehoboam in Jerusalem continue the line of David, in the north, dynasties follow each other in rapid succession. At length God brings the Assyrians to destroy the northern kingdom, Yahweh saves Jerusalem and the kingdom from an invasion by Assyria. But Manasseh, the king, reverses the reforms.
Manassehs righteous grandson Josiah reinstitutes the reforms of Hezekiah, but it is too late, speaking through the prophetess Huldah, affirms that Jerusalem is to be destroyed. God brings the Babylonians against Jerusalem, Yahweh deserts his people, Jerusalem is razed and the Temple destroyed, in the original Hebrew Bible First and Second Kings are a single book, as are First and Second Samuel. When this was translated into Greek in the last few centuries BCE, what it is now commonly known as 1 Samuel and 2 Samuel are called by the Vulgate, in imitation of the Septuagint,1 Kings and 2 Kings respectively. What it is now known as 1 Kings and 2 Kings would be 3 Kings and 4 Kings in old Bibles before the year 1516 such as the Vulgate. The division we know today, used by Protestant Bibles and adopted by Catholics, some Bibles still preserve the old denomination, for example, Douay Rheims bible. According to Jewish tradition the author of Kings was Jeremiah, who would have been alive during the fall of Jerusalem in 586 BCE.
Scribal abbreviations or sigla are the abbreviations used by ancient and medieval scribes writing in Latin, and in Greek and Old Norse. Modern manuscript editing employs sigla as symbols indicating the location of a source manuscript, lapidaries and copyists made the most of the available writing space. Scribal abbreviations were infrequent when writing materials were plentiful, but by the 3rd and 4th centuries AD, writing materials were scarce and costly. During the Roman Republic, several abbreviations, known as sigla, were in use in inscriptions. Additionally, in this period shorthand entered general usage, the earliest Western shorthand system known to us is that employed by the Greek historian Xenophon in the memoir of Socrates, and called notae socratae. This notation was akin to modern stenographic writing systems and it employed symbols for whole words or word roots and grammatical modifier marks, and could be used to write either whole passages in shorthand or only certain words. However the alphabet notation had an existence as it was often associated with witchcraft and magic.
Sigla were mostly used in inscriptions, in some places. The identity and usage of abbreviations is not constant but changes from region to region, Scribal abbreviation increased in usage and reached its height in the Carolingian Renaissance. The most common abbreviations, called notae communes, are encountered across most of Europe, Scribal abbreviations can be found in epigraphy and legal manuscripts, written in Latin or in a vulgar tongue, either calligraphically or not. These two forms of abbreviation are called suspensions, according to Trabe, these abbreviations are not really meant to lighten the burden of the scribe but rather to shroud in reverent obscurity the holiest words of the Christian religion. Still, when occasion required referring to three or four persons, the doubling of the final consonant yielded to the simple plural siglum. To that effect, a vinculum above a letter or a letter-set was so used, likewise the tilde, an undulated, curved-end line, came into standard late-medieval usage.
An illuminated manuscript is a manuscript in which the text is supplemented with such decoration as initials and miniature illustrations. Comparable Far Eastern and Mesoamerican works are described as painted, islamic manuscripts may be referred to as illuminated, illustrated or painted, though using essentially the same techniques as Western works. This article covers the technical and economic history of the subject, for an art-historical account, the earliest surviving substantive illuminated manuscripts are from the period 400 to 600, produced in the Kingdom of the Ostrogoths and the Eastern Roman Empire. The significance of these works lies not only in their inherent artistic and historical value, had it not been for the monastic scribes of Late Antiquity, most literature of Greece and Rome would have perished in Europe. As it was, the patterns of textual survivals were shaped by their usefulness to the severely constricted literate group of Christians, the majority of surviving manuscripts are from the Middle Ages, although many survive from the Renaissance, along with a very limited number from Late Antiquity.
The majority of manuscripts are of a religious nature. However, especially from the 13th century onward, a number of secular texts were illuminated. Most illuminated manuscripts were created as codices, which had superseded scrolls, a very few illuminated manuscript fragments survive on papyrus, which does not last nearly as long as vellum or parchment. Most medieval manuscripts, illuminated or not, were written on parchment, beginning in the late Middle Ages manuscripts began to be produced on paper. Illuminated manuscripts continued to be produced in the early 16th century, Manuscripts are among the most common items to survive from the Middle Ages, many thousands survive. They are the best surviving specimens of medieval painting, for many areas and time periods, they are the only surviving examples of painting. There are a few examples from periods, the type of book that was most often heavily and richly illuminated, sometimes known as a display book, varied between periods. In the first millennium, these were most likely to be Gospel Books, such as the Lindisfarne Gospels, the Romanesque period saw the creation of many huge illuminated complete Bibles – one in Sweden requires three librarians to lift it.
Langres is a commune in northeastern France. It is a subprefecture of the department of Haute-Marne, in the region of Grand Est, as the capital of the Romanized Gallic tribe the Lingones, it was called Andematunnum and now Langres. The town is built on a promontory of the same name. The 1st century Triumphal Gate and the many artefacts exhibited in the museums are witnesses to the Gallo-Roman town, after the period of invasions, the town prospered in the Middle Ages due, in part, to the growing political influence of its bishops. The diocese covered Champagne, the Duchy of Burgundy and Franche-Comté, the Bishop of Langres was a duke and peer of France. The Renaissance, which returned prosperity to the town, saw the construction of numerous fine civil, religious, in the 19th century, a Vauban citadel was added. Today Langres is a town with numerous art treasures within the ancient defensive walls surrounding the old city, including a dozen towers. The cathedral of Saint-Mammès is a late 12th-century structure dedicated to Mammes of Caesarea, Langres is home to producers of an AOC-protected cheese of the same name.
Christ Pantocrator seated in a capital "U" in an illuminated manuscript from the Badische Landesbibliothek, Germany.
The Isaiah scroll, which is a part of the Dead Sea Scrolls, contains almost the whole Book of Isaiah. It dates from the 2nd century BCE.
A Torah scroll recovered from Glockengasse Synagogue in Cologne.
Aerial view. The Laurentian Library can be identified in the long row of windows above the cloister extending to the left of the picture. The taller structure with two rows of windows immediately to its right is the vestibule.
Entries for Croydon and Cheam, Surrey, in Domesday Book (1086), as published using record type in 1783.
The mechanical book handling system (MBHS) used to deliver requested books from stores to reading rooms.
Traditio legis, or "transmission of the law," Christ as lawgiver, mosaic, Basilica of San Lorenzo, Milan, 4th century, includes a scroll box at Christ's feet.
Jacob Jordaens, The Four Evangelists, 1625–1630.
The four winged creatures that symbolise the Four Evangelists surround Christ in Majesty on the Romanesque tympanum of the Church of St. Trophime in Arles.
The lion symbol of St. Mark from the Echternach Gospels, here without wings.
The "Golden psalter" open to Psalm 51(52), Quid gloriaris in malitia, qui potens es in iniquitate?
Ramsey Psalter, start of Psalm 101/2, "Domine exaudi orationem meam et clamor meus ad te veniat..."
In the strictest definition of illuminated manuscript, only manuscripts with gold or silver, like this miniature of Christ in Majesty from the Aberdeen Bestiary (folio 4v), would be considered illuminated.
This page (folio 292r) of the Book of Kells contains the lavishly decorated text that opens the Gospel of John.
The London Canon Tables are two folios from a Byzantine manuscript of the 6th or 7th century, showing the typical arcaded frame.
One of the canon tables from the 8th century Codex Beneventanus.
Canon table from the Book of Kells; the tables in the book were effectively unusable, as they were over-condensed and the corresponding sections were not marked in the main text. This is either because it is unfinished, or because it was a display book not meant for study.
An Armenian illuminated mansuscript of a canon table by Toros Roslin (active 1256 - 1268) entitled Canon Table Page.
A List of Total Line Counts for Christian Texts: The title is 'Versus Scribturarum Sanctarum' or 'Lines of Holy Scriptures.' The second line says 'Genesis Versus IIIId' or 'Genesis Lines 4500.' The third line says 'Exodus Versus IIIdcc (= 3700). From the Codex Claromontanus (5th or 6th century CE), Leaf 467v, National Library, Paris, France.
Charles Graux (1852--1882): French classicist and palaeographer. His discovery of the standard line launched the rigorous, modern study of stichometry.
Partial stichometry in Plato: The lambda in the margin means 'line 1100' since lambda is the eleventh letter in the Greek alphabet. The Greeks used letters of the alphabet for numerals but decorated them to distinguish them from ordinary letters, here with a two bars and two dots. The same stichometric notations appear in another Plato manuscript and they probably derive from an early edition. Clarke Codex of Plato's Dialogues, copied in 895 CE, Bodleian Library, Oxford University, leaf 210v, detail.
Saint Benedict orders Saint Maurus to the rescue of Saint Placidus, by Fra Filippo Lippi, 1445 A.D.
St. Jerome in His Study (1480), by Domenico Ghirlandaio.
This painting by Antonio da Fabriano II, depicts Saint Jerome working in his study. The writing implements, scrolls, and manuscripts testify to Jerome's scholarly pursuits. The Walters Art Museum.
Evangelist Mathäus und der Engel, by Rembrandt.
Papyrus Bodmer VIII, at the Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, showing 1 and 2 Peter.
The Codex Regius (L or 019), an 8th-century Greek manuscript of the New Testament with strong affinities to Codex Vaticanus.
Monte Cassino in ruins after Allied bombing in February 1944.
Rembrandt, Jeremiah Lamenting the Destruction of Jerusalem, c. 1630.
The Book of Kells, c. AD 800, is lettered in a script known as "insular majuscule", a variety of uncial script that originated in Ireland.
A portion of the Codex Sinaiticus, in Byzantine uncial, containing Esther 2:3–8.
Ernst Josephson, David and Saul, 1878.
David and Bathsheba, by Artemisia Gentileschi. David is seen in the background, standing on a balcony.
Hannah presenting Samuel to Eli, by Jan Victors, 1645.
Remains of St Paul's Monastery. Jarrow, where Ceolfrid was Abbot.
Portrait of Ezra from the Codex Amiatinus.
A page from the Codex Amiatinus.
Sword pommel from the Bedale Hoard, inlaid with gold foil.
Site traditionally described as the tomb of Ezra at Al-Uzayr near Basra, Iraq.
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The earliest-known illustrations of horses are cave drawings, and horses are among the animals found on the roofs and walls of caves at Lascaux in south France, portrayed in brown, red and black in very natural and lively pictures, in spite of the fact the art of drawing had not developed much in that ancient period.
The Lascaux cave drawings are about 40,000 years old. Try to think what that means in terms of our own date A.D. We have not yet reached a mere 2 thousand A.D., and the Lascaux artist lived 40 thousand years ago! In that tremendous span of time between them and us, mankind has been depicting horses in many forms of art (for art does not only mean painting, but includes architecture, sculpture and so on, down to the smallest kinds of decoration, such as designs on coins). And these forms of art have appeared in a variety of styles in many different lands through all the great civilisations, periods which were many thousands of years later than the cave men, but most of them so long ago that we call them the ancient civilisations - for example, Egyptian, Babylonian, Assyrian, Greek, all many years before Christ. There were also the great oriental (eastern) civilisations, such as the Persian and the Chinese. All these peoples left relics of the horse in art.
The Egyptians, who built the mighty pyramids and the sphinxes, included horses in the many scenes of hunting and warfare with which they decorated walls and various objects such as Tutankhamun's ceremonial fan and the wooden coffer found in his tomb when it was discovered in 1922 in the Valley of the Kings. The Pharaoh in his war chariot above is taken from this coffer*, and Tutankhamun, who became king when nine years old and died when nineteen, must often have hunted in a chariot like this. Notice the splendid trappings of the horses. And look at Pharaoh. The Egyptians had a rule that in paintings and relief sculptures - raised sculptures on a flat surface - human shoulders must always face forward, and the eye must be drawn in full even in a side face.
Fill in the gaps with proper words that suit the content of the text. The words should not be necessarily taken from the text. Use one word only.
The old caves of Lascaux in south France are often decorated with the pictures of which are drawn in different .
Lascaux pictures were drawn thousand years ago. Since that time horses appeared in many forms of and in different such as Egyptian, Babylonian, Persian and many others.
The Egyptians horses on walls and various objects. The picture from Tutankhamun's shows him in a war chariot, but he probably used to in a chariot like this when he was alive.
Notice the manner of drawing in Egyptian paintings and relief sculptures: the are in a straight forward position and the is always drawn in full.
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Why can't we marshal the enthusiasm we have for exploring Mars to solve problems on planet Earth? Bill Nye says we're natural explorers and that potential discoveries on Mars have captured our imagination.
Sam: Hi Bill. My name is Sam. My question for you is why are we trying to live on Mars and re-create Earth there by making an atmosphere and soil and water we can drink and such? Why can't we take those ideas, that motivation and direct it at our own planet that we clearly need the help with? Why is it easier to start fresh on another planet than to get people talking about our own?
Bill Nye: Sam. Sam, you are my man. Sam, you're thinking as I do. I meet a lot of people. I am the CEO of The Planetary Society. We advanced space science and exploration. I encourage you to join. And as I say about The Planetary Society, we are not crazy. You meet a lot of people. I meet a lot of people who want to go to Mars and make it like Earth, just as the very idea that you're questioning. And I think people, first of all, just don't grasp the scale of it. It's a planet. It's a whole planet. It's not a wetland that you can reclaim and build a parking garage on top of, it's a whole planet. Furthermore, this planet where you and I are from is perfectly suited to us. We, our ancestors and their ancestors and so on grew up here tuned to these environments, to these climates that we have here on earth. And so people want to go to Mars in the spirit of adventure. Now, as you may infer from my accent I'm from the United States and a lot of my ancestors came here from Denmark and Europe and they set up shop in what the colony of Massachusetts and then they went all the way across North America through Wyoming, the state of Wyoming and now to the West Coast to Washington state and California. And they did that in this great tradition of a pioneering spirit is keep going, keep expanding, keep spreading out and humankind has done that. Everybody is from Africa. Our ancestors are all from the continent of Africa and we spread all over the world. Spread to Australia across an open ocean. The Polynesians in canoes were like we're spreading out man. We're going. So people think well let's spread out and go to Mars.
It's a whole other thing to go to Mars. I tell people this all the time. There's hardly any water. There's a little bit. There is nothing to eat. There is no air. There's no air. We can build a bubble and cook the Martian rocks and get the oxygen out of it. Okay, it's just not so easy. Just as you asked Sam why don't we do that here on earth or use that same technology here on earth? And this is part of my little mission as a human, not CEO of The Planetary Society is reminding everybody that we've got to take care of the earth in order for us all to live here. There's 7.3 billion people as we're recording right now. By 2050 there will be nine maybe even 10 billion people by the middle of this century. And they're all going to want to eat something and drink something, water and wash and a carry on and that's going to require us to take much better care of our own planet. Now, with that said, I like to remind everybody also, although you don't want to go to Mars and have a permanent settlement there, a colony, you do want to have a base there just as humankind has a base in the Antarctic where scientists go and study the Antarctic, learn about the environment, learn about our planet, learn about ice and the Earth's history and the climate today and the greenhouse gases and the effect of industrial emissions and so on, all these discoveries are made in Antarctica.
If we were to discover evidence of life on Mars, something that was once alive there the equivalent of what geologists call stromatolite, fossilized bacteria that have turned to stone, it would be astounding if we found something still alive there. There are these recurring slope lineae, which is geology expression for what look like rivulets, look like little rivers. They may be just rock falls like turned over gravel that has a slightly different color than the surrounding rock, but everybody thinks right now that it's water. Everybody's pretty sure – by everybody we're talking about people at the National Aeronautics and Space Station NASA and the European Space Agency ESA, JAXA Japanese Aerospace Exploration, Roscosmos. Everybody believes that if there's recurring flows of water every Martian summer there must be some subterranean, some under sand/ice melts. And if you have liquid water anywhere on earth there's something alive. Everywhere there's liquid water there's something alive. If there's something alive on Mars, and we could prove it, show it to ourselves with our spacecraft or with human explorers walking around, it would probably change the world. It would be equivalent to the discoveries that Copernicus made that the earth goes around – all the planets go around the sun, not the other way around. Or Galileo, we're not the only body out in the cosmos. We've got the moon. In fact to Jupiter has its own moons and these other discoveries that were so profound.
If we were to find life on another world it would change this one. And there's one more element that we at The Planetary Society celebrate, these discoveries, this discovery of life on Mars or on the moon of Jupiter that has twice as much seawater as the earth. It's called Europa. You can see it with binoculars at night. If we make this discovery of life, it would not have been done by an individual, by Galileo or Copernicus or Irene Curie, it would be done by a society who invested its intellect and treasure in this quest let's go see what's out there. Let's learn more about ourselves, our past and we all want to know whether or not we're alone in the universe. So if we look on these two worlds, the earth and mars and find a life on both of them, that would suggest that life is very common in the cosmos. And this would affect the way each and everyone of us feels about what it means to be a living thing in the cosmos; what it means to have this place in space. That's a great question. Carry-on!
As the public face of science for so many people, Bill Nye frequently encounters people who are eager to explore Mars and establish a human population on the Red Planet. Big Think fan Sam Whitehead wants to know what explains this enthusiasm? We are by our nature explorers, says Nye. Human history is the history of expanding beyond known boarders in search of something else. But our usual enthusiasm for terrestrial adventure does not automatically translate to a martian expedition.
Conditions on Mars are far more hostile than anything humans face on Earth: there is no air on the surface, for example. But if establishing a human society on Mars is not a likely reality in the near term (it is not), we should at least have an outpost, says Nye, just like we do in Antartica. Having a home base for scientific research is essential for another kind of human progress: the advancement of knowledge.
Were humans to discover life on Mars — there is evidence of liquid water flows beneath the martian surface each years, and every place water is present on Earth supports life — it would change our basic understanding of the universe, rivaling the discoveries of Galileo and Copernicus. We would no longer be a lonely planet, and discovering life beyond Earth would reorient our ethical concerns outward toward the cosmos.
The final reason why Nye believes people are so fascinated with exploring Mars, and indeed why it is a worthwhile endeavor, is that no individual like Galileo or Copernicus would make a discovery. Any scientific findings would be a true societal achievement, and evidence that a large group of people can come together to make truly revolutionary change.
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Do you want to edit photos with some simple features in your smartphone HONOR 10? Actually, if you are an HONOR 10 owner, as long as you finish your photography, you can edit them instantly with the features provided in the phone to suit your different needs, such as showing them on your Facebook, Snapchat, MySpace and any other places you want. The below article will show you how to edit photos with HONOR 10’s editing features to make your photos look much better.
To edit your photos, you just need to open Gallery, where the editing functions like crop, rotate, and effects (such as graffiti, personalized watermarks, and filters) are offered.
1. Rotate a photo: Touch , and slide the angle dial to customize the rotation angle of the photo. You can also touch Rotate or Mirror to rotate your photo 90 degrees or flip it.
2. Crop a photo: Touch , and drag the grid tool box or its corners to make your selection. You can also select a fixed crop ratio and drag the corners of the grid tool to crop the photo.
3. Add filter effects: Touch , and select a filter effect.
4. Color retention: Touch , and follow the onscreen instructions to select the colors you want to keep. The areas selected to retain colors will be highlighted.
5. Blur a photo: Touch , select a blur mode, and drag the slider to adjust the degree of the blur.
6. Adjust photo effects: Touch to adjust the photo's brightness, contrast, saturation, and other parameters.
7. Beautify a portrait photo: When the system detects a portrait photo, it will automatically provide you with the Beauty feature. You can touch in the photo editing screen to apply features such as Smooth, Blemish, Thin face, and Enhance eyes to make your portrait shot more attractive.
8. Create photo mosaics: Touch , and select a mosaic style and size to create a photo mosaic.
9. Graffiti on photos: Touch , and select a brush and color to add graffiti to photos.
10. Add watermarks: Touch , and select a watermark (such as Time, Location, Weather, or Mood) to personalize your photos.
11. Add a tag: Touch , and select an annotation style and font format to enrich your photos.
With the above 11 features, you can edit your photos easily. Go on and to try them to create a stunning photo like a pro!
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How to easily defeat the three new Legendary Pokemon in 'Pokemon GO'?
Niantic released three new Legendary Pokemon. The developer will also release the Exclusive Raid Battle system next week.
Niantic introduced Hyper Rare Pokemon which are extremely difficult to hatch.
