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CIA Director Leon Panetta, selected as defense chief, has experience with a GOP Congress, an analyst says.
Washington (CNN) -- In the most extensive reshaping of the Obama administration's national security team to date, the president will name Central Intelligence Agency Director Leon Panetta as his nominee to succeed Robert Gates as defense secretary, top U.S. officials said Wednesday.
Gen. David Petraeus will be nominated to take over as CIA director, and Lt. Gen. John Allen will succeed Petraeus as head of the U.S-led international military force in Afghanistan, a senior administration official told reporters. In addition, longtime diplomat Ryan Crocker will be nominated as the next U.S. ambassador to Afghanistan, the official said.
President Barack Obama will formally announce the changes on Thursday, according to the senior administration official. It is the biggest reshaping of Obama's national security team since he took office in January 2009 and reflects a longstanding plan by Gates to step aside this year.
More changes also are coming. Both Adm. Mike Mullen, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and FBI Director Robert Mueller are not eligible for renomination for terms that expire this year.
Gates will resign effective June 30, assuming Panetta gets confirmed by Congress in time and is ready to start on July 1, according to an administration official and a congressional aide familiar with phone calls Gates was making to legislators and senior staff members.
Petraeus will remain in command in Afghanistan until Allen is ready to take over at the beginning of September, officials said, which could require an interim CIA director if Panetta moves to the defense secretary's office as planned on July 1.
In addition, Petraeus will resign from the military once confirmed so that he serves as a civilian CIA director, officials said.
Initial reaction from Congress was positive, with key legislators on intelligence and security issues praising both Panetta and Petraeus as good choices.
"The sum total of these picks is that the president has chosen experienced people with unique capabilities to serve our nation at a dangerous time," said Republican Sen. Lindsey Graham of South Carolina. "This team will provide the leadership to help make our nation safer. I could not be more pleased with these selections. I hope these nominees receive swift approval by the United States Senate."
Gates was telling legislators and staff members that he recommended Panetta for his job six months ago, and joked that Panetta stopped speaking to him for days for doing so, the officials said. In addition, Gates was saying that Allen was a consensus choice to succeed Petraeus, according to the officials.
It took a meeting with Obama to convince Panetta to accept the job, a source familiar with the discussions told CNN. Panetta has been happy serving at the CIA, but "believes strongly in public service and answering the call from the commander-in-chief," the source said.
Panetta, 72, took over at the CIA in February 2009. He served as chief of staff to President Bill Clinton between 1994 and 1997, and was previously the director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). The California Democrat served in the House of Representatives from 1977 to 1993.
Before coming to the CIA, he spent 10 years co-directing a public policy institute with his wife, Sylvia.
He was brought in as a relative outsider, without hands-on intelligence experience, to manage an agency that had been shaken by the exposure and criticism of its controversial interrogation and detention program. Panetta's longstanding ties to Congress were seen as a way to restore the administration's relationship with oversight committees. He has been given high marks on both fronts from inside the agency and in Congress.
David Berteau, a senior adviser at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, said Panetta brings several important qualities to the table.
He "learned a lot of lessons" about defense budgeting during his stint as the head of the OMB, and knows how to deal with a Republican Congress, as he did during the Clinton administration, Berteau said.
Panetta's former congressional district in northern California had a huge defense presence, Berteau said.
Panetta has earned the trust and confidence of Obama as leader of the CIA, and has name recognition, which is important, Berteau said, adding: "It's a name Americans recognize. Filling Bob Gates' shoes is really going to be a tough job."
Berteau said the president's choice of Petraeus to lead the CIA indicates that Obama is interested in his national security views and efforts and it "indicates that the president cares about the way all those pieces fit together."
Earlier this month, Petraeus took a highly unusual step for a military officer when he publicly acknowledged the possibility of being in contention for a presidential appointment.
"It's probably not appropriate for me to comment on whatever might be considered down the road," he told reporters in Kabul when asked about the possible CIA nomination. "I've had discussions, but again, it wouldn't be appropriate to comment."
Petraeus, 58, assumed command of the NATO International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) and U.S. Forces Afghanistan on July 4, 2010, after serving for more than 20 months as commander of United States Central Command. He previously commanded multi-national forces in Iraq, leading the so-called "surge." During his time commanding the U.S. Army Combined Arms Center and Fort Leavenworth, he oversaw the development of the Army/Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Manual.
Crocker has served previously as U.S. ambassador to Iraq and to Pakistan, while Allen became deputy commander of U.S. Central Command in July 2008.
Gates is the only Cabinet member from the previous administration to stay on when Obama came into office. President George W. Bush nominated Gates as the nation's 22nd secretary of defense in December 2006 to replace Donald Rumsfeld, one of the architects of the Iraq War who was facing widespread criticism.
Gates did not expect to stay on after Bush's presidency ended. When asked if he would continue under another administration, Gates said in 2008, "I learned a long time ago never to say never, so my answer is: The circumstances under which I would do that are inconceivable to me."
But those circumstances arose. In December 2008, then-President-elect Obama expressed a desire for continuity at the Pentagon, given the ongoing conflicts abroad in Iraq and Afghanistan.
"I spent a long time hoping the question would never be popped," Gates admitted the day after Obama announced his nomination. But, he said, Obama "impressed" him.
It is unclear who may replace Mueller at the FBI.
Attorney General Eric Holder on Tuesday did not rule out Mueller staying on short-term when his 10-year term expires in September if a successor has not yet been confirmed. Mueller will leave "hard shoes to fill," Holder said.
Holder said he has been discussing potential nominees with White House officials, including Vice President Joe Biden. Holder said he believes that if a nominee is selected by May, the administration should have time to get the new director confirmed by August.
If that timeline slips, however, the Mueller term would end September 4, one week before the 10th anniversary of the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. Mueller has often remarked that he barely had a chance to find his desk before the 9/11 attacks occurred, and his entire decade was dominated by the fight against al Qaeda and its scattered supporters at home and abroad.
CNN's Barbara Starr, Joe Sterling, Terry Frieden, Tom Cohen, John King and Chris Lawrence contributed to this report.
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Have you considered studying abroad, but not sure whether its worth your time? Perhaps you are not certain what benefits you can reap from an extended stay in a foreign country.
Study abroad can be an enriching and eye-opening adventure, where learning extends to the world beyond the classroom walls. Todays competitive job market requires applicants to distinguish themselves, and international education experience is the perfect way to do so. Having international education experience is an incredible resume booster, as it shows prospective employers you are motivated, independent, and generally more qualified.
Being immersed in an entirely new cultural setting is scary at first, but its also exciting. Its an opportunity to discover new strengths and abilities, conquer new challenges, and solve new problems. You will encounter situations that are wholly unfamiliar to you and will learn to adapt and respond in effective ways.
5. resilience and the ability to adapt to new circumstances and deal constructively with differences.
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How do you reach your target of drinking eight glasses of water everyday? Try cucumber-infused water.
One to two glasses of cucumber-infused water everyday can be a good thing, says nutritionist and fitness expert Namrata Sheth.
Cucumbers are natural diuretics, which means they help to flush out excess water, waste and toxins from your body. They help reduce water retention, thereby making you look less bloated. In addition, cucumber is naturally low in calories, fat, cholesterol and sodium.
According to Sheth, vitamin C, beta-carotene, and several flavonoid compounds present in cucumber act as antioxidants. And these, to a certain extent, help destroy free radicals that are unstable substances causing diseases like cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer’s and heart ailments.
Add all the ingredients to water and let stand for two hours before consuming.
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Please Help me! Nancy Tai has recently opened a revolving charge account with MasterCard.
Nancy Tai has recently opened a revolving charge account with MasterCard. Her credit limit is $1000, but she has not charged that much since opening the account. Nancy hasn't had the time to review her monthly statements as promptly as she should, but over the upcoming weekend, she plans to catch up on her work.
In reviewing November's statement, she notices that her beginning balance was $600 and that she made a $200 payment on November 10. She also charged purchases of $80 on November 5, $100 on November 15, and $50 on November 30. She can't tell how much interest she paid in November because she spilled watercolor paint on that portion of the statement. She does remember, though, seeing the letters APR and the number 16%. Also, the back of her statement indicates that interest was charged using the average daily balance method including current purchases, which considers the day of a charge or credit.
Assuming a 30-day period in November, calculate November's interest. Also, calculate the interest Nancy would have paid with: a) the previous balance method, b) the adjusted balance method.
Going back in time, when Nancy was just about to open her account, and assuming she could choose among credit sources that offered different monthly balance determinations, and assuming further that Nancy would increase her outstanding balance over time, which credit source would you recommend? Explain.
I will be glad to critique your thinking on this. Begin by reviewing the meaning of the daily balance, adjusted balance and previous balance methods of interest computation.
If her credit balance will usually increase on a month to month basis over time, then her previous balance will usually be less than her average or adjusted balance. That should give you a clue to the answer to the last question.
Nancy Tai has recently opened a revolving charge account with MasterCard. Her credit limit is $1000, but she has not charged that much since opening the account. Nancy hasn't had the time to review her monthly statements as promptly as she should, but over the upcoming weekend, she plans to catch up on her work. In reviewing November's statement, she notices that her beginning balance was $600 and that she made a $200 payment on November 10. She also charged purchases of $80 on November 5, $100 on November 15, and $50 on November 30. She can't tell how much interest she paid in November because she spilled watercolor paint on that portion of the statement. She does remember, though, seeing the letters APR and the number 16%. Also, the back of her statement indicates that interest was charged using the average daily balance method including current purchases, which considers the day of a charge or credit. Assuming a 30-day period in November, calculate November's interest using the average daily balance method. Also, calculate the interest Nancy would have paid with: a) the previous balance method, b) the adjusted balance method. Going back in time, when Nancy was just about to open her account, and assuming she could choose among credit sources that offered different monthly balance determinations, and assuming further that Nancy would increase her outstanding balance over time, which credit source would you recommend? Explain. SHOW ALL WORK FOR EACH ASSIGNMENT AND EXPLAIN EACH STEP CAREFULLY. For information on Macintosh Word shortcuts, click here.
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The end of the month is fast approaching and first of all I cannot believe how quickly July flew by. The times of summer days spent lounging and wondering how a day was going to be filled are sadly gone. I am trying to work out an idea for a monthly challenge that will hopefully make my August a little more leisurely than July has felt, so check back soon for that.
I wanted to summarize how the month of Plastic Free July has been for me. I was able to make lots of positive changes over the course of the month, but I think my biggest accomplishment was becoming aware of just how difficult it is to live plastic free. Plastic free living takes planning and it takes research. I have never been more aware of how second nature it is to use unnecessary plastic. I still reach for plastic produce bags. I have made the choice to go without a morning tea or take out food because I'm having a disorganized day and the reusable containers from home aren't with me (I have also found myself without any other choice but to use the single use plastic thing and there's no guilt, nobody is perfect!). I was really good at leaving a plastic free kit in my purse and car at the beginning of the month, but as the month went by I inevitably would use those items and they wouldn't make it back.
As Plastic Free July comes to an end I've also been thinking about how many unnecessary products are targeted towards people wanting to live a zero-waste lifestyle. There are many beautiful, creative, products available, and I have enjoyed replacing some of my used single-use, or too worn to use, or recycle, products with sustainable plastic free products. I'm also all for supporting local business owners, but I've been reminded lately about why I started this challenge. The heart of my choosing this challenge was de-cluttering! I feel like I did well in learning about, and practicing reusing, and recycling this month, but my overall goal, which was ultimately reducing, didn't go as well. Before the month ends I want to take an inventory of what I have and figure out how I can use everything, or whether someone else could benefit from the item. Hopefully I can reduce what I own, use what I have, and be more mindful before I buy.
Here's a summary of some ways I would like to continue reducing as I move forward, as well as some positive things that happened this Plastic Free July.
Yay!: I have significantly reduced the amount of packaged goods I buy from the grocery store. I have really been enjoying buying bulk from local dispensary and refill stores. I have not only reduced my plastic but I now also buy less unnecessary grocery items. I have also been declining plastic bags and using no plastic produce bags.
What's Next: I would like to get better at planning ahead so I have to make less spontaneous grocery trips. I find the spontaneous drop ins for quick dinners are where I end up collecting the most plastic. If I plan ahead I have more ability to source out plastic free options, hit up a farmers market, or make things from scratch.
Yay!: I've mostly only used my reusable cup for coffee shop trips. The one time I didn't have my cup the coffee shop I was at had cups that could be composted. I have managed to save some money bringing my own cup, which is always nice.
What's Next: Although I didn't use many single use cups I did sacrifice having a beverage from a coffee shop several times because I didn't have my cup on me. I need to get better at leaving (or putting things back) into my bag, or car, so they are accessible for when I need them next.
Yay!: I decreased my overall trash by a considerable amount! Between my roommate and I, we were probably throwing out a bag a week, but now with the new recycling system I put in place (and after researching recycling so I actually know what goes where!) we have had 1.5 trash bags for the entire month!
What's Next: All the recycling we've been collecting and organizing that can't go to the curbside is still sitting in the recycling box. I need to make a trip to the recycling depot, and figure out how I can fit more regular recycling depot trips into my schedule.
Yay!: I have said no to plastic straws and other disposable take out containers by carrying my own stainless steel straw and reusable take out containers. Although awkward at first, I am getting better at requesting no plastic with my take out and that my food be placed in my container. So far all the restaurants I've done this at have been really agreeable in accommodating me.
What's Next: Because I find it awkward to sometimes ask for things in my own container, especially if I'm with bigger groups, I haven't always had the time to communicate what the reason is behind my request. This means sometimes I get it in my own container, but also in a plastic bag, or as the picture below shows, with every individual component inside my container plastic wrapped! I'd like to improve my communication in asking for things plastic free!
Yay!: I started this challenge and it has opened the door to so many amazing conversations with people who have been reading along and/or participating in Plastic Free July. I have loved sharing what I have been learning and hearing how other people in my community have reduced their plastic use. Some highlights are: my grandma brought our theater snacks that she usually packs in Ziploc in reusable containers this year; my roommates grandma is moving towards eliminating plastic water bottles. Lots of family and friends have traded their single use plastic products for reusable products. I've seen snacks wrapped in Abeego, stainless steel and glass straws being used, friends trying their hand at refilling and using glass containers for their bulk buys!
What's Next: I want to keep the conversation going! I love learning from each person I talk to about reducing plastic, you encourage me to stay motivated in reducing my plastic and waste. Although I will be moving onto a new monthly challenge for August, I will continue to reduce my plastic as much as possible. I also have focused most of my efforts this month on reducing plastic use in the kitchen and when I'm out and about, over the next months I want to get better at going plastic free in the bathroom and with my personal care products! Continue to check out my Instagram for plastic free living inspiration, and to follow along as I continue learning.
Living plastic free is difficult and at this point in our world it is not a completely attainable goal for everyone. I want to commit to continuing to reduce the amount of single use plastic products I use beyond the month of July. Every little thing makes a difference, so I will continue to take baby steps and not beat myself up when sometimes the convenience of plastic wins. I challenge everyone to keep making little changes. Change can be slow but it's a valuable process to press into. Be non judgmental, be approachable for teaching, try not to critique and condescend to people who just don't know. Observe your community and note where plastic is used, dream up ways it can be reduced, take little steps, or be bold to approach businesses and leaders in your community to advocate for bigger change.
Thanks for reading along! Keep posted for the August Monthly Challenge coming soon!
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But incorporating a few rituals upon awakening can really help you to ease into the day with a proper mindset, warmed up body, and full energy level.
3. Do some neck circles. Many people complain of stiff necks after a night's sleep, usually due to ineffective pillows or old mattresses. Doing some gentle, slow neck circles will help to get blood circulating to your brain and loosen up those neck muscles.
4. Reach up high over your head. Pretend you're reaching for the sky and hold for 10 seconds. This helps to warm up your core and loosen up those upper rear back and shoulder muscles. Repeat a couple times if you like and try to be in the moment, not thinking about the past or future. Maintain steady deep breathing, at a pace of inhale 4 seconds, exhale 4 seconds.
5. Greet the day with intention. Open a curtain or step outside to a patio or porch and get in the right frame of mind for your up-coming day. A mantra you say out loud or think to yourself such as "hello day, I'm grateful for what I have, will try my best today, and will help others whenever I can" will set a positive tone for the day.
How else could I end this article but by simply saying: "HAVE A NICE DAY"
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Essential guide to the best bread machine.
3. 1.Types of bread• Understand if the bread machine can make the types of bread you like i.e. whole grain, gluten free or sweet bread.
4. 2. Cycle Time• Find out what is the cycle time to make bread.• Normal cycle will be between 3 and 4 hours• Some machines will have a short cycle time of 1 hour only.
5. 3. Preheat Cycle• Avoid machines that have long preheat cycle.• Normal preheat cycle is between 30 to 45 minutes.
6. 4. Timer• It is better to have timer in the bread machine so that you can set the time for the bread to be served.• Totally cool feature if you want to have a warm bread ready for you in the morning.
9. 7. What else can they do?• Find out what the machine can make?• Can they make cake, pizza dough and etc?• This is a value for money feature as it will save you more money in future.
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I live with intention and purpose and want to help others do the same. Living this way improves my relationship with my time, space and choice. This purposeful way of living means that my lifestyle is a reflection of my values.
I walk people through a process that: Minimizes life clutter by looking at what’s getting in the way of living out their intentions. Organizes what’s left after letting go of items, beliefs and habits that created the clutter. Sustains progress through coaching people on habit, core belief and lifestyle changes.
You live with more awareness and mindfulness of your day to day habits, thoughts and beliefs. You live more intentionally in all areas of your life. You gain clarity and focus towards your passions and wellbeing. You gain a deep understanding of yourself and the habits and beliefs that created the clutter in your life. You feel empowered that you have ability to change, grow and evolve. You become more present and intentional with people, which creates deeper connections. And of course, you are calmer because the spaces around you are organized, you use time more effectively, and your lifestyle matches your values.
I know that getting organized - and staying organized - is not easy to do alone. I believe in targeting the root of the problem, instead of wasting time with organizing trends and storage solutions.
I begin by mapping out your intentions and values with you: Why do you want to be organized? What are your values and intentions? What areas of your life do you feel disconnected to? What are you feeling overwhelmed by?
These intentions become the foundation of the lifestyle change and organizing process and act as reference points to keep you motivated. Through coaching sessions your individual reflection, I will help you become more aware of your current barriers and beliefs and help you make lasting changes. The end results include: an organized space, effective time management, and an ongoing practice of mindfully living your values. Learn more about specific services and rates here.
I focus on your values, intentions and passions, and then organize what’s needed to achieve your specific goals. The end result goes beyond having an organized space -- my mission is to help you create an organized life that makes it easier to live intention through your everyday actions, habits and beliefs.
Depending on your needs, we can focus on organizing physical spaces and electronic files, time management, specific projects and overall lifestyle changes. I understand that many factors affect a person’s ability to stay organized and focused. I help you gain clarity on the areas of your life that need addressing and then integrate organization being intentional into your life.
The process of getting organized and living with intention involves a practical layer of your physical space, but more importantly involves an internal awareness of your habits, core beliefs, thoughts and relationships to your belongings. I take you through a process to helps you shift these day-to-day habits and actions that create clutter, so you can mindfully live your goals. Many clients have held beliefs that they are inherently disorganized and through this process I have seen those personal narratives change.
I truly believe in living sustainably in all areas of your life and being a conscious consumer. Through the process of minimizing and organizing, I provide support and external resources to donate and reuse as much as possible. (Check out our donation resources!) For me, getting organized also means having a positive impact on the environment — that’s why I continue to coach you after the organizing process to help you live sustainably in all areas of your life.
I’ve always been interested in systems, well-being, creative problem solving and sustainability. My career has included over 15 years experience working as a teacher in the education system, with an Honors B.A. in Psychology, a Bachelor’s in Education and a background in fine art.
In 2014, I shifted my focus from the education sector to organizing. In my organizational practice, I utilize my education and psychology experience, as well as my passion for well-being, intentional living and environmental sustainability.
For me, organizing is more than labeling and creating efficient spaces -- it's about coaching individuals to become more aware of their relationship to their belongings and realize how this relationship manifests in their beliefs and lifestyle choices. It’s about closing the gap between a person’s values and choices. I facilitate a process that teaches individuals simple strategies and skills needed to shift past habits, become aware of their beliefs and empower them to make positive changes in their day to day life.
My dream is to empower and help individuals, communities and organizations to gain focus and clarity so they can live more purposefully and sustainably.
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Washington tonight is riveted by news that special counsel Robert Mueller Robert (Bob) Swan MuellerSasse: US should applaud choice of Mueller to lead Russia probe MORE has delivered his confidential report, bringing the two-year investigation to an end. Check in at TheHill.com for the latest updates on this breaking story.
And now on to the day's health care news. Scott Lloyd is under new scrutiny for statements he made to the House Judiciary Committee. Meanwhile, New Jersey has decided to run its own ObamaCare exchange, and CVS is going to start selling CBD-based products.
Rep. Jerrold Nadler Jerrold (Jerry) Lewis NadlerDemocrats leave impeachment on the table House Judiciary chair to call on McGahn to testify before Congress Tim Ryan doesn't back impeachment proceedings against Trump MORE (D-N.Y.), chairman of the House Judiciary Committee, on Friday sent a letter to Scott Lloyd asking him to clarify comments he made during his testimony in February.
"We were troubled by your responses at the time -- but we now have reason to believe that your responses are inconsistent with documentation that has been made public since your testimony," Nadler wrote.
The backstory: Lloyd testified in late February about the administration's policy of separating migrant children from their families at the southern border. Lloyd, a staunch anti-abortion advocate who previously worked for the Knights of Columbus, was asked repeatedly about reports that he had used spreadsheets to specifically monitor the menstrual cycles of unaccompanied minors.
What happened next: Since his testimony, Democratic-aligned outside groups Equity Forward and American Bridge released internal documents and communications that showed Lloyd was tracking pregnancies and receiving updates on the menstrual cycles of the young migrant girls in custody.
The Democratic governor in New Jersey is taking a new step he says will guard against President Trump Donald John TrumpTrump calls Sri Lankan prime minister following church bombings Ex-Trump lawyer: Mueller knew Trump had to call investigation a 'witch hunt' for 'political reasons' The biggest challenge from the Mueller Report depends on the vigilance of everyone MORE's actions on ObamaCare.
Gov. Phil Murphy announced Friday that the state will start running its own ObamaCare marketplace in 2021, rather than letting the federal government operate it.
"Together with the Legislature, we have the ability to further protect New Jersey from actions taken by the Trump Administration to roll back the hard-fought protections afforded by the ACA [Affordable Care Act] and I would argue we have an obligation to do so," Murphy said in a statement.
Context: New Jersey has already won praise from Democrats for taking steps to fight back against what they call Trump's "sabotage" of ObamaCare. For example, the state has reinstated the mandate to have coverage after Republicans in Congress repealed it and set up a "reinsurance" program to lower premiums.
"We are conducting a thorough review and will remove any campaigns currently on the platform," Whithorne told the Daily Beast.
CVS Pharmacy has started selling cannabidiol-derived products at its stores.
The topical CBD products, such as creams, sprays and roll-ons, will be marketed as "an alternative source of relief," CVS said in a statement to NBC News.
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When Can the Bank Foreclose on My House?
Generally, a bank that holds a mortgage lien on your home can foreclose on the mortgage at any time after you default on that loan. You are not technically in default until 30 days after you miss your payment, in most cases. Laws relating to foreclosure time lines vary, but in many states your lender can foreclose as soon as you go into default.
Any lien holder can foreclose on your home for non-payment of a debt secured against the property. Therefore, the fact that you made payments on time for your first mortgage does not mean that the lender holding the second lien cannot foreclose if you fall into default on that debt. Additionally, banks can ask courts to place a lien on your home in relation to another unpaid debt such as a credit card. If the court allows the bank to place the lien and you refuse to settle the debt, the bank can foreclose to collect payment of that debt.
When a lender forecloses on your home, it organizes a home auction and uses the money from the home sale to settle your debt. However, if the home sale does not raise enough money to clear the debt, the lender takes a loss. Additionally, due to the expense of real estate agent fees and legal fees, lenders tend only to foreclose as a last resort. Your lender may agree to modify your loan in order to avoid foreclosing, if a loan modification seems a more cost-effective option from the lender's point of view.
If your lender refuses to modify your loan and you cannot afford to make payments, you should attempt to sell your home to avoid foreclosure. If the mortgage debt exceeds the home's value, your lender may agree to allow you to sell for less than the amount owed by conducting a short sale. Alternatively, if your lender does not agree to a short sale, you can avoid going into foreclosure if your lender agrees to a deed-in-lieu-of-foreclosure. This involves you giving the lender the deed to the home and voluntarily moving out when this occurs. The lender avoids the foreclosure legal fees and you avoid hurting your credit score by having a foreclosure on your credit report.
The foreclosure process normally takes three to six months in most states, although in Arizona it can occur within a month. However, despite the speed at which banks can foreclose, many states have a right of redemption law that means you can resolve the issue even after the foreclosure sale has occurred. In Alabama, you can buy back your home for the amount of the debt owed at the time of foreclosure, any time within the 12 months immediately following the foreclosure.
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All Attorney General Bill Barr had to do was release Special Counsel Robert Mueller's report. That's it. Donald Trump's handpicked attorney general could've simply let the document, its findings, and its conclusions speak for themselves.
But that apparently wasn't good enough for Barr. Instead, the attorney general scheduled a press conference to discuss the report, hours before the release of a redacted version of the document, to effectively pre-spin what the Republican lawyer wants the public to believe about Mueller's findings.
The result was a bizarre spectacle in which the nation's chief law enforcement officer, whose credibility and political independence have already been called into question, positioned himself as a defense attorney for the president who appointed him.
Consider this excerpt from Barr's prepared remarks, in which he seemed to justify his conclusion that Trump didn't cross the legal line into obstruction of justice.
"In assessing the president's actions discussed in the report, it is important to bear in mind the context. President Trump faced an unprecedented situation. As he entered into office, and sought to perform his responsibilities as president, federal agents and prosecutors were scrutinizing his conduct before and after taking office, and the conduct of some of his associates. At the same time, there was relentless speculation in the news media about the president's personal culpability. Yet, as he said from the beginning, there was in fact no collusion.
"And as the special counsel's report acknowledges, there is substantial evidence to show that the president was frustrated and angered by a sincere belief that the investigation was undermining his presidency, propelled by his political opponents, and fueled by illegal leaks.
"Nonetheless, the White House fully cooperated with the special counsel's investigation, providing unfettered access to campaign and White House documents, directing senior aides to testify freely, and asserting no privilege claims. And at the same time, the president took no act that in fact deprived the special counsel of the documents and witnesses necessary to complete his investigation."
I'm at a loss as to how anyone could take this seriously. Trump may have obstructed justice, but it's all right because he felt "frustrated and angered"? There was "relentless speculation in the news media," so we should shrug our shoulders in response to evidence of the president's alleged misconduct?
As for the idea that the White House "fully cooperated" with the investigation, and the president "took no act" to deprive investigators of access to witnesses, Barr conveniently overlooked the fact that Trump himself refused to be interviewed.
The president also publicly dangled pardons and publicly criticized the very idea of witnesses cooperating with law enforcement.
Donald Trump recently conceded that he considered one of his adult daughters, White House aide Ivanka Trump, to lead the World Bank. In fact, the president told The Atlantic that he also saw her as a possible ambassador to the United Nations, but also thought she'd be a good fit at the World Bank because, as he put it, "she's very good with numbers."
It now appears the president did more than just contemplate this possibility.
Ivanka Trump says her father raised the job with her as "a question" and she told him she was "happy with the work" she's doing.... Asked if her father had approached her about other top jobs, Ivanka Trump said she'd "keep that between" them.
There's still some question as to the exact nature of the discussion. There's a qualitative difference between a president asking, "Is this a position you might be interested in?" and a president saying, "I'm offering you this job."
But in either case, we're looking at a very strange dynamic.
Donald Trump has given North Korea's Kim Jong-un -- a rogue dictator the American president says he loves, respects, and trusts -- a striking number of concessions. The Republican gave the North Korean leader the bilateral talks he wanted. And the international legitimacy he wanted. And the cessation of military exercises he wanted. And the propaganda opportunities he wanted.
What has the United States received in return? One year ago this week, Trump said he'd scored three major accomplishments: a North Korean agreement to denuclearization, the closure of North Korean nuclear sites, and an end to North Korean weapons testing.
The first point turned out to be wrong; the second turned out to be backwards; and while the third was largely true for a while, that's no longer the case.
...North Korea said that it had test-fired a new type of "tactical guided weapon," its first such test in nearly half a year.
NBC News could not independently verify North Korea's claim, and it wasn't immediately clear what had been tested. The White House said it was aware of the report and had no comment.
North Korean state-run media also said yesterday that officials in Pyongyang no longer want Secretary of State Mike Pompeo to participate in nuclear talks, instead calling for someone who "is more careful and mature in communicating."
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My dog is limping after biopsies were taken. What is the next step?
My 7-year-old yellow Labrador had biopsies taken and has now started limping on her left front leg. X-rays were performed and showed no signs of fracture or cancer. What should be the next step to relieve any pain she is in?
I am sorry to hear that your Labrador is uncomfortable. There are several differentials (possible diagnoses) that are difficult to detect even with radiographs. It would be very helpful to learn a little more about the biopsy results and to look at the radiographs. Possibilities to further evaluate include oblique radiographs and/or a CT scan. If the problem is localized to the elbow, short of a surgical repair, options can include joint injections, supplements, and physical rehabilitation. A board-certified veterinarian can help you figure out what is happening to your dog and will best help you implement a plan with which to move forward.
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State the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer's classes of common equity, as of the latest practicable date: 62,054,600 as of April 28, 2011.
The accompanying unaudited interim financial statements of Medora Corp. ("Medora" or "Company"), have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commissions, and should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and notes thereto contained in Medora's Registration Statement filed with the SEC on Form S-1. In the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair presentation of financial position and the results of operations for the interim periods presented have been reflected herein. The results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year. Notes to the financial statements which would substantially duplicate the disclosures required in Medora's fiscal 2010 financial statements have been omitted.
These financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which implies Medora will continue to meet its obligations and continue its operations for the next fiscal year. Realization value may be substantially different from carrying values as shown and these financial statements do not include any adjustments to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts and classification of liabilities that might be necessary should Medora be unable to continue as a going concern. As of January 31, 2011, Medora has not generated revenues and has accumulated losses of $30,243 since inception. The continuation of Medora as a going concern is dependent upon the continued financial support from its shareholders, the ability of Medora to obtain necessary equity financing to continue operations, and the attainment of profitable operations. These factors raise substantial doubt regarding the Medora's ability to continue as a going concern.
During August 2010, Medora issued an additional 13,008,667 shares for gross proceeds of $19,513 cash. In conjunction with the issuance of the shares, Medora incurred incremental direct costs of $6,631 which were netted against the gross proceeds included in additional paid in capital on the accompanying balance sheet.
The Company has evaluated subsequent events through the date these financial statements were issued, and has determined that there were no subsequent events to recognize or disclose in these financial statements.
This section includes a number of forward-looking statements that reflect our current views with respect to future events and financial performance. Forward-looking statements are often identified by words like: believe, expect, estimate, anticipate, intend, project and similar expressions, or words which, by their nature, refer to future events. You should not place undue certainty on these forward-looking statements, which apply only as of the date of this filing. These forward-looking statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from historical results or our predictions.
Our auditors have raised substantial doubt as to our ability to continue as an on-going business for the next 12 months. We have not generated any revenue and have almost completed the development of our websites, locate businesses willing to offer significant discounts of their products or services to our registered members.
To meet our need for cash we raised $40,582 in a private placement offering. We cannot guarantee that since we have begun operations that we will stay in business after twelve months. If we are unable to secure enough businesses of products or services at suitably low pricing or enough registered members willing to buy the products at higher than the price we have negotiated with our businesses, we may quickly use up the proceeds from the offering and will need to find alternative sources, like a second public offering, or a private placement of securities in order for us to maintain our operations. Our sole officer and director is unwilling to loan or advance any additional capital to the Company, except for the costs associated with legal costs, accounting costs, and with the preparation and filing of reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission. At the present time, we have not made any arrangements to raise additional cash, other than from our private offering. If we need additional cash and cannot raise it we will either have to suspend operations until we do raise the cash, or cease operations entirely. If we need more money we will have to revert to obtaining additional funds as described above. Other than as described above, we have no other financing plans.
Our business concept is for Medora to present a daily discount for a niche market item (such as a spa, restaurant, or a tour outing), and if enough people sign up for the deal, the subscribers get the discount. The coupons are sent to the buyers by e-mail. Conversely, if the quota is not reached, the deal is off, and no one is charged for what they subscribed to buy. If the deal does not work out, the company that Medora was "advertising" through discounted items, and the subscribers will be reimbursed.
link will get $10 worth of Medora credits in their account. In addition, if a user sends a referral to a friend, who then subscribes within 72 hours, the person who sent the referral will get $10 worth of Medora credits in their account when their friend buys their first deal with Medora. If we are unable to locate businesses or fail to generate enough traffic to our websites it may have a material impact on our revenues or income or may result in our liquidity decreasing.
We plan to implement our business operations by finding local restaurants, spas, or other businesses that are willing to provide large discounts if their name is spread to a number of new registered members. Our Company advertises the business by offering coupons online, and then taking a portion of the money spent on each coupon. At this time, our President has approached several local businesses in Kingston, Jamaica that are willing to participate in the group buying program prepared by the Company. However, no formal agreements have been signed with any business at this moment. We believe that if the local economy in Jamaica is struggling, businesses we target to offer discounts for our program may be more inclined to participate in order to generate more business. However, if the local economy in Jamaica deteriorates extensively there may be few businesses in Jamaica who have the goods and services to participate in our program. In addition, some participating businesses in Jamaica may only operate their businesses during certain seasons, which may impede our ability to implement our business operations.
Our business concept seeks to target the service and tourism sector. We believe that our concept is attractive in both a growing and shrinking economy because it allows our registered members access to daily discounts by participating businesses who have the opportunity to generate more income through increased sales. Our concept allows businesses to generate more income and consumers to save more money.
To help prevent liquidity concerns, Medora will have to also target businesses that will have offerings of goods and services that will be attractive to the local community and not dependant on tourists. Having businesses that have offerings that are attractive enough to generate local people to be registered members to our websites will increase our Company's exposure and will address our long-term liquidity concerns.
We anticipate that we will need to meet our ongoing cash requirements through the generation of revenue or equity and/or debt financing. We estimate that our expenditures over the next 12 months as of January 31, 2011, will be approximately $210,000 as described in the table below. These estimates may change significantly depending on the nature of our future business activities and our ability to raise capital from shareholders or other sources.
**Salaries will be paid to future employees who will assist the Company with its sales and marketing efforts. Consulting fees will be paid to any outside consultant that the Company needs to bring in for any form of special expertise not possessed by the sole officer and director of the Company.
We anticipate that we will generate revenue as soon as we are able to offer group discounted coupons for products/services for sale on our websites by the middle of June 2011. This will happen once we negotiate agreements with one or two businesses of products/services. We plan to be profitable within 12 months of signing the contracts with the businesses. We are not going to buy or sell any plant or significant equipment during the next twelve months.
Testing of the functionality of email notifications to members and receipt of purchased coupons.
Market Company on Social Media websites as Facebook and Twitter.
If initial launch is successful in one city, expand the concept to other cities in Jamaica.
Hire personnel to manage the technical aspects of the website and the daily offerings.
Our concept is to utilize collective buying to get a daily deal on local goods and services. Medora plans to bring buyers and sellers together in a collaborative way that offers the consumer competitive prices and businesses a large number of new customers. By promising businesses a minimum number of customers, we can offer attractive deals with competitive prices. We plan to save consumers money and in return to generate more revenue for the businesses we feature.
We have no assurance that future financing will be available to us on acceptable terms. If financing is not available on satisfactory terms, we may be unable to continue, develop or expand our operations. Equity financing could result in additional dilution to our existing stockholder.
During the period from May 6, 2010 (inception) to January 31, 2011 we incorporated the company, hired the attorney, and hired the auditor for the preparation of our registration statement. We have prepared an internal business plan. We have reserved the domain name www.medoracorp.com and www.grabbittoday.com and they have been designed and uploaded. Our net loss since inception is $30,243 as a result of incurring expenses of $11,836 for consulting fees, $10,603 for accounting fees, $5,169 for legal fees and $2,635 for general and administrative expenses.
At inception, we sold 35,000,000 shares of common stock to our former sole officer and director, Dr. Jehovan Owayne Fairclough for approximately $7,000. On June 10, 2010, Dr. Fairclough appointed Craig McKenzie as his replacement by way of board resolution as the president, chief executive officer, chief financial officer, treasurer, secretary and sole member of the board of directors. On June 10, 2010, Dr. Jehovan Fairclough resigned as the president, chief executive officer, chief financial officer, treasurer, secretary and sole member of the board of directors and sold Craig McKenzie his 35,000,000 shares of common stock for $7,000 in a private transaction.
These shares were issued in reliance on the exemption under Section 4(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Act"). These shares of our common stock qualified for exemption under Section 4(2) of the Securities Act of 1933 since the issuance shares by us did not involve a public offering. The offering was not a "public offering" as defined in Section 4(2) due to the insubstantial number of persons involved in the deal, size of the offering, manner of the offering and number of shares offered. We did not undertake an offering in which we sold a high number of shares to a high number of investors. In addition, the foregoing investors had the necessary investment intent as required by Section 4(2) since they agreed to and received share certificates bearing a legend stating that such shares are restricted pursuant to Rule 144 of the 1933 Securities Act. This restriction ensures that these shares would not be immediately redistributed into the market and therefore not be part of a "public offering." Based on an analysis of the above factors, we have met the requirements to qualify for exemption under Section 4(2) of the Securities Act of 1933 for this transaction.
During the period from May 6, 2010 (inception) to January 31, 2011, we sold 27,054,600 shares of our common stock at $0.0015 per share for a total of $40,582 to forty two (42) investors.
We issued these shares in reliance on the safe harbor provided by Regulation S promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. These investors who received the securities represented and warranted that they are not "U.S. Persons" as defined in Regulation S. In the alternative, the issuance of these shares was exempt from registration pursuant to Section 4(2) of the Securities Act. We made this determination based on the representations of the Shareholders which included, in pertinent part, that such shareholders were either (a) "accredited investors" within the meaning of Rule 501 of Regulation D promulgated under the Securities Act, or (b) not a "U.S. person" as that term is defined in Rule 902(k) of Regulation S under the Act, and that such shareholders were acquiring our common stock, for investment purposes for their own respective accounts and not as nominees or agents, and not with a view to the resale or distribution thereof, and that the Shareholders understood that the shares of our common stock may not be sold or otherwise disposed of without registration under the Securities Act or an applicable exemption therefrom.
We have limited operational history. From our inception on May 6, 2010 to January 31, 2011 we did not generate any revenues. We anticipate that we will incur substantial losses for the foreseeable future and our ability to generate any revenues in the next 12 months continues to be uncertain.
During the period from May 6, 2010 (inception) to January 31, 2011 our total expenses were $30,243.
For the period from May 6, 2010 (inception) to January 31, 2011 we incurred a net loss of $30,243.
defined in Rule 902(k) of Regulation S under the Act, and that such shareholders were acquiring our common stock, for investment purposes for their own respective accounts and not as nominees or agents, and not with a view to the resale or distribution thereof, and that the Shareholders understood that the shares of our common stock may not be sold or otherwise disposed of without registration under the Securities Act or an applicable exemption therefrom.
As of January 31, 2011, our total assets were $11,229 comprised entirely of cash and our total liabilities were $496 comprised of a related party payable.
In May 2010, we executed a consulting agreement whereby we agreed to pay Executive Consulting Services Group ("ECS") $1,000 per month for the next year. ECS provides administrative, compliance, accounting, and SEC reporting support for the operations of the Company. Some of the administrative duties include maintaining compliance with regulatory agencies such as Nevada Secretary of State and the Securities and Exchange Commission, maintaining the Corporate Minute Book, is the Company's bookkeeper, and is an EDGAR/IDEA filing service provider. Additionally, ECS acts as liaison between the Company's president and auditor, legal counsel, transfer agent, registered agent and the SEC.
We anticipate that we will meet our ongoing cash requirements through the generation of revenue and equity or debt financing. We estimate that our expenditures over the next 12 months as of January 31, 2011, will be approximately $210,000. These estimates may change significantly depending on the nature of our future business activities and our ability to raise capital from shareholders or other sources.
We maintain "disclosure controls and procedures," as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the "Exchange Act"), that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. We conducted an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report pursuant to Rule 13a-15 of the Exchange Act. Based on this Evaluation, our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer concluded that our Disclosure Controls were not effective as of the end of the period covered by this report due to the lack of adequate segregation of duties and the absence of an audit committee.
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during our most recent fiscal quarter that materially affected, or were reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
We are currently not involved in any litigation that we believe could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations. There is no action, suit, proceeding, inquiry or investigation before or by any court, public board, government agency, self-regulatory organization or body pending or, to the knowledge of the executive officers of our company or any of our subsidiaries, threatened against or affecting our company, our common stock, any of our subsidiaries or of our companies or our subsidiaries' officers or directors in their capacities as such, in which an adverse decision could have a material adverse effect.
In accordance with the requirements of the Exchange Act, the registrant caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized on this 28th day of April, 2011.
