proba
float64 0.5
1
| text
stringlengths 16
174k
|
|---|---|
0.928452 |
Lovely food which offers something a bit different. The complimentary glass of wine was quite a large measure which was great. The only negative thing I would say is it was quite pricey to buy a bottle of house wine.
|
0.999155 |
I recently went to the Oakland Zoo for the first time. The only thing I saw on Yelp reviews beforehand was that it was small for a city of this size. I thought "hey, I have a free day. Let's check it out!"
It's small for a city of this size.
Let's start with the ticket price. It costs $10 for parking and $20-ish for admission (although with my membership to the Houston Zoo I got in for $10 at the door). Moving at a zoo-ly pace it took me about an hour and fifteen minutes to see everything.
Now, to put that in a bit of context: The Houston zoo, which probably has at least twice as many enclosures (and takes me at least 2-3 hours to see everything), is the same ticket price and has free parking. The St. Louis Zoo, which I believe is even bigger than the Houston Zoo, is free to get in.
I'm not here to split hairs about how expensive a Zoo should be, but I want to point out that Oakland is certainly on the expensive side. And it was a small, fairly lackluster experience. The enclosures were mostly nice, but they were certainly poorly designed for zooing. It seems like someone mistook "size" for "quality". Several of them were far too big to be able to see anything, and the viewing paths or nooks for people did not provide adequate coverage to view the animals. And on at least a few instances, it took several minutes to navigate from one viewing point to another, and even then it was difficult to get your bearings again and the animals had usually moved in the time it took. I know animals might want privacy, but plenty of zoos are able to make it so the entire time they're out for people to see, people can actually see them.
Then there's the path you take through the zoo. Wouldn't you think it would be nice to have a bit of a circuit? Wander through clockwise or counter clockwise and see everything on the outskirts? And have a nice inner loop for things in the middle. Or have solid trail or markers? Nope. The Oakland Zoo is full of one way paths, dead ends, and confusing signage. Trying to navigate in a logical fashion was a nightmare.
And back to the enclosures for a bit. There were some where they just jammed 8 different birds into one big caged segment. Maybe it's nice to have friends, sure, but it made it very difficult to know what the hell was going on. And it seemed like they just jammed them together for cost cutting. The same thing happened with some of their savannah area, where one spot would have a dozen or so animals from 3-4 different complete different species and it was just thrown together. And it's not like this Zoo is cramped. There's a lot of free space around it and the walking paths were pretty wide.
Plus, none of the food kiosks were open throughout the park. There was one cafe at the front that had food. Every other stand or restaurant? Shuttered. It's a freaking weekend, a beautiful day, and it was full of families with what I can only assume would have been kids begging for ice cream or popcorn. Instead, I didn't get any soft pretzels or overpriced soda as I walked around. A missed opportunity for revenue, for sure.
I like what Zoos try to accomplish. It appreciate that they raise awareness for endangered species, and that they support conservation methods. And I even understand that a high ticket price is essentially just a larger donation to support those efforts. But at the end of the day, you want to get more people flowing through the zoo. You want people engaged, and you want people excited to attend. And if you can get more throughput, then you could still net higher with a lower ticket price. With such a high price and such a low return on the investment, you'll drive people away or leave them unsatisfied, which doesn't help the environment or the animals.
The Houston Zoo does wonderful things with a small amount of space. The St. Louis Zoo proves it can cater to the community without charging admission. The Oakland Zoo is just sloppy. It's thrown together seemingly without much forethought and it left me with a bad taste in my mouth because it cost me more than a movie theater (and once again, without the popcorn, so that's 2).
If you want to serve your community, Oakland Zoo, step up your game. Have a logical route, straighten out some of your enclosures so it's easier to see what's happening, and lower your ticket price. If you want to support conservation or whatever else, you need people to engage. And I can tell you, I never plan on going back to this Zoo. Once was plenty. I'll go to the numerous other zoos I've been to around this country that show more care for the zoo attendee experience. Because those are the one I want to support.
PS I apologize if this is too snarky. But seriously, take a look at any of the top 20 zoos in the country. Oakland deserves better.
|
0.976911 |
CRIMEA: "Subject to action by the law-enforcement agencies"
Crimea's Russian-backed head of government Sergei Aksyonov "gave people the opportunity" to hand in religious and other literature the Russian authorities regard as "extremist" during a moratorium on prosecutions which expired at the end of 2014. "Those who didn't will be subject to action by the law-enforcement agencies," Aksyonov's spokesperson Yekaterina Polonchuk told Forum 18 News Service. Although raids, literature seizures and administrative fines for religious books the Russian authorities regard as "extremist" seem to have reduced during the moratorium, they did not stop. A mosque leader was fined, while administrative cases against two Jehovah's Witness communities in Dzhankoi began in court during the moratorium. Muslims and librarians are particular targets of administrative fines, while an attempt to fine Simferopol's Jehovah's Witness community was sent back in November 2014.
The two and a half month moratorium on prosecutions for religious and other literature the Russian authorities regard as "extremist" – declared by Sergei Aksyonov, head of Crimea's Russian-backed government - expired at the end of 2014. "Sergei Aksyonov gave people the opportunity to hand in such literature," his spokesperson Yekaterina Polonchuk told Forum 18 News Service from the Crimean capital Simferopol on 21 January. "Those who didn't will be subject to action by the law-enforcement agencies." But, she added, "people don't need to fear if they abide by the law".
Forum 18 asked Polonchuk in writing the same day whether Aksyonov had issued any instructions to the Prosecutor's Office, FSB security service or the police following the end of the moratorium, and whether the widespread resumption of raids, religious literature seizures and fines should be expected. No response had arrived by the end of the working day in Simferopol on 26 January.
After numerous complaints, particularly from Crimean Tatars, Aksyonov announced the moratorium in mid-October 2014 (see F18News 29 October 2014 http://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=2010).
"The question is now closed"?
Although raids, literature seizures and administrative fines for religious books the Russian authorities regard as "extremist" seem to have reduced during the moratorium, they did not stop (see below). However, now the moratorium is ended, it remains unclear if such raids, fines and confiscations will resume.
No one at Crimea's Prosecutor's Office in Simferopol was willing to discuss raids to seize such religious literature and administrative fines. Colleagues of spokesperson Natalya Boyarkina told Forum 18 on 19 January that she was out of the office attending official celebrations of Crimea's flag. Subsequent calls between then and 26 January went unanswered.
Aleksandr Selevko, head of the Religious Affairs Department at Crimea's Culture Ministry in Simferopol, declined to say if raids and fines will resume more widely now government head Aksyonov's moratorium is over. He also declined to comment on earlier raids or fines. "The authorities must have had a reason to conduct the raids," he told Forum 18 on 20 January. "I also can't comment on court decisions."
A Muslim Board spokesperson was keen to stress that the period of raids and searches on Muslim Board mosques and religious schools was over. "Such searches haven't taken place on our institutions since September 2014, nor have there been fines on our officials since then either," a Muslim Board spokesperson told Forum 18 on 20 January. "The question is now closed – thank Allah!"
Much of 2014 saw police, Russian FSB security service and Prosecutor's Office raids and searches across Crimea – including for religious literature banned under Russian law – in libraries, schools, political organisations, Muslim homes, mosques and madrassahs (Islamic schools), and Jehovah's Witness Kingdom Halls.
Individuals – especially Muslims and librarians – were subjected to fines under Russia's Administrative Code Article 20.29. This punishes "Production or distribution of extremist materials" from the Russian Justice Ministry's Federal List of Extremist Materials. If convicted, individuals receive up to 15 days' detention or a fine of 1,000 to 3,000 Roubles (240 to 720 Ukrainian Hryvnas, 120 to 350 Norwegian Kroner, 15 to 40 Euros or 15 to 45 US Dollars). Fines for people in an official capacity (such as individual entrepreneurs) range from 2,000 to 5,000 Roubles. The banned literature is also confiscated (see F18News 29 October 2014 http://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=2010).
Even while the moratorium existed, cases under Administrative Code Article 20.29 were lodged against two Jehovah's Witness communities in Dzhankoi. Both cases reached Dzhankoi District Court on 17 December 2014, where they were assigned to Judge Eduard Pikula the following day, according to court records. After several hearings in each case, the Judge ordered the cases closed in hearings on 20 January 2015. However, the prosecution has appealed against both rulings.
On 23 December 2014, Judge Vitali Mikhailov of Simferopol's Central District Court fined Ali Ibragimov 2,000 Russian Roubles under Administrative Code Article 20.29, according to the decision seen by Forum 18. Ibragimov was deemed to be the responsible person at a local mosque raided by police on 17 September 2014, during which one copy each of three Muslim books on Russia's Federal List were found and seized. The court ordered the three books confiscated.
In court Ibragimov insisted that the books were not his and that for several months around that time he had taken a break from overseeing the mosque. However, the Judge rejected his arguments. Ibragimov appealed against the fine.
Punishment to follow search and confiscation?
On 18 December 2014, searches took place in a mosque and the home of a Crimean Tatar family, the Yagyaevs, in the village of Turgenevka (Teberti in Crimean Tatar) in Bakhchisaray District. Two minibuses full of armed men and four cars arrived mid-morning to conduct the searches. Police and prosecutors claim to have been looking for weapons, drugs and religious literature, Mustafa Yagyaev told Voice of Crimea radio station the same day. After a five-hour search, police officers took religious books among other items. Turgenevka's mosque was also again searched, but no "banned" books, weapons or drugs were found there. No new case against Yagyaev appears to have reached court.
During an earlier search on the mosque, seven Muslim books deemed "extremist" in Russia were seized. Yagyaev, as head of the mosque community, was found guilty under Russian Administrative Code Article 20.29 at Bakhchisaray District Court on 29 September 2014 and fined 1,500 Russian Roubles (see F18News 29 October 2014 http://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=2010).
Another librarian was punished because a library under her jurisdiction contained a religious book deemed "extremist" in Russia and placed on Russia's Federal List of Extremist Materials. During an inspection for "extremist" literature in all the libraries in Kerch, prosecutors inspecting a branch library in Kapkany on the eastern side of the town discovered one copy of the book "Fundamentals of Islam" by Abua Ala Maududi, banned in Russia in 2007. They then brought an administrative case on 2 October 2014 against the head of the town's Belinsky Library and other local libraries, Lyudmila Popova, under Administrative Code Article 20.29.
Popova's written rejection of the accusation against her insisted that her work was still governed by the provisions of Ukrainian law and that the fact that the book had been on the shelf of one library had not constituted "mass distribution". However, prosecutors insisted on charging her, pointing out that the book had been borrowed six times. On 30 October 2014, Judge Inessa Grigorevskaya of Kerch Town Court found her guilty. The Judge fined Popova 2,000 Russian Roubles, according to the decision seen by Forum 18. The book was ordered confiscated.
On 18 November 2014, Judge Aleksei Nanarov of Yevpatoriya Town Court found Edem Raimov guilty under Administrative Code Article 20.29, according to court records. The Judge's assistant told Forum 18 on 19 January 2015 that Raimov had been fined 1,000 Russian Roubles for possession of one Muslim book on Russia's Federal List. He did not appeal against the fine.
Several other individuals were punished by courts in Crimea in November and December 2014 under Administrative Code 20.29. However, Forum 18 has been unable to establish whether these individuals were brought to court for possessing religious literature or for possessing racist or violent material.
By contrast, Natalya Chigrina, a lecturer in the Philosophy Faculty of the Simferopol-based Tavrida Vernadsky National University and director of the university library, escaped punishment for two Muslim books on Russia's Federal List. The two books – "Life of the Prophet Muhammad" by Ibn Hisham, an early 9th century Muslim writer, and "Gardens of the Righteous" - were found during a raid on the library.
An administrative case against Chigrina under Article 20.29 was handed to Simferopol's Kiev District Court on 15 October 2014. However, she protested her innocence of any intention to store and distribute these two books. She and several colleagues summoned as witnesses insisted that in the ten years that the books (received as gifts) had been in the closed section of the library they had not once been handed to a reader or displayed. On 27 November 2014, at the end of the fourth hearing in the case, Judge Viktor Kozlenko dismissed the case against her, according to the decision seen by Forum 18. The decision did not say what would happen to the two confiscated books.
Imam Savri Seidametov, who leads prayers at the mosque in the village of Bogatyr in Bakhchisaray District, succeeded in overturning a fine for possessing one Muslim book deemed by Russia "extremist". On 20 November 2014, Judge Yuri Dedeyev of Crimea's Supreme Court cancelled the fine, deeming the presence of "just one single book" to be an "insignificant offence". He chose instead to issue Seidametov with a "verbal admonition", according to the decision seen by Forum 18.
On 16 October 2014, Bakhchisaray District Court had fined imam Seidametov 1,000 Russian Roubles under Article 20.29, according to court records. Seidametov was fined for having two religious books in his mosque when it was raided on 24 September. However, only one is on Russia's Federal List: "A Word on Unity", which had been declared "extremist" in 2007. The book was ordered confiscated (see F18News 29 October 2014 http://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=2010).
Vitaly Ponomarev of the Moscow-based Memorial human rights organisation – who attended the October 2014 hearing – said the deficiencies over legality and the substantiation of accusations as the case proceeded left him with a "very vivid impression".
Ponomarev noted to the Crimean Human Rights Field Mission that "no-one tried to establish who the building where the forbidden literature was found belonged to. No proof was presented that the book belonged to the person who was fined." He stressed that only one of the two books seized had been banned in Russia, and even then, the court did not establish that the book was the same as the one on Russia's Federal List, merely that it had the same title. "The court decision said that the imam of the mosque had been involved not only in storing but also in the mass distribution of extremist literature, even though no proof was established that anyone had read this book."
Ponomarev also pointed out that Imam Seidametov had told the court that he only leads prayers and is not responsible for maintaining the mosque and is not constantly present at the mosque. "The court ignored all these arguments," Ponomarev lamented.
New case being prepared against Jehovah's Witnesses?
Meanwhile, on 27 October 2014, an administrative case against Jehovah's Witnesses in Simferopol reached the city's Central District Court. A record of an offence had been drawn up against the community under Administrative Code Article 20.29. However, on 20 November 2014, Judge Olga Andreyeva sent back the case as the record of an offence had been drawn up incorrectly, according to court records. The case does not appear to have returned to court.
Crimea's Russian rulers have promised over several months to adopt a Crimean law to control religious activity. On 15 October 2014, head of government Aksyonov presented to the State Council a draft law "on freedom of conscience, religious associations and the prevention of religious extremism". In his explanatory note to the draft – both of which were made public on 16 October 2014 on the State Council website – he claimed that the law would "secure the equality of all traditional religious confessions, the constitutional right of citizens to freedom of conscience and religion, as well as public security".
Aksyonov did not explain why preventing religious "extremism" was included in the same draft law as ensuring freedom of conscience. Nor did he explain what constitutes a "traditional religious confession" and whether what he regards as "non-traditional" religious communities should therefore have fewer or no rights.
The proposed law would particularly have imposed restrictions on "missionary activity", allowing only "missionaries" approved by registered religious organisations and using literature published by named registered religious organisations. Indeed, the proposed law would have made it impossible for anyone apart from registered religious organisations to produce literature and items for use in religious services. It remains unclear if this would have banned anyone else from producing other sorts of religious literature or items.
However, State Council deputies rejected the draft law on its first reading on 5 December 2014 and sent it back, krymedia.ru noted the same day. Deputies argued that regulating religious organisations and preventing extremism should be handled in separate laws.
That day the State Council's Culture Committee formed a Working Group with nine members – including one of Crimea's Deputy Muftis, Ayder Ismailov, and Fr Ioann Pristinsky, Head of the Orthodox Simferopol and Crimea Diocese's Legal Department. A deadline of 15 April 2015 was set for the Working Group to present a completed draft to the Committee, the State Council website noted on 5 December 2014.
|
0.999999 |
Where do you start to write a report on a game like this? I've been in the "Unreality Zone" today with 36,094 other souls, of whom about 3,000 (the opposition) went home happy. However, even they must have feared a late equaliser from Spurs, which looked on the cards once Fredi Kanoute had fired home his 88th minute goal to give the home crowd hope for the third time, as Spurs came back from being two goals down.
The big-screen build-up settled for focussing upon last season's game culminating in Robbie Keane's penalty, before the teams ran out in front of glorious winter sunshine, which impeded the view of whichever goalkeeper was at the Paxton Road end, and most of the crowd in the North End of the ground. Look, SKY, we at Tottenham are not used to these lunch-time games, and prefer the sun to be on the wane when we watch our football!
Spurs fielded the same starting line-up as at Burnley, with the welcome exception of Erik Edman's return to the defence. (A term we must use loosely today!) Once again, Mendes played out on the right, and Michael Brown was given the job of battling with Vieira, which he had done so well in the Spring. Arsenal were missing he who shall not be named, and whilst Gilberto and Edu were other absentees, there ain't much wrong with a side that can afford to name Pires on the bench! Add to that the fact that I've seen Fabregas waltzing around our reserve defence, and we all knew too well that the visitors were as dangerous as ever.
It didn't look like that though for much of the first half, as Spurs dominated the early possession, and the only time Arsenal got into our half we all laughed at Ljungberg's failed pass to Henry. Spurs were holding their line well, and the opposition didn't get close enough to threaten the sun-blinded Robinson. Edman led the Spurs attack after 4 minutes with a ball to Defoe down the left. His cross reached Mendes, whose shot was parried. Then Michael Brown won the ball back in the Arsenal half, but his ball was held by Lehmann. Brown won a free kick in an early skirmish with Vieira, and Ziegler's floated free kick kept Lehmann thinking as the ball just edged past the far post.
Spurs were enjoying some good pressure, and Carrick sent Defoe away this time down the right. Defoe got to the line, and crossed low for Robbie Keane, who was denied by Lehmann and a defender, who conceded a corner. After 22 minutes, we saw the sort of lovely flowing move that would grace a Spurs side from any era. It was started by Ziegler in the middle, with some tricky play. The move featuring a number of quick first time passes ended with Fabregas impeding Brown. Ziegler's free kick was snuffed out in the box.
Look, here we are in the 37th minute, and I've hardly mentioned the gooner attack, have I? It's no surprise then that Spurs took a deserved lead through Naybet of all people, when Carrick's free kick reached the Spurs defender beyond the back post, and he fired low past Lehmann. Naybet celebrated with his own fans near the dug-outs, but still got booked for his trouble. Yet, when Henry scored the equaliser and put his finger to his lips, inciting the home support, there was no sanction from referee Bennett.
Before that equaliser, there were chances at each end. First a Ziegler free kick was headed back by Vieira (under pressure from King, amongst others), and Lehmann had to tip over. Ziegler then got booked for a foul, and the Bergkamp free kick was headed over by Cygan. Just when it looked like we could all gloat over a half time cup of Bovril, and the announcer told us there would be one minute added on, the Spurs defence froze, as the ball was sent from the right, and Henry was allowed to control and fire home from close range. Spurs never recovered the poise they had displayed after that goal.
Just after the break, Ljungberg sent a cross from the right, which Ledley missed, leaving Reyes with a golden chance in front of Robinson. Reyes managed to dolly the shot to Robinson. Arsenal maintained the early pressure, which was not helped by stray passes into the middle of the pitch from Mendes of all people. Pamarot conceded a penalty, after confusion reigned between Robinson and King, who apparently accidentally tapped the ball out of the keeper's hands. Ljungberg it was who was brought down by the panicking full back, and Lauren stepped up to halt his run, and with Robinson deceived, plant the ball to the keeper's left.
Defoe nearly responded immediately with a shot that was deflected and hit the side netting, but on the hour, Spurs went two down in shameful fashion, as first Brown lost the ball, then as others tried to get a foot on the ball, Naybet ended up passing to Vieira, who raced away unchallenged with an easy job of beating the keeper with a powerful finish to the goalie's right.
Heads were down in the crowd, but Defoe hadn't given up, as within a minute, he brought the difference back to one with a magnificent solo goal. Picking the ball up on the left, he raced inside leaving a trail of gooners, before hitting a superb right foot shot beyond Lehmann's out-stretched left hand to burst the net. The two goal difference was restored as Pires started an advance upon the Spurs area, with Fabregas and Ljungberg involved too. Naybet had failed to clear properly when he could, and Ljungberg had an easy job to put the ball in the net.
The ping-pong game continued, as once again, Spurs clawed the difference back, with a super Ledley King header from a free kick on the left. Carrick's scuffed pass to Defoe was subject to a scuffed shot, but the crowd sensed that there still might be something in this game for Spurs. Sadly, that hope was to fade when Henry, despite being successfully blocked at least twice in the box, still managed to pass to Pires, who somehow managed to score from the sharpest angle ever, despite the attentions of a defender and the keeper.
Fredi Kanoute had replaced Michael Brown, and when he rattled home Ziegler's great ball to the back of the defence, it looked like a 5-5 might be on the cards, especially when 4 minutes added time was announced. All Spurs could muster though was one shot from Simon Davies that went wide, and the points were taken back to Highbury.
Unsurprisingly, this was the highest aggregate score of any First Team game between the two sides. Arsenal last scored 5 goals at The Lane on 23rd December, 1978. The last time Spurs scored 4 against Arsenal was on 15th October, 1963, when we drew 4-4. Spurs also scored 4 goals in the fixture in the home match in the previous three seasons, winning 4-2, 4-3, then achieving another 4-4 draw on 6th October, 1962. Arsenal conceded 4 league goals today for the first time since 4th November, 2001, when they lost 4-2 at home to Charlton.
There were nine different scorers today. This is the first time that this has occurred in a Premiership game.
Spurs have now lost 5 consecutive Premiership games and are just two games away from their worst ever run of consecutive defeats which was 7 between 1st January and 27th February, 1994. The team we played to end that run of defeats was Aston Villa (H), when we drew 1-1! (Our next match is at Villa Park).
It was nearly such a memorable start for Martin Jol, and with Jacques Santini at the Lane for French TV, and being quoted in the media to start another week of back-biting, you can guarantee there is not going to be a dull moment in the weeks ahead for Tottenham, who have managed to stay in 14th place, but who really do need to turn that corner soon. Despite the result, and the frailties displayed, I do still feel optimistic for the necessary improvement, and perhaps some success in the Carling Cup.
|
0.999999 |
Essential oils are very useful in house cleaning due to their protective properties. On the article below, I have picked out some essential oils and explain their importance in a house cleaner.
Lemon: Lemon essential oil is one of those essential oils that can be perfect for cleaning due to its high antiseptics, antibacterial, and great refreshing smell. This oil has the power to kill diphtheria bacteria in 30 minutes, perfect for killing air-borne microbes in hospital rooms, schools, and homes all thanks to its antiseptic properties which can last for a period of twenty days.
Lemon essential oil is great for house cleaning by sanitizing items in the house such as; cutting boards, carpet cleaning, dishwasher, disinfect the hands, sanitize bathroom fixtures, and sanitize counter tops by adding a few drops to the surface for a perfectly clean and sanitizing environment.
Tea Tree or Melaleuca is one of the most popular essential oils you can use as a house cleaner. It is a strong natural antiseptic with its distinct scent for cleaning and disinfecting the house. To get rid of bugs, germs, and bacteria, this oil is your ticket to success. This quality makes Tea Tree one of the most used ingredients in homemade cleaning recipes.
Eucalyptus: This is a natural pesticide and germicide with an antibacterial, and antiseptic properties for your home cleaning. Eucalyptus oil is good for cleaning smells, good for cleaning bathrooms and kitchen utensils. This is a great choice to deodorize the air in your home by eliminating pest for an invigorating and fresh home. Eucalyptus oil leaves your home fresh and pest free making it a must have house cleaner.
Peppermint oil has numerous cleaning uses, its invigorating and cool scent plus its antibacterial properties makes this oil a must in any essential oil collection. Its minty nature makes it good for deterring ants and other pests around the house. Just add drops of this oil into a sprayer and spray on the corners around the house either inside or outside where you find insects.
Cinnamon Bark essential oil eliminate bacteria, mold, viruses, and more with this simple homemade eco-friendly house cleaner. Its disinfectant and antibacterial properties make it a perfect addition for your house cleaning. It has a nice and refreshing scent.
Lavender essential oil is great for household use. It’s antibacterial, antiviral, deodorizing, antiseptic and insect repelling property makes it a very useful oil to keep the home and your environment smelling nice and clean. This oil is unique because it is useful for storing and protecting clothing against germs and insects to cleaning and deodorizing your bathroom.
Wild Orange essential oil is a good grease remover and it also has a nice scent that cleanses and purifies the house. By adding drops of wild orange essential oil in water helps clean counter tops, doors of your cabinet and removes grease from a stove top. Also, adding a few drops of the wild orange essential oil in the laundry will act as a fabric softener.
Ylang Ylang is a good essential oil for house cleaners due to its antibacterial, antiseptic and anti-fungal property. It has a floral scent which purifies the air in the house and adding drops of this essential oil to water spray bottle help kill bacteria and remove pests.
Difference between vaporizer, humidifier and diffuser: How beneficial are diffusers to our Health.
Cool mist humidifiers, vaporizers, and diffusers are all effective tools supplying humidified air into your home. In this article, I’ll be explaining to you how a humidifier, vaporizer and a diffuser can help make your home more comfortable for you and your children. It is very surprising what a difference a little water can make from these three. They all come with their various health benefits but the health benefits of a diffuser surpass the other two. Let’s do a close elaboration of them.
First, a vaporizer functions by boiling water stored in its tank which in turn delivers heated steam into your home. In order to produce a medicated mist, add some medicated liquid into the water.
However, humidifier produces cool moisture as it cools the water in the storage tank before producing moisture into the air and results to a much cooler humidity. Humidifiers are of two types, we have the cool mist and warm mist and they perform the same function but in different ways. Humidifier therapy helps to add moisture to the air in the room to prevent dryness of the skin, throat, lips, and nose.
Diffusers, however, function by dispersing essential oils so that their aroma fills a room. There is a wide range of diffusers that vary in terms of their uses and one of the simplest ways to fill the room with the scents of aromatherapy oils are to simply add a few drops to a tissue and then place the tissue in the center of the room.
Firstly, a diffuser is very beneficial because it promotes relaxation. The oils put into the diffusers produces a therapeutic fragrance which boosts your confidence, ease your muscle, and relieves nausea and motion sickness. All these are effective stress busters.
Secondly, diffusers relieve hypertension. There are drugs available for lowering blood sugar levels but these drugs come with their side effects. However, some diffuser essential oils are highly recommended as a miraculous cure for hypertension.
Thirdly, it facilitates a healthy menstrual cycle and treats depression due to the aroma it fills your home.
Another health benefit a diffuser can provide to your home with its aromatherapy is to help remove unpleasant odors and other airborne pathogens, helps with weight management and it also helps in strengthening the immune system.
All in all, diffusers has enormous health benefits and it is an effective and easy way to clean the air in the house which relaxes the mind and body and also improves one’s alertness and concentration.
|
0.999607 |
I'm back with another installment of this historical fiction feature! I decided to do this to highlight the historical aspects of a book I've read and enjoyed recently. My favorite thing about the historical fiction genre is how much learn when I'm reading - and the curiosity I'm left with afterward that has me looking up new-to-me time periods or aspects of the past.
A few weeks ago, I finished a book that I knew I had to highlight here. It was an emotional, interesting story that combined both past and present to create a book that I thoroughly enjoyed reading!
The closer Molly grows to Vivian, the more she discovers parallels to her own life. A Penobscot Indian, she, too, is an outsider being raised by strangers, and she, too, has unanswered questions about the past. As her emotional barriers being to crumble, Molly discovers that she has the power to help Vivian find answers to mysteries that have haunted her for her entire life - answers that will ultimately free them both.
Between 1854 and 1929, so-called orphan trains transported more than two hundred thousand orphaned, abandoned, and homeless children - many of whom, like the character in this book, were first-generation Irish Catholic immigrants from coastal cities of the eastern United States to the Midwest for "adoption," which was often turned out to be indentured servitude. Charles Loring Brace, who founded the program, believed that hard work, education, and firm but compassionate childrearing - not to mention midwestern Christian family values - were the only way to save these children from a life of depravity and poverty. Until the 1930s, there was no social safety net; it is estimated that more than ten thousand children were living on the streets of New York City at any given time.
Many of the children had experienced great trauma in their short lives and they had no idea where they were going. The train would pull into a station and the local townspeople would assemble to inspect them - often literally scrutinizing teeth, eyes, and limbs to determine where was child was sturdy enough for field work, or intelligent and mild-mannered enough to cook and clean. Babies and healthy older boys where typically chosen first; older girls were chosen last. After a brief trial period, the children became indentured to their host families. If a child wasn't chosen, he or she would get back on the train to try again at the next town.