Niantic recently released three new legendary Pokemon in "Pokemon Go," Suicune, Entei, Raikou. Like Lugia, these Pokemon have a base capture rate of only two percent. Defeating these Pokemon on gym raids is not enough. Luck is also a huge factor in catching them. Niantic is also expected to release the Exclusive Raid Battle system on September 6. The upcoming update is currently under development.
Legendary Pokemon is not solo-able, but it can be easily defeated if players are using the right counters.
According to a report from Pokemon GO Hub, Suicune is a water type creature. It is quite similar to Lugia, but a little weaker. Suicune has a Boss CP of 34471, and a Max Capture CP of 1613. Six to seven players are required to take it down.
The best way to defeat Suicune is to use electric type and grass type Pokemon; such as Raikou (with Thunder Shock), Zapdos (with Charge Beam), Exeggutor (with Confusion), Dragonite (with Dragon Tail). Other options include Venusaur (with Razor Leaf), Vileplume (with Razor Leaf), and Jolteon (with Thunder Shock). Asia-Pacific region players have the chance to catch Suicune until September 30.
The legendary Entei is a pure fire type Pokemon, and it has numerous counters. It has a Boss CP of 38628, and a Max Capture CP of 1930. Six to seven players are required to take it down. Its weaknesses are ground type, rock type, and obviously water type Pokemon.
The best way to defeat it is to use Omastar (with Hydro Pump), Vaporeon (with Hydro Pump), Golem (with Stone Edge), Tyranitar (with Stone Edge), Gyarados (with Hydro Pump), and Kingdra (with Hydro Pump).
Additional counters for Entei are Dragonite (with Outrage), Rhydon (with Stone Edge), Feraligatr (with Hydro Pump), and Lugia (with Hydro Pump). Players in Europe and Africa can catch it until September 30.
Last is the electric type legendary Pokemon Raikou. Its main weakness is ground type Pokemon. It has a Boss CP of 42932, and a Max Capture CP of 1913. Players should use the following creatures to defeat Raikou: Rhydon (with Earthquake), Golem (with Earthquake), Donphan (with Earthquake), Tyranitar (with Crunch or Stone Edge), Sandslash (with Earthquake), and Nidoking (with Earthquake).
Additional counters for Raikou are Dragonite (with Outrage), Steelix (with Earthquake), Snorlax (with Hyper Beam), Machamp (with Dynamic Punch). Players in the United States can catch it until September 30.
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India is one of the most colourful countries in the world. India is one of the popular tourist destinations in Asia. Bounded by the Himalayan ranges in the north, and surrounded on three sides by water (the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, and the Indian Ocean), with a long history and diverse culture, India offers a wide array of places to see and things to do. There are many places for visit.There are many resion in the world to visit in India. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area in whole world. India's culture is marked by a high degree of syncretism; it has managed to preserve established traditions whilst absorbing new customs, traditions, and ideas from invaders and immigrants. Many Indian cultural practices, languages, customs, and monuments are examples of this co-mingling over centuries. Famous monuments, such as the Taj Mahal and other examples of Mughal architecture, have been inherited from the Mughal dynasty. Traditional Indian dress greatly varies across the regions in its colours and styles and depends on various factors, including climate. Popular styles of dress include the sari for women and the lungi or dhoti for men.
India's national sport is field hockey even though cricket is the most popular sport in India. In some states, particularly those in the northeast and the coastal states of West Bengal, Goa, and Kerala, football is the more popular sport.Indians are very simple in looking. As the fourth-largest economy in the world, India is undoubtedly one of the most preferred destinations for foreign direct investments (FDI); India has strength in information technology and other significant areas such as auto components, chemicals, apparels, pharmaceuticals and jewellery. The music of India includes multiples varieties of folk, popular, pop, and classical music. India's classical music tradition, including Carnatic and Hindustani music, noted for the use of several Raga, has a history spanning millennia and, developed over several eras, remains instrumental to the religious inspiration, cultural expression and pure entertainment. India offers a number of Classical Indian dance forms, each of which can be traced to different parts of the country. Each form represents the culture and ethos of a particular region or a group of people. The eight main styles are Bharatanatyam, Kathak, Odissi, Yakshagana, Kuchipudi, Mohiniattam, Bhangra, Manipuri and Kathakali. In 2004, foreign tourists visiting India spent 15.4 billion USD - the ninth highest in the world. India is also ranked among the top 3 adventure tourism destinations.Travelling is also populous in India. There are many types of travelling in India.
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You know the quote from Wuthering Heights, "Whatever our souls are made of, his and mine are the same." I love that, but replace the word his with the word flowers. Every part of me loves creating something beautiful with fresh blooms and local foliage. There's such power and beauty in the way we can connect to nature. Flowering speaks to my soul and I hope we can make something together that speaks to yours as well.
JaNae is currently based in Los Angeles and available for travel world wide.
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Write an intuitive background summary which gives the reader an idea of this event.
Limit the cause to actual events without mentioning personal feelings, otherwise called ‘biases’.
Try to follow the basic structure of theses for better presentation of your outline and facts.
Once you’ve written the basic outline of what your event entailed, you’ll need actual accounts of what happened in its aftermath.
Organize your effects to resemble chronological order so each reader understands your points.
Limiting your effects to only include the obvious will avert reader confusion.
Make each paragraph written begin with effects instead of towards the middle.
End by recapping causes and effects your writings conveyed along with final closing reflections.
Tie everything together throughout the entire essay so confusion of facts doesn’t occur which would, inevitably, make your grade lower than you wish.
Every inspiring cause and effect essay will be factually sound and grab your reader from the beginning and keep them excited until the end. Make your facts sharp, factual and descriptive while sticking more towards the thesis format of writing. Finally, each paragraph should come packed with information which outlines what each effect brought to light and how it changed life around you and society in general.
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Australia Zoo has confirmed there is 'absolutely no truth' to the rumours that the iconic Australian family the Irwins plan to relocate to America.
Speaking with Daily Mail Australia, a spokesperson for the wildlife sanctuary said reports claiming that the family were moving Stateside were 'completely untrue'.
A Woman's Day article alleged Terri, 51, Bindi, 17, and Robert, 12, were set to expand the Irwin brand in a big way, carrying on the late Steve's legacy by opening a massive Australian zoo and resort in Las Vegas.
'The Irwin family live at Australia Zoo. They always have and they are not planning to move anywhere,' the spokesperson said.
New Idea also reported that the family were set to move and claimed that Irwin matriarch Terri had found love with a 'controversial' American mystery man.
But the spokesperson for Australia Zoo also denied the claims.
'This seems to have literally come out of thin air. There is absolutely no truth to that claim,' they said.
In 2010, Terri said she and her kids were determined to make Steve's dream a reality and establish a global empire, spreading his message of conservation beyond their Australian backyard.
The matriarch has dedicated her life to continuing Steve's work, as she continues to spread the word about wildlife conservation and running Australia Zoo on the Sunshine Coast.
Bindi meanwhile recently became a bonafide celebrity in the US after taking out the number-one spot on Dancing With The Stars.
The teenager has been in long-distance relationship with US wakeboarder Chandler Powell, confirming their romance on her 17th birthday in July 2015.
Speaking to Daily Mail Australia at the AACTA Awards in Sydney in December, Bindi reflected on her relationship with Chandler.
'Long distance is challenging every now and then but it's wonderful to have someone so brilliant in your life,' she explained.
When asked whether she would consider moving to the US to be with her teenage love, Bindi admitted that she can't see herself leaving her Down Under homeland.
'I think the States are wonderful because they are like a second home, I mean my mum's originally from Oregon, but home for me is Australia Zoo,' she explained.
'I mean we live right in the middle of Australia Zoo, so when you grow up surrounded by animals your whole life, you can't leave that. No matter where I go, I'll always return home'.
Meanwhile, Zoo Sky Media, the Melbourne-based company that runs the Crocodile Hunter and Irwin brands are suing the family for breach of contract.
Terri said she and her family were at a crossroads and wanted to make a change, the writ filed in the Victorian Supreme Court alleges.
Terri and Zoo directors Adam Schoff and Michael John Whitfort had entered into an agreement in 2010 whereby Zoo would develop, market and manage the Irwin Family Brand Assets, the writ says.
The company is seeking damages, costs and interest, claiming a list of breaches Mrs Irwin later provided as a basis for breaking the agreement have no basis in fact or in law.
Daily Mail Australia has reached out to Australia Zoo for comment.
Terri's husband and father to Bindi and Bob, Steve Irwin, was internationally known and referred to as The Crocodile Hunter.
He was involved in conservation efforts and died in 2006 after being stung in the chest by a sting ray while diving on the Great Barrier Reef.
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as pictograms. The new character for KO-HI- suggested here follows in that tradition, showing the recognizable base, filter mechanism, pot and contents of any standard coffee maker.
A modern derivation of Japanese language exhibiting English influence. Its origins trace to the beginnings of Japanese contact with Western civilization which led to the country's 1854 "opening" from isolation. Forms of Japanglish gained prevalence during the post-WWll occupation of American troops in Japan (1945~) and grew proportionately in subsequent generations. Japanese who were adults by wartime are less acquainted with the phenomenon, and Japanglish is still less likely to be heard among the elderly or in rural, isolated communities. Interestingly, usage of Japanglish has become so prevalent that younger generations are often unaware some of the "Japanese" words they're speaking are of English or foreign origin.
The word Japanglish is a portmanteau of the words Japanese and English. It is a direct etymological descendent of Spanglish, the neologism denoting a fusion of Spanish and English languages. Aspects of all other contemporary intermingling of Japanese and English languages comprise Japanglish. The pseudo-anglicisms of Wasei-eigo ("salaryman"), abbreviations of Gairaigo ("rimo-kon"), conversational alternations of Code-switching ("We are genki !"), and failed translations of Engrish ("Let's English!") all fall under the umbrella of what constitutes "Japanglish".
Although Japanglish has origins as lingua franca or pidgin, whereby people lacking proficiency in two languages can communicate using simplified forms of either language, Japanglish is distinguished by its common usage among Japanese people themselves; English words spoken with a Japanese accent or spelled out phonetically using Japanese Katakana, also referred to as loan words. Loan words from languages such as Portuguese (PAN \ bread), Dutch (GOMU \ rubber band), French (PIERO \ clown) and German (ARUBAITO \ part-time job) have also found their way into the modern Japanese vocabulary. Within certain circles, such as Japan's entertainment and advertising industries, Japanglish is routinely exploited.
Usually older, lower imprint structures; newer high-rise residences are differentiated as MANSHON \ マンション \ (Literally "mansion", though not in the western sense of a rich family home).
Not "bike" as westerners would use to describe a bicycle; Japanese use their native JITENSHA \ 自転車 to describe a bicycle, or the informal CHARI \ チャリ which has unconfirmed etymology.
Microwave oven. Combines the Japanese DENSHI (電子 = electronic) with the Japanglish RENJI (range).
Clear, simple abbreviation of the English word.
"Doctor's orders"; a recommendation to stop doing something for medical/health reasons. Nuanced compound of the English words, transliterated.
Clear, simple abbreviation of the English word. Pronunciation of the Romaji "EA" follows Latin pronunciations: Ĕ Ä (eh-ah).
The material, as used for windows etc.
Urbane Japanese use English words such as stoic in a very socially self-conscious manner, a linguistic affectation conveying an appearance of being well-read or well-traveled; fancy vocabulary as a badge of intelligence or sophistication comparable to the English use of c'est la vie, for example (although most invoke that French phrase with dismissive irony).
Japanese casually using sutoikku seem oblivious to the fact that such words are bookish English not commonly used conversationally, for which native English speakers would instead be more likely to use any number of less erudite language; composed and indifferent, perhaps, or colloquialisms such as "keeping one's cool" or "poker-faced". Fashionable expressions such as unflappable or aloof are also more likely to be employed by English speakers, but... how often do you hear stoic used in conversation?
Bookish or not, the use of stoic in English conversation is less anomalous merely by association — it is English — but as sutoikku it becomes a glaring curiosity when esoterically tucked into Japanese conversation. Is there no Japanese synonym? Interestingly, there is not. The new word is a mere product of transliteration corresponding to a variant of its English definition and its appearance as Japanglish, therefore, seems to at least serve a linguistic need, however nuanced its usage in the Japanese lexicon.
Heard around the house, commonly used and understood.
spelling and pronunciation of the same word.
Simplified form of the English word.
Nuanced abbreviation of the English word, transliterated; railway platform; the place to wait for arriving trains.
Nuanced transliteration corresponding to the color white, as in Washington DC's HOWAITO HAUSU (ホワイトハウス).
Transliteration of the English word with a Japanese accent.
Nuanced abbreviation of the English word.
Electrical outlet (from UK English).
Apartment building. Nuanced usage of the English word.
E-mail; nuanced use of English word.
Mailbox; POST-box (UK). Nuanced abbreviation of English word.
Cash register. Simplified form of the English word REGIster.
Common Japanese contraction of English compound word REMOte CONtrol.
Remodeling; renovation. Nuanced usage of the English word.
Nuanced abbreviation of the English word SUPERmarket.
Nuanced usage of the English word. A "space heater". Never used to describe an "oven" as in western countries, for which the Japanglish ŌBUN \ オーブン is used.
Abbreviated form of the English word TELEVIsion.
A prefabricated bathroom common to Japanese apartments; usually a full bathroom of 2-or-3 molded-plastic pieces fitted together modularly to form the full "unit".
Adult Videos; Pornographic films(also pinku eiga \ ピンク映画; pink films).
No Good; No-Go. Something unacceptable; a "blooper" TV shot.
Office Lady; Subordinate role, female counterpart to "salaryman" (see "business" entry).
PolyEthylene Terephthalate recyclable plastic container (sometimes ペットボトル); acronym annunciated as English the word "pet" with a Japanese accent — double consonant hard pause (TT) and requisite voweled suffix (O) — joined by the Japanglicised "bottle".
Personal Computer; traditional hard-drive based home computer.
These English words are commonly used and understood by Japanese people, albeit as pronounced with a Japanese accent when spoken and spelled out phonetically using Japanese Katakana when written (Katakana spelling is provided). Their definitions correspond to that of the English word. *A separate list of words with nuanced usages and/or abbreviated words are listed below with explanations.
Followed by the definition and/or notes. *Transliterations correspond to Japanese phonetics ; the Japanese accent.
As this is a source for people searching for JAPANGLISH translations, entries are listed in alphabetic order according to their Japanese Romaji (Romanized) spelling. Therefore the Japanglish for ICE CREAM, for example, would be not be found under "I" but instead under A, as the Romaji transliteration places it as AISU KURĪMU.
Romaji vowels shown with a macron (-) above them ( Ā ā Ē ē Ī ī Ō ō Ū ū ) indicate an extension of the vowel sound.
a always ä (ah) as in HOT; never as ă in HAT or ā in HATE.
e always ĕ as in TEN; never as ē (or double ee) in TEEN.
i always ē (or double ee) as in TEEN; never as the ĭ in SIN or īin TIME.
o always ō (oh) as in NO; never as the ŏ in NOT.
u always ū (or double oo) as in SOON; never as ŭ in SUN.
Certain English sounds do not exist in the Japanese language. Replacement pronunciations for those sounds result in unusual transliterations. The L - R switch noted above is perhaps the most well known example. Another is the S sound when preceding a double EE sound (the Japanese "i" vowel sound). The replacement pronunciation turns "seat" into the Japanglish SHEET (SHĪTO \ シート) or "seal" into the Japanglish SHEEL (SHĪRU \ シール) *note the partner vowel sound attached to the end, changing the words to shīTO and shīRU, as discussed above).
C is nonexistent on its own. S covers the C sound of CENT.
K covers the C sound of CAN. C only appears with H to form the Japanese CHI sound (Katakana チ \ Hiragana ち) as in CHEEse or the variants CHE (CHEck) and CHO (CHOcolate).
G is always the hard G sound of GUN.
J covers the soft G sound of GIN (i.e. JIN).
F is pronounced with less teeth-to-lip contact; often sounding closer to an H sound.
L is nonexistent. R replaces the English L sound, but takes on the soft D sound of Latin phonetics.
The North American hard R sound is nonexistent in Japanese. In words like CARD the hard R is dropped and replaced by a corresponding vowel sound akin to British phonetics, becoming the Japanglish KAHd (KĀDO \ カード; *note the vowel sound (O) attached to the end consonant (DO) as previously noted), BIRD becomes BAHd (BĀDO \ バード), WORD becomes WAHd (WĀDO \ ワード; *note the pronunciation adhering to phonetics instead of spelling: both "ir" and "or" become AH), and "form" becomes FOHm (FŌMU \ フォーム; *note the inconsistency of replacement sounds: in this case "or" becomes OH).
Although there is no Japanese equivalent to the English L, Japanese people often inexplicably pronounce R with a nuanced L sound; Tokyo's Roppongi neighborhood, for example, often becomes Loppongi.
V always becomes B as in BEE, BWEE or BUI, listed under B.
Usage of double consonants — SS, NN, TT, etc — denotes a break on that consonant ("batter" becomes "bat'ter").
TCH denotes a break between the T and CH ("pitcher" becomes "pit'cher"). Sometimes transcribed in Romaji as CCH.
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Souad Massi (سعاد ماسي), born August 23, 1972, is an Algerian singer, songwriter and guitarist. She began her career performing in the Kabyle political rock band Atakor, before leaving the country following a series of death threats. In 1999, Massi performed at the Femmes d'Algerie concert in Paris, which led to a recording contract with Island Records.
Massi's music, which prominently features the acoustic guitar, displays Western musical style influences such as rock, country or the Portuguese fado but sometimes incorporates oriental musical influences and oriental instruments like the oud as well as African musical stylings. Massi sings in Algerian Arabic, French, occasionally in English, and in the Berber language, Kabyle, often employing more than one language in the same song.
Massi was born in Algiers, Algeria to a poor family of six children. Encouraged by her older brother, she began studying music at a young age, singing and playing guitar. Growing up, she immersed herself in American country and roots music - musical styles that would later strongly influence her songwriting. At the age of seventeen, she joined a flamenco band, but quickly grew bored and left.
In the early 1990s, Massi joined the Algerian political rock band Atakor, who were influenced by Western rock bands such as Led Zeppelin and U2. She recorded and performed with the group for seven years, releasing a successful album and two popular music videos. The band, however, with its political lyrics and growing popularity, became a target. Massi disguised herself by cutting her hair and dressing in male clothing, but she nevertheless became the target of a series of anonymous death threats. In 1999, she left the band and moved to Paris, France.
In 1999, Massi was invited to perform at the Femmes d'Algerie ("Women from Algeria") festival in Paris, which led to a recording contract with Island Records. In June 2001, she released her solo debut album, Raoui ("Storyteller"), which Allmusic compared to 1960s American folk music. Sung mostly in French and Arabic, the album became a critical and commercial success in France. The following year, she was nominated for "Best Newcomer" at the Radio 3 World Music Awards.
In 2003, she released her second album, Deb ("Heartbroken"). The album's lyrics were more personal, rather than political, and it became one of the most successful North African albums worldwide. Three years later, Massi released her third album, Mesk Elil ("Honeysuckle"). The album expanded on the themes of love and loss that had been explored on Deb, and featured duets with Daby Toure and Rabah Khalfa. She was the Italian variety show's guest star "Non facciamoci prendere dal panico" in 2006 by Italian singer and showman Gianni Morandi.
In 2010, she released her fourth studio album Ô Houria. This album was produced by Francis Cabrel and Francoise Michel. It features Paul Weller on piano and vocals on its closing song.
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Why would any cyclist want to cycle indoors in a darkened room full of sweaty strangers? Spinning classes are a weird concept if you're not a gym-junkie. But with large swathes of the country currently under water and unrideable, Ride Velo thought it might be an opportune moment to examine this apparently addictive phenomenon.
What attracts hundreds of women, and rather fewer men, to exercise on a static bike in a gym? There are lots of reasons and sadly I think that fear is quite high up the list. Lots of women lack confidence when it comes to cycling and safety has to be the no.1 reason that we prefer to exercise indoors where there are no SUVs likely to come hurtling past us on that busy uphill stretch we dread.
Personally, I don't like to go out on long country rides alone and worry about getting a puncture or worse miles from a repair shop! Luckily, it's never happened but I am very prone to getting lost and my GPS never seems to work when I need it. As a result, when I ride alone I do circuits of a local hill climb, or cyclists' favourite Richmond Park, where I know I can't really get into trouble!