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abstract. By lowering the corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%, the 2017 tax legislation brought the U.S. statutory rate into closer alignment with the rates applicable in other Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) nations, thereby decreasing the incentive for businesses to locate their deductions in the United States and their income abroad. Its overhaul of the U.S. international income tax rules simultaneously reduced preexisting incentives for U.S. multinationals to reinvest their foreign earnings abroad and put a floor on the benefits of shifting profits to low-tax jurisdictions. The 2017 legislation also added an unprecedented, troublesome lower rate for the income of certain categories of businesses operated as partnerships or Subchapter S corporations.
In combination, the provisions of the new law have created significant new differences in income tax based on what kind of business is being conducted, where goods and services are bought and sold, to and from whom they are bought, where and how assets are owned, the taxpayer’s size, whether individual workers are employees or independent contractors, and where people live and work. The 2017 law also portends unsustainable increases in deficits and the national debt. The new tax system produced by this legislation provides neither an effective nor stable solution to the nation’s economic and fiscal challenges.
The 2017 tax legislation is an important revision of the U.S. income tax code. By lowering the corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%, it brings the U.S. statutory rate into closer alignment with the rates applicable in other Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) nations, thereby decreasing the incentive for businesses to locate their deductions in the United States and their income abroad. Its overhaul of the U.S. international income tax rules simultaneously reduced preexisting incentives for U.S. multinationals to reinvest their foreign earnings abroad and put a floor on the benefits of shifting profits to low-tax jurisdictions. The 2017 legislation also added an unprecedented, troublesome lower rate for the income of certain categories of businesses operated as partnerships or Subchapter S corporations, regardless of how large they are or how much income they earn. Along with numerous other changes in the income taxation of individuals, Congress eliminated deductions for the business expenses of employees and put a $10,000 cap on deductions for state and local income and property taxes.
In combination, the provisions of the new law have created significant new differences in income tax based on what kind of business is being conducted, where goods and services are bought and sold, to and from whom they are bought, where and how assets are owned, the taxpayer’s size, whether individual workers are employees or independent contractors, and where people live and work. The 2017 law also portends massive and unsustainable increases in deficits and the national debt. The new tax system produced by this legislation provides neither an effective nor stable solution to the nation’s economic and fiscal challenges.
To understand the 2017 tax legislation and its implications for the future, it is important to review the process that led to its enactment. That is where this Essay begins.
Whatever its political and economic benefits or costs, the 2017 tax act took an unprecedented path to enactment. In April 2017, President Trump provided a page of principles and another half-page outlining some specific goals for tax reform.2 Three months later, the self-named “Big Six”—Secretary of the Treasury Steven Mnuchin, National Economic Council (NEC) Director Gary Cohn, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, Senate Finance Committee Chairman Orrin Hatch, Speaker of the House Paul Ryan, and Ways and Means Committee Chairman Kevin Brady—who had been meeting regularly, released a statement repeating their goals. They aimed to achieve increased economic growth through lower tax rates on businesses and individuals, a reform of international tax rules, greater fairness (principally through lower taxes on families), and, of course, less complexity.3 Soon thereafter, forty-five of the forty-eight Senate Democrats sent Senator McConnell a letter containing their three principles for tax reform, two of which were that it neither “benefit the wealthiest individuals” nor “increase our budget deficit.”4 Senator McConnell rejected those constraints in a Kentucky minute.
Then, during the last week of August, Secretary Mnuchin announced that the Big Six had a “very detailed” tax reform plan.5 Two weeks earlier, NEC Director Cohn had described it as a “skeleton” plan6—by which he surely meant to suggest that it needed some fleshing out, not that it had died and was awaiting burial. On September 14, Chairman Brady said that the tax plan—scheduled for release during the week of September 25—would not say exactly what the new business tax rate would be.7 Later that same day, Secretary Mnuchin said the plan would announce the tax rate.8 Meanwhile, President Trump said that the business rate would be 15%—which everyone knew was a figure lower by at least five percentage points than the tax rate actually would be.9 So things seemed to be going about as smoothly as the Republican effort to “repeal and replace” the Affordable Care Act.
Less than three months later, with no public hearings and input mostly from lobbyists, the full picture was completed. The far-reaching legislation signed by President Trump contained more than 500 pages of statutory amendments to the Internal Revenue Code. Unsurprisingly, the hurried process to move complex tax legislation, which included important provisions without precedent either here or abroad, through Congress without public input produced unintended consequences.
Despite longtime bipartisan support for a substantial reduction in the corporate tax rate, 2017 marked the first time in modern history that House and Senate Republicans enacted major tax legislation without any Democratic votes. President Trump signed the legislation on December 22, 2017, two days after dozens of Republican legislators had joined him at the White House to celebrate the Act’s passage. Unsurprisingly, having been frozen out of any participation in shaping the legislation, Democrats howled. House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi described the legislation as an “Armageddon”20 and said that the tax overhaul had cast “a dark cloud” over the Capitol.21 She complained that it gave millions in tax breaks to wealthy Americans and large corporations but only “crumbs” to middle and lower income citizens.22 Even before President Trump signed the legislation, the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee revealed an advertisement claiming that the “Republican tax scheme gives huge tax breaks to corporations but raises taxes on middle class families.”23 Republicans responded that bonuses of $1,000 paid by some large corporations to their workers in response to the legislation were hardly crumbs; Vice President Mike Pence called them “Christmas.”24 Democrats planning to run for election in 2018 in moderate or conservative districts went out of their way to distance themselves from Pelosi’s “crumbs” characterization.
The Democrats’ complaints about the law’s reduction in the corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% ring hollow. Democrats themselves had long realized that the U.S.’s exceptionally high corporate tax rate in today’s global economy—with highly mobile capital and intellectual property income—invited both U.S. and foreign multinational companies to locate their deductions, especially for interest and royalties, in the United States, and to locate their income in low- or zero-tax countries. This is obviously not a recipe for economic success. Both before and after the legislation, Democrats urged a corporate tax rate of 25% to 28%;25 meanwhile, Donald Trump asked for a 15% rate.26 So, even if Democrats had been involved in the legislative process, the 21% rate that we ended up with would be in the realm of a reasonable compromise. Democrats, however, well understand that regardless of the economic disadvantages of a high corporate tax rate, railing against a low corporate tax rate has political advantages.
The important irony is that the worst tax economically27 is the best tax politically. But regardless, a significantly lower corporate rate has been long overdue, and raising it would be a mistake. If Democrats are unhappy with the distributional consequence that a corporate tax cut will benefit high-income shareholders, the appropriate remedy––given the mobility of business capital, businesses’ ability to shift mobile intellectual property and financial income to low-tax jurisdictions, and the challenges of intercompany transfer pricing––is to increase taxes at the shareholder level, not to increase corporate tax rates.
In his recent book, journalist Bob Woodward describes a conversation between President Trump and Gary Cohn suggesting that President Trump understands this. At one point, Trump said, “I’ll take the personal top rate to 44 percent [from its level then of 39.6 percent] if I can get the corporate rate to 15 percent.” “Sir,” Cohn responded, “you can’t take the top rate up. You just can’t.” When Trump asked why not, Cohn explained, “You’re a Republican.”28 That was a trade-off that might have picked up some Democratic votes, but surely not enough to compensate for the Republican votes it would have lost.
Soon after the enactment in 2010 of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, better known as Obamacare, Republicans started calling for legislation to “repeal and replace” it, an effort that failed in 2017 even though Republicans controlled the White House and both the House and the Senate. Given the 2017 tax act’s combination of tax cuts for high income individuals, the major reduction of the corporate tax rate, and the doubling of the estate tax exemption (to $22 million for a married couple), we will certainly hear from Democrats in the 2018 and 2020 campaigns about the need to “repeal and replace” the 2017 tax legislation. And repealing and replacing tax legislation is considerably easier than repairing the nation’s health insurance system. This partisan tax legislation ushered in instability along with the new tax law.
No doubt analysts can find provisions to praise and others to lament in this expansive legislation, but we should not overlook its most important shortcoming: its effect on federal deficits and debt. Pundits and politicians like to compare the 2017 legislation to the Tax Reform Act of 1986, calling it the most important tax revision in a generation. Unfortunately, given our country’s ongoing deficits and the size of its federal debt, the 2017 tax legislation resembles the 1981 or 2001 tax cuts more than the 1986 reform.
At a 5% interest rate, interest on the federal debt alone will cost more than $1 trillion a year.38 If we fail to get control of the federal budget, rising interest costs will devour an ever-larger share of the federal budget. Public debt growing to such levels will also generate new challenges to the dollar’s role as the world’s reserve currency. The growing national debt thus increases the risks of substantially higher interest rates, inflation, and even another financial crisis. Over time, the debt may threaten the living standards of the American people. And given the size of the federal debt, the promises that have been made to the retiring Baby Boom generation for retirement income and health insurance coverage, and the costs of a seemingly endless War on Terror, we simply cannot afford the 2017 tax cuts.
The major tax policy challenge of the twenty-first century is the need to address the nation’s fiscal condition fairly and in a manner conducive to economic growth. But ever since California adopted Proposition 13 nearly forty years ago, antipathy to taxes has served as the glue that has held the Republican coalition together.39 Even though U.S. taxes as a percentage of our economy are low by OECD standards,40 and low by our own historical experience, anti-tax attitudes have become ever more important for Republicans politically. So, revenue-positive, or even revenue-neutral, tax reform—at least while the GOP maintains its legislative majority—is politically impossible.
Under current law, the deficits for the coming ten years are estimated to total $12.4 trillion—with deficits greater than $1 trillion expected for every year beginning in 2020.47 If the current policy levels of taxes and spending are maintained, total deficits over the next decade will approach $16 trillion, with deficits greater than 5% of GDP beginning in 2020.48 By 2028, current fiscal policy will produce deficits of more than 7% of GDP annually.49 This is unsustainable.
Congress’s greatest challenge in crafting this tax legislation was figuring out what to do about the international tax rules. The United States is not unique in this regard: how to tax international income of multinational corporations is the most difficult tax policy issue for 018, countries around the world.
It has been clear for a long time that the system of taxing international income that served the United States rather well for nearly a century had broken down.53 The combination of an exceptionally high U.S. corporate tax rate and corporate tax planners’ creative ability to shift capital and intellectual-property income to low tax countries had resulted in $2.5 to $3 trillion of assets of U.S. multinationals that could only be re-invested abroad without incurring a substantial tax.54 Other countries, including the United Kingdom and Japan, had already abandoned similar rules.
Congress confronted daunting challenges when deciding what rules would replace our failed foreign-tax-credit-with-deferral regime. There were essentially two options: (1) strengthen the source-base taxation of U.S. business activities and allow foreign business earnings of U.S. multinationals to go untaxed; or (2) tax the worldwide business income of U.S. multinationals on a current basis when earned with a credit for all or part of the foreign income taxes imposed on that income. Faced with the choice between these two very different regimes for taxing the foreign income of the U.S. multinationals, Congress chose both.
Congress therefore eliminated the tax burden of prior law that a company incurred when it repatriated foreign profits taxed at a foreign rate lower than the U.S. rate to the United States, allowing companies to move cash back to the United States without a residual U.S. tax. This simultaneously eliminated the distortive accounting rules that turned on whether the earnings were considered “permanently reinvested abroad.”66 Congress also imposed a one-time transition tax on the more than $2.5 trillion in unrepatriated earnings held offshore by U.S. multinationals—at a 15.5% rate on cash or cash equivalents and 8% on other assets.67 Even though the transition tax rates were higher than many U.S. multinationals had anticipated, knowledge that the tax was coming allowed for much anticipatory tax planning, and based on its review of financial statements, Bloomberg has estimated that the tax will likely raise less than half of the $339 billion estimated by the Joint Committee on Taxation.68 Nevertheless, this provision means that the post-1986 earnings of U.S. multinationals, which had been labeled by many as “nowhere” or “stateless” income, has now, in fact, been taxed by the United States, albeit at a low rate.
With the GILTI in place to address outbound base erosion, Congress ostensibly enacted the BEAT to address inbound base erosion. Applicable only to companies with at least $500 million of annual gross receipts and a threshold of deductible payments to foreign-related parties by either U.S. or foreign multinational corporations, the provision imposes a tax of 10% on these payments, scheduled to rise to 12.5% in 2026.72 The BEAT was an unanticipated provision, which was not vetted before its enactment. It is, frankly, a bit of a mess. For example, it was intended to stop base erosion through royalty payments. But it misses the mark almost completely for goods through an exemption for costs of goods sold which may have imbedded royalties. In contrast, it overshoots the mark by taxing many payments for services that are at arm’s length and not tax-motivated.73 It also ignores any foreign taxes imposed on the payments subject to it.74 Again, this hardly seems a stable provision.
Even this brief glimpse into the complexities of our new international income tax regime makes clear that we do not now have a stable set of international tax rules. Because of the unusual and hurried process for enacting these rules, many problems have emerged that cannot be fixed by Treasury regulations. For example, by tacking the GILTI on to subpart F, rather than adopting it as a stand-alone minimum tax, Congress created a host of problems and new tax planning opportunities for utilizing foreign tax credits. The BEAT, in contrast, will inadvertently often impose both U.S. and foreign taxes on the same amounts of income without any of the relief from such double taxation routinely granted by U.S. and OECD bilateral tax treaties. Fixing such matters through the kind of technical corrections legislation that often follows soon after major tax changes of this sort is less likely because of the partisan way the 2017 legislation was enacted.
The basic rules of international income taxation were formulated between 1918 and 1928 through a combination of unilateral and multilateral developments.76 Now, a century later, the United States, the European Union, and the OECD have embarked, at times independently and at times together, on major efforts to rethink and revise these rules and treaties. The changes made by the 2017 legislation in the United States will inevitably play an important role as that endeavor unfolds.77 Just to take one example, the GILTI may well serve as a model for future OECD efforts to impose a minimum level of tax on the international income of resident multinational companies.
Fashioning domestic tax policy is—in principle, at least—much easier than addressing international income taxation. Analysts routinely evaluate domestic tax policy by asking two questions about equity: Are people similarly situated treated similarly, and is the burden of taxes distributed fairly? They also ask about efficiency: do tax rules inefficiently skew the allocation of resources or unduly inhibit economic growth? Some, no doubt, treat simplicity—the impact of the tax on administrative and compliance costs—as just one component of efficiency and others treat it as a separate norm, but everyone, including Members of Congress, pays at least lip service to the goal of a simpler tax system. Let me describe three important domestic aspects of the legislation so that readers may judge how Congress did.
The 2017 legislation added a unique and unprecedented 20% deduction from taxable income for certain qualified business income, a rule that has the effect of reducing the tax rates of most partnerships, Subchapter S corporations, and sole proprietorships by 20%.82 For example, it reduces the tax rate on qualified income from 10% to 8% at the lowest bracket and from 37% to 29.6% at the top.
The new law denies the special 20% deduction to certain “specified service businesses” owned by upper-income taxpayers, including the performance of services in the fields of health, law, accounting, actuarial science, the performing arts, consulting, athletics, financial services, brokerage services, investing, investment management, and securities trading or dealing.85 But architects, engineers, and barbers are all eligible for the lower tax rate. My very successful naturopathic physician is clearly in the healthcare business and is accordingly disqualified, but I am unsure about my equally successful personal trainer. In proposed regulations issued in August 2018, the Treasury confirmed that doctors and dentists do not qualify for the reduced rates, but indicated that “owners of health spas may because they do not directly provide medical services.”86 Somehow the Treasury also concluded that banks that only make loans and take deposits are not financial institutions excluded from this tax benefit by the statute.87 Further, because this law conditions its eligibility above an income threshold on the amount of wages, my barber will want all of the hair stylists in his salon to be his employees, but the stylists will want to be independent contractors to become eligible for the 20% rate cut, since employees do not qualify for this benefit.
Why did Congress lower the tax rate on barbers and tailors but not doctors, lawyers, actors, and athletes? Is having more hair stylists more beneficial to society than having more doctors? And are hair stylists who own their own business or operate as independent contractors more beneficial to society than hair stylists who are employees?
Is it sensible policy to allow very large, privately-owned businesses to choose whether to be taxed as a pass-through entity or as a taxable corporation?
Is it sound tax policy for the tax law to provide incentives that push workers towards becoming independent contractors rather than employees? This will, for example, free businesses from complying with state laws that are designed to protect employees. It will also reduce opportunities for workers to qualify for employer-sponsored retirement and health plans. This is another legal regime that hardly seems stable.
The new law makes many other significant income tax policy changes. As discussed earlier, the $10,000 limitation on state and local tax deductions,95 which was clearly targeted at politicians and voters in states that mostly vote for Democrats—may be the most controversial. For a final example, however, consider a provision that almost everyone—with the exception of certain charitable organizations—seems to like: the doubling of the standard deduction to $24,000 for married couples and to $12,000 for single people.96 Republican leaders expressed great enthusiasm for this change, which will substantially increase the number of taxpayers who will not need to itemize deductions.
By enacting a value-added tax of roughly 12% we could: eliminate more than 150 million people from income taxation with a $100,000 standard deduction; lower income tax rates for everyone; reduce the corporate rate to 15%; and protect low- and moderate-income families from any tax increase through payroll tax credits and expanded refundable tax credits for children administered through government-issued debit cards.103 Senator Ben Cardin of Maryland has introduced legislation along these lines.104 But that legislation is going nowhere now because the majority of our politicians believe they can avoid any political heat by insisting on tax cuts alone. Our political leaders simply refuse to tell the truth to the American people.
Five years later, Gingrich did become Speaker of the House after Bill Clinton had raised taxes in 1993—again to address the deficit—with only Democratic votes. In the 1994 election, the Republicans captured the House of Representatives for the first time since 1954. After that, political courage over the necessary level of taxes became scarce indeed. Political courage seems even more illusory in the 21st century.
But not all the news is bad. The budget legislation of the 1990s, along with the economic growth unleashed by the information technology revolution of the late 1990s, completely eliminated the projected deficits by the year 2000 and produced a federal surplus for the first time since 1969. Indeed, the budget surpluses projected by the Congressional Budget Office at the beginning of this century were so large that, in March 2001, Chairman of the Federal Reserve Alan Greenspan told Congress that the federal government would soon pay off all of the national debt and would have to begin investing its surplus revenues in corporate stocks, a prospect he abhorred. The good news is that this problem has been solved.
Michael J. Graetz is Columbia Alumni Professor of Tax Law at Columbia Law School and Justus S. Hotchkiss Professor Emeritus at Yale Law School. The author thanks Benjamin Thompson for research assistance. A version of this Essay was originally delivered as the Frank and Rose Fogel Lecture at Temple Law School on March 28, 2018. Professor Graetz thanks the Madsen Family Fund at Columbia Law School for research support.
The 2017 Tax Act, sometimes called the Tax Cuts & Jobs Act, has been heralded by some as historic reform and by others as Armageddon. This Collection analyzes the Act, exploring the process by which it was passed, the values that undergird its policies, and how specific provisions will affect the structure of the U.S. and global economy moving forward.
Unified Framework, supra note 10.
See Wong, supra note 22.
Bob Woodward, Fear: Trump in the White House 290 (2018).
For a further discussion of this point, see infra Section IV.B.
See Budget and Economic Outlook, supra note 36.
See Auerbach et al., supra note 44, at 12 fig.1.
See, e.g., id. at 93-125.
Graetz, supra note 55, at 155-221.
Graetz, supra note 55, at 2-60.
See Halperin, supra note 79.
I.R.C. § 199A(d)(2)(A) (referencing § 1202(e)(3)(A)).
See Tankersley, supra note 32.
See #8 Bechtel, Forbes, https://www.forbes.com/companies/bechtel [https://perma.cc/PN3Y-VRS3].
Progressive Consumption Tax Act, S. 3529, 114th Cong. (2016).
Portions of this Part are adapted from a short article published in The American Interest before the 2017 legislation was enacted. Michael J. Graetz, Heading off a Cliff?, 13 Am. Interest (Jan./Feb. 2018), https://www.the-american-interest.com/2017/10/25/heading-off-cliff [https://perma.cc/JB6J-8P5Q].
See The 1-Page White House Handout on Trump’s Tax Proposal, CNN (Apr. 26, 2017, 8:27 PM), https://http://www.cnn.com/2017/04/26/politics/white-house-donald-trump-tax-proposal/index.html [https://perma.cc/GR8H-BN82].
See Joint Statement on Tax Reform, U.S. Dep’t Treasury (July 27, 2017), https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/sm0134.aspx [https://perma.cc/U2C6-AYAF].
Senate Democrats Lay Out Key Principles for Tax Reform, Ed Markey, U.S. Senator for Mass. (Aug. 1, 2017), https://www.markey.senate.gov/news/press-releases/senate-democrats-lay -out-key-principles-for-tax-reform [https://perma.cc/2XNE-ZGXG].
Jeff Cox, Mnuchin: We Have a “Very Detailed” Tax Plan Ready, CNBC (Aug. 31, 2017, 11:38 AM ET), https://www.cnbc.com/2017/08/31/mnuchin-we-have-a-very-detailed-tax-plan-ready.html [https://perma.cc/5JDC-AF33].
Evelyn Cheng, White House Top Economic Advisor Cohn: We Worked on Tax Reform this “Morning” and It Can Happen this Year, CNBC (Aug. 15, 2017, 5:57 PM ET), https://www.cnbc.com/2017/08/15/white-house-top-economic-advisor-cohn-we-worked-on-tax-reform-this -morning-and-it-can-happen-this-year.html [https://perma.cc/6QD4-897E].
Naomi Jagoda, Mnuchin: Plan Is for No Tax Cut for the Rich, Hill (Sept. 14, 2017, 5:46 PM), http://thehill.com/policy/finance/350761-mnuchin-plan-is-for-no-tax-cut-for-the-rich [https://perma.cc/M2F2-CDS2].
Saleha Mohsin & Justin Sink, Trump Officials Temper Expectation of 15% Corporate Tax Rate, Bloomberg (Sept. 12, 2017, 9:29 AM), https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-09-12/mnuchin-says-tax-overhaul-may-be-backdated-to-start-of-the-year.
Unified Framework for Fixing Our Broken Tax Code, U.S. Dep’t of Treasury (Sept. 27, 2017), https://http://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Documents/Tax-Framework.pdf [https://perma.cc/9JKS-LQC5] [hereinafter Unified Framework].
See Present Law and Data Related to the Taxation of Business Income, JCX-42-17, Joint Committee on Tax’n 56 (Sept. 15, 2017), https://www.jct.gov/publications.html?func=startdown&id=5021 [https://perma.cc/S3YD-AGWW].
See Internal Revenue Serv., Statistics of Income—Individual Income Tax Returns Publication 1304, tbl.1.4 (2015); see also infra Section IV.A.
Tax Reform Frame Released—Picture Missing, Debevoise & Plimpton LLP (Sept. 28, 2017), https://http://www.debevoise.com/insights/publications/2017/09/Tax-Reform-Frame-Released -Picture-Missing.
The President’s Tax Proposals to the Congress for Fairness, Growth, and Simplicity, U.S. Treasury Dept. (May 29, 1985), https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/Documents/Report-Reform-Proposal-1985.pdf [https://perma.cc/2C32-YVVT].
For an example of the press coverage of the 1986 Act, see David E. Rosenbaum, The Tax Reform Act of 1986: How the Measure Came Together; A Tax Bill for the Textbooks, N.Y. Times (Oct. 23, 1986), https://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/23/business/tax-reform-act-1986-measure -came-together-tax-bill-for-textbooks.html [https://perma.cc/8JKL-3CGY].
Mike Lillis, Pelosi Denounces GOP Tax Reform as ‘Armageddon,’ Hill (Dec. 4, 2017, 8:54 PM), http://thehill.com/homenews/house/363238-pelosi-denounces-gop-tax-reform-as -armageddon [https://perma.cc/NHU9-JQDK].
Bob Salsberg, Pelosi: Tax Overhaul Has Cast a ‘Dark Cloud’ Over Washington, Real Clear Politics (Feb. 2, 2018), https://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2018/02/02/pelosi_tax_overhaul_has_cast_a_dark_cloud_over_washington_136179.html [https://perma.cc/4TR9-N99F].
Scott Wong, Pence Rips Pelosi for Describing $1,000 as ‘Crumbs,’ Hill (Jan. 31, 2018, 8:37 PM), http://thehill.com/homenews/house/371748-pence-rips-pelosi-for-describing-1000-as -crumbs [https://perma.cc/K8TM-SEMN].
Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee, The GOP Tax Scam in 6 Seconds, YouTube (Dec. 19, 2017), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Le27K8kC2A.
See Laura Davison, Here’s What May Happen to Your Taxes If Democrats Win the House, Bloomberg (Aug. 23, 2018, 4:00 AM EDT), https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-08 -23/overhauling-the-tax-overhaul-here-s-what-democrats-are-planning [https://perma.cc/QD9T-E4AN]. President Obama proposed a 28% corporate tax rate. Zachary A. Goldfarb, Obama Proposes Lowering Corporate Tax Rate to 28 Percent, Wash. Post (Feb. 22, 2012), https://http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/obama-to-propose-lowering-corporate-tax -rate-to-28-percent/2012/02/22/gIQA1sjdSR_story.html?utm_term=.92be15b4f8f6 [https://perma.cc/YW6J-RJCH].
See Ben White & Nancy Cook, Trump Still Pushing for a 15 Percent Corporate Tax Rate, Politico (Sept. 5, 2017, 8:30 PM EDT), https://www.politico.com/story/2017/09/05/trump -corporate-tax-rate-cut-242354 [https://perma.cc/FH7J-SCEX].
See, e.g., Tax and Economic Growth, Org. for Econ. Co-operation & Dev. (Econ. Dep’t Working Paper No. 620, 2008), http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?doclanguage=en&cote=eco/wkp(2008)28 [https://perma.cc/T5FQ-X6CC] (showing that in a tax and growth model, the corporate tax is the most distortive). For a discussion of some of the economic inefficiencies of the corporate tax, see Alvin C. Warren, Jr., Integration of the Individual and Corporate Tax Systems: Reporter’s Study of Corporate Tax Integration 21-38 (Am. Law Inst. 1993).
See Preliminary Report on the Federal Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, N.Y. State Dep’t Tax’n & Fin. (Jan. 2018), https://www.tax.ny.gov/pdf/stats/stat_pit/pit/preliminary-report-tcja-2017.pdf [https://perma.cc/98AP-UZKD]; Joseph Spector, New York, New Jersey and Connecticut to Sue Over Federal Tax Law, USA Today (Jan. 26, 2018, 11:04 AM), https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/nation-now/2018/01/26/ny-nj-conn-sue-over-federal-tax-law/1068862001 [https://perma.cc/EB3F-FW2D].
A few high-tax states are restructuring their tax laws in an effort to allow residents to effectively retain deductions eliminated by the 2017 legislation. For a discussion of the states’ efforts, see Joseph Bankman et al., State Responses to Federal Tax Reform: Charitable Tax Credits, 159 Tax Notes 641 (2018). The Internal Revenue Service announced that it would issue regulations to limit such efforts. Guidance on Certain Payments Made in Exchange for State and Local Tax Credits, Notice 2018-54, Internal Revenue Serv. (2018), https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs -drop/n-18-54.pdf [https://perma.cc/X4RC-3M7F]. And it subsequently proposed such regulations. Contributions in Exchange for State or Local Tax Credits, 83 Fed. Reg. 43563 (Aug. 27, 2018). At least one estate planner is attempting to avoid the new limitations on property tax deductions by using non-grantor trusts. See Linley Browning, How the Rich Can Dodge Trump’s Property Tax Hike, Bloomberg (June 15, 2018, 4:00 AM), https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-06-15/rich-looking-to-dodge-property-tax-caps-turn-to-alaskan-trusts.
For a description of some of these distinctions, see, for example, Jim Tankersley, Who Gets a New 20% Tax Break? The Treasury Dept. Speaks, and Trump May Save, N.Y. Times (Aug. 8, 2018), https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/08/us/politics/tax-deduction-pass-through -businesses.html [https://perma.cc/R8T4-K5HT].
See Allison Rogers & Eric Toder, Trends in Tax Expenditures, 1985-2016, Urban Inst. & Brookings Inst. Tax Pol’y Ctr. (Sept. 16, 2011), https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files /publication/27561/412404-Trends-in-Tax-Expenditures---.PDF [https://perma.cc/26C2 -2KTM].
Estimates of Federal Tax Expenditures for Fiscal Years 2017-2021, JCX-34-18, Joint Committee on Tax’n, (2018), https://www.jct.gov/publications.html?func=startdown&id=5095 [https://perma.cc/GG9J-C33K].
For estimates, see William G. Gale and Peter Orzag, Tax Policy in the Bush Administration, Revenue and Budget Effects, 145 Tax Notes 105, 106 (Oct. 4, 2004); Glenn Kessler, Revisiting the Cost of the Bush Tax Cuts, Wash. Post. (May 10, 2011), https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/fact-checker/post/revisiting-the-cost-of-the-bush-tax-cuts/2011/05/09/AFxTFtbG_blog.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.09d870d5e317 [https://perma.cc/WGH5-Y76A]; Chye-Ching Huang, Budget Deal Makes Permanent 82 Percent of President Bush’s Tax Cuts, Ctr. on Budget & Pol’y Priorities 1 (Jan. 3, 2013), https://www.cbpp.org/sites/default/files /atoms/files/1-3-13tax.pdf [https://perma.cc/CAH5-5AYM].
Cong. Budget Off., The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2018 to 2028, at 1, 5 (Apr. 2018) [hereinafter Budget and Economic Outlook], https://www.cbo.gov/system/files?file =115th-congress-2017-2018/reports/53651-outlook.pdf [https://perma.cc/MEL6-H47R].
See Peter J. Tanous, Rising Interest Rates Will Be Devastating to the US Economy for One Big Reason, CNBC (Mar. 6, 2018, 6:00 PM), https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/05/rising-interest -rates-will-be-devastating-to-the-us-economy-for-one-big-reason.html [https://perma.cc/4EHS-RZM2].
For discussion of the anti-tax movement and opposition to taxes as the glue that has held the Republican coalition together, see generally, Michael J. Graetz & Ian Shapiro, Death by a Thousand Cuts: The Fight over Taxing Inherited Wealth (2005).
See Revenue Statistics - OECD Countries: Comparative Tables, Org. Econ. Co-Operation & Dev., https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=REV# [https://perma.cc/LJX2 -ABB3].
See Budget and Economic Outlook, supra note 36, at 89. Note also that the estimates in this section follow different methodologies. The first takes current law as written, including sunsets of tax breaks. The second assumes that current policy will remain in place and the sunsets scheduled to take place in the future will not occur (i.e., Congress will extend tax breaks before they expire).
Alan J. Auerbach et al., The Federal Budget Outlook: Even Crazier After All These Years, Urban Inst. & Brookings Inst. Tax Pol’y Ctr. 1 (Apr. 23, 2018), https://www.brookings.edu/wp -content/uploads/2018/04/es_20180423_budgetoutlook.pdf [https://perma.cc/RN6G -9CDM].
CBO’s 2018 Long-Term Budget Outlook, Committee for Responsible Fed. Budget 2 (June 26, 2018), http://www.crfb.org/sites/default/files/2018_Long_Term_Budget_Outlook.pdf [https://perma.cc/6UWQ-PUJL].
Harvard economists Robert Barro and Jason Furman have estimated that for 2020 to 2027, the predicted impact of the 2017 legislation on GDP growth is 0.0 to 0.1 percentage points per year. Robert J. Barro & Jason Furman, The Macroeconomic Effects of the 2017 Tax Reform 57 (Brookings Papers on Econ. Activity, Conference Drafts, 2018), https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/4_barrofurman.pdf [https://perma.cc/4T2U-LW6M]. The Joint Committee on Taxation, which used a weighted average of three macroeconomic models, reached a similar conclusion. Id. at 57-58; see also William G. Gale et al., Effects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act: A Preliminary Analysis, Urban Inst. & Brookings Inst. Tax Pol’y Ctr. (June 13, 2018), https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/ES_20180608_tcja_summary_paper_final.pdf [https://perma.cc/8ACP-MYAQ].
Niv Elis, Corker: Tax Cuts Could Be ‘One of the Worst Votes I’ve Made’, Hill (Apr. 11, 2018, 12:10 PM EDT), http://thehill.com/policy/finance/382663-corker-tax-cuts-could-be-one-of -worst-votes-ive-made [https://perma.cc/5S4W-JELT].
Naomi Jagoda, House Votes to Extend Individual Tax Cuts, Hill (Sept. 28, 2018, 12:12 PM EDT), https://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/408924-house-votes-to-extend-individual-tax -cuts [https://perma.cc/7XH9-LCNL].
One example of this breakdown is the practice of corporate inversions and the government efforts to stop it. See, e.g., Katherine M. Hetherington & Brian M. Sholley, Anti-Inversion Regulations and Legislation Fail to Prevent the Exodus of U.S. Companies Abroad, 93 Taxes 23, 23 (2015).
The Joint Committee on Taxation estimated this amount to be $2.6 trillion in 2015. See Letter from Hon. Kevin Brady to Hon. Richard Neal (Aug. 31, 2016), http://waysandmeans.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/20160831-Barthold-Letter-to-BradyNeal.pdf [https://perma.cc/25G9-8PZ7]; see also Nick Wells, Companies are Holding a $2.6 Trillion Pile of Cash Overseas That’s Still Growing, CNBC (Apr. 28, 2017), https://www.cnbc.com/2017/04/28/companies-are-holding-trillions-in-cash-overseas.html [https://perma.cc/52Z8-XJBX].
Capital export neutrality requires the same tax treatment for investors whether they invest at home or abroad. Capital import neutrality requires the same tax treatment for both domestic and foreign investors. It is now widely understood that both principles can hold simultaneously only when all countries have the same income tax systems, including identical tax rates and bases and the same rules about source and resident taxation. Michael J. Graetz, Follow the Money: Essays on International Taxation 58-59 (2016).
APB 23: Accounting for Income Taxes—Special Areas, Fin. Acct. Found. (Apr. 1972), https://www.fasb.org/jsp/FASB/Document_C/DocumentPage?cid=1218220340119& [https://perma.cc/ZWN9-JYTK].
See David Morgan, U.S. Treasury Proposes Rules on Repatriating Overseas Corporate Income, Reuters (Aug. 1, 2018, 12:47 PM), https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-tax-repatriation/u-s-treasury-proposes-rules-on-repatriating-overseas-corporate-income-idUSKBN1KM5MA [https://perma.cc/MB2K-Y3NW] (offering the $339 billion figure).
See Martin A. Sullivan, Economic Analysis: More Than Technical Corrections and Regulations Needed to Fix GILTI, 159 Tax Notes 939 (2018) (offering a detailed summary of the new international tax provisions); see also e.g., Stewart R. Lipeles et al., Foreign Tax Credit Planning: The Potential Benefits of Subpart F Income, 96 Taxes Mag. 5 (Sept. 2018); Daniel N. Shaviro, The New Non-Territorial U.S. International Tax System, Part 2, 160 Tax Notes 171, 171-94 (2018); Moshe Spinowitz, Tax Efficient Supply Chain in Shadow of Tax Reform, 70 Tax Executive 20 (2018) (describing potential tax-planning issues for international supply chains).
See, e.g., Martin A. Sullivan, Economic Analysis: 10 Reasons Congress Should Revisit the BEAT, 159 Tax Notes 1701 (2018); Thomas Zollo et al., U.S. Tax Reform Considerations for Multinational Services Companies, 90 Tax Notes 627 (2018).
See, e.g., Allison Christians et al., Foreword: International Tax Policy in a Disruptive Environment, 72 Bull. Int’l Tax’n 191 (2018); Mindy Herzfeld, News Analysis: A Post-Truth Tax World, 90 Tax Notes Int’l 1369 (2018).
The following example illustrates this equivalence: A corporation with $100 in pre-tax earnings per share will pay $21 in corporate income tax at the 21% rate. If the corporation distributes the remaining $79 per share to shareholders as a dividend, shareholders in the top income bracket will pay $15.80 (20%), leaving them with $63.20 after tax. If the taxpayer instead earned $100 of ordinary income, she would owe $37 in tax at the top rate, leaving her with $63.
Compare the two scenarios above to $100 of qualified business income. That taxpayer will deduct $20 and pay tax of $29.60 (37% on $80 of taxable income), leaving the taxpayer with after-tax income of $70.40.
For a discussion of the advantages of pass-through entities relative to corporations, see Daniel Halperin, Choice of Entity – A Conceptual Approach, 159 Tax Notes 1601, 1601-02, 1604-05 (2018).
See Joint Committee on Tax’n, supra note 12, at 56; SOI Tax Stats - Integrated Business Data, Internal Revenue Serv. tbl. 1, https://www.irs.gov/statistics/soi-tax-stats-integrated-business-data https://perma.cc/T3U7-XYFV] (last updated Sept. 18, 2018).
See, e.g., David Kamin et al., The Games They Will Play: Tax Games, Roadblocks, and Glitches Under the 2017 Tax Legislation, 103 Minn. L. Rev. (forthcoming 2018), https://ssrn.com /abstract=3089423; Michael J. Graetz et al., Federal Income Taxation: Principles and Policies 535-542 (8th ed. 2018).
See Pat Garofalo, Are the ‘Small Businesses’ Republicans Claim to Be Protecting from a Tax Increase Really Small?, ThinkProgress (Sept. 13, 2010, 6:10 PM), https://thinkprogress.org/are-the-small-businesses-republicans-claim-to-be-protecting-from-a-tax-increase-really-small -cf21b0be339e [https://perma.cc/3LFQ-LQZM].
See United Parcel Service, Inc., Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2017 (Form 10-K), at 5 (Feb. 21, 2018), https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1090727/000109072718000009/ups-12312017x10k.htm [https://perma.cc/2QVN-TRRX]; Fedex Corp., Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ended May 31, 2018 (Form 10-K), at 13 (July 16, 2018), https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1048911/000156459018016877/fdx-10k_20180531.htm [https://perma.cc/98EH-TWRL]; see also Craig v. FedEx Ground Package Sys., Inc. (In re FedEx Ground Package Sys., Inc.), 792 F.3d 818 (7th Cir. 2015); Lydia DePillis, How FedEx is Trying to Save the Business Model that Saved it Millions, Wash. Post (Oct. 23, 2014) https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/storyline/wp/2014/10/23/how-fedex-is-trying-to -save-the-business-model-that-saved-it-millions/?utm_term=.a6ea3f76f26f [https://perma.cc/Z2NZ-4H2W].
See, e.g., id. at 819-20; Employer’s Supplemental Tax Guide, Internal Revenue Serv. 7-8 (2018), https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p15a.pdf [https://perma.cc/3AC7-BFCU].
For more on the impact of this change, see Elisabeth Leamy, Are You a Telecommuter with a Home Office? You Just Lost a Tax Break, Wash. Post (May 29, 2018), https://www .washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/home/are-you-a-telecommuter-with-a-home-office-you -just-lost-a-tax-break/2018/05/28/7d92b1b4-5eb9-11e8-b2b8-08a538d9dbd6_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.4a1b7b5844c2 [https://perma.cc/E7MJ-YTW6].
Treasury, IRS Announce Development of Postcard-Size 1040 for 2019, U.S. Dep’t Treasury (June 29, 2018), https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm421 [https://perma.cc/3WQQ -AY77].
Kelly Phillips, Here’s How the New Postcard-Sized 1040 Differs from Your Current Tax Return, Forbes (June 30, 2018), https://www.forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2018/06/30/heres -how-the-new-postcard-sized-1040-differs-from-your-current-tax-return/#5fa0e4e246cc [https://perma.cc/6LW6-GHV2].
See Estimated Budget Effects of the Conference Agreement for H.R. 1, the “Tax Cuts and Jobs Act”, JCX-67-17, Joint Committee on Tax’n 1 (Dec. 18, 2017), https://www.jct.gov/publications.html?func=startdown&id=5053 [https://perma.cc/3JTB-YTWK].
See, e.g., Elizabeth Kneebone, Economic Recovery and the EITC: Expanding the Earned Income Credit to Benefit Families and Places, Brookings Inst. Metro. Pol’y Program (Jan. 26, 2009), https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/20090126_eitc_kneebone.pdf [https://perma.cc/7L57-QFMG]; Isabel Sawhill & Quentin Karpilow, Raising the Minimum Wage and Redesigning the EITC, Brookings Inst. Ctr. on Children & Families (Jan. 20, 2014), https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/30-Raising-Minimum -Wage-Redesigning-EITC-sawhill.pdf [https://perma.cc/D3AT-3RCL].
Organisation for Econ. Co-operation and Dev., Consumption Tax Trends 2016: VAT/GST and Excise Rates, Trends and Policy Issues 19 (2016).
See Michael J. Graetz, 100 Million Unnecessary Returns: A Simple, Fair and Competitive Tax Plan for the United States 61-83 (2008); Michael J. Graetz, The Tax Reform Road Not Taken—Yet, 67 Nat’l Tax J. 419, 424-26, 430-34 (2014).
The story of Gingrich’s betrayal is told in Richard Darman, Who’s in Control? Polar Politics and the Sensible Center (1996).
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Why is medical marijuana so expensive?
In the first place, The Department of Health regulates Medical Marijuana on a large scale. You should be permitted medically in order to purchase medical marijuana. For this, you need to buy a yearly renewable ID card that is issued in California for a price of $100 just for the card. Currently, medical marijuana is not present in many insurance companies’ standard record of medicines.
An ounce of this drug can cost about $350, which you can consume within a week’s time depending upon the requirement of the treatment. With the help of this calculation, you can conclude that it costs approximately over $1200 for a month. This price depicts the legally available medical marijuana.