Some children were warmly welcomed by new families and towns. Others were beaten, mistreated, taunted, or ignored. They lost any sense of their cultural identities and backgrounds; siblings were often separated, and contact between them was discouraged. City children were expected to perform hard farm labor for which they were neither emotionally nor physically prepared. Many of them were first-generation immigrants from Italy, Poland, and Ireland and were teased for their strange accents; some barely spoke English. Jealousy and competition in the new families created rifts, and many children ended up feeling that they didn't belong anywhere. Some drifted from home to home to find someone who wanted them. Many ran away. The Children's Aid Society did attempt to keep track of these children, but the reality of great distances and spotty record keeping made this difficult.
Are you as shocked as I was reading this explanation? I love studying history - it was one of my favorite subjects in school - but I honestly don't think I ever learned anything about this questionable practice in our past. The thing I loved most about Orphan Train is the way it followed one fictional orphan's story. You can tell how much research Kline did when writing this book, and she skillfully weaves that research into the story. You won't learn every little thing about orphan trains, but you will walk away from this book with a heartbreaking example of what many of these children went through.
This book alternates between the past and present and focuses on two women (one old, one young) who have a profound impact on one another. The young woman is Molly, a teenager living in foster care, who meets Vivian (the grown-up orphan train rider) when she's doing required community service. What I loved about Molly is that you'll still learn a little something about history from her section, even though it's set in 2011. Molly is a Penobscot Indian, and her class is required to do a research report focusing on something called "portaging."
In the past, Wabanki Indians had "to carry their canoes and everything else they possessed across land from one water body to the next, so they had to think carefully about what to keep and what to discard." The students are required to interview someone about their own portages, the literal or metaphorical journey that have taken in their past and what they chose to carry or leave behind. This was a fascinating part of the story, and I loved the way Kline tied it into the overall story. I had never heard of portaging, but this book left wanting to find out more about this concept. Kline took two different threads in our nation's history and wove them together to create an thoughtful and moving story.
Wow. I had no idea. Thank for sharing what you learned.
Isn't that just crazy?! I was so shocked that I'd never heard of this before!
Sometimes it's weird to think how much we don't know about the history of our country simply because the powers at be choose to not include it in our curriculum. I have NEVER heard about this, and I am shocked! Thanks so much for sharing, Hannah. Definitely adding this one to my TBR!
Whoa, WHAT?! Orphan trains? How interesting and surreal! It is so frightening to think about all of the things I don't know about history. I agree with you on enjoying the historical fiction books because they teach me something. When I am googling people and events...I am hooked!
This was such a cool post, I am so intrigued!
RIGHT?! I find it crazy that there are so many things we've never learned - and so thankful when historical fiction helps introduce me to something I'd never heard about before. Always leaves me wanting to go do more research - glad I'm not alone there!
This sounds so fascinating! I honestly had never heard about orphan trains or portaging before, but both sound like such interesting things to read about. I bet this story turned out fascinating, with elements like this. I'm loving this feature Hannah, because of all these new historical facts I'm learning right along with you!
I KNOW! I hadn't heard of either thing and found both so interesting. I love when I learn stuff like this in historical fiction!
I actually had heard of orphan trains before, but only because they were mentioned in an American Girl book growing up. Ever since I've been slightly fascinated by the idea of them, which is why I was so excited when I saw this book come out. I haven't read it yet though, but I am definitely looking forward to it!
I loved all the American Girl books, but I can't remember learning about this. I'm sure I did - it probably just left my mind. I definitely need to revisit those books when I'm feeling nostalgic :) I hope you enjoy this book! It was really interesting, and I read it quickly.
|
0.999999 |
Produce an advertisement for a noise-canceling headphone.
Video #1 - Download the sound file and find pictures that can be used in the ad.
Video #2 - Add the pictures and sound to Movie Maker. Produce the ad so the pictures match the order of the sound.
Video #3 - Put in transitions between pictures and time the durations of each picture to match the audio.
|
0.999 |
baking powder : 3 1/2 tsp.
whole kernel corn : 1/2 c.
cornmeal : 1 1/3 c.
all-purpose flour : 1/3 c.
whole wheat flour : 1/3 c.
almond milk : 1 c.
grape seed oil : 1/3 c.
1. Preheat oven to 400°F. Lightly oil a 9"x9" baking dish.
2. In a large bowl, combine flour, cornmeal, sugar, salt, baking powder, corn, and jalapeño.
3. In a smaller bowl, mix together the egg, milk, and oil. Add it to the large bowl. Mix it all together.
It might be interesting to use whole wheat pastry flour instead of whole wheat flour.
|
0.736572 |
Rice is the seed of the monocot plants Oryza sativa (Asian rice) or Oryza glaberrima (African rice). As a cereal grain, it is the most widely consumed staple food for a large part of the world's human population, especially in Asia. It is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production, after sugarcane and maize, according to data of FAOSTAT 2012.
Since a large portion of maize crops are grown for purposes other than human consumption, rice is the most important grain with regard to human nutrition and caloric intake, providing more than one fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by humans.
Chinese legends attribute the domestication of rice to Shennong, the legendary Emperor of China and inventor of Chinese agriculture. Genetic evidence has shown that rice originates from a single domestication 8,200–13,500 years ago in the Pearl River valley region of China. Previously, archaeological evidence had suggested that rice was domesticated in the Yangtze River valley region in China. From East Asia, rice was spread to Southeast and South Asia. Rice was introduced to Europe through Western Asia, and to the Americas through European colonization.
Rice can come in many shapes, colours and sizes. Photo by the IRRI.
Rice is normally grown as an annual plant, although in tropical areas it can survive as a perennial and can produce a ratoon crop for up to 30 years. The rice plant can grow to 1–1.8 m (3.3–5.9 ft) tall, occasionally more depending on the variety and soil fertility. It has long, slender leaves 50–100 cm (20–39 in) long and 2–2.5 cm (0.79–0.98 in) broad. The small wind-pollinated flowers are produced in a branched arching to pendulous inflorescence 30–50 cm (12–20 in) long. The edible seed is a grain (caryopsis) 5–12 mm (0.20–0.47 in) long and 2–3 mm (0.079–0.118 in) thick.
First used in English in the middle of the 13th century, the word "rice" derives from the Old French ris, which comes from Italian riso, in turn from the Latin oriza, which derives from the Greek ὄρυζα (oruza). The Greek word is the source of all European words (cf. Welsh reis, German Reis, Lithuanian ryžiai, Serbo-Croatian riža, Polish ryż, Dutch rijst, Hungarian rizs, Romanian orez).
The origin of the Greek word is unclear. It is sometimes held to be from the Tamil word அரிசி (arisi), or rather Old Tamil arici. However, Krishnamurti disagrees with the notion that Old Tamil arici is the source of the Greek term, and proposes that it was borrowed from descendants of Proto-Dravidian *wariñci instead. Mayrhofer suggests that the immediate source of the Greek word is to be sought in Old Iranian words of the types *vrīz- or *vrinj-, but these are ultimately traced back to Indo-Aryan (as in Sanskrit vrīhí-) and subsequently to Dravidian by Witzel and others.
The varieties of rice are typically classified as long-, medium-, and short-grained. The grains of long-grain rice (high in amylose) tend to remain intact after cooking; medium-grain rice (high in amylopectin) becomes more sticky. Medium-grain rice is used for sweet dishes, for risotto in Italy, and many rice dishes, such as arròs negre, in Spain. Some varieties of long-grain rice that are high in amylopectin, known as Thai Sticky rice, are usually steamed. A stickier medium-grain rice is used for sushi; the stickiness allows rice to hold its shape when molded. Short-grain rice is often used for rice pudding.
Rice is typically rinsed before cooking to remove excess starch. Rice produced in the US is usually fortified with vitamins and minerals, and rinsing will result in a loss of nutrients. Rice may be rinsed repeatedly until the rinse water is clear to improve the texture and taste rice.
Rice is cooked by boiling or steaming, and absorbs water during cooking. With the absorption method, rice may be cooked in a volume of water similar to the volume of rice. With the rapid-boil method, rice may be cooked in a large quantity of water which is drained before serving. Rapid-boil preparation is not desirable with enriched rice, as much of the enrichment additives are lost when the water is discarded. Electric rice cookers, popular in Asia and Latin America, simplify the process of cooking rice. Rice (or any other grain) is sometimes quickly fried in oil or fat before boiling (for example saffron rice or risotto); this makes the cooked rice less sticky, and is a cooking style commonly called pilaf in Iran and Afghanistan or biryani (Dam-pukhtak) in India and Pakistan.
In Arab cuisine, rice is an ingredient of many soups and dishes with fish, poultry, and other types of meat. It is also used to stuff vegetables or is wrapped in grape leaves (dolma). When combined with milk, sugar, and honey, it is used to make desserts. In some regions, such as Tabaristan, bread is made using rice flour. Medieval Islamic texts spoke of medical uses for the plant. Rice may also be made into congee (also called rice porridge, fawrclaab, okayu, Xifan, jook, or rice gruel) by adding more water than usual, so that the cooked rice is saturated with water, usually to the point that it disintegrates. Rice porridge is commonly eaten as a breakfast food, and is also a traditional food for the sick.
An illustrative comparison between white and brown rice of protein quality, mineral and vitamin quality, carbohydrate and fat quality suggests that neither is a complete nutrition source. Between the two, there is a significant difference in fiber content and minor differences in other nutrients.
Brilliantly colored rice strains, such as purple rice, derive their color from anthocyanins and tocols. Scientific studies suggest that these color pigments have antioxidant properties that may be useful to human health. In purple rice bran, hydrophilic antioxidants are in greater quantity and have higher free radical scavenging activity than lipophilic antioxidants. Anthocyanins and γ-tocols in purple rice are largely located in the inner portion of purple rice bran.
Comparative nutrition studies on red, black and white varieties of rice suggest that pigments in red and black rice varieties may offer nutritional benefits. Red or black rice consumption was found to reduce or retard the progression of atherosclerotic plaque development, induced by dietary cholesterol, in mammals. White rice consumption offered no similar benefits, and the study claims this to be due to absent antioxidants in red and black varieties of rice.
The table below shows the nutrient content of major staple foods in a raw form. Raw grains, however, are not edible and can not be digested. These must be sprouted, or prepared and cooked for human consumption. In sprouted and cooked form, the relative nutritional and anti-nutritional contents of each of these grains is remarkably different from that of raw form of these grains reported in this table.
Rice and rice products contain arsenic, a known poison and Group 1 carcinogen. There is no safe level of arsenic, but, as of 2012, a limit of 10 parts per billion has been established in the United States for drinking water, twice the level of 5 parts per billion originally proposed by the EPA. Consumption of one serving of some varieties of rice gives more exposure to arsenic than consumption of 1 liter of water that contains 5 parts per billion arsenic; however, the amount of arsenic in rice varies widely with the greatest concentration in brown rice and rice grown on land formerly used to grow cotton; in the United States, Arkansas, Louisiana, Missouri, and Texas. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is studying this issue, but has not established a limit. China has set a limit of 150 ppb for arsenic in rice.
White rice grown in Arkansas, Louisiana, Missouri, and Texas, which account for 76 percent of American-produced rice had higher levels of arsenic than other regions of the world studied, possibly because of past use of arsenic-based pesticides to control cotton weevils. Jasmine rice from Thailand and Basmati rice from Pakistan and India contain the least arsenic among rice varieties in one study.
There have been plenty of debates on the origins of the domesticated rice. Genetic evidence published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) shows that all forms of Asian rice, both indica and japonica, spring from a single domestication that occurred 8,200–13,500 years ago in China of the wild rice Oryza rufipogon. A 2012 study published in Nature, through a map of rice genome variation, indicated that the domestication of rice occurred in the Pearl River valley region of China based on the genetic evidence. From East Asia, rice was spread to South and Southeast Asia. Before this research, the commonly accepted view, based on archaeological evidence, is that rice was first domesticated in the region of the Yangtze River valley in China.
Morphological studies of rice phytoliths from the Diaotonghuan archaeological site clearly show the transition from the collection of wild rice to the cultivation of domesticated rice. The large number of wild rice phytoliths at the Diaotonghuan level dating from 12,000–11,000 BP indicates that wild rice collection was part of the local means of subsistence. Changes in the morphology of Diaotonghuan phytoliths dating from 10,000–8,000 BP show that rice had by this time been domesticated. Soon afterwards the two major varieties of indica and japonica rice were being grown in Central China. In the late 3rd millennium BC, there was a rapid expansion of rice cultivation into mainland Southeast Asia and westwards across India and Nepal.
In 2003, Korean archaeologists claimed to have discovered the world's oldest domesticated rice. Their 15,000-year old age challenges the accepted view that rice cultivation originated in China about 12,000 years ago. These findings were received by academia with strong skepticism, and the results and their publicizing has been cited as being driven by a combination of nationalist and regional interests. In 2011, a combined effort by the Stanford University, New York University, Washington University in St. Louis, and Purdue University has provided the strongest evidence yet that there is only one single origin of domesticated rice, in the Yangtze Valley of China.
The earliest remains of the grain in the Indian subcontinent have been found in the Indo-Gangetic Plain and date from 7000–6000 BC though the earliest widely accepted date for cultivated rice is placed at around 3000–2500 BC with findings in regions belonging to the Indus Valley Civilization. Perennial wild rices still grow in Assam and Nepal. It seems to have appeared around 1400 BC in southern India after its domestication in the northern plains. It then spread to all the fertile alluvial plains watered by rivers. Cultivation and cooking methods are thought to have spread to the west rapidly and by medieval times, southern Europe saw the introduction of rice as a hearty grain.
Rice spread to the Middle East where, according to Zohary and Hopf (2000, p. 91), O. sativa was recovered from a grave at Susa in Iran (dated to the 1st century AD).
In a recent study, scientist have found a link for differences in human culture based on either wheat or rice cultivating races since ancient times.
African rice has been cultivated for 3500 years. Between 1500 and 800 BC, Oryza glaberrima propagated from its original centre, the Niger River delta, and extended to Senegal. However, it never developed far from its original region. Its cultivation even declined in favour of the Asian species, which was introduced to East Africa early in the common era and spread westward. African rice helped Africa conquer its famine of 1203.
Rice is the main export of Thailand, especially the white jasmine rice 105 (Dok Mali 105). Thailand has a large number of rice varieties, 3,500 kinds with different characters, and 5 kinds of wild rice cultivates. In each region of the country there are different rice seed types. Their use depends on weather, atmosphere, and topography.
The northern region has both low lands and high lands. The farmers’ usual crop is non-glutinous rice such as Niew Sun Pah Tong rice seeds. This rice is naturally protected from leaf disease, and the paddy has a brown color. The northeastern region has a large area, where farmers can cultivate about 36 million square meters of rice. Although most of them are plains and dry areas, they can grow the white jasmine rice 105 which is the most famous Thai rice. The white jasmine rice was developed in Chonburi province first and after that it was grown in many areas in the country but the rice from this region has a high quality, because it's softer, whiter and more fragrant. This rice can resist drought, acidic soil, and alkaline soil.
The central region is mostly composed of plains. Most farmers grow Jao rice. For example the Pathum Thani 1 rice which has qualities similar to the white jasmine 105 rice. Their paddy has the color of thatch and their cooked rice has fragrant grains also.
In the southern region, most farmers transplant around boundaries to the flood of plain or plain between mountains. Farming is the region is slower than other regions because the rainy season comes late. The popular rice varieties in this area are the Leb Nok Pattani seeds, a type of Jao rice. Their paddy has the color of thatch and it can be processed to make noodles.
Rice was grown in some areas of southern Iraq. With the rise of Islam it moved north to Nisibin, the southern shores of the Caspian Sea(Iran) and then beyond the Muslim world into the valley of the Volga. In Egypt, rice is mainly grown in the Nile Delta. In Israel, rice came to be grown in the Jordan Valley. Rice is also grown in Saudi Arabia at Al-hasa Oasis and in Yemen.
Rice was known to the Classical world, being imported from Egypt, and perhaps west Asia. It was known to Greece by returning soldiers from Alexander the Great's military expedition to Asia. Large deposits of rice from the first century A.D. have been found in Roman camps in Germany.
Muslims also brought rice to Sicily, where it was an important crop long before it is noted in the plain of Pisa (1468) or in the Lombard plain (1475), where its cultivation was promoted by Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan, and demonstrated in his model farms.
Rice is not native to the Americas but was introduced to Latin America and the Caribbean by Recent scholarship suggests that enslaved Africans played an active role in the establishment of rice in the New World and that African rice was an important crop from an early period. Varieties of rice and bean dishes that were a staple dish along the peoples of West Africa remained a staple among their descendants subjected to slavery in the Spanish New World colonies, Brazil and elsewhere in the Americas.
The Native Americans of what is now the Eastern United States may have practiced extensive agriculture with forms of wild rice (Zizania palustris), which looks similar to but it not directly related to rice.
In the United States, Savannah.
Rice culture in the southeastern U.S. became less profitable with the loss of slave labor after the cultivar has been preserved and there are current attempts to reintroduce it as a commercially grown crop.
In the southern United States, rice has been grown in southern Arkansas, Louisiana, and east Texas since the mid-19th century. Many Cajun farmers grew rice in wet marshes and low lying prairies where they could also farm crayfish when the fields were flooded. In recent years rice production has risen in North America, especially in the Mississippi embayment in the states of Arkansas and Mississippi (see also Arkansas Delta and Mississippi Delta).
Rice cultivation began in California during the California Gold Rush, when an estimated 40,000 Chinese laborers immigrated to the state and grew small amounts of the grain for their own consumption. However, commercial production began only in 1912 in the town of Richvale in Butte County. By 2006, California produced the second largest rice crop in the United States, after Arkansas, with production concentrated in six counties north of Sacramento. Unlike the Arkansas–Mississippi Delta region, California's production is dominated by short- and medium-grain japonica varieties, including cultivars developed for the local climate such as Calrose, which makes up as much as 85% of the state's crop.
Although attempts to grow rice in the well-watered north of Australia have been made for many years, they have consistently failed because of inherent iron and pests.
The world dedicated 162.3 million hectares in 2012 for rice cultivation and the total production was about 738.1 million tonnes. The average world farm yield for rice was 4.5 tonnes per hectare, in 2012.
Rice farms in Egypt were the most productive in 2012, with a nationwide average of 9.5 tonnes per hectare. Second place: Australia - 8.9 tonnes per hectare. Third place: USA - 8.3 tonnes per hectare.
Rice is a major food staple and a mainstay for the rural population and their food security. It is mainly cultivated by small farmers in holdings of less than 1 hectare. Rice is also a wage commodity for workers in the cash crop or non-agricultural sectors. Rice is vital for the nutrition of much of the population in Asia, as well as in Latin America and the Caribbean and in Africa; it is central to the food security of over half the world population. Developing countries account for 95% of the total production, with China and India alone responsible for nearly half of the world output.
World production of rice has risen steadily from about 200 million tonnes of paddy rice in 1960 to over 678 million tonnes in 2009. The three largest producers of rice in 2009 were China (197 million tonnes), India (131 Mt), and Indonesia (64 Mt). Among the six largest rice producers, the most productive farms for rice, in 2009, were in China producing 6.59 tonnes per hectare. At 44 million hectares, India had the largest farm area under rice production in 2009. The rice farm productivity in India was about 45% of the rice farm productivity in China, and about 60% of the rice farm productivity in Indonesia.
If India could adopt the farming knowledge and technology in use in China and Indonesia, India could produce an additional 100 million tonnes of rice, enough staple food for about 400 million people every year, and US$50 billion in additional annual income to its rice farmers (adjusted to 2010 dollars and global rice prices per tonne). In the 1990s, genetic studies took place in many European laboratories to increase rice production per hectare. Most of them were Dutch agricultural organizations united by HNGAC. These studies were later stopped due to lack of funding.
In addition to the gap in farming system technology and knowledge, many rice grain producing countries have significant losses post-harvest at the farm and because of poor roads, inadequate storage technologies, inefficient supply chains and farmer's inability to bring the produce into retail markets dominated by small shopkeepers. A World Bank – FAO study claims 8% to 26% of rice is lost in developing nations, on average, every year, because of post-harvest problems and poor infrastructure. Some sources claim the post-harvest losses to exceed 40%.,Not only do these losses reduce food security in the world, the study claims that farmers in developing countries such as China, India and others lose approximately US$89 billion of income in preventable post-harvest farm losses, poor transport, the lack of proper storage and retail. One study claims that if these post-harvest grain losses could be eliminated with better infrastructure and retail network, in India alone enough food would be saved every year to feed 70 to 100 million people over a year.However, other writers have warned against dramatic assessments of post-harvest food losses, arguing that "worst-case scenarios" tend to be used rather than realistic averages and that in many cases the cost of avoiding losses exceeds the value of the food saved.
The seeds of the rice plant are first milled using a rice huller to remove the chaff (the outer husks of the grain). At this point in the process, the product is called brown rice. The milling may be continued, removing the bran, i.e., the rest of the husk and the germ, thereby creating white rice. White rice, which keeps longer, lacks some important nutrients; moreover, in a limited diet which does not supplement the rice, brown rice helps to prevent the disease beriberi.
In some countries, a popular form, parboiled rice, is subjected to a steaming or parboiling process while still a brown rice grain. This causes nutrients from the outer husk, especially thiamine, to move into the grain itself. The parboil process causes a gelatinisation of the starch in the grains. The grains become less brittle, and the color of the milled grain changes from white to yellow. The rice is then dried, and can then be milled as usual or used as brown rice. Milled parboiled rice is nutritionally superior to standard milled rice. Parboiled rice has an additional benefit in that it does not stick to the pan during cooking, as happens when cooking regular white rice. This type of rice is eaten in parts of India and countries of West Africa are also accustomed to consuming parboiled rice.
Raw rice may be ground into flour for many uses, including making many kinds of beverages, such as amazake, horchata, rice milk, and rice wine. Rice flour does not contain gluten, so is suitable for people on a gluten-free diet. Rice may also be made into various types of noodles. Raw, wild, or brown rice may also be consumed by raw-foodist or fruitarians if soaked and sprouted (usually a week to 30 days – gaba rice).
Unmilled rice, known as paddy (Indonesia and Malaysia: padi; Philippines, palay), is usually harvested when the grains have a moisture content of around 25%. In most Asian countries, where rice is almost entirely the product of smallholder agriculture, harvesting is carried out manually, although there is a growing interest in mechanical harvesting. Harvesting can be carried out by the farmers themselves, but is also frequently done by seasonal labour groups. Harvesting is followed by threshing, either immediately or within a day or two. Again, much threshing is still carried out by hand but there is an increasing use of mechanical threshers. Subsequently, paddy needs to be dried to bring down the moisture content to no more than 20% for milling.
A familiar sight in several Asian countries is paddy laid out to dry along roads. However, in most countries the bulk of drying of marketed paddy takes place in mills, with village-level drying being used for paddy to be consumed by farm families. Mills either sun dry or use mechanical driers or both. Drying has to be carried out quickly to avoid the formation of moulds. Mills range from simple hullers, with a throughput of a couple of tonnes a day, that simply remove the outer husk, to enormous operations that can process 4,000 tonnes a day and produce highly polished rice. A good mill can achieve a paddy-to-rice conversion rate of up to 72% but smaller, inefficient mills often struggle to achieve 60%. These smaller mills often do not buy paddy and sell rice but only service farmers who want to mill their paddy for their own consumption.
Developing countries are the main players in the world rice trade, accounting for 83% of exports and 85% of imports. While there are numerous importers of rice, the exporters of rice are limited. Just five countries – Thailand, Vietnam, China, the United States and India – in decreasing order of exported quantities, accounted for about three-quarters of world rice exports in 2002. However, this ranking has been rapidly changing in recent years. In 2010, the three largest exporters of rice, in decreasing order of quantity exported were Thailand, Vietnam and India. By 2012, India became the largest exporter of rice with a 100% increase in its exports on year to year basis, and Thailand slipped to third position. Together, Thailand, Vietnam and India accounted for nearly 70% of the world rice exports.
On April 30, 2008, Thailand announced plans for the creation of the cartel for rice. However, little progress had been made by mid-2011 to achieve this.
Rice cultivation on wetland rice fields is thought to be responsible for 1.5% of the anthropogenic methane emissions. Rice requires slightly more water to produce than other grains. Rice production uses almost a third of Earth’s fresh water.
Rice pests are any microbes with the potential to reduce the yield or value of the rice crop (or of rice seeds). Rice pests include weeds, pathogens, insects, nematode, rodents, and birds. A variety of factors can contribute to pest outbreaks, including climatic factors, improper irrigation, the overuse of insecticides and high rates of nitrogen fertilizer application. Weather conditions also contribute to pest outbreaks. For example, rice gall midge and army worm outbreaks tend to follow periods of high rainfall early in the wet season, while thrips outbreaks are associated with drought.
Major rice insect pests include: the brown planthopper (BPH), several spp. of stemborers – including those in the genera Scirpophaga and Chilo, the rice gall midge, several spp. of rice bugs – notably in the genus Leptocorisa, the rice leafroller and rice weevils.
These include: the apple snail Pomacea canaliculata, panicle rice mite, rats, and the weed Echinochloa crusgali.
Crop protection scientists are trying to develop rice pest management techniques which are sustainable. In other words, to manage crop pests in such a manner that future crop production is not threatened. Sustainable pest management is based on four principles: biodiversity, host plant resistance (HPR), landscape ecology, and hierarchies in a landscape – from biological to social. At present, rice pest management includes cultural techniques, pest-resistant rice varieties, and pesticides (which include insecticide). Increasingly, there is evidence that farmers' pesticide applications are often unnecessary, and even facilitate pest outbreaks. By reducing the populations of natural enemies of rice pests, misuse of insecticides can actually lead to pest outbreaks. The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) demonstrated in 1993 that an 87.5% reduction in pesticide use can lead to an overall drop in pest numbers. IRRI also conducted two campaigns in 1994 and 2003, respectively, which discouraged insecticide misuse and smarter pest management in Vietnam.
Rice plants produce their own chemical defenses to protect themselves from pest attacks. Some synthetic chemicals, such as the herbicide 2,4-D, cause the plant to increase the production of certain defensive chemicals and thereby increase the plant’s resistance to some types of pests. Conversely, other chemicals, such as the insecticide imidacloprid, can induce changes in the gene expression of the rice that cause the plant to become more susceptible to attacks by certain types of pests. 5-Alkylresorcinols are chemicals that can also be found in rice.
Over time, the use of pest resistant rice varieties selects for pests that are able to overcome these mechanisms of resistance. When a rice variety is no longer able to resist pest infestations, resistance is said to have broken down. Rice varieties that can be widely grown for many years in the presence of pests and retain their ability to withstand the pests are said to have durable resistance. Mutants of popular rice varieties are regularly screened by plant breeders to discover new sources of durable resistance.
Rice is parasitized by the weed eudicot Striga hermonthica. which is of local importance for this crop.
Draft base pairs). Rice was the first crop with a complete genome sequence.
Flooding is an issue that many rice growers face, especially in South and South East Asia where flooding annually affects 20 million hectares. Standard rice varieties cannot withstand stagnant flooding of more than about a week, mainly as it disallows the plant access to necessary requirements such as sunlight and essential gas exchanges, inevitably leading to plants being unable to recover. In the past, this has led to a massive losses in yields, such as in the Philippines, where in 2006, rice crops worth $65 million were lost to flooding.
In response to this hazard, a variety of rice named Swarna Sub1 was developed via marker-assisted selection, with the ability to withstand prolonged periods of around 14 days beneath a flooded plain. The submergence tolerance ability of this variety is conferred by the presence of the Sub1A gene, introgressed from the Indian cultivar FR13A into the flood-vulnerable (but high yielding) cultivar Swarna. Swarna Sub1 effectively enters a dormant, energy conserving state upon being submerged in a flooded rice paddy, a process that involves the finely controlled metabolism of enzymes such amylases, starch phosphorylase and alcohol dehydrogenase, allowing the plant to survive with limited oxygen and sunlight unlike its standard variety relatives. Given that the presence of the Sub1A gene does not impact upon the quality or quantity of the rice obtained, this variety has been very popular, with 1.7 million hectares of land in India having Swarna Sub1 and other flood resistant varieties used instead of conventional rice crops.
Under drought conditions, without sufficient water to afford them the ability to obtain the required levels of nutrients from the soil, conventional commercial rice varieties can be severely impacted – for example yield losses as high as 40% have affected some parts of India, with resulting losses of around US$800 million annually.
– for example, roughly 1 million hectares of the coastal areas of Bangladesh are affected by saline soils. These high concentrations of salt can severely impact upon rice plants’ normal physiology, especially during early stages of growth, and as such farmers are often forced to abandon these otherwise potentially usable areas.