Equally, joining a cycling club can be off-putting. My local club, Dulwich Paragon, lists a fairly high minimum requirement for new members which includes: A desire to ride in a close group and to improve your riding skills and fitness (we are a sporting club). Be capable of riding 30 miles with several steep hills and only brief stops. Be capable of fixing a puncture. And you have to pass an initiation ride. Phew!
Which takes me back to the gym...I've tried out a few spinning classes and I have to admit I've gone from loathing them to loving them. Lots of women I know go spinning because of the feted weight loss you get from attending the sessions regularly. I'm not sure this is strictly true - according to the calorie counter on my bike I only burn up about 350 cals in 55 minutes which is a lot less than I do on a road ride according to Strava. To be honest I get a better workout on a Watt Bike doing interval training - but that is seriously boring!
There are loads of different types of classes - I've been to groups where you're up and down out of the saddle like a yo-yo, doing semi push-ups on the handle bars while trying to maintain 120 rpm - impossible! There are seriously hi-tec groups too with virtual reality screens and the opportunity to race your sufferfest cycling heros. I'm looking forward to trying out the new ebove bike when it arrives on our shores from Scandinavia next spring. This bike will immerse you in a virtual world - cycling in settings as diverse as the city of Venice to downhill in a forest, while moving up and down and side to side like an actual bike.
But to me, the secret isn't rocket science - I think the answer to enjoying your spinning sessions is just to find an instructor that you like. Getting into the zone is really the magic key to getting the most out of it. My instructor isn't a cyclist, she prefers running, but what's great about her is that she makes me feel like I'm riding in a grand tour (or at least a hotly-contested sportive). "Just 200m left to climb," she shouts, "see those two riders on the horizon, you're going to take them! Go For It!" I'm quite competitive and it gets my adrenaline pumping. "Close your eyes, let your legs do the work, you're drawing alongside now just one last push..."
Yes - it's the excitement she can generate and the music that she plays. My friend Carole says I'm old school, but climbing in gear 17 out of the saddle at 110rpm to Sash's 'Encore Une Fois' sends goose-bumps down my spine. She'd rather listen to Daft Punk - that's what I mean about finding the right instructor for you.
But addictive? To be honest I'd still rather be out on my Merckx EFX on a warm afternoon feeling the sun on my face, or even those frosty mornings that drive you to pedal harder and push yourself further. The satisfaction of completing a spin class is never going to beat the feeling of accomplishment, not to mention the views, once you've climbed that hill or mountain - but it has rightfully earned its place in the cycling training world.
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With large halls and classrooms the Ainslie Arts Centre is ideal for conferences. The Ainslie Main Hall, located in the south wing of the centre, can seat up to 156 delegates in lecture-theatre style. The Main Hall is a versatile space that can be re-arranged to suit presentations, lectures, plenary sessions, forums and panel discussions.
Ainslie Arts Centre has a selection of classrooms that are ideal for use as break-out spaces for smaller groups of delegates.
The Gorman Main Hall is a large, well-lit space located in the heart of Gorman Arts Centre. Able to accommodate 80 guests in lecture-theatre style seating, or a standing function for up to 90 guests, the Gorman Main Hall offers contemporary facilities in a heritage environment.
The Main Hall opens directly onto two large courtyards with covered walkways that can also be hired for events, or used as quiet and tranquil break-out spaces.
Gorman Arts Centre also has two black-box theatres, and a seminar rooms available to hire.
Paragraph While many of these spaces are typically used by our resident organisations and arts programs, they may be available from time-to-time to accommodate large-scale events.
Download our venue hire terms and conditions here.
Ainslie and Gorman Arts Centres offer excellent facilities to host your conference, trade show or meeting.
Located within easy walking distance from Canberra’s Civic Centre and the Braddon retail and residential precinct, Ainslie and Gorman Arts Centres are well suited to host your conference, trade show or meeting. With large, bright rooms and quiet, tranquil break out-spaces, Ainslie and Gorman Arts Centres offer excellent facilities that will make your conference unique and memorable.
For further information and venue specifications, please visit our Venue Hire page.
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0.996843 |
Is superimposed mimesis a thing?
In a novel I'm working with (Caitlín R Kiernan's the Drowning Girl) a paragraph begins with "So, I'm driving in my Honda, and it could be Massachusetts or Connecticut, and it could be summer or November." This pairing of the declarative "I'm driving" with the two conditional subclauses is important because this passage deals with a doubled memory. The narrator is a schizophrenic woman who is attempting to deal with false memories, all of which are subjectively true to her. So this paragraph, which continues this branching of reality allows for a superimposition of the fictional real of the text. Is superimposed or doubled mimesis the right way to describe this? Or is there better terminology? Can anyone recommend any scholarship on this topic?
Is there a word for when the protagonist is the in-universe 'side-kick' to to the 'hero'?
I'm curious because I was recently playing a prequel story to Xenoblade Chronicles 2 where the main character is an average mercenary who through flukes of fate ends up travelling with an incredibly powerful emperor, the legendary hero-prince and their living weapon heroine. I really enjoyed this style of story-telling because it allowed them to explore a few fairly traditional narrative concept from a somewhat different perspective. To put it simply, it was akin to having the Harry Potter series told from Hermione Granger's perspective.
The fact they managed to achieve that while still making the main character feel strong for the simple feat of 'hanging in there' and managing to make a difference just felt like such a refreshing take on action to me.
The parts of a story that is subjective. Symbolism, foreshadowing, fourth wall breaks not explicitly conveyed to the audience etc.
In stories whether implicitly or explicitly things are suggested to be logical or make sense.
In a piece of literature a character or the narrator may try to argue something from its premises.
This is where something that makes sense in that given world and follow logically from the conditions in that given world.
Events or happenings or ideas etc can either make sense or not make sense in the fictional world regardless of whether it makes sense in the "real world". The Matrix trilogy and the Die Hard movies are examples of this. In both cases neither are stating or implying that these things happen in the real world and they don't make the mistake of arguing or implying things that make no sense like with the example I gave above. The completely unrealistic events of diehard are implied to be realistic or possible in the die hard universe and they are not wrong in implying it, as after after all it is a fictional world and they make the rules. It is therefore fluid.
I have created a character named The Rauschmonstrum. He is a shape-shifting monster with magical powers. I intend for him to be used in a way where a community is built around creating experimental works based around him, mostly through inserting him into finished, public domain work.
**Welcome Storytellers!** This subreddit is dedicated to the study and theory of narrative and narrative structure. Storytellers of all backgrounds are welcome here to join in - writers, filmmakers, screenwriters, gamers - anyone and everyone that works with story or is interested in learning more, this is the place for you.
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Rob Oakeshott (IND) since winning this seat at a September 2008 by-election.
Covering 11,991 sq.km on the NSW north coast, Lyne is based on the mid-north coast cities of Taree and Port Macquarie. Taree in the Manning River valley is a traditional rural service town that has been re-inventing itself since the Pacific Highway by-pass was built, while Port Macquarie has seen huge growth thanks to being a retirement haven and holiday resort.
Gains Gloucester from Paterson, but this has little impact on the margin in Lyne.
This electorate is named after Sir William Lyne, NSW Premier at the time of Federation and a member of the first Federal Cabinet. Lyne nearly became Australia's first Prime Minister. When inaugural Governor General Lord Hopetoun arrived from Britain, he was unfamiliar with local politics and offered the commission to form government to Lyne as Premier of the largest state, rather than to Barton who was the head of the Federal movement. When Lyne was unable to form a cabinet, Barton was offered the commission and became Prime Minister. Created in 1949, Lyne has had only fiver members, the first four representing the Country/National Party. The most recent was Mark Vaile, first elected in 1993 after surviving a strong challenge from the Liberal Party, going on to serve as National Party Leader and Deputy Prime Minister from 2005 until the 2007 election. Vaile retired from parliament in 2008, and at the September 2008 by-election, local state Independent MP Rob Oakeshott won an easy victory.
Lyne is retiree heaven, having the highest proportion of voters aged over 65 (21.2%) and the highest median age (44).
Rob Oakeshott should be easily re-elected.
40 year-old Oakeshott succeeded Wendy Machin as National Party MP for Port Macquarie at a November 1996 by-election and was re-elected as a National at the 1999 state election. He had previously worked for the Road Transport Forum and for local Federal Minister Mark Vaile. Oakeshott was appointed shadow minister for Racing and Gaming after the 1999 election built a reputation by embarrassing the Carr government with revelations of regulatory problems at Sydney Casino. Oakeshott resigned from the National Party in March 2002, claiming that property developers were taking over his local National Party branches. Oakeshott was easily re-elected as an Independent at both the 2003 and 2007 state elections with more than two-thirds of the first preference vote, still polling 63.8% on winning Lyne at the September 2008 by-election.
A Port Macquarie resident for 21 years, Lips is a specialist anaesthetist with Port Macquarie Base Hospital. He has also provided services to Kempsey, Wauchope and Manning Base Hospitals. Last year he completed a BA majoring in history/politics and is now reading for an honours degree.
52 year-old Gillespie is a gastroenterologist and has worked in regional health for 17 years and is currently Director of Physician Training at Port Macquarie Base Hospital. He lives at Sancrox west of Port Macquarie and previously ran a local day surgery, giving him experience of both private and public medicine.
Oxenford lives in the electorate at Kendall where he lives in a passive solar house he designed himself. He was raised at Lake Macquarie in NSW and began his career in the mining and steel industries where he worked as a metallurgist. A career change to agricultural development followed after completing degrees in agricultural science and development economics. For the next 20 years Oxenford worked in the Asia Pacific region on projects in PNG, Solomon Islands and Vietnam for AusAID, UNDP and The World Bank.
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Telomerase is a highly regulated enzyme whose activity is essential for long-term cellular proliferation. In the presence of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), telomerase activity must be curtailed to promote faithful DNA repair. We previously showed that the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana rapidly down-regulates telomerase in response to DSBs, and further that this mode of regulation is dependent on TER2, a non-canonical telomerase RNA subunit. Here we demonstrate that the unique regulatory properties of TER2 are conveyed by a transposable element (TE) embedded in the TER2 gene. A comparison of A. thaliana accessions with and without the TE revealed that the element increases the binding affinity of TER2 for the telomerase catalytic subunit TERT relative to the canonical telomerase RNA subunit. The TE also increases TER2 turnover. In response to DSBs, TER2 is induced and accumulates in TERT containing complexes in vivo. Thus, invasion of a TE endows TER2 with a DNA damage sensor to rapidly and reversibly modulate enzyme activity in response to genotoxic stress. These findings provide an example of how exaptation of a TE altered the function of a long noncoding RNA. In this case, a duplicated gene (TER2) was used as the platform, and the TE as the tool to engineer a novel mode of telomerase regulation.
The discovery of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) has challenged the prevailing paradigm of protein-mediated regulation of gene expression and cell behavior. lncRNAs play essential roles in epigenetic regulation, stem cell biology and signal transduction and are emerging as key targets in human disease [1–3]. Unlike small regulatory RNAs (e.g. miRNAs, siRNAs), lncRNAs are not subjected to purifying selection, and as a consequence they are very poorly conserved, tending to emerge quickly and evolve swiftly . Although transcriptome analyses have uncovered a vast array of lncRNAs, just a tiny fraction of these have an assigned biological function, and fewer still an ascribed molecular mechanism. Little is known about the evolutionary pathways via which lncRNAs gain new functions.
The telomerase RNA subunit TER is a lncRNA and an integral component of the telomerase enzyme. TER functions as template to direct the synthesis of telomeric DNA by the telomerase reverse transcriptase TERT. Telomerase continually synthesizes telomeric DNA in stem and germline cells to avert cellular senescence. Conversely, in cells with limited proliferation programs telomerase activity is repressed, an outcome in vertebrates that may have evolved to avert tumorigenesis [5,6]. Mechanisms of telomerase regulation are varied and complex, and include modulation of telomerase localization, recruitment to the telomere and enzymology at the chromosome terminus . Within the telomerase ribonucleoprotein itself, the major target of enzyme regulation is TERT. However, TER is also implicated in telomerase control. In addition, different isoforms of core telomerase components influence telomerase behavior [8,9].
In conjunction with modulating telomerase action at natural chromosome ends, the enzyme must also be restrained from acting at sites of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Barbara McClintock coined the term “chromosome healing” to describe the acquisition of telomeres on broken chromosomes in maize . Although de novo telomere formation (DNTF) protects the terminus from subsequent repair activities, it leads to loss of the centromere distal chromosome fragment. Thus, DSBs must be sheltered from telomerase action to prevent gross chromosomal rearrangements and loss of heterozygosity. Multiple pathways evolved to prevent the establishment of telomeres at DSBs in yeast . For example, phosphorylation of the Cdc13 telomere binding protein decreases its affinity for DSBs . In addition, the Pif1 helicase is activated by DSBs, resulting in removal of telomerase from DNA . Less is known about how DNTF is repressed in multicellular eukaryotes. In mammals, DSBs trigger TERT phosphorylation leading to decreased telomerase activity . In addition, ionizing radiation causes transient sequestration of TERT in the nucleolus . In Arabidopsis thaliana, a non-canonical TER represses telomerase activity in response to DSBs .
TER ranges in size from 150 nt in Tetrahymena to >2 kb in certain fungi, and while the nucleotide sequence is highly variable across species, core secondary and tertiary structures are conserved and essential for TER interaction with TERT and for telomerase catalysis [17–21]. TER is transcriptionally regulated in mammals , but the transcript is highly stable with a half-life of several days . Recent data show that that 3’ terminus of Schizosaccharomyces pombe TER is generated by an additional RNA processing step termed slicing, which involves only the first step in mRNA splicing [24,25]. Conventional introns have not been associated with TER.
Arabidopsis thaliana is unusual in that it harbors two TER genes, TER1 (784 nt) and TER2 (748 nt) . Within TER1 and TER2, there are two regions of high similarity spanning ~219 nt termed conserved region 1 (CR1) and conserved region 2 (CR2). In TER2, CR1 and CR2 are separated by a 529 nt intervening sequence. An additional unique 36 nts lie at the 3’ end of the TER2 CR2 termed 3’R. The intervening sequence and 3’R are removed in vivo to create a truncated isoform called TER2S . Sequences flanking the intervening sequence do not adhere to consensus splice donor and acceptor sites, suggesting that removal of this element may not proceed via conventional mRNA splicing.
Although the function of TER2S is unclear, TER1 and TER2 play opposing roles in the control of telomerase enzyme activity. TER1 serves as the canonical telomere repeat template necessary for telomere length maintenance in vivo . Plants deficient in TER1 exhibit progressive telomere shortening, and mutations in the TER1 template alter the telomere repeat sequence in vivo. In contrast, TER2 does not direct telomere repeat incorporation in vivo. Instead, this RNA negatively regulates TER1-mediated enzyme activity. Telomerase activity is elevated in plants lacking TER2, while in plants over-expressing TER2, telomerase activity is decreased and telomeres shorten .
TER2 is regulated by DNA damage. Under standard growth conditions, the steady state levels of TER1 and TER2S are similar, and 10-20-fold higher than TER2 . However, in response to DSBs, TER2 is rapidly induced and becomes the predominant TER isoform. The increase in TER2 is coincident with a reduction in telomerase activity. Indeed telomerase inhibition is dependent on TER2: ter2 mutants do not down-regulate telomerase in response to DNA damage . Telomerase repression is not elicited by replication stress or telomere dysfunction, indicating that TER2-mediated telomerase regulation is specific for DSBs and thus may play a role in repressing DNTF. While the mechanism of TER2-mediated telomerase inhibition is not known, TERT has a higher affinity for TER2 than for TER1 or TER2S, and preferentially assembles into TER2 containing RNP complexes in vivo. Therefore, TER2 may serve as a molecular sponge to sequester TERT in a non-functional RNP in response to DSBs .
TER is evolving rapidly in Arabidopsis and its relatives. Analysis of sixteen closely related species within the Brassicaceae lineage revealed that these species contain a single locus that bears similarity to the 3’ end of TER1 and the 5’ end of TER2 from A. thaliana . Remarkably, several of these TER-like loci lack a template domain altogether, indicating that a functional TER must be encoded elsewhere in the genome. The intervening sequence associated with A. thaliana TER2 is missing from the TER-like genes of other Brassicaceae. Thus, the appearance of TER2 and its intervening sequence represent recent events likely generated during a massive genome rearrangement that occurred on the branch leading to A. thaliana .
In this study we employ a comparative genomics approach to investigate the regulatory function of TER2. Using data acquired from the 1,001 Arabidopsis genomes project, we show that the intervening sequence in TER2 has the characteristics of a solo long terminal repeat (LTR) from a Copia-like retrotransposon. The element is associated with most, but not all of the TER2 loci. We report that the unique regulatory functions of TER2, including its responsiveness to DSBs, are derived from this transposable element. Consequently, invasion of the TER2 locus by a transposon transformed this lncRNA into a highly sensitive DNA damage sensor that modulates telomerase enzyme activity.
Since a clear TER2 ortholog could not be discerned in other members of the Brassicaceae, we analyzed genomic sequence data for different A. thaliana accessions, natural strains of A. thaliana collected from the wild. A. thaliana diverged from its closest relative 10 million years ago . It is estimated that Col-0 and Ler-0, the two best studied A. thaliana accessions, are approximately 200,000 years divergent from one another . We retrieved TER1 and TER2 loci from 853 accessions compiled by the 1001 Arabidopsis genomes project (http://signal.salk.edu/atg1001) and analyzed them for variation against Col-0, the A. thaliana reference genome where a regulatory function for TER2 was first described . The TER1 locus is highly conserved, including the 5’ and 3’ regions flanking CR1 and CR2 (Fig 1A), which lie upstream of the RAD52 coding region or within a predicted intron [27,31]. TER1 exhibits 92% identity across the sequenced accessions, but a few polymorphisms are scattered across the RNA (Fig 1A and 1B, S1A Fig). The most notable variations lie within the TER1 template domain (S2A Fig). A transition of A to C occurred three times while a T-A transversion appeared in 44/853 accessions. In neither instance are the two variations found within the same TER1 gene. Because the A. thaliana TER template is 11 nt in length and encodes one and a half copies of the telomere repeat, these TER1 RNAs retain the potential to direct synthesis of TTTAGGG repeats. More intriguing is the C to T mutation in the middle of the template in Bela-1 (S2A Fig). Whether this variation reflects a sequencing error or indicates that an alternative TER1 locus is present in this accession is unknown.
Fig. 1. Analysis of TER1 and TER2 loci across A. thaliana accessions.
(A) Schematic diagram of TER1, TER2, and TER2S. TER1 and TER2 share a core region of ~219 nt comprised of conserved regions 1 and 2 (CR1 and CR2). The telomere template is denoted by a vertical black bar in CR1. TER2S is formed by splicing to remove the DSB responsive element (DRE) and elimination of the 3’ terminus (3’ R). (B) Analysis of TER1 among 853 A. thaliana accessions. Identity shown in green denotes regions 100% nucleotide similarity whereas mustard yellow indicates variation. There is one colored line for each nucleotide. The height of the bar indicates the degree of variation. Percent identity for each region is denoted in % above each RNA region or for the entire RNA to the right. The telomere template region is indicated by the horizontal black bar. (C) Analysis of TER2 in 853 accessions. Color scheme is the same as in (B). Asterisk indicates that for percent identity to be calculated in a given region, sequence data must be present in all accessions. Sequence was missing for DRE and CR2 for some accessions, and hence these regions are listed as having 0% ID. However, >60% of the accessions were 100% conserved in DRE, and 98% of accessions were 99% conserved in CR2. See S2 Fig for complete alignment of TER2 in 853 accessions.
Like TER1 much of TER2 is strongly conserved. CR1 retains high percent identity among the accessions (92%) (Fig 1C). CR2 and the 3’R are also very well conserved with complete conservation in >60% of the accessions analyzed (S3 Fig). Conservation of 3’R was unanticipated since this segment of TER2 is eliminated in the production of TER2S (Fig 1A). Nevertheless, the high degree of conservation in CR1, CR2 and 3’R argues that these regions are important for TER2 function.