On the other hand, street marijuana costs less and the price keeps on fluctuating depending upon its quantity, quality, and place. It is half the rate of medical marijuana but does not possess good quality and is contaminated. It can cause a person to get ill, poisoned, or even die.
Hence, we can infer that medical marijuana is more expensive in comparison to other drugs as it is not legal in all the places and the quality matters.
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How can I apply for a new digital passport?
The application for a new digital Passport can only be filed with the General Consulate in Berlin. The application process cannot be handled by the Honorary Consulates.
1. If the passport will be withdrawn at the Embassy in Berlin.
2. If the passport will be withdrawn at an Honorary Consulate. If this is the case, please enclose 1 set of stamps worth 3,25€ each, to cover the cost of mailing the passport to the chosen Consulate.
2. Indicate a preferred date for the interview. The interview must take place within opening hours to the public, which are Monday-Friday, from 10 a.m. to 12.00 p.m. and from 2 p.m. to 4 p.m. The indicated date must be confirmed and is subject to the fulfillment of the requirements and availability.
3.Copy of both sides of the valid Costa Rican identification card (cédula de identidad). The identification card must be valid in order to process your application for a new passport.
4. Photocopy of the first page of the prior passport.
5. The payment of $132 for the passport needs to be transferred upon conformation of the interview. The payment slip needs to be brought PRINTED OUT to the interview.
Once the documents have been revised, an appointment will be given for the application for a digital Passport. This step of the application process must be personal in the Embassy, where personal data will be filed, and fingerprints and a digital photo will be taken. The applicant must present a valid identification card on the day of the interview, as well as his/her valid passport. Additionally, the payment slip must be brought to the interview.
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Question: In the scene where Schindler has just seen the body of the girl in the red coat, and is now talking to Stern about the fates of the workers, it seemed to me that Schindler's eyes were brown and not black and white. It might be just me seeing things, but I thought it might be something symbolic, that his eyes have truly been opened. Does anyone know if this is right or if the eyes are colorless?
Chosen answer: His eyes are colorless.
Question: I was wondering about the title change from "Leon" to the "Professional". Was the title only changed in the U.S. and if so why?
Chosen answer: According to IMDb.com the title was only changed in the United States and the reason why was maybe audiences would find the title, "The Professional" more appealing than "Leon."
Question: Is there any particular significance to the thieves' color-coded aliases, or did Quentin Tarantino merely assign them at random?
Chosen answer: Not sure if QT assigned the names in any particular order, but I believe that the inspiration to use colours as names was taken from the excellent movie "The Taking of Pelham 123" starring Walter Mathau.
Answer: I'd say probably not.
Question: I read on movietome.com that Uma Thurman played a girl named Daphne in this movie. I have watched over and over and read the end credits and can't find her anywhere. Is she in this movie?
Chosen answer: Wrong movie. She is in Where The Heart Is (1990), not Where The Heart Is (2000).
Question: When Jules is first talking to Jess about joining the team and the guys are mocking them, what does Jules mean when she shakes her hand? Does it mean anything?
Question: I have the special edition widescreen on video, and still I have never spotted the stormtrooper who runs into a wall on the Death Star. This is supposed to be some kind of classic mistake, still I can't see it no matter how hard I try. Has it been deleted for the special edition? (Some claim that it hasn't, but I can't find it).
Chosen answer: It was never taken out, but it can be hard to spot: the stormtrooper actually runs into the door of the control room where C-3P0 and R2-D2 are hiding. When they charge into the room, keep your eye on the door at all times; just before the camera starts to follow them to the left, you'll see the last one in bang his head.
Question: Were there any alternative scenarios created for this film, in which someone other than Mr. Orange is the cop?
Chosen answer: To the best of anyone's knowledge, the only scenario ever created was that Mr. Orange was the cop.
Question: What happened to the Moulin Rouge in the film after Satine died?
Chosen answer: It's not clear. Given that they owed a lot of money to the Duke, he probably closed them down.
Question: Seconds before Satine makes her entrance on the trapeze singing 'Diamonds...' Toulouse whispers something to Christian. It starts with 'Christian, we've successfully...' what else does Toulouse say?
Chosen answer: Toulouse says to Christian, "Mission accomplished. We have successfully evaded Zidler."
Question: Is there a particular reason why they decided to get rid of Scorpinock and Terrasaur?
Chosen answer: Terrorsaur was probably removed because his character was far overshadowed by Tarantulas. Both characters were treacherous and backstabbing towards Megatron, but it wouldn't have made sense to have two characters who served the same purpose, story-wise. Scorponok was removed because they wanted to introduce Quickstrike, and it wouldn't have made sense to have two scorpion characters on the show.
Question: Why do both Dan Akroyd and Chevy Chase get in trouble for cheating on the exam (since Chevy is quite obviously the only one cheating)?
Chosen answer: Dan Akroyd was giving Chevy Chase the answers to the test, KGB was one of them.
Question: Frodo, Bilbo, and eventually Sam and Gimli, travel to the Undying Lands in the West. Do they become immortal once they are there?
Chosen answer: No. Tolkien was very specific about this - mortals who travel to the Undying Lands remain mortal and will live out their normal lifespan.
Question: What type of owl is Hedwig?
Chosen answer: Hedwig is a snowy owl.
Question: What was Melissa Joan Hart's significance in the slow clap scene?
Chosen answer: I dont think there was, it was just another guest star appearance.
Question: When they see Ross' old hairstyle in the video, Joey says "lookin' good Mr Cotter". What does this refer to?
Chosen answer: Mr Kotter was the teacher on a popular 70s sitcom "Welcome Back Kotter". He was known for his afro.
Question: The answer for another question made me wonder. If Imothep was alive when put in his sarcophagus, how can there be jars with his internal organs elsewhere? Wouldn't they still be in his body in order for him to be alive?
Chosen answer: If you're referring to the only jars that are used in the movie, those are Anck Su Namun's organs. Not his. Near as I can tell, his organs were not taken, hence him being alive.
Question: When Fiona is trying to hide from Donkey in the old windmill and falls through the floor, she gets up and spoofs something. What does she spoof?
Chosen answer: Any monster film which reveals the monster from a low angle, dusty, silhouetted character with arms spreading out from the sides. Just a classic entrance for a villain or for a big reveal of a character.
Question: In the House of Blue Leaves, why does the lady manager switch off the lights during the fight between the Bride and the Crazy 88?
Chosen answer: From what I understand the reason for the lights being off is the same reason for why the previous scene was done in black and white; to decrease the amount of 'graphic violence' in the movie in an attempt to keep an 'R' rating. I would assume that they had him shut off the lights for that scene as just another method to accomplish that task.
Question: I noticed that during the whole film, when bullets hit the soldiers' bodies, dust comes out (even on a wet Omaha Beach). Why is that?
Chosen answer: It is eiderdown that blows into the air when they get hit by a bullet. They used eiderdown because it was a very warm filling for their assault jackets. Eider is still rarely used in the manufacture of some sleeping pillows and quilts.
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The Northern Lights, or Aurora Borealis, is on my bucket list to see. Although I lived for a year in Norway and 2 years in Russia and been in Finland, I've yet to be in the right place at the right time to view them.
The best places to see the lights are closer to the poles: Finnish Lapland, northern Norway, Northern Russia, Alaska and Canada for the Northern Lights, which are termed Aurora Borealis, and Antarctica for the Southern Lights (Aurora Australis). The Northern Lights have, however, been seen many other places closer to the equator, even as far south as Cuba and Mexico.
You can see them at any time of the year, although of course you won't be able to see them with the naked eye unless it's dark and there's minimal light pollution (i.e. get out of the city!) The most striking displays have been observed during high solar sunspot activity.
What causes the colors, pulses, and glow?
The colors and displays come from the sun ejecting a cloud of gas from its core. If the ejected gas reaches earth (which takes about 2-3 days) it collides with the magnetic field of the Earth, causing changes to the magnetic field that produce currents of charged particles that flow along the magnetic force towards the poles. The charged particles collide with oxygen and nitrogen atoms to produce the aurora: the Northern Lights and Southern Lights.
What is the earliest documented account of the Northern Lights?
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The Earth Signs of the zodiac are Taurus, Virgo and Capricorn, whose symbols are on the right.
These are 3 of the 12 signs of the zodiac, the 12 sun signs being divided into the 4 groups of Air, Earth, Fire and Water. (The groups are sometimes called 'triplicities' because each group contains 3 sun signs.) The earth signs, together with the water signs, are the yin, negative, introvert, i.e. self-containing feminine signs.
Reliable, responsible, e.g. often trusted to house-sit, pet-sit and take care of affairs in an owner's absence.
What do the astrological earth signs have in common ?
People born under the earth signs of taurus, virgo and capricorn are often described as reliable and responsible, a 'safe pair of hands', people who can be trusted to get a job done without being distracted by whatever else is going on or whoever happens to come along.
Earth sign people are often described as sensual in that they take the time to appreciate life through all the physical senses of sight, sound, touch, smell and taste.
Among the main attributes of earth signs are that they tend to be steady, reliable, low-risk attitudes, i.e. they often follow the slow but sure way to build material security. One possible extreme is that people born under the earth signs may become excessively materialistic, to the point of appearing greedy. They can also become so involved with their own immediate objectives that they fail to take the feelings of others into account, at the very least they can appear to overlook them. In short, earth signs can become so focussed on immediate tasks and goals that they don't fully appreciate the wider aspects of life, including both the opportunities and the other people around them.
There are so many similarities between the three earth signs that the differences between them can seem quite subtle.
Different sources (articles, books, websites etc.) emphasize different characteristics depending on the situation being described e.g. astrology for love and romance readings, career forecasts, business characteristics or tendencies and so on.
It can be helpful to consider the differences between the earth signs in terms of the three modalities of astrology, namely cardinal, fixed and mutable.
Taurus is known for being stubborn as well as for being 'bull-like' in determination to achieve goals.
In the case of virgo this characteristic may be revealed in the context of meticulus attention to detail in both work and creative pursuits.
Capricorn's cardinal characteristics may be apparent due to striving to achieve ambitions as well as in his or her innate creativity.
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0.986445 |
Networks have become a general concept to model the structure of arbitrary relationships among entities. The framework of a network introduces a fundamentally new approach apart from `classical' structures found in physics to model the topology of a system. In the context of networks fundamentally new topological effects can emerge and lead to a class of topologies which are termed `complex networks'. The concept of a network successfully models the static topology of an empirical system, an arbitrary model, and a physical system. Generally networks serve as a host for some dynamics running on it in order to fulfill a function. The question of the reciprocal relationship among a dynamical process on a network and its topology is the context of this Thesis. This context is studied in both directions. The network topology constrains or enhances the dynamics running on it, while the reciprocal interaction is of the same importance. Networks are commonly the result of an evolutionary process, e.g. protein interaction networks from biology. Within such an evolution the dynamics shapes the underlying network topology with respect to an optimal achievement of the function to perform. Answering the question what the influence on a dynamics of a particular topological property has requires the accurate control over the topological properties in question. In this Thesis the degree distribution, two-point correlations, and clustering are the studied topological properties. These are motivated by the ubiquitous presence and importance within almost all empirical networks. An analytical framework to measure and to control such quantities of networks along with numerical algorithms to generate them is developed in a first step. Networks with the examined topological properties are then used to reveal their impact on two rather general dynamics on networks. Finally, an evolution of networks is studied to shed light on the influence the dynamics has on the network topology.
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A cannabinoid receptor antagonist, also known simply as a cannabinoid antagonist or as an anticannabinoid, is a type of cannabinoidergic drug that binds to cannabinoid receptors (CBR) and prevents their activation by endocannabinoids. They include antagonists, inverse agonists, and antibodies of CBRs. The discovery of the endocannabinoid system led to the development of CB1 receptor antagonists. The first CBR antagonist, rimonabant, was described in 1994. Rimonabant blocks the CB1 receptor selectively and has been shown to decrease food intake and regulate body-weight gain. The prevalence of obesity worldwide is increasing dramatically and has a great impact on public health. The lack of efficient and well-tolerated drugs to cure obesity has led to an increased interest in research and development of CBR antagonists. Cannabidiol, a naturally occurring cannabinoid, is a non-competitive CB1/CB2 receptor antagonist.
For centuries hashish and marijuana from the Indian hemp Cannabis sativa L. have been used for medicinal and recreational purposes. In 1840, Schlesinger S. was apparently the first investigator to obtain an active extract from the leaves and flowers of hemp. A few years later, in 1848, Decourtive E. described the preparation of an ethanol extract that on evaporation of the solvent gave a dark resin, which he named “cannabin”. In 1964 the main active constituent of C. sativa L., Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), was isolated and synthesized by Mechoulam's laboratory. Two types of cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, responsible for the effects of THC were discovered and cloned in the early 1990s. Once cannabinoid receptors had been discovered, it became important to establish whether their agonists occur naturally in the body. This search led to the discovery of the first endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid), anandamide (arachidonoyl ethanolamide). Later on other endocannabinoids were found, for example 2-AG (2-arachidonoyl glycerol). These findings raised further questions about the pharmacological and physiological role of the cannabinoid system. This revived the research on cannabinoid receptor antagonists which were expected to help answer these questions. The use of the cannabinoid agonist, THC, in its many preparations to enhance appetite is a well known fact. This fact led to the logical extension that blocking of the cannabinoid receptors might be useful in decreasing appetite and food intake. It was then discovered that the blockage of the CB1 receptor represented a new pharmacological target. The first specific CB1 receptor antagonist / inverse agonist was rimonabant, discovered in 1994.
A number of initiatives have been published to develop CB1 antagonists that target only peripheral CB1 receptors by restricting their ability to cross the blood brain barrier. Among these initiatives 7TM Pharma has reported the development of TM38837. A review has now published on the approaches and compounds being pursued as peripherally restricted CB1 receptor blockers.
↑ Schlesinger S. Untersuchung der Cannabis sativa. Repertorium für die Pharmacie. 1840:190-208.
↑ Decourtive E. Note sur le haschisch. CR Hebd Séances Acad Sci..1848;26:509-510.
1 2 3 4 Mackie K (2006), "Cannabinoid receptors as therapeutic targets" (PDF), Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 46: 101–22, doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.46.120604.141254, PMID 16402900.
↑ Fong TM, Heymsfield SB (September 2009), "Cannabinoid-1 receptor inverse agonists: current understanding of mechanism of action and unanswered questions", Int J Obes (Lond), 33 (9): 947–55, doi:10.1038/ijo.2009.132, PMID 19597516.
1 2 3 4 Barchukov, V. V.; Zhavbert, E. S.; Dugina, Yu. L.; Epstein, O. I. (2015). "The Use of Release-Active Antibody-Based Preparations for Vertigo Prevention in Adults". Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 160 (1): 61–63. doi:10.1007/s10517-015-3098-z. ISSN 0007-4888.
↑ Chorvat, Robert J. (2013). "Peripherally restricted CB-1 receptor blockers". Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 23: 4751–4760. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.066.
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0.865416 |
a full convolutional neural network.
it's an RGB image and maybe you're trying to do handwritten digit recognition.
to recognize which one of the 10 digits from zero to nine is this.
Let's throw the neural network to do this.
which is created by Yann LeCun many years ago.
it's inspired by it, but many parameter choices were inspired by it.
layer uses a 5 x 5 filter and a stride of 1, and no padding.
and we're going to call this layer conv 1.
maybe a real non-linearity, and that's the conv 1 output.
I am going to apply mass pooling here and let's use a f=2, s=2.
When I don't write a padding use a pad easy with a 0.
let's see max pooling with a 2 x 2 filter and the stride equals 2.
width of the representation by a factor of 2.
and we're going to call this the Pool 1 output.
conventions which are inside the inconsistent about what you call a layer.
One convention is that this is called one layer.
will be to call they convey layer as a layer and the pool layer as a layer.
record the number of layers that have weight, that have parameters.
the pooling layer as if they are two separate layers.
but when I count layers, I'm just going to count layers that have weights.
So achieve both of this together as Layer 1.
refers the fact that I view both of this is part of Layer 1 of the neural network.
And Pool 1 is grouped into Layer 1 because it doesn't have its own weights.
and let's use a stride of 1, and let's use 10 filters this time.
pulling with f=2, s=2 again.
width by a factor of 2, so you're left with 5 x 5 x 10.
in our convention this is Layer 2 of the neural network.
Now let's apply another convolutional layer to this.
1, and I don't write the padding, means there's no padding.
And this will give you the Conv 2 output, and that's your 16 filters.
So this would be a 10 x 10 x 16 dimensional output.
So we look at that, and this is the Conv 2 layer.
And then let's apply max pooling to this with f=2, s=2.
we're at 10 x 10 x 16 with max pooling with f=2, s=2.
width, you can probably guess the result of this, right?
Left pooling with f = 2, s = 2.
a 5 x 5 x 16 volume, same number of channels as before.
We're going to call this Pool 2.
has one set of weights and your Conv 2 layer.
Now 5 x 5 x 16, 5 x 5 x 16 is equal to 400.
So let's now fatten our Pool 2 into a 400 x 1 dimensional vector.
So think of this as fatting this up into these set of neurons, like so.
let's build the next layer, As having 120 units.
So this is actually our first fully connected layer.
400 units densely connected to 120 units.
the single neural network layer that you saw in Courses 1 and 2.
a weight matrix that's called W3 of dimension 120 x 400.
yes that's going to be just a 120 dimensional, this is 120 outputs.
I'm going to call this fully connected Layer 4.
And finally we now have 84 real numbers that you can fit to a [INAUDIBLE] unit.
to recognize this hand it is 0, 1, 2, and so on up to 9.
Then this would be a softmax with 10 outputs.
a convolutional neural network might look like.
And I know this seems like there a lot of hyper parameters.
how to choose these types of hyper parameters.
to look in the literature to see what hyper parameters you work for others.
someone else, and there's a chance that will work for your application as well.
We'll see more about that next week.
usually nh and nw to height and width will decrease.
to 10 x 10, to 5 x 5.
whereas the number of channels will increase.
It's gone from 3 to 6 to 16, and then your fully connected layer is at the end.
then one or more conv layers followed by pooling layer.
then followed by maybe a softmax.
And this is another pretty common pattern you see in neural networks.
the activation size, and the number of parameters in this network.
if you multiply out those numbers you should get 3,072.
So the activation, a0 has dimension 3072.
Well it's really 32 x 32 x 3.
And there are no parameters I guess at the input layer.
feel free to work out the details yourself.
the activation sizes of these different layers.
So just to point out a few things.
First, notice that the max pooling layers don't have any parameters.
few parameters, as we discussed in early videos.
collected layers of the neural network.
maybe go down gradually as you go deeper in the neural network.
If it drops too quickly, that's usually not great for performance as well.
then slowly falls into 84 until finally you have your Softmax output.
have patterns similar to these.
and the fully connected layer.
these basic building blocks to build effective neural networks.
And putting these things together actually requires quite a bit of insight.
concrete examples of how others have done it.
things together to build very effective neural networks.
here exactly as developed by someone else or your own application.
a little bit in the next video about why you might want to use convolutions.
advantages of using convolutions as well as how to put them all together.
on a training set to perform image recognition for some of the tasks.
So with that let's go on to the last video of this week.
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DESCRIPTION execstack is a program which sets, clears, or queries executable stack flag of ELF binaries and shared libraries. Linux has in the past allowed execution of instructions on the stack and there are lots of binaries and shared libraries assuming this behaviour. Furthermore, GCC trampoline code for e.g. nested functions requires executable stack on many architectures. To avoid breaking binaries and shared libraries which need executable stack, ELF binaries and shared libraries now can be marked as requiring executable stack or not requiring it. This marking is done through the p_flags field in the PT_GNU_STACK program header entry. If the marking is missing, kernel or dynamic linker need to assume it might need executable stack. The marking is done automat- ically by recent GCC versions (objects using trampolines on the stack are marked as requiring executable stack, all other newly built objects are marked as not requiring it) and linker collects these markings into marking of the whole binary or shared library. The user can override this at assembly time (through --execstack or --noexecstack assembler options), at link time (through -z execstack or -z noexecstack linker options) and using the execstack tool also on an already linker binary or shared library. This tool is especially useful for third party shared libraries where it is known that they don t need executable stack or testing proves it.
OPTIONS -s --set-execstack Mark binary or shared library as requiring executable stack.
-c --clear-execstack Mark binary or shared library as not requiring executable stack.
-q --query Query executable stack marking of binaries and shared libraries. For each file it prints either - when executable stack is not required, X when executable stack is required or ? when it is unknown whether the object requires or doesn t require exe- cutable stack (the marking is missing).
-V Print execstack version and exit.
-? --help Print help message.
--usage Print a short usage message.
ARGUMENTS Command line arguments should be names of ELF binaries and shared libraries which should be modified or queried.
EXAMPLES # execstack -s ~/lib/libfoo.so.1 will mark ~/lib/libfoo.so.1 as requiring executable stack. # execstack -c ~/bin/bar will mark ~/bin/bar as not requiring executable stack. # execstack -q ~/lib/libfoo.so.1 ~/bin/bar will query executable stack marking of the given files.
BUGS execstack doesn t support yet marking of executables if they do not have PT_GNU_STACK program header entry nor they have room for program segment header table growth.
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0.993933 |
If you want to teach more than just the basics, see my full Arthur Introduction. If you're just going to present the basics, students enjoy wondering about whether someone like Arthur existed, as well as the fact that the knights we imagine are wearing the wrong armor. A longer lesson needs to include the similar stories of The Lady of Shallot and Elaine the Fair Maid of Astolat.
King Arthur is a legendary British leader of the late 5th and early 6th centuries, who, according to medieval histories and romances, led the defence of Britain against Saxon invaders in the early 6th century. The details of Arthur's story are mainly composed of folklore and literary invention, and his historical existence is debated and disputed by modern historians. The sparse historical background of Arthur is gleaned from various sources, including the Annales Cambriae, the Historia Brittonum, and the writings of Gildas. Arthur's name also occurs in early poetic sources such as Y Gododdin.
Arthur is a central figure in the legends making up the so-called Matter of Britain. The legendary Arthur developed as a figure of international interest largely through the popularity of Geoffrey of Monmouth's fanciful and imaginative 12th-century Historia Regum Britanniae (History of the Kings of Britain). In some Welsh and Breton tales and poems that date from before this work, Arthur appears either as a great warrior defending Britain from human and supernatural enemies or as a magical figure of folklore, sometimes associated with the Welsh Otherworld, Annwn. How much of Geoffrey's Historia (completed in 1138) was adapted from such earlier sources, rather than invented by Geoffrey himself, is unknown.
Although the themes, events and characters of the Arthurian legend varied widely from text to text, and there is no one canonical version, Geoffrey's version of events often served as the starting point for later stories. Geoffrey depicted Arthur as a king of Britain who defeated the Saxons and established an empire over Britain, Ireland, Iceland, Norway and Gaul. Many elements and incidents that are now an integral part of the Arthurian story appear in Geoffrey's Historia, including Arthur's father Uther Pendragon, the wizard Merlin, Arthur's wife Guinevere, the sword Excalibur, Arthur's conception at Tintagel, his final battle against Mordred at Camlann and final rest in Avalon. The 12th-century French writer Chrétien de Troyes, who added Lancelot and the Holy Grail to the story, began the genre of Arthurian romance that became a significant strand of medieval literature. In these French stories, the narrative focus often shifts from King Arthur himself to other characters, such as various Knights of the Round Table. Arthurian literature thrived during the Middle Ages but waned in the centuries that followed until it experienced a major resurgence in the 19th century. In the 21st century, the legend lives on, not only in literature but also in adaptations for theatre, film, television, comics and other media.
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Cycling is said to be an efficient mode of transport, when compared to running or driving a motor vehicle. Agreed. Mile for mile, far lesser calories and energy is spent, far lesser pollution emitted. But might that idea topple upside down when the road heads uphill?
When road grade rises, there is a seesaw effect in the amount of resistance wind and gravity play. Wind drag now goes down resisting less, and gravity comes up slowing you considerably. All that matters now is how much weight you carry and what gearing you have on the bike. The same gearing that perhaps tripled your speed output on a given rotational crank input on flats will plunge on a steep climb. If you choose to go with a lower gearing, your speed drops. So there is an apparent tradeoff there.
But it stands out, I guess, that one of the obvious elements of cycling athleticism - this notion of how good a cyclist someone is - is by assessing how well they can climb steep roads. Some of us may have this thinking that we're a real cyclist if we climb, and climb steep. I think there's a certain attractiveness in this tiring act. It gives one a sense of accomplishment, and sets a certain level of worth among the people he or she rides with. Bragging rights, yeah that's what it is. Besides, there's always a great view or a downhill to be earned at the other end, isn't there?
Top races in the world are most often won on the steep climbs, when a competitor can easily put time on his rivals. Stars who often showoff their talent on the climbs gets us all motivated to climb, and do it without getting off the bike. Getting off the bike and walking is somehow regarded shameful, powerless. You're no good. You aren't born to do it. Now where a cyclist does show mettle and talent on high gradient climbs, I think more can be said about his physiology and mental faculties than about the efficiency of his activity.
Its interesting that throngs of cycling fans line up steep cobbled roads and alpine climbs in Europe to see their favorite hero drag along the climb at close to walking speeds. Say one casual observer stepped back for a moment and asked : 'How efficient is cycling uphill compared to doing the same on flatland?', what do you think he'd tell himself?
I think the above observer could determine that this cyclist, riding past him on such a steep hill at 3mph, heaving from side to side zigzagging across the road like a detracked choo-choo train, will be more efficient if he got off his bike and pushed it uphill. There's no shame in this. Its just the clever thing to do, for this observer could jog up faster than the cyclist dragging along uphill! I would think much lesser energy is wasted simply caressing the ground with your feet than having to go through the complex motion of pedaling in circles with a chain and derailleur system that ultimately transmits some power to the rear wheel after losses through friction and deformation of rubber tires.
But sporting activity wouldn't have that, would it? Its not considered sporting otherwise. There might be booing from the crowd. There's no athleticism is walking your bike uphill...c'mon now. You're a sissy. You lack mental prowess.
Cycling does have its inefficiencies (perhaps that is why our early ancestors didn't swim out of the ocean carrying bikes to land). But it is the level of efficiency inherent in the cyclist which he applies to get past the natural inefficiencies that come into play in this mechanical activity that ultimately determines his outcome in a race, a training goal or the worthiness and respect he has among his peers. But I'm not the guy is the white lab coat so I can't credibly tell you where this bodily efficiency lies or how to attain it.
Great post. About the sentence about our ancestors not born as bike riders..I think man is considered a tool making creature, which is what sets him apart from other creatures. Now this can apply even to a bike, if you would consider it a tool of transport. But like all tools have their disadvantages in places, the bike does too. That doesn't reduce my liking for cycling however! I save far more money on gas and putting lesser crap into the air through my bike.
Why do you think that slope has anything to do with efficiency? The work required to climb is just the vertical height of a climb, times the weight of you and your bicycle; slope is not a factor. Efficiency is just the amount of work you can do for a given metabolic input. Slope is not a factor there either. Things that rob your efficiency on a bicycle are wind and rolling resistance; those rob less power the slower you go, so for the same rate of vertical climb, the steeper slope, which is slower rolling, will be _more_ efficient (that's why climbing is viewed as such the test of athleticism-- it's all power to weight ratio and no aerodynamics or finesse). Climbing mainly becomes inefficient when you run out of gearing, and are not able to operate at a good cadence for your chosen rate of vertical climb; so get a lower gear, adn you get your efficiency back.
In one example, as you write you often see spectators running up alongside their heroes in the Tour de France. They can do this because they give up running after about ten meters! No one since the first year derailleurs were permitted on the bikes has ever run up the whole climb alongside the contestants.
In a second example, the road up Mount Washington in NH is raced by both cyclists and runners, and the cyclists post significantly better times.
In a third example, someone made a hundred ascents of Fargo Street in Los Angeles in eight hours. Another person established a Guinness record for most stairs climbed in 24 hours. Both made roughly the same vertical ascent, but the stair climber took three times as long to do it.
In a fourth example, after I take the ferry home after a day mountain biking, I am on a bike that offers a very low gear, so I just point the thing up James St, which exceeds 20% grade for several blocks, rather than the less direct route home. I pick an easy pace because I've throughoughly tired myself out and am out of food, and yet pass everyone walking up the same slope, and make it home sooner than if I'd detoured down to Jackson St.
Efficiency is a lot in genetics for sure. Back some while ago, I told my self I wasn't born with that extra gas power to do ridiculous things. Its interesting I say this, as I have wasted much time not doing the things I'm not good at while discovering what I am good at. And climbing hills is definitely not one of that. But I've won plenty of Master's time trials in the area.
Don't kill me... but I heard cycling increases the need for human food consumption to keep up with the expending of physical energy. In other words cycling to work may be "green" but it's actually building us up for a massive food shortage.
Based on the calculations and some heft assumptions - the maximum angle at which a bicycle can maintain forward motion - I think somewhere in the low 30% range is more likely from personal experience. When the runner takes over is when they can "scramble" by using their arms for an extra point of contact.
The logical next question is - over what distance?
There was a discussion of exactly the same topic on rec.bicycles.tech. Just search there.
When I lived in Colorado we cyclists (who also liked to climb mountains) had this discussion often. Is it easier to walk or bike up Mount Evans ? The people who've done both say it's much easier to walk up and about as enjoyable.
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What is Hollywood known for?
'', a film otherwise set at Forbes Field in Pittsburgh. Movies Deep River has achieved a degree of notoriety in the films of David Lynch. As well as being referenced in ''Blue Velvet (Blue Velvet (film))'', the town is specifically mentioned in ''Mulholland Drive (Mulholland Drive (film))'', Lynch's surreal (Surrealism) film about a young actress struggling to cope in Hollywood. Naomi Watts plays a character named Betty at the beginning of the film.
'''Hollywood''' is a district in the central (Central Los Angeles) region of Los Angeles, California, in the United States.
It is notable for its place as the home of the entertainment industry, including several of its historic studios. Its name has come to be a metonym (metonymy) for the motion picture industry of the United States (Cinema of the United States). Hollywood is also a highly ethnically diverse, densely populated, economically diverse neighborhood and retail business district.
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Where Do I Get Reference Pictures?
The internet is your best tool for reference pictures because it is so easy to find them! When looking for reference pictures it is always good to choose a variety of references to get some different views of the costume. I like to have a mixture of: Screenshots of the media, fan art of the character, and photos of other cosplayers.
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Located a 4-minute drive from Swift Current's Civic Centre and a 2-minute car ride from the nearest Trans-Canada Highway on-ramp, this hotel would be ideal for road travellers who need a centrally located hotel that gives easy access to major highways.
This hotel features 63 air-conditioned rooms. All rooms come with a coffee/tea maker, blackout drapes/curtains, a mini-fridge, a microwave, a hair dryer, a flatscreen TV with cable, premium channels, a clock radio and an iron and ironing board. Free Wi-Fi and free local calls are available with each room. Rooms come furnished with 1 queen or 2 double beds. Non-smoking and smoking rooms are available.
Hotel amenities include a pool and jetted tub (closed as of Sept 2012 until further notice), a fitness centre, guest laundry (coin-operated), and a dry cleaning service (picked up and dropped off by outside vendor). Pets are permitted for a fee of $25 per night.
Free breakfast and free on-site parking are also offered.
Confirmed with a front desk agent December 28, 2012: pool closure, dry cleaning and laundry services and pet policy.
Reviews used for this analysis were mixed. However, there was some positive feedback that focused on the cleanliness of the rooms, the staff and service, the convenient location and the breakfast variety.
Many guests described their rooms as clean and comfortable. One reviewer described their room as immaculate and said it smelled fresh. However, there were opposing opinions and some reviewers had concerns about the cleanliness of the rooms (see below).
The staff and service were frequently complimented. Several guests described them as friendly and helpful. One reviewer was so impressed they said that the service was the most outstanding part of their experience.
The location was convenient to major highways and amenities like restaurants, shopping and gas stations, according to several guests. They also felt the hotel was easily accessible.
Several guests felt the variety at the breakfast was good and said, overall, the breakfast was enjoyable.
As mentioned above, the reviews used for this analysis were mixed. Some reviewers felt the hotel was overpriced, were disappointed that the pool was closed for maintenance and thought the hotel could use updating.
Several guests said the hotel was overpriced largely because they felt the hotel was too old to justify the room rate. They felt that the hotel could use several updates (decor, furnishings and parking lot). Also, some guests felt the rate was too high considering they could not use all the amenities (like the pool and jetted tub).
Due to lack of notice regarding the pool closure, some guests were disappointed upon arrival to the hotel. The pool has been closed since September 2012, with no definite re-open date.
A couple guests thought the beds were uncomfortable and hard.
Expedia.ca rated this hotel 3.6 out of 5 based on 41 reviews.
TripAdvisor.ca ranked this hotel #7 out of 14 hotels in Swift Current based on 39 reviews.
Hotels.com rated this hotel 3.8 out of 5 based on 34 reviews.
The average guest rating for Super 8 by Wyndham Swift Current is 7.1 out of 10 based on 615 reviews from past guests. This average guest rating ranks Super 8 by Wyndham Swift Current at #6 out of 7 hotels in Swift Current.
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Is goat milk a miracle cure for eczema?
I've seen the evidence and it was dramatic. I can't in all honesty say that goat milk is a miracle cure for everyone with eczema, and it's something I've never suffered from but I've seen it work and I want to share the story with you.
It might easily work for you or for a loved one who suffers from awful, ugly eczema.
This happened many years ago when I ran a health food store. I wasn't an expert on alternative remedies by any means but I read every word I could about the items I stocked so that I could give my customers useful advice. I read magazines, periodicals and had a host of reference books.
One summer day a young man came into the store wearing a sleeveless t-shirt. I won't go into details about the state of his arms but if you've seen or had - very bad eczema, then you can imagine what they were like. It was horrible to look at and he was obviously suffering. Plus there was the embarrassment of revealing his terrible skin.
Like many of my health food shop clients, he had come to me out of desperation. He'd seen many doctors and specialists to no avail.
Eventually he had been led to try out the idea of alternative treatments and, although I could tell he was skeptical, he asked my advice. Coincidentally, I had read an article about the treatment of eczema that very morning.
Thanks to the article I'd read (what a coincidence that was!) I was able to tell him that although I'd never seen any results myself, I'd read great things about using goat milk as a treatment. I showed him the article I'd read and I could see that he was thinking "it probably won't work but I'll give it a try".
BUT I DON'T LIKE IT!
His main concern was that he simply didn't like the taste, he said. This may or may not be true - I know many people who claim not to like a certain food even though they've never tried it. I suggested that he flavored it with chocolate or some other syrup or flavor he enjoyed.
This was another concern he had - he couldn't imagine having it on his breakfast muesli. The article had said that it wasn't even necessary to give up cow's milk - just drink a pint of goat milk a day. Do note though that it some cases, particularly in children, this skin condition is caused by an allergy to cow's milk, in which case, it should be cut from the diet, of course.
You can learn more about healing your skin naturally using this books. Diet-based cures are especially useful for children. Don't take medicines or use commercially-produced creams until you've tried the natural methods.
Find out more about this ugly skin disease and how you can alleviate or even cure it using natural methods. We're accustomed to taking drugs for everything these days but often,the answer lies with mother nature.
I sold the milk in long-life cartons - they had a shelf life of several months and came in packs of eight. I think that my customer was still pretty skeptical but nevertheless he bought a pack of eight pints. I told him that I'd love to hear from him to see what happened.
One week later, a young man walked into the health food store. It was the same guy but this time, he wasn't wearing a sleeveless t-shirt, he was wearing a regular long-sleeved shirt. 'Let me show you something' he said.
I was amazed. Even though the article I'd read was from a very reputable source and I'd recommended that treatment with confidence, I was still astonished. One week ago the skin on his arms hadn't simply been unsightly, it had actually been bleeding in many places. Now, after just one week, the skin on his arms was perfect. Truly. Perfect. There was no sign of any skin problems at all.
Will this work for everyone?
I was delighted with the results - it really was like a miracle after just one week - and so I continued to recommend it to anyone who asked my advice about treating this condition. I saw some great results but nothing as miraculous as the first. I can't say that it will work for absolutely every sufferer because not all customers would return to the store to show me the results but I saw enough incredible situations that made me believe, like my original customer, that it is well worth trying. It isn't an expensive at all and can - in my opinion - perform miracles. I've seen it with my own eyes.
If you want to add flavor to your milk, try these ideas. There are many commercial syrups and flavors you can use but these are fun.
Add a little brandy with a pinch of ground cinnamon and the same of cardamom, nutmeg and ground cloves. Add honey to tastes and whiz in the blender. This is also lovely served warm on a chilly day.
Blend it with a banana and honey to make a delicious drink. It's lovely to do this with fresh strawberries too. Experiment with different fruits!
Warm the milk - add a little honey if you like - then grate your favorite chocolate on top. This will melt into the milk - yum. Or use a chocolate flake (below).
Use coffee essence (see below). My mum used to love this. Use your coffee essence to make a milky coffee drink or blend it cold with the coffee flavoring and a couple of ice cubes and blend to make a delicious iced coffee drink.
Blend it with your favorite ice cream for a cool refreshing drink. There are so many wonderful varieties available - you can have a great time experimenting with this.
Make my favorite - Ovaltine! It's available in the traditional way and there's also a rich chocolate version now too.
Another favorite - blend in a little Bailey's Irish Cream (or similar) and a scoop of chocolate ice cream.
I have known several people who have worked at the BBC in London and all have stressed that, if you want news that is accurate and double-checked, the BBC is the best source. It's interesting to see that the BBC website has several reports of goat milk being used as a miracle cure for eczema. This is just one comment from the site.
I don't like cow's milk so therefore goat milk doesn't taste particularly good to me although to my untrained palate, they taste much the same. But if you're like my customer, and would like to flavor your milk, these are great ideas.
Simply add a teaspoon of Ovaltine and stir. If you have a blender or mixer, so much the better.
This product comes in a variety of flavours. If possible, buy it in bulk (it's cheaper online) and you'll never be without something to flavour your milk.
Be sure not to run out.
Today you don't have to go to the store to buy goat milk, simply order it online.
Not everyone can buy this milk locally so it's an excellent idea to buy it online and preferably in bulk.
If this cure works for you then you'll want to be sure that you have a good, ready supply at home.
Just for a change, take your milk in yogurt form. This is delicious poured over fresh chopped fruit. What a great excuse to have dessert every day.
Hi there, I have suffered from recurrent severe hand excema (blistered weeping skin on palms & fingers) for the past 2 years. I read your article 2 weeks ago & purchased some goat milk. It's expensive here in Australia so I can only afford to drink one cup per day & I did not give up cows milk in my coffee. I can honestly say I'm amazed so far ! I've had no further flare ups & my hands are healing :) I'm keeping my fingers crossed & hopeful that I've cured this terrible affliction. Thank you so much !
@Virginia - that's great to know, thank you!
Goat's milk soap worked for me.
@Barbara Kay - if you can't buy it locally, it's available online. Hope it helps!
I guess I need to try this one. Hopefully, our local health food store has some.
I love learning about alternative treatments for all different conditions. Thank you for sharing this.
I'm going to share this with my daughter-in-law. She breaks out with eczema all the time--now she won't have to.
Fascinating cure. I'll have to get some goat's milk for my husband!
@dwelburn: That's interesting - thank you!
Very interesting; I'd never heard of this. But I've drank nothing but goat milk for years as I believe it to be much more digestible and far less allergenic than cows milk.
My daughter has moderate eczema on her arms. We have tried many solutions with very little results. I'm going to look into this.
Never knew the effectivity of goat's milk on eczema. I will surely look into this. I have been trying organic products from gentlyheal.com and I am actually happy with the results.
Wow, I never would have thought of goat milk as a cure for eczema... I'll think of this the next I, or someone I know suffers eczema. Thanks for the thoughtful lens!
@GKREW: Actually I'm not either but if I had eczema, I know I'd give this a try.
@ian-patrick-716: There is definitely no such thing as too much cheese. It falls into the same category as 'leftover wine'. What????
Interesting. I too get a bit of eczema now and then and it does seem to be related to dairy consumption, it's not so far been severe enough to give up my cheesey lifestyle but I'd prefer not to get it. Next time I get a flare up I'll give it a go. Note to self, You could always provoke a flare up with too much cheese. Note from self, there's such a thing as too much cheese?
Oh, I didn't know that goat milk can help in eczema.Thanks for sharing! I gotta share this info to my sis-in-law.
@greenmind: Give it a try. Goat milk isn't expensive and it works brilliantly for many people.
Hey why not? I'll try anything to help cure my excema.
I never knew goat milk could do wonders! Great read!
@thingz1: Please do. I can't say that it will work for everyone but it's inexpensive and certainly worth a try. The results I saw were truly miraculous.
Never heard of this remedy. Will have to recommend to a family member who suffers from eczema.
Very nice lens. Thank you for sharing this.
@Redneck Lady Luck: It certainly worked well for several of my customers - well worth a try!
Very informative lens. This will be a great help to those people who suffer from eczema.
I did not realize that goats milk was so much different from cows milk. I am very impressed. It is certainly something worth considering switching to.
@HalloweenRecipes: I do hope it works for her!
I've forwarded this link to a friend of mine who suffers from outbreaks of eczema seasonally. I know she would be willing to lessen or possibly prevent these episodes.
@Fridayonmymind LM: Nope! The real thing - the milk - is a lot cheaper and in my experience, more effective!
That sounds really good. I initially thought the lens was going to be about goats milk soap!