Progress has been made, however, in developing rice varieties capable of tolerating such conditions; the hybrid created from the cross between the commercial rice variety IR56 and the wild rice species Oryza coarctata is one example. O. coarctata is capable of successful growth in soils with double the limit of salinity of normal varieties, but lacks the ability to produce edible rice. Developed by the International Rice Research Institute, the hybrid variety can utilise specialised leaf glands that allow for the removal of salt into the atmosphere. It was initially produced from one successful embryo out of 34,000 crosses between the two species; this was then backcrossed to IR56 with the aim of preserving the genes responsible for salt tolerance that were inherited from O. coarctata. Furthermore, extensive trials are planned prior to the new variety being available to farmers by approximately 2017–18.
Phosop, the popular rice deity in Thailand.
Dewi Sri is the traditional rice goddess of the Javanese, Sundanese, and Balinese people in Indonesia. Most rituals involving Dewi Sri are associated with the mythical origin attributed to the rice plant, the staple food of the region. In Thailand a similar rice deity is known as Phosop; she is a deity more related to ancient local folklore than a goddess of a structured, mainstream religion. The same female rice deity is known as Po Ino Nogar in Cambodia and as Nang Khosop in Laos. Ritual offerings are made during the different stages of rice production to propitiate the Rice Goddess in the corresponding cultures.
^ Yang, Lihui et al. (2005). Handbook of Chinese Mythology. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 198.
^ a b c Molina, J.; Sikora, M.; Garud, N.; Flowers, J. M.; Rubinstein, S.; Reynolds, A.; Huang, P.; Jackson, S.; Schaal, B. A.; Bustamante, C. D.; Boyko, A. R.; Purugganan, M. D. (2011). "Molecular evidence for a single evolutionary origin of domesticated rice". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 (20): 8351.
^ a b c Huang, Xuehui; Kurata, Nori; Wei, Xinghua; Wang, Zi-Xuan; Wang, Ahong; Zhao, Qiang; Zhao, Yan; Liu, Kunyan et al. (2012). "A map of rice genome variation reveals the origin of cultivated rice". Nature 490 (7421): 497–501.
^ Thorley, John (1969). "The development of trade between the Roman Empire and the East under Augustus". Greece & Rome 16 (2): 222.
^ Witzel, Michael (2009). "The linguistic history of some Indian domestic plants". Journal of Biosciences 34 (6): 829–833.
^ Fine Cooking editors (ed.). "Guide to Rice". Fine Cooking. Retrieved July 24, 2014.
^ Shoichi Ito and Yukihiro Ishikawa. "Marketing of Value-Added Rice Products in Japan: Germinated Grown Rice and Rice Bread". Tottori University, Japan. Retrieved February 12, 2004.
^ "Rice is Life". Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. 2004.
^ "Nutrition Info: white rice cooked versus brown rice cooked".
^ Jang, Sungjoon and Xu, Zhimin (2009). "Lipophilic and Hydrophilic Antioxidants and Their Antioxidant Activities in Purple Rice Bran". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 57 (3): 858–862.
^ Ling, WH; Cheng, QX; Ma, J; Wang, T (2001). "Red and Black Rice Decrease Atherosclerotic Plaque Formation and Increase Antioxidant Status in Rabbits". Journal of Nutrition 131 (5): 1421–1426.
^ "Nutrient data laboratory". United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved June 2014.
^ EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) (October 28, 2009). "Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food". EFSA Journal (European Food Safety Authority) 7 (10): 1351.
^ "Arsenic in your food: Our findings show a real need for federal standards for this toxin".
^ Potera, Carol (2007). "Food Safety: U.S. Rice Serves Up Arsenic". Environmental Health Perspectives 115 (6): A296.
^ "Can reheating rice cause food poisoning?". National Health Service (England) NHS.uk.
^ More rice with less water cornell.edu. Retrieved on May 13, 2012.
^ Vaughan, DA; Lu, B; Tomooka, N (2008). "The evolving story of rice evolution". Plant Science 174 (4): 394–408.
^ a b c Harris, David R. (1996). The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia. Psychology Press. p. 565.
^ MacNeish R. S. and Libby J. eds. (1995) Origins of Rice Agriculture. Publications in Anthropology No. 13.
^ a b Whitehouse, David (October 21, 2003). "World's 'oldest' rice found".
^ Kim, Minkoo (2008). Habu, Junko; Fawcett, Clare; Matsunaga, John M., ed. Evaluating multiple narratives: Beyond nationalist, colonialist, imperialist archaeologies. New York: Springer. p. 128.
^ Kim, Minkoo (2008). "Multivocality, Multifaceted Voices, and Korean Archaeology". Evaluating Multiple Narratives: Beyond Nationalist, Colonialist, Imperialist Archaeologies. New York: Springer. p. 118.
^ "Rice's Origins Point to China, Genome Researchers Conclude". ScienceNewsline. May 3, 2011. Archived from the original on May 17, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2014.
^ Molina, J.; Sikora, M.; Garud, N.; Flowers, J.M.; Rubinstein, S.; Reynolds, A.; Huang, P.; Jackson, S.; Schaal, B.A.; Bustamante, C.D.; Boyko, A.R.; Purugganan, M.D. (2011). "Molecular evidence for a single evolutionary origin of domesticated rice". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 (20): 8351–8356.
^ T. Talhelm. "Large-Scale Psychological Differences Within China Explained by Rice Versus Wheat Agriculture". Retrieved October 6, 2014.
^ Maddox, Gregory [ed.] (2006). Sub-Saharan Africa: An Environmental History. ABC-CLIO. p. 267. ISBN 1851095551.
^ a b National Research Council (1996). "African Rice". Lost Crops of Africa: Volume I: Grains. Lost Crops of Africa 1. National Academies Press.
^ Pazuki, Arman & Sohani, Mehdi (2013). "Phenotypic evaluation of scutellum-derived calluses in ‘Indica’ rice cultivars" (PDF). Acta Agriculturae Slovenica 101 (2): 239–247.
^ Sallare, Robert (1993), The Ecology of the Ancient Greek World, Cornell Univ. Press, p. 23, ISBN 0801426154.
^ Darby, H.C. (1957). "The face of Europe on the eve of the great discoveries". The New Cambridge Modern History 1. p. 32.
^ a b West, Jean M. Rice and Slavery at the Wayback Machine (archived January 1, 2007). Slavery in America. Retrieved on May 13, 2012.
^ Carney, Judith Ann (2001). Black rice: the African origins of rice cultivation in the Americas. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
^ Farm Raised Crawfish. Crawfish.com. Retrieved on May 13, 2012.
^ Lee, Ching (2005). "Historic Richvale – the birthplace of California rice". California Farm Bureau Federation. Retrieved August 10, 2007.
^ Sumner, Daniel A. and Brunke, Henrich (September 2003). "The economic contributions of the California rice industry". California Rice Commission. Archived from the original on April 26, 2006. Retrieved August 10, 2007.
^ fao.org (FAOSTAT). "Countries by commodity (Rice, paddy)". Retrieved February 11, 2014.
^ a b "FAOSTAT: Production-Crops, 2012 data". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2014.
^ "World Wheat, Corn and Rice". Oklahoma State University, FAOSTAT.
^ "MISSING FOOD: The Case of Postharvest Grain Losses in Sub-Saharan Africa". The World Bank. April 2011.
^ Basavaraja, H.; Mahajanashetti, S.B.; Udagatti, Naveen C (2007). "Economic Analysis of Post-harvest Losses in Food Grains in India: A Case Study of Karnataka". Agricultural Economics Research Review 20: 117–126.
^ "A market-orientated approach to post-harvest management.". FAO.
^ Risks of Talcum Powder. Preventcancer.com. Retrieved on May 13, 2012.
^ Thomas, Jo (February 7, 1981). Talc coating on rice called peril. NewYorkTimes.com.
^ Jianguo G. Wu, Chunhai Shia and Xiaoming Zhanga (2003). "Estimating the amino acid composition in milled rice by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy". Field Crops Research 75: 1.
^ a b c d Cendrowski, Scott (August 12, 2013). "The Rice Rush".
^ Yuan, L.P. (2010). "A Scientist’s Perspective on Experience with SRI in CHINA for Raising the Yields of Super Hybrid Rice".
^ Puckridge, Don (2004) The Burning of the Rice, Temple House Pty, ISBN 1877059730.
^ United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Economic Research Service. "Briefing Rooms: Rice". Retrieved April 24, 2008.
^ "World Greenhouse Gas Emissions: 2005". World Resources Institute. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
^ "How better rice could save lives: A second green revolution - The Economist". The Economist. Retrieved October 6, 2014.
^ Neue Heinz-Ulrich (1993). "Methane emission from rice fields: Wetland rice fields may make a major contribution to global warming". BioScience 43 (7): 466–73.
^ "World Greenhouse Gas Emissions in 2005".
^ Welch, Jarrod R.; Vincent, J.R.; Auffhammer, M.; Dobermann, A.; Moya, P.; Dawe, D. (2010). "Rice yields in tropical/subtropical Asia exhibit large but opposing sensitivities to minimum and maximum temperatures". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107 (33): 14562–7.
^ Jahn, Gary C.; JA Litsinger, Y Chen and A Barrion (2007). "Integrated Pest Management of Rice: Ecological Concepts". In O Koul and GW Cuperus. Ecologically Based Integrated Pest Management. CAB International. pp. 315–366.
^ Jahn, Gary C.; Almazan, Liberty P.; Pacia, Jocelyn B. (2005). "Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer on the Intrinsic Rate of Increase ofHysteroneura setariae(Thomas) (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Rice (Oryza sativaL.)". Environmental Entomology 34 (4): 938.
^ Douangboupha, B, K Khamphoukeo, S Inthavong, J Schiller, and GC Jahn. 2006. Pests and diseases of the rice production systems of Laos. Chapter 17, pp. 265–281. In JM Schiller, MB Chanphengxay, B Linquist, and S Appa Rao, editors. Rice in Laos. Los Baños (Philippines): IRRI.ISBN 978-971-22-0211-7.
^ Preap, V; Zalucki, MP and Jahn, GC (2006). "Brown planthopper outbreaks and management". Cambodian Journal of Agriculture 7 (1): 17–25.
^ "IRRI Rice insect pest factsheet: Stem borer". Rice Knowledge Bank. Archived from the original on 22 November 2014.
^ Benett J, Bentur JC, Pasula IC and Krishnaiah K (eds) (2004). New approaches to gall midge resistance in rice. International Rice Research Institute and Indian Council of Agricultural Research, ISBN 9712201988.
^ a b Jahn, GC; Domingo, I; Almazan, ML; Pacia, J; Pacia, Jocelyn (2004). "Effect of rice bug Leptocorisa oratorius (Hemiptera: Alydidae) on rice yield, grain quality, and seed viability". Journal of economic entomology 97 (6): 1923–7.
^ Jahn, GC; Domingo, I; Almazan, ML; Pacia, J. (2004). "Effect of rice bug Leptocorisa oratorius (Hemiptera: Alydidae) on rice yield, grain quality, and seed viability". J Econ Entomol 97 (6): 1923–7.
^ IRRI Rice Diseases factsheets. Knowledgebank.irri.org. Retrieved on May 13, 2012.
^ Rice Brown Spot: essential data. CBWinfo.com. Retrieved on May 13, 2012.
^ Cochliobolus . Invasive.org (May 4, 2010). Retrieved on May 13, 2012.
^ Singleton G, Hinds L, Leirs H and Zhang Zh (Eds.) (1999) "Ecologically-based rodent management" ACIAR, Canberra. Ch. 17, pp. 358–371 ISBN 1-86320-262-5.
^ Pheng, S, B Khiev, C Pol and GC Jahn (2001). "Response of two rice cultivars to the competition of Echinochloa crus-gali (L.) P. Beauv". International Rice Research Institute Notes (IRRN) 26 (2): 36–37.
^ Jahn, GC, B. Khiev, C Pol, N Chhorn, S Pheng, and V Preap. 2001. Developing sustainable pest management for rice in Cambodia. pp. 243–258, In S. Suthipradit, C. Kuntha, S. Lorlowhakarn, and J. Rakngan [eds.] "Sustainable Agriculture: Possibility and Direction" Bangkok (Thailand): National Science and Technology Development Agency.
^ Savary, S.; Horgan, F.; Willocquet, L.; Heong, K.L. (2012). "A review of principles for sustainable pest management in rice". Crop Protection 32: 54.
^ Jahn, GC, S Pheng, B Khiev, and C Pol. 1996. Farmers’ pest management and rice production practices in Cambodian lowland rice. Cambodia-IRRI-Australia Project (CIAP), Baseline Survey Report No. 6. CIAP Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
^ Bangladeshi farmers banish insecticides. SCIDEV.net (July 30, 2004). Retrieved on May 13, 2012.
^ Wang, Li-Ping; Shen, Jun; Ge, Lin-Quan; Wu, Jin-Cai; Yang, Guo-Qin; Jahn, Gary C. (2010). "Insecticide-induced increase in the protein content of male accessory glands and its effect on the fecundity of females in the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)". Crop Protection 29 (11): 1280.
^ Jahn, G.C. (1992). "Rice pest control and effects on predators in Thailand". Insecticide & Acaricide Tests 17: 252–3.
^ Cohen, J. E., Schoenly, K., Heong, K. L., Justo, H., Arida, G., Barrion, A. T., & Litsinger, J. A.; Schoenly; Heong; Justo; Arida; Barrion; Litsinger (1994). "A Food-Web Approach to Evaluating the Effect of Insecticide Spraying on Insect Pest Population-Dynamics in a Philippine Irrigated Rice Ecosystem". Journal of Applied Ecology 31– (4): 747–763.
^ ‘Three Gains, Three Reductions’. Ricehoppers.net (October 12, 2010). Retrieved on May 13, 2012.
^ No Early Spray ricehoppers.net (April 2010). Retrieved on May 13, 2012.
^ Xin, Zhaojun; Yu, Zhaonan; Erb, Matthias; Turlings, Ted C. J.; Wang, Baohui; Qi, Jinfeng; Liu, Shengning; Lou, Yonggen (2012). "The broad-leaf herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid turns rice into a living trap for a major insect pest and a parasitic wasp". New Phytologist 194 (2): 498–510.
^ Cheng, Yao; Shi, Zhao-Peng; Jiang, Li-Ben; Ge, Lin-Quan; Wu, Jin-Cai; Jahn, Gary C. (2012). "Possible connection between imidacloprid-induced changes in rice gene transcription profiles and susceptibility to the brown plant hopper Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)". Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 102 (3): 213–219.
^ Suzuki, Yoshikatsu et al. (2003). "Biosynthesis of 5-alkylresorcinol in rice: incorporation of a putative fatty acid unit in the 5-alkylresorcinol carbon chain". Bioorganic Chemistry 31 (6): 437–452.
^ Khiev, B.; Jahn, G.C.; Pol, C.; Chhorn N. (2000). "Effects of simulated pest damage on rice yields". IRRN 25 (3): 27–8.
^ Sangha, J.S.; Chen, Y.H.; Kaur, J.; Khan, Wajahatullah; Abduljaleel, Zainularifeen; Alanazi, Mohammed S.; Mills, Aaron; Adalla, Candida B. et al. (2013). "Proteome Analysis of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Mutants Reveals Differentially Induced Proteins during Brown Planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) Infestation". Int. J. Mol. Sci. 14 (2): 3921–3945.
^ a b Sangha, Jatinder Singh; Chen, Yolanda H.; Palchamy, Kadirvel; Jahn, Gary C.; Maheswaran, M.; Adalla, Candida B.; Leung, Hei (2008). "Categories and Inheritance of Resistance toNilaparvata lugens(Hemiptera: Delphacidae) in Mutants of Indica Rice 'IR64'". Journal of Economic Entomology 101 (2): 575–83.
^ Kogan, M.; Ortman, E.F. (1978). "Antixenosis a new term proposed to defined to describe Painter's "non-preference" modality of resistance". Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am. 24: 175–6.
^ Liu, L., Z. Van, Q. Y. Shu, and M. Maluszynski (2004). "Officially released mutant varieties in China". Mutat. Breed. Rev 14 (1): 64.
^ Yoshida, Satoko; Maruyama, Shinichiro; Nozaki, Hisayoshi (2010). "Horizontal Gene Transfer by the Parasitic Plant Stiga hermanthica". Science 328 (5982): 1128.
^ "The U.S. Rice Export Market".
^ T. Morinaga (1968). "Origin and geographical distribution of Japanese rice". Trop. Agric. Res. Ser. 3: 1–15.
^ SM Humayun Kabir (2012). "Rice". In Sirajul Islam and Ahmed A. Jamal. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.).
^ Rice. Cgiar.org. Retrieved on May 13, 2012.
^ Jackson MT (1997). "Conservation of rice genetic resources: the role of the International Rice Genebank at IRRI". Plant Mol. Biol. 35 (1–2): 61–7.
^ Rice Varieties at the Wayback Machine (archived July 13, 2006). IRRI Knowledge Bank.
^ Yamaguchi, S. (2008). "Gibberellin Metabolism and its Regulation". Ann Rev Plant Biol 59: 225–251.
^ "Researchers Determine That Golden Rice Is an Effective Source of Vitamin A".
^ Marris, Emma (May 18, 2007). "Rice with human proteins to take root in Kansas". Nature.
^ Bethell DR, Huang J; Huang (2004). "Recombinant human lactoferrin treatment for global health issues: iron deficiency and acute diarrhea". Biometals 17 (3): 337–42.
^ " Swarna Sub1: flood resistant rice variety" The Hindu (2011). Retrieved October 31, 2013.
^ a b c d "Climate change-ready rice" International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Retrieved October 31, 2013.
^ "Best minds meet to help crops survive flooding" International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) (2013). Retrieved October 31, 2013.
^ a b "Drought, submergence and salinity management" International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Retrieved September 29, 2013.
^ " Roots breakthrough for drought resistant rice" Phys.org (2013). Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "Less salt, please" Fredenburg, P. (2007). Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ a b c "Wild parent spawns super salt tolerant rice" International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) (2013). Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "Do rice and salt go together?" Ferrer, B. (2012). Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ a b "Breakthrough in salt-resistant rice research – single baby rice plant may hold the future to extending rice farming" Integrated Breeding Platform (IBP) (2013). Retrieved October 6, 2013.
^ "Early Mythology - Dewi Sri". Sunda.org. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
^ "(Indonesian) Mitos Nyi Pohaci/Sanghyang Asri/Dewi Sri". My.opera.com. 2008-03-01. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
^ "On the Role of Food Habits in the Context of the Identity and Cultural Heritage of South and South East Asia". Retrieved October 6, 2014.
The genetic wonder of Thai rice. Plan Motif Publisher. 1998. p. 110.
Science and technology with Thai rice, National center for genetic engineering. The plublic information department. 2003. p. 30.
The genetic wonder of Thai rice. Plan Motif Publisher. 1998. p. 45.
Pazuki, Arman & Sohani, Mehdi (2013). "Phenotypic evaluation of scutellum-derived calluses in ‘Indica’ rice cultivars" (PDF). Acta Agriculturae Slovenica 101 (2): 239–247.
|
0.999273 |
1. Make sure they are cleaned and pressed – Presentation is everything. Used clothing doesn’t necessarily need to look used, especially when it is kept in good shape. A good washing and ironing may be all a piece of clothing needs to look almost new.
2. Clean smelling clothes make a difference – Sometimes hand me downs are in tip-top shape, but they’ve been stored for a while and can smell musty or old. Sprucing up the clothing so everything smells nice and fresh can make a huge difference for the recipient (fortunately there are tons of products that make this super easy nowadays).
3. Make necessary repairs before giving – Have you ever received something from someone who said, “All this needs is a new zipper,” or some other small repair? Some people may feel like they are being considered a charity case when they are given hand me downs that “just need a little fixing!” If you are handing something down, see that it is in good repair before offering it to the recipient.
4. It’s vintage! – Fortunately, vintage is in. This by itself makes some hand me downs more than acceptable, especially for the younger crowd. Young people are raiding attics and basements everywhere trying to find old clothes that are “vintage”. Now is the time to take advantage of this trend.
5. Stress sentimental value – Sometimes a hand me down will be acceptable and take on special meaning if it has some kind of sentimental value. If you know there is a possibility of this, then capitalize on it.
6. Make alterations – Occasionally an alteration or two is all that is needed to make the item a perfect fit. When a garment looks good and fits well, the fact that it is a hand me down won’t even figure into the equation.
7. Add embellishments – Every now and then, a garment could use a little sprucing up by adding a little lace or changing out the buttons. The right kind of embellishments can make something old seem new again.
8. High end items – When you have designer fashions to hand down, you will probably meet with little resistance, as long as the items are still in fashion and appropriate for their next owner.
9. One-of-a-kind items – Some unique items are especially treasured. Hand crafted items that are in good condition can make wonderful hand me downs when given to someone who appreciates the work that went into making the garment.
10. Altered clothing – Some very creative souls will take hand me downs and completely change them so that they become a brand new piece of clothing. There are several books and magazines out now that show how to make altered garments. Many of these projects turn out to be wearable works of art.
Hand me downs don’t have to be the pile of cast offs that many people think of when they hear that term. It doesn’t take much effort to make a good used item look appealing, or at the very least, acceptable. In fact, with a little creativity and imagination, some hand me down clothing can really add to your wardrobe. So don’t just throw out those old clothes, prep them and then make a trip to your local second hand store.
While the City of Roses might be known as a haven for hipsters, there’s also a surprising number of attractions that will appeal to kids and young families. If you’re planning a family vacation and have an interest in visiting the Pacific Northwest, here are ten of the reasons why you might want to consider Portland a potential destination.
Oregon Museum of Science and Industry (Portland, OR 97214) – The USS Blueback, Kendall Planetarium and OMNIMAX Theater are among just a few of the many attractions at Portland’s Oregon Museum of Science and Industry, which offers programs and exhibits for kids of all ages. The paleo, weather and watershed exhibits are not to be missed, nor are the physics, chemistry and laser labs inside the Turbine Hall.
Oregon Coast Aquarium (Newport, OR 97365) – Indoor and outdoor exhibits at the Oregon Coast Aquarium are home to more than 500 species, including the Oddwater exhibit, which showcases some of the more bizarre creatures that call the ocean home. The sea lions, seals and otters are perennial favorites, as is the seabird aviary.
Laurelhurst Park (Portland, OR 97214) – For those moments on your vacation when your brood simply needs a bit of unstructured, outdoor play, Laurelhurst Park is one of the best choices in the city. In addition to the playground, soccer field and volleyball court, there’s also a disabled access play area and restroom on premises.
Discovery Museum (Portland, OR 97221) – Boasting 20,000 square feet, the Discovery Museum is filled with plenty of interactive installations and hands-on activities designed to keep kids and adults engaged and entertained as they learn about sustainability and conservation of trees, both on a local and global scale.
PLAY Boutique (Lake Oswego, OR 97034) – With more than 5,000 square feet of indoor play space, PLAY Boutique is an enriching and exciting opportunity for kids to engage in a variety of activities that encourage a sense of community and emphasize the importance of creative play. Parents can decompress in the parent lounge, or participate alongside their kids.
Oregon Zoo (Portland, OR 97221) – Petting pygmy goats, feeding lorikeets and touring the insect zoo are only a small sampling of the activities available to your kids at the Oregon Zoo, but the real jewel is the African rainforest, which features a realistic thunderstorm every half hour. Don’t miss the elephant museum, or big cat and primate habitats.
Tillamook Air Museum (Tallamook, OR 97141) – If there’s a flight-crazy kid in your family, you can’t skip the Tillamook Air Museum in nearby Tillamook, Oregon. Home to one of the nation’s best collections of War Birds, the exhibit all also features a collection of related aviation and wartime artifacts, and a jet simulator.
Historic Belmont Firehouse (Portland, OR 97214) – There’s something about firefighters that excite even the most laid-back children, which is why the Historic Belmont Firehouse is sure to please. In addition to a collection of antique artifacts, fire alarms and an Amokeag Steam Pumper from 1879, the Belmont also offers programs on fire safety and education for youngsters.
Museum of Contemporary Craft (Portland, OR 97209) – Budding visual artists and arts and crafts lovers will get a big kick out of touring the Museum of Contemporary Craft, which showcases the development of various crafts along the West Coast from the present back to the mid-twentieth century.
Pittock Mansion (Portland, OR 97210) – While kids may not be overly enthusiastic about the idea of exploring the history of a family that contributed significantly to the city of Portland in the early twentieth century, they will be wowed by the eccentric architecture and lavish interiors of the Pittock Mansion. Picnicking in the outdoor gardens is also permitted, which offer stunning views of the city.
Known as a progressive, forward-thinking and eco-conscious city, Portland is a great choice for families that appreciate the outdoors and a culture of open-mindedness. While Portland is the largest city between San Francisco and Seattle, the vibe is much more relaxed and laid-back than other cities of comparable size. If you’re looking for an escape from the hustle and bustle of living in a city with a more frenetic pace, Portland may fit the bill perfectly.
The Big Apple is such a sprawling metropolis that there seems to be something to suit almost any individual whim or interest. Visiting New York with your children presents the opportunity for your entire family to make memories that you’ll treasure for a lifetime, which can make it an ideal vacation destination. Though the reasons to travel to New York City are as varied as the local culture, here are ten of the things that make New York a great place to vacation with your little ones.
Books of Wonder (New York, New York 10011) – Specializing in children’s books, both new releases and rare, out of print specialty items, Books of Wonder is paradise for young book worms. Be prepared to spend the better part of an afternoon wandering the stacks and watching little ones’ eye light up, and keep an eye out for special events and appearances hosted by the store.
Wollman Rink (New York, NY 10021) – If you’re visiting the Big Apple during the colder months, a trip to Wollman Rink is a must. The iconic image of ice skating in Central Park is one that both you and your children will carry for the rest of your lives, even if you’re less than skilled skaters.
Chelsea Piers Toddler Adventure Center (New York, NY 10011) – For active play in cooler temperatures, the Chelsea Piers Toddler Adventure Center is an ideal stop when you have little ones in tow. Featuring kid-favorites like a ball pit, trampoline, miniature rock-climbing wall and an obstacle course, this spot is great for burning excess energy.
The Swedish Cottage (New York, NY 10001) – The rich history of the Swedish Cottage, which was constructed in Sweden in 1875 and moved to Central Park two years later, includes housing the Civil Defense headquarters during World War II and an entomological laboratory. Since 1947, however, the Swedish Cottage has been the home of a renowned marionette theater, beloved by children for decades.
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum (New York, NY 10128) – Programs at the world-renowned Solomon R. Guggenheim museum include those directed at young children, tweens and teens. Events change periodically, so be sure to keep an eye on the schedule in the weeks leading up to your trip.
Wild West Playground (New York, NY 10001) – The wooden play structures of this famed playground within Central Park are reminiscent of a Wild West-era frontier town, incorporating traditional structures alongside sprinklers and an amphitheater setting that allows you to keep a close eye on your kids as they explore their own corner of the Park.
Alice’s Tea Cup (New York, NY 10023) – The little princesses in your family entourage are sure to be delighted by Alice’s Tea Cup, a tea room with healthy fare, boutique teas and an air of fantasy that lends itself perfectly to daydreaming and make-believe.
Lower East Side Tenement Museum (New York, NY 10002) – A guided tour through this living history museum allows kids to understand a bit more about the immigrant culture of the United States throughout the years, including costumed actors and a walk through a garment workshop.
American Girl Place (New York, NY 10017) – Nestled in the heart of Manhattan is a little girls’ wonderland, filled with the American Girls books, the dolls inspired by them and a host of related activities. From buying outfits to match those of their favorite doll and enjoying a meal in the dining area, there’s no shortage of delight to be found here. Be sure, however, that you make reservations, as seating in the dining room and theater tend to fill quickly.
Brooklyn Botanic Garden (Brooklyn, NY 11225) – Fifty-two acres of rolling hills, ponds and thousands of plants create a natural oasis in the middle of one of the world’s most bustling cities. While kids may not be overly impressed with more than a thousand varieties of roses, they’re sure to be enchanted with the Japanese gardens and the C.V. Starr Bonsai Museum.
From the legendary shows of Broadway to the staggering sights of Times Square, there’s no shortage of awe-inspiring landmarks and attractions in New York City. While your surroundings in the Big Apple can be quite dazzling, it’s wise to keep in mind that seeing everything on your list may not be possible. Rather than packing your itinerary too tightly, try to choose the most important attractions and take all the time you need to enjoy them.
|
0.998924 |
Representatives from The Honourable The Irish Society, Department of Education, Foundation, Presbytery of Derry and Strabane, Diocese of Derry and Raphoe (Church of Ireland), University of Ulster, Old Boy's Association, Old Girl's Association, Staff & Parents.
Foyle College is a co-educational non-denominational voluntary grammar school in Derry City, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. The school's legal name is Foyle and Londonderry College. In 1976, two local schools, Foyle College and Londonderry High School, merged under the Foyle and Londonderry College Act 1976 to form Foyle and Londonderry College. In 2011, the Board of Governors re-branded the school as 'Foyle College' and updated the school's crest. The school is a member of the Independent Schools Council of the United Kingdom and also the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference (HMC).