Although the intervening sequence within TER2 is completely conserved in more than 60% of the accessions, striking sequence divergence was observed in many of the other accessions. Two islands of conservation with ≥ 50% identity were identified within the intervening sequence, one corresponding to 63 nt and a second of 123 nt (S2B Fig). Hyper-variable sequences flank these regions within the 65 accessions bearing an incomplete intervening sequence. To verify the TER2 sequencing data, we performed PCR genotyping on a sampling of accessions predicted to harbor an intact intervening sequence (Col-0, Ws-2), a partial intervening sequence (Aa-0, Ang-0, Co-1 and Ei-2) or no intervening sequence (Ler-0). PCR primers were positioned within CR1 and 3’R (S4A Fig). A 784 bp PCR product is expected for accessions bearing an intact intervening sequence, a 255 nt product for accessions completely lacking the intervening sequence, and an intermediate size product for accessions with a partial intervening sequence. Products of the expected sizes were obtained for loci predicted to contain an intact or no intervening sequence, but for all TER2 loci predicted to contain a partial intervening sequence, the genotyping results indicated that this element was completely absent (S4B Fig). Genotyping repeated with siblings from accessions predicted to contain a partial intervening sequence gave the same result (S4C Fig). Genotyping was performed on several additional accessions reported to contain a partial intervening sequence (S1 Table). In all cases, the intervening sequence was absent. Finally, PCR products were sequenced from TER1 and TER2 reactions, with TER1 polymorphisms serving as a control to ensure that seed stocks were as expected (S4B and S4D Fig). The sequencing results confirmed the PCR genotyping data. For all partial intervening sequence accessions tested, there was complete loss of this element. The sequencing data also revealed a substantial deletion (~20 bp) within CR2 in two accessions (S4D Fig).
The simplest explanation for these genotyping results is that the TER2 locus was mis-annotated in some of the A. thaliana accessions. However, we cannot exclude the possibility that the intervening sequence within TER2 is extremely labile and between the time the genome sequencing was performed and our acquisition of seeds, partially deleted elements were completely eliminated.
For reasons discussed below, we named the intervening sequence within TER2 DSB responsive element (DRE). BLAST analyses against the A. thaliana genome using DRE as a query returned two hits, one on the left arm of chromosome 3 (adjacent to At3G30120) bearing 94.6% identity to DRETER2 termed DRE3L, and another on the right arm of chromosome 3 (adjacent to At3G50120) showing 63.4% identity called DRE3R (Fig 2A). Both DRE3L and DRE3R are found within intergenic regions and display a number of single-nucleotide polymorphisms among A. thaliana accessions (S5A Fig).
Fig. 2. The TER2 intervening sequence has the properties of a Copia-like solo LTR.
(A) Schematic of the five chromosomes in A. thaliana Col-0 illustrating the locations of TER1, TER2 and DRE on the left arm of chromosome 3 (DRE3L) and the right arm of chromosome 3 (DRE3R) (schematic adapted from TAIR). (B) Phylogenetic tree of select Brassicaceae members (including the Brassicales member Carica papaya). The number of solo and full-length DREs identified by BLAST are shown to the right. Approximate time of divergence was adapted from . Representative A. thaliana accessions re indicated by the triangle. (C) Sequences at the 5’ and 3’ boundary elements of DRE in TER2 (top), DRE3L (middle), and DRE3R (bottom) are shown. Nucleotides within the target site duplication are denoted by the green bar and tandem inverted repeats of DRE are represented by the brown bar.
BLAST was performed to determine if the DRE is present in other species within the Brassicaceae family. Arabidopsis lyrata, A. thaliana’s closest relative, contains 32 copies of DRE dispersed throughout the genome (Fig 2B). A significant fraction of these elements exhibit a high degree of similarity within the 5’ 200nt of DRETER2, and are associated with open reading frames encoding typical retrotransposon proteins (S6 Fig). Three DREs were also detected in Capsella rubella, four in Brassica rapa, and ten in Eutrema salsugineum (Fig 2B). The presence of multiple copies of DRE in A. thaliana and its relatives suggests that it is a transposable element (TE). Consistent with this conclusion, sequences at the 5’ and 3’ borders of DRETER2 contain a 5 nt tandem inverted repeat of TGTTG/ACAAC (Fig 2C, brown bar). The tandem inverted repeat at the 5’ and 3’ boundaries of DRETER2 and DRE3L are highly conserved across the A. thaliana accessions and are present at the boundaries of DREs detected in other species (S6 Fig). In addition, a target site duplication of TCGTC is present at the 3’ end of CR1 and the 5’ end of CR2 of TER2 (Fig 2C, green bar). Tandem site duplications flank all three DREs in A. thaliana, ranging in length from 5 nt for DRETER2 and DRE3L to 18nt for DRE3R (Fig 2C, green bar). The tandem site duplication sequence varies, consistent with the hypothesis that these insertions represent unique TE insertion events rather than gene duplications. The small size of DRE and its association with tandem inverted repeats and target site duplications suggest that DRE is derived from a solo LTR of the abundant Copia family. Based on synteny mapping with Arabidopsis lyrata we confirmed that all three Copia-like solo LTRs in A. thaliana (TER2DRE, DRE3L, and DRE3R) are unique insertion events and are of approximately the same age (S7 and S8 Figs). Since the large majority of A. thaliana accessions apparently harbor an intact DRE within the TER2 locus, it is likely that the element was inserted soon after the TER duplication and was subsequently lost in a small subset of accessions.
The presence of two distinct TER2 alleles in A. thaliana provided us with an opportunity to study the functional impact of DRE. We previously showed that two RNA transcripts are derived from the Col-0 TER2 locus: the primary TER2 transcript and a processed isoform, TER2S, in which DRETER2 is removed along with 3’R [16,26]. In the Ler-0 accession, the TER2 locus lacks DRE, and thus the primary transcript is predicted to be TER2Δ. To assay for TER2Δ, RT-PCR was performed on RNA from Ler-0 seedlings using primers directed at CR1 and 3’R, which is unique to TER2 (Fig 3A and 3B). A product of the expected size was generated, indicating that a Ler-0 transcript containing CR1, CR2 and 3’R is present. Sequence analysis confirmed this conclusion. Notably, the CR1/CR2 junction in Ler-0 TER2Δ is distinct from Col-0 TER2S as it contains only a single 5’ TCGTC 3’ motif instead of the two found in Col-0 (Fig 3B bottom, underlined sequence). Although a faint signal for TER2 was observed in Col-0 using our PCR conditions, TER2Δ was not (Fig 3A), suggesting that TER2Δ is either a transient processing intermediate, or is not generated during the conversion of TER2 to TER2S.
Fig. 3. Expression of TER2Δ and association with TERT.
(A) RT-PCR results for TER2Δ in Ler-0 and TER2 in Col-0. Primer positions are indicated by arrows in panel B. (B) Schematic showing sequencing results for TER2 and TER2Δ PCR products from Col-0 and Ler-0 obtained from (A). The target site duplication is indicated by the green underlined nucleotides. Tandem inverted repeats are indicated by brown nucleotides. (C) qPCR results for TER1, TER2 and TER2Δ in Col-0 and Ler-0. For comparison, the Col-0 TER1 level was set to 1.
Col-0 TER2 is a poorly expressed transcript (Fig 3A) and is substantially less abundant than TER1 or TER2S . To assess the relative abundance of Ler-0 TER2Δ, we performed qPCR (Fig 3C). The steady state level of TER1 was similar in Ler-0 and Col-0. However, Ler-0 TER2Δ was approximately 6–8 fold more abundant than Ler-0 TER1. By comparison, Col-0 TER2 was 15–20 fold less abundant than Col-0 TER1 (Fig 3C). Thus, Col-0 TER2 and Ler-0 TER2Δ are differentially regulated in vivo.
In Col-0, TER2 but not TER1 or TER2S is rapidly induced by DSBs . Therefore, we asked if regulation is confined to TER2 by examining TER2 and TER2Δ in other A. thaliana accessions (Fig 4A). Seven day-old Ler-0 and Col-0 seedlings were treated with 20μM zeocin and qPCR was performed. In control reactions, BRCA1 mRNA was induced in both accessions after 2 hours and peaked at 4 hours, confirming that a DNA damage response was elicited (Fig 4B). As expected, the level of TER1 was unchanged in Ler-0 and Col-0 following zeocin treatment (S9 Fig). In addition, Col-0 TER2 increased 2.5 fold after 2 hours in zeocin relative to untreated seedlings (Fig 4C). In marked contrast, there was no significant change in TER2Δ over the 4 hour zeocin treatment (Fig 4C).
Fig. 4. DSB-mediated RNA induction and telomerase inhibition are associated with DRE.
(A) Table indicating the TER2 transcript status for four A. thaliana accessions. (B) and (C) show qPCR results for Col-0 and Ler-0 seedlings treated with zeocin for the time points indicated. Data for the BRCA1 control (B) and TER2 (Col-0) or TER2Δ (Ler-0) transcripts (C) are shown. (D) qPCR results for accessions with TER2 (Ws-2) and TER2Δ (Co-1) submitted to the zeocin regimen for 2 h. (E) qPCR results following TERT immunoprecipitation in Col-0 and Ler-0 seedlings treated with or without zeocin (time point). The TER2:TER1 ratio in Col-0 and the TER2Δ:TER1 ratio in Ler-0 are shown. Values were normalized to Col-0 TER2:TER1 ratio in the absence of zeocin (set to 1). (F) qTRAP results for Col-0 and Ler-0 seedlings with or without zeocin treatment. (G) qTRAP results for the samples in (D) and the 2 h time point from (C). Telomerase activity was normalized to the corresponding untreated controls and set to 1. Red dashed bar indicates no change between treated and untreated samples. The changes in telomerase activity in Col-0 and Ws-2 were statistically significant (p-value< 0.05). Significance was calculated relative to untreated samples using a Student’s t-test. For all experiments, n > 3.
To test if DSB-mediated regulation of TER2 is a peculiarity of the Col-0 accession, we examined TER2/TER2Δ transcripts in two additional accessions: Ws-2, which contains DRETER2 and Co-1, which lacks it (Fig 4D). Consistent with the findings in Ler-0 and Col-0, there was no change in Co-1 TER2Δ, while Ws-2 TER2 was induced (Fig 4D). We conclude that the effect of DSBs on TER2 varies across A. thaliana accessions, and correlates with the presence of DRETER2.
We previously showed that Col-0 TERT displays a hierarchy of binding favoring TER2 > TER1 >> TER2S both in vitro and in vivo . The molecular basis for the enhanced affinity of TERT for TER2 is known. Since DRETER2 and the 3’R are unique to TER2, it seems likely that one of these elements influences TERT binding. To investigate this possibility, we examined the relative affinity of TERT for TER2Δ. Col-0 and Ler-0 seedlings were subjected to immunoprecipitation with TERT antibody followed by qPCR (Fig 4E). We set the ratio of TER2 to TER1 in the Col-0 TERT IP to 1, and then assessed the change in TERT-bound TER2 following zeocin treatment. The relative abundance of TER2 containing TERT complexes increased ~ 7-fold in response to DSBs (Fig 4E). Since the input level of TER2 increased by only 2.5-fold under these conditions (Fig 4C), the data raise the interesting possibility that other DNA damage-induced factors promote TER2 assembly with TERT. In marked contrast to TER2, we found that TER2Δ is not a preferred binding partner for TERT in vivo, and further zeocin treatment did not change the relative abundance of TER2Δ containing TERT complexes (Fig 4E). These results argue that the increased affinity of TERT for TER2 in Col-0 reflects the presence of DRETER2 and not 3’R.
Since Col-0 plants lacking TER2 do not down-regulate telomerase activity in response to DSBs , we asked if DSB-induced telomerase regulation is dependent on DRETER2 by comparing the level of telomerase activity in Ler-0 and Col-0 in the presence of zeocin. As expected application of quantitative telomere repeat amplification protocol (qTRAP) to Col-0 seedlings treated with zeocin for 2 or 3 hours showed reduced telomerase activity (70% decrease) compared to untreated seedlings (Fig 4F and S10 Fig). Although there was an alleviation of the inhibitory effect after 3–4 hours of treatment, enzyme activity was maintained at 50% of untreated level. In contrast, under the same treatment regime, telomerase activity was unaltered in Ler-0 (Fig 4F). Similar results were obtained with Ws-2 (plus DRETER2) and Co-1 (minus DRETER2) accessions, respectively (Fig 4G). These findings imply that DRE is necessary for DSB-induced telomerase repression.
To further assess the role of DRE in telomerase regulation, we generated two transgenic A. thaliana lines. First we asked if the presence of TER2 was sufficient to alter the level of telomerase activity in Ler-0 by expressing TER2 from its native promoter in this accession. In one of the transformants, the steady state level of transgenic TER2 was higher (2.5 fold) than the basal level of endogenous TER2 in wild type Col-0 (Fig 5A). qTRAP revealed a small, but statistically significant decrease in telomerase activity in the transformant (Fig 5B), indicating that Ler-0 telomerase can be down-regulated by Col-0 TER2. Next we asked if over-expression of TER2Δ altered telomerase activity in Col-0. TER2Δ expression was driven by the powerful CaMV promoter in wild type Col-0. As expected, there were no change in TER1 or TER2, but the steady state level of transgenic TER2Δ was ~8-fold higher than endogenous TER2Δ in wild type Ler-0. However, qTRAP showed no change in telomerase activity relative to untransformed Col-0 controls (Fig 5A and 5B). We conclude that the regulation of telomerase by TER2 is dependent on DRETER2.
Fig. 5. TER2 not TER2Δ represses telomerase activity.
(A) qPCR results are shown for transgenic seedlings expressing TER2 in Ler-0 or TER2Δ in Col-0. TER1 and TER2 levels were normalized to the values in wild type Col-0 (set to 1). TER2Δ was normalized to the value in wild type Ler-0 (set to 1). GAPDH served as a reference gene. (B) qTRAP results are shown for the seedlings analyzed in (A). Relative telomerase activity was normalized to wild type Col-0. The change in telomerase activity in Ler-0 transformants expressing TER2 relative to wild type Ler-0 is statistically significant (p-value<0.005). Significance was calculated relative to untreated samples using a Student’s t-test. For all experiments, n > 3.
The rapid induction of Col-0 TER2 in response to DSBs could occur through increased TER2 transcription or increased RNA stability. Because the sequences upstream of all TER2 genes are highly conserved, we considered the former possibility less likely. Indeed, when TER2 transcription was monitored in seedlings expressing a fused GUS reporter to a TER2 or TER2Δ promoter in Col-0 and Ler-0, respectively, approximately the same level of GUS staining was observed in the presence or absence of zeocin (S11 Fig). Hence, TER2 induction in response to DNA damage is not caused by increased transcription.
We assessed TER2 stability using six day-old seedlings treated with the transcription elongation inhibitor cordycepin. TER1 and TER2 RNA levels assessed by qPCR showed that Col-0 and Ler-0 TER1 have similar half-lives, t1/2 = 75 and 84 min, respectively (Fig 6A). The stability of TER2Δ was even greater with t1/2 = 244 min (Fig 6B). TER2, on the other hand, had a much shorter half-life than either TER2Δ or TER1: TER2 t1/2 = 13 min (Fig 6B). Thus, TER2 is an intrinsically unstable transcript.
Fig. 6. TER2 is a labile RNA transcript stabilized by DNA damage.
qPCR results are shown for TER1 and TER2/TER2Δ from Col-0 and Ler-0 in the presence of cordycepin. Col-0 and Ler-0 seedlings were treated with cordycepin (100μg/μl) for the times indicated followed by qPCR to monitor TER1 (A) and TER2/ TER2Δ (B). The values obtained for untreated RNA samples were set to 0 and the fold decrease is shown. eIF-4a was used as reference gene for normalization. (C-E) qPCR results from a time course experiment of Col-0 seedlings treated with cordycepin followed by zeocin. Seedlings were incubated with cordycepin for 1.5 h to shut down transcription, and zeocin was added (red arrows). The incubation continued for a total of 3.5 h. Results for BRCA1 (C), TER1 (D), TER2 (E) are shown.
To test if DSBs reduce TER2 turnover, Col-0 seedlings were treated with cordycepin to pause transcription and then zeocin was added after 90 min to produce DSBs. Although there was a slight change in the abundance of TER1 and BRCA1 mRNA in the presence of zeocin, this change was not statistically significant (Fig 6C and 6D). In contrast, TER2 abundance declined sharply over the 3.5 hour time course, but immediately after the introduction of zeocin, TER2 was stabilized (Fig 6E). These data implicate DRETER2 as the causal factor in destabilizing TER2 and in turn negatively regulating telomerase activity during bouts of DNA damage.
When the insertion of a TE within or adjacent to a gene leads to a change in gene function the process is termed “exaptation” . Exaptation can alter gene regulation through myriad different mechanisms. A prominent example in plants is the insertion of multiple TEs adjacent to teosinte branched1 (tb1), which gave rise to domesticated maize . One of the TEs disrupts a regulatory region of tb1, leading to increased expression and enhanced apical dominance. In vertebrates, exaptation of TEs is more prevalent at lncRNA loci than in protein-coding genes . Approximately 41% of vertebrate lncRNA sequence is derived from TEs [35,36], leading Johnson and Guigo to propose that TEs can behave as pre-formed functional RNA domains, and further that exaptation of TEs is a major driving force in lncRNA evolution . A recent systematic survey in vertebrates catalogued multiple instances of TEs altering lncRNA promoters, splice sites, and polyadenylation sites . LncRNAs can also acquire novel interaction partners as a direct result of TE exaptation . For instance, TEs within XIST facilitate interaction with a host of protein complexes including PRC2 and splicing factor ASF2 .
Here we show that invasion of a small TE (DRE) into the A. thaliana TER2 locus profoundly altered the function of this lncRNA (Fig 7). This exaptation event is not fixed, as the TER2 genes in 9% of the 853 accessions examined lack DRE. Insertion and subsequent loss of TEs is not uncommon in Arabidopsis. Some 80% of the annotated TEs in A. thaliana were lost in one or more accessions . In the 200,000 years since Col-0 and Ler-0 diverged, at least 200 TEs have been active, and the unique insertions/deletions between the two accessions have biological implications . One illustrative example of TE exaptation occurred at the Flowering Locus C (FLC) in Ler-0. Insertion of a Mutator-like transposon in this accession decreased FLC transcription, causing early flowering . In this study we exploited the natural genetic heterogeneity within the TER2 locus, and discovered that many of the unique functions ascribed to this lncRNA derive from DRE.
Fig. 7. Model for exaptation of a TE into TER2 and the emergence of a telomerase regulatory lncRNA.
Duplication of the single copy ancestral TER gene was followed soon thereafter by exaptation of DRE into the A. thaliana TER2 locus. The majority of A. thaliana accessions retain DRE (e.g. Col-0), but a small subset lost it (e.g. Ler-0). TER2Δ is produced by accessions lacking DRE. DRE acts as a post-transcriptional sensor that modulates TER2 abundance in response to DNA damage. Under normal physiological conditions, TER2 is an unstable RNA. However, in the presence of DSBs, TER2 is rapidly induced. Whether this is due to direct RNA stabilization or inhibition of TER2 processing (to yield TER2s) is unknown. TER2 has a higher affinity for TERT than TER1 or TER2Δ and following induction by DNA damage accumulates in TERT containing complexes in vivo. TER2-mediated telomerase inhibition may reflect competitive inhibition of TER1 for TERT. The transient decrease in telomerase activity may promote DSB repair rather than de novo telomere formation, thereby stabilizing the genome.
First, DRE destabilizes TER2. A survey of ~800 lncRNAs in mouse revealed that only a small fraction are unstable, defined as RNAs with a half-life of less than 60 minutes . By this criterion, TER2 is a highly unstable transcript with a half-life of only 13 minutes (Fig 7). TER1 (t1/2 = 80 min) and TER2Δ (t1/2 = 240 min), on the other hand, are categorized as stable RNAs. Unstable lncRNAs, like their unstable mRNA counterparts, are typically associated with regulatory functions, while stable RNAs are thought to serve housekeeping roles . With Col-0 A. thaliana TER1 and TER2, this paradigm also holds.
A second key observation is that the instability of TER2 arising from DRE is reversed in response to DNA damage (Fig 7). The abundance of TER2, but not TER1 or TER2Δ is elevated in response to DSBs, and this change is largely, if not entirely, dependent on RNA stabilization rather than new transcription. Exaptation of a TE is known to endow host genes with the capacity to respond to environmental cues. For example, a cold-sensitive TE was inserted into the promoter of Ruby, a transcription factor that regulates flesh color in Citrus sinensis (blood orange). Cold activates the transposon, which in turn activates Ruby and downstream anthocyanin production . In the case of TER2, DRE imparts DNA damage sensitivity, which increases TER2 abundance. How TER2 is regulated in response to DSBs is unknown. One possibility is that DRE carries binding sites for one or more interaction partners responsive to DNA damage, which then stabilize TER2. RNA binding proteins can play a significant role in the DNA damage response by regulating specific target genes post-transcriptionally . TER2 turnover might be controlled through the small RNA regulatory pathway. A 24 nt RNA is associated with DRETER2 . This finding is particularly intriguing given the recent discovery that small RNAs modulate the response to DSBs in both vertebrates and Arabidopsis . Finally, it is possible that DNA damage blocks the RNA processing steps (e.g. splicing) that lead to production of TER2S (Fig 7). Splicing machinery has emerged as a target of the DDR .