@Sharon Weaver: It's well worth a try. The results I saw were amazing!
I prefer goats milk yogurt but have never tried the milk. I will next time I am at the store.
@youndyd lm: Thanks! I don't know that goat milk would work for everyone but the results I saw on that young man's eczema was incredible. The great thing is that goat milk is so much cheaper than other treatments so it's well worth a try.
I heard that goat milk is very good for the skin, but never heard that it is effective for eczema. Thanks for this great lens and wonderful information.
@RetroMom: Natural remedies are amazing. Miraculous really. This one certainly was astonishing.
Milk has a lot of benefits for our body, natural remedy amazing thing.
@hoverlover: A pint a day. I believe he spread it out during the day - hew didn't drink it all at once. The amazing thing was that he didn't give up cow's milk. It was an addition to his diet, rather than a substitution.Thanks for visiting!
Very interesting. So, how much did he drink? A glass a day? A pint a day?
@MiaMusement: I do hope it helps her. The time I saw t work really was amazing. Thanks!
This is very interesting. I have a friend who suffers from eczema, and I will suggest the goat milk cure to her.
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Našli jsme další záznamy k osobě רחל אלקובי.
רחל אלקובי je pohřben(a) na hřbitově New Kiryat Shmona Cemetery v místě zobrazeném na níže uvedené mapě. Tyto informace o GPS jsou k dispozici POUZE na stránkách BillionGraves. Naše technologie vám pomůže najít umístění hrobu a také další členy rodiny, pohřbené poblíž.
רחל אלקובי was 10 years old when World War II: Hiroshima, Japan is devastated when the atomic bomb "Little Boy" is dropped by the United States B-29 Enola Gay. Around 70,000 people are killed instantly, and some tens of thousands die in subsequent years from burns and radiation poisoning. World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier. The vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—eventually formed two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most global war in history; it directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of total war, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 50 to 85 million fatalities, most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China. It included massacres, the genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, premeditated death from starvation and disease and the only use of nuclear weapons in war.
רחל אלקובי was 20 years old when Disneyland Hotel opens to the public in Anaheim, California. The Disneyland Hotel is a resort hotel located at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California, owned by the Walt Disney Company and operated through its Parks, Experiences and Consumer Products division. Opened on October 5, 1955, as a motor inn owned and operated by Jack Wrather under an agreement with Walt Disney, the hotel was the first to officially bear the Disney name. Under Wrather's ownership, the hotel underwent several expansions and renovations over the years before being acquired by Disney in 1988. The hotel was downsized to its present capacity in 1999 as part of the Disneyland Resort expansion.
רחל אלקובי was 29 years old when The Beatles make their first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show, performing before a "record-busting" audience of 73 million viewers across the USA. The Beatles were an English rock band formed in Liverpool in 1960. With members John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, they became widely regarded as the foremost and most influential music band in history. Rooted in skiffle, beat and 1950s rock and roll, the Beatles later experimented with several musical styles, ranging from pop ballads and Indian music to psychedelia and hard rock, often incorporating classical elements and unconventional recording techniques in innovative ways. In 1963, their enormous popularity first emerged as "Beatlemania"; as the group's music grew in sophistication, led by primary songwriters Lennon and McCartney, the band were integral to pop music's evolution into an art form and to the development of the counterculture of the 1960s.
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Taittinger Comtes de Champagne is a prestige cuvée blanc de blancs made entirely from Chardonnay grapes sourced from the best vines in the prestigious Côte des Blancs region. It is only produced when the harvest is of exceptional quality worthy of a vintage year. Winemaking methods involve strictly using just the first press juice and ageing 5% of the wines for four months in new oak barrels - a third of which are renewed every year - to enhance the intrinsic qualities and complexities of the final blend. Presented in 18th century antique style bottles, this hand-crafted champagne is aged eighteen metres underground in the UNESCO status Saint-Nicaise cellars in Reims for a minimum of eight years before being released.
Weather:Mostly a warm year, 2007 was characterised by unexpected major weather events. A warm spring was followed by a cool summer, although the end of the ripening process was excellent, with harvests taking place in ideal conditions. Full blossom was achieved bettwen the 24th May and 1st June. Harvesting did not start until 30th August and was carried out under cold, dry wind. This resulted in a healthy, good quality crop.
News Article: Read more about Taittinger Comtes de Champagne 2007 in our review of the launch event here.
Tasting Note: A fine delicate nose which combines white blossom and light citrus hints. The palate is vibrant with lemon and good minerality, a creaminess throughout with bundles of peaches, lemon and undertones of smokiness. The finish is long and lingering which elegantly ends this well rounded 2007.
With history dating back to 1734, Champagne Taittinger is the third oldest House in the region. When Pierre Taittinger purchased Forest-Fourneaux in 1932, the label was officially born and a century of incredible growth saw Taittinger become one of the biggest producers and one of the last big independent, family-owned Houses. This changed briefly after a takeover in the early 2000s, however the House was bought back into the family in 2008 by Pierre-Emmanuel Taittinger. Today, the brand has been successfully refreshed with entrepreneurial spirit and is firmly under family control: Pierre-Emmanuel remains President, son Cloivs is Export Director and daughter Vitalie is Marketing Director.
The proud owners of 288-hectares of vineyards in the best localities, Taittinger self-supply half of their grape needs. The hallmark of the Taittinger style is the high percentage of Chardonnay, providing the characteristic elegance, delicacy and freshness for which their champagnes are so well-known. The pride of the House is the pure-Chardonnay prestige cuvée Comtes de Champagne, a pioneering blanc de blancs that ranks amongst the finest of all prestige cuvées. In late 2015, Tatittinger announced that they had started sparkling wine production in Southern England.
This Champagne House was originally established by Jacques Fourneaux under his own name in 1743, making it the third oldest Champagne House in existence. Jacques came from a family of important vineyard owners and was succeeded by his son Jerome who was the advisor to the young widowed Nicole-Barbe Clicquot. Jerome blended all the Veuve Clicquot wines between 1805 and 1810.
There is little to say about the formative years which were uneventful compared to the great success of the post-war period. Purchased in 1932 by Pierre Taittinger, he went about changing the name to Taittinger Mailly & Cie and started purchasing a great number of vineyards whilst the economy was depressed and land was going cheap.
Pierre had spent much time in the Champagne region when serving in the First World War as a young cavalry officer. Stationed at the Château de la Marquetterie, he fell in love with this remarkable property whose name came from the history of cultivating alternating plots of black and white grapes and the Château was one of his most revered purchases. Taittinger’s home is situated above miles of chalk tunnels and fourth century Roman cellars once belonging to the Benedictine monks of the Abbey of St Nicaise and are perfect for the slow ageing process required for great champagnes.
Owning some 288 hectares of vineyards in the best localities of Champagne makes Taittinger the second largest domaine owner in the region. The most famous of these are the vineyards surrounding Château de la Marquetterie and parcels in the prestigious Côte des Blancs. These ensure a regular supply of approximately 50% of Taittinger’s annual needs, significantly more than other well-known Champagne houses. The remaining 50% are purchased from carefully selected growers, some of whose links go back four generations. As quality is of paramount importance, Taittinger only use grapes from the finest vineyards in Champagne and impressively rank in the top two major Champagne houses in terms of self-sufficient supply.
The hallmark of Champagne Taittinger is the high percentage of Chardonnay used in their winemaking which can be anything from 40% in the Brut Réserve to 100% in the prestige cuvée Comtes de Champagne Blanc de Blancs. This Chardonnay dominance provides a style of elegance, delicacy and finesse which is recognised worldwide and has earned the house many accolades and awards over the years.
All of the Chardonnay grapes used in Comtes de Champagne Blanc de Blancs originate from the 100% rated Grand Cru vineyards of Avize, Chouilly, Cramant, Le Mesnil-Sur-Oger and Oger in the Côte des Blancs. Vineyard procurement is the role of Managing Director, Damien Le Sueur, the vineyards are then managed under the watchful eye of Vincent Collard and the champagnes are made by long-standing Taittinger Chef de Cave, Loïc Dupont.
Today, the Reims-based House is headed by Pierre’s son, Pierre-Emmanual Taittinger. His son Clovis and daughter Vitalie are also both actively involved in the day-to-day running of this thriving family-run Champagne house.
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Why do some stars explode as supernovae? Two types of stars generate supernovae. The first type, called a type Ia supernova is produced by a star's burned- out core. This stellar relic, called a white dwarf, siphons hydrogen from a companion star, thereby making it 1.4 times more massive than our Sun [called the Chandrasekhar limit]. This excess bulk leads to explosive burning of carbon and other chemical elements that make up the white dwarf, thereby producing a supernova explosion.
A star that is more than eight times as massive as our Sun generates the second type, called type II. When the star runs out of nuclear fuel, the core collapses, but when it reaches enormous densities, the collapse is halted, as if hitting a brick wall. The shock wave that ensues propagates through the outer layers and rips them apart, ejecting these layers at speeds of ten thousand miles per second.
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Hi I am a 15 year old girl who just got her period, and I was wondering if it is normal to go to the bathroom a lot during, and to feel like you are going to throw up, and to have a hard time staying focused because you have bad headaches? Help?
ANDY'S ANSWER: The changes in your hormones can affect a lot of different things and yes, headaches and nausea can be part of your menstruation cycle. Nausea has been attributed to the release of prostaglandins, which are naturally occurring hormones. You may find that drinking ginger or peppermint tea helps with the nausea and taking Ibuprofen at the first start of a headache will go a long way towards combatting these symptoms before they start to adversely affect you. Lots of girls also find that they feel the need to urinate more often around their periods. This is likely because of the added water retention and also the bloating which can put pressure on the bladder. It's normal in any case.
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What causes light menstrual bleeding causes by stress and anxiety?
Question: My period usually arrives every 26 days and lasts 4-5 days (1 day heavy the rest relatively light). This month it came on the 28th day and was medium than light, it lasted just short of 2 days than a full day of nothing but today I have very very light pink watery discharge. Anything I should look into? I should mention I am a healthy 43 year old. No prior issues.
this is normally due to stress.
There is no apparent need to be worried as your menses were only delayed by 2 days. By definition if the menses are between 23-35 days they are considered regular. Moreover as this is just the first episode, it is often seen that stress induced hormonal imbalances during the cycle can change the pattern of bleed sometimes.
If the pattern is repeated next time as well , then you may get an ultrasound pelvis done.
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If I leave my job now, I think I’ll have enough money to live comfortably the rest of my life. So is there any reason I shouldn’t stop working and retire?
If you think you’ve got the means and the inclination to call it a career, I say go for it. My only caveat is that, before you do, make absolutely sure that you’re not only financially prepared to retire, but that you’re also ready to make the social transition from the work-a-day world to retirement.
The last thing you want to do is hand in your notice at work only to later find that you don’t actually have the money you’ll need for a comfortable retirement or that you’re unable to enjoy your newfound freedom because you haven’t given enough thought to how you’ll actually live once you no longer have the routine of a job to provide structure to your life.
So before you cut your ties to the workforce, I recommend that you answer the five questions below that make up my “Are You Really Ready To Retire?” Checklist.
1. Do you have the financial resources you’ll need to support you the rest of your life? The question is straightforward, but coming up with an accurate answer can be more difficult than you think. For example, a recent study by the Boston College Center for Retirement Research found that more than 40% of working-age Americans had an unrealistic sense of whether they were on track to maintain their standard of living in retirement, with close to half of that group being overconfident about their prospects.
So how can you determine whether you’ve got the financial wherewithal to live a comfortable life once the paychecks stop? Start by getting an accurate sense of how much income you’ll need to cover your living expenses after you retire. The best way to do that is by going to an online budgeting tool like BlackRock’s Retirement Expense Worksheet, which lists upwards of 50 separate expenditures in categories ranging from household and transportation costs to medical and discretionary expenses. Be as accurate as possible, but remember that you can, and should, refine your estimates as you get a better handle on your expenses and spending.
Once you have a figure you’re reasonably confident about, you can plug that number, as well as such information as your age, your retirement account balances, the amount you’ll receive from Social Security, pension income, if any, and how long you expect to live in retirement (I’d say into your mid-90s is a decent estimate given today’s longer lifespans) into a tool like T. Rowe Price’s Retirement Income Calculator. The tool will estimate your chances of being able to get the income you need for as long as you’ll need it. If you’re not comfortable going through this sort of exercise on your own or you’d just prefer having an assessment from a pro, you can always hire a financial adviser to do this analysis for you.
2. Have you considered how you’ll generate income for retirement? It’s not enough just to be sure that your resources can support you. You also want to have a comprehensive retirement income plan that spells out how you’ll actually get the income you’ll be relying on to support you throughout retirement.
How Do You Invest For Retirement If Stocks Seem Too Risky And Bonds Pay Too Little?
Among the issues you’ll need to consider as you create an income plan: How much you’ll receive from Social Security and whether you should you consider delaying claiming your Social Security benefit to boost the size of your check; how much of your nest egg’s value can you withdraw each year without incurring too big a risk of running out of money before you run out of time; and whether you should devote a portion of your savings to an immediate annuity or a longevity annuity, so you’ll have a another source of guaranteed lifetime income in addition to Social Security. For details on how to address such issues, you can check out this previous column on how to create a retirement income plan.
3. Do you have health insurance squared away? Along with housing, food and transportation, health care is one of the largest retirement expenses, accounting for up to 15% of spending on average depending on the retiree’s age, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Consumer Expenditure Survey.
If you’re retiring at 65 or older, you’ll most likely be relying largely on Medicare to deal with the medical expenses you’ll incur during retirement. If you’re leaving your job before that age and don’t receive health insurance through your, or your spouse’s, former employer, then you’ll have to get it on your own. Either way, you want to do know ahead of time the terms and conditions of coverage and have a good sense of what you’ll pay not just in annual premiums, deductibles and co-pays but other out-of-pocket costs as well.
You can get good overview of Medicare—the types of coverage available under the program; the various costs; what Medicare covers (and, just as important, what it doesn’t); when you should sign up to avoid penalties—by going to Medicare.gov, the official Medicare site. As you’re no doubt aware, things are, shall we say, kind of up in the air when it comes to private insurance these days, what with the (so far, at least, unsuccessful) attempts to repeal and replace Obamacare. But you can get an idea of what you might have to pay for coverage, at least for now, by going to sites such as Healthcare.gov, HealthPocket.com and eHealthInsurance.com. That said, you’ll want to stay abreast of the ongoing health-care debate to see whether new developments affect the terms of your coverage as well as what you’ll pay.
4. Is your retirement portfolio in shape? In 2007, just prior to the stocks losing more than half of their value during the financial crisis, more than four in ten 401(k) participants age 56 to 65 had in excess of 70% of their 401(k) account invested in stocks, according to an Employee Benefit Research Institute report. As a result, many older 401(k) participants saw substantial declines in the value of their nest egg.
There’s no single correct stocks-bonds mix that’s right for all retirees (although many tend to keep between 30% and 60% of their assets in stocks). But the idea is that you want to invest enough of your savings in stocks to provide the returns you’ll need to maintain your purchasing power over the course of a long retirement, but also enough in bonds to provide some ballast during the market’s inevitable periodic setbacks. For tips on how to arrive at a stock-bonds mix that’s right for your goals and risk tolerance, check out this column on the right way to balance growth vs. safety when investing your retirement nest egg.
That means giving serious thought how you’ll actually live after you do. Will you remain in your current home or downsize to something smaller? Stay in the same neighborhood or relocate to an area with lower living costs? Do you have a circle of friends and family that will keep you socially engaged? Have you lined up activities (part-time work, a workout regimen, a hobby or avocation, charitable work) that can help keep you physically fit and mentally alert?
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Are you looking to learn about photography in Bluff City AR? No matter if you are a hobbyist, professional, or beginner, the most effective way to improve your photography abilities is through hands-on training with knowledgeable instructors.
There are many accredited and recognized photography schools in Arkansas. Subjects taught in photography classes include portrait capture, exposure and composition, lighting, posing and unposing, and other photography fundamentals. Becoming a skilled photographer can result in a lifelong hobby or successful professional career.
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Change up the way you teach the basics of baseball and softball in PE classes! Baseball blogs highlight a variety of games and skill-based drills for PE. Learn how to set up drills and small-sided games to introduce students to the basic mechanics of the game, and then conclude your unit with an exciting full-scale game! Find softball and baseball tips on incorporating this exciting game into your program—indoors or out!
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Here is your essay on Indian foreign trade!
The origin of India’s foreign trade can be traced back to the age of the Indus Valley civilization. But the growth of foreign trade gained momentum during the British rule. During that period, India was a supplier of food stuffs and raw materials to England and an importer of anufactured goods. However, organised attempts to promote foreign trade were made only after Independence, particularly with the onset of economic planning. Indian economic planning completed five decades. During this period, the value, composition, and direction of India’s foreign trade have undergone significant changes.
In early 1990s the Indian economy had witnessed dramatic policy changes. The idea behind the new economic model known as Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization in India (LPG), was to make the Indian economy one of the fastest growing economies in the world. An array of reforms was initiated with regard to industrial, trade and social sector to make the economy more competitive. Earlier India was afraid of global companies and facilitated government to ensure high tariff barriers. But now the scenario is changing and the competition is looked at the holistic angle.
Post 1991, after India faced the worst economic crunch in terms of its FOREX reserves. Foreign exchange crunch made India close to defaulting on loans. The response was a slew of domestic and external sector policy measures partly prompted by the immediate needs and partly by the demands of the multilateral organisations, it was none other than the Finance Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh who gifted India with liberalization.
The License Raj and the large number of trade barriers were intended to be done away with. Opening-up the economy (to MNCs and foreign investors) including the core and financial sectors to private and foreign companies transformed India into a land of opportunities. The Industrial Policy of 1991 drastically affected the growth of Indian businesses by making trade boundaries more permeable.
Integrating with the global economy, India has recorded strong export growth to the United States and the European Union markets. Getting on with your intro to Indian trade, it is important to note that Indian Government recognizes the need to implement additional reforms and address significant constraints to ensure that Indian trade supports growth and benefits the poor. Continuing with trade reforms has become more complex because of concerns of how these reforms will affect employment, income distribution, poverty, and vulnerability. India is focused on WTO negotiations on agricultural trade policies, and there is strong interest in services trade.
Indian trade market has made significant progress in integrating with the rest of the world. But it is interesting to note that intra-regional trade remains very low. The reasons behind these low levels of trade could be attributed to protectionist trade regimes, which discriminated against trade among larger neighbours.
The continued conflict between India and Pakistan including transport and trade facilitation constraints has also contributed to these lower intra-regional trades. Seeking to increase cooperation in the areas of harmonization of product standards and customs procedures, travel rules and facilities are a must to ensure an increase in intra-regional trade in goods and services.
India scores high on two parameters – availability of skilled la, where India rank second, and availability of qualified engineers, where India come-out on top. What does this mean? Simply that India is as strong as anybody else. Add to this, the fast improving infrastructure, the ability to undertake several responsibilities simultaneously and our insurmountable potential to support high-end niche activities and suddenly come across as a new face of India.
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Hope this is the right place to post this!
I've just had my laptop stolen and, although I hold little hope of ever seeing it again, I wondered if there's any way for SecureAnywhere to help me track it down.
On the webrootanywhere console I can view the last time any of my computers were scanned. And that gives me a potentially useful IP address. My question (maybe a stupid one) is this: is there any way to somehow communicate with the lost laptop if ever the thief connects to the internet? Would there be any way to remotely tell it to run a scan and thus register the IP address? I realise this might seem like a stupid post but I have to ask.
If you access your Webroot management account, you can see the most recent IP addresses your computer has used. If you have not yet created an account http://www5.nohold.net/Webroot/Loginr.aspx?pid=10&login=1&app=vw&solutionid=879" target="_blank for instructions.
2. Open the PC Security tab.
3. Select the PC you want to view. An "About" window appears.
4. In the window, click Scan Information. This window shows the dates and times at which the 10 most recent scans have run, as well as the IP address the computer was using at the time of the scan.
If this list shows that a scan was run after the computer was lost, the IP addresses may help your local law enforcement officials locate the system. Please provide this information to the officer in charge of your case.
However, if a scan has not run since the computer was lost, Webroot cannot assist you in finding the machine, because no IP addresses will have been logged.
I already have an account. My question was is there any way to communicate with the stolen laptop if it connects to the internet? I know it's a remote possibility and I guess I am relying on the thief not wiping the entire hard disk anyway. Assuming the thief does connect to the internet do I have to rely on the scheduled scan running to give me the IP address?
That's correct. The IP address logging resulting from the agent checking in with the online console is the only tracking method available. There is no way to "communicate" with the laptop beyond adjusting Webroot's settings through the console.
Stupid question #2: Are there any settings I can change on the console that would help trace the laptop?
To be honest, I'm not too bothered about getting the laptop back. I just want to get the burglar caught.
Unfortunately, there are not any settings you can change that would help you locate the device. The IP address is the only traceable bit of data we collect, and in terms of trying to geolocate the device with the IP address, you wouldn't be able to narrow it down past the general city or state level without contacting the ISP. However, the police may be able to use that IP address insofar as they can contact the ISP of that IP address and obtain the location that way.
Thanks for your help Jim. I thought that was the case. Hopefully the thief (or whoever he sells the laptop to) will be stupid and I can eventually pass an IP address to the police.
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Article - does renting mats really make sense ?
PERCEPTION: Renting mats is less hassle than owning mats.
FACT: Typical change-out intervals for mat rentals vary from weekly, bi-monthly or monthly. Depending on mat cleanliness in between service calls, many buildings have a cleaning company or in-house staff clean their mats daily. Why pay a service to bring replacement mats when they are kept clean on-site anyway??
PERCEPTION: One style of mat in one size is suitable for all applications.
FACT: Mat rental programs typically offer smaller sizes that are not large enough to be effective. Placing multiple small mats in your facility poses more trip hazards. A truly comprehensive mat program features various different mats: Scraper mats, Scraper/Wiper mats, Wiper Mats, Anti-fatigue mats and Anti-slip mats.
PERCEPTION: Rental mats effectively trap dirt and moisture.
FACT: Not long after a rental mat has been put into service, the nylon carpet fibers crush flat allowing dirt to track into the building. The way rental wiper mats are constructed, once they are saturated with moisture it flows over the edges and creates a safety hazard. Better quality mats have a permanent bi-level surface design that prevents crushing and remains effective for years.
PERCEPTION: Rental mats always arrive to your facility clean and attractive.
FACT: A rental mat is anywhere from brand new to 8-10 years old. You might get brand new mats for a few weeks or months and then start getting older mats delivered. Mats that are not in tip-top shape could cause safety hazards and an inconsistent appearance which can affect your facility’s image.
PERCEPTION: All rental mats are cleaned and replaced on a regular basis.
FACT: In most cases outside scraper mats, anti-fatigue mats, and kitchen mats on a rental program are not changed at all. Employees of the facility where the mats are placed assume the responsibility for mat cleaning.
PERCEPTION: Rental mats are kind to the environment.
FACT: Consider fuel for pickup and delivery, energy for washing and drying, and cleaning chemicals that are released into waste system. Better quality mats are made from recycled materials and are designed to remain in service anywhere from 8-10 years.
PERCEPTION: Renting mats saves you money.
FACT: Renting mats as a long-term solution becomes very costly. At an average of $.20 per square foot per week a single 3x5 rental mat costs a facility $780 over a five year period. In contrast, a purchased 3x5 High Performance mat costs the facility approximately $100. The higher quality mats purchased have been carefully designed to prevent tripping, remain attractive and maintain cleaner surroundings.
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Which is the true cercana of Paragonimus mexicanus?
The true cercaria of Paragonimus mexicanus is the cercaria reported by Malek et al. in 1985 as a cercaria of P. peruvianus. However, there is a question whether the flame cell formula of 2〔(3+3+3+3+3)+(3+3+3+3+3)〕=60 is justified. Therefore, I question the possibility of the cercaria of P. mexicanus reported by Ito et al. in 1985. If it has a pseudo-sucker, it belongs to another species of Paragonimus cercaria. The cercaria reported by Tongu et al. in 1990 from Venezuela was eliminated the possibility of a new species. It is probable that this cercaria belongs to P. mexicanus. Ibanez revived the name of P. peruvianus in 1990 by the differences in the cercaria and adults. However, I disagree with his opinion.
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Bel-Air is an affluent residential community in the hills of the Westside of the city of Los Angeles, California. Together with Beverly Hills and Holmby Hills it forms the Platinum Triangle of Los Angeles neighborhoods.
It is bordered by Brentwood on the west and southwest, Westwood on the south, Beverly Hills Post Office on the east, and Sherman Oaks on the north. Bel-Air is home to numerous Hollywood celebrities and high-profile corporate executives. The Bel-Air Association has been operational since 1942, dedicated to preserving the life-style and property-values of their residential community. The Bel-Air Association is located at the entrance of the East Gate of Bel-Air at 100 Bel-Air Road.
Residences in Bel-Air tend to be private and hidden, by dense foliage and gates, from the winding roads of the community. Residences range from relatively modest ranch-style houses, to lavish mansions on magnificent estates. While some houses in Bel-Air seem quite modest from the outside, often lying mere feet from the street, they still have large grounds. In general, the higher up the mountain, the smaller the building lots, and more modest the houses. However, those residences along roads such as Stradella Road and Linda Flora Drive provide panoramic views of the Los Angeles basin and Catalina Island. The most desirable houses are near the main entrances of the Bel-Air Country Club, because they boast views of both the country club and much of Los Angeles. Lower Bel-Air boasts many of the most expensive homes in the community, largely because of their proximity to Sunset Boulevard, a major thoroughfare.
Multi-family housing is not permitted and ordinances regarding architectural styles, landscaping, and lot sizes exist to preserve Bel Air. Although no one is necessarily banned from entering on foot, most of Bel-Air lacks residential sidewalks (unlike Beverly Hills) to discourage the public from walking around the community. Bel-Air is also patrolled by local security companies.
President Ronald Reagan lived in a house in Bel-Air from his retirement as President in 1989 until his death in 2004, and former First Lady Nancy Reagan continues to live there and attends nearby Bel-Air Presbyterian Church.
Of several entrances, there are two main ones: the East Gate at Beverly Glen and Sunset Boulevards, and the West Gate at Bellagio Road and Sunset Boulevard, opposite an entrance to UCLA. Bel-Air is generally subdivided into three distinct neighborhoods: East Gate Old Bel-Air, West Gate Bel-Air and Upper Bel-Air.
The UCLA Hannah Carter Japanese Garden is located in Bel-Air. It was inspired by the gardens of Kyoto. Many structures in the garden – the main gate, garden house, bridges, and shrine – were built in Japan and reassembled here. Antique stone carvings, water basins and lanterns, as well as the five-tiered pagoda, and key symbolic rocks are also from Japan. Several hundred tons of local stones came from the quarries in Ventura County and the foot of Mt. Baldy, northeast of Los Angeles.
Television shows and movies have been filmed in Bel-Air, or are said to take place in the community. Exterior shots for the Beverly Hillbillies were shot in and around the 1938 French neoclassical-style mansion at 750 Bel-Air Road, built by Lynn Atkinson (and later sold to hotelier Arnold Kirkeby after Atkinson’s wife refused to move into a house she thought too ostentatious) After the exterior shooting was completed, the residents of that address forbade any more filming, as passers-by would wander onto the property and ask to see ‘Granny’. Exterior scenes from movies such as Get Shorty have also been filmed in the area. Several television films of The Rockford Files were filmed in Bel-Air. Google Maps display of estate used in several episodes The television sitcom The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air was set in the neighborhood although the exterior shots used were filmed in nearby Brentwood. The Bel-Air Film Festival, first held in 2008, is an annual international film festival held in Bel-Air and the Los Angeles area.
As of the census of 2000, there were 7,928 people in the neighborhood. The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 86.24% White, 6.84% Asian, 4.65% Hispanic, 1.93% Black, 0.06% Native American, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 1.30% from other races, and 3.59% from two or more races.
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Were UFOs this close to the Canada USA border to neutralize nuclear weapons?
Just finished watching the first show you of UFOs Declassified - a very well done show.
In the show, there were references to multiple sightings of UFOs at the Loring Air Force base.
I decided to look it up and discovered that it is only about an hour away from the border with New Brunswick.
What shocked me about the details in the show is not only the amazingly well documented official information about UFO sightings, but a very real reason for why they were there.
Apparently there are indications that nuclear weaponry was stored there - about 40 miles from the Canadian border!
As one of the analysts put it, if extra- terrestrials were monitoring earth, and saw the natives increasingly exploding nuclear bombs, they may well become worried. As he put it, nuclear bombs could literally destroy the earth.
Such an event would likely have ramifications in space,so his theory is interesting.
Did aliens visit US nuclear weapon storage areas in order to incapacitate them?
If so, we're similar visits made in other countries?
In the documentary I watched, events were officially recorded in 1975 and then again in 1980 - at least in the US.
Since at least some of the 1975 UFO sightings were so close to the Canadian border, there should logically be a number of UFO reports from New Brunswick.
So far I've not come across any, though perhaps it's due to types of records kept in 1975.
If anyone knows of any Canadian reports from that time, I encourage you to share below.
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I was not invited to AIWW, but I'm not upset, as these events tend to focus more on selling goods and services than thinking different or making plans on how to improve water services.
Please put down your phones and take a moment to meet someone you don't know nearby.
Ok, great. Now that you know someone, I want you to listen to this little talk with the intention of discussing what I get right or get wrong. The point is that I want you to think with someone, as if you're on a team.
So, here's my wishlist of policies and products that we need if the water sector is going to deliver on its promise of bringing the most value for the least cost.
We need a better platform (or set of platforms) that makes it easier for us to, for example, share data or find jobs.
We need better customer (and citizen engagement). I suggest starting with citizen regulators.
Many people are suspicious of their water's quality. This is not a problem of them being too dumb to trust you but of you being too frightened to have an adult conversation of an important topic. You need to invite citizen-scientists in and test quality at the tap to get them onboard.
Reliance is extremely important in the water sector. Supply failure, whether due to incompetence, corruption, inadequate finances, or unmanaged demand, has massive impacts on health, quality of life, food security and business. Thus, I propose using insurance [pdf] to both promote best practices and reduce harm from failure.
Got any suggestions for improving incentives, efficiency and outcomes? Great! I'm giving the rest of my 45 minutes to you so you can talk to your neighbors, understand the issues and work on solutions.
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What does this mean for emerging technologies? Under the American AI Initiative, the administration will direct agencies to prioritize AI investments in research and development, increase access to federal data and models for that research and prepare workers to adapt to the era of AI.
Given that there was no specific funding announced for the initiative, essentially the initiative aims to make sure the United States keeps its research and development advantage in AI and related areas, such as advanced manufacturing and quantum computing. The key word is asking. With no budget or accountability, is this just a nod towards the technology? With some ethical concerns about control, privacy, and cybersecurity, this might be worth watching.
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Here’s an explanation for this question. When the pores on a person's face are clogged due to the oils produced by your body or by external dirt, acne occurs soon after. Due to this blockage, bacteria develop on the skin, which leads to breakouts or pimples.
While many of you may agree that natural remedies are the best way to treat all skin-related problems, what could be the ingredient that is most effective? Baking soda. It is popularly known as the best natural remedy for acne breakouts and scar prevention.
Although acne occurs on the face most commonly, it may also affect the chest, neck, and back. It may not be a serious condition but pimples can cause discomfort and sometimes pain too. And not to forget what it can do to a person's self-esteem!
Here’s why baking soda is beneficial for the skin. It has anti-inflammatory and antiseptic properties, which help reduce acne breakouts and manage pain and inflammation of the skin. However, the usage of baking soda on the skin is not widely recommended by healthcare professionals, since it may irritate the skin and remove important some protective oils. Hence it is best to avoid using baking soda every day and only use minimal amounts every time.
Face mask: Add one teaspoon of baking soda to a facial cleanser and mix with a small amount of warm water. Massage this paste to the affected areas and leave it on for ten minutes before washing it off with warm water.
Face wash: Add one teaspoon of baking soda to a face wash and apply to the face and wash off with warm water.
Since baking soda dries out the skin, apply a hydrating moisturizer immediately after using it on your face. This way you can prevent dry skin and tightness.
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I'll have to look around and see what's out there online.Some good books however are: Daniel Rhodes: Clay and Glazes for the potter Frank and Janet Hamer: The Potter's Dictionary of Materials and Techniques Joe Finch: Kiln Construction: A brick By Brick Approach Frederick Olsen: The Kiln Book Emmanuel Cooper: 10,000 years of pottery You caught me in the middle of a move, so all of my library is currently packed, this is just what I could remember, I know I'm forgetting some big ones here, but I can't think ...packing on the brain :-) This refers to the firing schedule used. Vitrification of ceramic ware is measured through the use of pyrometric cones (a combination of clay and glaze) that soften and bend at at precise points based on heatwork (a combination of time and temperature) Firings usually occur in stages also known as ramps. For instance a 4 ramp firing would be 100 F /hr to 200 F and hold the temp for 1 hour (or longer this is known as candling and helps dry out any remaining moisture in the clay). Then you'd be on the second ramp say 80 F/hr to 1100 THe third ramp would be 350 F to 1638F with the final ramp being 108 F to 1888. This final ramp is where the main measurement of heatwork occurs. There are reasons for each stage. The first stage or ramp is just below the boiling temperature of water and drives of any remaining moisture without risk of steam expolsions. The second ramp is to burn of any remaining organics and allow any gas to escape, this is done slowly to ensure that there will be now little to no outgassing that will occur during the glaze firing which would cause defects in the glaze such as pitting. The third ramp is to get you to the last 250 Degrees below the final temp at which point it is fired at the rate needed to reach the final maturation temp with the proper amount of heatwork applied. I hope that clears it up. Precisely Any clay can be glazed and fired in one go (known as once-fired) Things to consider are: The clay has to be bone dry, with absolutely no moisture. It should be fired relatively slowly, and you can significantly increase your risk of loss if not careful. Fuel cost specifically. It with a welll insulated kiln it does not take much more fuel to go from lowfire (below cone 1) to mid fire (cone 1-7) from low fire to hifire (up to cone 10) does use a significant amount of fuel.
Take a look at this article: http://www.brackers.com/special_pages/rare_earth_elements.cfm It covers using lanthanides as colorants. It includes base glazes for cones 8-9 ox, cones 5-6 ox and cones 9-11 celadon type glazes as well as the suggested proportions for each oxide. This includes a nice pink using 8% erbium and a lavender 5.5% neodymium oxide with 1% 6 Tile Kaolin. I played with these when Ceramics Monthly featured an article about them in the early 2000s and you can get some very interesting and unique effects. Erbium oxide is roughly $15 per 1/4 lb and Neodymium is roughly $10 per 1/4 Most of than lanthanides can be found at Laguna distributors and I thought there was another company US Chemical or something like that (I haven't had a set up to mix my own glazes in about 5 years) that sold them, but I can't seem to remember the exact name of the company anymore, sorry.
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The body is an amazing machine that has the ability to heal itself, but that means the body also has the ability to be injured in such a way so as to need healing. It also means that if the body has the ability to heal itself, that ability can be hindered.
What hinders that ability? One of the functions of the brain is to communicate with the body via the brainstem's connection to the spinal cord. When the upper neck vertebrae, also called the upper cervical spine, is out of alignment by only ½ millimeter, that hinders the brain's ability to communicate with the body.
The brainstem serves various functions throughout the body, so hindering it's ability to communicate properly will lead to many adverse effects. We listed some of its functions and those adverse effects that may take place because of that miscommunication.
As you can see the brainstem plays no small role in how the body functions, and a misalignment in the upper neck vertebrae can lead to various types of conditions and diseases that can hinder a person's ability to live their day to day life free of pain and dysfunction.
If you are experiencing pain in your neck or other symptoms it is important that you have a thorough evaluation of your upper neck by an upper cervical specialist. It will be able to determine if you have an undetected brainstem injury that may be leading to your problem.
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The Millennium Prize Problems are a set of seven problems in mathematics that were stated by the Clay Mathematics Institute in 2000. A correct solution to any of the problems results in a US$1,000,000 prize (popularly known in the mathematics world as a Millennium Prize) being awarded by the institute. The Clay Mathematics Institute, or CMI, is a private, non-profit foundation, based in Providence, Rhode Island.
As of 2015, six of the problems remain unsolved. The Poincaré conjecture is the single problem to be resolved, with a solution published by Grigori Perelman in 2003. Perelman was also awarded the Fields Medal (often called "the Nobel Prize of mathematics"), but he declined both awards, saying "I don't want to be on display like an animal in a zoo." He felt equal credit was deserved by other mathematicians such as Richard Hamilton, whose methods he built upon.
The list of problems took inspiration from the Hilbert problems , a list of 23 problems presented by the German mathematician David Hilbert in 1900. The Millennium Prize Problems were presented in Paris in 2000 in the order given below. One of Hilbert's original problems, the Riemann hypothesis, is on the new list, and another, the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture, follows on directly from the solution of the tenth Hilbert problem.
As exciting as the thought of winning a million bucks might be, if this is the first time you've heard of the Millennium Prizes, then there's a fairly strong chance you don't have the 10-15 years of formal mathematics study you'd probably need to even get started on solving one of these.
"P versus NP" is a (very 20th century) problem which emerged from computer science. The problem was introduced in 1971 by Stephen Cook in his paper "The complexity of theorem proving procedures" and is considered by many to be the most important open problem in computer science.
Obviously in order to understand the nature of the question, it is necessary to know what P and NP actually refer to. Both describe algorithms (repeating processes) which eventually reach a conclusion of some form.
First, consider a computer program that is capable of "verifying" an answer to a given problem. For example, assume the problem is: "From a list of one million randomly chosen numbers, find a list of 1000 numbers that add up to exactly one million". If you go then through the list and choose the required subset of 1000 numbers, the program will easily be able to verify whether or not your list adds up to one million (using simple arithmetic). There is a linear relationship between the number of members in the set (1000) and the number of steps required to solve the problem (1000 individual additions). A linear relationship is called a 'polynomial' relationship, so we will call these "answer verification" programs P.
Now consider the task of choosing the required subset of 1000 numbers in the first place. Currently there is no known way of quickly choosing all possible subsets; the only way to do so is through sheer brute force (i.e., testing every possible combination, of which there are 2n-1 possibilities). If you add another member to the subset, the number of solutions increases from 2n to 2n+1, which is exponential or "non-polynomial" growth. We will call this "problem solving" program NP.
This is important because if then somewhere in "mathematics land" there is a quick and efficient way of cracking most encryption systems currently in use, including when you go to secure websites like your bank's. This is generally regarded as a "bad thing". On the plus side, most mathematicians are quite confident that . The problem is that no one knows how to prove it yet.
Some of the Millennium Problems defy easy description, and this is one of them.
The official statement of this problem is as follows: The Hodge conjecture asserts that for particularly nice types of spaces called projective algebraic varieties, the pieces called Hodge cycles are actually (rational linear) combinations of geometric pieces called algebraic cycles..
So basically, unless you already know what a projective complex manifold is, and what cohomology means, there is no way you'll ever understand what this problem is even about.
Regardless, do let us know when you've solved it.
How topology can turn a coffee cup into a doughnut (torus) and back.
Topology is the mathematics of deformation; it considers surfaces independent of their dimensions. Hence, topologists are jokingly called "people who cannot tell the difference between a coffee cup and a donut" (because both are a continuous object with a single hole in the structure - see image).
The Poincaré conjecture involves a claim about objects in multi-dimensional space, and whether (under certain conditions) the object can be deformed to a sphere. Poincaré believed it to be true when he stated it in 1904. It wasn't regarded as a particularly important conjecture at the time, but it subsequently acquired great notoriety chiefly because on several occasions during the 20th century someone would claim they had solved the problem, only to later find a flaw.
By the 1980s all attempts to solve the problem had still failed, but had demonstrated that the problem had important implications in other areas of topology that Poincaré had never dreamed of. Hence it went from being an obscure comment in a 1904 paper to a major area of mathematical research.
The final solution was published online to arXiv in 2003 by a Russian mathematician named Grigori Perelman. After three years of intense scrutiny, his proof was accepted as definitive in 2006. How Perelman developed his thinking is a mystery as he refuses to talk to anyone, and there is speculation he may have ceased doing mathematics altogether. He was awarded the Fields Medal in 2006, and officially awarded the Millennium Prize in 2010, but he refused to accept both.
The Riemann hypothesis was the eighth problem on Hilbert's list back in 1900, and it is still regarded as an important unsolved problem a century later. It is the only problem to appear on both lists.
A proof or disproof of this would have far-reaching implications in number theory, especially for the distribution of prime numbers. It also implies strong bounds on the growth of many other arithmetic functions.
The Riemann hypothesis concerns the properties of a mathematical function, the Riemann zeta function. The conjecture claims that all nontrivial zeros of the analytic continuation of the Riemann zeta function have a real part of 1/2.
The Yang–Mills problem isn't so much a problem in mathematics as it is an open issue in mathematical physics.
It is fair to say that it is really complicated. Really, REALLY complicated. Regardless, here goes an attempt at a basic explanation.
We have quantum physics, which in the 1960s evolved into the Standard Model, and by the 1980s this had been refined to incorporate quantum field theory (QFT). One aspect of QFT is the existence of gauge particles which move back and forth between other particles, creating what we call "force".
While this is all well and good, we're still a long way from being able to pin down what is exactly happening. The problem with QFT is it all happens in four (or more) dimensions, and there are dozens of different entities involved, so frankly, everyone is just a bit baffled. For an analogy, we're at the point in time where we know if we fire a catapult, the ball will land "over there somewhere", but we don't yet know calculus and so we aren't able to accurately predict where the ball will end up.