The school's former crest 1976-2011.
Foyle College and Londonderry High School have been providing education for young people in the Derry area and further afield for more than 400 years. In October 2007, the school celebrated its 390th anniversary with a plaque commemorating headmasters of the school since 1617. The school then celebrated their 400th anniversary, in 2017, with a service in St Columb's Cathedral on the official anniversary date of the 3rd of March. a commemorative concert in Derry's Guildhall was held, a special dinner in Derry's Guildhall also took place. A proposed plaque is to be unveiled and many artifacts from Foyle College's past were exhibited in the Siege Museum, on Society Street, from April 2017 to October 2017. Many more commemorative events also took place throughout the course of 2017.
Foyle College traces its origins to 1617 and the establishment of the Free Grammar School at Society Street within the city walls of Derry by Mathias Springham of the Merchant Taylors' Company of London. The original building had the following Latin inscription over the main doorway: 'Mathias Springham, A.R. ad honorem dei et bonarum, literarum propogationem, hanc scholam fundavit anno salutis, M.D.C.XVII'. The Free School was built to "the honour of God and the spreading of good literature".
The school received no endowment from that company or from The Honourable The Irish Society (the body charged with the plantation of the County of Londonderry in the 17th century). There followed an ongoing dispute between the Irish Society and the Church of Ireland Bishop of Derry as to who had the authority to appoint the headmaster. The former because one of its representatives had founded the school and the latter because it held the school to be one of the diocesan grammar schools provided for by statute. This was only resolved in the early 19th century by Act of Parliament.
The old school within the city walls eventually outlived its usefulness, and in 1814 came the move to the newly erected and well-proportioned Georgian building set on a height above the Strand outside the city walls, designed by the architect, John Bowden (who had also designed the Courthouse in Derry, St George's Church, High Street, Belfast, and St Stephen's Church ['the Pepper Canister Church'] on Mount Street on Dublin's Southside). The school took the name 'Foyle College' in 1814. The story goes that one of the boarders, George Fletcher Moore, proposed to the other pupils "to christen the new school, Foyle College" which was seconded and carried with repeated "acclamations".
For 30 years, from 1868, Foyle College had to compete with a vigorous rival in the Londonderry Academical Institution. This school, established by a body of influential local merchants, moved in 1871 from East Wall to a new site in Academy Road. The Honourable The Irish Society, which contributed to the funds of both schools, proposed a scheme of amalgamation, and negotiations finally resulted in the passing of the Foyle College Act in 1896, the united school retaining the name and with it claiming the traditions of the older school.
Foyle then had the use of the buildings at Lawrence Hill and Academy Road. Following the Second World War, and as a consequence of the many changes brought about by the 1947 Education Act, the governors acquired a site at Springtown on Northland Road, overlooking the school playing‑fields, to build a new school. This was opened on 2 May 1968 by H.R.H. The Duke of Kent.
Like Foyle College, Londonderry High School owed its existence to the merging of two independent institutions. The first of these, the Ladies' Collegiate School, was set up in 1877 by the Misses McKillip - pioneers in the movement for higher education for women in Ireland. Their vision and drive resulted in the starting of a school at 11 Queen Street. Two further moves saw the renamed Victoria High School located in Crawford Square, where boarding and day pupils were accommodated. The nearby Northlands School of Housewifery (1908) was associated with Victoria High School.
At the top of Lawrence Hill, Miss J. Kerr had opened St. Lurach's College circa 1900 - this school also took boarders. Strand House School (1860) closed during the First World War and the girls mostly went to Victoria or St. Lurach's. In 1922 Victoria High School and St. Lurach's amalgamated to form Londonderry High School. By 1928 Duncreggan, formerly the home of the late William Tillie, H.M.L., had been purchased and the boarders were transferred there from St. Lurach's. In the immediate post-war period there was an ever-growing need for increased educational facilities. The high point of an ambitious and forward-looking programme was undoubtedly the opening of the new £150,000 building extensions between Duncreggan House and Dunseverick.
The new buildings were opened by Her Grace The Duchess of Abercorn in May 1962, and on the same day the then Permanent Secretary to the Ministry of Education announced that a new block would be erected to house the Preparatory Department, and this followed in 1964. In 1974 the girls joined the boys of Foyle College Preparatory Department which moved into these premises in 1974, and so anticipated the later amalgamation under the Foyle and Londonderry College Act of 1976, resulting in the first co-educational grammar school in Derry. The Preparatory Department closed in 2003.
Following a relocation to a new £24M single campus, the school now sits on the Limavady Road at the site of the former US Naval Communications Station. This means for the first time in 50 years, all the pupils in Foyle College are on one site. As a grammar school it admits pupils based on academic selection. The school joined the Association for Quality Education (AQE) which requires prospective pupils to take the AQE Common Entrance exam in order to be admitted to the college from 2010. In 2010 the results of pupils who sat the AQE entrance exam were published. Of successful applicants to Foyle College, only 11 out of the 126 who were admitted into Year 8 achieved the top grade Q1, but 40 pupils who received the lowest grade Q4 were admitted.
In 2011, a re-brand of the school was carried out by the schools governors to reputedly reflect popular usage in the city of Derry, where the school is almost universally known as Foyle College. However, although the school's name and crest was re-branded, the college's legal name will continue to be Foyle and Londonderry College.
Deep-seated objections with regard to the school's name change have been made to the local press by members of the Londonderry High School Old Girls Association. They claim the change of the college's name amounts to a jettisoning of the link from the former all-girls school, Londonderry High School, and that the name change has been taken by the governors without any real consultation with them.
All the core subjects, as well as a number of options, are offered up until the end of Key Stage 3. Pupils then sit GCSEs. With suitable grades, they have the option to study AS and A2 levels in the Sixth Form.
The school is officially non-denominational.
Lawrence - Named in honour of notable alumnus The 1st Baron Lawrence, a Viceroy of India (blue stripes).
Duncreggan - Representing Duncreggan House, where the Senior School was located before the move to Limavady Road, i.e. the site of the pre-amalgamation Londonderry High School (red stripes).
Springham - Named in honour of the founder of the Free Grammar School, Mathias Springham (yellow stripes).
Northlands - The area where the Junior School was located i.e. the site of the pre-amalgamation Foyle College (green stripes).
Pupils who only have white stripes in their ties have received colours awards from the school for participation in extracurricular activities such as rugby, hockey, music etc. The sports and music ties have symbols relevant to the activity for which the colours tie has been awarded, e.g. music is represented by stylised treble clefs.
In the Senior School there are six science laboratories plus two computer suites, a technology suite, art and design suite, music suite, home economics room, business studies suite including computer room, study hall, library, Upper Sixth social centre, Lower Sixth social centre, sports hall and twenty-two general classrooms. Drama and musical performances take place in the assembly hall.
In the Junior School, there is a library, two information technology suites, a technology suite, three science laboratories, home economics, art and music rooms. There are fourteen general classrooms, a fully equipped gymnasium and assembly hall.
Serving the thirty acres of school grounds are two pavilions at Springtown where there are rugby union pitches, cricket pitches, tennis courts and an all‑weather hockey and athletics ground. The senior school has a hockey pitch and tennis courts.
Action from a FALC rugby match, January 2005.
A scene from the 2005 school production of Me and My Girl.
The most popular sports in the school include rugby union (which has seen 3 tours to Australia and the South Pacific) and hockey (which toured to Barcelona in 2006). The rugby team (as Foyle College) has twice won the Ulster Schools Cup; in 1915 beating The Royal School, Armagh, and in 1900 beating Methodist College, Belfast. It has been a runner up on three occasions. Foyle and Londonderry College's most recent rugby silverware was won in the 2007/08 season; FALC defeated Cambridge House at Ravenhill to win the Ulster Schools Bowl to win this competition for the 2nd time in 3 years after beating Limavady Grammar in the 2005/06 season again at Ravenhill. In hockey, the school has won the Ulster Cup twice, most recently in 2009 after beating Ballymena Academy 1-0, and reached the final on two other occasions. They won the Plate in 2006, and again in 2007.
Cricket is the main summer sport. In 2003 FALC won the Ulster Bank Schools' Cup defeating local rivals Strabane Grammar by two wickets. The Headmaster has popularised the sport of fencing within the school, producing UK and Irish champions.
Football is another sport that has been recently made available for pupils in Foyle, with three teams competing in the annual Northern Ireland School's Cup competition, at U14, U16 and U18 level.
The choir compete at the annual Sainbury's School Choir of the Year. The musicals are every two years with the break years being filled with non-musicals such as A Midsummer Night's Dream and others. Past musicals have included Annie, Oliver, The Mikado, Bugsy Malone, Me and My Girl, Calamity Jane, We Will Rock Youand most recently Hairspray.
Eva Birthistle, actress (Ae Fond Kiss); moved to Derry at the age of 14.
^ "Foyle College set to rebrand". Londonderry Sentinel.
^ "Foyle and Londonderry College Act 1976". Hansard.
^ "New crest unveiled as Foyle College reverts to its old name". Derry Journal.
^ "All city grammar schools to test". BBC News. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
^ "Revealed - Northern Ireland grammar school entrance test lottery". Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
^ "Campaign against college name change". Londonderry Sentinel. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
^ "Foyle & Londonderry College, Londonderry, Londonderry, Independent Schools". Isc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2013-04-21. Retrieved 26 February 2011.
^ "Clooney Regeneration masterplan" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-04-24. Retrieved 26 February 2011.
^ "New crest unveiled as Foyle College reverts to its old name". Derry Journal. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
^ Published on Wed Jan 28 14:40:31 GMT 2009. "A new stage for Ivan's sounds". Derry Journal. Retrieved 2011-02-26.
|
0.947129 |
What are the best practices for IT Governance in ITSM industry?
ITSM refers to the entirety of activities directed by policies, organized and structured in processes and supporting procedures.
Control Objectives for Information and Related Technologies is a framework for IT governance which is used for developing, implementing, monitoring and improving the practices related to IT governance and management. The IT Governance Institute and the Information Systems Audit and Control Association (ISACA) are the publishers of COBIT. The latest version of COBIT focuses on the value of information governance and enterprise risk management.
|
0.97336 |
How to travel from Manchester to Edinburgh ?
Edinburgh is your next holiday destination but you're wondering how to go there and how it is possible to get the cheapest Manchester to Edinburgh transport offers? In general, you browse several websites and spend hours without being sure that all transport solutions were considered.
You'll be able to get in a single search on Vivanoda, your multimodal travel planner in Europe, all the prices for flights, trains, carpooling and buses to travel to Edinburgh from Manchester You just have to specify the departure date to Edinburgh then let Vivanoda search for you. Refine, filter, sort according to your travel preferences then select the Manchester - Edinburgh offer that suits you best.
To travel from Manchester, flights, trains, carpooling or buses of First TransPennine Express, National Express, Blablacar, CrossCountry, East Coast, ScotRail, Virgin Trains and Northern Rail will carry you to Edinburgh.
If you are looking for a bus service from Manchester to Edinburgh, you're lucky because there actually is a direct service.
Going by bus from Manchester to Edinburgh may not be so obvious to you. To encourage you to take the bus to Edinburgh, here are some arguments that will convince you.
Unbeatable prices! On the Manchester Edinburgh route, coach companies offer fares that are often much lower than train or carpooling.
Travelling by bus is more environmentally friendly than the use of one's personal car because of the modernization of National Express or MegaBus coach fleets. Running a bus doesn't require building other infrastructures either: the road Manchester Edinburgh is already built and shared by others.
The coaches operating the Manchester Edinburgh line are mostly equipped with an air conditioning system, which will allow you to travel in good conditions during hot seasons.
A Wi-Fi connection is available to travellers in most coaches, which is an important asset for a 175 mi trip.
The bus service between the city of Manchester and Edinburgh is operating by multiple coach companies: MegaBus and National Express.
Depending on the company, it is requested to be present at the bus stop in Manchester from 15 to 30 minutes before the indicated departure time. The name of the destination 'Edinburgh' is always mentioned on the front of the bus. Then, all you have to do is to validate your ticket with the driver of National Express or MegaBus, to deposit your luggage in the trunk and to find your seat.
Is it possible to go directly by train from Manchester to Edinburgh?
Yes, the Manchester to Edinburgh route is served by a direct train. Be careful, as this may depend on the date of your trip to Edinburgh and there may be fewer direct trains from Manchester on certain days. To find the cheapest Manchester-Edinburgh train ticket, we advise you to launch a search on Vivanoda with your travel dates.
Intercity trains serve the most important cities along the Manchester-Edinburgh route with an improved travel duration compared to regional trains.
Don't wait the day before your trip to book the Manchester Edinburgh flight as prices should be very high. This is one of the most important rule in airline industry: leisure travellers who are keen to pay less book early; business travelles are keen to pay more but book late.
Prefer flying to Edinburgh on a weekday (Monday to Thursday) and be flexible. Fares are different whether the flight is scheduled early in the morning or late in the evening. It is thus recommended to have an important degree of flexibility.
Which airlines fly from Manchester to Edinburgh ?
FlyBE is the only airline flying with direct link to Edinburgh from the airport of Manchester.
The practice of carsharing has greatly expanded in the recent years, so you may have a chance to find a Manchester-Edinburgh ride. This helps reduce travel costs for both the driver and the passenger, and also reduces the impact on the environment.
Carpooling differs from the other means of transport because of an undefined timetable. So, you surely have better chances to get Manchester-Edinburgh rides searching three days in advance than one month. Good option for lastminute stay in Edinburgh!
Before you book your Manchester-Edinburgh ride, you have the possibility to get in touch with the driver to set all the details and conditions of the journey. You can pay online, so you don't need to give any money to your driver.
|
0.940049 |
California Child Support Options – State Guideline or Something Better?
For those who go to court to determine how much child support should be paid by whom in a typical California divorce, there is a formula used to calculate the amount according to the state guidelines for child support.
The formula for the calculation of guideline child support is contained in California Family Code section 4055. That formula is expressed as follows: CS = K [HN – (H%)(TN)]. In this formula, the symbols set forth below (and used in the formula) make reference to the following definitions: CS = child support amount K = amount of both parents’ income to be allocated for child support HN = high earner’s net monthly disposable income H% = higher earner’s approximate time of physical responsibility for the children TN = the parties’ total monthly net income This formula will produce an amount of support per minor child. When more than one child is involved, the end result (CS) is then multiplied by a specific factor depending upon the number of children. For example, for two children the multiplier is 1.6; for three children, the multiplier is 2; for four children the multiplier is 2.3; for five children the multiplier is 2.5; for six children the multiplier is 2.625, and so on.
Roughly speaking, if the parents share relatively equal time and make roughly equal amounts of money, it is likely that neither will pay child support and that both will share costs such as unreimbursed medical and daycare. However, if either time or income vary, the formula will generate the guideline amount to be paid.
Sometimes, the guideline amount makes sense but often it does not. And more often than not, the grief, anxiety and conflict created by using the guideline is not worth it, especially when there are better ways. Far too often, parents will fight for more time with their children than makes sense for them, the kids, or their family situation simply to avoid paying or to get paid more child support. That results in custody battles that serve no one, and least of all the kids.
Working together, parents can separate time from support, and determine how best to allocate each of their resources to support their children. This process enables parents to examine and understand the income available and the costs that each parent incurs in their separate households and how best to spend each of their resources to support their children and each other. Sometimes, this approach results in more than guideline support and sometimes it is less. The amount is less important. What matters is that the amount agreed to has been reached by people who understand and agree with what is being paid because it makes sense for their family and their circumstances. The harmony that results from this process? Priceless.
|
0.999766 |
Each pupil should choose two sheets. The folding instructions are done on both sheets.
It is suggested to divide this lesson into two seperate lessons.
What is the shape of the two sheets that you have on the table? Explain.
The shape of the polygons is a square having 4 equal sides and 4 right angles.
Folding instructions: Fold one side of the sheet to lie on top of the opposite side.
Folding instructions: Fold together the two shorter opposite sides.
Open your folded shape. How many congruent squares can you see?
On the larger square we can see 4 smaller congruent squares.
Congruent polygons have an equal number of sides, and all the corresponding sides and angles are congruent. However, they can be in a different location, rotated or flipped over.
Folding instructions: Cut your larger square into 4 smaller squares.
Have some smaller squares already cut available for pupils with cutting difficulties.
In the following activities, use 2 of the smaller squares.
One group should make a larger square by composing all of the small squares together. The other group should make a larger rectangle composed with all of their small squares.
There will possibly be some difficulty in composing the larger shapes with all of the smaller squares. The pupils will investigate the same and different properties of each larger shape.
Folding instructions: Fold together opposite sides in two of the smaller squares.
Fold together the opposite shorter sides of 2 rectangles and then open the folds.
Fold opposite vertices in the two opened squares.
Fold as shown, with both squares.
Folding instructions: With both shapes, fold the right-angle vertices into 2 smaller triangles.
Folding instructions: Turn over the shapes.
Fold your shapes as shown and then open.
With another smaller square, fold opposite sides together to form a rectangle.
Fold back the vertex of the shape as shown and put the head of the dog onto the rectangle.
The concepts: polygons, their sides and vertices.
|
0.999697 |
"12 фактов", в которой расскажу вам о нашей команде. Каждый выпуск посвящен 12 интересным фактам об одном из наших преподавателей.
Женственная, целеустремлённая и доброжелательная, сегодня она – звезда нашего интервью!
— If you had a day off from work and study, where would you go/what would you do?
— I would sleep and eat a lot, and I would go to another city to walk, drink coffee and enjoy my life.
Я бы отдала все силы сну и еде. Еще я бы поехала в другой город, наслаждалась бы прогулкой, кофе и жизнью в целом.
— Top-5 books everyone should read in your opinion ? What makes them good?
— «The Master and Margarita» by Bulgakov, «Jane Eyre» by Bronte, «Pride and Prejudice» by Austen, «The Picture of Dorian Gray» by Wilde, «Seagull Jonathan Livingston» by Bach.
— 10 Things you want to do before 30.
— To climb the career ladder, to deliver a baby, to buy a flat, to visit at least 5 countries, to go to ballroom dance courses, to become confident in everything I do, to learn to cook sophisticated dishes, to get a driving license, to buy a car, to knit a sweater.
Добиться успехов в карьере, родить ребенка, купить квартиру, побывать хотя бы в 5 странах, записаться на уроки бальных танцев, стать уверенной во всех поступках, научиться готовить блюда высокой кухни, получить водительские права, купить машину, связать свитер.
— We know that you are a good singer. Tell us more about your hobby.
— I finished music school where I learnt to play the piano. My mother is a musician, and she inculcated love of music in me.
— 5 weird things you like?
— It's the smell of soap powder, as well as a slice of lemon while drinking tea but there should be no sugar and that slice shouldn't be put in tea. I often watch the same movie several times, choose cosmetics for a long time and listen to a song I like at least 10 times (when I hear it for the first time).
— Are you a superstitious person? Do you believe in Omens?
— I am a little bit superstitious. I don't believe in all the omens, but I'm still not very happy when I see a black cat on my way.
— Did you have a list of dream jobs in childhood? What was the first one?
— First of all I wanted to be a singer. But as a teen I wanted to be a journalist.
— Do you like to cook? What was the most difficult dish to cook?
— I like tasty dishes, that's why I cook. I can't say that I am very keen on cooking. I just don't mind doing it when I have enough time, then it feels good. The most sophisticated meal I've cooked is the cake «Mosaic».
— Are you a dog or cat person?
— I would classify myself as a cat person, though I don't have any pets at all, as I am not ready to have one.
— A quote you try to live by/or just want to?
— Contented with little yet wishing for more.
— The craziest thing you have ever done?
— I was enjoying the trip on a yacht at sea, and to reach the yacht I had to use an inflatable boat. It was at night. Since I am not a good swimmer, it was scaring.
— Your biggest dream in life?
— To live happily with my future family in a cozy house and at the same time to have enough time for self-development, career, travelling and for myself.
|
0.999539 |
65th annual Emmy Awards: Who’s nominated?
(CNN) -- The Academy of Television Arts and Sciences, with help from "Breaking Bad's" Aaron Paul and this year's host, Neil Patrick Harris, has revealed the nominees for the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards.
Take a look at the partial list below and let us know what you think -- any nods that surprise you?
"Breaking Bad" "Downton Abbey" "Game of Thrones" "Homeland" "House of Cards" "Mad Men"
Connie Britton, "Nashville" Claire Danes, "Homeland" Michelle Dockery, "Downton Abbey" Vera Farmiga, "Bates Motel" Elisabeth Moss, "Mad Men" Kerry Washington, "Scandal" Robin Wright, "House of Cards"
Hugh Bonneville, "Downton Abbey" Bryan Cranston, "Breaking Bad" Jeff Daniels, "The Newsroom" Jon Hamm, "Mad Men" Damian Lewis, "Homeland" Kevin Spacey, "House of Cards"
Bobby Cannavale, "Boardwalk Empire" Jonathan Banks, "Breaking Bad" Aaron Paul, "Breaking Bad" Jim Carter, "Downton Abbey" Peter Dinklage, "Game of Thrones" Mandy Patinkin, "Homeland"
Anna Gunn, "Breaking Bad" Maggie Smith, "Downton Abbey" Emilia Clarke, "Game of Thrones" Christine Baranski, "The Good Wife" Morena Baccarin, "Homeland" Christina Hendricks, "Mad Men"
"The Big Bang Theory" "Girls" "Louie" "Modern Family" "Veep" "30 Rock"
Laura Dern, "Enlightened" Lena Dunham, "Girls" Edie Falco, "Nurse Jackie" Tina Fey, "30 Rock" Julia Louis-Dreyfus, "Veep" Amy Poehler, "Parks and Recreation"
Alec Baldwin, "30 Rock" Jason Bateman, "Arrested Development" Louis CK, "Louie" Don Cheadle, "House of Lies" Matt LeBlanc, "Episodes" Jim Parsons, "The Big Bang Theory"
Adam Driver, "Girls" Jesse Tyler Ferguson, "Modern Family" Ed O'Neill, "Modern Family" Ty Burrell, "Modern Family" Bill Hader, "Saturday Night Live" Tony Hale, "Veep"
Mayim Bialik, "The Big Bang Theory" Jane Lynch, "Glee" Sofia Vergara, "Modern Family" Julie Bowen, "Modern Family" Merritt Wever, "Nurse Jackie" Jane Krakowski, "30 Rock" Anna Chlumsky, "Veep"
"American Horror Story: Asylum" "Behind the Candelabra" "The Bible" "Top of the Lake" "Phil Spector" "Political Animals"
Michael Douglas, "Behind the Candelabra" Matt Damon, "Behind the Candelabra" Toby Jones, "The Girl" Benedict Cumberbatch, "Parade's End" Al Pacino, "Phil Spector"
Jessica Lange, "American Horror Story: Asylum Laura Linney, "The Big C: Hereafter" Helen Mirren, "Phil Spector" Sigourney Weaver, "Political Animals" Elisabeth Moss, "Top of the Lake"
James Cromwell, "American Horror Story: The Asylum" Zachary Quinto, "American Horror Story: The Asylum" Scott Bakula, "Behind the Candelabra" John Benjamin Hickey, "The Big C: Hereafter" Peter Mullan, "Top of the Lake"
Sarah Paulson, "American Horror Story: Asylum" Imelda Staunton, "The Girl" Ellen Burstyn, "Political Animals" Charlotte Rampling, "Restless" Alfre Woodard, "Steel Magnolias"
"The Amazing Race" "Dancing With the Stars" "Project Runway" "So You Think You Can Dance" Top Chef" "The Voice"
Ryan Seacrest, "American Idol" Betty White, "Betty White's Off Their Rockers" Tom Bergeron, "Dancing with the Stars" Heidi Klum and Tim Gunn, "Project Runway" Cat Deeley, "So You Think You Can Dance" Anthony Bourdain, "The Taste"
"The Colbert Report" "The Daily Show with Jon Stewart" "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon" "Real Time with Bill Maher" "Saturday Night Live"
To see the full list of nominees, visit Emmys.com.
|
0.995317 |
The judge in the case addressed two separate issues when making her ruling. First, she ruled that the request in itself went too far because it wasn't narrow enough. However, she also found that forcing someone to unlock a phone could be tantamount to self-incrimination. Ultimately, the judge believes these types of security measures should be given the same treatment as a passcode used to protect a phone. Previous rulings have found that passcodes are different than biometric features because they require a person to actually verbalize the code.
Therefore, it could be considered testimony that is protected by the Fifth Amendment. However, that created a paradox that was resolved by the judge's ruling. She noted that this was a case in which technology was moving faster than the law could keep up. The judge suggested that law enforcement ask Facebook for messages or other information as that would not infringe on a person's right to remain silent.
Individuals who are facing allegations of extortion or committing any other type of crimes may need the help of legal counsel. Penalties for a criminal conviction could include jail time, fines or the loss of professional licenses. Legal professionals may be able to help defendants obtain plea deals or other favorable outcomes in their cases. Leverage for a plea deal could be obtained by successfully moving to have evidence in a matter suppressed before trial.
|
0.966022 |
Buying a car BRAND new and I mean your average car, is a horrible decision. I knew every new car depreciates the moment it’s driven off a lot but I never truly knew how much until I started doing this entire wholesale stuff. For instance, brand new Jeep’s with their 50k+ stickers can be bought used with sub 12k miles for some $10,000 or more back of MSRP.
|
0.983564 |
In political and social sciences, communism (from Latin communis – common, universal) is a social, political, and economic ideology and movement whose ultimate goal is the establishment of the communist society, which is a socioeconomic order structured upon the common ownership of the means of production, absence of social classes, money, and the state.
Communism includes a variety of schools of thought, which broadly include Marxism, anarchism (anarchist communism) and the political ideologies grouped around both. All these hold in common the analysis that the current order of society stems from its economic system, capitalism, that in this system, there are two major social classes: the working class – who must work to survive, and who make up a majority of society – and the capitalist class – a minority who derive profit from employing the proletariat, through private ownership of the means of production (the physical and institutional means with which commodities are produced and distributed), and that political, social and economic conflict between these two classes will trigger a fundamental change in the economic system, and by extension a wide-ranging transformation of society. The primary element which will enable this transformation, according to this analysis, is the social ownership of the means of production.
The origins of communism are debatable, and there are various historical groups, as well as theorists, whose beliefs have been subsequently described as communist. German philosopher Karl Marx saw primitive communism as the original, hunter-gatherer state of humankind from which it arose. For Marx, only after humanity was capable of producing surplus, did private property develop. The idea of a classless society first emerged in Ancient Greece. Plato, writing in The Republic around 380 BC, described it as a state where people shared all their property, wives, and children: "The private and individual is altogether banished from life and things which are by nature private, such as eyes and ears and hands, have become common, and in some way see and hear and act in common, and all men express praise and feel joy and sorrow on the same occasions."
Communist thought has also been traced back to the work of 16th-century English writer Thomas More. In his treatise Utopia (1516), More portrayed a society based on common ownership of property, whose rulers administered it through the application of reason. In the 17th century, communist thought surfaced again in England, where a Puritan religious group known as the "Diggers" advocated the abolition of private ownership of land. Eduard Bernstein, in his 1895 Cromwell and Communism argued that several groupings in the English Civil War, especially the Diggers espoused clear communistic, agrarian ideals, and that Oliver Cromwell's attitude to these groups was at best ambivalent and often hostile. Criticism of the idea of private property continued into the Age of Enlightenment of the 18th century, through such thinkers as Jean Jacques Rousseau in France. Later, following the upheaval of the French Revolution, communism emerged as a political doctrine.
Countries of the world now (red) or previously (orange) having nominally Marxist–Leninist governments.
The 1917 October Revolution in Russia set the conditions for the rise to state power of Lenin's Bolsheviks, which was the first time any avowedly communist party reached that position. The revolution transferred power to the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, in which the Bolsheviks had a majority. The event generated a great deal of practical and theoretical debate within the Marxist movement. Marx predicted that socialism and communism would be built upon foundations laid by the most advanced capitalist development. Russia, however, was one of the poorest countries in Europe with an enormous, largely illiterate peasantry and a minority of industrial workers. Marx had explicitly stated that Russia might be able to skip the stage of bourgeois rule. Other socialists also believed that a Russian revolution could be the precursor of workers' revolutions in the West.
The moderate Mensheviks opposed Lenin's Bolshevik plan for socialist revolution before capitalism was more fully developed. The Bolsheviks' successful rise to power was based upon the slogans such as "Peace, bread, and land" which tapped the massive public desire for an end to Russian involvement in the First World War, the peasants' demand for land reform, and popular support for the Soviets.