The third key observation from this work is that DRE increases the affinity of TER2 for TERT (Fig 7), and correlates with the down-regulation of telomerase activity. DRE could modify TER2 structure in a manner that enhances its inherit affinity for TERT. Alternatively, DRE may make independent contacts with TERT to increase TER2 affinity. Intriguingly, zeocin treatment causes an even greater enrichment of TER2 containing TERT complexes than expected based on the fold induction of TER2, suggesting that a TER2 associated factor that is also responsive to DNA damage might drive the assembly of TER2-TERT RNPs.
Altogether, our data are consistent with a model in which exaptation of a TE into the A. thaliana TER2 locus gave rise to a new mode of telomerase regulation. Specifically, we propose that the DRE converted TER2 into a DNA damage sensor that controls telomerase enzyme activity through sequestration of TERT. Furthermore, because this regulatory pathway is regulated by changes in RNA stability, it is both rapidly responsive and reversible, allowing the A. thaliana accessions that carry DRE to fine-tune telomerase activity when the plant is under genome assault. These discoveries provide a fresh perspective on the role of TE exaptation in shaping lncRNA function and evolution.
For experiments with seedlings, seeds from different accessions (Col-0, Ler-0, Ws-2, etc) were sterilized in 50% bleach with 0.1% Triton X-100 and then stored in 4°C for 2–4 days. Liquid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium were used for germination and growing . After transferring cold-treated seeds to MS, plants were grown at 22°C under long day light condition for ~7 days. The Col-0 TER2 gene including 3kb upstream sequence and 300bp downstream sequence was cloned in the pMDC99 vector for transformation in the Ler-0 background. Hygromycin MS plates were used for selection. For Col-0 transformation, TER2Δ together with 300 bp downstream flanking region was cloned into the pBA002 vector with 35S promoter. BASTA MS plates were used for the selection.
Sequences corresponding to TER2 (Genbank accession number: HQ401285.1) were obtained using the genome browser at http://signal.salk.edu/atg1001. The search query AT5G24660 was used to pinpoint the region of interest, and all available tracks (accessions) were selected. Two sequences were removed from our analysis. Hov 3–2 was removed because it was the only accession with two deletions in the 5’ end, corresponding to 20 nt from the 5’ start of TER2, and a 100 nt deletion starting at nucleotide #101. The template region was not disturbed in this accession, possibly indicating a functional TER2 is generated. The Tottarp-2 accession was removed because the sequence corresponding to our search region did not contain sequences corresponding to TER2, most importantly, a template region.
Sequences were trimmed in MEGA5, and then analyzed using Geneious v6.0 (Biomatters). Sequence conservation and alignments were performed using Geneious. DRE-like sequences were obtained by BLAST searches of the A. thaliana (www.arabidopsis.org), A. lyrata, Capsella rubella, Brassica rapa, and Thellungiella halophila genomes accessed via www.phytozome.net v9.1 [48,49].
A. thaliana seedlings (5–7 day old) were transferred to fresh MS liquid medium with 20 μM zeocin (Invitrogen) as described . Seedlings were kept in the dark with gentle agitation for 1, 2 or 4 h. Multiple seedlings were combined and flash frozen in liquid nitrogen for RNA extraction or protein extraction for TRAP. The combined sample was treated as a single biological replicate.
DNA samples were prepared from the leaves of different accessions. Both TER1 and TER2 loci were used for genotyping. PCR samples were resolved in 1% agrose and gel purified and sequenced. RNA was extracted from seedlings using the Direct-zol RNA MiniPrep kit (Zymo Research, Epigenetics) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. 1 μg total RNA was used for preparing cDNA. For RT-PCR, cDNA was synthesized by SuperscriptIII Reverse Transcriptase (Invitrogen) using random primers. For qRT-PCR, reverse transcription was performed using the Superscript cDNA master mix (Quanta), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. 1:5 diluted cDNA was used for qPCR. qPCR was performed on a Bio-Rad CFX-1000 using the following primers: qTER2Δ F: 5’-AGAACGTTGACGGCTAAAGG-3’; qTER2Δ R: 5’- TGTGGCATAAGGCAAACTGA-3’; TER2, BRCA1, TER1 and GAPDH primers are used as described before . Data were analyzed using Bio-Rad’s CFX manager software. ΔΔCT values were obtained by comparing against GAPDH levels.
qTRAP assays were performed as described . Data were normalized against untreated Col-0. For immunoprecipitation, TERT antibody was conjugated with Dynabeads Protein A (Invitrogen) then incubated with protein extracts in 4°C. RNA was recovered from the IP sample using phenol/chloroform followed by ethanol precipitation . qPCR was performed on TER1 and TER2/TER2Δ. The ΔCT value was used to determine the relative level of TER2 or TER2Δ against TER1.
5–7 day old seedlings were treated with cordycepin (100 ng/μl as a working concentration) for 2 h before RNA extraction. RNA was analyzed by qPCR normalized to eIF-4a . RNA abundance was converted to the decreased level relative to untreated. RNA half-life was determined by the absolute value of inverse of the slope of the equation plotted by untreated and treated data. For the combined cordycepin/zeocin experiment, seedlings were pre-incubated with cordycepin for 1.5 h followed by zeocin and the incubation was continued for 2 h. RNA extraction and qPCR were used to determine RNA abundance. RNA half-life was determined by plotting RNA abundance versus time as described in .
3 kb of sequence upstream of the TER2 5’ terminus was cloned in a GUS reporter vector pMDC163. The construct was transformed into A. thaliana Col-0 and Ler-0 as described . After selection in hygromycin, transformants seedlings were treated with zeocin for 2 h and then subjected to GUS histochemical staining as described .
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0.978673 |
Belief in conspiracy theories can influence politics, health, the environment, and even job satisfaction. So what makes people believe them and what can we do about it?
Many people contend that the 9/11 attacks were an 'inside job', that climate change is a hoax, and vaccines cause autism.
Such theories are very popular, and about half of the US population appears to believe at least one. In fact, millions of people disbelieve official explanations for significant political and social events in favour of such alternative accounts, otherwise known as conspiracy theories.
In recent years psychologists have begun to investigate what makes these conspiracy theories appealing to so many people by asking four key questions: Who believes in conspiracy theories? Why do they believe in conspiracy theories? Does belief in conspiracy theories have consequences? And what can we do about them?
Much of the psychological research in this field has focused on the question of who believes in such theories, in an attempt to work out if there is one type of person who is particularly drawn to them.
Research has identified a number of personality traits and characteristics that are now known to be associated with belief in conspiracy theories such as paranoia, cynicism, mistrust, feelings of powerlessness, anxiety, and uncertainty.
Some demographic factors are important too. For example, people with lower levels of education seem more susceptible to conspiracy theories, whereas those inclined to think more analytically are less likely to believe in them. Also, people who lie at the extremes in terms of their political orientation are more likely to endorse conspiracy theories.
So now we have an idea about who is likely to believe in conspiracy theories, the next question is why?
Read More: Hallucinations or spiritual experiences?
We now know that a range of psychological processes are associated with beliefs in conspiracy theories. In fact, research has shown that a number of cognitive tendencies and thinking styles can predict how likely we are to be attracted to conspiracy theories.
Other psychological processes such as feeling bored, experiencing a personal willingness to conspire yourself, and a motivation to feel unique and stand apart from others can all lead to a heightened belief in conspiracy theories.
Does belief in conspiracy theories have consequences?
The simple answer to this question is “yes.” Psychologists are still trying to work out how specific types of conspiracy theories might have different consequences, but research to date suggests that, in general, the consequences are negative.
While it could be argued that conspiracy theories should mobilise people to get together and force political change, most of the research suggests that conspiracy theories actually have the opposite effect.
For example, political conspiracy theories seem to make people less likely to want to engage in the political system. Anti-vaccine conspiracy theories appear to discourage people from vaccinating their children against diseases. Climate change conspiracy theories appear to discourage people from taking action to reduce their carbon footprint.
Even in the everyday context of the workplace, perceiving conspiracies can have potential dangers, decreasing job commitment and satisfaction, and increasing the desire to leave.
Thus far, then, research suggests that conspiracy theories seem to do more harm than good.
Read More: Can we trust news on Twitter?
You can also watch this lecture online. A video will be uploaded after the event.
Psychologists are now starting to turn their attention to what, if anything, could or should be done to combat the potentially negative effects of conspiracy theories.
Some research suggests that people often remain convinced by conspiracy theories, even when they have been given information that refutes them. However, exposing people to counter-arguments before they read about conspiracy theories has been shown to ‘inoculate’ them against the conspiracy theories.
Other research suggests that exposing people to rational arguments, or even framing the very idea of the conspiracy theory as ridiculous might reduce beliefs in conspiracy theories.
Psychology can tell us a lot about who believes in conspiracy theories, why some people might be more susceptible than others, and even highlights some of the negative consequences of conspiracy theories.
But much more research is needed to work out what to do about them.
In this current age of ‘post-truth politics’ in which conspiracy theories are said to be flourishing, knowing the answers to these questions is more important than ever.
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0.999915 |
You will need multiple copies of this page. The number depends on how many blocks you will be making. Four foundations are needed to make one block. There are two foundations printed on the page so two pages will be needed for each block. My quilt has 35 blocks so I need to print 70 pages. Once that is complete, we can start sewing!
1. Cut out a foundation template. Rough cutting is fine, trimming will be done later.
2. Crease the template along the sewing lines, extending the creases to the edges.
3. Turn the template over and place piece #1 face up into position, being sure to overlap the crease lines by at least 1/4''.
4. Place piece #2 face down onto piece #1 aligning the edges to be sewn. Temporarily hold the template and the two fabric pieces into place either by pinching, pinning or basting.
5. Turn the foundation and the fabric pieces over and with a very small stitch, I use a 1.5, sew along the seam line. Yes, right through the paper and the two pieces of fabric. You may extend the seam line to the edge of the paper as this will help to make the block more secure but be certain to NOT cross over the other sewing lines.
6. Turn the assembly over and press the seam flat. If you wish, you may trim the seam allowance.
7. Turn the assembly over and press open.
8. Place piece #3 face down onto pieces #1 and #2, aligning the edges to be sewn. Temporarily hold into place either by pinching, pinning or basting.
9. Turn the assembly and the fabric piece over and sew along the seam line. You may extend the seam line to the edge of the paper if you like.
10. Turn the assembly over and press the seam flat. Trim the seam allowance if you like.
11. Turn the assembly over and press open.
12. Turn the assembly over and trim the edges. This completes 1/4 (quadrant) of the block.
13. Make three more quadrants and arrange them in block formation.
14. Flip the right quadrants onto the left quadrants and sew the along the edge to make half blocks.
15. Tear the foundation paper away from the seam allowances. Press one seam allowance to the right and the other to the left.
16. Turn over the halves.
17. Flip the top half onto the bottom half and sew along the edge to form the block.
18. Tear the foundation paper away from the seam allowance and press to one direction.
19. The block is finished and it looks great.
I prefer to use the foundation piecing method in lieu of traditional piecing methods whenever I can. I appreciate accurate results and I particularly like how the fabrics can be rough cut without much fussing. This saves a lot of time. The accuracy of the block comes exclusively from the sewing; just be sure to sew on the lines and your blocks will look great too! Stop back next time and we'll work on top assembly, batting, basting, quilting and binding.
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0.996262 |
Where does happiness fit on a scale of 1 to 10 in your life?
Is that a silly question? Who's in control of your happiness??
Well, if you want to maintain continued happiness in light of difficult moments then start by identifying your thinking. Often this means that some of the way you think about certain things may need to change.
Change is difficult for many people, especially when it involves changing a behavior that you have practiced over and over again (such as drinking, smoking, overeating, etc.) And with the change often comes strong emotion.
But human beings have a wonderful ability to change how they feel by changing how they think. So how do you know what feelings to change, and aren't we SUPPOSED to feel certain emotions in light of the situations we experience?
The answer is yes, and no. Yes, it is inevitable that we will experience emotions in relation to life events. And no: how we feel is determined by how we think about these events.
Feelings are like the weather, an ongoing part of life, which will change when the right conditions present themselves. They are neither good nor bad, they just are.
Rain exists because atmospheric conditions are right for this event to happen.
Feelings exist because of the thoughts you have in relation to the events in your life. Certain thoughts create uncomfortable feelings and other types of thoughts create feelings of joy, contentment, and happiness.
The question is not whether you should have feelings, but rather are the feelings I'm experiencing helping me to achieve my goal(s) or are they hindering this process?
Generally speaking, feelings of anger, anxiety, depression, and guilt tend to produce behaviors that hinder our life goals. That's why we want to change them. Not because they are intrinsically good or bad, not because we shouldn't feel them, but simply because they tend to interfere with having our wants and desires met.
Like the weather, if conditions are right, it rains. If the thoughts are right for anxiety, you will experience anxiety. If the thoughts are right for depression, then depression it is. Fortunately for all of us, altering atmospheric conditions is much more difficult than altering our thoughts.
Although changing thoughts is not easy at times, it is much more controllable when you are taught how, then practice.
Anger, anxiety, depression, and guilt are what we refer to as the 4 Blocks to Happiness. Anxiety, for instance, tends to produce behaviors such as avoidance, isolation, self-medicating (drinking, drugging, and overeating) and many negative physiological changes.
These may include lack of concentration, memory loss, muscle tension, headaches, diarrhea or other bowel disorders. Unless you find benefit in experiencing these symptoms, these are why we want to change these feelings. They are uncomfortable, and not goal oriented.
Anxiety does not help us get what we want. Finally, feelings are similar to a weather barometer. They are the gauge to whether we are on track, enjoying our lives, achieving our goals, keeping us out of conflict with others, and preserving our life and limb.
We WANT to experience emotion. Lots of intense, as well as, moderate feelings. "It is not the idea that my son is doing well and enjoying his life, but truly how I feel about him enjoying his life. It is the happiness I feel watching him grow, mature, and find meaning to his existence." The feeling is the reward for our action, it is what we as humans seek in our day-to-day experience.
Feelings are also the alarm bell, telling us to slow down, seek consult, take another look, or simply work harder. Sometimes we feel we are on a roller coaster: it can be exhilarating and it can also be frightening. You judge for yourself, but remember whatever you are feeling you can change.
Expect progress rather than perfection and the journey will be much more manageable.
Dr. Thomas is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor with a practice in Tampa, FL. He has been counseling people to feel better for over 21 years. This article is posted at www.stressgroup.com. He is also the co-author of Quit Smoking-Be Happy!-see www.quitsmoking-behappy.com to learn more.
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0.99882 |
Come and swim with Scotland's biggest fish! Basking Shark Scotland is the only dedicated basking shark tour operator based from Oban. The Basking Shark Scotland tours are organised from June to August to coincide with the shark's migration to the area where they feed on the abundant plankton. Choose from single, two, three-day and week-long shark swimming and wildlife excursions to the Inner Hebrides. In addition to the regular shark sightings, trips include chances to see whales, dolphins, seals, golden eagles, puffins and many other seabirds. Scuba diving in the area can be claimed to be some of the best cold water diving in the world, with many shipwrecks, abundant reefs and big animal encounters such as seals and sharks. Shore-based diving, hiking, historical and whisky tours can be arranged for groups, as can a whole host of bespoke itineraries.
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0.944599 |
How well does a Pantera fit a 6ft driver?
I'm only in the research stage now. My wife insists no more cars until my youngest finishes college in 2020 (fingers crossed). Until then I'm gathering information and learning all that I can.
I can't answer since I haven't sat in one in 35 years and I'm only 5'7".
I am 6'2". All I can say is that if you have the passion to drive one, you will find a way. Your bigger obstacle may be girth if you are overweight.
For me the larger challenge is finding room for my leg between the steering wheel and the center console. Hard to get my hand on the wheel past my leg when turning right. There are many solutions to this - lower seat pan, extend steering column, move back pedal box. Move your hands on the wheel more often... Headroom has only been an issue with a helmet.
I'm about 6'1" at my present age, some shrinkage has occurred. Proportionally a little longer in the leg.
I installed longer bolts for the two forward seat mounting bolts, then stacked some washers between the seat rails and the floorboard; this raised the front of the cushion, tilted the seatback backwards. Created headroom and leg room. My legs are bent rather than sticking straight-out. My thighs are supported by the seat cushion now, and my back is supported very well in the reclined position. The distance to the steering wheel is very natural. Thus revised I find the driving position is very comfortable. I can drive in that position for hours and arrive at my destination more relaxed than I do in many sedans. My biggest complaint being I wished the seat back was taller.
This mimics the originally intended driving position (see pic).
I am about 6' and find my 73 very comfortable, just like George, even for long trips. These later models had dropped floor pans that created more headroom. Mine has late 90s Corvette seats which are high back and fit/look great, like they were stock. With the seat all the way back, I can't reach the pedals. The only thing you might find uncomfortable after a while is the left leg position which has to be pulled back when not using the clutch. I put a small piece on the wheel well to create a ledge to rest my foot on that doesn't interfere with getting to the clutch pedal. You can stretch your left leg straight by putting your foot behind the clutch pedal but I don't recommend it for safety.
Thanks all. I have a friend with a Ferrari 308 that is absurdly small for me. At least the passenger side was.
My '78 911sc has plenty of headroom, but the wheel was always a stretch until I found a steering wheel with an extended hub (3/4") which was a factory option back in the day. It makes driving it a real pleasure now.
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0.99931 |
Hospital chiefs have launched a probe after a horrified female patient captured a nurse calling her 'nasty' in a secret mobile phone recording.
Krystal Pearce, 28, claims she was left in tears after hearing unpleasant comments made about her by the nurse and a fellow patient who was recorded calling her 'horrendous'.
The mother-of-two placed her mobile phone on her bed to capture other patients bad-mouthing her so she could be moved to another ward.
But she was shocked to discover that she was being criticised not just by fellow patients, but by a nurse who was supposed to be caring for her.
In the recording, a patient can be heard saying Krystal is 'horrendous' and the nurse goes on to complain about how often she is in hospital.
Krystal was admitted to Medway Maritime Hospital in Gillingham, Kent, suffering from abdominal pains last month.
She said: 'I've been in hospital 10 times over the last two months and I don't want to be doing that.
'When I heard the recording I felt distressed, like I was forced to discharge myself and I did, even in the pain I was in.
In the recording the nurse also said Krystal 'gets what she wants' and then will return a few days later.
The mum, of Sheerness, Kent, made the recording when she was admitted to Medway Maritime Hospital on October 3.
She said the experience left her petrified of being treated at the hospital again, which she was forced to do for further surgery on October 23, and will again later this month.
The nurse also can be heard saying that Krystal uses an ambulance each time she comes in.
Krystal defends her actions and said it wasn't a waste of resources.
She added: 'They were saying I waste ambulances. If I waste ambulances why would they operate on me and do the treatment they do for me.
'That is what the ambulance crew is actually there for.
'I honestly don't believe that ambulances have been wasted - that really has annoyed me.
Krystal has a catalogue of serious medical conditions and has been in and out of hospital for treatment for four years.
In 2011 she was diagnosed with painful spinal condition spondylosis and also osteoarthritis in her knees and back which require constant treatment.
She added: 'I just want the hospital to reflect on what they've done and how they have made me feel.
Krystal has undergone a number of operations in the last few years including two Caesarian sections, had her gallbladder and appendix removed and suffers internal adhesions from surgical complications.
Last month doctors found Krystal, who is registered disabled and is a full-time mum to Ellis, eight, and Shayley, four, had abnormal and possibly cancerous cells in her cervix.
A Medway NHS Foundation Trust spokesman said: 'Maintaining the highest standards of patient care is our highest priority and we take complaints raised by patients, staff and the public very seriously.
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0.947232 |
Quimby is an alternative rock band popular on the Hungarian music scene. Enjoying large crowds across the nation, they have had successes at music festivals such as the Sziget Festival. Together for over 25 years, the band has a large collection of studio albums and one live CD/DVD combo to their credit.
The band originated in the industrial town of Dunaújváros under the name 'Október', playing covers. By the end of high school, the band dispersed. The Kiss brothers, Tibor and Endre, got another group together in 1991, and renamed it 'Quimby'.