So solving this will be the quantum theory equivalent of developing calculus. The solution should also predict that the lightest gauge particles have mass.
Of the seven Millennium Prize problems, this has the most practical applications, particularly in resolving the issue of fluid turbulence.
The Navier–Stokes equations were developed in the 19th century and describe the motion of fluids. They are hugely important in many fields of engineering and applied science, since among other things both air and water are fluids. Air moving over a wing? Water moving through pipes? Ocean currents? Weather patterns? You can apply the Navier-Stokes equations to analyze these phenomena mathematically. Despite having been around for quite some time, they are still poorly understood. The problem is to make progress toward a mathematical theory that will give insight into these equations.
The official definition of the problem is: Prove or give a counter-example of the following statement: In three space dimensions and time, given an initial velocity field, there exists a vector velocity and a scalar pressure field, which are both smooth and globally defined, that solve the Navier–Stokes equations.
The Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture also has a long history. Hilbert's tenth problem dealt with a more general type of equation, and in that case it was proven that there is no way to decide whether a given equation even has any solutions.
This problem deals with a specific type of equation, those defining elliptic curves over the rational numbers. The conjecture is that there is a procedural way to determine whether such equations have a finite or infinite number of rational solutions.
↑ Russian maths genius Perelman urged to take $1m prize bbc.co.uk, Wednesday, 24 March 2010.
↑ Cook, Stephen (1971). "The complexity of theorem proving procedures". Proceedings of the Third Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing. pp. 151–158. http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?coll=GUIDE&dl=GUIDE&id=805047.
This page was last modified on 28 October 2017, at 23:02.
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0.997834 |
How good is your marine protected area at curbing threats?
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are key tools to mitigate human impacts in coastal environments, promoting sustainable activities to conserve biodiversity. The designation of MPAs alone may not result in the lessening of some human threats, which is highly dependent on management goals and the related specific regulations that are adopted. Here, we develop and operationalize a local threat assessment framework. We develop indices to quantify the effectiveness of MPAs (or individual zones within MPAs in the case of multiple-use MPAs) in reducing anthropogenic extractive and non-extractive threats operating at local scale, focusing specifically on threats that can be managed through MPAs. We apply this framework in 15 Mediterranean MPAs to assess their threat reduction capacity. We show that fully protected areas effectively eliminate extractive activities, whereas the intensity of artisanal and recreational fishing within partially protected areas, paradoxically, is higher than that found outside MPAs, questioning their ability at reaching conservation targets. In addition, both fully and partially protected areas attract non-extractive activities that are potential threats. Overall, only three of the 15 MPAs had lower intensities for the entire set of eight threats considered, in respect to adjacent control unprotected areas. Understanding the intensity and occurrence of human threats operating at the local scale inside and around MPAs is important for assessing MPAs effectiveness in achieving the goals they have been designed for, informing management strategies, and prioritizing specific actions.
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0.999976 |
I've a read a lot of articles talking about what it takes to be a good development manager. There are also articles about what makes a good developer. I thought it would be a good idea to describe what a developer needs from their manager.
A developer abstraction layer - There is so much stuff that goes on in a company, and I really don't need to know it all. For my own curiosity, give me general interesting tidbits, but more isn't necessary.
Leave me alone - If you interrupt me for no reason while I'm getting a lot of work done, I'll obviously get less done. It's not worth interrupting me just to find out what I'm doing. If I'm walking around, that's probably the best time to talk to me.
Buy any training materials that I request - Books are cheap compared to my salary. If I can learn something new that will save time, the investment will have been worth it. The same goes for magazines, software conferences, etc.
Be flexible - When it's time to get some coding done, there are times that I'll be more productive than others. My computer doesn't care if I'm using it at 3AM or 10AM. You shouldn't either.
Trust - If you don't trust me, you're setting me up for failure. Trust your employees first, and take appropriate action if they give you reason not to trust them. If I know you trust me, I can focus on getting my job done.
Keep me happy - A happy developer is a productive developer. Sometimes there are small things you can do that will keep me happy. Buy lunch every once and a while. Tell me to go home early on a Friday. As a bonus, I won't be looking for another place to work if I'm happy.
Guide, but don't over-manage - You have the big picture, so I need your guidance. That doesn't mean that you have to know every detail about what I'm doing. You're not a babysitter, you're a teammate.
Be accessible - If I get need something, please be available. I may need you to pull in the right resources to solve a problem.
Have answers - You're the hub of the wheel. If you don't know what's going on, you're useless to me. You need to be organized and connected.
Be able to prioritize - You have a better idea of what is important for the overall product. That means I need you to prioritize features accordingly. That means I'll always be working on something important.
Tell me what is expected of me - I need to know exactly what is expected of me, and I need to know how you'll determine if I'm completing what is expected. I also need to know how you're going to gauge my performance. When it's time for my review, there should be no surprises.
At work, have I had the opportunities to learn and grow?
That book is one of my favorites, and I highly recommend all managers read it.
Are there any other factors you feel are important? Leave a comment and let me know!
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0.999328 |
Why have I choosen this topic? I've choosen this bacteria because I saw it in the Bimbo's bread ingredients. I asked for my biology teacher and she didn't know what bacteria was it, so I decided to do this project. I've enoyed a lot doing this project and I think you'll like it.
- It´s creats CO2 and lactic acid during fermentation.
- It was discovered by E. B. Fred, W. H. Peterson and J. A. Anderson in 1921.
- It has the ability of metabolize certain carbon and sugars.
- It produces more organic acids, specifically acetic acid and ethanol.
- It is called E-280 too.
-You can find them in the human body. Exactly in the intestine and stool.
-They live in places between 0º and 50º Celsius.
-They are found in food.
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0.998599 |
Are you looking to learn how to make your very own brandy, scotch, or cognac right at home? Well, you have come to the right place. With a few items that you can find around your house, you can make a still, one that can soothe your craving for hard liquor. The process is pretty simple. However, before proceeding, you need to know that production of alcohol may be illegal in your area. That said check existing laws and statutes about this before proceeding. Also, take note that these steps are only discussed for instructional purposes only and do not encourage you or anyone else reading this to produce and sell their own home-made brew.
Start setting up. Place a pot on the stove burner. Insert a glass into the pot and position it in the middle. Once the glass is set, the next step is to pour the alcohol. You can use beer or wine to make a still. Decide on what to use and pour it into the pot. Make sure that the glass is empty. Once that is done, set a wok on top of the pot. The wok should seal the pot completely. If it does not, find one that does. With the wok on top of the pot, pour in several cubes of ice. The set up is done and it is now time to start distilling.
Distill. Now that everything is set, the next step will be to heat things up by turning on the stove. At this point, it is crucial to tell you that the burner should be set at the lowest temperature. You will want the alcohol in the pot to heat up gradually but not boil. The next paragraph should explain why. For now, just set the burner at the lowest possible setting and allow it to burn for about an hour. It is important to constantly add ice to the wok. The ice will melt with the heat and it is important to keep the bottom part of the wok always cool for the process to be successful.
What will happen? The process of distillation is simple. Alcohol evaporates at significantly lower temperatures when compared with water. That is the reason for the low setting on your stove. This will ensure that only the alcohol evaporates creating vapor. Since the vapor is hot, it will rise to the wok. However, since the wok is filled with ice, the vapor will cool which will result in condensation at the middle of the bottom side of the wok. This condensation will then trickle into the glass creating the still. It is all basic physics and chemistry.
Removal. After about an hour of distillation, turn off the stove, and remove the wok. Use an oven mitt and remove the glass from the pot. At this point, the beer or wine that was in the pot has been completely evaporated and has been transferred into the glass. Since the glass is still hot, the alcohol in it may still produce vapor that you definitely do not want. To avoid this, simple place the glass in a bowl of ice water in order to cool the distilled alcohol.
Now that you have the still cooled, pour it into a container that can be sealed shut, one that is airtight. Store the still until you need to use it to create the alcoholic liquor you want.
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0.939538 |
When writing an argumentative essay, you are supposed to take a stand on a certain issue. Your goals should be to persuade the audience of a particular stand. Avoid giving a summary of a description.
In the thesis, you should use a few sentences to state your argument on the topic before you can describe how you intend to prove the argument. The goal of the thesis is to make a particular statement to the reader on your argument. Your thesis should not be more than one paragraph. Avoid providing any evidence or even using examples in the thesis paragraph.
There are several tips that you can use to write a good thesis for an argumentative essay. Here are a few of them.
Find focus. Be sure to select a thesis that will explore the key focus of the topic. Your thesis should highlight what you consider to be important. For instance, if the topic of your argumentative essay requires you to analyze the role of women in the domestic labor, you can choose to focus on products that were made by women.
Find pattern. Once you have determined the general focus, you should consider the evidence closely. When re-examining the evidence and identify the patterns, it is possible to come up with an argument as well as conclusions. For instance, you might discover that with the increase of industrialization, fewer textiles were made by women but they continued with their soap and butter making.
If the argumentative essay requires you to give an answer to a particular question, you can turn that question into an assertion before giving your opinion. When you follow these guidelines, it is possible to have a good thesis for your argumentative essay.
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0.998054 |
You can buy prescription medication without a prescription today! There are hundreds of online pharmacies which make this claim. The problem is, most of these pharmacies are illegal. Many will send you counterfeit drugs which at best are useless and at worst are harmful, and many will simply take your money and sell your credit card number to the highest bidder. Why in the world would you even consider buying from one of these operations? The most common answer is freedom.
You can have the same prescription for years, be well maintained, and never have any problems. But when it comes time to get a refill, the doctor forces you to come into the office periodically- costing you money and time. Another example: you may pull a muscle in your back and wish for the same medicine which worked for you last time this happened, but you have to make an appointment, endure expensive diagnostic procedures, and hope the doctor will let you have the same medicine as before. He may force you to take something different- after all, he has the power of the prescription pad. Online pharmacies allow you to take greater control of your medical care. You can decide the medicine you need and have it shipped directly to you the next day.
It's the ultimate in convenience and freedom. This approach is not without risk, however. Clearly there should be limits. It certainly would be a bad idea to allow patients to order all the narcotic pain medication they want. Thousands of people would become addicted to Oxycontin very quickly. It also would be a bad idea to allow patients to simply order anything, without any kind of review as to whether the medicine might be of benefit.
After all, we're not all physicians. Many patients would make medication errors by ordering medicine which they do not fully understand. Fortunately, there is a safe way to order from online pharmacies. Safe mechanisms are already in place. You simply need to know how to use them.
Here are a few simple guidelines to follow: - Only order from US pharmacies. US pharmacies can only sell FDA approved medicine. The protection provided by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) assures the medicine you receive will be real, pure, potent and effective.Foreign pharmacies (including Mexico and Canada) are not limited to selling FDA approved medication. When you buy from a foreign pharmacy, you may receive poorly made drugs, counterfeit drugs, or even the wrong drug! - Only order from pharmacies where a licensed US physician will review your order before writing you a prescription. That's right, you want a legally written prescription- otherwise you have broken the law.
This review protects you from making medication errors- the doctor won't let you order antibiotics when you need antianxiety medicine. Be sure the online pharmacy site clearly states that a licensed US physician will review your order. - The ethical and safe online pharmacies have a limited number of drugs they can offer online.
These sites does not offer narcotics or other drugs which are dangerous. If you go to a site and it offers a unusually large variety of medications, they are operating illegally. So, you can indeed order safely from an online pharmacy. You can get prescription medicine for back pain, headaches, depression and many other common ailments without visiting your doctor.
Take a few precautions, and you can indeed get your meds safely and quickly.
David Herring is a software developer, author and advocate of legal, safe practice among online pharmacies. He is working to make an online pharmacy a safe, reliable place to buy medicine.
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0.97339 |
The manufacturing sector has looked to robots to help automate their processes. In the last few years, the phenomenon of collaborative robots has grown and they can now be found in diverse manufacturing entities.
Sectors such as agriculture, healthcare, food and beverage industry which were not traditionally known for investing in robots are some of the leading sectors in adoption of the collaborative robots.
Sectors that are traditionally known for accepting robots early such as aviation and automotive manufacturing are enjoying the presence of collaborative robots in their factories as they have revolutionized the way they conduct they business.
With the advancements of technology, robots can now be applied to a range of tasks in the factory floor. Technological advancements have enhanced the capabilities of robots ensuring that they can take over highly advanced tasks such as inspections.
In addition, the robots have become smaller and more factory floor friendly. They are now collaborative and work, not caged in separate buildings but with their human colleagues. This leads to the name collaborative robots that is given to them.
Collaborative robots, as a result of technology are highly capable manufacturing robots and are applied in a myriad of tasks on the factory floor. Listed, are some of the tasks where robots are applied in the modern factory floor.
Welding is one of the most common jobs in most manufacturing entities. Car manufacturers, plane manufacturers, equipment and electronics manufacturers are some of the manufacturers who have welding as a core task in their operations.
Welding is one of the tasks that can now be easily automated and left to the collaborative robots to handle. With their current technological capabilities, collaborative robots are easy to teach repetitive tasks such as welding. Fortunately, the robot will never get bored and lose focus. As a result, it will always carry out perfect welding work.
Collaborative robots can be taught these tasks by easy programming where they are issued with instruction or manually where they are taught how to carry out these tasks by following the actual process and then saving it in its memory for easier remembrance.
Material handling is a combination of several tasks. On the factory floor, for example an auto manufacturer has a lot of components and materials for different parts of the car, their final product. Depending on the location of the robot, it can easily be assigned tasks to select the appropriate parts or materials required to be prepared for that stage. For example, if the robot is stationed in the part of the factory that makes the front part of the car, it is able through sensors and vision capabilities to select the correct raw material and work on it by shaping it to fit the shape of the front of the car.
Collaborative manufacturing robots can also be assigned to packing tasks. This is another monotonous task that robots can be assigned to help ease the burden of repetitive tasks on the human employees. With proper programming and the appropriate end of arm effectors, robots are able to pick out objects from the production line and place them in boxes ready for packing and shipping.
This is another area of manufacturing that is increasingly being taken over by robots. Robots have high levels of accuracy and precision. As a result, they are able to produce materials with minimal defects. By increasing the capabilities of the robots in the factory, they can also be used to check how well a product has been made. With the increasing intelligence levels, robots can now tell when a step in the production process is being done wrongly and help make the necessary rectifications for a high quality finished product.
With their vision sensors, robots can easily identify a defective end products and sort them from the high quality products ready for packing and shipping to the market. This ensures that companies sell only the high quality products.
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0.999876 |
Vida Winter, a famous novelist in England, has evaded journalists' questions about her past, refusing to answer their inquiries and spinning elaborate tales that they later discover to be false. Her entire life is a secret: and, for over fifty years, reporters and biographers have tried innumerable methods in an attempt to extract the truth from Winter. With her health quickly fading, Winter enlists Margaret Lea, a bookish amateur biographer, to hear her story and write her biography. With her own family secrets, Lea finds the process of unraveling the past for Winter bringing her to confront her own ghosts.
The novel opens as Lea returns to her apartment above her father's antiquarian bookshop and finds a hand-written letter from Winter. It requests her presence at the author's residence and offers the chance to write Winter's life story before she succumbs to a terminal illness. Lea is surprised by the proposal, as she is only vaguely aware of the famous author and has not read any of the dozens of novels penned by Winter.
While considering the offer, Lea's curiosity prompts her to read her father's rare copy of Winter's Thirteen Tales of Change and Desperation . She is unexpectedly spellbound by the stories and confused when she realises the book contains only twelve stories. Where is the thirteenth tale? Intrigued, Margaret agrees to meet with the ageing author—if only to discuss her reasons for not accepting the position as Winter's biographer.
During their meeting at Winter's home, Lea attempts to politely decline the offer and leave, but is stopped at the door by the pleas of the older woman. With promises of a ghost story involving twins, Winter desperately implores the bibliophile to reconsider. By the end of the encounter, Lea finds herself increasingly drawn to the story and proposes a conditional agreement to Winter; to earn the trust of her biographer, Vida Winter must supply her with three verifiable truths. Somewhat reluctantly, the three secrets are extracted from their keeper. Afterwards, Winter and Lea begin their adventure into the past with; "Once upon a time there were two little girls...".
As Vida Winter tells her story to Lea, she shares dark family secrets which have long been kept hidden. She recalls her days at Angelfield (the estate that was her childhood home), which has since burned and been abandoned. Recording Winter's account (the author allows no questions), Lea becomes completely immersed in the strange and troubling story. In the end, both women have to confront their pasts and the weight of family secrets, as well as the ghosts that haunt them both.
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0.999754 |
If you are reading this as a die-hard Aquaman-fan, I’m sorry but I have to start off my review like this: I’ve never thought that highly of the character. I didn’t make dumb water-jokes about him, but, for the longest time, the first things I thought about when I heard someone mention ‘Aquaman’ was, first, Alan Ritchson in CW’s Smallville and, then, the fake James Cameron film from HBO’s Entourage.
But it isn’t just that I didn’t think highly of the character, I haven’t enjoyed what has been done with the character since he first appeared in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice and then Justice League. Though I am and have always been a fan of Jason Momoa — ever since his time as a series regular on Stargate: Atlantis — I did not warm up to his character in Justice League, and I ended up thinking his corner of the DC Universe, as it was presented in that film, was confusing.
Which is why it makes me happy to say that while I don’t think the film is a home run for Warner Bros. and DC Comics, it, along with Wonder Woman, stands out as a DC Cinematic Universe film that actively made me excited for the potential of a sequel in the next couple of years.
James Wan’s Aquaman takes place sometime after the events of Justice League, and it follows Arthur Curry, the exiled half-Atlantean superhero who is the son of a human lighthouse keeper (played by Temuera Morrison) and the Queen of Atlantis (played by Nicole Kidman).
After having enjoyed a night at the local bar with his father, Arthur and his intoxicated father are greeted by Mera (played by Amber Heard), the daughter of King Nereus (played by Dolph Lundgren), who informs Arthur that his help is needed as his half-brother Orm (played by Patrick Wilson) is preparing an army to unite the seven kingdoms of the sea by force for the purpose of going to war with the humans on land.
While chased by the supporting villain Black Manta (played by Yahya Abdul-Mateen II) and Orm’s soldiers, Mera and Arthur travel from the deep sea to the dry desert of Sahara on an adventure to find a magic trident which would allow Arthur to prove that he is the true heir to the throne of Atlantis.
Speaking frankly, the opening of the film had me worried. Though Nicole Kidman being an action star was fun to watch, I thought the build-up of her relationship with Arthur’s father was clumsy — and I thought the behavior of Kidman’s character was inconsistent with the behavior of the rest of the Atlanteans presented later in the film. I mean, she literally swallows a goldfish in an attempt at comedy that completely fell flat for me.
It was only when some bikers had an odd request of Curry later in the first act that I started warming up to the film. It put a smile on my face as Wan steered the film ahead with a breezy and bright tone that I really enjoyed. I learned to love Mera and Arthur’s interactions just as I started to really like the Aquaman-character that I had been less than thrilled by in Justice League.
I was wowed by the gorgeous world of Atlantis under the sea (in spite of the understandable overuse of CGI), charmed by the fun presentation of certain sea creatures (like an octopus playing the drums, or great white sharks at the front of Orm’s great, big army), and spellbound by some of the Atlantean designs, like the drop-dead gorgeous underwater royal dress that Mera wears in a scene in the middle of the film. I was thrilled by the popcorn movie spectacle that Wan presented me with. In short, this corner of the world that Aquaman inhabits won me over.
But even though I do still stand by the idea that the film does find its footing after the clumsy opening, there are some problems with the film that bothered me to such an extent that I didn’t always feel transported to a world under the sea. And it really begins with the writing of the film. I think the dialogue is frustratingly fearful of the potential of having the film feel convoluted.
There is so much repetition and exposition that it felt like Willem Dafoe and Dolph Lundgren’s characters existed solely to be vehicles for such explanatory and repetitive dialogue. The film hits you over the head with what is what, and it made me roll my eyes at the film. Furthermore, I thought that both the original score as well as the soundtrack music that played during the film were poorly chosen and extremely distracting.
Finally, I want to mention something that has bothered me about pretty much all of the films in the DC Cinematic Universe which started with Man of Steel. Since that first DC-Snyder film, the criticism of weightless destruction has been attributed to their films.
Either intense battles cost too many lives that the films care little for or the films are so frightened by that criticism that they go too far in the opposite direction by having the final battle in the middle of nowhere, which then leads to the somehow inevitable unintelligible visual effects-heavy finale that we saw in both Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice and Wonder Woman.
Unfortunately, I think Aquaman does still have that classic DC problem with weightless destruction and were it not for the fact that the big final battle takes place underwater with seahorses, sharks, and sea creatures of legend, then I think it would’ve been a bigger problem for me. It’s not like Arthur smashes Orm into a skyscraper filled with hundreds of frightened civilians.
James Wan has created an unwieldy underwater superhero epic that is mightily entertaining in spite of how unoriginal and insignificant it ultimately is. Aquaman is overlong and packed with so much story that you might be exhausted when it is over. It is an overwhelming cinematic full-course dinner that’ll make you full, even if it does somewhat feel like Wan and the writers mashed up two Aquaman movies and turned them into one. James Wan’s Aquaman is a small step in the right direction for DC Comics on the big screen.
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0.999902 |
2. Second, since el/la cual agrees with the noun it refers to, in gender and number, it is more precise and leaves less margin for ambiguity as well as being clearly explanatory rather than defining.
3. When referring to the entire preceding sentence or a previously mentioned idea, lo que or lo cual can be used.
4. However, in informal register, cosa que, algo que, or hecho que are more commonly heard when referring to the whole preceding sentence. Once again, the two elements are usually separated by a comma in apposition.
8. In defining relative clauses (especificativas), el/la cual can only be used with a preposition and can be replaced by el/la que. In spoken Spanish el/la que is far more common.
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0.979288 |
What is the name of song or OST on Season 2 Episode 22, starting at 20:26 and ending on 20:36?
It is still the ending song, Datte Atashi no Hero or 'Cause You're My Hero', only the instrumental version. To be precise, it starts playing at around 20:14 of the episode (where Yaoyorozu was crying) and ends right before the start of the ending song (the scene showing Deku, Uraraka and Recovery Girl). Here's a direct link to the part of the instrumental where it starts: https://youtu.be/Vz3cEODIlC4?t=35 This spans from 0:35 to 0:48 of the instrumental.
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0.828116 |
We use electricity for many purposes, from cooking to powering our televisions to charging our cell phones. Wherever we travel in the United States, we want electricity to be available. What we also want (although we usually don't think about it) is for the electricity supply to be the same wherever we go. We want the same voltage (110 volts for the U.S.) to come from the outlet to whatever we plug in. If the voltage is less, the system will not work. If it is more, the equipment will be damaged. We want a definite amount of voltage - no more and no less.
The discovery that mass was always conserved in chemical reactions was soon followed by the law of definite proportions, which states that a given chemical compound always contains the same elements in the exact same proportions by mass. As an example, any sample of pure water contains \(11.19\%\) hydrogen and \(88.81\%\) oxygen by mass. It does not matter where the sample of water came from or how it was prepared. Its composition, like that of every other compound, is fixed.
Another example is carbon dioxide. This gas is produced from a variety of reactions, often by the burning of materials. The structure of the gas consists of one atom of carbon and two atoms of oxygen. Carbon dioxide production is of interest in many areas, from the amount we breathe to the amount of the gas produced by burning wood or fossil fuels. By knowing the exact composition of carbon dioxide, we can make predictions as to the effects of different chemical processes.
Carbon dioxide is produced during the burning process.
The law of definite proportions states that a given chemical compound always contains the same elements in the exact same proportions by mass.
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0.939545 |
Atherosclerosis is a form of arteriosclerosis It is a process of progressive thickening and hardening of the walls of medium-sized and large arteries resulting from the invasion and accumulation of white blood cells (foam cell) and proliferation of intimal smooth muscle cell creating a fibrofatty plaque. Atherosclerosis is responsible for much ischemic heart disease and many strokes.
The accumulation of the white blood cells is termed "fatty streaks" early on because of the appearance being similar to that of marbled steak. These accumulations contain both living, active white blood cells (inflammatory cells) and remnants of dead cells, including cholesterol and triglycerides. The remnants eventually include calcium and other crystallized materials within the outermost and oldest plaque. The "fatty streaks" reduce the elasticity of the artery walls. However, they do not affect blood flow for decades because the artery muscular wall enlarges at the locations of plaque. The wall stiffening may eventually increase pulse pressure; widened pulse pressure is one possible result of advanced disease within the major arteries.
Atherosclerosis is therefore a syndrome affecting arterial blood vessels due to a chronic inflammatory response of White blood cells in the walls of arteries. This is promoted by low-density lipoproteins (LDL, plasma proteins that carry cholesterol and triglycerides) without adequate removal of fats and cholesterol from the macrophages by functional high-density lipoproteins (HDL). It is commonly referred to as a "hardening" or furring of the arteries. It is caused by the formation of multiple atheromatous plaques within the arteries.
(iii) Calcification at the outer base of older or more advanced lesions.
Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease that remains asymptomatic for decades. Atherosclerotic lesions, or atherosclerotic plaques, are separated into two broad categories: Stable and unstable (also called vulnerable). The pathobiology of atherosclerotic lesions is very complicated, but generally, stable atherosclerotic plaques, which tend to be asymptomatic, are rich in extracellular matrix and smooth muscle cells. On the other hand, unstable plaques are rich in macrophages and foam cells, and the extracellular matrix separating the lesion from the arterial lumen (also known as the fibrous cap) is usually weak and prone to rupture. Ruptures of the fibrous cap expose thrombogenic material, such as collagen, to the circulation and eventually induce thrombus formation in the lumen. Upon formation, intraluminal thrombi can occlude arteries outright (e.g., coronary occlusion), but more often they detach, move into the circulation, and eventually occlude smaller downstream branches causing thromboembolism. Apart from thromboembolism, chronically expanding atherosclerotic lesions can cause complete closure of the lumen. Chronically expanding lesions are often asymptomatic until lumen stenosis is so severe (usually over 80%) that blood supply to downstream tissue(s) is insufficient, resulting in ischemia.
These complications of advanced atherosclerosis are chronic, slowly progressive and cumulative. Most commonly, soft plaque suddenly ruptures (see vulnerable plaque), causing the formation of a thrombus that will rapidly slow or stop blood flow, leading to death of the tissues fed by the artery in approximately five minutes. This catastrophic event is called an infarction. One of the most common recognized scenarios is called coronary thrombosis of a coronary artery, causing myocardial infarction. The same process in an artery to the brain is commonly called stroke. Another common scenario in very advanced disease is claudication from insufficient blood supply to the legs. Atherosclerosis affects the entire artery tree, but mostly larger, high-pressure vessels such as the coronary, renal, femoral, cerebral, and carotid arteries. These are termed "clinically silent" because the person having the infarction does not notice the problem and does not seek medical help, or when they do, physicians do not recognize what has happened.
*This page is a stub. More content to be added soon.
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0.998161 |
Please PAUSE the "How to Draw a Scarlet Macaw" video after each step to draw at your own pace.
Step 1: Draw a slanted oval as a guide for the macaw's body. It doesn't have to be perfect. It's only a guide.
Step 2: Draw an arc underneath as a guide for the macaw's wings.
Step 3: Draw a smaller oval for the scarlet macaw's head and draw a curved line inside of it to help you place the facial features later.
Step 4: Draw a curved line on the lower right side as a guide for the macaw's foot.
Step 5: Draw a vertical line underneath as a guide for the bird's tail.
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0.999861 |
The basis of this application was that the order of default and the judgment rendered thereon were void because the court had never acquired jurisdiction over the defendant or over the subject of the action. On August 7, 1908, this sale was confirmed by the court. Estas monedas tenían el mismo contenido en oro que las primeras monedas de ½, 1 y 2 escudos españoles. Bank of the Philippine Islands, Manila. Esta decisión, motivada por una impresión deliberada de billetes fiduciarios, resultó en una devaluación del peso filipino en casi un 300% con respecto al dólar en un mismo día. Subalit noong 1 Enero 1912, pinalitan ito ng pangalan upang mawala ang anumang koneksiyon ng bangko sa España.
En 1904 el Banco Español-Filipino introdujo denominaciones de 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 y 200 pesos. This, however, does not affect the proposition that where the defendant fails to appear the action is quasi in rem; and it should therefore be considered with reference to the principles governing actions in rem. The basis of this application, as set forth in the motion itself, was that the order of default and the judgment rendered thereon were void because the court had never acquired jurisdiction over the defendant or over the subject of the action. Patisha Zobel de Ayala, Chairman Emeritus Aurelio R. Judge in the light of these conceptions, we think that the provision of Act of Congress declaring that no person shall be deprived of his property without due process of law has not been infringed.
Major notable acquisitions include Commercial Bank and Trust Company in 1981, CityTrust Banking Corporation in 1996 and Far East Bank and Trust Company in 2000. Yearend capital was lower at P63. Text: El Banco Espanol Filipino — Pagara Al Portador — Dos Cientos Pesos — Manila P. Here the property itself is in fact the sole thing which is impleaded and is the responsible object which is the subject of the exercise of judicial power. However, about seven years after the confirmation of this sale, a motion was made by Vicente Palanca, as administrator of the estate of the original defendant, wherein the applicant requested the court to set aside the order of default and the judgment, and to vacate all the proceedings subsequent thereto. Upon August 7, 1908, this sale was confirmed by the court. The sovereign authority which organizes a court determines the nature and extent of its powers in general and thus fixes its competency or jurisdiction with reference to the actions which it may entertain and the relief it may grant.
Whether the clerk complied with this order does not affirmatively appear. ¹ Includes ² Voting powers are under the authority of the. El Banco Español-Filipino empezó a emitir billetes denominados en pesos fuertes el 1 de mayo de 1852, y monedas en 1861. Tras la , en 1898 el peso fuerte fue sustituido por el peso revolucionario, y más tarde se sustituyó por el peso moderno en 1901. The jurisdiction of the court, in this most general sense, over the cause of action is obvious and requires no comment. Afterwards, Engracio returned to China and there he died on January 29, 1810 without returning again to the Philippines. Estos se componían de denominaciones de 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 y 500 pesos.
The first deposit with the bank was also done on that day by a man named Fulgencio Barrera. El gobierno colonial permitió al Banco Español Filipino emitir pesos hasta un máximo equivalente a la cuarta parte de su capital suscrito, o un máximo de 100. The issue was well received and fully subscribed. En 1937, los diseños de las monedas cambiaron para reflejar el establecimiento del nuevo tipo de gobierno. In the latter case the property, though at all times within the potential power of the court, may never be taken into actual custody at all. Text: El Banco Espanol Filipino — Pagara Al Portador — Diez Pesos — Manila P.
This origin is taken from a document. El Banco Espanol Filipino Currency All of these bank notes are dated for 1908, or 1 Enero 1908. Ito ay pinamahalaan ng dalawang halal na tagapamahalang direktor na nagpapalitan kada taón. At any rate it is obvious that so much of section 399 of the Code of Civil Procedure as relates to the sending of notice by mail was complied with when the court made the order. En 1903 se introdujo un nuevo sistema monetario que consistía en monedas de bronce de ½ y 1 centavo, 5 centavos de cuproníquel, y 10, 20, 50 centavos y 1 peso de plata. Durante el periodo revolucionario, se emitieron monedas de cobre de 1 y 2 centavos y 2 céntimos de peso.
En 1912 este banco cambió su nombre al de Banco de las Islas Filipinas y continuó emitiendo billetes hasta 1933. Most Spanish language versions were printed in extremely low quantities in higher denominations. Ang tawag sa unang inilabas ng perang papel ng bangko ay pesos fuertes o malakas na piso. The least, therefore, that can be required of the proponent of such a motion is to show that he had a good defense against the action to foreclose the mortgage. Nothing of the kind is, however, shown either in the motion or in the affidavit which accompanies the motion.
The bank proceeded to foreclose the mortgage. Esta tasa era similar a las aplicadas en o. En diciembre de 2008 una resolución del Congreso filipino recomendaba la retirada y desmonetización de las denominaciones inferiores al peso. Then send us an email and tell us about it. The Spanish Crown Antonio de Ayala of the prominent Casa Roxas, precursor of Ayala y Cia, which is now Ayala Corporation to represent the business community of Manila. Los japoneses introdujeron dos series de billetes.
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When people are in a committed relationship, they have generally been dating for a while. Meeting family and friends is part of dating, and it is important to notice how a partner's friends and family act. Some behaviors may seem abusive, but they are just bad habits that have been learned from parents, siblings and friends. Sorting this out will help a person determine whether or not their partner can make changes for a successful relationship.
Being late is a bad habit many people have acquired, but it is not always a bad behavior people choose. If a person's parent has always been late, that may have been a bad behavior of that person, but their child may have come to expect it. Pointing out how controlling this behavior is, perhaps with the assistance of a professional counselor, can help a person understand how their behavior affects a relationship. They can then make an informed choice to change, or they can end their relationship.
Fighting or bickering is a habit many couples seem to acquire in a long term relationship. For some of them, this is simply the way they learned to communicate when they were children. Their own parents might have had this behavior, and it seems normal to them. Learning to communicate without fighting is a habit they may be able to break, but it requires better communication skills. A couple who has this issue may need to learn how to communicate with each other better before settling into a long term relationship.
Bad habits are often things that annoy a partner, and they include such things as cracking knuckles or humming while cooking. These are not necessarily done to irritate a person into doing what a partner wishes, and they are generally unconscious behaviors that can be modified. A person who wishes to control or abuse their partner will either refuse to make changes or elevate their annoying habits consciously, and this signifies these are chosen behaviors rather than habits.
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0.948825 |
We build on PTIDES, a programming model for distributed embedded systems that uses discrete-event (DE) models as program specifications. PTIDES improves on distributed DE execution by allowing more concurrent event processing without backtracking. This paper discusses the general execution strategy for PTIDES, and provides two feasible implementations. This execution strategy is then extended with tolerance for hardware errors. We take a program transformation approach to automatically enhance DE models with incremental checkpointing and state recovery functionality. Our fault tolerance mechanism is lightweight and has low overhead. It requires very little human intervention. We incorporate this mechanism into PTIDES for efficient execution of fault- tolerant real-time distributed DE systems.
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0.997989 |
be a firefighter on Career Day.
Oak Springs is an East Austin school serving a majority of scholars from the Booker T. Washington Housing Complex. Our school's community is working together with the faculty, staff, and administrative team to ensure scholar success.
At Oak Springs, we are working to increase scholar achievement in reading, math, and writing. To that end, we use teaching strategies and research that access multiple intelligences and all modalities of scholar learning.
We are also working to improve citizenship and social skills and to implement effective school-wide discipline and citizenship plans. In the coming year, we hope to increase parental involvement and communicate consistently and positively with parents and scholars.
To support our scholars, we regularly involve parents in school activities that increase student achievement. We plan to implement and evaluate an incentive plan to reward parents and scholars for parental involvement in school activities.
Other goals include the development, implementation, and evaluation of the after school program and increasing student attendance.
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0.945173 |
The planet Pluto was discovered in a similarly hidden way as the planet Neptune. Percival Lowell looked for a planet outside of Neptune between 1905 and 1916, but Pluto was not actually discovered until 1930. Pluto is smaller than the Earth with an orbit of 248 years. For about the last 30 years Pluto was actually inside the orbit of Neptune, but now it is moving away and in 2107 will be nearly 50 times as far away from the sun as the Earth. Thus it was in Scorpio for only 12 years but in Taurus for more than 30.
Pluto as the higher octave of Mars represents psychic or spiritual energy. Pluto is the Roman name of the Greek god of death and the underworld, Hades, thus relating to death and renewal, regeneration, and transformation. Pluto also correlates with the discovery of nuclear energy which is so lethal, and nuclear weapons which are so much more explosive than chemical bombs.
The elements Uranium, Neptunium, and Plutonium have the numbers 92, 93, and 94, respectively which add up to 11, 12, and 13, and Uranus rules the 11th sign, Neptune the 12th, and 13 is the number of death.
As a watery planet Pluto's rulership has been assigned to Scorpio the sign of death and intuitive power. I have suggested that Pluto is exalted in Virgo.
Pluto was in Aries from 1822 to 1852 stimulating the beginning of much psychic and paranormal activity.
Pluto was in Taurus where it is in detriment from 1852 to 1883 during which time finances went through transformations including the challenge of Marx's theories.
Pluto was in Gemini from 1883 to 1914 stimulating transformations in the field of communications through telephones, newspapers, photography, films, and telepathy.
Pluto was in Cancer from 1914 to 1938 leading to transformations in loyalties and the general public from world war to the underworld life of the twenties through the depression and to a second world war. It stimulates the subconscious, psychism, instincts, emotional tenacity, and protectiveness.
Pluto was in Leo from 1938 to 1957 causing transformations in leadership, sports, and the entertainment industries. This generation tends to have intense will, confidence, power, pride, creativity, and dramatic ability.
Pluto was in Virgo at the end of 1956 and from August 1957 to October 1971 and from April to July 1972 stimulating science, technology, employment, transformations in health care such as organ transplants, and regenerative healing. This generation quests for perfection and purity, is being transformed by technology, and seeks collective improvements.
Pluto was in Libra from October 1971 to November 1983 and from May to August 1984 stimulating transformations in law, diplomacy, marriage, music, and the arts. This generation can die and be reborn in relationships with intense desires for justice, balance, and harmony.
Pluto was in Scorpio where it is dignified from November 1983 to November 1995 stimulating occultism, transformations in sexuality, mysticism, and violence from personal murders to the nuclear arms race. This generation is psychic or interested in the occult, mysteries, death, and rebirth. Sexuality was tempered by the AIDS crisis and the fear of death.
Pluto is in Sagittarius from November 1995 through most of 2009 stimulating transformations in religion, philosophy, world affairs, higher education, and publishing such as the World Wide Web. This generation is adventurous, free-thinking, expansive and intensely interested in world affairs and philosophy.
At this time it would be merely speculation to say what Pluto will be like in the signs Capricorn, Aquarius, and Pisces, but as the last three universal signs, there could be transformations through large social and collective movements.
Pluto in the first house stimulates active experiencing, courage, and daring. One's personality may go through transformations and renewals by self regeneration.
Pluto in the second house intensifies the finances and personal values and possessions. One's financial situation may be explosive at times, and one's resources may be destroyed and renewed.
Pluto in the third house intensifies the learning mind, stimulating an interest in psychic phenomena, mental telepathy, and underworld communications.
Pluto in the fourth house brings transformations to the home life, loyalties, roots, and intuitive feelings.
Pluto in the fifth house transforms happiness, children, and creativity. Risk-taking may be explosive and dramatic instincts intense.
Pluto in the sixth house mobilizes resources through work, employment, and self-improvement. Intense crises may lead to self-examination through health problems or regenerative and spiritual healing.
Pluto in the seventh house leads to intense and possibly explosive relationships involving psychic elements. Relationship can be a deep and transformative experience.
Pluto in the eighth house is dignified giving intense spiritual and psychic energies for transmutation and rebirth. One tends to relate to spiritual forces or be interested in the occult or mysteries.
Pluto in the ninth house expands awareness through higher knowledge, philosophy, travel, and world issues. One tends to be adventurous and inspirational.
Pluto in the tenth house can bring about transformations in one's career or reputation. One may work with collective energies for practical goals.
Pluto in the eleventh house offers intense group energies and friendships, transcendental wishes and hopes, and an intense desire to improve society.
Pluto in the twelfth house intensifies subconscious and mystical tendencies. One may be self-destructive and then reborn into a higher awareness. One may be intensely involved in social rehabilitation or society's underworld.
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The Greek Words "aion" and "aionios," do these words mean "eternal" or "everlasting"?
The most commonly used Greek-English lexicons used today by Christians are those by Thayer (1886) and by Arndt and Gingrich (1957). The definitions given for the noun, aion, and the adjective, aionios, are widely accepted as authoritative and determinative for the teaching of everlasting punishment. This becomes for many believers a strong bulwark against taking scriptural passages such as John 12:32; Romans 5:18,19; 11:32-36; 1 Corinthians 15:22-28; 2 Corinthians 5:14; Ephesians 1:10,11; Philippians 2:9-11; Colossians 1:20; 1 Timothy 2:4; 4:9,10; and 1 John 2:2, at face value. What is claimed for Matthew 25:46 or 2 Thessalonians 1:9, for example, is seen as limiting the meaning of the former passages.
Concerning the noun, aion, however, both lexicons (and all other such works) allow for an interpretation that would harmonize with the teaching of eventual, universal salvation. Thayers lexicon gives as its first definition of aion the sense of age. This is the second definition (of four) given in the more recent lexicon edited by Arndt and Gingrich. Hence a passage such as Matthew 12:32 could be understood as referring to the present age and the age to come, which would not, in itself, keep us from taking Romans 3:21-24 and 5:12-19 in reference to universal justification.
But in both of these lexicons, the adjective, aionios, is presented as having three meanings, in none of which the limiting sense of age is carried over from the noun. The adjective, it is claimed, means: (1) without beginning; or (2) without end; or (3) without beginning or end.
This may strike others, as it does me, as a rather dubious development of an adjectives meaning in relation to its noun form. But apart from that, this threefold definition simply does not work in several New Testament passages (and many other passages in the Greek translation of the Old Testament, called the Septuagint).
The usages of aionios in Romans 16:25; 2 Timothy 1:9; Titus 1:2; and Philemon 15, seem especially puzzling in view of the claims of these two lexicons.