The Second International had dissolved in 1916 over national divisions, as the separate national parties that composed it did not maintain a unified front against the war, instead generally supporting their respective nation's role. Lenin thus created the Third International (Comintern) in 1919 and sent the Twenty-one Conditions, which included democratic centralism, to all European socialist parties willing to adhere. In France, for example, the majority of the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) party split in 1921 to form the French Section of the Communist International (SFIC). Henceforth, the term "Communism" was applied to the objective of the parties founded under the umbrella of the Comintern. Their program called for the uniting of workers of the world for revolution, which would be followed by the establishment of a dictatorship of the proletariat as well as the development of a socialist economy.
Following Lenin's democratic centralism, the Leninist parties were organized on a hierarchical basis, with active cells of members as the broad base; they were made up only of elite cadres approved by higher members of the party as being reliable and completely subject to party discipline. The Great Purge of 1937–1938 was Stalin's attempt to destroy any possible opposition within the Communist Party. In the Moscow Trials many old Bolsheviks who had played prominent roles during the Russian Revolution of 1917, or in Lenin's Soviet government afterwards, including Kamenev, Zinoviev, Rykov, and Bukharin, were accused, pleaded guilty, and executed.
Following World War II, Marxist–Leninists consolidated power in Central and Eastern Europe, and in 1949, the Communist Party of China (CPC), led by Mao Zedong, established the People's Republic of China, which would follow its own ideological path of development following the Sino-Soviet split. Cuba, North Korea, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Afghanistan, Angola, Mozambique and the countries that were part of the former Yugoslavia were among the other countries in the Third World that adopted or imposed a government run by a Marxist–Leninist party at some point. By the early 1980s almost one-third of the world's population lived in states ruled by a self-proclaimed Marxist–Leninist party, including the former Soviet Union and the PRC.
USSR postage stamp depicting the states ruled by self-proclaimed communist parties, launching the first artificial satellite Sputnik 1.
Its leading role in the Second World War saw the emergence of the Soviet Union as a superpower, with strong influence over Eastern Europe and parts of Asia. The European and Japanese empires were shattered and Communist parties played a leading role in many independence movements.
Marxist–Leninist governments modeled on the Soviet Union took power with Soviet assistance in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Poland, Hungary and Romania. A Marxist–Leninist government was also created under Marshal Tito in Yugoslavia, but Tito's independent policies led to the expulsion of Yugoslavia from the Cominform, which had replaced the Comintern, and Titoism was branded "deviationist". Albania also became an independent Marxist–Leninist state after World War II.
By 1950, the Chinese Marxist–Leninists had taken over all of mainland China. In the Korean War and Vietnam War, communists fought for power in their countries against the United States and its allies. With varying degrees of success, communists attempted to unite with nationalist and socialist forces against perceived Western imperialism in these poor countries.
Communism was seen as a rival of and a threat to western capitalism for most of the 20th century. This rivalry peaked during the Cold War, as the world's two remaining superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, polarized most of the world into two camps of nations. It supported the spread of their respective economic and political systems. As a result, the camps expanded their military capacity, stockpiled nuclear weapons, and competed in space exploration.
A demonstration of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Moscow, December 2011.
In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev became leader of the Soviet Union and relaxed central control, in accordance with reform policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring). The Soviet Union did not intervene as Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary all abandoned Marxist–Leninist rule by 1990. In 1991, the Soviet Union dissolved.
At present, states controlled by Marxist–Leninist parties under a single-party system include the People's Republic of China, Cuba, Laos, and Vietnam. North Korea currently refers to its leading ideology as Juche, which is portrayed as a development of Marxism–Leninism. Communist parties, or their descendant parties, remain politically important in a number of other countries. The South African Communist Party is a partner in the African National Congress-led government. In India, communists lead the governments of three states, with a combined population of more than 115 million. In Nepal, communists hold a majority in the parliament. The Communist Party of Brazil is a part of the parliamentary coalition led by the ruling democratic socialist Workers' Party and is represented in the executive cabinet of Dilma Rousseff.
The People's Republic of China has reassessed many aspects of the Maoist legacy; it, along with Laos, Vietnam, and, to a lesser degree Cuba, has reduced state control of the economy in order to stimulate growth. Chinese economic reforms started in 1978 under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping; since then, China has managed to bring down the poverty rate from 53% in the Mao era to just 6% in 2001. The People's Republic of China runs Special Economic Zones dedicated to market-oriented enterprise, free from central government control. Several other states run by self-proclaimed Marxist–Leninist parties have also attempted to implement market-based reforms, including Vietnam.
The ruling stratum of the Soviet Union was, by Trotskyism, held to be a bureaucratic caste, but not a new ruling class, despite their political control.
Marxism, first developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, has been the foremost ideology of the communist movement. Marxism considers itself to be the embodiment of scientific socialism; rather than model an "ideal society" based on intellectuals' design, it is a non-idealist attempt at the understanding of society and history, through an analysis based in real life. Marxism does not see communism as a "state of affairs" to be established, but rather as the expression of a real movement, with parameters which are derived completely from real life and not based on any intelligent design. Marxism, therefore, does no blueprinting of a communist society; it only makes an analysis which concludes what will trigger its implementation, and discovers its fundamental characteristics based on the derivation of real life conditions.
At the root of Marxism is the materialist conception of history, known as historical materialism for short. It holds that the key characteristic of economic systems through history has been the mode of production, and that the change between modes of production has been triggered by class struggle. According to this analysis, the Industrial Revolution ushered the world into a new mode of production: capitalism. Before capitalism, certain working classes had ownership of instruments utilized in production. But because machinery was much more efficient, this property became worthless, and the mass majority of workers could only survive by selling their labor, working through making use of someone else's machinery, and therefore making someone else profit. Thus with capitalism, the world was divided between two major classes: the proletariat and the bourgeoisie. These classes are directly antagonistic: the bourgeoisie has private ownership of the means of production and earns a profit off surplus value, which is generated by the proletariat, which has no ownership of the means of production and therefore no option but to sell its labor to the bourgeoisie.
Historical materialism goes on and says: the rising bourgeoisie within feudalism, through the furtherance of its own material interests, captured power and abolished, of all relations of private property, only the feudal privileges, and with this took out of existence the feudal ruling class. This was another of the keys behind the consolidation of capitalism as the new mode of production, which is the final expression of class and property relations, and also has led into a massive expansion of production. It is, therefore, only in capitalism that private property in itself can be abolished. The proletariat, similarly, will capture political power, abolish bourgeois property through the common ownership of the means of production, therefore abolishing the bourgeoisie, and ultimately abolishing the proletariat itself, and ushering the world into a new mode of production: communism. In between capitalism and communism there is the dictatorship of the proletariat, a democratic state where the whole of the public authority is elected and recallable under the basis of universal suffrage; it is the defeat of the bourgeois state, but not yet of the capitalist mode of production, and at the same time the only element which places into the realm of possibility moving on from this mode of production.
An important concept in Marxism is socialization vs. nationalization. Nationalization is merely state ownership of property, whereas socialization is actual control and management of property by society. Marxism considers socialization its goal, and considers nationalization a tactical issue, with state ownership still being in the realm of the capitalist mode of production. In the words of Engels: "the transformation [...] into State-ownership does not do away with the capitalistic nature of the productive forces. [...] State-ownership of the productive forces is not the solution of the conflict, but concealed within it are the technical conditions that form the elements of that solution". This has led some Marxist groups and tendencies to label states such as the Soviet Union, based on nationalization, as state capitalist.
"We want to achieve a new and better order of society: in this new and better society there must be neither rich nor poor; all will have to work. Not a handful of rich people, but all the working people must enjoy the fruits of their common labour. Machines and other improvements must serve to ease the work of all and not to enable a few to grow rich at the expense of millions and tens of millions of people. This new and better society is called socialist society. The teachings about this society are called 'socialism'."
After disposing of the Bourgeois dictatorship through socialist revolution, Leninists seek to create a socialist state in which the working class would be in power, which they see as being essential for laying the foundations for a transitional withering of the state towards communism (Stateless society). Instead, Leninism advocates the concept of democratic centralism as a process to ensure the voicing of concern and disagreement and to refine policy. Generally, the purpose of democratic centralism is "diversity in ideas, unity in action."
Marxism–Leninism is a political ideology developed by Stalin, which according to its proponents is based in Marxism and Leninism. The term describes the specific political ideology which Stalin implemented in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and, in a global scale, in the Comintern. There is no definite agreement between historians of about whether Stalin actually followed the principles of Marx and Lenin. It also contains aspects which, according to some, are deviations from Marxism, such as "socialism in one country". Marxism–Leninism was the ideology of the most clearly visible communist movement. As such, it is the most prominent ideology associated with communism.
Marxism–Leninism refers to the socioeconomic system and political ideology implemented by Stalin in the Soviet Union and later copied by other states based on the Soviet model (central planning, single-party state, etc.), whereas Stalinism refers to Stalin's style of governance (political repression, cult of personality, etc.); Marxism–Leninism stayed after de-Stalinization, Stalinism did not. However, the term "Stalinism" is sometimes used to refer to Marxism–Leninism, sometimes to avoid implying Marxism–Leninism is related to Marxism and Leninism.
Maoism is a form of Marxism–Leninism associated with Chinese leader Mao Zedong. After de-Stalinization, Marxism–Leninism was kept in the Soviet Union but certain anti-revisionist tendencies, such as Hoxhaism and Maoism, argued that it was deviated from. Therefore, different policies were applied in Albania and China, which became more distanced from the Soviet Union.
Marxism–Leninism has been criticized by other communist and Marxist tendencies. They argue that Marxist–Leninist states did not establish socialism but rather state capitalism. The dictatorship of the proletariat, according to Marxism, represents the rule of the majority (democracy) rather than of one party, to the extent that co-founder of Marxism Friedrich Engels described its "specific form" as the democratic republic. Additionally, according to Engels, state property by itself is private property of capitalist nature unless the proletariat has control of political power, in which case it forms public property. Whether the proletariat was actually in control of the Marxist–Leninist states is a matter of debate between Marxism–Leninism and other communist tendencies. To these tendencies, Marxism–Leninism is neither Marxism nor Leninism nor the union of both, but rather an artificial term created to justify Stalin's ideological distortion, forced into the CPSU and Comintern. In the Soviet Union, this struggle against Marxism–Leninism was represented by Trotskyism, which describes itself as a Marxist and Leninist tendency.
Trotskyism is a Marxist and Leninist tendency that was developed by Leon Trotsky, opposed to Marxism–Leninism. It supports the theory of permanent revolution and world revolution instead of the two stage theory and socialism in one country. It supported proletarian internationalism and another Communist revolution in the Soviet Union, which Trotsky claimed had become a "degenerated worker's state" under the leadership of Stalin, rather than the dictatorship of the proletariat, in which class relations had re-emerged in a new form.
Trotsky and his supporters, struggling against Stalin for power in the Soviet Union, organized into the Left Opposition and their platform became known as Trotskyism. Stalin eventually succeeded in gaining control of the Soviet regime and Trotskyist attempts to remove Stalin from power resulted in Trotsky's exile from the Soviet Union in 1929. Trotsky later founded the Fourth International, a Trotskyist rival to the Comintern, in 1938.
Trotsky's politics differed sharply from those of Stalin and Mao, most importantly in declaring the need for an international proletarian revolution (rather than socialism in one country) and unwavering support for a true dictatorship of the proletariat based on democratic principles.
Libertarian Marxism refers to a broad scope of economic and political philosophies that emphasize the anti-authoritarian aspects of Marxism. Early currents of libertarian Marxism, known as left communism, emerged in opposition to Marxism–Leninism and its derivatives, such as Stalinism, Maoism, and Trotskyism. Libertarian Marxism is also critical of reformist positions, such as those held by social democrats. Libertarian Marxist currents often draw from Marx and Engels' later works, specifically the Grundrisse and The Civil War in France; emphasizing the Marxist belief in the ability of the working class to forge its own destiny without the need for a revolutionary party or state to mediate or aid its liberation. Along with anarchism, Libertarian Marxism is one of the main currents of libertarian socialism.
The central argument of council communism, in contrast to those of social democracy and Leninist communism, is that democratic workers' councils arising in the factories and municipalities are the natural form of working class organization and governmental power. This view is opposed to both the reformist and the Leninist ideologies, with their stress on, respectively, parliaments and institutional government (i.e., by applying social reforms, on the one hand, and vanguard parties and participative democratic centralism on the other).
Rosa Luxemburg, inspiration of left communism.
Left communism is the range of communist viewpoints held by the communist left,[clarification needed] which criticizes the political ideas of the Bolsheviks at certain periods, from a position that is asserted to be more authentically Marxist and proletarian than the views of Leninism held by the Communist International after its first and during its second congress.
Left communists see themselves to the left of Leninists (whom they tend to see as 'left of capital', not socialists), anarchist communists (some of whom they consider internationalist socialists) as well as some other revolutionary socialist tendencies (for example De Leonists, who they tend to see as being internationalist socialists only in limited instances).
Peter Kropotkin, main theorist of anarcho-communism.
Anarchist communism (also known as libertarian communism) is a theory of anarchism which advocates the abolition of the state, private property, and capitalism in favor of common ownership of the means of production, direct democracy and a horizontal network of voluntary associations and workers' councils with production and consumption based on the guiding principle: "from each according to his ability, to each according to his need".
See also Criticisms of Marxism and Criticisms of socialism for a discussion of objections to socialism in general.
Criticism of communism can be divided into two broad categories: those concerning themselves with the practical aspects of 20th century Communist states, and those concerning themselves with communist principles and theory.
Criticisms of communist party rule is an article dealing with criticisms of the practical policies implemented by 20th century governments claiming to follow the ideology of Marxism–Leninism (these are usually called "Communist states" in the West).
Criticisms of Marxism is an article dealing with criticisms of Marxist theory itself.
^ a b Richard Pipes Communism: A History (2001) ISBN 978-0-8129-6864-4, pp. 3–5.
^ "Historical Background for Spartacus". Vroma.org. Archived from the original on 2011-07-29. Retrieved 2009-10-18.
^ "Diggers' Manifesto". Archived from the original on 2011-07-29. Retrieved 2011-07-19.
^ "Eduard Bernstein: Cromwell and Communism (1895)".
^ Eduard Bernstein, (1895). Kommunistische und demokratisch-sozialistische Strömungen während der englischen Revolution, J.H.W. Dietz, Stuttgart. OCLC 36367345 Sources available at Eduard Bernstein: Cromwell and Communism (1895) at http://www.marxists.org.
^ a b c "Communism." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
^ Norman Davies. "Communism" The Oxford Companion to World War II. Ed. I. C. B. Dear and M. R. D. Foot. Oxford University Press, 2001.
^ "Kushtetuta e Republikës Popullore Socialiste të Shqipërisë : [miratuar nga Kuvendi Popullor më 28. 12. 1976]. – SearchWorks (SULAIR)" (in Albanian). Archived from the original on 2011-07-29. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
^ "Nepal's election The Maoists triumph Economist.com". Economist.com. 2008-04-17. Archived from the original on 2011-07-29. Retrieved 2009-10-18.
^ Marx, Karl. The German Ideology. 1845. Part I: Feuerbach. Opposition of the Materialist and Idealist Outlook. A. Idealism and Materialism. "Communism is for us not a state of affairs which is to be established, an ideal to which reality [will] have to adjust itself. We call communism the real movement which abolishes the present state of things. The conditions of this movement result from the premises now in existence."
^ Engels, Friedrich. Marx & Engels Selected Works, Volume One, p. 81-97, Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1969. "Principles of Communism". #4 - "How did the proletariat originate?"
^ Engels, Friedrich. Marx & Engels Selected Works, Volume One, p. 81-97, Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1969. "Principles of Communism". #15 - "Was not the abolition of private property possible at an earlier time?"
^ Engels, Friedrich. Socialism: Utopian and Scientific. Chapter 3. "But, the transformation — either into joint-stock companies and trusts, or into State-ownership — does not do away with the capitalistic nature of the productive forces. In the joint-stock companies and trusts, this is obvious. And the modern State, again, is only the organization that bourgeois society takes on in order to support the external conditions of the capitalist mode of production against the encroachments as well of the workers as of individual capitalists. The modern state, no matter what its form, is essentially a capitalist machine — the state of the capitalists, the ideal personification of the total national capital. The more it proceeds to the taking over of productive forces, the more does it actually become the national capitalist, the more citizens does it exploit. The workers remain wage-workers — proletarians. The capitalist relation is not done away with. It is, rather, brought to a head. But, brought to a head, it topples over. State-ownership of the productive forces is not the solution of the conflict, but concealed within it are the technical conditions that form the elements of that solution."
^ Г. Лисичкин (G. Lisichkin), Мифы и реальность, Новый мир (Novy Mir), 1989, № 3, p. 59 Invalid language code.
^ Александр Бутенко (Aleksandr Butenko), Социализм сегодня: опыт и новая теория// Журнал Альтернативы, №1, 1996, pp. 2–22 Invalid language code.
^ Contemporary Marxism, Issues 4-5. Synthesis Publications, 1981. Page 151. "socialism in one country, a pragmatic deviation from classical Marxism".
^ North Korea Under Communism: Report of an Envoy to Paradise. Cornell Erik. Page 169. "Socialism in one country, a slogan that aroused protests as not only it implied a major deviation from Marxist internationalism, but was also strictly speaking incompatible with the basic tenets of Marxism".
^ A Critique of the Draft Social-Democratic Program of 1891. Marx & Engels Collected Works Volume 27, p. 217. "If one thing is certain it is that our party and the working class can only come to power under the form of a democratic republic. This is even the specific form for the dictatorship of the proletariat"
^ "Socialism: Utopian and Scientific". Friedrich Engels. Part III. Progress Publishers. "But, the transformation — either into joint-stock companies and trusts, or into State-ownership — does not do away with the capitalistic nature of the productive forces."
^ "Socialism: Utopian and Scientific". Friedrich Engels. Part III. Progress Publishers. "The proletariat seizes the public power, and by means of this transforms the socialized means of production, slipping from the hands of the bourgeoisie, into public property. By this act, the proletariat frees the means of production from the character of capital they have thus far borne, and gives their socialized character complete freedom to work itself out"
^ History for the IB Diploma: Communism in Crisis 1976-89. Allan Todd. Page 16. "The term Marxism–Leninism, invented by Stalin, was not used until after Lenin's death in 1924. It soon came to be used in Stalin's Soviet Union to refer to what he described as 'orthodox Marxism'. This increasingly came to mean what Stalin himself had to say about political and economic issues." [...] "However, many Marxists (even members of the Communist Party itself) believed that Stalin's ideas and practices (such as socialism in one country and the purges) were almost total distortions of what Marx and Lenin had said".
^ Pierce, Wayne."Libertarian Marxism's Relation to Anarchism" "The Utopian" 73–80.
^ a b Hermann Gorter, Anton Pannekoek and Sylvia Pankhurst (2007). Non-Leninist Marxism: Writings on the Workers Councils. St Petersburg, Florida: Red and Black Publishers. ISBN 978-0-9791813-6-8.
^ Marot, Eric. "Trotsky, the Left Opposition and the Rise of Stalinism: Theory and Practice"
^ "The Retreat of Social Democracy ... Re-imposition of Work in Britain and the 'Social Europe'" "Aufheben" Issue #8 1999.
^ Hal Draper (1971). The Principle of Self-Emancipation in Marx and Engels. The Socialist Register. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
^ Chomsky, Noam. "Government In The Future" Poetry Center of the New York YM-YWHA. Lecture.
^ "A libertarian Marxist tendency map". libcom.org. Retrieved 2011-10-01.
^ Alan James Mayne (1999). From Politics Past to Politics Future: An Integrated Analysis of Current and Emergent Paradigms. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 316. ISBN 978-0-275-96151-0. Retrieved 2010-09-20.
^ Anarchism for Know-It-Alls. Filiquarian Publishing. 2008. ISBN 978-1-59986-218-7. Retrieved 2010-09-20.
^ a b ""What is Anarchist Communism?" by Wayne Price". Archived from the original on 2011-07-29.
^ "Bob Black. Nightmares of Reason". Archived from the original on 2011-07-29.
^ a b Von Mises, Ludwig (1990). Economic calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth (PDF). Ludwig von Mises Institute. Retrieved 2008-09-08.
^ a b F. A. Hayek, (1935), "The Nature and History of the Problem" and "The Present State of the Debate," om in F. A. Hayek, ed. Collectivist Economic Planning, pp. 1–40, 201–43.
^ Zoltan J. Acs & Bernard Young. Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in the Global Economy. University of Michigan Press, p. 47, 1999.
^ John Kenneth Galbraith, The Good Society: The Humane Agenda, (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1996), 59–60."
^ Hans-Hermann Hoppe (1989). A Theory of Socialism and Capitalism (PDF). New York City: Springer Publishing. ISBN 0-89838-279-3. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
^ Friedrich Hayek (1944). The Road to Serfdom. University Of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-32061-8.
^ Bellamy, Richard (2003). The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought. Cambridge University Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-521-56354-3.
^ Self, Peter. Socialism. A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy, editors Goodin, Robert E. and Pettit, Philip. Blackwell Publishing, 1995, p. 339 "Extreme equality overlooks the diversity of individual talents, tastes and needs, and save in a utopian society of unselfish individuals would entail strong coercion; but even short of this goal, there is the problem of giving reasonable recognition to different individual needs, tastes (for work or leisure) and talents. It is true therefore that beyond some point the pursuit of equality runs into controversial or contradictory criteria of need or merit."
"Ci–Cz Volume 4". World Book. Chicago, Illinois: World Book, Inc. 2008. ISBN 978-0-7166-0108-1.
Caplan, Byran (2008). Communism. The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics (2nd ed.). Library of Economics and Liberty. ISBN 978-0-86597-665-8. OCLC 237794267.
40x40px Wikimedia Commons has media related to Communism.
40x40px Look up communism in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
12px "Communism". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
12px Samuel McCune Lindsay (1905). "Communism". New International Encyclopedia.
|
0.949713 |
What do you feel has been your best piece of music to date? If it could be played anywhere in the world what spot would be the best place in to fully experience it?
"I have a soft spot for "Hex These Rules", I like that it's a feel good song that also features a sample from Richard Pryor as a sleazy preacher! I actually have the perfect location for listening to the song: they recently opened a recreation of the "Saved by the Bell" diner called "Saved by the Max" in West Hollywood. It's Neon-tinged, full of lurid colors, and unabashedly 1980s."
|
0.954648 |
To express in terms of $i$ simply divide the number under the radical by -1 and write i as a multiplier. $-\sqrt 17$ is not reducible. Thus the answer is $-\sqrt 17$i.
|
0.999775 |
Raspberry Ketone is a product that uses a natural ingredient found in raspberries, known as Raspberry Ketone. This enzyme is a recent discovery from the berry that is already known for its many antioxidant properties, and it is proving to be a source of keen interest for many people in the fitness and weight loss world.
Raspberry Ketone is a product that uses a natural ingredient found in raspberries, known as Raspberry Ketone. This enzyme is a recent discovery from the berry that is already known for its many antioxidant properties, and it is proving to be a source of keen interest for many people in the fitness and weight loss world. Raspberries have been used throughout history as a supplement, as well as in many medicines. Raspberries are known to be high in antioxidants, which help to keep the body functioning properly despite the advance of age. Raspberries have also been thought to help relax the blood vessels, which can help to avoid heart problems and other disorders. However, the discovery of Raspberry Ketone has led to an interesting conclusion that raspberries may be a good source of nutrients that can help lead to weight loss. The Raspberry Ketone enzyme is believed to be a valuable counter to weight gain resulting from a high fat diet, meaning that it can play a vital role in helping to control weight loss and gain.
The compound known as Raspberry Ketone has direct interaction with the fat cells in the body, and it is proving to be effective in helping to induce fat burning and overall weight loss in the human body.
As a dietary supplement, take one (1) to two (2) capsules 30 minutes before a meal. For additional results, this product can also be taken 30 minutes before a workout or exercise routine.
The best diet to follow while taking Raspberry Ketones is a diet rich in whole, natural foods with a focus on lean proteins, fruits, vegetables, and complex carbohydrates.
Raspberry Ketones are chemically related to synephrine, which is a stimulant. Customers who have sensitivity to stimulants should consult their physician before adding this into their diet. If a customer has an allergy to raspberries, this product should be avoided. Customers should always consult their physician before introducing a new supplement into their diet.
|
0.952736 |
Assistance for Mesothelioma Patients Asbestos, the main leading cause of the highly cancerous disease mesothelioma, has been of wide industrial use for thousands of years already because of its fire resistant quality that has made it quite ideal for designing and building durable materials. Unfortunately, the health risks of continued exposure to this fibrous mineral did not come into picture until the first few years after the year 1900, where an alarming number of lung illnesses and deaths occurred particularly in towns that conduct asbestos mining for long years already, a case which soon prompted postmortem examinations of afflicted patients that eventually revealed noticeable traces of the asbestos mineral in their lungs, while common diagnosis only pointed pulmonary fibrosis. With the continuous rise of closely similar cases of lung disease especially among those that have years of work history in industrial factories that utilize asbestos, more in depth studies were made and later confirmed that the inhalation of asbestos for a prolonged time is indeed the culprit. However, since this discovery was a little late, it also means there was already a massive number of exposures particularly in the industrial sector where millions of people have worked closely with asbestos, and only years after the discovery were governments able to take actions to finally stop further exposure, with most laws prohibiting its use, and programs developed to help those that have been affected over the years. Although diseases that have been caused by prolonged exposure to the asbestos mineral has been cumulatively known as asbestosis, mesothelioma has become the most common type, and by far the deadliest as it targets the lungs and tends to spread to the heart and stomach and become malignant. In the USA, the initiative of the government has spawned the much needed and free medical assistance and compensation to individuals that have been exposed to high levels of asbestos, while certain private groups and institutions also provide services in home and building inspections to detect asbestos levels, especially old structures built before the 1900s.
Mesothelioma symptoms often include lung specific manifestations like generalized chest pain, wheezing, fatigue, anemia, difficulty breathing, blood in sputum or after coughing, loss of weight, and in severe cases, masses of tumors and pneumothorax. Today, however, we are quite fortunate to have advanced medical technology that has significantly improved survival and treatment of patients with mesothelioma as long as the patient seeks it early enough before it starts to spread.
Governments in most countries have also created helplines and communities to provide support and information, which can also assist those who are seeking legal compensation, patients only need to make sure that they get the help they need before it becomes too late.
|
0.999817 |
Waiter: The gentleman has not arrived yet?
Mrs. Claypool: No, he has not.
Waiter: I'm afraid the dinner will be spoiled.
Otis B. Driftwood: What difference does it make? It's too late to dine now.
Otis B. Driftwood: Oh, boy?
Otis B. Driftwood: Will you page Mr. Otis B. Driftwood, please? Mister Otis B. Driftwood.
Bellboy: Paging Mr. Driftwood! Mr. Driftwood!
Bellboy: [Driftwood's dinner companion giggles out loud] Mr. Driftwood! Mr. Driftwood!
Q: How much was $9.40 worth when this film was made?
A NIGHT AT THE OPERA (MGM, 1935) directed by Sam Wood, re-introduces the Marx Brothers to the screen following their five years at the Paramount studio (1929-1933) to MGM, this being the start of a new beginning and the end to their wild world of comedy. It also brings forth their most popular comic foil of all, Margaret Dumont, from their Broadway to Paramount days, and the return to a formula story and time out for musical interludes either by the brothers or the romantic lovers originally done in their initial films of THE COCOANUTS (1929) and ANIMAL CRACKERS (1930). Aside from now being The Three Marx Brothers (Zeppo who has since retired), their characters have been toned down a bit, which helps. However, at MGM, with this, their best film for the studio, Groucho and Harpo become victims instead of instigators, with such notable scenes as Harpo employed as a dresser for an abusive opera tenor (Walter Wolfe King) who slaps, hits and uses a whip on him (at one point off camera) whenever getting out of line with his buffoonery, and Groucho, who always wins out in every situation physically and verbally, getting kicked down four flights of stairs, which indicates they are not always indestructible, yet remain in character from the old days whenever possible. Chico retains his wiseacre Italian character, remaining notably the same from his previous efforts, however, things will start to change not for the better for him and his brothers in the movies to follow.
Plot summary: Introduction takes place in Milan, Italy, where Otis B. Driftwood (Groucho) agrees to represent dowager Mrs. Claypool (Margaret Dumont) into society by arranging for her to invest $200,000 to Herman Gottlieb (Sig Ruman), director of the opera company so that he can afford to bring opera singers Rudolpho Lassparri (Walter King) and Rosa Castaldi (Kitty Carlisle) to New York City. Rudolpho loves Rosa, but she is more interested in Ricardo Baroni (Allan Jones), an unknown singer working as a chorus-man, but with the help of Fiorelli (Chico), acting as his manager, and his partner, Tomasso (Harpo), the trio head for America by becoming stowaways on the S.S. Americus, hiding out in Driftwood's tiny stateroom in order for Ricardo to get his big chance as a singer. After Driftwood and his cronies arrive in at the Metropolitan Opera House, thanks to them in disrupting Rudolpho's performance that the art of opera will never be the same again.