In 1992 the band's first cassette entitled Up Side Down was made available, featuring English-language tunes like "Sea," "Stink," "I Give You My Shoes," "Up Side Down," "Never Get By," and "Policeman". The band's style was compared to the chansons and cabaret songs from the period between the World Wars. The band played at pubs in Pest. By 1993 the personnel consisted of Tibor Kiss (vocals and guitar), Endre Kiss (guitar), Livius Varga (percussion and vocals), Tamás Szén Molnár (saxophone), Ferenc Mikuli (bass guitar), and Ákos Medve (drums). In 1993 they recorded their second album, Sip of Story. This album also came out on cassette and had English lyrics. During this period the band was one of the most successful club bands in Budapest, and also popular on the college and festival circuit.
At this point the elder Kiss brother, Endre, left the band. He was replaced by a young piano player, Szilárd Balanyi, who was born in Balatonfüred. With this new line-up the band recorded its next album, Jerrycan Dance, which came out on CD but in a limited edition. This album is also in English and it begins to show some of the main characteristics which are seen in the present band.
In 1995, the band decided to focus more on writing songs in Hungarian. By the summer of 1996 the new album was finished: Majom-tangó (Monkey Tango). This album contains mostly Hungarian songs, but there are three English ones. The album has an eclectic style: there are several folk songs featured in the usual chanson-epic style of Quimby, especially Roma and Latin folk music; then reggae and psychedelic effects are incorporated. Majom-tangó is the direct antecedent of their present style.
The release of Majom-tangó immediately led to a rise in popularity on the Hungarian music scene. The band moved from being a phenomenon on the alternative stage to wider popularity with the appearance of Diligramm (Loonygramme) in December 1997. Diligramm is a complete work of a mature band. The lyrics are crisper, the musical palette more colorful; the band found its own style. The CD was introduced by a video and single, "Once There Was a Time", and by a memorable CD release concert. Quimby enjoyed many successes in their live performances, with more concerts in front of larger audiences. In the spring of 1998 the Hungarian press chose Diligramm the album of the year.
The new album Ékszerelmére was highly anticipated even before it was released in November 1999. Producing the record proved a little complex when early in the year Livius Varga lost the tape containing the ideas of for new songs while he was traveling on the tram in Budapest. Ékszerelmére is even more mature and composed than the previous album. The music is strict but playful, uniform but discursive, realistic but ascendent, and traditionalist. While the band uses the implementations of modern music, the lyrics are cruel and ironic; stories and verbal psychedelia are present. After the recording of Ékszerelmére the band released Tamás Molnár (saxophone). After a long search his place was filled by József Kárpáti, a trumpet and piano player from the band 'Andersen'. The band stepped on stage at that year's Sziget Festival in this form.
During this period the band performed at festival concerts in Hungary and abroad, and went on a mini-tour of Germany. In the spring of 2001 Quimby released a new album called Morzsák és Szilánkok (Crumbs and Splinters). It contained remixes featuring unknown, young, talented remixers, together with concert recordings of older songs. Tibor Kiss singer said the album presented the material "with a sort of continuous modality, like a film, building upon each other one after the other".
In 2002, the album called Káosz Amigos (Chaos Amigos) did not disappoint fans. The album takes the musical oeuvre of Quimby to a new point of view. It is a musical-lyrical adventure in a troubled, intensive, vibrating, sensitive, dynamic, tragic, humorous, often tragicomic world. This album contains 10 songs in 43 minutes. In spite of the shorter playtime the album is a colorful, exciting and amusing musical roller-coaster. The songs are memorable but not hits in the usual sense. There are Spanish-like chansons with stiff rhythms, interesting guitar work, agile and bop songs. There are also fancy, moderate, slow songs and rap, even childhood sayings. The album features percussion instruments, guitar, bass, keyboards, modern electronics and trumpet by the newest member of the band, József Kárpáti.
The band had just completed touring the new album in Hungary when frontman Tibor Kiss needed an extended break for rest and relaxation, so the band went on hiatus. Though its wasn't known ahead of time how long the break would be, the pause lasted until 2004. After an intensive probation period and a return concert, Quimby rejoined the Hungarian public music scene once again with enormous power. Full-house concerts were held in Budapest and other venues, along with a successful "Night Invasion" concert in Spring 2004 and appearances at the big summer festivals, including the Sziget Festival. The band continued from where they left off: reviewers and fans said the band was in good shape, perhaps even better than before.
The album Kilégzés (Exhalation, October 2005) became an important work in the band's history. It is an interesting milestone because it opened a new era from an artistic point of view. Memories from their previous phase are presented in a new context, in a re-evaluated form. Tibor Kiss doesn’t mince now, there is no nostalgia, no great truths revealed, but only the music with its ironic, emotional, expressive style.
In 2006 the band reached the 15-year milestone. Quimby celebrated this special jubilee by publishing a greatest hits recording and DVD called Family Tugedör. They also gave a double concert in the Katona József Theatre, one in the Petőfi Csarnok venue and a concert on 1 January 2007 called "Magic Music". The work continues with two releases in 2009, an EP (Ajjajjaj) and a full length album (Lármagyűjtögető).
This page was last edited on 6 March 2019, at 20:56 (UTC).
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1. Let’s start with basics first. So, what is bot?
A bot is an artificial intelligence software designed to perform a series of tasks on its own and without the help of a human being. Tasks a bot can do can vary from things such as making a reservation at a restaurant, marking a date on the calendar or collecting and displaying information to its users, and informing the user about the weather, etc.
The most frequent model is that of a chatbot. Chatbots are capable of simulating a conversation with a person and therefore are increasingly present in messaging applications. Chatbots are versatile, therefore they’re able to adapt and help solve different business pains.
A chatbot is a software system, which can interact or “chat” with a human user in natural language (such as English, or whatever other language the chatbot has been built on). Chatbots can help inform a user, or help them with fulfilling a task.
There’s annual contest: the Loebner Prize, where rival chatbots have been assessed in terms of ability to fool a judge in a restricted chat session. The format of the competition is based on the Turing test, named after the famous British mathematician and computer pioneer Alan Turing who proposed the test in a 1950 paper entitled Computing Machinery and Intelligence.
So as you can see chatbots are not something new, if you’re interested in learning more about the history of Chatbots you can check-out the piece: Chatbots: The Very First & The Latest.
2. How do Chatbots actually work?
However, for a chatbot to be able to do more than simply answer questions it has to be connected to an Artificial Intelligence (AI). AI is the technology that allows the bot to learn from the interactions it has with the end users. Behind this learnings there are analytics platforms, and integrations with APIs, among other things, that feed the AI and provide resources so that that the chatbot is able to provide the user with correct answers.
3. Does it take great engineering to develop a Chatbot?
You do not have to be an AI or engineering expert to build a chatbot. The secret is to be clear about what is going to be created and what kind of problems will be solved. Once the chatbots function is clear, the development is not more complicated than that of a simple web app.
Nevertheless, in case your expectations for the chatbot are high, it is convenient to leave it’s development on the hands of experts, such as companies that offer Artificial Intelligence solutions. Even then, the process can be very simple if you make sure to leave the process in the right hands.
4. What can Chatbots actually do?
Businesses use chatbots for a variety of cases, such as customer service. Simply put, an artificial intelligence service can be used to answer simple questions, help users book services, get more information about a specific topic, buy a product, etc. Having a chatbot help expedite this types of tasks, allows for human agents to focus on more relevant problems. At the same time a chatbot allows the company to have a 24/7 service to attend to their customers needs.
Data is the commodity that powers the digital economy these days. However, it is necessary to have the necessary resources to transform them into something of value. Ideally companies will have cognitive solutions in place that learn automatically from all the data they collect. What makes artificial intelligence systems so powerful is precisely the fact that they can learn. That allows them to adapt when market behaviour changes, as well as continuously improve performance as more data comes in.
Artificial intelligence is rapidly automating routine and mechanical cognitive processes. Leaving more time for innovation. The use of intelligent algorithms, for example, can now automate the process of collecting data from various reports and perform an analysis to determine the profitability of a particular business path.
It is estimated that 80% of the digital data is not structured.
Organizing and tracking these data has the potential of leading to a better understanding of the users and making predictions based on tendencies.
If new questions arise or you want to learn more about this exciting technology do not hesitate to contact me or send us word at [email protected].
For BotSupply's first B'day we commemorate a year of grand achievements by reflecting on what is like to be a member of team BotSupply.
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A dissertation proposal is typically associated with earning a Ph.D., but the skills involved with successful proposals extend beyond the realm of higher academia. With your dissertation proposal, you are trying to sell the idea that your research is worth pursuing and also that you are capable of handling the project. In a sense, you are attempting to market your self, and the product is essentially an idea that needs to be explored.
Needless to say, the proposal is one of the most critical (and feared) aspects of the entire dissertation process, so it requires considerable time and effort. Usually, quite a bit of preliminary research and review go into a successful dissertation proposal, and it is often necessary to make multiple revisions and drafts. Think of it as the provisional work that goes into your eventual goal, and remember that it is not so much an individual project as it is a collaboration. It's also important to keep in mind that the proposal is not the dissertation in a miniature form. It is a map for the road ahead. You are essentially an explorer, detailing a vision of a new place you have not yet been.
What is your purpose, your argument, and how will you prove it? A proposal should hint at the ways you will go about proving your argument. It need not be overly detailed. The details you choose to include should work to demonstrate your point, not prove it.
While the format of a dissertation proposal is not the same as a book or even a long essay, it may be organized into chapters and begin with an introduction that includes the stated purpose of the dissertation, discusses some of the background behind why you believe this is an important topic, reviews some of the existing assumptions about it, and defines some of the related terms. You may also use the introduction to present some of the questions concerning your topic.
At some later point in the dissertation proposal you will most likely need to present an outline of the chapters. Early on, though, you should at least develop an overview of your purpose and its significance to the field.
Mapping out your methodology is a necessary chapter in your proposal, and it will help you to get a grasp on all the many pieces before you. Depending on your target audience and the nature of the questions you address, you should decide if your research will be qualitative or quantitative. (Qualitative research generally means that your results will be generated based upon interpretation, that your variables are not quantified; quantitative, on the other hand means that there are quantified variables and precise results.) Both types of research are valid, depending on the nature of your dissertation.
Qualitative research often incorporates a more social setting (such as a case study) and involves more observation and interaction. It's a more subjective approach, and the inferences and interpretations of the research will mean more variability in terms of the results.
Quantitative research is usually more calculated. Results are more readily measurable and also typically more specific. Common quantitative methodologies would include experiments and surveys.
Outlining your methodology means laying out how you will go about making your point and the types of tools you will use. It needs to fit the type of topic you've chosen. If you plan to conduct a survey, you need to discuss its design, the target population, and the scaling method. How will you collect your data? Will it be via an email-based survey? A telephone interview? Each has its advantages and limitations. Analyzing the data is also a critical aspect. Be prepared also to give a justification - your philosophy, essentially - for why it is appropriate.
Another part of "selling" your dissertation proposal is to tell its place in the scholarly world. Do not underestimate the importance of this part of your proposal.
Who is going to be talking about it, and what field will find it relevant? What data will you consult and revise and/or build upon? This part of the proposal is critical, yet easy to lose sight of. Your dissertation will not be the product of an individual; it is collaboration of the combined efforts of you, along with your peers and advisors.
You'll need to review the literature relevant to your particular topic as part of your proposal. Besides demonstrating that you're familiar with the field or inquiry, a literature review will help you become aware of the prevailing ideas about your topic, who some of the key writers are, some of the existing theories and questions, and other methodologies.
First, find out what's out there, and gather as many resources as are available. You'll have to find them, read them, and review them. Submitting a bibliography of the works you plan to consult is a good place to begin. But the review itself if not the same as an annotated bibliography; rather, it often takes on the look of an essay: an introduction that details the basis for your selection of literature, a body that discusses the historical and current research as well as the principal current questions and discoveries, and a conclusion that summarizes the general consensus of the current literature as well as your dissertation's place within it.
Be prepared to discuss, defend, and re-draft your dissertation proposal. The ideas you put forth in your dissertation proposal will not be etched into stone. Remember that the goal with your proposal is to detail one possible dissertation; however, that may differ substantially from the dissertation you later present - and that's okay!
Again, the ultimate goal of all of this is to make a convincing case that your dissertation is worthwhile. Give yourself plenty of time, and keep in contact with the dissertation committee. If you can present to your reader an idea that he or she initially knows little about (and possibly cares little about) and make him or her genuinely want for you to take on the project, your dissertation proposal has been a success.
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What is Independent Component Analysis ?
Independent component analysis (ICA) is a statistical and computational technique for revealing hidden factors that underlie sets of random variables, measurements, or signals.
ICA defines a generative model for the observed multivariate data, which is typically given as a large database of samples. In the model, the data variables are assumed to be linear mixtures of some unknown latent variables, and the mixing system is also unknown. The latent variables are assumed nongaussian and mutually independent, and they are called the independent components of the observed data. These independent components, also called sources or factors, can be found by ICA.
ICA is superficially related to principal component analysis and factor analysis. ICA is a much more powerful technique, however, capable of finding the underlying factors or sources when these classic methods fail completely.
The data analyzed by ICA could originate from many different kinds of application fields, including digital images, document databases, economic indicators and psychometric measurements. In many cases, the measurements are given as a set of parallel signals or time series; the term blind source separation is used to characterize this problem. Typical examples are mixtures of simultaneous speech signals that have been picked up by several microphones, brain waves recorded by multiple sensors, interfering radio signals arriving at a mobile phone, or parallel time series obtained from some industrial process.
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San Antonio is the second-most populated city in the state of Texas and seventh-most populated in the United States.
San Antonio's weather is alternately dry or humid depending on prevailing winds, turning hot in the summer, mild to cool winters subject to descending northern cold fronts in the winter with cool nights, and comfortably warm and rainy in the spring and fall.
In San Antonio, 48% of the population are Males, and 52% of the population are Females.
San Antonio, at the head of the San Antonio River in Bexar County, is on Interstate Highway 10 (east–west) and Interstate Highway 35 and 37 (north–south).
San Antonio was once again the largest city in the state in 1900, with a population of 53,321; it remained the largest city in 1910, with 96,614 inhabitants, and 1920, with 161,379.
San Antonio Express-News - The ongoing drought in Texas has set a modern-day record of $4.1 billion in economic losses, according to economists with the Texas Cooperative Extension service, and the final tab has yet to be tallied.
Texas Monthly - Midland is Republican country, the rightmost wing of right-leaning Texas, a place where John Kerry mustered less than 18 percent of the vote in 2004 and where Democrats are viewed the way West Texas farmers once viewed prairie dogs: as annoying, persistent vermin that are best exterminated.
San Antonio Express-News - The federal government is asking 625 people in Texas to pay back a total of $1.26 million in recovery aid they shouldn't have received after Hurricane Rita.
San Antonio remained the chief Spanish, then Mexican stronghold in Texas until the Texas Revolution.
By mid-century, San Juan, with its rich farm and pasturelands, was a regional supplier of agricultural produce.
The founders of San Francisco de los Tejas, after their retreat from East Texas, moved the mission to the San Antonio River and renamed it San Francisco de la Espada.
During the first 100 years of existence, San Antonio was under Spanish control, until it briefly lost command in June 1813, after the Battle of Alazan.
Texas declared its independence from Mexico on March 2, 1836, and on April 21, 1836, General Santa Anna and his forces were defeated by Texans led by Sam Houston at the Battle of San Jacinto.
However, control over San Antonio was again disputed during the early days of the Civil War, when a local militia forced the surrender of the federal arsenal even before the official secession of Texas on March 2, 1861.
San Antonio, the eighth largest city in the United States, covers approximately 4,180 square miles of Bexar County in south central Texas.
The Edwards Aquifer extends approximately 180 miles from the Brackettville area in the western region of San Antonio, to Kyle in the eastern region of the municipality.
The San Antonio Water System recently received an EPA 319 Grant (administered by the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission) to fund the plugging of abandoned wells for well owners that cannot afford the cost of doing so.
San Antonio lies on the edge of the Texas Hill country, considered by many to be the most scenic area in the state.
San Antonio was also the birthplace of the Rough Riders, a defense group formed after the battleship Maine exploded in Havana Harbor in 1898.
With extension of San Antonio River actually flowing into heart of the center, river boats provide an unusual means for convention delegates to travel from riverside hotels to meetings.
In addition to the Alamo, four other San Antonio missions were established by Franciscan friars in the early 18th Century.
Mission San Antonio de Valero, later to become famous as the Alamo, was established in 1718, the first of five Spanish missions founded in San Antonio to Christianize and educate resident Indians.
Pausing near the base of one of the many beautiful waterfalls along San Antonios famous and historic River Walk, Judy Babbitt, a wheelchair user, takes a breath then slowly exhales while listening to the relaxing sound of the water cascading down the rock embankment.
Donna McBee, a San Antonio resident who is blind and navigates the city with the help of Clarisse, her German Shepherd service animal, confirms the positive changes taking place in San Antonio.
The mission San Antonio de Valero, known today as the Alamo, is established by Franciscan Father Antonio de San Buenaventura y Olivares on the west bank of the San Antonio River.
On December 5, the Texas volunteers, led by Ben Milam, and Frank W. Johnson, began the siege of San Antonio de Bexar.
In February, the Texas militia forces the Federal Army to surrender its holdings in San Antonio.
San Antonio real estate constituted the third-largest city in population within the state of Texas, and the ninth most populous in the United States as of the 2000 U.S. Census, with a population of 1.1 million.
San Antonio is growing quickly, however, and the July 1, 2004 estimate by the U.S. Census Bureau placed the city's population at over 1.2 million, making it the second-largest city in Texas and eighth in the United States.
With a population of about 1.8 million in it's metropolitan area (2003 U.S. Census estimates), the San Antonio metropolitan area (MSA) is the third most populated in Texas, behind Dallas-Plano-Irving and Houston-Galveston.
San Antonio Zoo and Aquarium - Where you experience Real. Wild. Life.
San Antonio 's first zoo consisted of a collection of animals assembled in San Pedro Park in the 1800s.
In 1914, Colonel George W. Brackenridge, one of the city's leading citizens and founder of the San Antonio Express-News, placed buffalo, elk, deer, monkeys, a pair of lions, and four bears on land he had deeded over to the city in what is now known as Brackenridge Park.
The San Antonio Zoo offers educational exhibits and other learning resources to help students and teachers understand the wealth and fragility of the world's natural resources so that future generations will cherish and conserve them.
We carry coupons and brochures to leading Texas attractions making sure that your Texas vacation is fun for the whole family.
Wrapped in a friendly atmosphere and vibrant culture is a sheer abundance of experiences, including a variety of intriguing attractions and activities.
San Antonio's colors, textures, fragrances, and passion for entertaining exists nowhere else.
The San Antonio Film Commission is your central resource for filming in San Antonio and surrounding areas.
On most projects shot in Texas, your production company is 100% exempt from State and local sales taxes on much of what you rent or purchase.
The best reason to film in San Antonio is OUR LOCATIONS and OUR PEOPLE - diverse locaitons and a talented pool of film professionals combined with film-friendly businesses, neighborhood groups, civic organizations, and agencies.
This southern Texas metro area has the perfect combination of old and new culture to enjoy.
The history of the nation of Texas can be found at the Alamo and the multitude of museums.
The excellent climate is a true asset as you spend free time at the downtown river walk or joining the nightlife that cannot be rivaled by any other city.
San Antonio, TX Apartments and Townhomes Now!
If you need to move one employee or one thousand into San Antonio Texas apartments, we can assist your human resources department.
San Antonio Texas Apartments and Townhomes also have employment opportunities for energetic people.
Email US We, at San Antonio Apartments and Townhomes promise to respect the privacy of its on-line visitors.
The first batch of what organizers say will be 1,200 Minuteman Project volunteers began a border watch operation Monday in Laredo, Texas, amid catcalls from hecklers and a cold shoulder from area mayors.
Bexar County commissioners shaved almost $1.6 million from their proposed budget Monday, declining to provide any funding to the San Antonio AIDS Foundation but adding four new constables and increasing the pay of 911 operators.
Balcones Heights has become a leader among Texas cities, beating out Dallas by just two days and San Antonio by who knows how long to move forward with putting up red-light enforcement cameras at intersections.
Our team of friendly, caring professionals is trained in the latest techniques in virtually "pain-free" care.
Features extensive exhibits covering the natural history and natural science of Texas; exhibits include dioramas as well as reconstructed early Texas homes and a furnished log cabin.
Housed in the only remaining wooden WWI Air Force hangar; named for the San Antonio native who was the first man to walk in space and covers the development of manned flight and the evolution of aerospace medicine.