It certainly is difficult to understand how the keeping of a secret can have no beginning, and indeed if the secret is revealed, we must assume its being kept as a secret has come to an end. No wonder the KJV of Romans 16:25 reads since the world began, even though the Greek speaks of times described as aionios. The RV is more faithful to the threefold definition, referring to a mystery kept through times eternal but now manifested, but that has the great disadvantage of making no sense whatever if these times are to be understood as either without beginning or without end, or, even more puzzling, without beginning and end.
In such cases, Bible commentators generally ignore the threefold definition given in the lexicons and make their own for these particular passages. In the NICNT volume on Romans, John Murray explains that times eternal refers to the earlier ages of this worlds history (THE EPISTLE TO THE ROMANS, vol.2, p.241). Such ages would obviously have both a beginning and end.
Notice how A. T. Robertson handles the adjective in his WORD PICTURES IN THE NEW TESTAMENT. In commenting on Matthew 25:46 he follows the threefold definition given above, writing: The word aionios . . . means either without beginning or without end or both (vol.1, p.202). But in commenting on Titus 1:2 he insists that the words before times eternal refer Not to Gods purpose before time began . . . but to definite promises (Rom.9:4) made in time. Here he explains Pauls words as signifying Long ages ago (vol.4, p.597). Some other commentators may try to explain that Paul is referring to something that God promised in eternity past but for most of us it does seem difficult to grasp any meaning in the idea of a promise being made and kept without any beginning of its being made.
In the multivolume THEOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF THE NEW TESTAMENT (begun in German under the editorship of Gerhard Kittel) Hermann Sasse admits, The concept of eternity [in aionios] is weakened in Romans 16:25; 2 Timothy 1:9 and Titus 1:2 (vol.1. p.209). He explains that these passages use the eternity formulae which he had previously explained as the course of the world perceived as a series of smaller aiones (p.203). Sasse also refers to the use of aionios in Philemon 15, which he feels reminds us of the non-biblical usage of this word, which he had earlier found to signify lifelong or enduring (p.208).
This is not to suggest any particular agreement with all these various attempts to define aion and aionios. In fact, the confusion created by these attempts to preserve some sense of everlastingness in these terms makes the attempts rather suspicious. Putting all the evidence of the usage of these terms in the New Testament together, it seems to me that the threefold definition of aionios as signifying without beginning, or without end, or without begining and end, must be dismissed as inadequate at the very least. Furthermore, to add further definitions that are not at all clear in themselves, as Sasse does, only adds to the confusion.
Of all widely used, modern attempts to define these terms, I have found the concluding definition given in THE VOCABULARY OF THE GREEK TESTAMENT (edited by James Hope Moulton and George Milligan) most helpful. Concerning aionios we read, In general, the word depicts that of which the horizon is not in view . . . (p.16). If the horizon of the extermination spoken of by Paul in 2 Thessalonians 1:9 is simply not in view, then we can see that what Paul says in 1 Corinthians 15:22 can truly occur. The same all who are dying in Adam, which includes some who incur eonian extermination, can indeed eventually be vivified in Christ. The Bible, in fact, does not speak of judgment and condemnation, death and destruction, hades and Gehenna, or any of these serious consequences of sin, as unending. It may refer to them as not having the end in view, but none of these fearful works of God can keep Him from achieving His will (1Tim.2:4); reconciling all through the blood of Christs cross (Col.1:20, and becoming All in all (1 Cor.15:28).
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Why is the topic of industry thought to be improving very quickly and what is the direction it is heading towards?
For substantial percentage of people a term industry in most cases has quite negative connotations. It is proved by the fact that, firstly, we generally tend to refer it to factories, which produce a variety of diverse greenhouse gases that are relatively harmful for the environment. It is true, but the purpose of this article is rather to discuss other aspects referred to the development of this field.
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<p>Project description There have been many different types of correctional models that have been used throughout history (Medical (treatment) model, Rehabilitation (Reform) model, Community model, Retribution (just deserts) model and the Justice model. In your opinion, which model is the most effective correctional model that will help reduce recidivism. Please remember to support your opinion with factual information. Your paper should be in APA format and be at least 2-3 pages in length (the cover page and bibliography are not included in the 2-3 pages). Please pick one of the models that are on this list Thanks only 2 sources required</p> source..
* Medical treatment model which refers to medical intervention prescribed medication aiming at reducing recidivism by reducing biological, biological impulses that led to a particular crime.
* Rehabilitation model which is based on assumptions that criminal activity or behavior is caused by some factors.
* Community model is whereby released inmates are kept under parole in their society whereby they do community service.
* Retribution as a form of correction that focuses on evaluating the weight of the crime and it considers punishment proportional to the crime committed.
* Justice model limits itself in the administration of punishment appropriate to severity of the crime committed and leads to imprisonment.
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0.596766 |
What are optimal workflows for deploying one’s web application?
The absolute first step is to automate your deployments. It’s absolutely crucial that deploying the site is a single command. I’ve found Fabric (an automation tool written in Python) works extremely well for this—Capistrano is a popular alternative that uses Ruby instead.
What does an ideal Django workflow setup look like?
Short answer: virtualenv, pip, south for migrations, fabric for deployment.
If your laptop is relatively recent it might have hardware support for virtualization (Intel Core Duo chips do, for example). If so, it’s worth looking in to using VMWare or Parallels to run a virtual linux server locally on your machine. You’ll need a fair amount of RAM for this as well—2 GB minimum probably.
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0.986968 |
Què deu haver-hi millor per estudiar la química quàntica que la computació quàntica? Es tracta d’una pregunta una mica absurda, però divertida. Aquí recullo doncs alguns articles sobre avenços en computació quàntica, supercomputació i curiositats relacionades que he anat compilant al llarg d’aquest any i que no he pogut comentar detingudament.
Researchers have long used simulations of molecules and chemical reactions to aid research into things like new materials, drugs, or industrial catalysts. The tactic can reduce time spent on physical experiments and scientific dead ends, and it accounts for a significant proportion of the workload of the world’s supercomputers. Yet the payoffs are limited because even the most powerful supercomputers cannot perfectly re-create all the complex quantum behaviors of atoms and electrons in even relatively small molecules, says Alan Aspuru-Guzik, a chemistry professor at Harvard. He’s looking forward to the day simulations on quantum computers can accelerate his research group’s efforts to find new light-emitting molecules for displays, for example, and batteries suitable for grid-scale energy storage.
The demonstrations started on November 13. NASA brought out a simulation of how shockwaves from meteorites affect the atmosphere—and then how their effects reach the ground, from impacts to tsunamis. Also on board: a simulation showing how person-transporting drones could work, and a global weather prediction model. The Department of Energy presented about particle accelerators, quantum computing in science, and cancer surveillance.
The company Nyriad Limited, meanwhile, has aligned its stars with the International Centre of Radio Astronomy Research, to develop a “science data processing” operating system for a telescope called the Murchison Widefield Array, which itself is a precursor to the Square Kilometer Array. The Square Kilometer Array will require more computing power than any previous one: Its data rate will exceed today’s global internet traffic. Nyriad, at the conference, revealed its first commercial offering, spun out of its SKA work: a fast and low-power storage solution useful beyond the world of astronomy.
Now Jay Gambetta and coworkers at IBM have been able to use the approach to calculate the energy and bond lengths of a significantly more complex molecule, BeH2, as well as lithium hydride LiH and a simple model of a magnetic lattice. They used a quantum computer with six qubits made from superconducting quantum interference devices (Squids) cooled to just 25mK. ‘[This work] is a significant leap forward for the quantum regime,’ says quantum chemist Markus Reiher of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich.
The trick, says Gambetta, was to find a ‘trial function’ – the initial guess about the solution to the quantum equations – that makes most efficient use of the available computing resources, so that the computer can still complete the calculation during the short time that the qubits remain coherent. To calculate an observable quantity like energy, rather than the full quantum state, Gambetta says that one can get away without having to worry about correcting for errors – it’s enough just to make sure they don’t propagate too quickly. Showing the possibility of getting results for real molecules using these ‘noisy’, error-prone qubits is important, Reiher says, ‘because these are the only qubits currently available’.
although we are constantly told that the unique selling point of quantum computers is their enormous speed compared with the classical devices we currently use – a speed-up that exploits the counterintuitive laws of quantum mechanics – it seems that the most immediate benefit will be the one Feynman identified in the first place: we’ll be able to simulate nature better.
we need to consider how traditional binary computation has changed chemistry. It is rare to see an experimental study that deals with structures or mechanisms that does not have a computational aspect – either to guide the experiments or further interpret the data. It’s almost 10 years since I attended a Dalton Discussion conference on main group chemistry, and it was noted that almost every paper had computational work, either in collaboration with other groups or within the group itself.
Chemistry isn’t what it used to be. There was a time when things were, some might argue, simpler. It was practical, wet, occasionally dirty, and occasionally smelly. Now, a large group of chemists are exchanging the 8-hour lab sessions for screen marathons, not working with chemicals but simulating them. The rise of molecular modelling is changing the face of chemistry in exciting new ways, which could present both opportunities and challenges to the chemical sciences as a whole and to chemistry education.
Microsoft said its new quantum computing language, which has yet to be named, is “deeply integrated” into its Visual Basic development environment and does many of the things other standard programming languages do. However, it is specifically designed to allow programmers to create apps that will eventually run on true quantum computers… Like other companies, such as Google and IBM, Microsoft has been working for years to advance quantum computing research to the point where the technology becomes feasible rather than theoretical… Joining Satya Nadella on stage, Fields Medal-winning mathematician Michael Freedman added, “Microsoft’s qubit will be based on a new form of matter called topological matter that also has this property that as the information stored in the matter is stored globally, you can’t find the information in any particular place…” The programming language is expected to be available as a free preview by the end of the year and “also includes libraries and tutorials so developers can familiarize themselves with quantum computing,” Microsoft said.
scientists first have to figure out how to actually build a quantum computer that can perform more than the simplest operations. They are now getting closer than ever, with IBM in May announcing its most complex quantum system so far and Google saying it is on track this year to unveil a processor with so-called “quantum supremacy”—capabilities no conventional computer can match.
Seguiré atentament els desenvolupaments en aquest camp… cada article d’aquesta llista és un tresor.
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Research supports the use of weight and plyometric (jumping) training to aid running performance. Read all about it here, here, here, and here. I lift and jump about twice a week. I expect specific outcomes from the exercises I use. This is a discussion of my strategy.
In running, the muscles and tendons act as springs. As the foot hits the ground, the muscles and tendons of the feet and legs lengthen and store energy from impact. The stored energy is then released, propelling the runner forward through the gait cycle. (The Achilles tendon is an especially powerful part of the SSC equation.) This process is called the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC.) Plyometric training is a way to build stronger springs. There are many plyometric exercises to choose from. I use two exercises.
single-leg hurdle hops: This consists of hopping over six low hurdles as quickly as possible. I try to land and balance in control on the very last hurdle. I rest then hop back on the other leg. I accumulate 50-70 contacts on each leg.
two-leg pogo hops: This is a new drill for me. It’s different from a two-leg jump. I pull the toes up toward the shins when I’m in the air. I slap the ground hard on impact—using only the ankles—while keeping the knees nearly locked. I do 10 reps (20 foot contacts) x 5-7 sets for 100-140 total foot contacts.
Calf raises: I worship at the altar of lower leg strength. I’ve been injured there and I want armor the lower legs against injury. A calf raise is a great catchall for not only the calf muscles but the foot muscles and tendons too. Twice a week I do some sort of calf raise or jump rope. I work high weight/low reps and moderate weight/moderate reps.
Step-up: I’m a trail runner so I step up. A lot. I’ve also had cramping issues in my adductors. My strategy for cramping is to a) go right at the cramp-prone muscles and make them stronger, and b) strengthen the supporting muscles so the cramp-prone muscles will have more help doing their job. This exercise does both. I work 5-10 reps typically for 2-3 sets.
Various lunges: Running and lunging are biomechanically somewhat similar. They work the hip adductors, abductors, quads, and glutes very well. I lunge forward, sideways, and I rotate left and right to lunge. This is one of many lunges, the offset lunge.
I consider these exercises less vital to running but useful nonetheless. First and foremost, I enjoy lifting. I also like to stay generally strong and resilient and I want to maintain my lifting skills.
Back squat: I like to squat. Squats build general total-body strength. I work up to three heavy sets of three reps. This keeps me from being very sore and doesn’t overstress my nervous system.
Incline press, standing press, or dips: I like to maintain some general upper body pushing strength. I work various rep ranges from 3-10.
Ab wheel rollout: It’s one of many good ab exercises. I do two to three sets of 10-15 reps.
Hitting the heavy punching bag: I’ve done a little boxing training with another trainer and I watch boxing videos. Hitting the heavy bag, throwing combinations, and doing something very different from running is a lot of fun.
Road cycling and mountain biking: I’m a cyclist! Gotta pedal the machines sometimes. I’m happy if I get two rides per week.
I get the lifting in when I can fit the lifting in. I aim to lift twice a week. I prioritize the calf work and the plyometric work as I believe those are the most important to my running. Running, work, and other responsibilities dictate that some weeks I may only get one day of lifting in.
A common phrase among coaches is, “Make the hard days hard and the easy days easy.” Thus, I try to lift on the hard running days, which are Tuesdays and Thursdays. The problem is I feel better when I have 48-72 hrs between lifting sessions. That means I often lift on easier days. I typically try to do plyometrics on easy days. Plyos should be done in a non-fatigued state. On some lifting days, I feel tired or sore from running, or I may not have time to do everything, so the workout may consist of only one or two exercises for one or two sets. Other days, I feel great and I have plenty of time so I get more work done.
CONSISTENCY means showing up, even when you don’t want to. It makes you better at not only your craft—via compounding gains—but also the skill of exerting effort itself. Sustainable peak performance isn’t about being consistently great. It’s about being great at being consistent.
I’m fortunate to be able to run in the Rocky Mountains. Every trail run features ascents and descents that are often long and/or steep which means significant changes in pace. I often run with a group and I’ve noticed that it’s not uncommon for runners to run too hard on the ascents. It’s easy to hit the redline on ascents, to burn out, and have the run reduced to a stagger. (Sometimes I’m the one running too hard.) This isn’t optimal for racing or training. Running harder isn’t always better.
Is my goal to “win” a training run of no consequence? Or is it to train effectively for a specific race? The answer is the latter. Put another way, the purpose of a training run is not to prove fitness, but to improve fitness.
In my case, I’m training for long trail races. That means low-intensity running and hiking for a long duration. Thus I need to train my aerobic energy system, not my phosphocreatine or glycolytic systems. The goal for long training runs is to build a bigger aerobic engine. If I run too hard, drive my heart rate too high, and generate too many hydrogen ions (Neither lactate nor lactic acid is responsible for burning muscle. It’s a buildup of H2 ions. The myth must die!) then aerobic conditioning is deemphasized. I’m training wrong and impeding my goal if I do that.
At some point walking up a slope is more economical than running. Running economy matters more as races go longer. For a short race, running up a steep hill may be fine because I’m not limited by energy reserves, but for long races, conserving energy matters a lot.
Research from CU Boulder has investigated running vs walking up a range of slopes. One of the researchers, Nicola Giovanelli, Ph.D., discussed the research on the Science of Ultra podcast. He suggests that walking makes sense on slopes starting at about 15-20 degrees.
For my purposes, I’ve translated the research into this: Walk early. Walk often. I start walking/power hiking well before I blow up. I stop running and start hiking before I truly need to start hiking. I start before the slope gets very steep. This is similar to efficient uphill cycling in that a rider should shift into a low gear early and before he or she struggles at a very low cadence.
I find that I can keep pace with and often pass other runners when I hike instead of run. They work harder yet we move at about the same rate. The ascent often resembles a slinky type of process where we pass each other a few times before we hit the peak. Often, the other harder working runners are completely gassed at the top while I can resume running.
I’m not an elite-level runner, so there’s no question that I will spend significant time hiking and walking during my races, especially during the 40-mile Grand Traverse Run. Therefore my training should resemble the race. If I prioritize my low-end speed, get faster at going slower, then that should help my performance more than developing higher-end speed.
One version of the 1-leg tube squat.
I wrote recently about my experience with posterior tibialis tendinitis. This post continues the analysis of the problem and solutions that helped resolve the problem.
The posterior tibialis (PT), and the gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris, (all muscles that attach to the Achilles tendon) overlap to some degree in how they function in gait. What do those muscles do you ask?
The gastroc and soleus attach to the heel via the Achilles tendon.
In the case of my Achilles pain, I found relief from strengthening those calf muscles through doing a lot of slow, controlled heel lifts. I thought the same approach would resolve my PTT. I was wrong. I believe that my efforts at strengthening the PT and the PT tendon aggravated the problem and caused more foot pain. I believe my PTT was rooted in a rigid left arch and rigid plantar fascia.
Among many runners, the word “pronation” equates to “bad.” That’s wrong. (Uncontrolled or excessive pronation is bad.) Pronation is a necessary movement that contributes to deceleration of the foot, lower leg, and the rest of the body during foot strike. As the arch collapses, the plantar fascia acts as a leaf spring, storing then returning valuable energy that helps propel the runner forward. This energy return occurs as the foot supinates with the arch lifting as the runner pushes away from the ground.
The plantar fascia isn’t the only participant in this process of energy absorption and return. All the muscles and connective tissue throughout the body contributes to the process. The tendons of the lower leg, such as the Achilles tendon and the posterior tibialis tendons, are highly active during this process. If everything is moving correctly, in control, and in a coordinated fashion then the impact forces of running are distributed efficiently among all of the muscles and tendons.
I foam rolled the calf. You probably know how to do that. If not, look on Youtube.
Dorsiflexion/Eversion. Think of pulling the pinky toe up and to the outside of the knee.
Arch mobilizer: It takes time to make changes to tissues so I do this frequently throughout the day.
Gait check: This is HUGE! In my first meeting with running coach Andrew Simmons of Lifelong Endurance, he noticed several problems with my gait. These were problems seen in the past with my gait.
A low-energy gait. My legs weren’t rebounding off of the ground sufficiently and the whole gait cycle was sluggish. Now, as I run, I think of a strong, quick, powerful push into the ground. I drive the leg behind me, and I push the ground behind me.When I run correctly, my foot spends less time on the ground and the tissues spend less time under stress and I’m more efficient. Read How to Run: Running With Proper Biomechanics by Steve Magness for details on running technique including the need for hip extension.
Solving the riddle of the sore left foot has been a prolonged, tricky struggle. Every time I find relief I think I’ve solved the problem only to have some other problem pop up later. That said, I now think I’ve figured it out. I could be wrong. Maybe some of this information will help other runners overcome their foot and ankle troubles too.
A client said that to me when I recently told her I’m training up for a March 5k, the Cherry Creek Sneak in Denver. She knew I’d run several big, difficult trail races and two marathons. She figured a 5k would be easy for me, and in terms of distance, yes, running 3.1 miles isn’t a big deal. But to run it fast…? That’s the challenge.
It seems like most grown-ups think about running longer and farther. Many of us look at the marathon, or in trail running circles, ultra-marathons, as the ultimate running thing to do. Similarly many of us look at 5ks and 10ks as fairly easy runs done just for fun. Most runners progress from the shorter runs to longer runs, leaving behind those short runs doing them mainly for training purposes around their long-race goals.
In contrast, grown-ups rarely look to run faster. (In comparison, ever watch kids run? They only sprint!) I want to run faster. As I’ve said before, I love the training process. I want to experience the process of speed development. I’ll be doing track workouts and tempo runs, which are very different from trail running. I like the idea of doing work all along the energy system continuum, with short, powerful efforts at one end, and much longer efforts at the other. It seems to me a well-conditioned, athlete should make stops all along the way.
I ran my first Imogene Pass Run last weekend and it was a monumental experience. The race was both exhilarating and brutal. The environment and scenery were stunning beyond words (but here are some words.) Living in Colorado, we get used to seeing some amazing scenery. That said, the landscape of this race course was inconceivably dramatic. The San Juan Mountains are the creme de la creme of what Colorado is all about. My wife and I loved the town of Ouray and we can’t wait to go back.
The weather was beyond perfect. No rain whatsoever until just after I finished in Telluride. I can’t fathom running this race in foul weather, but run this race in foul weather indeed they do.
Before going much further, I must give credit to my coach, Mary-Katherine Flemming for helping me prepare for this monster. My hiring her to help me was an excellent decision. She planned a variety of progressively challenging workouts, gave me honest, useful advice, and made me feel confident as I moved toward the race. I plan to enlist her again in future races.
I was very pleased with my uphill abilities. None of the climbing was easy but 99% of the time I felt strong and able. The final mile was rough. And by rough I mean nasty. (I’m holding back on the foul language that’s essential to describe what I’m talking about.) The average gradient was 18.9% with a max gradient of 33%! Steep slopes plus an ever thinning supply of O2 was almost overwhelming. That the fastest runners are still running at this point in the race is an absurdity to me!
A brief pause before the summit. Look closely. Can you see the people on the trail?
Slow-slogging it was an attractive option at times. I saw many participants doing a sort of meandering tromp and the siren song of a slower pace was enticing. It definitely felt good to slow down just a bit. I didn’t allow myself to get comfortable though. I was there to do the best I could, not be comfortable. I didn’t “just want to finish.” So when the going got very tough I continued to push as hard as I realistically could while not blowing up.
I found smaller quicker steps were better than long strides. Try climbing stairs two or three at a time vs. one step at a time and you’ll experience this. Sure you can go faster if you take longer steps but you’ll burn out faster too. That’s not a successful strategy for this race.
The hard part is over! The MONUMENTALLY hard part is about to begin.
Savage and unrelenting are good words to describe the descent. The entire route was loose rocks and dirt of the sort that demanded constant attention, focus, and concentration. There was never ever an opportunity to coast, to relax, to take it easy in any way. To let the mind wander was to fall and f__k oneself up badly.
The start of a long, technical downhill. Much soreness awaits.
I experienced a very strange sensation during the descent. There were were times when I wanted to close my eyes and fall hard asleep. It was almost like I had narcolepsy or something. I’ve never had it happen before. I actually felt like I could’ve napped on my feet. I have no idea why. Do I have to mention that this experience was no help at all?
The technical descent demanded that I focus just a few feet out ahead to know where and how to place my feet. This was an exceptionally difficult task, especially as the descent took over an hour. The urge to let up a little, concentrate a little less, and look well down the trail was alluring but it would’ve been a disaster had I done so. So the entire descent involved determined concentration. If you’ve ever had to concentrate while (extremely) fatigued then you know it’s a uniquely difficult task.
I have no idea where that switchback road goes. I’d like to find out.
I had some cramping near the top of the ascent. They continued to flare up during the descent. I had some cramping episodes during training runs and I wasn’t surprised to cramp during this race. What worried me is that I’d cramp badly and be reduced to a walk. That would’ve crushed me. Fortunately, I developed a strategy during training that allowed me to keep the cramps at bay to an acceptable degree. I employed that strategy in the race and though not perfect, it again allowed me to keep running.
I ran while internally and externally rotating my femurs. In other words, I’d run for several strides alternating between a duck-footed or pigeon-toed position. Somehow this would push the cramps away for a while. I had to do this several times during the descent. It’s definitely not an optimal way to run, especially over rough ground, but it worked. I also had to walk but only a very little.
My belief is that I employed the principle of reciprocal inhibition to relax my cramping muscles. Here’s an example: The muscle opposite your bicep is your tricep. Contract your bicep and your tricep will relax to allow for elbow flexion. That’s reciprocal inhibition and that’s how we move. In my case, my adductor muscles (inner thigh muscles, aka hip adductors and internal rotators) cramped. Thus I guessed that by activating those muscles’ opposite numbers (my hip abductors and external rotators) that I might be able to calm the cramping inner-thigh muscles. Seems to have worked. Further, it’s possible that by altering my bone and joint positions with this weird running technique it allowed some of the cramping muscles to rest just a little bit.
I won’t go into all the details of muscle cramps but I’ll say that it’s highly unlikely that it’s either dehydration or electrolyte depletion that causes them. It’s more along the line of intramuscular dis-coordination. For a brief and worthwhile discussion on the current ideas on muscle cramps and how to avoid them, then follow that link.
I like those results. This race was no easy fun run. You have to come prepared to finish it. I worked hard and I feel like I belong among some high-end athletes. I want to do my best and I want to get better. The top finisher in my age category finished in 3:02. I wonder how close I can get to 3 hrs… Coach Flemming, what are your thoughts?
I would love to get this thing done in under four hours. That seems realistic in good weather. If I want to race this race faster and/or just feel better then I need to improve my downhill conditioning.The descent is 7.1 steep, loose miles which is a very long distance. With that in mind, I need to dedicate more time to running downhill on witheringly tired legs. There aren’t many opportunities outside of this race course to descend that far. (If you know of one in the Front Range area, please let me know about it.) I will confer with my coach on the subject but in my mind, I might want to incorporate something like giant hill repeats. For these I would run up something like Chimney Gulch, Mt. Falcon, Deer Creek, parts of the Bergen Peak Trail, or maybe best of all, Herman’s Gulch, then run back down and repeat the whole nasty process a few times. I think a few near-crippling workouts like this might help me survive the horror show/descent a little better.
Here is some superb photo documentation of the race. This guy isn’t me and I don’t know him but he deserves accolades for how well he captured the runners and the exquisite scenery.
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What are some entertaining books, fiction or nonfiction, that focus attention on people doing things, such as walking, cooking, taking care of a farm or a house, exercising, working at their job or project, etc. on a regular basis?
I'm looking for books that feature productive, not lazy people. It could be anything that has a regular theme of a person doing physical stuff. Examples are stories by David Sedaris where he describes riding his bike or walking and collecting trash or cleaning or painting (I've read all of his books) or Julie Powell cooking her way through Mastering the Art of French Cooking.
I'm mostly interested in physical activities, not necessarily writing or creating art unless the writer also has a physical activity he does and describes. I'm not interested in characters, real or fiction, who are raising small kids as the focus of the book.
I've read books that describe the business of the White House -- getting ready for state dinners, etc.
It doesn't have to be about a person formally exercising. It can be any book that shows a busy or energetic person repeating and action, such as getting up and going to auditions or job interviews, or a person tending to her farm, or a person taking walks, or preparing food or cooking. I especially like a pull yourself up by the bootstraps tale. It can be any book that describes a person, or people, with a lot of energy and productivity or business in their lives.
Sometimes a Great Notion by Ken Kesey is full of people working hard.
I am watching this thread with interest because I also like books like this!
If I understand you correctly, the Little House (Laura Ingalls Wilder) series might suit you -- to me, it was all about how life worked in the different environs her family moved through and how the common day tasks were done. Farmer Boy, the episode about her husband's boyhood in Malone, NY, gives an entirely different version of everyday life, as they were a prosperous family in the East and he was a boy.
Also, this is a TV show, but Bear Gryllis's Man vs. Wild is basically all about setting up house and cooking, but in different wilderness survival situations.
The Farm in the Green Mountains by Alice Herdan-Zuckmayer would be great for that. It's a memoir of the five years Herdan-Zuckmayer and her husband -- well-to-do German intellectuals -- spent as refugees running a farm in Vermont during the war. Lots of hard work, delightfully related. Recently reprinted by NYRB Classics. Here's the Introduction by Elisa Albert.
I think Prodigal Summer by Barbara Kingsolver fits the bill.
Robinson Crusoe would fit this - or if you like science fiction, The Martian.
Amanda Owen has written two books about the challenges of running a sheep farm - The Yorkshire Shepardess and A Year in the Life. IMO they are both great reads and also quite funny.
I enjoyed Worldwalk by Steven Newman and Peter Jenkins' A Walk Across America and The Walk West.
It's a YA/children's book, but a fabulous one: Jean Craighead George's My Side of the Mountain. The protagonist runs away to live in the woods in the Catskills, building a shelter, foraging and hunting. I have reread it as an adult and it holds up beautifully.
Many of John McPhee's books are about people working effectively --- though the work is not always strenuously physical.
There's The Egg and I. It's from 1945, though, so some things can be disturbing.
Read some Annie Proulx. Her story "Brokeback Mountain," originally in the NYer sometime in the 1990s, became the movie, so you can imagine how much work, physical labor, movement is in her writing in general. I'd read her story collection that includes Brokeback Mountain, Close Range: Wyoming Stories.
Swiss Family Robinson really scratches this itch for me!
belladonna beat me to it—I immediately thought of Worldwalk and Walk Across America.
However, I didn’t know about The Walk West so I’m going to have to check that one out!
It's been a lot of years, but I read and re-read All Creatures Great and Small and All Things Bright and Beautiful and was always charmed by those tales of a hardworking country vet in England.
A Year in Provence came to mind.
ah! Came here to say Cold Comfort Farm as well. It's an excellent book, with an OK movie made out of it that is generally available. Tweaking centuries of overwrought English fiction, young woman loses parents, has to find a 'situation,' gets turned down by other relatives, finds herself with rural relatives who suffer from a lot of issues, not least of which is laziness.
Imminently satisfying if you've read or seen melodramas and thought "Come on! If there was one sane person in this plot..."
The Girl with the Pearl Earring has lots and lots of housework described in detail, along with the mixing of paints and other artist's behind the scenes tasks.
Two sailing boat ones - Sloop: Restoring My Family's Wooden Sailboat, by Daniel Robb, and Sea Change: Alone Across the Atlantic in a Wooden Boat by Peter Nichols.
One about running - Feet in the Clouds: A Story of Fell-Running and Obsession, by Richard Askwith.
One about swimming - Waterlog, by Roger Deakin. There's a list of other swimming-related books here, but I haven't read the others.
I asked a question about fiction where the protagonists are restoring a house a few years ago, and some of those might work for you.
Also, gardening memoirs - The Morville Hours by Katherine Swift, and The Jewel Garden by Monty Don.
Polly Toynbee's memoir of working low-paid jobs - Hard Work: Life in Low-Pay Britain.
"Work memoirs" might be a useful way to find these books, and led me to this Goodreads list.
I like these books too!
The Dirty Life is a good story of a couple starting a farm.
In Better Off, they move to an Amish (? iirc) community and farm.
The Heart and the Fist gets kind of preachy and slow in some parts, but there are also good chapters where he trains as a boxer and later as a Navy Seal.
You might find some other answers in this question I asked.
You might enjoy Kon-Tiki, Thor Heyerdahl's account of his 3-month raft trip across the Pacific Ocean.
Tom Neale's account of his time alone on an island in the South Pacific pretty riveting.
Rocket Boys by Homer Hickham.
One of my all time favourite books, The Worm Forgives the Plough, by John Stewart Collis, was written in England right at the very dawn of mainstream agricultural mechanisation. It's an account of life as a farm labourer in the early part of the Second World War. Detailed, poetic and very evocative. He observes the work in great detail, but always without romanticising it and somehow still makes it all sound beautiful.
In the nonfiction book Hammer Head the writer loses her job at a newspaper and takes one as a carpenter having never done that type of work before. I enjoyed it very much.
Thank you very much for these suggestions. They all sound appealing (and I've read some of the suggestions). Thank you again!
Longbourn by Jo Baker, a retelling of Pride and Prejudice from the servants' perspective (although the events of Austen's novel only take place in the background and you get fully immersed into the twists and turns of their employees lives).
It was a bit of a shock for me to fully realize the amount of hard work that went into keeping the wheels running in even a relatively modest household such as the Bennetts'. But it's also a thoroughly enjoyable and well written book in its own right, not only descriptions of washing laundry by hand (although I'm pretty sure I paused somewhere around page 5 just to give my washing machine a hug, because damn).
You might try the historical novels of Mary E. Pearce. I read an interview with her once in which she said she was fascinated by people at work. It certainly came across in her novels. She wrote ten in all. The Two Farms, Polsinney Harbour, and Apple Tree Lean Down are the three that I've read.
I see Tracy Chevalier's Girl With the Pearl Earring has been mentioned upthread. Another one of hers that will also fit the bill is The Last Runaway, in which the heroine, a young Quaker seamstress, approaches her sewing (she mainly does quilting and millinery) with the seriousness and aesthetic sensibility of an artist. I haven't read any of Chevalier's other novels, but if work is such a focus in those two, it may well be in her other books too.
Hild by Nicola Griffith has lots of 7th Century Britons (mostly women) going about daily chores while noblemen scheme and wage war.
I think you want Working by Studs Terkel.
I loved Erica Van Horn's Living Locally; as excerpts from a rural diary, it is very activity focused, whether that's renovations or walking the dog.
I've enjoyed a couple of Tracy Kidder's books along these lines: The Soul of A New Machine (about developing one of the early mini computers), and House (about building a custom-designed house). He's a very good writer, and they both have a strong narrative flow, so they read more like a novel than non-fiction.
Have you read Tracy Kidder? Most of his books are documentaries of real life jobs.
The Soul of a New Machine is about the design of a new Computer at Data General and the protagonist, Tom West, was mefi's own jessamyn's father.
House - about the process of designing and building a house.
In a similar vein is A Civil Action by Jonathon Harr, which is about the process of the civil suit brought for trichloroethane contamination in the Woburn water supply.
slidell: The Heart and the Fist gets kind of preachy and slow in some parts, but there are also good chapters where he trains as a boxer and later as a Navy Seal.
FYI, I enjoyed this book, but it's Eric Greitens's autobiography. Nothing relating to the events of the past few years, but I suspect that some folks won't want to engage with the guy.
I haven't re-read it in years, but I recall that "Lonesome Dove" and Larry McMurtry's other books set in the Old West involved a lot of dust and dirt and sweat and work.
Willa Cather's books "O Pioneers!" and "My Antonia" are set in Nebraska as the first white settlers arrive, and all those poor people did was work and die.
Perhaps The Lost City of Z: A Tale of Deadly Obsession in the Amazon. Lots of jungle trekking.
Also full of hardships on the Amazon is State of Wonder.
I came here to rec My Side of the Mountain but it was already here! I heartily second that book, it is a great read. Also in the YA trend, I seem to remember that Island of the Blue Dolphins had a lot of description of survival and sustenance work.
This is a little bit of a departure from a lone narrative, but I just finished reading Daily Rituals: How Artists Work by Mason Currey and it was really interesting to get a brief description on some of the daily routines of some prominent artists, writers, musicians, scientists, etc. Not as much of a deep dive as these other works, and not all of the folks listed had a physical activity component in their routines, but it was still a good read.
Sweetbitter is a semi-autobiographical novel about a young woman working in the Front of House staff of a fancy restaurant in Manhattan. LOTS of description of physical labor and dedication to perfecting a craft (that many people don't actually see as a craft).
A Tree Grows in Brooklyn is another semi-autobiographical novel that follows several characters, and because it involves an immigrant family, there's a lot of hard work and bootstraps.
Ken Follet's historical epics have a LOT of this. Pillars of the Earth has the cathedral design and building, and his century trilogy (Fall of Giants and Winter of the World, especially), has a lot of descriptions of people working hard at things.
One of my favorite books of the last decade was The Passage by Justin Cronin. Like The Road, it's a post-apocalyptic novel where small groups of people spend a lot of time traveling to find some sort of salvation. But it's more communal and has more of people working together, so it's a bit less bleak. There's a lot of really great description of how people work to keep small communities (in a lot of danger) afloat, including a lot of descriptions of the actual literal work they do, like keeping ancient wind turbines running. It's the first book of a trilogy, and they all have a lot of this.
Oh wow, I just googled him. Somehow I had not made that connection at all. Yeah probably skip that suggestion. Mea culpa.
Seconding The Dirty Life by Kristin Kimball!
A Midwife's Tale: The Life of Martha Ballard, Based on Her Diary, 1785-1812 by Laurel Thatcher Ulrich -- sounds like it'd be boring but is in fact super fascinating. Martha Ballard (obviously) delivered babies with exactly the "energy and productivity" that you describe. I remember one specific passage where she, like, fords a river on horseback in a storm or something equally heroic to get to a mother in labor. She kept METICULOUS diaries about both her midwifery and her domestic life which make for incredible source material, and Ulrich does an excellent job of weaving a biographical and historical narrative about a topic that doesn't get enough attention.
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An iPod is not cheap, so it only makes sense to invest in a suitable level of protection, in the form of a case. There are also other accessories for iPods, such as docking stations.
There are many different case types available for your iPod, ranging from humorous and aesthetically pleasing designs to more robust and protective cases. Cases typically range from £10 to £30.
Docking stations provide a (generally) safe place for you to place your iPod when you are not using it, and they can charge your iPod, as well as playing music, if speakers are part of the docking station.
iPod accessories include juice packs, vinyl covers, leather cases, stands and more.
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Is print dead? This is a question that has been buzzing around the marketing world since the rapid surge of the Internet and social media, but there are still several advantages print has over its digital counterparts. One of these is Tangibility. A print piece is a physical thing. Magazines and newspapers can stay in houses or offices for months or years, while Internet ads can disappear into cyber space instantaneously. There is also something about print that gives a sense of legitimacy. The saturation of popups and banner ads on the web can be overwhelming and the fear of spam and viruses is enough make people weary of clicking. There is no imminent danger in a print ad.
Branding - Print ads are excellent for solidifying your brand identity. Your ads should have a consistent aesthetic in terms of fonts, colors and types of images to establish brand recognition. Target Marketing - Placing ads in publications such as specialty magazines can effectively reach niche audiences that may be more difficult to target online. More Engaging - Consumers are more engaged when reading printed material, unlike websites, which are often skimmed in as little as a 15 second visit. A study shows that people read digital screen text 20% - 30% slower than printed paper.
Less Print Ads - With more and more businesses relying solely on the Internet for their advertising needs, the decline of print publication can actually be used as a marketing advantage. The publications are less crowded, allowing more room for your ad to shine, and possibly even cheaper prices for that ad space. The best way to market your business is to utilize as many channels as possible to reach every corner of your target demographic; this should not exclude print. Although it is likely that most emphasis, in terms of advertising, will be executed online, there still exist those who revel in the glory of the printed page and it's important to reach them. Finding the right balance between various media will ensure a steady revenue flow, an increase in sales and new customers.
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The Klallam language (nəxʷsƛ̕ay̕əmúcən), also known as Clallam, is a native american language that belongs to the Salishan languages family, and more specifically to the Straits branch of the Central Coast Salish languages. Spoken by the Klallam peoples at Becher Bay on the Vancouver Island (British Columbia, Canada) and across the Strait of Juan de Fuca on the north coast of the Olympic Peninsula (Washington, USA), it is nearly extinct with about 10 speakers, although some revival efforts exist.
Due to lack of data, we can only count accurately up to 1,000 in Klallam. Please contact me if you can help me counting up from that limit.
Digits from one to nine are specific words: nə́c̕uʔ , čə́saʔ , ɬíxʷ , ŋús , ɬq̕áčš , t̕x̣ə́ŋ , c̕úʔkʷs , táʔcs , and tə́kʷxʷ .
The tens are formed by suffixing the root of the multiplier digit with ɬšáʔ, except for ten and twenty: ʔúpən , nəc̕xʷk̕ʷə́s , ɬxʷɬšáʔ , ŋəsɬšáʔ , ɬq̕čšɬšáʔ , t̕x̣əŋɬšáʔ , c̕aʔkʷsɬšáʔ , taʔcsɬšáʔ , and təkʷxʷɬšáʔ .
Compound numbers are formed by stating the ten, then the word ʔiʔ and the unit digit (e.g.: ʔúpən ʔiʔ nə́c̕uʔ , t̕x̣əŋɬšáʔ ʔiʔ táʔcs ).
The hundreds are formed by stating the multiplier digit before the word for hundred (snáč̕əwəč), except for one hundred itself: snáč̕əwəč , čə́saʔ snáč̕əwəč , ɬíxʷ snáč̕əwəč , ŋús snáč̕əwəč … The compound hundreds are formed by stating the hundred, the ten and the unit, each group linked to the others with the word ʔiʔ (e.g.: snáč̕əwəč ʔiʔ tə́kʷxʷ , čə́saʔ snáč̕əwəč ʔiʔ ɬxʷɬšáʔ ʔiʔ c̕úʔkʷs ).
One thousand is ʔúpən snáč̕əwəč, or ten times one hundred.
Enter a number and get it written in full in Klallam.
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How to break through the Great Firewall of China? The best online tool to unblock your favorite websites and social networks in China is a VPN. With Trust.Zone VPN in China you access Facebook, unlock Google, enjoy Instagram photos and watch YouTube again.
VPN in China replaces your IP address with IP address of another country thus bypassing Internet filters of the Great Firewall. With VPN your favorite social networks like Facebook and Twitter, Google, Gmail and other services become available.
Trust.Zone VPN encrypts and secures your Internet traffic in China. Internet Service Provider and Chinese authorities can not recognize your traffic while you are using a VPN. Moreover, VPN makes your connection faster in China.
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Economic integration is an arrangement between different regions that often includes the reduction or elimination of trade barriers, and the coordination of monetary and fiscal policies. Economic integration aims to reduce costs for both consumers and producers and to increase trade between the countries involved in the agreement.
As economies become integrated, there is a lessening of trade barriers and economic and political coordination between countries increases. There are seven stages of economic integration: preferential trading area, free trade area, customs union, common market, economic union, economic and monetary union, and complete economic integration. The final stage represents a complete monetary union and fiscal policy harmonization.
Regions may agree to economic integration to better serve their citizens.
Economic integration can broaden markets, boost employment, and spur political cooperation.
Some advantages and disadvantages must be weighed when pursuing economic integration.
Trade unions may divert trade from nonmembers even if doing so is detrimental to one or more members.
Strict nationalists may oppose economic integration due to feelings of a loss of sovereignty.