The musical program: "Alone" (sung by Kitty Carlisle and Allan Jones) by Nacio Herb Brown and Arthur Freed; "Cosi-Cosa" (sung by Allan Jones) by Bronislau Kaper, Walter Jurmann and Ned Washington; "All I Do is Dream of You" (by Brown and Freed/piano solo by Chico Marx); "Alone" (harp solo by Harpo Marx); and selections from Il Trovatore by Guiseppi Verdi: "Di quella pira," "Miserere," "Anvil Chorus," "Stride la Vampa" "Strido lassu" and "Miserere." Allan Jones and Kitty Carlisle doing their duet, "Alone," him on the pear and she from the boat dock, Chico's fast finger piano playing, and Harpo's harp solo in a serious manner as he performs to a little old lady (facial shadow front only) who looks on approvingly, may not be highlights, but are truly memorable moments.
Highlights: Whenever anyone goes into discussion regarding A NIGHT AT THE OPERA, the first thing that comes immediately to mind is that famous state room scene involving Groucho, Chico and the sleeping Harpo, with various others involved, crammed together until the door opens, having them all falling out like dominoes. This hilarious bit is one that's remembered best with fondness and admiration. However, there are others worth noting: The opening where Dumont awaits for Groucho at a restaurant for an hour only to find him at the table behind her eating with another lady, is priceless; Groucho and Chico contract exchanges that becomes a "sanity clause"; arrested stowaway Harpo's attempt in escaping his detention cabin by crawling out of a porthole and hanging onto a rope outside only to be dumped into the ocean; Jones, Chico and Harpo in bearded disguises posing as celebrity aviators to give speeches on coast-to-coast radio, with the silent Harpo covering up his muteness by constantly drinking glasses of water; the disappearance of beds in Groucho's hotel room while the plainclothesman detective (Robert Emmett O'Connor) investigates; and of course, the climactic opera chaos by the Marxes, with one great bit with the orchestra playing the overture to "Take Me Out to the Ball Game" after coming to the page with the planted song sheets, with Groucho acting as a vendor yelling "Peanuts! Peanuts!" to the patrons. A classic with Callas.
The supporting players: Newcomer Allan Jones steps in for the role that might have been offered to Zeppo. He is a likable actor with a fine singing voice who performs well opposite Kitty Carlisle (another recruit from Paramount and rare screen appearance, being best known as the TV panelist in the long running quiz show, "To Tell the Truth").
Footnote: It is quite evident that prints that have been circulating since commercial television days isn't complete. Missing footage is quite evident during the opening minutes of the story where the movie originally began with a musical number prior to the restaurant scene involving Groucho and Dumont. At present, this, along with other cut footage, no longer exists. Timed at 96minutes, the 90 minute version is the one available on Turner Classic Movies, VHS and DVD formats. Maybe one of these years a completely restored print of A NIGHT AT THE OPERA will suffice, but for now, this will have to do.
|
0.999998 |
The complex rationale behind the persecution can be broken into four elements: a paranoid dictator's fear of Falun Gong's meteoric growth and soaring popularity; that same dictator's intense jealousy of Falun Dafa's popularity; the inherent conflict between the communist regime's savage political ideology and its polar opposite--Falun Dafa's principles of Truthfulness, Benevolence, Forbearance; and the very nature of communism, which to sustain itself requires periodically labeling a small segment of the population as the "class enemy" to "struggle" against.
How did the persecution start?
For three years prior to the official launch of the nationwide persecution in July 1999, practitioners were under increasingly intense government oppression. As early as 1996, Falun Gong books were banned from publication, and the first article criticizing Falun Gong was published in a major state-run newspaper. By 1998 and 1999, the police were disrupting group exercise sessions in parks. Propaganda attacks smearing Falun Gong in the state-run media increased. Following a series of events in April 1999 in which the police wrongly arrested and beat practitioners in Tianjin (please refer to Timeline for details), approximately 10,000 Falun Gong practitioners gathered in Beijing to peacefully petition the State Council Appeals office on April 25, 1999, asking for the release of the arrested practitioners, a redress of the ban on Falun Gong books and an end to government harassment of the practice. Although the gathering was exceptionally peaceful, and then-Premier Zhu Rongji met with practitioners and agreed to honor their requests, the official oppression accelerated soon after this event. On June 10, 1999, President Jiang Zemin established the 610 Office, a nationwide police agency with special authority over all local law enforcement bodies, governments and the courts, to spearhead the persecution of Falun Gong. On July 20, 1999, the police conducted sweeping arrests of coordinators of Falun Gong exercise sites. On July 22 an all-out media blitz was launched against Falun Gong and the practice was officially declared banned. Since that time, the persecution has continued unabated, regardless of the fact that no actual law exists that establishes the ban or allows the persecution.
|
0.999504 |
Here are some career options that a Industrial Electrician may move into. Make sure to read the job description to find out if these careers are right for you!
Industrial Electricians install, maintain, test, troubleshoot and repair industrial electrical equipment such as industrial controls, transmitters in low and medium voltage systems. They plan and lay out electrical systems based on technical specifications and drawings. They also interact with equipment operators to detect faulty equipment issues and with clients to plan electrical layout systems.
Education: A high school diploma is typically required, along with completion of a four- or five-year industrial electrician apprenticeship program. The apprenticeship program includes required technical training through an approved technical school.
Working with hand tools, power tools and electronic test equipment.
Inspecting components of industrial equipment for accurate assembly and installation or for defects, such as loose connections or frayed wires.
Maintaining, repairing and installing switchgear, transformers, switchboard meters, regulators and reactors, motor starters, contactors and other electrical components.
By new 5 electrical inc.
British Columbia and many other provinces and territories distinguish between Industrial Electricians and Electricians. To work as an industrial electrician, typically a person must be a registered apprentice, a provincially-certified journeyperson, or hold a valid recognized credential. Individuals possessing a valid recognized credential in Alberta are eligible to receive a Blue Seal business credential after completing the necessary requirements.
|
0.999239 |
Get enough blog posts to keep your website and social media profiles active and interactive on an ongoing basis.
Blog posts are an informal way to connect with your target audience on a personal level. They usually include between 300 to 1000 words, links to other relevant resources, images or videos that add value to those who read them. Some blog posts also include infographics, data visualisations, surveys, assessments, competitions, quizzes and other interactive content that give people reasons to stay a while longer, come back again and share your content with others.
How do blog posts help you?
By adding fresh, new, relevant blog posts to your website on a regular basis you create opportunities to develop your relationship with your target audience by providing them with useful information. You can also allow them to create content for you with their comments to specific posts. Blog posts also raise your search engine ranking organically.
|
0.999944 |
Nightcrawlers are commonly known as earthworms as well as megadriles. These creatures, which belong to the phylum Annelida and class Oligochaeta, are popular for their distinct burrowing action. The species tend to live underground because exposure to direct sunlight is harmful and fatal to earthworms. To know why do nightcrawlers come out in the rain, it is necessary that we take a look at the different theories that are conceptualized by some scientists to explain this unique behavior of earthworms.
Why do nightcrawlers come out in the rain? Scientists have developed various theories concerning this unique behavior of earthworms. One of the most popular theories related to the burrowing action of nightcrawlers is that rainwater can affect the supply of oxygen underground so earthworms come out to survive. Some scientists believe that when soil absorbs rainwater, a shortage in oxygen happens. To get enough supply of oxygen, nightcrawlers come out in the rain.
Another interesting theory that can explain this distinct behavior of nightcrawlers is that these creatures go out of soil right after rain so they can transfer to other place easily because the ground or soil at this time is wet. Earthworms take this opportunity to build new colonies in other locations, which is most of the time important to their survival. In addition, this is the best time to transfer to other places since most predators stay inside their shelters after rain.
Aside from these theories, some experts also agree that the rainwater causes the soil to become acidic. When the soil becomes acidic, staying or living underground can be fatal to these creatures. For this reason, nightcrawlers come out in the rain to prevent from suffering the harmful effects of acidic soil.
The burrowing action of nightcrawlers is beneficial to humans. This distinct behavior of creatures is important to enhance soil fertility. Some studies in America found that when earthworms stay underground, these creatures excrete casts that improve the nutrients in soil. Some of the important nutrients present in nightcrawler casts are nitrogen, phosphates as well as potash.
Above all, when nightcrawlers come out in the rain, the creatures open channels or passages that allow other nutrients and minerals to be enter and be absorbed in soil. With all these information, it is safe to conclude that the burrowing behavior of earthworms is very important to enhance the soil nutrients that are essential to the successful cultivation of plants.
|
0.817605 |
What exactly is a custom growing contract? It's an agreement between a landscape grower and anyone who wishes to secure grown trees and plant material for future projects.
The beauty of these contracts is the security of knowing that when building is completed, the landscape will already be there to complement it. Having the landscape in place from the start makes good economic sense.
But is a custom growing contract right for you and your project? The following information will help.
Having a custom growing contract in place with a trusted tree/plant material grower offers several benefits. First, you can rest assured that whatever trees and plant material are specified by your landscape architect will be available when needed, which, given reduced inventories at nurseries post-recession, is key.
Second, by contracting with an experienced, reputable grower, you also get the peace of mind that comes with knowing you will be getting quality plant material and trees. Third, any special requests concerning the shape or size of the tree, shrub, or plant material can be implemented, again ensuring that you'll get what the architect envisioned.
Finally, in addition to saving valuable time and avoiding potential headaches, you'll also have a guaranteed price as part of the contract, which makes budgeting, bidding, and project cost control easier.
Property owners, developers, and municipalities use custom growing contracts because they want the assurance of availability and pricing prior to selection of a landscape contractor. Knowing the trees will be available eliminates one risk factor for construction delays. In addition, knowing the price ahead of time makes it easier to price the rest of the project. Being able to get quality trees is typically another top consideration for owners, developers, and municipalities.
Landscape architects use custom growing contracts as a way to achieve the desired look they envision for a new development. The architect can pre-select all of the trees and then specify the use of the growing contract as part of the construction bid documents. This allows the landscape architect to influence the quality of the finished project, which doesn’t go unnoticed.
Since the landscape architect typically completes his design well in advance of the landscape contractor selection, a custom growing contract enables trees and plant material to be maturing to the desired size until needed for construction. In addition, the architect has the opportunity to give input on how the trees are grown and maintained.
Finally, for landscape architects who want to specify an unusually large quantity of trees or specific hard-to-find varieties of trees or plants, knowing that the quantity, size, and quality will be there reduces any worries about meeting construction deadlines or having to compromise their original design vision.
Now that you know the ins and outs of custom growing contracts, is such an arrangement right for your project? There are many elements to consider.
|
0.998404 |
An auction is a great place to buy houses at a bargain. So here are some tips to buy a house at a bargain at an auction. 1. Look out for bargains by checking local and national newspapers or trade papers. 2. The best bargains are usually found in properties that are auctioned outside their localities. 3. Though you may have the auction catalogue for information about the prices and conditions of sales of a property, it is safer to have it checked by a solicitor before you trust it. 4. Make sure you view the property, preferably with a surveyor or builder, before bidding for it. You not only learn more about the property, but can find out who'll be bidding against you at the auction. 5. The guide price for a house may change depending on the interest by buyers. So keep an eye on it during the auction. 6. Make sure you have cash ready to buy at an auction as you may have to pay 10 percent of its amount on that day. The remaining amount has to be paid within 28 days' time. So if you can't afford or arrange funds, forget the house. 7. Keep concentrated on the auction as a lot lasts only three minutes. Be careful of what you bid because if the hammer falls in your favour, you will have to sign the contract and pay the deposit amount. First timers should attend a few auctions before bidding. Never get emotionally attached to a property. There's always another property to bid on if you miss the first one.
|
0.999755 |
(CNN) -- Macedonia is a small mountainous, landlocked country bordering Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Kosovo and Serbia.
About a quarter of its two million population lives in the capital Skopje, a city on the Vardar River that combines Communist-era tower blocks with an Ottoman-era Old Town and filled with evidence of its 2,500-year history under Roman, Byzantine, Ottoman and Yugoslav rule.
The raging river divides the Albanian and Macedonian communities of Skopje. Almost two-thirds of the country's population are Orthodox Christians and a third is Muslim, according to the CIA World Factbook.
As a result, the country has numerous monasteries, churches and mosques. It has ancient relics dating back 3,800 years. Lake Ohrid, one of the deepest and oldest lakes in Europe, was once surrounded by 365 churches, some dating from the 4th century.
Macedonia lies in a seismically active region and has several hot thermal baths. There are many mountains over 2,500m in the Shar Planina range. The Lonely Planet travel guide describes the country as a "paradise" for outdoor types with numerous opportunities for skiing, hiking and climbing.
Macedonia is paradise for outdoor types with numerous opportunities for skiing, hiking and climbing.
Macedonia was the only country to emerge peacefully from the former Yugoslavia, but 19 years later it still has an international identity crisis over its name.
Macedonia gained independence from the former Yugoslav federation with overwhelming majority support in a referendum on September 8, 1991. To its own citizens, the country is called the Republic of Macedonia, but both the United Nations and the European Union call it the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia).
The reason for the controversy is a region in Greece that is also called Macedonia. International recognition of Macedonia's independence was delayed by Greek objections to the name. Greece eventually agreed to recognize the "former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" designation.
Macedonians do not like this name, and negotiations are continuing under the United Nations to find a solution, according to the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office.
In 2001, there was an uprising of ethnic Albanians -- who make up a quarter of the population -- demanding equal rights, leading to months of violence. Peace returned later the same year with a peacekeeping operation by NATO troops and a new constitution recognizing Albanian as an official language and increasing access for ethnic Albanians to public sector jobs, including the police force.
Official statistics show high unemployment at 35 percent, but this does not take into account the extensive informal job market, estimated to be more than 20 per cent of GDP, according to the CIA World Factbook.
Macedonia's president Gjorgje Ivanov came to power in elections in 2009. Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski was re-elected in 2008 after snap elections called when Greece blocked a NATO invitation to Macedonia over objections to the country's name.
The country is also a candidate for membership of the European Union.
Macedonians are proud of their wine and cuisine, which combines Balkan, Mediterranean and Turkish characteristics.
|
0.933051 |
The term European New Zealanders or Pākehā refers to New Zealanders of European descent. Most European New Zealanders are of British and Irish ancestry, with smaller percentages of other European ancestries such as Croatians, Germans (includes Poles due to Partitions of Poland), French, Dutch, Scandinavian and South Slav.
Cook claimed New Zealand for Britain on his arrival in 1769. The establishment of British colonies in Australia from 1788 and the boom in whaling and sealing in the Southern Ocean brought many Europeans to the vicinity of New Zealand, with some deciding to settle. Whalers and sealers were often itinerant and the first real settlers were missionaries and traders in the Bay of Islands area from 1809. By 1830 there was a population of about 800 non Māori which included a total of about 200 runaway convicts and seamen who often married into the Māori community. The seamen often lived in New Zealand for a short time before joining another ship a few months later. In 1839 there were 1100 Europeans living in the North Island. Regular outbreaks of extreme violence mainly between Māori hapu, known as the Musket Wars, resulted in the deaths of between 20,000 and 50,000 Māori up until 1843. Violence against European shipping, cannibalism and the lack of established law and order made settling in New Zealand a risky prospect. By the late 1830s many Māori were nominally Christian and had freed many of the Māori slaves that had been captured during the Musket Wars. By this time, many Māori, especially in the north, could read and write Māori and to a lesser extent English.
European migration has resulted in a deep legacy being left on the social and political structures of New Zealand. Early visitors to New Zealand included whalers, sealers, missionaries, mariners, and merchants, attracted to natural resources in abundance. They came from the Australian colonies, Great Britain and Ireland, Germany (forming the next biggest immigrant group after the British and Irish), France, Portugal, the Netherlands, Denmark, The United States, and Canada.
In 1840 representatives of the British Crown signed the Treaty of Waitangi with 240 Māori chiefs throughout New Zealand, motivated by plans for a French colony at Akaroa and land purchases by the New Zealand Company in 1839. British sovereignty was then proclaimed over New Zealand in May 1840.
Following the formalising of sovereignty, the organised and structured flow of migrants from Great Britain and Ireland began. Government-chartered ships like the clipper Gananoque and the Glentanner carried immigrants to New Zealand. Typically clipper ships left British ports such as London and travelled south through the central Atlantic to about 43 degrees south to pick up the strong westerly winds that carried the clippers well south of South Africa and Australia. Ships would then head north once in the vicinity of New Zealand. The Glentanner migrant ship of 610 tonnes made two runs to New Zealand and several to Australia carrying 400 tonne of passengers and cargo. Travel time was about 3 to 3 1/2 months to New Zealand. Cargo carried on the Glentanner for New Zealand included coal, slate, lead sheet, wine, beer, cart components, salt, soap and passengers' personal goods. On the 1857 passage the ship carried 163 official passengers, most of them government assisted. On the return trip the ship carried a wool cargo worth 45,000 pounds. In the 1860s discovery of gold started a gold rush in Otago. By 1860 more than 100,000 British and Irish settlers lived throughout New Zealand. The Otago Association actively recruited settlers from Scotland, creating a definite Scottish influence in that region, while the Canterbury Association recruited settlers from the south of England, creating a definite English influence over that region. In the 1860s most migrants settled in the South Island due to gold discoveries and the availability of flat grass covered land for pastoral farming. The low number of Māori (about 2,000) and the absence of warfare gave the South Island many advantages. It was only when the New Zealand wars ended that The North Island again became an attractive destination.
In the 1870s the MP Julius Vogel borrowed millions of pounds from Britain to help fund capital development such as a nationwide rail system, lighthouses, ports and bridges, and encouraged mass migration from Britain. By 1870 the non-Māori population reached over 250,000.
Other smaller groups of settlers came from Germany, Scandinavia, and other parts of Europe as well as from China and India, but British and Irish settlers made up the vast majority, and did so for the next 150 years.
The 2013 official census had 2,969,391 or 74.0% identify as European.
The 2006 Census counted 3,381,076 European New Zealanders, or 73.6% of those who gave their ethnicity. Most census reports do not separate European New Zealanders from the broader European ethnic category, which was the largest broad ethnic category in the 2006 Census. Europeans comprised 67.6 percent of respondents in 2006 compared with 80.1 percent in the 2001 census.
The apparent drop in this figure was due to Statistics New Zealand's acceptance of 'New Zealander' as a distinct response to the ethnicity question and their placement of it within the "Other" ethnic category, along with an email campaign asking people to give it as their ethnicity in the 2006 Census.
In previous censuses, these responses were counted belonging to the European New Zealanders group, and Statistics New Zealand plans to return to this approach for the 2011 Census. Eleven percent of respondents identified as New Zealanders in the 2006 Census (or as something similar, e.g. "Kiwi"), well above the trend observed in previous censuses, and higher than the percentage seen in other surveys that year.
In April 2009, Statistics New Zealand announced a review of their official ethnicity standard, citing this debate as a reason, and a draft report was released for public comment. In response, the New Zealand Herald opined that the decision to leave the question unchanged in 2011 and rely on public information efforts was "rather too hopeful", and advocated a return to something like the 1986 approach. This asked people which of several identities "apply to you", instead of the more recent question "What ethnic group do you belong to?"
The term Pākehā, the etymology of which is unclear, is often used interchangeably with European New Zealanders. New Zealanders who consider "European" to be anachronistic and inadequate often prefer Pākehā, feeling that this better describes their ethnic and cultural identity.
The term "Palagi", pronounced Palangi, is Samoan in origin and is used in similar ways to Pākehā, usually by people of Samoan or other Pacific Island descent.
The New Zealand 2006 census statistics reported citizens with British (27,192), English (44,202), Scottish (15,039), Irish (12,651), Welsh (3,771) and Celtic (1,506) origins. Historically, a sense of 'Britishness' has figured prominently in the identity of many New Zealanders. As late as the 1950s it was common for New Zealanders to refer to themselves as British, such as when Prime Minister Keith Holyoake described Sir Edmund Hillary's successful ascent of Mt. Everest as "[putting] the British race and New Zealand on top of the world". New Zealand passports described nationals as "British Subject and New Zealand Citizen" until 1974, when this was changed to "New Zealand Citizen".
While "European" identity predominates political discourse in New Zealand today, the term "British" is still used by some New Zealanders to explain their ethnic origins. Others see the term as better describing previous generations; for instance, journalist Colin James referred to "we ex-British New Zealanders" in a 2005 speech. It remains a relatively uncontroversial descriptor of ancestry.
^ Glentanner. B. Lansley. Dornie Publishing. Invercargill 2013.
^ "History of Immigration – 1840 – 1852".
^ "History of Immigration – 1853 – 1870".
^ Middleton, Julie (1 March 2006). "Email urges 'New Zealander' for Census". New Zealand Herald (APN Holdings NZ Limited). Retrieved 2007-10-03.
^ QuickStats About Culture and Identity: European, Statistics New Zealand.
^ Statistics New Zealand. (2009). Draft report of a review of the official ethnicity statistical standard: proposals to address issues relating to the ‘New Zealander’ response. Wellington: Statistics New Zealand. ISBN 978-0-478-31583-7. Accessed 27 April 2009.
^ "A New Zealander response and like responses such as 'Kiwi' or 'NZer' are coded to a separate category, 'New Zealander', at level four in the Other Ethnicity group." Classification and coding process, New Zealand Classification of Ethnicity 2005, Statistics New Zealand. Accessed 2008-01-04.
^ "Who responded as 'New Zealander'?" (Press release). Statistics New Zealand. 3 August 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-03.
^ "Feedback sought on ethnicity statistics" (Press release). Statistics New Zealand. 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-27.
^ "Editorial: A question to define who you are". The New Zealand Herald. 2 May 2009. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
^ Carl Walrond. 'Kiwis overseas - Staying in Britain', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 13 April 2007.
^ The Pacific-ation of New Zealand. Colin James's speech to the Sydney Institute, 3 February 2005. Accessed 2007-06-05.
40x40px Wikimedia Commons has media related to New Zealanders of European descent.
|
0.983397 |
How to learn an unfamiliar alphabet. Awesome way!
Second-language acquisition in English-speaking countries is regarded as an independent discipline within the framework of applied linguistics, which studies the process of mastering a second language by a person. The second language is a language that is learned by a person in a natural way or through special training, after mastering the native language. The term “mastering a second language” can also extend to the study of a third, fourth, and other languages, since the study of subsequent languages follows the same path. Mastering a second language rarely leads to full bilingualism. Mastering a second language is the process of acquiring knowledge and skills, and bilingualism is the result of this complex and lengthy process, which in real conditions is rarely accomplished.
When it comes to foreign languages, we all have amazing impatience. So you want one moment and bang - we can safely order a meal or ask how to drive! But not everything is so simple, but not everything is so difficult;) Spring and autumn is the most suitable time for express training.
So, let's say you need to learn the Georgian alphabet. Then you just take and read: Maxim Solokhin, "The King and Karolinka"
In the far kingdom, in the thirtieth state, I lived.
I lived with P пой sing and M š my. My P ა p ა and M ა m ა loved each other very much ა. Т ა к strongly and p ь stno, that h ა hundred quarreled. And this is not surprising: in the case of t ight coy-love, people unwittingly strive for complete unanimity and hardly survived ა are all r ight who know ა. In any case ა e, М ა м ა it is hard having survived ა l ა. ა r ა because of them, they had a lot. But ა is an example when ა I was born, P ა p ა n ა sv ა l me Vyachesl ა v, ა M ა m ა n ა sv ა l ა me Vl ა disl ა v. But P ა p ა loved M ა Mu more strongly, and in the end, to ა to the pr ა ily, the ledge ა l to her. Therefore, the triumph of ა l ა in the end will be possible. ა star ა Is it easy for me: Сл ა вик.
I will tell you about it here ო teaching history, to make me to do it, in the magician ო m. In ო chests I don’t have жизни my life - to ა to g ო to live, to live in, to to l to howl. In accordance with the rules of procedure, in accordance with the laws and procedures, in accordance with the laws and procedures shall be deemed indecent, that is, in accordance with the laws and procedure, in accordance with the laws shall be treated. ო bychn к, k ო gd ა g ო v ო ryat, that ო kt ო-t ო ო t to g ო-t ო “without a mind ა”, n ო dr ა zumming ა is like b. We warned you: nickname ა to ო th love in ა s was not in n mine.
Games ა п ო дх ო dil ა к ონ цу and п ო л ო гик ე в ე щ ე и д ო лж ნა was ა з ა in ე to tear on п ო б ე д ო м м ოე г ო in ე л ე ე ст ა. З ა ე ty ნე m ნო gi ე d ნ and, pr in d ენნ y ე m ნო y in ნო in ო y to ო mp ნ уж, I already p kryl св yu g ო l ო w ნე m ე rk ნ ნ ო л св and in г ya kyu l ო w ე m к rk ნ j ე св св my, and ე di ნ STB, Thu ო ნე Sk ო Lk ო mr ა h ა l л m ო and p rsp ე тив tsvy, t ო t ა and ნ st ა ა ნა я.
ნა Steven in ოო fs was ა p ე rc ონო y, soft ო g ო in ო ry, ნეო bych ნო y. I in m m m ო m ენ m m ე m ენ m ნ m ენ m з m ენ m ენ m ე m ე m m ნ m р m ა zნე ნე m ნ rjat, was ა m ო m ъ ე ე ე ე ე. ნო in ო t, hp ე p ა in ე h ე p ო m ონა, ნა to ე c h, pr იე x ა l ა, perishing Р ე бят ა г ო in ო р ი l ი pr ო ნა stew to ა to pr ო ნე in ე st to ა kuyu in ა Ж ж fri Fri ი tsu.
- ონა sun ე gd ა you ი vom აეტ, - sk ა h ა l ა V ი to ა. - С ნე й ი gr ატ ь б ე сп ო л ე з ნო.
- Ch ტო, ო h ენ ь х ო р ო ш ო ი gr აეტ? - ud ი to ი lsya me.
- ტო ტო cl ო in ო. I ტე b ე g ო in Ryu, s ნე y ი gr ატ ü b ე sp ო l ე s ნო.
- ეტო ტო h ნო, - ck ა h ა l С ან i ტ r ოი tsy ნ. - ონა pr ო with ტო chu ეტ, gd ე to. Sun ა p ა hide ე ნე.
ა з зა к, р ა loans ი l, з ნა ч იტ, best ე ნე р ა descend ატ ь б ო ё ц V. ა ტო п ე р ე щ ე лк აეტ Sun ე х п ოო д ინო чк ე.
H ა d ა h ა b ო yts ა p რო with ტა i - ნა d ო uv ი d s with ო p ერნი to ა p м ou. Uv ი dეტ ეტ ე ო g ო რაш шш ე, h ე m ონ я bc uv ი d იტ. Uv ი d ეტ ь - in the sense of რო p რო with ტო s ა m ეტიტ ь, ო b ნარ already იტ ь. I ტო u ტ p ო to ა h ტო ნე ტო lkuyu ო m ი with ტი h ე sk ო m V ი D ენიი, ო sk რ s y l ი h ნო s ტი ი p რო h ეე. ი g რე sun ე n რო with ტო. З ა д ა ч ა - ი ი ეტ ь п როტი in ნი to ა რან ეш ე, h ე м ონ ტე бя у ი д იტ, in ოტ ი Sun ე. I take რო after g ო ტ y ტ ნეტ ნი to ა to ი x p რეი musch ე with ტ in p ერე d m ა lyish ო m. M ð lyshu d ж w ე l ე gh ე sp რ i ტატ is.
ნა h ინაეტს i ი g რა in “K ორო la” ს ch b ა ль ნ ნ l ль s I რ k - p - yachu i in სე in სე х. L ი ტე bya z ა m ეტ I ტ რან шш ე, h ე m s ა m ეტი sh ტ s, ტო რო l ი K ორო la ტე b ე already ნე u ი d ატ ь to ა to ს in ოი x ე y. P ო p ასტ ს I ნა hl ა h ა h ნა h ი l ო l ი sh იტ ь I w ანსო c.
ეტი m y ტრო m I ს in ო y sh ანს upu სტი l. ნა h ა l I ტა k.
Going out ი кв square არტირ s, to ა l ს I p ო p ო d ე ე zdu. ოსტანო in ი v ს ნ вა in ტორო m жა f ე, d ო lg. P There was ო სო in სე m ტი x ო. Wait for ა in m ინ u ტ pya ტ ь, რე sh ი l ს I ი d ტი in ნი h.