Opened as the Texas exhibit at the 1968 Hemisfair World's Fair, focuses on twenty-sseven ethnic and cultural groups which have added their rich traditions to Texas culture; concentrates on the people; where they came from, what they did, their food, clothing, music, and festivals.
In April 2002, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) visited the Shirley J. Howsman Elementary School in San Antonio, Texas, for a special assembly for third graders on the importance of sleep.
Star Sleeper Campaign event was held in conjunction with the National Association of Elementary School Principals (NAESP), a Campaign partner that was having its annual conference in San Antonio.
The San Antonio school event reached several hundred children, their parents, and teachers with important messages about the benefits of getting adequate sleep.
Welcome to San Antonio's Paseo del Rio, a pedestrian river walk of hidden gardens, shops and sidewalk cafÃĎs one story below downtown.
Shaded by cypress and palm trees, The Westin Riverwalk graces this famous thoroughfare and celebrates the beauty and heritage of Texas's oldest city.
No matter what you choose to do, when you come to The Westin Riverwalk, you will experience the best San Antonio has to offer.
San Antonio Apartments Now is a full service, free apartment locating and relocation company.
Our friendly, licensed professionals service apartments, condos, town homes, and lofts in San Antonio and all surrounding areas.
We know the neighborhoods, move-in specials, rents, travel times and lots of other insider apartment rental info to help you make the best possible choice when it comes to your new home.
Original Contemporary art by Texas artists.studio gallery of Richard Conn. Works in oil, acrylics, ceramics sculpture,crafts, prints and posters.
The Digital Design Company is a full service Systems Integrator and ISP with over 15 years experience.
DDC has provided "Your Gateway to the Heart of San Antonio" since 1995.
On Saturday, September 30, the balls will be flying at the San Antonio Sports Foundation’s Duck ‘N Dodge Charity Dodgeball Tournament presented by Bud Light, 99.5 KISS-FM and Time Warner Cable at the Crossroads Mall parking lot.
For the 10th year, the San Antonio Sports Foundation, in conjunction with the University of Texas, will host the Big 12 Women’s Soccer Tournament at Blossom Soccer Stadium.
On November 1, 3, and 5, the top teams in the Big 12 will battle for an automatic entry into the NCAA Women’s Soccer Championship.
Is Your San Antonio DWI About To Ruin Your Life?
We serve clients in the San Antonio Area.
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I'm not the biggest fan of camping, are there any off-site options?
Not a happy camper? That's okay! There are lots of other options for you that are off-site but are nearby.
Please note, these accommodation options are off-site to the event at the Big Church Day Out, and we have obtained details via the local Tourism offices and Internet. Big Church Day Out are not responsible for the quality or availability of any accommodation off-site.
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You must ALWAYS keep your vibrato in tune! Many guitarists play their guitar licks with out of tune vibrato, ruining potentially great sounding solos. To keep your vibrato in tune, make sure you consistently bend the string up to the desired pitch and return it back to the original pitch where you started. In other words, if you are applying vibrato to a note that is a width of a half step, the string needs to be bent up to match the pitch 1 fret above the note you started on. Next, the string must be returned back down and released to match exactly the original pitch you started on.
Determine how wide you want your vibrato to be (such as a half step or whole step). Then invest time into applying this vibrato to different notes in different locations all over the fretboard while keeping it in tune. To speed up the mastery process, record yourself playing so you can pinpoint times when you were playing out of tune and understand the changes you need to make to correct this.
2. The timing of when the vibrato is used after a note is played.
The majority of guitar players use vibrato with the exact same approach every time they play: they always use either a wide or narrow vibrato that is applied immediately after they pick a note. Don�t make this same mistake! If you do, your soloing will quickly become dull and repetitive.
To easily make your guitar solos sound much more interesting, use vibrato in a variety of different ways. For example, rather than instantly applying it to a note, �delay� its application for a moment or two. This approach is not common, and will make your playing sound much more unique and interesting. Additionally, it will make the note sound much more intense while helping to sustain it longer.
Select a guitar lick from a guitar solo that you like to play and identify the notes that are sustained longer. Next, record yourself playing this lick for several minutes while using vibrato that is applied immediately after the note is played, delayed for a moment or delayed + an additional pick attack. Use a lot of variety in this recording in order to force yourself to think creatively.
If you always begin the first note of your guitar solos with narrow vibrato (of a depth that is less than 1/2 step) your playing will sound soft. This sound is �sometimes� appropriate, but sometimes it simply makes your playing sound �weak�. To have more expressive options in your soloing, learn to use wide vibrato on the very first note to add a powerful punch to the phrase! To do this, use vibrato that is at least a width of 1/2 step or one whole step (while keeping it in tune). This is not �required� for all solos of course, but you should make sure you are not always beginning your solos with narrow/no vibrato.
Note: Remember that narrow vibrato can sound good when used in the right situation, you just want to avoid �always� using this type of vibrato as a crutch if you are unable to play wider vibrato. Work on becoming proficient with both types.
Note: Using vibrato wider than 1/2 step isn't always the best choice over a more narrow vibrato. When you use vibrato in your solos, focus on matching the width and intensity of your vibrato to match the musical context. Being able to play wide vibrato gives you the option to add �intensity� in musical situations that require more tension (this cannot be achieved by using narrow vibrato which is much more subtle). By mastering both narrow and wide vibrato, you will gain the ability to freely express yourself with the technique under any musical circumstance.
Step 1: Think of several licks where the first note of the lick has a �longer� duration (such as a half note or whole note).
Step 2: Use half or whole step vibrato to enhance the first note in each of these licks.
Step 3: Repeat the previous step for several minutes. Practice this for a couple of weeks until you have developed your vibrato technique to a high level. Once you�ve done this, you will be able to effortlessly apply this idea during any guitar solo.
The ideas in this article will help you to quickly improve any normal guitar lick or solo to make it a truly great one. However, there is much more you can do to create killer guitar solos. In part two of this article, you will discover how bends can be used to make your solos sound even more unique and creative!
Tom Hess is a successful professional guitar player, composer and international guitar teacher. He also helps musicians learn guitar online and reach their guitar playing goals. Visit his rock and metal guitar lessons site to read more articles about guitar playing, plus get free guitar tips and guitar playing resources.
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Našli jsme další záznamy k osobě Benjamin James Holt.
Benjamin James Holt je pohřben(a) na hřbitově Leavitt Cemetery v místě zobrazeném na níže uvedené mapě. Tyto informace o GPS jsou k dispozici POUZE na stránkách BillionGraves. Naše technologie vám pomůže najít umístění hrobu a také další členy rodiny, pohřbené poblíž.
Benjamin James Holt was 10 years old when Michael Jackson's Thriller, the best-selling album of all time, was released. Michael Joseph Jackson was an American singer, songwriter, and dancer. Dubbed the "King of Pop", he was one of the most popular entertainers in the world, and was the best-selling music artist during the year of his death. Jackson's contributions to music, dance, and fashion along with his publicized personal life made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades.
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Is there a way to make dark chocolate even more delicious and beneficial for your health? Yes! Add antioxidant-packed ginger and pomegranate seeds, and you’ve got a delicious, mood-boosting treat with no guilt. Now, doesn’t that put a smile on your face?
De-seed the pomegranate. Make sure to discard the pithy white pieces that stick to the seeds.
In a separate bowl, combine half of the pomegranate seeds and candied ginger, then sprinkle cayenne pepper evenly on top. Mix thoroughly to ensure the cayenne pepper is evenly distributed.
Fit a heatproof bowl over a pot of low simmering water. Place the chocolate in the bowl and stir until fully melted, about 5 minutes. Remove the bowl from the pot and stir the pomegranate and ginger mixture into the melted chocolate.
Place parchment paper on a baking sheet. Pour melted chocolate mixture onto the sheet using a spatula to smooth the chocolate into one even layer about 1/4 inch thick. Sprinkle chocolate with remaining pomegranate seeds while lightly pressing them into the chocolate and top with kosher salt.
Let sit out until the chocolate hardens. Break into pieces and enjoy!
Did you know folate is part of the B-vitamin family, otherwise known as vitamin B9? It is active in cell division. During periods of active growth and cell division, such as pregnancy and adolescence, folate needs to increase, and deficiency is especially likely. The best food sources of folate are liver, legumes, green leafy vegetables, and beets. Among the fruits, they are oranges, orange juice, and cantaloupe. Heat and oxidation during cooking and storage can destroy up to half the folate in foods.
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Manduul Khan (Manduuluu, Manduyul or Manduyulun) (Mongolian Cyrillic: Мандуул хаан, 1438–1478), was the Mongol Khan of the Northern Yuan dynasty based in Mongolia, and he was the younger half-brother of Taisun Khan (Toghtoa Bukha or Toγtoγa Buqa).
After the death of his nephew Molon Khan, the position remain vacant for nearly a decade as warring Mongol clans fought each other for dominance. Manduul Khan was married to Yeke Qabar-tu, daughter of the Turfan-based warlord Beg-Arslan, sometime between 1463 and 1465. The two disliked each other, and their marriage produced no children. In 1464, he also married Mandukhai, who was only sixteen years old at the time. It was not until 1475 that Manduul Khan was finally crowned as the new khan. Manduul is the earliest Mongol chief known to have actually headed the Chakhar myriarchy.
During his short rule, Manduul Khan successfully strengthened the power of khan and reduced the power of nobles, and paved the way for his adopted son and great-grandnephew Dayan Khan (Batu Möngke) who succeeded him as Manduul Khan had no direct male heirs, and most sources report that he had no children at all.
What's the good word on Manduul Khan?
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Join us for free weekly Tabata workout classes! What is Tabata? Tabata is a form of high intensity interval training that involves aerobics and strength training. Typical Tabata workouts involve doing various exercises very quickly for 20 seconds and then resting 10 seconds (usually repeating 8 times). Some typical exercises include push ups, burpees, high knees, squats, movements with kettle bells and much more.
It’s fast paced and fun, and has great results!
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A step-by-step guide to engaging with people online.
Confirm your mandate and define your engagement objects, success metrics, and risks and issues. You should also determine the project resourcing. Then you can identify your stakeholders and their needs, and design your high-level engagement approach.
Promote the engagement opportunity to stakeholders and start recruiting participants. Write the content so it's interesting, effective and invites feedback, and then make sure you have a plan for dealing with that feedback.
Using digital tools for your engagement can help support the goal you want to achieve, and the process to get there. For example, you can use a deliberative tool to get agreement between groups or a survey tool to get feedback on a policy.
You need to set up your tools so they match your objectives. You can try a test run and even a soft launch.
After you have collected sufficient stakeholder feedback you will need to analyse the feedback, report on the findings, manage all the information generated, and evaluate the engagement project.
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I'm a new user just coming on to say hello! I'm not much of a gardener, so I could do with some advice now and again, which is why I created an account.
For the best and most accurate gardening advice, please click on the PROFILE link at the top of the page and update your profile with your location information. Gardening advice is different depending on where you live. So please do that right now so that you can get the best and most useful information.
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Survey of Broadcasting: Assignment 2, Question 3. Discuss the differences between the catharsis theory and the stimulation theory. Which one do you consider to be more valid? Why?
The catharsis theory posits that watching media violence relieves the aggressive urges of those viewers in the audience.
The stimulation theory posits that watching media violence stimulates aggressive acts in real life by viewers in the audience.
Laboratory experiments designed to test both theories found little support for the catharsis theory.
The bulk of the laboratory research supports the stimulation theory.
However, these early laboratory experiments were criticized for being artificial and using violent TV segments that were not typical of what most viewers saw on TV.
When more realistic violent segments and more relevant aggression measures were used in subsequent experiments, they confirmed that watching violence stimulates subsequent real-life aggression.
More recent laboratory experiments have focused on the factors that might increase or decrease the amount of aggression performed in response to violent media segments.
The general consensus among social scientists is television violence is a cause of subsequent aggression in viewers.
However, it is not the cause since there are many other factors beside TV that determine whether an individual will behave aggressively.
The other factors include age, gender, family interaction, and how the violence is presented on the TV.
In relative terms the effect of TV violence on subsequent aggression is small.
Correlation survey studies show that viewing TV violence and antisocial behaviors are linked but tells us nothing definitive about cause and effect.
Longitudinal panel surveys that examine the same individual at different points in time.
These studies suggest that viewing TV violence causes viewers to become more aggressive.
However, the degree of relationship between the two factors is small and in a few cases too difficult to detect.
Watching TV encourages aggression, which in turn encourages the watching of more violent TV.
Meta-analysis of the results of many past studies indicates a positive link between media violence and aggressive behaviour. The greatest effect was found in laboratory experiments and the weakest in long-term panel surveys.
The effect of TV violence on an individual behaving aggressively is small and the precise effect will be impacted by many other factors.
Therefore I do not consider either the catharsis theory or the stimulation theory to be persuasive The stimulation theory relative to the catharsis theory is better supported and more valid.
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Two weeks ago, Lionel Tate was convicted of first degree murder in the beating death of six-year-old Tiffany Eunick. Florida law now requires that he be imprisoned for life with no possibility of parole. It may turn out to be one of the longest prison terms ever served: Lionel Tate is only thirteen years old.
In the last ten years, America has gotten tough on juvenile crime. The age at which children may be tried as adults has been lowered in nearly every state; in some, like Alaska, there are no age restrictions at all. Unfortunately, trying juveniles as adults has been treated as an end in itself: if Lionel Tate gets a grownup trial, he can get a grownup sentence, and we can be rid of him.
But getting tough is only a step toward what should be the real goal: getting flexible. Trying juveniles as adults allows us to begin by treating a juvenile convict like a juvenile, see if she's amenable to rehabilitation, and then sentence her as an adult if she's not. This approach called "blended sentencing" in the few states, such as Texas, that are trying it is the real justification for treating kids like adults.
Complementing these psychological and moral truths is a statistical one: indiscriminately treating juvenile criminals like adults doesn't seem to work. In the April 1999 issue of Corrections Today, University of Virginia Law School professor Richard Redding surveyed the available studies and reported that juveniles sent through the adult system get released sooner, and re-offend faster and in greater numbers, than equivalent juveniles sent through the juvenile system. This is so because juries and judges are more lenient with young defendants, and because adult jails substitute experienced predators for whatever nurturing influences family, friends, schools, churches previously existed in a youth's life.
If treating dangerous kids like adults doesn't work, what does? To answer the question, we need to recognize that the debate about whether to try juveniles as adults blurs three separate but related questions: What should we do with juveniles who are awaiting trial? How should we try them? And what should we do with juveniles who are convicted?
The last question is the most important, and the answer to it dictates the answer to the other two. Juveniles who are convicted of serious violent crimes should be sentenced flexibly, in a way that allows us to see if the juvenile system works, and act accordingly when it doesn't. In Texas, Missouri, Connecticut, and a few other states, this is usually called "blended" sentencing.
Using the blended approach, a convicted juvenile is initially sent to a juvenile facility, and given the benefit of whatever rehabilitation programs counseling, schooling, strict adult supervision that the state affords. He may get a provisional adult sentence, or not, but either way, no adult sentence is imposed yet. The court monitors the juvenile, and gets regular reports on how he is responding to programs designed to help him. As the child nears eighteen, the court reviews his progress.
If the juvenile is responding well, the court can leave him in the juvenile system, carefully control his reentry into society, and continue to supervise him until he's 21. But if a murderous 15 year-old has simply hardened into a murderous 18 year-old, the court can impose an adult sentence, and send the defendant to an adult prison.
This is a vast improvement over the system in most states, in which some juveniles must be tried as adults (depending on their age and their crime) and others can be at the discretion of judges or prosecutors. None of these approaches makes sense. If we are going to bother with having a juvenile justice system, why guess beforehand as to whether a given juvenile will benefit from it? Far better to put the child into the system, and see if it actually works.
Adopting such a flexible system of sentencing requires that we try most truly predatory juveniles as adults that is, try their cases in front of juries in open courtrooms where the rules of procedure and evidence are followed. The reason that juveniles are currently tried in closed courtrooms, in front of judges and not juries, is that no matter what their sentence, they have to be released at 18 or 21. But to preserve a judge's option to sentence a child as an adult, the child must be tried with his full panoply of constitutional rights protected.
Finally, flexible sentencing means housing kids with other kids before trial. If we are going to hold out the hope of rehabilitation for children, then we have to take that hope seriously until it is disappointed. Sending a child to an adult jail to await trial prejudges the matter and cuts the child off, potentially for months, from any nurturing influence.
For Tiffany Eunick and her family, all we can do is weep. But we must not let that tragedy eclipse another: we are about to write off the life of a thirteen-year-old boy. We will never know if Lionel Tate would have grown into a man or a monster. But at little risk to society's safety, we can try to find out. And since we can, we ought to.
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In June 2018, we led our second Designing for Social Systems (DSS) Workshop. We brought together social sector leaders for an immersive program to learn and practice a design approach for social impact.
We were also joined by eleven amazing coaches and apprentice coaches: Amie Thao, Andrea Small, Chris Rudd, David Janka, Matt Rothe, Meenu Singh, Susie Wise, Tania Anaissie, Tom Maiorana, Tran Ha, and Vida Mia Garcia.
Forty three participants traveled to the d.school from eleven states across the United States and five different countries.
Participants came from foundations, nonprofits, universities, and multinational organizations, and government bodies. A complete list of participants' organizations is listed at the end of the article.
what was the workshop structure?
During the first part of the workshop, participants engaged in a design process to tackle a real-world problem with a project partner. Learning through lectures, activities, and experiences, they moved between a systems lens and a human-centered lens several times, to create innovative and actionable solutions.
During the second half of the workshop, participants applied these skills to their own organizations, developing actionable plans and tools to use following the workshop.
The DSS program partnered with the San Jose Public Libraries to explore ways the libraries and other government and private entities could improve learning for San Jose residents. The participants were tasked with creating ways for high school students from underserved communities to learn — outside the classroom — to gain the skills and access the pathways for thriving careers.
Participants, grouped into teams of four, started with an systems exercise of stakeholder mapping: drawing out the relationships between various stakeholders and entities in San Jose and how they connect to the youth that they target. By analyzing the system as a complex series of entities, participants were able to identify various touchpoints: individuals and entities with which youth had contact or may otherwise affect youth learning.
The next step was to apply a human-centered view on the project, by focusing on particular individuals and entities in the system. Participants traveled south to San Jose for a day, posting up at libraries and community centers to conduct interviews with individuals from the libraries, parks and recreation, education focused nonprofits, city government representatives, as well as with high school students and parents.
Following the interviews, teams regrouped and worked to make sense of what they had heard and seen. After recounting the interviews with each other, the teams stretched their thinking to articulate insights: direct and inferred critical findings about behaviors, beliefs, and structures (and interactions of these). For the sake of focusing and communicating, teams then summarized one important area of their findings by writing a point-of-view (POV) statement. For example, here is one teams constructed POV around Adi, a librarian and neighborhood local.
The next day we moved back to a systems lens. Considering their new insights, teams articulated the forces (enablers and inhibitors) that impact the challenge. They then examined additional forces that are upstream causes and downstream consequences of the initially identified force. Identifying these "causal connections" allowed teams to widen their systems view, identifying the logical chain of events that precede and follow that force. For example, one team interviewed a high schooler at the libraries and realized that a great deal of a high-school student’s relationship with libraries is based on their parents’ (or caretakers’) attitudes toward and use of the library. Parents who don’t use libraries lack an understanding of libraries as a place of accessible learning and opportunity, and this idea can be passed on through generations. Furthermore, San Jose libraries’ programming primarily targets specific adolescent age groups or specifics adults, but not activities that would actively engage multiple generations in a family.
After examining these connected chains of related forces, centered on the human-based insights that were found, teams selected where they might intervene. They asked themselves where in the chain of forces might they intervene to have the greatest leverage and impact. From these, they developed “How Might We” questions, which frame opportunity spaces and point to specific challenges that can be addressed. Participants used prompts to rethink and reframe questions that could be useful for ideation; in turn, they were able to create specific questions to which actionable, concrete solutions could be developed.
Teams moved toward the concrete by brainstorming solutions to their questions. After generating a wide range of solutions (product, service, space, programs, policy, etc.), the teams then narrowed in on specific solutions and created an “idea dashboard”, fleshing out their ideas. Ideas included a virtual reality experience in the library, an art wall engaging multicultural multigenerational families to connect with each other, and a youth-led “revolution lab” to create young leaders who engage in the issues they’re passionate about.