The advantages of economic integration fall into three categories: trade benefits, employment, and political cooperation. More specifically, economic integration typically leads to a reduction in the cost of trade, improved availability of and a wider selection of goods and services, and efficiency gains that lead to greater purchasing power.
Employment opportunities tend to improve because trade liberalization leads to market expansion, technology sharing, and cross-border investment flows. Political cooperation among countries can improve because of stronger economic ties, which can help resolve conflicts peacefully and lead to greater stability.
Despite the benefits, economic integration has costs. The disadvantages include trade diversion and the erosion of national sovereignty. For example, trade unions can divert trade from nonmembers, even if it is economically detrimental for them to do so. Additionally, members of economic unions are typically required to adhere to rules on trade, monetary policy, and fiscal policy, which are established by an unelected external policymaking body.
Because economists and policymakers believe economic integration leads to significant benefits for society, many institutions attempt to measure the degree of economic integration across countries and regions. The methodology for measuring economic integration typically involves the combination of multiple economic indicators, including trade in goods and services, cross-border capital flows, labor migration, and others. Assessing economic integration also includes measures of institutional conformity, such as membership in trade unions and the strength of institutions that protect consumer and investor rights.
The European Union (EU) includes 28 member states and formally came into being in 1993. Since 2002, 19 of those nations have adopted the euro as a shared currency. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the EU accounted for 16.04% of the world's gross domestic product.
The United Kingdom voted in 2016 to leave the EU, effective March 29, 2019. In the weeks leading up to that date, no deal had been reached to settle on the details of the departure, leaving the impact uncertain.
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is a 21-member economic forum who promotes free trade and sustainable development in Pacific Rim economies.
The European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) combined the European Union member states into a comprehensive economic system.
Trade liberalization is the removal or reduction of restrictions or barriers, such as tariffs, on the free exchange of goods between nations.
Globalization is the spread of products, investment, and technology across national borders and cultures. In economic terms, it describes the loosening of barriers to international trade.
The definition of export is goods produced in one country and shipped to another country for future sale or trade, adding to the producing nation's gross output.
The European debt crisis refers to the struggle faced by Eurozone countries in paying off debts they had accumulated over decades. It began in 2008 and peaked between 2010 and 2012.
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Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) are expressed by microglia and infiltrating macrophages following ischemic stroke. Whereas IL-1β is primarily neurotoxic in ischemic stroke, TNF-α may have neurotoxic and/or neuroprotective effects. We investigated whether IL-1β and TNF-α are synthesized by overlapping or segregated populations of cells after ischemic stroke in mice.
We used flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry to examine cellular co-expression of IL-1β and TNF-α at 6, 12 and 24 hours after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice, validating the results by the use of bone marrow chimeric mice.
We found that IL-1β and TNF-α were expressed in largely segregated populations of CD11b+CD45dim microglia and CD11b+CD45high macrophages, with cells expressing both cytokines only rarely. The number of Gr1+ granulocytes producing IL-1β or TNF-α was very low, and we observed no IL-1β- or TNF-α-expressing T cells or astrocytes.
Taken together, the results show that IL-1β and TNF-α are produced by largely segregated populations of microglia and macrophages after ischemic stroke in mice. Our findings provide evidence of a functional diversity among different subsets of microglia and macrophages that is potentially relevant to future design of anti-inflammatory therapies in stroke.
The proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) play key roles in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke [1–3]. IL-1β exerts neurotoxic effects in ischemic stroke and blocking its action has been shown to reduce ischemic brain damage [4, 5]. In comparison, there is evidence that TNF-α has both neurotoxic [6, 7] and neuroprotective [8–10] roles after ischemic stroke in rats and in mice. Increasing evidence implicates both cytokines in the early inflammatory response that precedes and accompanies ischemia-induced neuronal damage [6, 11]. However, detailed knowledge about the contribution of different cell types to the production of IL-1β and TNF-α is still not available.
The relative physiological outcome of increased IL-1β and TNF-α signaling in ischemic stroke may depend on the kinetics and location of cytokine producing cells. There is compelling evidence that IL-1β and TNF-α are primarily synthesized by activated microglia and infiltrating macrophages [12–14], although granulocytes and astrocytes have also been suggested to produce both IL-1β [15–17] and TNF-α [18, 19]. Precise identification of cell source has, however, been compromised by the lack of microglial and macrophage specific markers, which prevents discrimination of these cell types at the histological level [12, 14]. Furthermore, it is presently unknown whether IL-1β and TNF-α are expressed to the same extent by the same or different subsets of microglia and macrophages following ischemic stroke.
We have previously shown that IL-1β mRNA and TNF-α mRNA, and TNF-α protein are produced by CD11b+ microglia and by CD11b+ macrophages at the edge of and within areas of infarction, and that this production reaches maximum levels of expression between 12 and 24 hours after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) in mice [12, 14, 20]. The objective of the present study was to provide additional insight into the cell types and cell subpopulations that produce IL-1β and TNF-α within the first 24 hours following ischemic stroke in mice . To distinguish microglia from infiltrating macrophages after pMCAO, we used flow cytometry with CD45 and CD11b as myeloid-lineage specific markers, we used a radiated, bone marrow (BM) chimeric mouse model; and we used intracellular cytokine-staining, and double immunofluorescence staining. In addition, since CD11b is expressed by both macrophages and granulocytes [21, 22], we also analyzed cytokine production by granulocytes using the granulocyte specific marker Gr1. Our results show that IL-1β and TNF-α are produced by largely segregated subsets of microglia and macrophages, and that very few cells express both cytokines.
Breeding pairs of CD45.1+ (B6.SJL-Ptprca Pepcb/BoyJ) mice and CD45.2+ C57BL/6-Tg(UBC-GFP)30Scha/J (GFP-Tg) mice were purchased from the Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbour, Maine, USA) and transferred to the Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Aarhus, where they were maintained as a colony. GFP-Tg mice, which express the CD45.2+ allotype, were used as BM donors and congenic BoyJ male mice, which express the CD45.1+ allotype, were used as BM recipients. This combination of mice was chosen so that infiltrating cells could be identified by two different markers (GFP+ and CD45.2+), however the GFP signal alone proved to be sufficiently strong and reliable to identify infiltrating cells. Peritoneal macrophages were obtained from C57BL/6 mice, which were purchased from Taconic (Ry, Denmark). Mice were housed under diurnal lightning conditions with free access to food and water. The experiments were approved by the Danish Animal Inspectorate (J. no. 2005/561–1068).
BM cells from GFP-Tg mice were grafted into lethally irradiated mice as described by Wirenfeldt et al. . For donor BM recovery, the proximal and distal ends of tibia and femur were removed and BM was flushed from the medullary channel into sterile 50 mL polypropylene tubes using cold RPMI 1640 medium (Gibco, Paisley, UK). The BM cells were rinsed in RPMI medium and centrifuged at 1,000 rpm for 10 min, then filtered through a sterile cotton sieve. After 3 rounds of rinsing and filtering, cells were kept on ice until use. Recipient mice (6–8 weeks of age) were lethally irradiated with a single dose of 9.5 Gy from a 137Cs source (Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark). Within 2 hours of irradiation, BM cells were injected into the tail veins of recipient mice (approximately 107 cells/mouse). For 3 days after grafting, mice received oxytetracycline (2 g/L Terramycin vet. 20%; Pfizer, Amoise, France) in autoclaved drinking water. Thereafter they were supplied with acidified water (pH 3). The mice were fed irradiation-sterilized mouse chow and maintained under pathogen-free conditions for 6 weeks until they were subjected to surgery.
Under anaesthesia, mice were subjected to focal cerebral ischemia by permanent occlusion of the distal part of the left middle cerebral artery (pMCAO), as previously described . During surgery, mice were placed on a 37°C ± 0.5°C warm heating pad. An incision was made from eye to ear, the parotid gland and the upper part of the temporal muscle were split, and a small hole was drilled over the distal part of the MCA. The MCA was occluded by electrocoagulation and the incision was stitched with a 4.0 nylon-suture. After surgery, mice were injected with 1 ml of isotonic saline and their eyes were coated with ointment. Mice were kept at 28°C until sacrificed, 24 hours post-surgery. For post-surgical analgesia mice were treated with Temgesic (0.001 mg/20 g buprenorphinum, Reckitt & Colman, Hull, UK) three times at 8-hour intervals starting immediately after surgery .
Mice were anesthetized i.p. with an overdose of pentobarbital and perfused through the left ventricle using 10 ml of Soerensen's phosphate buffer (SB) (0.03 M KH2PO4 and 0.12 M Na2HPO4, pH 7.4) followed by 20 ml of cold 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) in 0.15 M SB, pH 7.4. The brains were post-fixed in 4% PFA for 1 hour followed by immersion in 20% sucrose in 0.15 M SB overnight. Next, the brains were frozen and cut into 16-μm frontal sections. For verification of chimerism in BM-chimeric mice, samples of spleen, heart, kidney and liver were frozen and processed to obtain 16-μm cryostat sections.
Thioglycolate-elicited peritoneal macrophages were obtained after i.p. injection of 1 ml 3% thioglycolate (Sigma) into C57BL/6 mice. Three days after injection, the mice were killed by cervical dislocation and 10 ml Dulbecco's modified Eagle Medium (Invitrogen) was injected into the peritoneum. Subsequently, the peritoneal fluid was withdrawn. After two washes in phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) the cells were counted and plated in T25 flasks in DMEM Medium containing 5% FBS, 100 units/ml of penicillin, and 100 mg/ml streptomycin (Sigma). The macrophages were kept in a humidified 37°C incubator with 5% CO2 for 2 days and then stimulated for 24 hours with 100 ng/ml LPS (Sigma).
Mice were perfused through the left ventricle using 10 ml PBS, whereafter the ipsi- and contralateral cortices were isolated. Infarcts were macroscopically visible at 6, 12 and 24 hours post-occlusion, verifying successful occlusion of the MCA. Blood samples were collected in heparinized Eppendorf tubes and Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS: 0.14 M NaCl, 5.4 mM KCl, 0.4 mM MgSO4•7H2O, 0.4 mM Na2HPO4(anhydrate), 1.3 mM CaCl22H2O, 4.2 mM NaHCO3, 0.4 mM KH2PO4, 0.5 mM MgCl26H2O, and 5 mM glucose) for validation of BM reconstitution. Lymph nodes were removed and collected as control tissue.
Microglial/macrophage staining by CD11b or CD45 was done using an streptavidin/horseradish peroxidase technique as previously described . Immunohistochemical stainng for IL-1β and TNF-α was performed as previously described [12, 14] (Table 1).
Antibodies applied for flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry and fluorescence stainings.
PE: phycoerythrin, PerCP-Cy5.5: perinidin chlorophyll protein-cyanine5.5, APC: allophycocyanin, FITC: fluorescein isothiocyanate, vWF: von Willebrandt's Factor, PECAM-1: platelet endothelial adhesion molecule-1, GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFP: green fluorescent protein.
To detect infiltrating GFP+ cells, sections were rinsed 3 × 15 min in 0.05 M Tris-buffered saline (TBS, pH 7.4), and endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked by rinsing the sections in 30% H2O2, methanol and TBS (1:1:8) for 30 min at room temperature (RT). After rinsing 2 × 10 min in TBS + 0.5% Triton, the sections were incubated with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) in TBS for 30 min at RT to reduce non-specific staining. Sections were then incubated with rabbit anti-GFP (Table 1, Abcam) diluted 1:1,000 in TBS containing 10% FCS overnight at 4°C. Next, sections were rinsed 3 × 15 min in TBS + 0.5% Triton and incubated with peroxidase-labeled "ready-to-use" EnVision+ polymer (DakoCytomation) overnight at 4°C. Sections were then rinsed 3 × 15 min in TBS and developed for 7 min in TBS containing 0.05% diaminobenzidine and 0.033% H2O2. Finally, sections were rinsed in TBS, dehydrated in a graded series of alcohol, cleared in xylene and mounted in Depex. Antibody specificity was assessed by negative controls using substitution of the primary antibody with rabbit IgG (Table 1, DakoCytomation) or omission of the primary antibody. These sections were devoid of signal.
Sections were air dried, rinsed in TBS for 10 min, and blocked with 10% FCS in TBS + 0.5% Triton for 30 min at RT. Next, the sections were incubated with primary antibody (Table 1) overnight at 4°C, followed by rinsing for 10 min in TBS and incubation with a species-specific secondary fluorescent antibody (Table 1) diluted 1:200 for 1–2 hours the next day. From this point forward, the sections were protected from light. After 10 min in TBS, sections were incubated for 2 hours with the second primary antibody diluted in TBS + 0.5% Triton containing 10% FCS, rinsed in TBS for 10 min at RT, and then incubated with the secondary antibody diluted 1:200 in TBS + 0.5% Triton containing 10% FCS for 1–2 hours at room temperature (RT). Finally, sections were rinsed 2 × 10 min in TBS, followed by 2 × 10 min in distilled H2O, and mounted in ProLong® Gold antifade reagent with DAPI (Invitrogen, Taastrup, Denmark). Negative controls, where primary antibodies were replaced by isotype controls (Table 1) or omitted from the protocol, were devoid of signal.
The number of GFP+ cells in the ipsilateral cortex was estimated using the cell counting method described in Lambertsen et al. . GFP+ cells with an identifiable nucleus were counted in approximately 16 sections from each animal, 384 μm apart. This was done using a 100× objective and a 25% frame area, stepping 300 μm/300 μm in the x-y position using the CAST Grid System from Olympus. The total number (N) of GFP+ cells in each animal was estimated using the formula: Estimate of N = ΣQ × (1/ssf) × (1/asf) × (1/tsf), where Q was the number of cells counted, 1/ssf the sampling section fraction (1/ssf = 24), and 1/asf the area sampling fraction (1/asf = 36.4) . The thickness sampling fraction (1/tsf) was set to 1, since cells were counted in the entire height of the sections .
Tissues from individual mice were processed separately. Single-cell suspensions of ipsi- or contralateral cortices or lymph nodes were obtained by homogenisation using 70-μm nylon cell strainers (BD Falcon, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) [24, 27], in RPMI containing 10% FCS and 1 μl/ml BD GolgiPlug™ with Brefeldin A (BD Biosciences). Cells were transferred to sterile petri dishes and placed in a 37°C incubator with 5% CO2 for 4 1/2 hours. Cell suspensions were transferred to polystyrene tubes and pelleted by centrifugation (1,400 rpm for 6 min at 4°C).
Cells were incubated for 30 min in staining-buffer (staining-buffer: Hank's Buffered Salt Solution with 2% FCS and 0.1% sodium azide), containing 50 μg/ml Syrian hamster Ig (Jackson Immunoresearch, West Grove, PA, USA) and 1 μg/ml anti-FcγIII/II receptor (BD FcBlock™, BD Biosciences), to block non-specific staining. After rinsing, cells were stained for surface antigens (or their isotype controls) (Table 1) for 30 min at RT, and then rinsed in staining-buffer [24, 27]. Following staining of surface markers (CD11b, CD45, Gr1, TCRβ), the cells were fixed and permeabilized in Cytofix/Cytoperm™ (BD Biosciences) for 20 min at 4°C, washed in 1 ml 1× PermWash™ buffer (BD Biosciences), and incubated with antibodies recognizing intracellular antigens (IL-1β, TNF-α or isotype controls) (Table 1) for 30 min at RT. Cells stained with unconjugated antibodies were rinsed, then incubated with fluorescently labelled goat anti-rabbit secondary antibodies for 30 min at RT. After the final rinse, cells were resuspended in staining-buffer.
For blood samples, cells were stained using antibodies recognizing CD11b, CD45 and TCRβ (Table 1), as described for brain homogenates. Red blood cells were then lysed using Serotec Erythrolyse Red Blood Cell buffer (Serotec) diluted 1:10 in distilled water for 7 min at RT. Finally, cells were rinsed three times and resuspended in staining-buffer.
Staining was analyzed using a FACSCalibur flow cytometer and CellQuest Pro Software (BD Biosciences). Estimation of numbers of cells was done as previously described [24, 27]. Data are presented as an average of these numbers. Preparation and staining of cortical homogenates inevitably resulted in cell loss, and the cell numbers and proportions presented are based on cells remaining in suspension. For analysis of microglia and macrophages/granulocytes, cells were gated on side scatter (SSC) versus CD11b, followed by forward scatter (FSC) versus CD11b, and FSC versus CD45. Microglia were separated from macrophages/granulocytes based on CD45 expression, with intermediate levels of CD45 (CD45dim) identifying CD11b+ parenchymal microglia, and high levels of CD45 (CD45high) identifying CD11b+ macrophage/granulocytes . GFP+, Gr1+, IL-1β+ and TNF-α+ cells were identified on additional colour channels. GFP+ BM-derived cells were separated from GFP- resident cells based on GFP expression. For quantification of IL-1β/TNF-α co-expression, resident microglia (GFP-CD45dim) and infiltrating leukocytes (GFP+CD45high) were gated on SSC versus CD45 followed by FSC versus CD45. For analysis of expression of IL-1β and TNF-α in TCRβ+ T cells, cells were gated on SSC versus CD45 followed by FSC versus CD45. IL-1β+, TNF-α+ and TCRβ+ cells were identified on additional colour channels. Positive staining was determined based on fluorescence levels of isotype controls or autofluorescence controls (for GFP).
Histology results were documented using an Olympus DP70 digital camera mounted on an Olympus BX51 microscope connected to a PC with Olympus DP-software. Figures were organized using Adobe Photoshop CS. The data were evaluated using Kruskal-Wallis test (non-parametric ANOVA) with Dunn's multiple comparison test as follow-up test. Comparisons of mean values between two groups of mice were done using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test using the GraphPad Prism 4.0b software for Macintosh, GraphPad Software, San Diego, California, USA. Data are presented as means ± SD. Statistically significant differences were established at P < 0.05.
We have previously shown that IL-1β and TNF-α are produced by CD11b+ microglia and infiltrating CD11b+ cells, i.e. macrophages and granulocytes, situated within and at the edge of the infarct 24 hours after pMCAO in SJL and C57BL/6 mice [12, 14, 20]. In line with these observations, IL-1β- and TNF-α-expressing cells were observed within and adjacent to the infarct in B6.SJL-Ptrpra Pepcb/BoyJ mice 24 hours after pMCAO. These cells co-localized with activated CD11b+ microglia and CD11b+ macrophages/granulocytes observed in parallel sections (Figure 1A). Double immunofluorescence staining confirmed that IL-1β (Figure 1B) and TNF-α Figure 1C) were expressed by activated CD11b+ microglia and infiltrating CD11b+ macrophages/granulocytes.
Co-expression of IL-1β or TNF-α with CD11b + cells. Cortical infarction 24 hours after pMCAO leads to expression of IL-1β and TNF-α in activated CD11b+ microglia and macrophages/granulocytes. (A) Distribution of CD11b+, IL-1β+ and TNF-α+ cells in infarct (IF) and peri-infarct (P-IF) regions. IL-1β+ (B) and TNF-α+ (C) cells were particularly numerous at the edge of the infarct, and these cytokines were exclusively expressed by CD11b+ cells (arrows). CD11b+ cells were visualized using Alexa Fluor® 488-conjugated goat anti-rat IgG, IL-1β+ and TNF-α+ cells using Alexa Fluor® 594-conjugated donkey anti-rabbit IgG. Scale bars: 200 μm (A), 20 μm (B, C).
Whole-body irradiated mice were reconstituted with BM cells from GFP-Tg mice, allowing us to distinguish infiltrating GFP+CD11b+CD45high BM-derived cells from resident GFP-CD11b+CD45dim microglia. Flow cytometric analysis showed that 97% of nucleated blood cells were GFP+, providing us with a reliable tool to differentiate between infiltrating GFP+ BM-derived cells and resident GFP- cells. Flow cytometric analysis of perfused cortex from chimeric mice allowed to survive 24 hours after pMCAO showed a substantial increase in CD11b+CD45high cell population compared to unmanipulated control chimeras (Figure 2A). As expected, the majority of CD45high cells were GFP+ (92%), consistent with these cells being BM-derived (Figure 2B). Investigation of the CD11b+CD45dim microglial population showed that these cells were primarily GFP-. However, there was evidence of injury-induced recruitment of GFP+ microglial precursors (7%) into the ischemic cortex (Figure 2B, C). Comparison of the CD11b+CD45high cell population in BM-chimeric mice and non-chimeric mice allowed to survive 24 hours after pMCAO (Figure 2D) showed similar mean numbers of CD11b+CD45high infiltrating cells. In contrast, however, the CD11b+CD45dim microglial population was significantly reduced in BM-chimeric compared to non-chimeric mice (Figure 2D) suggesting that whole body irradiation affects the resident microglial population, independent of injury. Similarly, the result showed less CD11b+CD45dim microglia in chimeric versus unmanipulated non-chimeric mice (Figure 2A and 4A).
Infiltration of GFP + BM-cells in infarct and peri-infarct regions. (A-B) Dot plots of viable macrophages/granulocytes (CD11b+CD45high, top right quadrants) and microglia (CD11b+CD45dim, bottom right quadrants) in cortex from BM-chimeric unmanipulated mice and mice exposed to pMCAO. (C) Bar graph showing mean numbers of CD11b+CD45dim microglia and CD11b+CD45high macrophages/granulocytes in BM-chimeric mice 24 hours after pMCAO, subdivided based on expression of GFP (n = 5). Approximately 92% of of the CD45high population were GFP+ . (D) Estimation and comparison of mean numbers of CD11b+CD45dim microglia in non-chimeric (n = 10) versus BM-chimeric mice (n = 5) 24 hours after of pMCAO shows significantly fewer CD11b+CD45dim microglial cells in irradiated mice. (E) Overview, showing distribution of infiltrating GFP+ BM-derived cells into infarct (IF) and peri-infarct (P-IF) regions 24 hours after pMCAO. (E-G) By 24 hours, GFP+ single cells (F) and vessel-associated aggregates of GFP+ cells (arrows in G) were observed in infarct and peri-infarct regions. Some of the vessel-associated cells were round, leukocyte-like cells (arrows) while others were elongated cells lining the vasculature (arrow heads in G and in insert). (H) Bar graph showing mean numbers of single GFP+ cells and vessel-associated aggregates of GFP+ cells in ipsi- and contralateral cortex 24 hours after surgery (n = 10). (I-P) Immunohistochemical staining of CD45.1 (I, K), CD45.2 (J, L), IgG2a (M, O) and CD45 (N, P) in ischemic tissue in BM-chimeric (I, J, M, N) and non-chimeric mice (K, L, O, P) 24 hours after pMCAO. N.D, none detected. Scale bars: 200 μm (A), 10 μm (B, C). 50 μm (I-P) *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001.
The distribution of infiltrating GFP+ cells was visualized using immunohistochemistry. Twenty-four hours after pMCAO, GFP+ cells were distributed throughout the infarct, such that the border of the infarct was easily delineated (Figure 2E). The GFP+ cells occurred both as single cells (Figure 2F), and as vessel-associated aggregates (Figure 2G). Microscopic analysis of the perivascular vessel-associated aggregates showed two morphologically different cell types; round cells, which appeared to locate to the juxtavascular space and to infiltrate the neuropil (Figure 2G), and elongated cells lining the microvascular wall (insert in Figure 2G). In order to determine the extent of cellular recruitment, we estimated the total number of GFP+ cells within the ischemic cortex using both morphometry and flow cytometry. By morphometry, the total number of single GFP+ cells was estimated to be 130,000 ± 24,000 (mean ± SD) cells (Figure 2H). The number of vessel-associated aggregates of GFP+ cells were quantified separately (8,000 ± 2,200) (Figure 2H). Only a few GFP+ single cells were present in the cortex of the contralateral hemisphere (Figure 2H), or in brains from unmanipulated BM-chimeric mice. GFP+ cells were identified in sections from all organs from BM-chimeric mice (data not shown). Using flow cytometry, we estimated the total number of GFP+ cells within the isolated cortex to be 42,655 ± 23,465 (mean ± SD) cells (Figure 2C), which corresponded to 33% of the number of GFP+ cells estimated by morphometry (Figure 2H).
Because we observed a reduced number of CD11b+CD45dim microglia after pMCAO in BM-chimeric mice versus non-chimeric mice (Figure 2D), we investigated whether irradiation affected cellular CD45 expression resulting in incorrect estimation of cell numbers. Immunohistochemical stainings for CD45.1 (Figure 2I, K) and CD45.2 (Figure 2J, L) confirmed the presence of donor-derived CD45.2+ cells within the ischemic cortex of BM-chimeric mice (Figure 2J) but not in non-chimeric mice (Figure 2L). Similarly, we found no evidence of altered CD45 expression when comparing stainings with a generally expressed CD45 marker in chimeric and non-chimeric mice 24 hours after pMCAO (Figure 2N, P). Fluorescence microscopy confirmed that the majority of GFP+ cells were CD11b+ (Figure 3A), thereby showing that they were myeloid lineage-derived macrophages/granulocytes. This was additionally emphasized by the staining for the endothelial markers von Willebrand Factor (vWF) and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM or CD31), which appeared to be expressed largely by GFP- cells (Figure 3B, C).
BM-derived GFP + single cells and vessel-associated cells express CD11b. Fluorescence microscopy for GFP combined with immunofluorescence detection of (A) CD11b, (B) vWF and (C) CD31, 24 hours after pMCAO. (A) Fluorescence detection of GFP and CD11b showed that most GFP+ cells co-expressed CD11b (yellow cells, indicated by arrows), and intermingled with CD11b+ host cells. Note also that a few GFP+ cells did not co-express CD11b (arrow head). Insert shows high magnification of GFP+ cells, some of which co-express CD11b, aggregated around a vessel. (B, C) Fluorescence detection of GFP and the endothelial cell markers vWF (B) and CD31 (C). Inserts show higher magnification of sections of the same vessels. Although there are indications that single vWF+ cells co-express GFP (arrows in B), this could not be reproduced using staining for CD31, and the majority of vWF+ and CD31+ cells showed no co-expression of GFP. Instead, GFP remained confined to round and elongated cells located in the juxtavascular space (insert in C). CD11b+ cells were visualized using Alexa Fluor® 568-conjugated goat anti-rat IgG, vWF+ and CD31+ cells using Alexa Fluor® 546-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG and Alexa Fluor® 594-conjugated goat anti-rat IgG, respectively. Scale bars: 20 μm (A-C).
Having shown that the vast majority of the GFP+CD11b+CD45+cells were infiltrating BM-derived macrophages/granulocytes, and that almost all CD11b+CD45dim cells were resident microglia, we investigated the kinetics of microglial activation and cell infiltration after pMCAO in non-chimeric mice, using CD45 levels to distinguish resident CD45dim microglia from infiltrating CD45high macrophages/granulocytes by flow cytometry (Figure 4A–D). Estimation of the numbers of CD11b+CD45dim microglia revealed comparable cell numbers in brains of unmanipulated mice and mice after 6 hours of survival, whereas there was a significant increase in microglia 12 hours or 24 hours after pMCAO (Figure 4E). As expected, the numbers of microglia in sham-operated mice remained unaffected at 24 hours (Figure 4E). Furthermore, CD11b+CD45high macrophages/granulocytes increased in numbers over the period from 6 to 24 hours post-occlusion, compared to unmanipulated controls and sham-operated mice at 24 hours (Figure 4E). Two populations of CD11b+CD45high cells were visible on flow cytometric dot plots from mice exposed to 24 hours of pMCAO, which differed by expressing intermediate or high levels of CD11b (Figure 4C). Since CD11b is expressed both on macrophages and granulocytes [21, 22], we investigated whether and to what extent CD45+Gr1+ granulocytes contributed to the CD11b+CD45high cell population (Figure 4D, F). There was significant infiltration by granulocytes as early as 6 hours compared to unmanipulated control mice (Figure 4F). By 24 hours, there was an additional pMCAO-induced increase in CD45+Gr1+ cells compared to sham-operated mice with 24 hours survival. Similar numbers of CD45+Gr1+granulocytes and CD45+Gr1- macrophages were recruited to the ischemically injured cortex, and these populations shared the same temporal profile (Figure 4F).
Inflammatory response following permanent MCA occlusion. (A-C) Dot plots of viable CD11b+CD45high macrophages/granulocytes (top right quadrants) and CD11b+CD45dim microglia (bottom right quadrants) in cortex from unmanipulated control mice (A, B), and mice exposed to pMCAO with 24 hour survival (C). (D) At 24 hours, flow cytometric analysis of the CD11b+CD45high profiles showed that approximately half of the population consisted of CD45highGr1+ granulocytes. (E) Quantification of CD11b+CD45dim and CD11b+CD45high cells in unmanipulated control mice (n = 10), in mice 6 (n = 7), 12 (n = 7), or 24 hours after pMCAO (n = 10), and in sham-operated mice 24 hours after pMCAO (n = 7). (F) Bar graphs showing equal recruitment of CD11b+CD45highGr1- macrophages and CD11b-CD45highGr1+ granulocytes in unmanipulated mice, in mice 6, 12, or 24 hours after pMCAO, and in sham-operated mice 24 hours after pMCAO. (G, H) Bar graphs showing the mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) of CD45 expression by CD45dim microglia (G) and CD45high macrophages/granulocytes (H). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001.
Finally, since microglia become activated by stroke [14, 20], and evidence shows that CD45 is inducible in microglia , we investigated whether cellular levels of CD45 expression were affected by the ischemic insult. For this, we analysed mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of the CD45 signal on CD11b+CD45dim microglia and CD11b+CD45high macrophages/granulocytes. MFI values were obtained for unmanipulated controls, in mice with 6-, 12-, and 24-hour survivals, and in sham-operated mice at 24 hours. We observed a significant upregulation of CD45 on microglia by 12 hours, which reached peak levels 24 hours after pMCAO compared to unmanipulated controls and sham-operated mice (Figure 4G). Similarly, CD45 levels were increased on infiltrating macrophages/granulocytes by 24 hours compared to unmanipulated control and sham-operated mice (Figure 4H).
Next we used flow cytometry to determine which cell population(s), the resident CD11b+CD45dim microglia or the infiltrating CD11b+CD45high macrophages/granulocytes, or both, expressed IL-1β, TNF-α, or a combination of IL-1β and TNF-α after pMCAO (Figure 5A, B). Numbers of IL-1β-expressing CD11b+CD45dim microglia and infiltrating CD11b+CD45high macrophages/granulocytes peaked between 12 and 24 hours after pMCAO (Figure 5C). The proportion of IL-1β-expressing CD11b+CD45dim microglia increased from 3% of the total microglial population in unmanipulated mice to 15% of the total microglial population 24 hours after pMCAO (Figure 5D). In addition, the proportion of IL-1β-expressing CD11b+CD45high macrophages/granulocytes increased from 3% in unmanipulated mice to 29% by 12 hours, then decreased to 17% of the total macrophage/granulocyte population after 24 hours of pMCAO (Figure 5D). MFI values for IL-1β showed increased protein expression by CD11b+CD45dim microglia and infiltrating CD11b+CD45high macrophages/granulocytes after 24 hours of pMCAO (Figure 5E).
Cytokine expression in segregated populations of cells following stroke. (A, B) Dot plots showing CD11b+CD45high macrophages/granulocytes (upper right quadrants) and CD11b+CD45dim microglia (bottom right quadrants) expressing IL-1β (A) or TNF-α (B). (C-J) Bar graphs showing numbers and proportions of IL-1β (C, D), TNF-α (F, G) and IL-1β/TNF-α co-expressing (I, J) CD11b+CD45dim microglia and CD11b+CD45high macrophages/granulocytes in unmanipulated control mice (n = 10), in mice 6 (n = 7), 12 (n = 7), or 24 hours after pMCAO (n = 10), and in sham-operated mice 24 hours after pMCAO (n = 7). (E, H) Comparison of the MFI values for IL-1β (E) and TNF-α (H) in viable CD11b+CD45dim microglia and CD11b+CD45high macrophages/granulocytes in unmanipulated mice, in mice 6, 12, or 24 hours after pMCAO, and in sham-operated mice 24 hours after pMCAO. Macrophages/granulocytes express significantly more IL-1β than do microglial in unmanipulated mice, in mice 6, 12, or 24 hours after pMCAO, and in sham-operated mice 24 hours after pMCAO (E), whereas microglial cells express significantly higher levels of TNF-α than do macrophages/granulocytes at 12 h and 24 hours, and in sham-operated mice 24 hours after pMCAO (H). (K) CD11b+CD45highGr1- macrophages and not CD11b+CD45highGr1+ granulocytes are the main producers of IL-1β and TNF-α 24 hours after pMCAO. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001.
The time profile for TNF-α-expressing CD11b+CD45dim microglia showed a significant increase in numbers of TNF-α+ cells at 12 hours, which peaked 24 hours after pMCAO compared to unmanipulated control mice. Similarly there was a injury-induced increase in numbers of CD11b+CD45high macrophages/granulocytes that expressed TNF-α at 24 hours after pMCAO (Figure 5F). Calculation of the proportion of TNF-α-expressing CD11b+CD45dim microglia and CD11b+CD45high macrophages/granulocytes showed that the proportion of TNF-α+ microglia peaked with 2% of the CD11b+CD45high population at 12–24 hours after pMCAO, while the proportion of TNF-α+ macrophages/granulocytes was 17% of the CD11b+CD45high population in unmanipulated controls and 4% at 24 hours after pMCAO. This most of all reflected that a relatively large proportion of the very few CD11b+CD45high cells present in the unmanipulated mouse cortex expressed TNF-α (Figure 5G). Generation of MFI values for TNF-α showed a significant increase in the amount of TNF-α expressed by microglia by 12 and 24 hours compared to unmanipulated control mice. In contrast, the level of TNF-α expression by CD11b+CD45high macrophages/granulocytes seemed unaffected by ischemic injury (Figure 5H).
We additionally identified a subpopulation of CD11b+CD45dim microglia and CD11b+CD45high macrophages/granulocytes that co-expressed IL-1β and TNF-α (Figure 5I). The proportion of IL-1β/TNF-α co-expressing microglia increased from 0.05% in unmanipulated controls to 1.2% after 24 hours of pMCAO, whereas co-expressing macrophages doubled from 2% in unmanipulated controls to 4% after 12 hours of pMCAO, before declining to 2% after 24 hours (Figure 5J).
Interestingly, the proportions of IL-1β-, TNF-α-, and IL-1β/TNF-α-expressing macrophages/granulocytes were relatively high in sham-operated mice (Figure 5D, G, J). However, since the number of CD11b+CD45dim microglia and CD11b+CD45high macrophages/granulocytes did not differ between unmanipulated controls and sham-operated mice (Figure 4E), the overall number of cytokine expressing cells was much lower in sham-operated versus pMCAO operated mice (Figure 5C, F, I).
Taken together, these results clearly show that largely non-overlapping subsets of microglia and macrophages/granulocytes produce IL-1β and TNF-α after pMCAO in mice.
Finally, since both macrophages and granulocytes express CD11b and high levels of CD45 , we used Gr1 to determine which cell population was the predominant CD45high source of IL-1β and TNF-α. We found a small but significant increase in both IL-1β- and TNF-α expressing CD45highGr1+ granulocytes at 24 hours after pMCAO compared to unmanipulated control mice. However, the CD45highGr1- macrophages were clearly the major producers of both IL-1β and TNF-α (Figure 5K). A small number of CD45high cells identified as T cells (TCRβ+CD45high) was also observed. The number of T cells in ischemic cortex by 6, 12 and 24 hours did not differ from the number in cortex of unmanipulated or sham-operated mice (< 200), and none of the TCRβ+CD45+ T cells were observed to express either IL-1β or TNF-α (data not shown).
To further verify our findings, we compared the intensity of the fluorescent cytokine signal between macrophages obtained from mice after 24 hours of pMCAO and LPS-stimulated, thioglycolate-elicited peritoneal macrophages, used as a positive control for IL-1β and TNF-α expression. Histograms shown in Figure 6 demonstrate a clear shift from the respective control antibody (IgG) for both IL-1β (Figure 6A) and TNF-α (Figure 6B). Determination of the MFI showed that the LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages expressed lower levels of IL-1β (MFI: 85.28, (IgG: 49.23)) than did ischemia-activated macrophages (MFI: 104.03 (IgG: 46.06)) whereas LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages expressed higher levels of TNF-a (MFI: 53.84, (IgG: 14.79)) than did ischemia-activated macrophages (MFI: 39.28 (IgG: 24.11)).
Sensitivity of cytokine detection using flow cytometry. Histograms and dot plots of IL-1β (A) and TNF-α (B) expression in LPS-activated peritoneal macrophages versus macrophages/granulocytes isolated from cortex 24 hours after pMCAO. Light colored histograms represent cells stained with isotype control antibodies and filled histograms represent cells stained with antibodies for either IL-1β (A) or TNF-α (B).
The flow cytometry data presented above show that microglia and macrophages, but not granulocytes, are major producers of IL-1β and TNF-α, and that co-expression of IL-1β and TNF-α is limited to a small subset of microglia and macrophages. We then validated these results using double-immunofluorescence of tissue sections, to distinguish resident microglia from infiltrating cells in BM-chimeric mice. Because a subpopulation of the infiltrating GFP+ cells were identified as granulocytes (Figure 7A), we first investigated if Gr1+ granulocytes express IL-1β and TNF-α by using double immunofluorescence. We found that neither IL-1β nor TNF-α was expressed by Gr1+ granulocytes (Figure 7B). This might reflect the lower sensitivity of immunohistochemistry compared to flow cytometry, or may indicate that granulocytes express smaller amounts of protein (IL-1β MFI: 58 ± 18; TNF-α MFI: 27 ± 2) than do macrophages (IL-1β MFI: 104 ± 25; TNF-α MFI: 40 ± 2) (P < 0.004). Double-immunofluorescence staining identified both resident and infiltrating cells expressing either IL-1β (Figure 7C) or TNF-α (Figure 7D), but only rarely identified cells co-expressing IL-1β and TNF-α 24 hours after pMCAO (Figure 7E), confirming the flow cytometric data. There was no co-localization of IL-1β or TNF-α staining with the astroglial marker GFAP (data not shown) or with the endothelial markers vWF/CD31 (data not shown).
IL-1β and TNF-α are expressed by macrophages and microglia. (A) Infiltrating GFP+ cells consist of Gr1+ granulocytes and Gr1- macrophages. (B) Double immunofluorescence for Gr1+ granulocytes and either IL-1β or TNF-α showed no detectable co-expression 24 hours after pMCAO. Immunofluorescence detection of GFP and IL-1β (C) or TNF-α (D) showed that these cytokines are expressed by resident GFP- microglia and infiltrating GFP+ macrophages (E) Immunofluorescence double staining confirmed the flow cytometry results by showing that IL-1β and TNF-α are expressed by largely segregated subpopulations of cells. Very few IL-1β+TNF-α+ co-expressing cells were identified during microscopic analysis (E). Gr1+ granulocytes were visualized using Alexa Fluor® 594-conjugated goat anti-rat IgG, and IL-1β+ and TNF-α+ cells using both Alexa Fluor® 488-conjugated goat anti-rabbit and chicken anti-rabbit IgG. Scale bars: 50 μm (A) 20 μm (insert, A), 20 μm (B-E).
We have shown for the first time that IL-1β and TNF-α are produced by largely non-overlapping subsets of microglia and macrophages after induction of ischemic stroke in mice. Using flow cytometry and histology, validated by the use of BM-chimeric mice, we showed that microglia and macrophages are the major producers of IL-1β and TNF-α after pMCAO, and that at maximum 1.2% of microglia and 4.5% of infiltrating macrophages co-express IL-1β and TNF-α within the first 24 hours after pMCAO. Granulocytes, which accounted for 50% of the CD11b+CD45high cell population and which are known to exacerbate ischemic brain damage , accounted for only 2.4% of IL-1β and 0.8% of TNF-α expression by CD11b+CD45high cells after 24 hours of pMCAO, indicating that the contribution of these cells to the production of IL-1β and TNF-α after pMCAO in mice is negligible. A scenario therefore emerges wherein different subsets of microglia and macrophages may have different roles in ischemic stroke, and may thus either improve or reduce the chance of survival of ischemic neurons.
Our observation of a peak in the total number of IL-1β- and TNF-α-expressing cells 24 hours after pMCAO is in line with previous demonstrations of a time-dependent peak in the number of IL-1β mRNA-, TNF-α mRNA-, and TNF-α protein-expressing cells in SJL and C57BL/6 mice, 12–24 hours after pMCAO [12, 14, 25]. By taking advantage of the ability of flow cytometry to distinguish between CD11b+CD45dim microglia and infiltrating CD11b+CD45high macrophages, we showed that the number of IL-1β- and TNF-α-expressing microglia by far exceeded the number of cytokine-expressing macrophages 12 hours after pMCAO. This result was expected based on the known steady increase in the number of infiltrating macrophages over the first 24 hours of pMCAO, but this result has not been previously demonstrated.
It was striking to observe that a relatively large proportion of the small number of macrophages present in the cortex from unmanipulated mice express TNF-α, and that the MFI levels of TNF-α expression in these cells are comparable to mean cellular TNF-α expression levels in pMCAO and sham-operated mice. This indicates that TNF-α expression by macrophages is relatively constant no matter whether the cells have infiltrated the cortex prior to or after pMCAO. Interestingly, the proportion of cytokine-expressing macrophages in sham-operated mice was at least as high as that in mice subjected to pMCAO. This likely reflects that sham surgery in itself induces a focal lesion in the cortex [12, 14]. It is important to note, however, that overall numbers of cytokine-expressing macrophages are not increased versus control mice, since there was no significant recruitment of CD11b+CD45high cells to the cortex of sham-operated mice.