ნი to ა to ო y ო p ასნოსტი I am in ტოტ m ო m ენტ ნე ოსო ნა in ალ. P როის x ო d ილა ნე to ინნა I d ეტს to ა I ი g რა. ნო u m ენ I already სერ ь ь ე ნო სოსალო p ო d ლო w ე chk ო y. In ს yak ა i ი g რა x ორო w ა ი m ენნო ტე m, h ტო in to ა k ო Y- ტო m ო m ენტ n რი x ო d იტ vd ო x ნო in ენიე. ტ s p ერესტაე шь ი g რატ ь ი ნა h ინაე shь f იტ ь ი g რო y. З ა п ოსლე д ნი й г ო д я ი г რალ ტა к м ალო, h ტე п ერ ь у м ენ I would be ლ ნ ый ый ый ый г ენნო г ო д ч х ნო in ენი I.
M ე waiting for п h ი m, I ო h ენ ь ьარ p ონ I ლ, h ტო ვ h ვა I am ი h ь - - ტა w ე ი g რა. P ო h ე mu ლ Yod ი ა to სტრასტნო g ონ I ტს I ა ტე m ი c ელ Yam ი, to s ონ n p ერე d სო b ო y სტავ I ტ? ვე d ვნა h ალე ი სა m ი, p ო სვოე mu f ელანი yu, სტავ i ტ p ერე d სო b ო y ეტი ელი. To ა s ალოს ь would, ვსე ლი p w y სლოვნოსტ ь! Ch ე mu ო g ორ h ატ ь ს I ი h ე m რა d ოვატ ь ь ı? ნო to ო gd ა p რი x ო d იტ d ო x ნოვენიე, s ა to აე sh ო ტო m, h ტო ი g რა - ეტო ტოლ bk к ი g რა.
P ო d ო going to the ვ s ო ო do, I ვ d რ ug ო schu ტილ სტრა x. I m ო g ოტ k რ ტ ტ ტ д ვერ ь ტ, ტა to ა to д to ა м м м жд жд I am waiting for აოა p ასნოსტ ь. G ოვორ I ტ, ვ s როსლ s ე ინო gd ა ო schusch ა YO ტ m ერტელ ნ ь nd th სნოსტ к სნოსტ to ე w y. ო p სნოსტ სნოსტ д д д ნ бы бы бы бы бы ტ ი ი,, ს ერტელ ერტელ,, Have რე b ენ to ა to ო f ა ტონ шш ე. ონა д ა ж ე სლი wk ო m ტონ to ა i. We, d ეტი, h ასტო pug აე m ს I ა pu m ესტე, to ო gd ა b ო I ტ ь ь I h ე g ო.
I ვერნ y ლს i ა p ოლ-ეტა w ა ვვერ x ი ია h ალ f ო b ო h ატ ოკრესტნოსტი h ერე s ოკნო n d ე h h. ვსე p რე dydushch ი d ნტი ინტ y ი c ი I have m ენ I d ე y სტვოვალა ის p რავნო, ი ა x ვო ნ д gd ა, კო gd ა ლო d ა д д ო д д д gd Ch g ოვორ I, I ი სა m ეტო Mu ud ივლ I ლს I! კაკ will be ტო з ა п ოსლე д ნი й г ო д, п როვე д ენნ ვ м ონასტ რე у, at м ენ я п я ვილის აკიე-ტო სვერ хъ ესტესტვენნ ე ე ს п ოსო б ნოსტი. Sh ესტოე chu ვსტვო.
ეტო ო s ნა h ალო ვ s. H ა d ა h ა b ო yts ა p როსტა - y ი d ეტ ь п როტივნიკა ი კრიკნ y ტ ь "х ა". კტო კრიკნ in ლ p ერვ s მ, ტოტ "kill ი" p როტივნიკა. D ა f ე ინტერესნეე: ნე p როსტო kil იროსტო, ა ს d ელალ g ო სვოიმ ვოინომ. ა სამ ი з п ых ых ვოლ ь ნ ых ых ო d ნიმ მა x ომ სტალ კოროლემ.
- სი d ი ა მესტე, - სკა з ალ i სკვო hf f ორტო h კ u.
სან i ნაკონე c u ვი d ელ მენ i.
- პოკა სი d ი ნა მესტე, - პოვტორილ I, სლო OK ივ რ y კი რ y პორომ. - Х ორო ш ო სი д ი ш. I სპ infringe ь ь ვნი h ი I will პრიტვორ I ტ ь ს I პროსტ s მ სნა პერომ პერომ. ა ტ s სლ us ა й ი სმოტრი.
სან I am ა y ლ yb ა I ი ივნ y ლ. Уж ემ u already ე ნე სტატ ь. B ოე c მო f ეტ ტოლ ь ь კო x ო d იტ ტ ი g პო d ვლასტი ო d ნო g ო კოროლ I კოროლ ვლავლ ь d ь ug ო g ო. ნო ი g რა ოტ ეტო g ო ნე სტანოვიტს i ნეინტერესნო th. ნაო b ოროტ, ს პო i ვლენიემ "კოროლე y" ი ნა h ინაეტს i პო-ნასტო box ემ y ინტერესნა I ი g რა. ნა h ინაეტს I ინტრი g ა ი კოვარსტვო.
პო d სტრელენნ th სნა პერ ი ი რა რ poison ვოლ რ ых ых ых x ო d ილ з з poison სოლ d ატ კოროლ i. Я я ლ კოროლ, ა სან I - ს th სტრელოკ. ვ ეტო y ი g რე ნიკო g ო ნე უ b ივალი, მენ I ას ь ь ь კო როლ ь ი g როკა. ი ეტო ნა d ლე w ალო ისპოლ ь ოვატ ь, ვე d კრომე ნას ს სანე ნე პოკა კტო ნე ნალ, h i უ w ე - კოროლ ь. ი h ტო სან I უ w ე - ნე ვოლ ь ь ый სტრელოკ, ა მო TH ვოინ.
ვნა h ალე - ტოლ ь კო ვნა h ალე! - ი g რა ტ ვსე პროტიპროტ ვ x. ვნა h ალე ტვოი ვრა g ი, ი ი g რატ ь h ь ь. I სნო, h ნა d ო d ელატ ь. ნო "კოროლ i" პრი d უმალ D ე d. ა ე г ო з ა д უმკი პროსტ ტოლ ь ь ь პერვა პერვ nd ვ zg ლ poison.
ვოო Bsch ე-ტო ლ Yubi ა I ი g რა - ეტო პრიტვორსტვო. ნო ეტო პრიტვორსტვო b ე з კოვარსტვა! ო bych ნო როლი ვ ი g რა x would ვა yu პონ I ტნ s ი h h ა d ან s. ა ვ "კოროლე" სამოე d ნოე would ლო - ეტო სოო b რა h იტ ь, კტო კაკუ u ი g რაეტ როლ ь. კტო კოროლ ь, კტო სნა პერ კტო, კტო d რუ g, ვრა ოტ ეტო g ო з ავისელო, h ნა d ლე f იტ d ელატ ь. პორო y ვო ვო კიკალი პრ I მო სლ s სლ მ მ მ მ ე ოლოვოლომკ,,, ემ, ოლოვოლომკ ნაპომინავ ე ი ატნო სტორონე ლუნ s. ა i ი з ატე i ლ რასსკა з ო б ეტო й ი ნი.
ი з ო б რა Ж ა I ო bych ნო g ო სტრელკა, I ოსტორო f ნო ვ г г г I დ ნულ ი ი .ი. ს ეტო y ტო h კი სან I would ლ პო h ტი ნე ამეტენ, ა სამ I would ლ კაკ ლადონი. ესლი would I ვ ыш ыш ელ ეტიმ პუტემ, would ტ be ь სანინ s სოლდატომ. მედლ მედლ ტ бы бы зя зя зя зя - - - - - - ф ф ф ф ф ф ф ф ф ф ф ф ф ф ф фლ ვსე would ლო i სნო. I-ვ როსლომუ როსლომუ w იტელ ь ოტვორილ ь ი პოსტუპ ью ью ыш ыш არუ f უ. დვერ з ა მნო y z ა x ლოპნულას ь, I ა h ალ ანე s აკომ - პრი g ოტოვ ь ს I სტრელ I ტ ь. ა სამ სტალ იტვორნო კრასტ ь ვდოლ ვდოლ სტენ სტენ s, პოვერნუვ ს б ს ა ა ა ა ა ა ა ა ა ა ა ა ა ა ა ა ა.
|
0.999726 |
Big John and Steve celebrate Father's Day and explain the origins of The McGee Machine!
Dragnet - "The Big Father"
Starring: Jack Webb, Ben Alexander.
The Great Gildersleeve - "Father's Day Chair"
Lurene Tuttle, Earle Ross, Mel Blanc, Frank Nelson.
The Sealed Book - "Beware Of Tomorrow"
The Shadow - "Terror At Wolf's Head Knoll"
|
0.992584 |
Jamie and Ivana had a rather inauspicious start. They matched on Bumble back in October 2015, but being busy London-dwellers, didn't notice that their 24 hours had run out. When Ivana, a New Zealander with Croatian roots, saw Jamie, a Scot, had rematched with her, she made the first move — sending a panicked "hello, how are you?" from work.
"I didn't really have time to say anything cool," said Ivana. "But I felt like I had to say something, because he'd used his one chance that day on me!"
Describe your first date. How did you feel leading up to it? Was it what you expected?
Jamie: It only took us a few days to meet up. I was with my best friend who was visiting from Scotland, and we had just been to a Chelsea football [Editor's Note: soccer, in the U.S.!] match, and decided to hire rental bikes to cycle around London and have a few drinks. Ivana was with her best friend in a bar having a few drinks and watching New Zealand in the Rugby World Cup. Later that evening, after probably a few too many drinks, we thought it would be fun for the four of us to meet up. This turned into heading to a local bar where there were shots and dancing into the early hours. After this we all hit the local fried chicken shop. I knew Ivana was the one for me after she tried to hijack someone's hoverboard, and ordered a massive amount of chicken!
Ivana: It was a 'spirit of the moment' first meet-up, which took the pressure off. We were messaging that day and knew we were out around the same area that night, so just decided to meet up and drag the friends we were with along. Why no?t! We managed to have the most random night ever. It was good fun.
How does your partner empower you to be the best version of yourself?
Jamie: Ivana is a pillar of support. Since we've been together, I've become the truest form of myself. Just before I met her, I felt lost and was heading down a personal and professional route that, looking back now, just wasn't me. Since we've been together, I'm a stronger character and the flaws and weaknesses I once was ignorant to I'm now aware of. I strive to become a better person. Ivana has love, patience and empathy regardless of my mood or situation which inspires me to be a better person every single day.
Ivana: Jamie supports me and is my strength through every challenge. Even so, he encourages me to be independent and my own person. He is my number one fan.
What are your favorite things to do together?
Jamie: We literally do everything together. Ivana embraced my love for football and quickly changed her allegiance from her favorite team Arsenal to my beloved Liverpool. This saw us become members and travel to games as often as we could. When I had the idea of getting a motorbike license and a Harley Davidson, Ivana embraced this decision and bought her own helmet so we could share that experience together too. Before we left to travel full-time and whilst living in London, we would be very proactive in using our free time out of work to go explore the city, trying new bars and restaurants or sampling the latest quirky activity that had just opened up. Even picking a new Netflix series to watch together is always an easy decision!
Ivana: When we lived in London, I loved going to the gym together, seeing a movie, traveling to Anfield in Liverpool to watch Liverpool Football Club play when we could get tickets, and going on weekend adventures — either a long weekend away in Europe, a cruise somewhere on Jamie's Harley Davidson, or exploring a different part of London.
What upcoming goals do you have for your relationship?
Jamie: We've managed to achieve more goals in our short time together than most would in a lifetime, so who knows what we can go on to achieve in the future. Just last year we moved in together in London, got engaged in Paris and quit our full-time jobs to go travel the world. Our future goals would be to figure out how we can work and live remotely, which allows us to continue to travel full-time and be wherever we want or need to be in the world. Ideally, we would have a home in the northern hemisphere and one in the southern hemisphere, which would make visiting our friends and family a whole lot easier! We will also have to sort a wedding out in the near future, so who knows where that will be. Starting a family which would include plenty of pets as well as kids is something we plan for too.
Ivana: Well, we've hit a few big goals in the past year. We moved in together, got engaged, and in December 2017 we quit our jobs to travel the world together! We've been to Singapore, Thailand, Laos and Cambodia so far, and our next stops are Japan, South Korea and Taiwan. We're hoping to travel for at least 12 months if not more, and we'll see where the wind takes us after that in terms of settling somewhere. I really want a dog and a cat and Jamie wants a duck. We also need to start planning a wedding!
What advice would you give to people who are nervous to make the first move?
Jamie: Don't be. 'Nothing ventured, nothing gained' is the best attitude to have. I went out on a limb to not only match Ivana, but to extend the match. If you have a good feeling about someone then don't give up. Who knows — maybe you will end up traveling the world or something similar by making that first move.
Ivana: Follow your heart, give it a chance and just know that everything always works out in the end!
Nothing makes us happier than hearing about Bumble success stories. Submit your own here!
|
0.999972 |
Did you know that the your local climate can have an impact on the performance of a composting toilet? It's true. Whether your climate experiences especially cold and long winters or very humid summers, the weather does play a role in how you will use and maintain your system. If you're thinking about adding a composting toilet to your home, climactic conditions are definitely something you should consider before you select and purchase a unit.
First and foremost, it's important to understand that the primary function of any composting toilet is evaporation. Because our waste is approximately 90% water, the composting toilet has to have a good capacity to evaporate all that excess liquid. Electric units usually feature a heating element in the base and a fan assembly in the back to assist and speed up the evaporation process. However, if you live in an extremely humid climate, and the toilet is to be located in a building without air conditioning, you can expect that evaporation will occur at a much slower pace.
Most composting toilets come equipped with an emergency overflow drain, and in many cases, the manufacturer advises that hooking the drain up is not necessary. This is because under normal operating circumstances, no liquid will ever get high enough in the unit to reach the drain valve. However, in a humid climate, it is imperative to hook up the emergency overflow drain, because the humidity will affect the unit's evaporation capacity so significantly. The issue of humidity may also affect your decision about whether to buy a waterless or low-flush system. Remember that low flush systems may face more problems with evaporation capacity than waterless units, simply because of the added water going into the compost with every flush of the toilet.
The second critical job of a composting toilet is to break down the remaining 10% of the waste, which is basically a composite of various nutrients. This decomposition process is performed by aerobic bacteria, or tiny microbes present in the compost that break the waste down with the assistance of oxygen. Aerobic bacteria are highly efficient, performing their job quickly, without creating any sulfate or methane gasses as a byproduct of the breakdown process. However, these bacteria are only active at temperatures of 55 degrees Fahrenheit and above. If you live in a very cold climate, it will be important that your composting toilet is located indoors in a heated area during the winter months if you expect to use it on a continuous basis year-round.
Some composting toilets called central systems are designed so that the toilet in the bathroom is connected by plumbing pipe down to a central composting unit in a basement, cellar, or even outdoors. If you own such as system, remember that the central unit where the compost is held is the critical place to keep heated. If this central unit isn't heated, then you won't be able to use the toilet on an ongoing basis during the winter. Composting toilet drums that are allowed to freeze can usually still be used on an occasional basis as a holding tank, assuming there is enough room in the drum to hold the waste.
No matter what type of climate you live in, it is possible to have a composting toilet, provided you do your research first. If you're unsure how your climate might affect the performance of the system, contact the manufacturer prior to making your selection and ask some questions. They will be happy to steer you in the direction of a system that's right for you.
|
0.949993 |
Parallel computing is the science and art of programming computers that can do more than one operation at once, concurrently, during the same cycle, often via having more than one processor (CPU).
Some parallel computers are just regular workstations that have more than one processor in them while others are giant single computers with many processors (supercomputers) or networks of individual computers configured to coordinate on computing problems (clusters). Parallel computers can run some types of programs far faster than traditional single processor computers (von Neumann architecture).
In traditional (serial) programming, a single processor executes program instructions in a step-by-step manner. Some operations, however, have multiple steps that do not have time dependencies and therefore can be separated into multiple tasks to be executed simultaneously. For example, adding a constant to all the elements of a matrix does not require that the result obtained from summing one element be acquired before summing the next element. Elements in the matrix can be made available to several processors, and the sums performed simultaneously, with the results available faster than if all operations had been performed serially.
Parallel computations can be performed on shared-memory systems with multiple CPUs, distributed-memory clusters made up of smaller shared-memory systems, or single-CPU systems. Coordinating the concurrent work of the multiple processors and synchronizing the results are handled by program calls to parallel libraries; these tasks usually require parallel programming expertise.
The term grid computing denotes the connection of distributed computing, visualization, and storage resources to solve large-scale computing problems that otherwise could not be solved within the limited memory, computing power, or I/O capacity of a system or cluster at a single location. Much as an electrical grid provides power to distributed sites on demand, a computing grid can supply the infrastructure needed for applications requiring very large computing and I/O capacity.
The creation of a functional grid requires a high-speed network and grid middleware that lets the distributed resources work together in a relatively transparent manner. For example, whereas sharing resources on a single large system may require a batch scheduler, scheduling and dispatching jobs that run concurrently across multiple systems in a grid requires a metascheduler that interacts with each of the local schedulers. Additionally, a grid authorization system may be required to map user identities to different accounts and authenticate users on the various systems.
Supercomputer is a general term for computing systems capable of sustaining high-performance computing applications that require a large number of processors, shared or distributed memory, and multiple disks.
A cluster is a set of machines, usually (but not necessarily) on a private network which is attached to a dual-homed “master node”. Dual-homed means it sits on two networks at the same time, and may even act as a router between the two. This master node can allow logins, and is where large parallel jobs can be set up. Once the job is submitted, software on the master connects to the drones and runs the job there. This software is designed to fairly execute programs when there is available resources for them, and make sure that someone doesn't start a job on the same nodes that someone else is using for their processes so that everyone's programs get fair share of the machine.
GPU computing is the use of a GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) to do general purpose scientific and engineering computing. The model for GPU computing is to use a CPU and GPU together in a heterogeneous co-processing computing model. The sequential part of the application runs on the CPU and the computationally-intensive part is accelerated by the GPU. From the user's perspective, the application just runs faster because it is using the high-performance of the GPU to boost overall performance.
GPGPU is a fairly recent trend in computer engineering research. GPUs are co-processors that have been heavily optimized for computer graphics processing. Computer graphics processing is a field dominated by data parallel operations - particularly linear algebra matrix operations. In the early days, GPGPU processing was done by tricking the GPU by disguising computation loads as graphic loads so that programs could use the normal graphics APIs. However, several new programming languages and platforms have been built to do general purpose computation on GPUs. Some prominent examples include CUDA (Nvidia), CTM (AMD), OpenCL, BrookGPU, and OpenGL.
This list mainly includes various books, tutorials and classes available online, for free. However, links to other materials like single presentations or texts may partially be present here as well.
MPI Forum - an open group with representatives from many organizations that define and maintain the MPI standard.
FastFlow (FF) - a C++ parallel programming framework advocating high-level, pattern-based parallel programming. It chiefly supports streaming and data parallelism, targeting heterogenous platforms composed of clusters of shared-memory platforms, possibly equipped with computing accelerators.
NVIDIA Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) - a parallel computing platform and programming model for their specially-designed graphics processing units.
It gives program developers direct access to the virtual instruction set and memory of the parallel computational elements in CUDA GPUs.
OpenMP (Open Multi-Processing) - an API that supports multi-platform shared memory multiprocessing programming in C, C++, and Fortran, on most processor architectures and operating systems.
It consists of a set of compiler directives, library routines, and environment variables that influence run-time behavior.
Parallel Object Programming with C++ (POP-C++) - a comprehensive object-oriented system for developing HPC applications in large, heterogeneous, parallel and distributed computing infrastructures.
Pthreads - a POSIX standard for threads; defines a set of C programming language types, functions and constants.
It is designed to allow a network of heterogeneous Unix and/or Windows machines to be used as a single distributed parallel processor.
PVM was a step towards modern trends in distributed processing and grid computing but has, since the mid-1990s, largely been supplanted by the much more successful MPI standard.
Including limitations and possible problems resulting from the (improper) usage of parallel computing.
The program code should be changed in order to implement the parallel computing part.
Determining the best places to parallelise (i.e. those requiring the most computation power) is usually non-trivial.
Finding the best library/tools for parallelisation is dependent on the hardware, operating system, programming language used, as well as the computation itself.
Sometimes it could be difficult to recognize the bottle-neck you are having (I/O operations, memory, processing power, etc).
With massively parallel processing there is a lot of communication going back and forth, and the latency of Ethernet could be the cause of not achieving any type of time advantage whatsoever.
Although it is relatively easy to achieve modest parallelization, there are a lot of challenges when trying to scale efficiently (see Amdahl's law).
|
0.990787 |
I am often asked the following questions: What is the Visa Bulletin? and I am also asked How to read the visa bulletin?
The visa bulletin is a statement put out each month by the United States State Department. The visa bulletin sets up cut off dates for each category of visa applicants. Only those who have been assigned a date prior to the cutoff date provided for their category are eligible for a visa application in that month. This system is designed to control the amount of visas given out to immigrants each year. The need for these quotas to be met comes from the Immigration and Nationality Act which allocated a total amount of immigrants allowed within the U.S. Per year as well as limiting those numbers to only 7% per country.
The categories are initially split into family-sponsored visas and employment based visas. These two categories are then further divided into additional categories. In each category the countries China, the Philippines, Mexico, and India are set aside separately to ensure that the quotas are met for each of those countries as these countries generally contain the most applicants. In this manner the visa bulletin makes sure all of the quotas are met correctly for each country without exceeding the number of allowed visas per year for immigrants.
The visa cut off dates are established by the Visa Office which is a section of the Department of State. The Visa Office is given the authority by the government to control the number of visas given out as well as determine the cutoff numbers for the categories that contain too many applicants. The cutoff dates are determined by the Visa Office through reviewing data gathered from overseas consular offices and USCIS. Once this data is properly analyzed they compare it to the requests of visas from that specific countries categories and if necessary determine the appropriate cutoff date.
The visa bulletin and cut off Dates are determined from the quota system. The fiscal year runs from October 1st to September 30th. For this year the U.S. allocates a certain number of green cards and visas to be issued for each country and categories within this country. Based off of this data the numbers of visas to be awarded are determined for each month. The visa bulletin then based off these numbers sets cut off dates to make sure the correct amount in each category is met but not exceeded. This system is relatively good at ensuring that these numbers are properly met.
What Causes Priority Dates to Change?
Often during a month there will be more or less people than originally calculated who are given visas due to variability in numbers provided by the USCIS or other factors. When this happens they will make adjustments in the priority dates in the next month. For example if there are more visas given within a certain month than expected the priority date will be changed in the next month to account for this. If yearly totals in one category surpass the quota in a given category that category may become unavailable in the following year in order to balance out the quota amount. If there are less applicants in a certain category the unused spaces may also be given to other categories with too many applicants. This too is determined by the priority of the applicants.
|
0.975119 |
(CNN) — When dreaming up a tropical getaway in India, the first place that likely comes to mind is Goa -- a former Portuguese colony about an hour's flight south of Mumbai.
But the popular seaside retreat isn't the only sandy shoreline in India that's worth a visit when you travel here.
Each sunny strip offers a different experience, from family-friendly water sports to riotous full moon-style parties, private coves and some of Asia's best diving.
Perhaps the only strip of sand in India with a shot at unseating Goa from its pole position, Gokarna offers the same alluring package of beach escape and spiritualism, all overlooking azure waters.
The area actually has several separate beaches, all with powdery white sands.
Popular with backpackers who enjoy their lively buzz and makeshift cafes, these include coconut tree-lined Kudle and Om, blessed with scenic coves.
A short stroll or boat ride away is the ultra-secluded Half Moon Beach. Farther along is Paradise -- a place of low hammocks over the sand, fresh seafood in beach shacks, and welcoming homestays owned by locals.
With the beaches of Goa packed throughout the year, the southern coast of Maharashtra -- a few hours' drive to the northwest -- is a great alternative.
In addition to fine white sands, the Tarkarli region is also home to serene backwaters, bustling villages and ancient sea forts.
Travelers can enjoy the quiet life or take advantage of ample water activities like scuba diving, parasailing and snorkeling on the beach.
Just off the coast of Malvan (about 45 minutes northwest of Tarkarli), the Sindhudurg Fort is the area's most beautiful monument, promising expansive Arabian Sea views from atop the 17th-century stone walls.
The lighthouse at Kapu offers excellent sunset views.
Close to the temple town of Udupi, in the southern state of Karnataka, Kaup (known locally as Kapu) is set in the backwaters of the Netravati river.
It's a vision of blues and greens, surrounded by groves of needled casuarina trees.
Along the expanse of gold beach, travelers will find a century-old lighthouse offering excellent sunset views from atop the tower.
When walks on the shore and banana boat rides get boring, we'd recommend a side trip to St Mary's Islands, off the coast.
A national geological monument, the four-island archipelago is famed for its stunning hexagonal basalt lava rock columns -- thought to date back millions of years.
Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama is also thought to have landed on the island in the 1490s on his way to Kerala.
Meaning "The Land of the Singing Waves" in the local Tamil language, Tharangambadi was a Danish colony from 1620 to 1845.
Now better known by its Anglicized name of Tranquebar, the quiet town sits on the coast of the Bay of Bengal in southern India.
Apart from an attractive beach, the town is an architecturally fascinating place to visit, filled with old churches and monuments from the time of Danish and, later, British rule.
One of the most impressive buildings in the area is sand-colored Fort Dansborg, overlooking the sea.
Once a hub of commerce and trade, today the imposing building houses a museum dedicated to artifacts from Danish rule.
Radhanagar is frequently named one of Asia's best beaches.
Located on Havelock Island -- in the remote Andaman and Nicobar Islands between India and Thailand -- Radhanagar (known locally as Beach No. 7) is oft listed as one of Asia's best beaches.
Travelers combing the isolated coastline will quickly see the appeal -- picture calm waters and fine sand, fringed by a lush canopy.
Despite the far-flung location, there's actually much to do. Travelers can fill their days with water sports, sunbathing, surfing, fishing, sailing, kayaking and rainforest treks -- to name a few.
Scuba diving is one of the best ways to explore the underwater worlds and colorful coral reefs, with classes for both beginners and experienced divers available.
On the northwestern edge of the Kerala region, in southwestern India, shallow Bekal beach sits beside the stately Bekal Fort, which is shaped like a giant keyhole.
The area shot into the limelight a couple of decades ago after popular Bollywood film "Bombay" featured the 17th-century fort as the backdrop to its main song sequence.
Offering a long stretch of sand, the beach is popular among both locals and visitors for the lush gardens and art installations, including reddish laterite rock sculptures depicting theyyam (a traditional dance).
Sunset on Puri beach, known for its party atmosphere.
The devout visit Puri -- a city south of Kolkata on the eastern coast -- to see the 11th-century Jagannath temple. But the famous Hindu temple isn't the only thing the area is known for.
The main beach draws a crowd looking for a party atmosphere and plentiful bhang -- edible marijuana, which is legal in India.
Travelers who prefer an uninterrupted plot of sand may want to move away from the main beach in favor of quieter shores, such as Balighai and Chandrabhaga to the north.
Puri is also ideally situated for excursions to Konark (about an hour's drive northeast) to see the 13th-century Sun Temple and Raghurajpur heritage crafts village (roughly 20 minutes north) where travelers will admire elaborate pattachitra traditional scroll paintings.
There's a reason nearly three million tourists hit Goa each year.
Though busy, we'd be remiss if we didn't include Goa -- it's the uncrowned coastal capital of the country, known for its laid-back vibe and pretty beaches.
The state's popularity among both Indian and international tourists has meant a steady increase in visitors over the years.
Savvy Goaphiles, meanwhile, know to skip the crowded northern beaches and head down south towards picturesque Palolem.
Here you're guaranteed a good night's sleep thanks to a ban on live music after 10 p.m.
If they like, night owls can pick up a pair of headphones and dance around at the area's famous "Silent Noise" parties.
Hugged by a coconut-studded palm forest, the area offers an array of relaxing experiences, such as Ayurveda massages and yoga classes right on the shore.
Should you want to get out for a day, popular day excursions include dolphin-sighting tours around the Arabian Sea.
Heading in the opposite direction, travelers can explore various wildlife sanctuaries to potentially spot tigers, leopards, monkeys and deer.
This virgin beach is located in the eastern part of the country, about four hours' south from Kolkata by car.
The sleepy fishing village has turned into a fast-developing resort town, thanks in part to a popular eight-mile-long stretch of sand that's often occupied by little red crabs.
Around the area, travelers can experience postcard-worthy beaches such as Digha and Shankarpur -- known for their spectacular sunrises and calm waters.
Despite its misnomer, Lakshadweep (meaning "100,000 islands", but only home to 36) promises spectacular tropical scenery and secluded sands.