From the dashboards, teams created low-resolution prototypes and tested them with high school students, San Jose Libraries staff, and Parks, Recreation, & Neighborhoods staff. Teams received valuable feedback and developed ideas about how they would change their solution in further iterations.
Teens roam in groups and act based on what their friends are doing. However, library programming is geared towards individuals, not groups. At the same time, programs have a hard time attracting teens to participate in them. Therefore there is an opportunity to promote and design programs for groups of high-school students, and leverage their relationships with one-another.
Teens have a pre-existing bias as to where learning takes place: in the school, not outside of school. At the same time, however, programs find success when they take learning (specifically technology-based learning) to the teens. For example, while programs in video editing at the library may have gained little traction, there was success in bringing GoPro cameras to skateparks and letting teens use them (and learn video editing at the same time). How could we take advantage of times when learning aligns with the teen’s interest, contributing to one of their goals and in a space where they feel comfortable.
One team discovered that library fines create a sense of criminality in the library, alienating San Jose residents that already feel culturally distant from the libraries. This contributes to a sense of distrust that already exists in some communities, spanning multiple generations. Perhaps the fine system could be rewritten, or programs could be in place, to reframe the way that residents see fines: not as a penalty or a crime but rather as a reminder and an incentive to return items when they are due.
Many efforts of the libraries and other organizations assume that teens have barriers to learning tech, and therefore work to help teens overcome these barriers. However, this may not be the case; perhaps a bigger factor is that youth feel deeply alienated from tech and tech culture. For many youth, tech culture can be associated with gentrification, inequality, and an increasing socioeconomic gap between the rich and the poor in the Bay Area. Youth feel alienated from this culture and therefore find ways to reject tech and technology-related learning. There may be opportunity in reframing programs surrounding tech; teens use tech every day in their lives yet feel alienated from the culture that creates that tech. By making tech approachable and relatable, more teens could potentially be reached.
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AFL-CIO chief Richard Trumka says Democrats may risk labor's support if the bill taxes high-cost health plans.
Washington (CNN) -- Union leaders, the White House and congressional Democrats have agreed to limit the reach of a tax on high-end health insurance plans that would help pay for a proposed overhaul of the U.S. health care system, union leaders involved in the talks said Thursday.
The proposed thresholds for taxing health plans will be raised from $23,000 to $24,000 for families and from $8,500 to $8,900 for individuals, AFL-CIO President Richard Trumka told reporters. Dental and vision benefits won't be counted toward that amount after 2014, he said.
Health plans covered by union contracts would not be subject to the 40 percent tax until 2018 -- a transition period union leaders said is comparable to those offered to other private insurers. The threshold for taxing other plans will be adjusted by 1 percent above the annual rate of inflation, and plans involving large numbers of women or the elderly will get breaks as well, Trumka said.
The changes will reduce the $150 billion expected to be raised over 10 years by about $60 billion, he said. And union plans would be able to enter the health care exchanges set up under the bill in 2017, he said.
The tax on what have been dubbed "Cadillac" health care plans is a key feature of the Senate health care bill, but it has drawn opposition from Democrats in the House of Representatives and from unions. President Obama, who has made health care his top priority in Congress, supports the excise tax as a way to contain the rise of health-care costs.
Trumka and other top union officials have held a series of talks at the White House for the past three days as congressional negotiators tried to merge the two bills together. He warned earlier this week that congressional Democratic candidates could risk losing labor's support if the final bill included a tax on high-cost health plans.
But he said that despite all-but-total Republican opposition in both houses of Congress, supporters of health care reform stood "on the threshold of a milestone."
"We don't look at this as the end of our fight for real reform, but another step along the way in the quest for real reform," Trumka said.
Labor leaders said the changes they negotiated would help not only union members, who make up about 12 percent of the U.S. work force, but all working families. But Don Stewart, a spokesman for Senate Republican leader Mitch McConnell, dismissed the plan as "a sweetheart deal."
"Americans are overwhelmingly opposed to this bill," he said. "Another sweetheart deal isn't going to turn that around."
A CNN/Opinion Research Corp. poll released Thursday found much stronger support for the financing plan in the House bill, which would impose a 5.4 percent income tax surcharge on incomes higher than $500,000 for individuals or $1 million for couples. The survey found 61 percent of the public favors the House provision, while the Senate bill drew 29 percent support.
Trumka told reporters that leading Democrats were behind the compromise. But House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, D-California, said she had not seen anything in writing Thursday evening.
Rep. Joe Courtney, D-Connecticut, a leading opponent of the excise tax, said the proposal was more fair than the current Senate bill.
"However, the devil is in the details, and I will reserve judgment on any compromise until I have had the time to review the proposal," he said in a written statement.
Obama did not directly address the plan as he addressed reporters ahead of a House Democratic Caucus meeting Thursday night. But he dared Republicans to run in the November midterm elections on a platform of rolling back "something that Washington has been talking about since Teddy Roosevelt was president."
"If Republicans want to campaign against what we've done by standing up for the status quo and for insurance companies over American families and businesses, that is a fight I want to have. If their best idea is to return to the bad policies and the bad ideas of yesterday, they are going to lose that argument."
Democratic negotiators planned to return to the White House late Thursday. A senior leadership aide said Democratic leaders and White House officials want to send the bulk of the health care package to the nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office for a cost estimate soon -- even as soon as the end of this week.
The aide said the controversial issues of abortion and immigration are not likely to be resolved by then, but because they would have no impact on the cost of the bill, negotiators could work out those details separately.
House Majority Leader Steny Hoyer, D-Maryland, said negotiators are working to get agreement on the overall health care package by the end of this week.
"That's been the goal. But it's a goal, it's not a deadline," Hoyer said.
CNN's Dana Bash, Deirdre Walsh, Ted Barrett, Lisa Desjardins and Matt Smith contributed to this report.
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It was an early morning walk and I was enjoying the reflection of the sunrise in the pond. When I turned around to face the pond and saw the glow on top of the mountains, I was smitten.
Ask Vicki a question regarding "Country Road, Take Me Home"
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What activities/sports will be supported in the multi-sports complex?
A variety of court and field-type sports suitable for play on a wood surface, such as basketball, volleyball, pickleball, soccer, and futsal. A new elevated indoor track will be added to the second floor of the multi-sports complex enabling members to enjoy walking or running without interference from other activities.
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There are so many fantastic places to stop along the Sea to Sky Highway between Vancouver and Whistler. With Squamish located halfway between, making it a great, central location to see these. Brandywine Falls, Shannon Falls and Porteau Cove are quick and easy to see. Train Wreck and Lighthouse Park require short detours and easy hikes, but if you have the time, they are beautiful places to see.
Lighthouse Park is an extraordinarily little known piece of paradise, so close to to Vancouver as to see its tall buildings, yet immersed into a dramatically beautiful coastal rainforest. A wonderful network of trails winds throughout massive Douglas-fir trees and Western Red Cedars as well as golden Arbutus trees stretching toward the ocean. There are so many great aspects of this hike. The first is the beautiful drive to get there. Marine Drive spectacularly hugs the rugged and steep coast of West Vancouver. Another is the wonderful variation of trails. They stretch out in several directions in the thick forest, each leading to breathtaking ocean viewpoints. Another is the variety of wildlife. Along with the majestic trees there are the occasional bald eagles, oystercatchers, seagulls, shore crabs, hermit crabs and starfish, among quite a lot else.
Another is the seemingly endless array of picnic tables and even better, rock outcrops at the edge of the Georgia Strait and Pacific Ocean beyond.
Why should you drive to Lighthouse Park near Squamish?
Lighthouse Park does require a short, 2 kilometre hike to the lighthouse and ocean views, however, it is such an amazing place to visit that it feels like just a driving destination. Most Squamish residents haven't heard of Lighthouse Park as it runs along Marine Drive, parallel to the Sea to Sky Highway. If your drive to or from Vancouver is less hurried and geared towards seeing some amazing sights, then Lighthouse Park is a must-see. Arguably one of the nicest ocean-side parks in Vancouver, it sits across from the wildly popular Stanley Park, yet is far more serene and the sunsets are unbelievable.
Porteau Cove Provincial Marine Park is a beautiful little stop between Vancouver and Squamish. Located 19 kilometres south of Squamish, it is an ideal, scenic and quick pit-stop along the Sea to Sky Highway. There are public washrooms located just a off the highway. The marine park is centred around a wonderful pier with viewing platforms that jut out and above the ocean of this majestic and enormous Canadian fjord - the most southerly fjord in North America. Porteau Cove is well known in the Scuba Diving community for amazing diving. In fact a ship was purposely sunk in the area to increase the already amazing diving appeal. Much like Lighthouse Park further down the Sea to Sky Highway, you can visit Porteau Cove during any type of weather and be glad you stopped. The views are sensational and the enormous pier takes you right out, far above the ocean. Porteau Cove is very easy to find. Just keep your eye out for the highway sign directing you to the turnoff. If driving from Vancouver the Porteau Cove turnoff is 41 kilometres from Vancouver if you zero your odometer on the Lions Gate Bridge.
If driving from Squamish, zero your odometer at Cleveland Ave and drive south on the Sea to Sky Highway and you will see the Porteau Cove entrance on your right in 19 kilometres.
Why should you drive to Porteau Cove near Squamish?
Porteau Cove Provincial Marine Park is convenient and easy to stop on the Sea to Sky Highway. The pier is wonderful to see as it stretches far out and above the ocean. Washrooms and some some interesting things to read on various interpretive murals make this a must see stop on the way to or from Squamish and Vancouver.
Shannon Falls towers above Howe Sound at 335 metres as the third tallest falls in BC. The wonderful, though very short trail winds through a beautiful old growth forest to get to the base of the falls. From your car to the viewpoint takes only about four minutes, however the trail continues a bit further to a higher viewpoint (five minutes higher). You can even continue along the trail and join with the Stawamus Chief trail which goes to the three summits of the Chief. Shannon Falls Provincial Park has a concession stand as well as an information centre next to the parking area. This parking area is day use only, so if you are hoping to camp overnight in the area, you have to park at the Stawamus Chief parking lot, just a 1 minute drive north of the Shannon Falls lot. If you are planning to hike the Stawamus Chief, the Shannon Falls parking lot is arguably a better place to start from. You can take a look at Shannon Falls and then take the connecting trail to join onto the trail to the Chief. This route is only slightly longer, yet much more scenic. Finding either Shannon Falls Provincial Park or Stawamus Chief Provincial Park is very easy. The Chief is visible for several kilometres and both the Chief and Shannon Falls are visible from the Sea to Sky Highway. From the highway watch for the provincial park signs for either park. The large parking lots for Stawamus Chief Provincial Park are arranged next to the trailhead. There is a nice campground, with plenty of tent sites just up the trail. Shannon Falls is just 1 minute south of the entrance to the Chief on the Sea to Sky Highway and easily spotted.
Why should you drive to Shannon Falls in Squamish?
Brandywine Falls Provincial Park is a beautiful stop in between Squamish and Whistler. It's about 25 minutes north of Squamish, 11k south of Whistler. The hike from the parking lot to the falls is less than a kilometre and on a wide and flat trail. Most people miss the other viewpoint from above the falls, from the train tracks bridge. To find it is easy. As you walk toward the falls from the parking lot you will have to cross train tracks. Standing at the train tracks look to your right and you will see a bridge that the train tracks cross. Walk over to that to see the falls from above. Amazing! Brandywine Falls crashes down an amazing 66 metres (216 feet) into the chasm far below that the viewing platform extends over. Another trail extends past this viewing area leading to another, quieter area overlooking Daisy Lake. This area is just a short, minute or two walk from the first viewing area. During the winter months the parking lot gate is locked and buried in snow. The snowplows make room for cars at the edge of the highway making Brandywine Falls open year round. With the deep snow however, you may need snowshoes. Brandywine Falls is popular with cross country skiers and snowshoers in the winter.
The Sea to Sky Trail runs through Brandywine Falls Provincial Park and you will immediately see Sea to Sky Trail signs from the parking lot. From the parking lot you cross the covered bridge, turn right and after just a couple hundred metres you will see a Sea to Sky Trail branch off to the left. This trail meanders through the forest and rises up to a plateau with views of Black Tusk and the distant Daisy Lake. Further along, (3 kilometres from the trailhead), you will come to the amazing Bungee Bridge that crosses the Cheakamus River from a dizzying height.
Why should you drive to Brandywine Falls Park?
It is hard to say enough about the Whistler Train Wreck. It is fantastic for so many reasons. First, its location. The easy to spot trailhead is just off of the Sea to Sky Highway in Function Junction right next to Olives Market. Look for the gap in the trees at the end of the parking lot for Olives Market and the trail or find the Flank Trail trailhead on the left just before you turn left into the parking lot for olives market. The hike begins on the Flank Trail then quickly branches off to the Train Wreck Trail through deep forest. The trail leads first to Cheakamus River and some amazing viewpoints then continues through deep forest along and above the river. Around a bend in the Cheakamus, the forest reveals the first of seven, fantastic train wrecks. Once again phenomenal views of the crashing river and then the amazing train wrecks come into view. Graffiti style paint brings the dingy wreckage to life with shockingly beautiful colours. The huge wrecks are enormous up close and mangled. Some on their sides, some upside down. Each one (there are several) is an interesting adventure to explore. A sort of wilderness art exhibit.
The wreckage stretches for almost a kilometre and can bring out the kid in anyone. The area is very kid friendly as the trails are wide and generally flat. There are several extraordinarily surreal places to put up a tent or, as many often do, sleep on the edge of the incredible river or even in a wrecked car. There are indications in all the cars of thousands of past gatherings which gives the place a charm that seems characteristically Whistler. The Train Wreck is a spectacularly beautiful and interesting place, just like Whistler.
Why should you go see the amazing Whistler Train Wreck?
Beautiful, easy, relaxing, so much to see. Convenient, just off of the Sea to Sky Highway. Whistler Train Wreck is an amazing place for a picnic or glass of wine. A very kid friendly hike.
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Is the God of the Bible the One True God?
Long before the Mosaic Law was given, there lived a man named Job. One day, all of Job's material wealth was taken from him. His ten grown children were killed in an accident. He was covered in terrible sores. He became disgusting to look at, and his neighbors went far from him. Even his last few friends thought he must have done something really bad to deserve what he was going through. The truth was that Satan had taunted God, saying that the only reason Job worshipped God was because God "put a hedge around his life" (Job 1:10). So, God allowed Satan to torment Job, to prove that Job's faith was real, and that He would not abandon God. But Job didn't know any of that was happening. All he could see was the pain and the sorrow. He could not explain God's actions, but he didn't charge God with wrong (Job 1:6-22).
As Job laments his situation, at one point he says: "I know that my Redeemer lives" (Job 19:25). This is fascinating, considering that God's very character is that of a Redeemer. Without the Law, or much else to go on, Job apparently knew that God was a Redeemer. And even after all the terrible things that occurred, Job still knew God was a Redeemer.
In the book of John, Jesus made a very important statement to the Pharisees. He said "before Abraham was, I AM" (John 8:58). By saying this, Jesus was directly identifying Himself with God, Yahweh of the Israelites, who said "I AM who I AM" (Exodus 3:14). Later, the Apostles would call Jesus "the image of the invisible God" (Colossians 1:15) and "the exact imprint of His nature" (Hebrews 1:3). The gospel writers and Apostles clearly believed Jesus to be God. Jesus' statement "the Son of Man came to seek and save the lost" (Luke 19:10) makes perfect sense with Job's assertion that God is a Redeemer. God and Jesus are the same God — the Redeemer, the Savior, the Creator, the Source of life and light, the One who overcomes the darkness (1 John 1:1-5; 2 Timothy 1:10).
Yahweh is very different from other gods. Other gods require appeasement. Man is turned into a slave that serves the wishes and whims of the deity. Good works are rewarded, and bad behavior is punished. But since definitions of good and bad are often arbitrary — rewards and punishment are never certain. For example, Allah's mercy is never really guaranteed. Karma offers no assurance. Do your good actions outweigh your bad actions? How do you know? Is it enough to get you into a higher state? Or will you come back as a dung beetle? On the other hand, the God of the Bible, Jesus Christ, guarantees salvation and eternal joy to mankind. The only thing that is required is that you believe Him to be telling you the truth when He says "I am the way, and the truth, and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me" (John 14:6).
Next Week: Is Faith Really All God Requires?
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Johan Bruyneel, Lance Armstrong’s long-time team director, has been banned for 10 years by the American Arbitration Association.
Armstrong was given a life ban by the United States Anti-Doping Agency and stripped of all results dating from August 1998 - including seven Tour de France wins from 1999 to 2005 - after USADA’s investigation into the United States Postal Service team uncovered widespread doping and he opted not to challenge the ruling.
Bruyneel, who worked with Armstrong at the US Postal and Discovery Channel teams, was widely implicated in USADA’s report, but took his case to an three-person arbitration panel in London last December and was banned until June 11, 2022.
Team doctor Pedro Celaya and trainer Jose ‘Pepe’ Marti were given eight-year bans for their roles in what USADA described in August 2012 as 'the most sophisticated, professionalised and successful doping programme sport has ever seen'.
A USADA statement read: 'All three committed multiple anti-doping rule violations over many years.
'The panel found that ‘the evidence establishes conclusively that Mr Bruyneel was at the apex of a conspiracy to commit widespread doping on the USPS and Discovery Channel teams spanning many years and many riders.
Belgian Bruyneel responded in his personal blog, while questioning USADA’s jurisdiction over him and raising the prospect of challenging his ban in the Court of Arbitration for Sport.
'I do not dispute that there are certain elements of my career that I wish had been different,' Bruyneel, who refused to testify at the arbitration hearing, wrote on johanbruyneel.com.
'Nor do I dispute that doping was a fact of life in the peloton for a considerable period of time.
'However, a very small minority of us has been used as scapegoats for an entire generation.
Bruyneel was found to have trafficked performance-enhancing drugs, encouraged their use and to have profited from the success of his riders during a doping-ravaged period in the professional peloton.
'Bruyneel encouraged athletes to use doping products including EPO, blood transfusions, testosterone, and cortisone,' USADA said.
He remained in cycling after Armstrong’s 2005 retirement and was the Texan’s team director on his return with Astana in 2009 and Team RadioShack in 2010. Bruyneel left RadioShack in 2012.
The trio were the latest US Postal staff to be sanctioned, joining Dr Michele Ferrari and Dr Luis Garcia del Moral, who were each given life bans.
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In front of a season-high crowd of 22,261, No. 1 Tennessee's high-flying second half helped the Vols top the Florida Gators, 73-61, Saturday.
Tennessee (22-1, 10-0 SEC) pushes its win streak to 18 games, the longest streak in Rick Barnes' 32-year head coaching career.
Tennessee had four players score in double figures, with Grant Williams'team-high 16 points leading the way to go along with a team-high six rebounds. Admiral Schofield, who also grabbed six boards, finished with 14 points.
Schofield provided the punctuation on the Vols' second victory over the Gators (12-11, 4-6 SEC) this season when his got his defender in the air, drove the baseline and threw it down with two hands to bring the sellout crowd to its feet.
That dunk was a part of a 9-0 run to push the lead to 16 points with less than eight minutes to play.
From that point, Tennessee led by double digits the rest of the way.
For much of the game, Tennessee was able to limit the impact of Florida's leading scorer, KeVaughn Allen. Allen, who was in foul trouble for much of the second half, finished with just 11 points (only two points in the second half on 4-of-12 shooting for the game).
Turner's nine points in the second half help lead Tennessee to its third consecutive victory over Florida, including double-digit margins of victory in both of the games this season.
Despite Florida allowing a league-best 63.4 points per game, the Vols were able to best that by 10 points with 73 points on Saturday. During the last meeting on Jan. 12, Tennessee exceeded that average with 78 points. UT also knocked down 54 percent of its field goals on the night, when the Gators came in allowing opponents to shoot 42 percent from the floor.
With Saturday's win, Tennessee extends its program-record win streak to 18 games, marking the longest of Rick Barnes' 32-year head coaching career and the longest active win streak in Division I. The home win also marked the 22nd victory in a row at Thompson-Boling Arena, which is the longest home win streak of the Barnes era.
The Vols are now 10-0 in SEC play, their best start since the 1976-77 season. The Big Orange's streak in regular-season SEC games extends to a program-record of 14 games. UT is now 7-1 all-time as the AP's top-ranked team.
Tennessee is back inside Thompson-Boling Arena on Wednesday when the Vols welcome the South Carolina Gamecocks to Knoxville. Tipoff is scheduled for 6:30 p.m. ET on SEC Network.
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