Permanent MCAO results in formation of a pan-necrotic infarct, with loss of all cell types including microglial cells. Although neurons and microglia can still be clearly detected after 6 hours of pMCAO [12, 14], the developing infarct is usually characterised by severe cell loss 12 hours after pMCAO [12, 14, 20] We were therefore surprised not to observe a reduction in the number of CD11b+CD45dim microglia 12 and 24 hours after pMCAO. We wondered whether determination of upregulation of CD45, which is widely used to detect both resting and activated microglia in flow cytometry [24, 27–29, 31] and histology [32, 33], might lead to increased detection. Indeed, MFI analysis showed that CD45 levels are upregulated in microglia 12–24 hours after pMCAO. However, microglial expression of CD45 was far below that expressed by macrophages/granulocytes, confirming results by others . Using a bone marrow chimeric approach, we observed that approximately 7% of the CD45dim microglia were GFP+ after 24 hours of pMCAO, suggesting that BM-derived microglial precursors could also contribute to the expansion of the microglial population after ischemic stroke in non-chimeric mice. Infiltration of GFP+ cells was specific to the infarcted cortex, since no increase was observed in the contralateral hemisphere of BM-chimeric mice or in unmanipulated BM-chimeric mice. Other factors contributing to the expansion of the microglial population 12 and 24 hours after pMCAO might be immigration of microglia from regions of the brain not included in the preparation used for flow cytometry, or microglial proliferation. However, microglial proliferation is not prominent at 12 and 24 hours, but is first evident at 48 and 72 hours after induction of focal cerebral ischemia , a finding that is similar to observations in other models of acute neural injury [32, 36, 37].
The use of a GFP BM-chimeric approach in our study of pMCAO served two purposes: 1) direct visualization of infiltrating GFP+ cells in tissue sections and 2) validation of the BM origin of the CD11b+CD45high macrophages/granulocytes identified by flow cytometry in our model. In addition to the massive infiltration of GFP+ macrophages/granulocytes 24 hours after pMCAO, we found that a small proportion of microglia in the infarcted cortex could be classified as GFP+ CD11b+CD45dim microglial cells. These observations confirm findings by others [38–42], showing a lesion-induced recruitment of microglial progenitors of bone marrow origin into the infarcted cortex. Recently it has been suggested that these microglial progenitors would not enter into the bloodstream or cross the blood-brain barrier under normal physiological conditions [43, 44]. However, BM-derived cells have been reported to infiltrate non-irradiated normal brain [45–47], and CD45high leukocytes are routinely detected in unmanipulated, perfused brains by flow cytometry [24, 27]. Although focal cerebral ischemia disrupts the blood brain barrier [33, 39], and irradiation in itself preconditions the brain for cells to infiltrate the neuropil [43, 44], we in line with earlier findings observed only sporadic GFP+ cells in contralateral, non-ischemic cortex and in the brains of unmanipulated BM-chimeric mice. Furthermore, numbers of CD11b+CD45high macrophages/granulocytes recruited to ischemic cortex 24 hours after pMCAO were not different between BM-chimeric mice and non-irradiated mice. This suggests that any damage induced by irradiation alone was insufficient to trigger excessive entry of BM-derived cells into the CNS.
Our observation of a significant reduction in microglial population in the cortex of unmanipulated BM-chimeric mice compared to unmanipulated non-chimeric mice indicates that irradiation might impair microglial turnover in normal brain. This is supported by observations by Wirenfeldt et al. , who reported that microglial numbers were reduced by approximately 30% in unmanipulated contralateral hippocampi of perforant pathway-lesioned BM-chimeric mice. That study also reported a lesion-induced impairment of the mitotic capacity of microglia in BM-chimeric mice . Taken together, we ascribe the reduced microglial numbers in BM-chimeric mice to irradiation damage.
The quantification of BM-derived GFP+ cells was done by use of an approximated stereological approach, and by use of flow cytometry. The results show that approximately 2/3 of GFP+ cells are lost during tissue processing procedures prior to flow cytometric analysis. Since GFP+ cells located in perivascular aggregates were not included in the approximated stereological analysis, cell loss using flow cytometry might be larger than 2/3. However, the consistency in the data shows that flow cytometry is a reliable and robust tool with which to obtain quantitative data on microglia and infiltrating macrophages/granulocytes in brain pathology, as also has been shown in previous studies [24, 27]. Observations made by others using BM-chimeric mice have shown that BM cells have the capacity to differentiate into microglia and perivascular cells [24, 39, 48], as well as non-myeloid cell types such as endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes and neurons [38, 42, 47, 49]. However, in our study of mice with 24-hour survival after pMCAO, we observed no evidence of co-expression of GFP with the astroglial marker GFAP, confirming earlier studies [38, 49]. Similarly, we find no clear evidence of co-expression of GFP and vWF/CD31, although such co-expression has been previously reported at later times of observation (3 days – 1 month) after induction of ischemia [38, 50].
We show that IL-1β and TNF-α are produced by largely non-overlapping subsets of microglia and macrophages after pMCAO in mice. This observation is indicative of activation of distinct signalling pathways in different subpopulations of microglia and macrophages after ischemic stroke. Resolution of these pathways may further the development of cytokine-based therapies in stroke.
Bettina H Clausen, Kate L Lambertsen contributed equally to this work.
The authors of this manuscript declare that there are no actual or potential conflicts of interest. The authors affirm that there are no financial, personal or other relationships with other people or organizations that have inappropriately influenced or biased their research.
BHC and KL contributed equally to the experimental and data producing part of this paper. BHC did the data analysis and writing of the manuscript whereas KL assisted in editing the manuscript. AAB was involved in the setup of flow cytometry experiments, interpretation of flow cytometry data and editing of the manuscript, FDH was involved in animal experimentation and TH made the LPS induced macrophage cell cultures. BF contributed to the overall design of experiments and assisted in editing the manuscript.
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0.994894 |
What if I will be the father of a child, but I'm not married to my girlfriend?
This question is a bit complicated to answer. The rules of Financial Aid are clear, but at the same time sometimes leave a little room for interpretation. The key in Financial Aid is not only to follow the rules, but in cases like this where there is some room for interpretation, the school has to make sure that the Dept of Ed, their accrediting agency, and their policies agree on the answer. So, the answer to this may be different from school to school.
The FA rules state that to count a child (or any dependent for that matter), you have to provide more than 50% of their support for the year. Just because you have a child doesn't necessarily mean you are automatically an independent student; the key is the 50%. The rules also state that unless you are married to your significant other, you can't count them as a member of the household unless (you guessed it) you provide more than 50% of their support for the year.
The real key to answering the question above (and what makes this a tricky question) is the phrase "will be". This means that the child is unborn. The rules on this are quite simply stated: 1.) you will provide more than 50% for the unborn child when it is born, and 2.) the child must be born before or during the award year for which you want to count it. So, if you are filling out a 2012-13 FAFSA, and the child will be born in April, then you would count the child (if the first condition also applies). If the child will be born in December 2012, you can count the child for the 2012-13 FAFSA (if the first condition applies). But if you are filling out a 2011-12 FAFSA, and the child isn't born until August, then you can't count the child since it isn't born during the 2011-12 award year.
These are just the rules as stated. The interpretation and policies of some schools differ. Schools are always allowed to go stricter than the federal guidelines. Some schools will only allow an unmarried mother of an unborn child to count the child as a member of the family on the FAFSA, but not the unmarried father. Some require documentation of how much support the father and/or mother will be contributing to the unborn child (this is especially true if the prospective student is still considered a dependent except for the factor of having a child).
The best idea for a student to ask their school what their policy is. Like it says above, there is some interpretation for schools. If the Dept of Ed doesn't agree with a school's decision in awarding aid to you, then the school is in trouble, and if the school has awarded that aid to you, then the school owes it back, which means you will have to find your education elsewhere. Schools typically want to avoid this at all cost, so they want to make sure that things are right. So, don't be too frustrated if your school won't allow such an interpretation; it may actually be less of a hassle in the future for you in some cases.
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0.516342 |
How to Bake Bread in a Crock Pot?
Many people are downsizing and turning back to the basics. It can be difficult to find products that are free from unwanted ingredients; or, perhaps you are the type who likes to experiment and create your own delicious dishes in the kitchen. Regardless of the reason, it is exciting to realize that you can repurpose that old crock pot and use it to bake delicious bread. Of course, with so many people living in smaller homes, apartments or even travel trailers, keeping extra appliances, such as a dedicated bread maker, seems to be an unnecessary waste of space; however, having the ability to quickly and easily make bread at home can certainly have its benefits. One of the nice things about baking bread in a slow cooker or crock pot is the fact that this method allows the baking environment to stay moist which helps produce a tender crumb for the bread with a crispy outer crust.
The first thing to remember is that you want to be sure that you have the right type of container to use for baking your bread. While you will be using your crock pot as the heat source for your bread baking, you will not always be baking it directly in the inner crock or container of your crock pot. There are special pans you can purchase that are made specifically for this purpose; however, you can also use a coffee can or similar size can. Simply wash the emptied coffee can very well and be sure there are no sharp edges around the lip where you cut off the lid. Grease the container very well and set aside while you prepare your bread dough. Another method that can be used equally well is to line the bottom of your crock pot with a double layer of parchment paper in order to keep the bread off the bottom of the crock pot and prevent it from sticking or burning.
Many people are a little intimidated by making their own homemade bread, especially the first time they attempt bread making. They see it as something mysterious and difficult; this is probably due to the fact that they have likely not been exposed to home baked bread in many years. It is truly a kitchen art that has frequently fallen by the wayside; however, today, many people are getting more interested in controlling the ingredients in their food and are looking for ways to save money and streamline their cooking processes. Baking your own bread in a crock pot is certainly an excellent way to help move in this direction and you will quickly discover how simple it can be do enjoy your own homemade bread.
There is a little science behind the art of bread baking, regardless of whether you use a bread machine, a crock pot, a cast iron pan set on a campfire or your kitchen oven. Of course, each method will require its own special handling procedures, but the science behind bread baking remains the same. The first thing you need to think about is the type of yeast you will use. Most home bread bakers will use active dry yeast. This is available either in small bulk jars or in individual envelopes. You want to keep your yeast fresh and a jar should be used within one month of opening, so choose the form of yeast that will suit your particular bread making habits.
Another point to consider is the amount of flour you will need. Most recipes will give a range because this is something that can change from batch to batch, based on a number of environmental factors. If you live in a dry area, you might need a little less flour than someone in a more humid region of the country. Also, the age of your flour, the amount of moisture it has in it, and even the weather on the day you do your baking, can all play a factor in the amount of flour you will need in order to reach the right texture for your dough. This is something that might take a little experimentation before you get the confidence to know you have it just right; however, when you begin, remember to err on the side of having your dough a little too loose, rather than too thick. A bread dough that is too dry will produce a hard tough bread. You want your bread dough to not be sticky; it should be soft and pliable.
Here is a basic recipe to get you started, but remember you can stir in your favorite spices to make it savory. Try garlic, onion, tarragon, rosemary or another favorite herb. If you prefer a sweet bread, consider cinnamon, raisins or a variety of dried fruit or nuts.
Combine the yeast, sugar and warm water in a bowl. Let set about 5 minutes until the mixture becomes foamy. This will be your sign that your yeast is working and you can proceed. Stir in the oil. Combine the flour and salt, mix into yeast and oil mixture with a wooden spoon.
Turn the dough out into a lightly greased bowl and cover with a kitchen towel. Let rise in a warm place, about 1 hour or until it has approximately doubled in size. Place the dough on a double layer of parchment paper and place the cover on your crock pot. Cook on low for approximately 1-1/2 hours, but be sure to start checking after about an hour. Remove when the crust is a nice golden brown color.
If you prefer, you can pour this batter into a greased coffee can or bread baking pan and set it in the bottom of your crock pot. Proceed to cook as above, but eliminate the parchment paper.
How To Install a Vinyl Fence?
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0.957472 |
Why is it important to use headers properly?
Headings are important to end users because they add structure and meaning to the content. Additionally, most screen readers and browsers allow users to jump directly to headings. Furthermore, headers also provide visual clues about the importance of content because of the size of the header in relation to the rest of the content. Well designed content always has a strong visual hierarchy; poorly designed content has little to no visual hierarchy and gives few clues about where to focus your attention and/or how the content is organized.
Every page of content within CourseArc already has header 1 and header 2 in place so be sure to always start with header 3 when using the Content block.
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0.926959 |
In this paper, we describe a novel approach for workforce distribution in dynamic multi-skill call centres. Dynamic multi-skill call centres require quick adaptations to a changing environment that only fast greedy heuristics can handle. The use of memetic algorithms, which are more complex than ad-hoc heuristics, can guide us to more accurate solutions. In order to apply memetic algorithms to such a dynamic environment, we propose a reformulation of the traditional problem, which combines predictions of future situations with a precise search mechanism, by enlarging the time-frame considered. Concretely, we propose a neural network for predicting call arrivals and the number of available agents, and a memetic algorithm to carry out the assignment of incoming calls to agents, which outperforms classical approaches to this dynamic environment. We also test our method on a real-world environment within a large multinational telephone operator.
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0.927827 |
Lest the public forget the record of Republican presidential nominee James Blaine, Thomas Nast fills two pages of Harper's Weekly with his past anti-Blaine cartoons, published over a three-year period.
Several of the images mark the fact that, as senator, Blaine was a leading proponent of Chinese exclusion, which banned Chinese from immigrating to the United States and barred those already resident from getting American citizenship. In the upper-left, he shelters a caricatured black man, while shunning a Chinese man; in the upper-center, an "intelligent workman" rejects Blaine's promotion of Chinese exclusion as a pro-labor measure; in the lower-left, a Chinese man mocks Blaine's involvement with Maine's state election in early 1880 (also the subject of the cartoon in the center-left); and, in the lower-right, Chinese figures (the one on the far-right is Blaine) are included in two small cartoons regarding Blaine's failed 1880 bid for the Republican nomination.
Two other cartoons deal with his 1880 candidacy. In the upper-right, Nast emphasizes Blaine's bloody-shirt oratory by drawing a bloody-shirt on the senator, and his braggart nature by placing ornate plumes in his hat. (In his 1876 nominating speech, Robert Ingersoll proudly labeled Blaine a "Plumed Knight," which quickly became a term of derision.) In the center-right, Nast pokes fun at Blaine's reputation for having a "magnetic" (charismatic) personality, by sketching the senator literally as a magnet, which has attracted an assortment of scandals and controversial stands on the issues.
Blaine's allegedly bellicose views and activities in foreign affairs are the topic of two cartoons in the lower-center and lower-right. In the former, his brief tenure as secretary of state is depicted as akin to a bull in a China shop, and contrasted unfavorably with the peaceful and sensible administration of his state department successor, Frederick Frelinghuysen.
In the latter cartoon, Blaine is presented as an angry, obstinate rhinoceros being "badgered" by Democratic Congressman Perry Belmont of New York. The War of the Pacific between Chile and Peru occurred partly during Blaine's brief tenure as secretary of state (May-December 1881). Blaine blamed Great Britain for arming and agitating Chile, and urged the U.S. to provide financial aid to Peru. Critics charged that Blaine was motivated by personal interest, having secret investments in Peruvian guano and nitrates. In 1882, Belmont chaired a Foreign Affairs subcommittee investigation, but was unable to prove the charges against Blaine.
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0.999371 |
"Dioxis! Breathe it, and you're dead!"
The Trade Federation attempts to kill Obi-Wan Kenobi and Qui-Gon Jinn with dioxis gas.
Dioxis was a toxic gas used by the Trade Federation and the Confederacy of Independent Systems. Dioxis grenades were grenades that released the poisonous gas, and were used during the Galactic Civil War.
During the Trade Federation's invasion of the planet Naboo, the Neimoidians attempted to kill Qui-Gon Jinn and Obi-Wan Kenobi by flooding a conference room of their Lucrehulk-class Battleship with the poisonous gas. However, both Jinn and Kenobi found their way out of the room and fled to Naboo.
During the Clone Wars, Count Dooku used dioxis as part of a contest on Serenno. Within an area known as The Box, eleven bounty hunters competed in a series of tests to prove whether they should be chosen as part of a team that would kidnap Supreme Chancellor Sheev Palpatine. The first task saw the competitors, which included a disguised Kenobi, having to escape a room that was being flooded with the gas.
Dioxis first appeared in the 1999 film Star Wars: Episode I The Phantom Menace.
For the Star Wars: The Clone Wars episode "The Box", it was originally intended to fill the chamber of the first challenge at the Box with water instead of dioxis. According to supervising director Dave Filoni, however, when they wrote the story, they had yet to solve water, leading the production crew to drop water in favor of dioxis. Though they eventually solved for water, the constrained FX budget for the episode necessitated sticking with dioxis.
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0.999991 |
Is a promotional item given away with the purchase of a ticket to a sporting event a gift that is subject to Ohio's sales and use tax?
Is a promotional item included in the price of a baseball game ticket, even if the ticket price is the same for games where no promotional items are given away?
Is a ticket holder's requirement to attend the game to receive the promotional item a contractual agreement that qualifies the promotional item for a tax exemption?
The Cincinnati Reds are a major league baseball team, and its primary source of revenue is ticket sales. As an incentive to purchase tickets to certain home games, the Reds provide attending fans with promotional items that can change from game to game. Items vary, including caps, reusable grocery bags, framed photos, and bobbleheads. Bobbleheads, which are miniature statues of Reds players with oversized heads that bobble, are the most popular and valuable among the Reds' promotional items.
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0.999531 |
Asimakopoulou NI, et al. Recurrent Episodes of Acute Pancreatitis Due toDuodenal Gangliocytic Paraganglioma: Report of a Case. JOP. J Pancreas (Online) 2014 Mar 10; 15(2):201-205.
JOP. J Pancreas (Online) 2014 Mar 10; 15(2):201-205.
Context Gangliocytic paraganglioma is a rare tumor, almost always located in the second portion of the duodenum, and manifested with upper gastrointestinal bleeding and abdominal pain. To date, only one case of duodenal gangliocytic paraganglioma presented with recurrent acute pancreatitis has been reported in the literature. Case report We present a 72-year-old woman admitted to the hospital due to recurrent episodes of acute pancreatitis. Paraclinical examinations showed a polypoid mass in the second portion of duodenum which was removed surgically by local excision. The preoperative differential diagnosis was suggestive with gastrointestinal stromal tumor or adenoma. The histopathology examination revealed a duodenal gangliocytic paraganglioma. After a follow up period of seventeen months the patient remained without clinical evidence of tumor recurrence. Conclusion Our case report draws attention to the need for including in our differential diagnosis of recurrent acute pancreatitis the mechanical obstruction of the pancreatic duct due to this tumor.
Gangliocytic paraganglioma is a rare neoplastic tumor, which is predominantly located in the periampullary region of the duodenum . The lesion was first described by Dahl et al. in 1957 and further characterized as a benign nonchromaffin paraganglioma by Taylor and Helwig in 1962 . Generally, these tumors have been regarded as benign; although, there are few cases in the literature which refer infiltration of lymph nodes or local recurrence [4, 5]. Gangliocytic paraganglioma differs histologically from the other entities since it combines features of paraganglioma, carcinoid and ganglioneuroma . Clinical presentation varies from an asymptomatic incidental finding in endoscopy to gastrointestinal bleeding, upper abdominal pain, and occasionally jaundice . Only one case of gangliocytic paraganglioma manifested with recurrent acute pancreatitis has been reported so far . Herein, we report a case of duodenal gangliocytic paraganglioma presented with recurrent episodes of acute pancreatitis.
A 72-year-old woman was referred to our hospital due to three episodes of acute pancreatitis within the previous four months. She also referred weight loss of 10 kg in the last three months due to anorexia. There was no evidence of gastrointestinal bleeding or jaundice. Her medical history included hypertension and atrial fibrillation. No history of alcohol consumption or biliary disease was present. She was a non-smoker and her family history was unremarkable. Furthermore, according to the patient’s pharmacological history, drug induced acute pancreatitis was excluded.
Computed tomography recognized a mass of the duodenum (Figure 1). However, magnetic resonance imaging did not reveal any lesion. Radiological differential diagnosis included gastrointestinal stromal tumor or adenoma. A magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography was performed showing dilatation of the common bile duct (diameter equal to 9 mm) and gradually narrowing of its diameter downwards. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) revealed a submucosal tumor located in the second portion of the duodenum. The lesion was seen as a large pedunculated polypoid mass originating from the second part of the duodenum in close proximity with the ampulla of Vater (Figures 2 and 3). No cholangiography was performed due to failure of cannulation of the bile duct. The pancreatic duct was normal without dilatation in its body or narrowing of its size. A sphincterotomy was performed 6 mm along the pancreatic sphincter, as it is considered an endoscopic therapy for chronic pancreatitis with papillary stenosis . Two months after the procedure of sphincterotomy, the patient had another episode of acute pancreatitis without jaundice. Hence, the obstruction of the pancreatic duct due to the intermittent movements of the mass was considered as the cause of the episodes of acute pancreatitis. The patient was referred for surgical consultation and regional resection was decided. The operation was performed one month after the last episode of acute pancreatitis. Intraoperatively (Figure 4), there was no sign of lymph node metastases or local extension of the tumor.
Figure 1. Computed tomography obtained with oral and intravenous contrast material: coronal reformation image. An enhancing, well-marginated 5.5-cm soft-tissue intraluminal mass (arrows) is seen in the second portion of the duodenum extending to the ampullary region without obstruction.
Figure 2. Proximal view of the tumor.
Figure 3. Distal view of the tumor. The opening of the papilla (arrow) lies outside of the submucosal tumor.
Figure 4. Α polypoid mass in the second portion (periampullary) of the duodenum: intraoperative aspect.
On gross examination, the specimen was a vaguely nodular, predominantly submucosal tumor superimposed by intestinal mucosa, protruding into intestinal wall, and in close proximity with the ampulla of Vater. It was measuring 3.7x2.6x2.3 cm.
Histologically, it was located in the submucosa (Figure 5), relatively well demarcated without a capsule and with expansive pushing margins. Its stroma was extensively hyalinized. It consisted of epithelioid cells and spindle-shaped cells forming ill defined interlacing fascicles, and dispersed ganglion-like cells amongst them (Figure 6). The epithelioid cells were rather bland, arranged in alveolar, trabecular or rosettes formations, with slight nuclear pleomorphism, and sparse mitoses (less than one per 10 HPF (x200)); no necrosis was evident (Figure 7). Immunohistochemically, epithelioid cells were positive for synaptophysin and chromogranin A (Figure 8). Spindle-shaped cells and ganglion-like cells were found expressing S-100 protein (Figure 9), while epithelioid cells were negative for S-100 protein expression. Combined histopathological and immunohistochemical findings were consistent with gangliocytic paraganglioma.
Figure 5. Low power view of the tumor located predominantly in the submucosa, with expansile and non-invading border (H&E, x20; long arrow: tumor; short arrow: region of the ampulla of Vater).
Figure 6. Spindle–shaped cells with intermingled ganglion cells (H&E, x200).
Figure 7. Epithelioid cells arranged in alveolar, trabecular or rosettes formations (H&E, x200).
Figure 8. On immunohistochemical staining, epithelioid cells were positive for chromogranin A, while spindle and ganglion cells were negative (arrow: epithelioid cells).
Figure 9. Immunohistochemistry for S-100 protein expression detection. Spindle-shaped cells and ganglion-like cells were positive, while epithelioid cells were negative (short arrow : ganglion-like cells; long arrow: spindle-shaped cells).
The patient had a generally uneventful recovery. There was no clinical evidence of tumor recurrence after a follow up period of seventeen months.
Gangliocytic paragangliomas represent rare tumors of the digestive tract. These tumors occur most frequently in the second portion of the duodenum [1, 6, 9] near the ampulla of Vater, in the duodenal papillary region and adjacent areas . However, there have been reported cases in the literature where gangliocytic paragangliomas developed in sites of the digestive tract, as well as extragastrointestinal sites including the appendix, lung, mediastinum, nasopharynx, bronchus, and even arising in an ovarian cystic teratoma .
The mean age at which it appears is 52 years (range: 15-84 years) and there is a slight predominance in males (1.5:1) .
Gangliocytic paragangliomas usually present initially with gastrointestinal bleeding, as the most common symptom, followed by abdominal pain and anemia . However, in our case there was no sign of gastrointestinal bleeding. Recurrent episodes of acute pancreatitis as the initial manifestation of these tumors has been reported only once so far .
As far as the histology of these tumors is concerned, they consist of epithelioid areas that are histologically similar to conventional paraganglioma or may have a ribbon-like or trabecular arrangement similar to that of carcinoid. Around the epithelioid areas there is a delicate network of Schwann cells and nerve axons. Among the epithelioid cells there are ganglion cells. They can be easily recognized by their abundant cytoplasm, vesicular nuclei, and faint cytoplasmic basophilia. Some gangliocytic paragangliomas may resemble a gaglioneuroma as they have a protrusive neuromatous stroma .
Gangliocytic paragangliomas comprise three different types of cells: ganglion-like cells, epithelioid and spindle-shaped cells [1, 4, 11]. This variety of cell types has led to a conflict about tumor’s embryologic origin and the creation of three hypotheses about ectodermal, endodermal or even hamartomatous development [2, 12]. However, the origin of gangliocytic paragangliomas remains unclear [4, 11].
Immunohistochemically, the paraganglioma and areas that resemble the carcinoid express both synaptophysin and chromogranin. The ganglion cells express neuron-specific enolase, synaptophysin and neurofilament protein. S-100 protein is easily demonstrated in the sustentacular network surrounding the epithelioid cells . Many other antigens can be expressed by the cells of the epithelioid areas, including neuron-specific enolase, glucagon, insulin, pancreatic polypeptide, leuenkephalin, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide and serotonin [1, 11].
Regarding the treatment of these tumors, simple excision, including endoscopic resection, is considered as an adequate therapy . However, several methods are used such as simple resection , delayed resection after hemostasis or excision by endoscopic mucosal resection with submucosal infiltration of saline solution . In cases that endoscopic resection is not possible, the tumor can be removed surgically either with local excision - due to the well-circumscribed and submucosal characteristics - or with more aggressive approaches such as pancreaticoduodenectomy when lymph nodes are invaded [4, 12].
Gangliocytic paragangliomas are regarded as benign tumors whereas there are cases in the literature referring to nodal invasion or local recurrence that suggest malignancy [6, 9, 13]. The tumors might be sessile or pedunculated arising in the submucosa and deforming the overlying mucosa . The maximum diameter of the gangliocytic paragangliomas averages 2.5 cm (range: 0.55-10 cm) .
No recurrence of the disease after the surgical excision has been reported in the literature , except for one patient who did not receive a R0 resection at the primary operation . There is only one report of a patient who underwent radiotherapy after surgical intervention. According to the authors, this was a controversial decision, which was made due to the evidence of regional lymph node metastasis in order to eradicate any possible residual disease which was not removed during surgery and to reduce the risk of locally recurrent disease . No death from gangliocytic paraganglioma has been reported so far .
In conclusion, this is the second reported case in the literature of a patient with recurrent episodes of acute pancreatitis as primary manifestation of duodenal gangliocytic paraganglioma. Gangliocytic paraganglioma, a periampullary tumor of the duodenum, should be included in our differential diagnosis as a rare cause of recurrent acute pancreatitis. Complete surgical or endoscopical removal is associated with cure in the vast majority of patients.
1. Weiss SW, Goldblum JR. Enzinger and Weiss’s Soft Tissue Tumors. 5th ed. Mosby Elsevier; 2008. p. 1008-9.
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0.999997 |
She hits the gym every other day; she goes (on) Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays.
I'm not sure if it is correct without the preposition on, is it?
No, sin la preposición no sería correcto.
It's better to put the preposition. However, in common colloquial speech, many people leave it out.
|
0.999987 |
Where are the safest places to hide during a tornado?
The destruction of structures and threat to life during tornadoes is usually caused by a combination of three factors: Wind-induced forces, Changes in atmospheric pressure and debris (airborne) impact.
There has been enough study on the factors above and there are effective engineering and architectural considerations that can make a building safe during a tornado.
Buildings with heavy masonry and concrete materials that are well tied to other parts of the structure tend to withstand extreme winds. The weight and strength of the walls are able to stop flying debris that often cause damage to property. They also resist the uplift and lateral loads caused by excessive winds, making the building a better refuge area.
Airborne debris move in all directions and refuge areas must have the capacity to shield people from the threat of flying debris. This is why basements are the best places to seek refuge during tornadoes. For building without basements, the lowest roof, first floor, interior or most enclosed places are safer.
Usually, building inspectors can assist you to locate, improve and utilize the best available refuge area, in older and more vulnerable buildings. Long roof spans and large volume open areas such as gymnasiums, auditoriums and cafeterias must be avoided. Also, areas with large expanses of glass and skylights must be avoided.
Make sure you know this preparation tip before a tornado visits. It is a good idea to put “Refuge Area” signs in school or public buildings, because many times, there is very little lead time (The current average lead-time for tornado warnings is 13 minutes) to take refuge.
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0.983479 |
The vision for the ticket company TicketCo can be summarised in four words: Event Payments Made Easy, aiming to make ticket buying easier for organisers and the general public. Hear from Carl-Erik Moberg, TicketCo’s Co-Founder and Chief Sales Officer on what makes their proposition different.
Tell us more about TicketCo, including what makes your company and your vision unique?
When it comes to receiving payments the event industry sector has been slow to catch on. Both organisers and their customers suffer from fragmented and time-consuming processes like ticket printing and clunky verification equipment. The industry is overripe for a tech revolution and TicketCo is ready to deliver. Driven by firsthand organiser feedback and actual customer driven product development, TicketCo are creating the new global standard for all event payments. The key to this is our unified platform that processes efficient, fast and safe payments, bolstered by our firm belief that event payments should be easy.
How has TicketCo’s success in the Nordic region led to your recent launch in the UK and are there notable differences in the way the two markets operate?
Starting in the Nordics was perfect as this market readily adopts new technology. The Nordic FinTech ethos has enabled us to collect important insights, and feedback, since TicketCo’s inception. These insights have pushed us to continuously evolve the product, readying it for the international market. It was crucial to be strong in the home market before launching overseas. Success in the home market will pave the way, and partly fund new markets. This was why reaching success in the Nordics before our UK expansion was paramount. TicketCo are innovators and we hope our technical revolution will be the catalyst for a new global standard.
Tougher competition in the ticketing segment, but no competition on the complete payment segment. This means that the price competition on parts of the product is stiff.
A significantly much larger market overall.
Success in the home market does not mean immediate success in the new market. Potential clients still need to buy into the product, team and company. This takes a little longer in a new market than in an established market.
What is a recent development or an upcoming development that TicketCo considers to be a critical change in the events landscape and the way ticketing operates? And why?
There are social trend patterns and technological developments that are rapidly changing our society. These are critical for the event industry and will have to be considered by every serious industry player, such as the increase in smartphone penetration, future 5G coverage, millennials adapting to new technology faster than ever, as well as all the new payment methods that become available.
At TicketCo we embrace all these changes as our product is adaptable to them. We’re using Adyen for online payments and iZettle for on-site payments and by using these services it will always allow us to deliver the latest payment technology to our clients.
Are there any key trends and/or technologies that you feel will be game changers in 2018 within and across the events & ticketing sector? And why?
We truly believe that ticketing is dead. At TicketCo we also believe that cashless as we see it today is dead. You would never buy a car in bits and pieces, neither should an event organiser when setting up sales. We believe TicketCo will drive change for a whole industry.
From the audience and fans point of view – when you go to a festival or a football match, why is there a different set of rules for every payment? If you buy a ticket there is one method of payment. If you want a beer you will have to queue up and start a new transaction. If you buy merchandise there is another process… and can you use your contactless card? Can you use your Apple Pay account? You would never enter the supermarket and pay the bread with cash, the milk with contactless card and then the parking ticket online. The experience is all about payments.
There’s lots of great brainpower out there looking for industries to disrupt to gain a positive outcome by improving the way things are done. The TicketCo story started the other way around. When we initiated what is now a powerful unified sales platform for efficient event payments, our goal was simply to create the sales tool that we were missing as organisers. A car manufacturer once described their cars as built from the inside and out, unlike any other car which they described as built from the outside and in. The same goes for TicketCo. We haven’t had any outside considerations to take into account along the way, like heavy investments in outdated tech or likewise. We had the privilege of starting from scratch. With first hand industry knowledge, our only two concerns have been the comfort of the organisers and their customers. Today we have an undisputed lead to our competitors when it comes to the product we are offering. We need to maintain this lead, and we will do so through constant product development. At the same time we need use this lead to increase our market share and enter new markets.
What should we look out for this year for TicketCo and are there any exciting plans on the horizon?
First of all, we will continue signing agreements with some of the biggest players in the world’s toughest market. Nothing new there! But at the same time we will work extremely hard to make it easier for organisers to get paid, and make it easier and more convenient for the audience and fans to purchase. All organisers are heroes and life would be very boring without them. We want to let TicketCo solve their pains when it comes to payments so they can focus on their core business; to create amazing events and experiences for millions of people.
Creating a global standard is hard, but we have the tools and the courage to do so. The TicketCo story so far speaks for itself and there is no reason why the adventure should stop now. Nordics were first, then the UK, then new markets in Europe before we look at an even bigger market.
What is one pearl of wisdom you would share with other companies seeking to expand beyond the Nordic region?
Be in a strong position on all levels in your home market before you expand abroad. Things take longer and are more expensive than you first think.
Carl-Erik Moberg is the Co-Founder and Chief Sales Officer for TicketCo. He started his professional career in the event industry as a teenager, organising private parties in his own home. From there he went on to organising student cruises between Newcastle and his home town Bergen, renting a cruise ship and filling it with 1,200 students. Through this he was recruited by Kaare Bottolfsen for the position as marketing manager in the restaurant group KJS. Carl-Erik has a bachelor degree in marketing, and has also studied financial management. He founded TicketCo in 2011 along with Kaare Bottolfsen.
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0.965915 |
Some of the biggest automotive companies in the world have joined forces for the issues surrounding self-driving cars, with Ford, Google, Uber, Lyft, and Volvo joining together to form the Self-Driving Coalition for Safer Streets.
What's that? The Self-Driving Coalition for Safer Streets is a lobbying group that will fight with the federal government about autonomous driving. With the government not really having a handle on self-driving cars just yet, the coalition is being led by David Strickland. Strickland is the former administrator of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA).
Strickland will act as the group's counsel and spokesperson, so in a way, he'll be lobbying his former agency. His previous employer has been tasked by the Department of Transportation Secretary Anthony Foxx to work out the rules for self-driving cars, by early this summer.
Strickland said in a statement: "Self-driving vehicle technology will make America's roadways safer and less congested. The best path for this innovation is to have one clear set of federal standards, and the Coalition will work with policymakers to find the right solutions that will facilitate the deployment of self-driving vehicles".
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0.981325 |
How safe is a high protein diet for you..
High protein diets are extensively being used by people for body building and weight loss. These diets come with several health problems that may affect you later in life. Many people start taking protein supplements when they begin an exercise regime, irrespective of the type and duration of the exercise.
Many studies suggest that, to build muscles, proper high intensity strength training and adequate rest between sessions is required more than high protein intake. Muscle growth is stimulated by the kind of exercise you do.
Most of the high protein diets are low in carbohydrates and high in saturated fats (which come from animal sources). A diet low in carbohydrates will have different effects on your body. Carbohydrates are needed basically to provide energy for the day to day activities, so if the intake of carbohydrates is low, your body will start using the muscle protein to get the required amount of energy. So, to spare the protein for muscle growth, you need to have adequate carbohydrates in your daily diet.
The high fat content of these diets will increase the risk of heart disease, liver diseases, and also stroke.
If continued for a long time, the high protein intake will strain the kidneys, as the function of the kidneys is to eliminate the byproducts of protein metabolism. Some studies also say that, excess protein intake can lead to osteoporosis. There can be similar effects with protein supplements.
One can get good quality proteins in the required amount by consuming the right foods in the natural form. So, if you want to follow a high protein diet, even if for a short time, consult a Dietitian, who will help you lose weight or increase the muscle mass in a healthy way.
Do not get carried away by any kind of fad diets. Remember that treating the side effects is more difficult than achieving good health!
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0.999977 |
In the following program user would be asked to enter a set of Strings and the program would sort and display them in ascending alphabetical order.
As you can observe in the above screenshot of output that we have entered 5 strings and the program then sorted them in ascending order. We got a sorted set of strings as output.
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0.99992 |
Who will win and lose if interest rate rises?
It is hard to think of another Bank of England decision that is simultaneously as momentous and as inconsequential as this one.
You face a short-term problem - say your rent going up, your job being lost or hours being cut, and you borrow a little bit to tide you over.
Then things get worse, not better. Your debt costs rack up further and you find yourself mired in debt you can no longer see an escape from.It is a lonely, miserable experience, and something many families in the country struggle with.And that is the important point about rising interest rates. The Bank is not worried about a nationwide debt crisis, or an abrupt implosion of demand as it increases the cost of borrowing. However, it is concerned about small pockets of trouble across the country.In particular, low income households are likely to be most exposed - families who have had to borrow to absorb the cost of rising food and fuel prices, who have seen their real wages slide, and are now facing extra pressure from the benefits squeeze. It is they who will be most affected by rising rates.Again, this may not happen overnight: indeed, of all the interest rates out there in the market, those on credit cards and payday loans are perhaps least affected by Bank rate itself. But any increase in the cost of borrowing is unlikely to help.
Finally, what about savers? Well, this is where things get interesting.On the one hand, savers have had a torrid time over the past few years - especially those expecting to live off the interest on their savings.On the other hand, the vast majority of other asset prices have gone up dramatically in that period: share prices, house prices (although mostly house prices in London), bond prices.Moreover, savers have benefited from an unusual phenomenon in recent years.Most of the time, the interest rates you're paid on your savings is below the official Bank rate.For instance, between 1999 and 2008, the average rate on an instant access savings account was 2.2 percentage points below the official Bank rate - and the rate on a long-term savings account was 0.6% below Bank rate.Since the crisis, the average instant access savings account has paid 0.24 percentage points above Bank rate while the average long-term account has paid 1.66 percentage points above the official rate.This is largely down to the fact that Britain's banks have spent this period trying to rebuild their balance sheets by attempting to lure in new customer deposits.In other words, while it hasn't been a great time to be a saver, it hasn't been quite as bad as the official Bank rate suggests.Which raises another question: if and when the official rate starts going up, do the savings rates themselves also increase, or do they stay where they are?
» Is now the time to raise interest rates?
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0.984564 |
Efficiently coordinating power allocation in massive power systems, especially in a decentralized way, involves enormous communication between providers and users. Given communication constraints, a critical question to ask is - how can decentralized resource allocation strategies be implemented using limited communication? In this talk, I will present a decentralized power allocation algorithm using one-way communication in which suppliers broadcast a coordinating (price) signal using one bit per iteration and users consume power without relaying their anticipated demand to the supplier. In addition to providing conditions under which users' demand does not exceed suppliers’ capacity (primal feasibility), I will present practical coding schemes, called PF-codes (Primal-Feasible codes), for the one-bit communication that prevents a system overload. Further, I will show that the PF-codes asymptotically converge to the true primal/dual optimal solution, and present simulations demonstrating accuracy of our theoretical analyses.
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0.999977 |
How can I heal my hypertension naturally?
Learning deep relaxation exercises, taking part in low stress hobby, getting in a little bit of low impact exercise, or even taking up yoga can greatly reduce the amount of stress and anxiety that surrounds you. This in effect will also lower the amount of blood pressure you experience. The point is to make a plan to invlove a little relaxation into your life. You deserve it after all and it can save your life if you let it. It will also make you a little bit easier to live with.
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0.956751 |
Ativan is said to be the best treatment for a person going through anxiety disorder. There are many things related to the drug, and you can get a lot of benefits out of the anxiety disorder reliving medication. The Ativan is actually not any chemical, but it is just a market name of the drug Lorazepam. Lorazepam is a highly used drug in addictive things, and it is one of the family members of the benzodiazepine family. These drugs in the benzodiazepine family are actually related to brain, and it directs and stimulates the brain easily with a lower dose.
How do benzodiazepine drugs act on the brain?
The working of the drugs of the benzodiazepine family such as Lorazepam acts much faster than regular medicine. These medicines are not even allowed to take without a prospection of a doctor. The dosage is also set according to the age and all the facts related. There are many things that you need to know before you get started with the drug.
So when you take the drug as it is an oral drug. The working of the drug starts into your esophagus itself. Once you have done taking the medic, the drug will get to the blood through your stomach. The drug will accordingly get into the blood with the properties that it is holding within. It can help that drug get a long way up to the top, and as usually known, it starts acting upon the brain.
So the drug basically numbs your brain comfortably. This is so satisfying as you take up the drug and it acts upon the nervous system and makes you feel many clams. The calmness is produced by the drug, and this is what makes people less anxious. This is all that you need, and it will surely help you get a lot of help to overcome any anxiety disorder.
Ativan has many side effects, and it can affect you with a lot of things. There are many things that you can feel with a overdose of Ativan and it can cause nausea, headaches and dizziness followed by many other symptoms.
There are many advantages to taking up this drug, but people use it as an addiction. Many people use this drug for their purposes of getting high which makes this drug illegal in many states.
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0.999998 |
Name the sea between Vietnam and the Philippines.
South China Sea. China has been active militarily in trying to expand its influence in the busy shipping route.
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