Most beaches around the archipelago offer private coves and an assortment of water activities, but Minicoy -- in the southernmost atoll -- scores bonus points with those who are seeking absolute isolation.
Most travelers spend their mornings snorkeling or diving amidst the brilliant coral reefs.
It's easy to explore the tiny 1.8-square-mile island (with roughly 10,000 people).
You can plan a visit to a local village or climb the namesake white lighthouse, which was built by the British in 1885.
Rushikonda: A favorite picnic spot.
Located in eastern India, this clean and secluded beach -- set away from the bustle of Visakhapatnam city in the state of Andhra Pradesh -- is a favorite picnic spot among locals, despite the strong currents.
More adventurous travelers can rent surfboards and kayaks and take to the water, but challenging conditions mean this isn't a place for beginners.
Rushikonda also offers easy access to tourist attractions such as the rocky outcrop known as Dolphin's Nose and the fourth-century Venkateswara Temple -- said to welcome 40 million people annually.
|
0.999992 |
Is carbonated water healthy? Carbonated water is plain water infused with carbon dioxide. It can be a relatively healthy, non-alcoholic drink in moderate amounts if it does not contain added sugar or artificial sweeteners.
There are some carbonation effects, however, that may cause health troubles: Carbon dioxide becomes gas in the stomach, which causes belching and heartburn.
Carbonated drink substitutes include plain water, fruit juices, herbal teas and coconut water. Plain water has almost no calories and is ideal for hydrating. If plain water feels too boring, add some lemon, lime juice, fresh mint or lemon balm.
Herbal teas are healthy carbonated drink substitutes. They are low in calories and provide antioxidants and many other health benefits. Herbal or fruit teas can be served hot or chilled when the weather is hot.
Fruit juices are healthy drinks, but they contain a lot of sugar. You can reduce the sugar and calorie content if you dilute fruit juices with plain water. Vegetable juices are lower in sugar and calories than pure fruit juices, and they also contain many vitamins and minerals. Coconut water is excellent for hydrating after exercise.
Healthy Substitutes for Those With a Strong Sweet Tooth!
|
0.956956 |
US POLICY TOWARDS SYRIA: IS A NEGOTIATED SETTLEMENT STILL POSSIBLE?
The development of a “coalition of the able” to include the US, the EU, Russia and certain Arab countries to develop a comprehensive strategy to end the prolonged conflict in Syria is more relevant than ever before. The question that emerges given the outcome of the US presidential elections is related to as if a negotiated settlement in Syria is still possible.
For a meaningful answer, one should take into account that in the search of peace, the debate on Syria reflects the deepening divisions between two camps; the first camp supports opposition to the Syrian regime and the second wishes for the maintenance of the current status quo in fear of dire regional repercussions.
This kind of debate is actually reflected in the evolution of the US policy vis-à-vis Syria of the last three decades. The Reagan Administration defined American policy towards Syria through the prism of Cold War realism and even though the Arab country was included in the list of state-sponsors of terrorism since 1979, it was considered geopolitically important and engagement between the two countries flourished. In the post-Cold War framework, the George H. Bush Administration considered Syria a key pillar for the cementing of the regional balance of power and sought for the engagement of Damascus in the US-led alliance against Iraq in the Gulf War of 1990–1991.
Later on, the Clinton Administration considered Syria as major component of any Middle East peace negotiations and a series of presidential summits took place with the last one in Geneva in March 2000 between then American President Bill Clinton and the late Syrian President Hafez al-Assad. For its part, the George W. Bush Administration initially employed neoconservative tools that supported approach to Syria through isolation but geopolitical realities led to the prevalence of traditional practice; Syria’s policies in the post-September 11th era against al-Qaeda demonstrated avenues of cooperation between Washington and Damascus in the wider Middle East.
Coming to the Obama Administration, the presidency was initially marked by a pragmatist policy towards Syria encouraging high-level visits and filling the diplomatic vacuum that existed since 2005, by appointing an American ambassador in Damascus. The escalation of the conflict in Syria contributed to the differentiation of the American presidency with the imposition of a new round of sanctions against members of the Syrian regime, while simultaneously fighting ISIS, which controls large swaths of eastern Syria and western Iraq, by leading a coalition of air strikes. The Obama administration’s policy has been largely driven by estimates that instability in Syria and its spill-over effects have had to be contained in the name of realpolitik since there have been increasing fears that a regime change in Syria would look a lot more like Iraq in 2003 rather than Egypt in 2011.
Regarding the new-elect Trump Αdministration and despite ambiguity on the outlines of future American foreign policy, intentions have been crystal clear when it comes to Syria with the prioritizion of the fight against ISIS considered as threat to US interests on the basis that according to American security services the current situation resembles to pre-9/11 Afghanistan. Not least important, if ISIS were not stopped, the current territory in Syria may evolve into cantons along ethnic, religious and tribal lines, as was the case of Europe after the Thirty Years War, thus causing a hasty dissolution of the Sykes-Picot borders with unpredictable consequences on immediate Syrian neighbours viewed as American strategic allies.
US participation in an enforced no-fly zone combining joint airstrikes with Russia against ISIS whose internal documents show a significant loss in funding and problems of military cohesion, is viewed as a preferred recourse taking into account that a full-blown military option is not welcome by NATO, the United States and Europe which all suffer from a palpable sense of conflict exhaustion extra reinforced by their crisis-ridden if not, stagnated economies. Besides, the introduction of advanced Russian anti-aircraft systems means that any potential “buffer or no-fly zone” areas will have to be created in conjunction with Russia or otherwise run the risk of a US-Russian military clash.
Increased concern and focus on ISIS among international and regional players can be the impetus for a political solution context especially after the adoption of Security Council Resolution 2254 on the framework for a political settlement in Syria.
The strategy for a negotiated settlement should include coordinated diplomatic efforts to implement a reconciliation process accepted by the regime and the opposition, and insure a smooth political transition.
The promotion of comprehensive reform policies to shore up national unity, the strengthening of the internal front, the firm establishment of national dialogue and commitment to grant amnesty to Syrian political prisoners can be positive steps which can send signals that the country has room for all. Special focus needs to be paid to the role of Assad in a transition. Despite the fact that the opposition supports that the Syrian president cannot be part of the transition, people who live in regime-controlled areas worry that Assad’s departure could precipitate partial or complete regime collapse that would be a gift for ISIS and other jihadist groups. Interestingly, vibrant local governance and civil society organizations as well as businesspeople still operating within Syria are beginning to enter politics as representatives of the opposition and could be the seeds of formal governance structures.as outcome of political settlement negotiations.
Undoubtedly, the debate on Syria reflects not only divisions but most important, the realization that political clocks cannot be turned back; too much political mobilization has occurred for the status quo ante to come to the fore intact. Despite that Syria is thousands of miles away from the United States, there is an expectation from Syrians, Europeans and regional countries that Washington plays a more constructive role in ending the Syrian conflict. It is upon this expectation that the United States delivers because even though the road for the resolution of the Syrian conflict may be winding and like a river taking many curves, it is inevitable for the river sooner or later to eventually reach the ocean.
|
0.999728 |
Can someone compare Wordpress WordAds vs Google Adsense?
WordAds just launched to a wider WordPress community making it possible for self-hosted WordPress blogs to use their platform. I wrote a detailed guide where you can find the differences and limitations as compared to Adsense in details.
You can see the technical details and limitations of WordAds in the post but here's the summary.
It's not a good idea to compare WordAds and Google Adsense.
Google Adsense is one of the most popular established platforms for publishers but WordAds is a new player in the market that just works for WordPress websites as of now.
WordAds was only built for blogs and it has just opened for all Wordpress websites.
WordAds in a way has combined capabilities of both Adsense and Adwords and made it available for WordPress.
It's simply trying to provide a built-in and easy service for WordPress bloggers and publishers to display advertisements and make money out of their content.
You will also be surprised that Google Adsense is one of the partners of WordAds program.
WordAds say that they simply manage ad partners like Adsense, Federated Media, and dozens of others for WordPress publishers.
I hope it makes more sense on why not to compare these platforms now.
Important question to ask might be what works better for your blog in terms of making more revenue.
- WordAds needs a certain traffic (in thousands per month) for your blog to be accepted. Adsense doesn't have a minimum traffic requirement but you blog needs to be of quality and it can often be difficult to be accepted into the program.
- WordAds provide you with limited control in terms of what advertisements are displayed on your website. With Adsense you have more control over what is displayed on your websites.
|
0.995526 |
While you might be tempted to think that a plant-based diet could be bad for athletes and cause food deficiencies, the opposite is true. In fact, a vegetarian or vegan diet offers many benefits, as long as it’s balanced of course.
A plant-based diet offers a much higher quantity of carbohydrates than a traditional diet. Fruits, vegetables, wholegrains and legumes are all rich in carbohydrates. These constitute the body and muscles’ principle source of energy. It’s well known that a high carbohydrate diet improves performance in endurance sports, and other types of sport, by optimizing energy levels.
A vegetarian or vegan diet is rich in antioxidants, which help reduce inflammation in the body and promote a faster recovery after long or intense training. It also helps athletes train harder and more often, which contributes to improving performance. It also helps prevent and heal injuries.
A diet rich in plant-foods is rich in dietary fiber, which helps optimize digestion. That’s because fiber facilitates intestinal transit—the course of stools from one end of the intestine to the other. It increases stool volume and weight by absorbing water. Therefore, it contributes to normalize transit time and stool consistency to limit constipation and diarrhea. A vegetarian or vegan diet makes it easy to get the recommended fiber intake, which is 21 to 38g a day depending on age, gender and particular conditions (pregnancy, breastfeeding, etc.). What’s more, these diets are high in prebiotics, which support intestinal flora. Prebiotics are ingredients that are not digested by the human digestive tube. They feed and promote the growth and activity of good bacteria in the colon. The principle sources of prebiotics are inulin, legumes and certain fruits, vegetables and whole grains.
A plant-based diet, thanks to its high soluble fiber and low saturated fat content, helps prevent cardiovascular disease by helping to reduce blood cholesterol levels. This type of diet is also good for preventing and treating type 2 diabetes, by improving insulin resistance, helping maintain a healthy weight, and providing a high intake of fiber and phytonutrients. In a recent study, a vegan diet resulted in better glycemic control and a significant reduction in glycated hemoglobin, compared to a conventional diet. Finally, a plant based diet helps maintain a healthy weight because it is rich in fiber, and generally less calorific and not as rich in fat. Fiber takes longer to chew and digest, and increases satiety, hence its effect on weight control.
McMacken M. et Shah S. A plant-based diet for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes. Journal of Geriatric Cardiology. 2017; 14: 342−354.
Lee Y. Et al. Effect of a Brown Rice Based Vegan Diet and Conventional Diabetic Diet on Glycemic Control of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A 12-Week Randomized Clinical Trial. PLoS One. 2016;11(6): e0155918.
Hi, Thanks for your awesome article. Actually, A vegetarian diet has been linked to a lower risk of cardiovascular risk factors. Studies have found that the more meat people consume, the higher their risk of type 2 diabetes. Vegetarian food tends to be lower in fat, especially saturated fats, and higher in fiber, than animal-based foods.
|
0.945797 |
In Alabama, three federal court districts form a subset of the federal court system headed by the U.S. Supreme Court. During the 1950s and 1960s, these courts in Alabama were involved in numerous landmark decisions, often involving civil rights and prayer in the public schools. Many of these cases were presided over by Judge Frank M. Johnson Jr., of Alabama's Middle District Court. Some of these cases ultimately were reviewed by the U.S. Supreme Court and led to the establishment of national policies in those areas. In more recent years, these district courts have rendered important decisions involving prison overcrowding, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), and discrimination in the work place. It was a Middle District judge who found that a monument featuring the Ten Commandments placed in the State Supreme Court Building by Judge Roy Moore violated the First Amendment prohibition on government acts that promote or "establish" religion.
The U.S. District Courts for Alabama consist of the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Alabama, based in Birmingham; the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Alabama, based in Montgomery with courthouses in Dothan and Opelika; and the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Alabama, with courthouses in Mobile and Selma.
The federal judiciary is organized hierarchically and geographically. At the top of the pyramid is the Supreme Court of the United States, the ultimate arbiter of what the Constitution and laws mean. At the bottom are the courts of original jurisdiction, or trial courts. In between are 12 intermediate appellate courts, which hear initial appeals of trial outcomes.
Federal courts settle legal disputes over the interpretation of the U.S. Constitution and federal statutory law; state courts serve the same function regarding state law. Courts may be classified as original jurisdiction, which means that they settle questions of fact, such as guilt or innocence, usually through trials. Appellate courts, on the other hand, deal with questions of law, and they evaluate lower-court decisions with respect to adherence to due process protections and statutory and constitutional interpretations. In addition, courts may be classified by the nature of their jurisdiction, whether general or specialized.
The U.S. Congress has, over time, created numerous specialized courts, including the Court of International Trade, the Tax Court, and the Court of Military Appeals. Judges on these courts are nominated by the U.S. Senate and confirmed by the president. They serve for fixed terms, which in some cases are renewable; they often are referred to as "Article I" judges because they are created by law under the legislative powers provided to Congress under Article I of the Constitution. General jurisdiction judges hear all types of civil and criminal cases except those reserved for specialized courts. They are called "Article III" judges because that article created the Supreme Court and all inferior courts. Article III judges are nominated by the president and must be confirmed by a majority of the U.S. Senate. They serve a life appointment (though most retire at some point during their service), barring impeachment or findings of acts of malfeasance.
U.S. District Courts are federal trial courts of general jurisdiction. Their judges also are nominated by the U.S. Senate and confirmed by the president. Each state is guaranteed at least one of the 94 currently existing judicial districts. Several sparsely populated states have only one. The number that each state is allotted is a function of need or caseload. California, New York, and Texas—with large populations and a high number of caseloads—each have four, the maximum number. Other states, such as Wisconsin and Mississippi, have two. Alabama has the three named above. The system is decentralized still further—the Middle District, for example, also holds court in both Dothan and Opelika.
When Alabama became a state in 1819, it was initially a single-district state. The district was then divided into the Northern and Southern Districts in 1824, although the same judge presided over both districts. The Middle District followed in 1839, again with only one judge for all three districts. Currently, Alabama has 14 district judgeships, distributed as follows: three each in the Middle and Southern Districts, and eight in the Northern District. Plaintiffs who receive an unfavorable decision by a district court (either from a jury or a judge) can appeal the decision to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit, which covers Alabama, Florida, and Georgia and is based in Atlanta.
Since the state's founding, 56 judges have served on the district bench in Alabama. The first judge was Charles Tait, who was confirmed on May 13, 1820, and resigned in 1826. He was a Virginia native, born in 1768 and actually spent most of his previous career in Georgia as a state judge and U.S. senator. The first African American to serve was Judge U. W. Clemon, who was appointed to the Northern District by Pres. Jimmy Carter in 1980. He was born in Fairfield, Jefferson County, in 1943 and graduated from Miles College and Columbia University's Law School. He practiced law in Birmingham before his appointment and also served a term in the Alabama Senate. A native of Brewton, Escambia County, Sharon Lovelace Blackburn is the first woman to serve as a district judge in Alabama and was nominated by Pres. George H. W. Bush to the Northern District in 1991. She is a graduate of the University of Alabama and the Cumberland School of Law. She clerked for two judges, worked for Legal Services, and was an assistant U.S. attorney (prosecuting attorney for the Department of Justice). The Alabama district judge with the longest tenure has been Harry Toulmin from Mobile, who served from 1887 to 1916. In addition to previous experience as a state judge and legislator, Toulmin was a colonel in the Confederate Army.
Many issues arising in the state of Alabama have led to important Supreme Court interpretations of the Constitution. If the actions of a state government involve rights that citizens are guaranteed under the U.S. Constitution, they are reviewable by the Supreme Court of the United States. One path to Supreme Court review is for the case to proceed through the various levels of the state judiciary, culminating in the state's highest court (usually called the Supreme Court), and from there be accepted for review. In Orr v. Orr (440 U.S. 268, 1979), the Supreme Court held that Alabama's statute requiring husbands but not wives to pay alimony violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. In Paradise v. Allen (480 U.S. 149, 1987), the Supreme Court upheld a ruling in Alabama's Middle District that racial quotas were constitutional, provided they were closely tailored as a remedy for a "history of discrimination."
In addition, state action may be reviewed initially by a U.S. district court and then work its way up the federal judicial system. Numerous landmark Supreme Court cases have originated in the district courts of Alabama. Reynolds v. Sims (377 U.S. 533, 1964), which originated in the Middle District, was one of the early legislative apportionment cases that contributed to the "one man [sic], one vote" principle and increased state Senate representation for large voting districts. The challenge was upheld by the Supreme Court. Wallace v. Jaffree (472 U.S. 38, 1985) was an important case in establishing the limits on prayer in public schools and overturned a decision made by the Southern District that approved of school prayer. In Frontiero v. Richardson (411 U.S. 677. 1973), the Supreme Court reversed a Middle District decision and held that an Army regulation in which women soldiers had to document that their spouses were dependent upon them for benefits (when it was assumed that spouses of male soldiers were dependents) was unconstitutional gender discrimination. Judge Frank M. Johnson of the Middle District court found the Alabama prison system's overcrowded living conditions violated the Eighth and Fourteenth amendments in Pugh v. Locke, (406 U.S. 318 (M.D. Ala. 1976). A circuit court agreed with the assessment but said there was no constitutional basis for the decision, and the Supreme Court said the state was protected by sovereign immunity.
In more recent years, Milton Ash and Patricia Garrett, two employees of the University of Alabama system, alleged job discrimination because of their asthma and breast cancer, respectively. The Northern District court ruled in Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett (531 U.S. 356, 2001) that the university was protected under the Eleventh Amendment. When the Supreme Court looked at the case, it decided that individuals may not sue a state for federal damages in federal court, thus finding Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act unconstitutional. In 2006, the Northern District court heard the pay discrimination case, Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company (550 U.S. 2007), and a jury decided that Goodyear owed Lilly Ledbetter back wages and damages because she had not been compensated the same as her male peers. The Court of Appeals ruled in favor of Goodyear, as did a majority of the Supreme Court, which stated that the claimant had not brought suit within the time period allowed by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In 2009, Pres. Barack Obama signed into law the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, which would make it easier for workers to sue for pay discrimination.
Freyer, Tony, and Timothy Dixon. Democracy and Judicial Independence: A History of the Federal Courts of Alabama, 1820-1994. Brooklyn: Carlson Publishing, 1995.
|
0.944262 |
One of the most startling and immense systems of weather and inexplicable demonstrations of stable atmospheric dynamics is the great red spot of Jupiter that was first observed more than 300 years ago. It is assumed that it was Cassini who first observed the Great Red Spot, however, it is unlikely that when Cassini made the observation that he considered whether the spot could be observing him.
with our clinical definition of life, then there would be no need to further question the existence of extra terrestrial life because we could simply begin to investigate the other planets in our solar system as conscious living systems. Possibly the most difficult psychological hurtle for the human race would be to accept a view that we are conscious beings that make up part of a larger conscious being that is the earth and that each degree has free will that defies logic. For sake of this hypothesis, put aside the notion that life and consciousness has to follow a strict clinical definition of what we can observe, dissect and calculate to consider and compare the larger living system of Jupiter with that of earth.
One of the observable traits common to living planets with complex internal workings is its weather system. Collectively, life on earth contributes to the creation, the content and the shape of our atmosphere. In this respect, the human race through the observation and understanding of the universe has shaped the weather systems by applying this knowledge and understanding to lifestyle and to the taming of nature. A gaia theorist could postulate that, in part through our actions, the earth weather system is an evolved complex system that has a memory and is aware and conscious of the universe; the earth can observe and store information of the surrounding universe through us. A planet like Jupiter would not be able to sustain our forms life given the immense gravitational field yet there is potential mechanism that could shape the weather patterns on Jupiter through external universal influences: the great red spot. The great red spot of Jupiter is still a mystery to scientists yet is it possible that it is part of the living system of Jupiter itself much as we are to the earth? Is the great red spot an example of the inexplicable properties of life and free will?
Consider the great red spot as an engine that drives the rest of the weather patterns on Jupiter and then apply the butterfly effect discovered while attempting mathematical weather modeling; a small perturbation in temperature or pressure within the great red spot will have immense consequences to the unfolding patterns of the surrounding weather system. A small blip in the spot would be amplified to some degree on the resulting eddies and vortexes around the spot. Is this Jupiter's eye to sense the surrounding universe?
|
0.941018 |
Who is the "Media Maven"?
Gloria is an award-winning broadcast journalist originating from Dallas, Texas. She is a graduate of Southern Methodist University where she was a Presidential Scholar.
As one of the youngest reporters at the CBS News Southwest Bureau, she covered a five state region traveling alongside CBS Network News anchor, Scott Pelley. The Ross Perot Presidential Campaign and Hurricane Andrew were amongst her key bureau assignments.
Fully bilingual in Spanish, Gloria reported and anchored with the Univison Network Bureau. She joined the NBC affiliate in San Diego breaking many network caliber news stories including the narco trafficking wars with the Baja California drug cartels and the assassination of Mexican Presidential candidate Donaldo Colosio. She went on to freelance in the Los Angeles market for various stations.
Gloria has won a multitude of journalism awards including Golden Mike honors, Emmys and Press Club Awards in Texas and Southern California. She was the recipient of the Latina News Woman of the Year Award. Gloria is a former Miss Teen Texas.
In her own words, " I consider myself a dedicated journalist who understands the ABC's of this profession: accuracy, balance and clarity. I enjoy people and believe everyone has a unique and exceptional story to tell... I'm simply the storyteller."
|
0.999981 |
5 offices tend to be dynamic fashion The youngest office for new start-up companies. The trend of choosing the age of the office for interior design is equally important. Because the age is related to the color in the design and how to choose the interior for each space is different. Here are some prominent offices in the world for young dynamic style.
Project L'Oréal - New York.
Highlights: Reflecting the diversity of 30 brand names is an unbelievably spacious area. From product testing labs and even a virtual reality lab.
Project Fila - New York.
At the reception desk, the logo of the sportswear manufacturer appears as a solid cast steel fixture. The exterior is also coated with an electrostatic coating. Just to see the living room space is impressive by the outstanding red fire.
Project L'Oréal - Mellbourne, Australia.
As the sale style Tropical - bring the blue space into the office to decorate. This is a perfect combination of plants together to form a large picture frame between the office.
Stitch Fix Project - San Francisco.
Highlights: Long oak arch and same material table. This place is both a reception desk and a place for employees to work together like a pretty cafe.
Project: Foot Locker - New York.
The interior design of this unique project is the map. It is a celebration of the world relief team made of individualized shoelaces.
|
0.969361 |
In breathing exercises I am told that my rib cage should be expanding. How can I tell if it is expanding?
Good question. When doing deep breathing exercises, it can be hard to tell at first whether the rib cage is expanding enough.
1. Place your hands on your sides, at a height about a hand's width higher than the belly button. Your hands should be resting on your rib cage. With each breath in, the ribs should move about an inch out to the sides.
2. Look in the mirror as you breathe. You will notice your entire upper body moving. Your sides will get wider as you breathe in, and move inward as you breathe out. As long as you can see some movement, your rib cage is expanding sufficiently.
3. Place one hand on your chest and one hand on your stomach. You will feel both hands rise with each breath by approximately half an inch.
In the video below, you can see an example of deep breathing. Watch for the movement of my sides as I demonstrate deep breathing - you can see expansion out to the sides with each breath.
|
0.999292 |
THE NE.W YORKER finally got itself together into a smooth- ly functioning operation. When I looked at him skeptically, he paused, and then said, "Well, at least they've stopped shooting themselves in the foot." The President's side thought of employing various stratagems to de- fuse the 16-C issue. They considered having the President capitulate-they would have tried to make it appear otherwise-and name his running mate before the nomination. They con- sidered offering an amendment to have the rule become applicable for the first time at the 1980 Convention But then, one of the Ford strategists ex- plained to me, they saw the 16-C fight in just the terms Sears saw it in: as a good test that, if they won it, would insure Ford's nomination. There have also been meetings here on questions about the fall campaign. Some observ- ers think that the President can ill af- ford to spend much time in Vail, where he will go afte r the Con ven tion, he- cause there are only ten and a half weeks left until the November elec- tion. But in fact the President's strate- gists do not intend to have him cam- paign very much. After much debate within the President's staff, the deci- sion has essentially been reached to keep the President in the White House until late in the campaign. The idea is both to capitalize on his incumbency and to keep him out of trouble. One of the Presiden t's strategIsts shows visitors figures that demonstrate how during the primaries the President's percentage in the polls dropped after he began to campaign in a state. But it appears that there is something more to this fact than just the degree of Gerald Ford's competence as a campaigner. Jimmy Carter's polls went down after he be- gan to campaign in a state, too. We may be reaching the point where the less the public sees of a candidate the better. What is the logical extension of that? Essentially, the President's strategy in the fall is to hope that Jimmy Carter makes a big mistake, or some big mistakes. One strategist said today, "Carter has got to he driven to the mat on the issues. Pat Caddel1 runs out and takes a poll, and Carter trots out a theme and talks around it. Every- thing about the President is known. \\1 e're going to get everything known about Carter. He's going to make some mistakes-he's going to drive some wedge in his soft coalition." . A T the Convention this evenIng, some Reagan demonstration leade rs are weanng green base ball caps, 135 No match for the average man '''''' ' I . .... ""''''''','''''.... " . ......,"""'" _._ \ J\,'tt\ ......... , .'.\," , ""' ''''" " ", """","'''' ' , " , """'" '- -" , "',...-... - - , -4 w (:" ".. Priced from $100 to $3,000 depending on the market price of gold Available in gold or silver finish, ChInese lacqURT and solid gold cf 0. ø ORFÈVRES A PARIS Avculableat ] E. CaidvJeU-Phzla. · CD. Peacock-Chlcago. Shreq,,'e's-SanFranasco. Wagner's-Fcurfield. Adler s-NetVOrleans or ,... """ o ,y An , A1lm Edmonds ) success stOI1' f '! / :.":. """* ..... .. ""'- to . ". >- 0" <<.^ ^,_ .. ;....' ,:".Oi . R J.. ..., ' " , . ' ' " . 0 " o:", ( !' ..;.' !<<õ ? -. .; ::": ? ", 0",. :: . .. ,*". (*- \:.., t 0" "< 4, *, ' ..... .. ,,"'::::"'. * ..,. ;,.' :: : , ' , ; ;, \; At Allen Edmonds we measure our success not by how many shoes we produce each day- but by the quality of the finished shoe. For the kind of quality we demand, we employ only the best craftsmen-artists in their field. The result: total success. Our Norse wing-tip shown here is just one of our success stories Featured this Fall in Palomino Also available in black. Write for free brochure and nearest dealer. :-.. -::. r' ....., .' : : ;t;A!JLL Æ1N!cJE]JJ)JMI(())JNJ/JJ BELGIUM WISCONSIN 53004 Allen Edmonds sizes available from 5 to 16. AAAA to EEE.
|
0.999843 |
1 Elephant Elephants are large mammals of the family Elephantidae and the order Proboscidea. Two species are traditionally recognized, the African elephant and the Asian elephant, although some evidence suggests that African bush elephants and African forest elephants are separate species.
2 Horse The horse is one of two extant subspecies of Equus ferus. It is an odd-toed ungulate mammal belonging to the taxonomic family Equidae, and can be tamed, bred, and trained, as a mount.
4 Kangaroo The kangaroo is a marsupial from the family Macropodidae. In common use the term is used to describe the largest species from this family, especially those of the genus Macropus: the red kangaroo, antilopine kangaroo, eastern grey kangaroo, and western grey kangaroo.
5 Hippopotamus The common hippopotamus, or hippo, is a large, mostly herbivorous mammal in sub-Saharan Africa, and one of only two extant species in the family Hippopotamidae, the other being the pygmy hippopotamus.
6 Capybara The capybara is the largest rodent in the world. It is a member of the genus Hydrochoerus, of which the only other extant member is the lesser capybara.
7 Mouse A mouse is a small rodent characteristically having a pointed snout, small rounded ears, a body-length scaly tail and a high breeding rate. The best known mouse species is the common house mouse. It is also a popular pet.
Mice on this list? Hilarious! They're omnivorous not "herbivorous". The person who put a mouse on this list should do his/her research. When I said that, I'm not hating or anything, it's just a suggestion.
8 Rabbit Rabbits are small mammals in the family Leporidae of the order Lagomorpha, found in several parts of the world.
9 Deer Deer are the ruminant mammals forming the family Cervidae. The two main groups are the Cervinae, including the muntjac, the fallow deer and the chital, and the Capreolinae, including the elk, reindeer, the Western roe deer, and the Eurasian elk.
10 Gorilla Gorillas are ground-dwelling, predominantly herbivorous apes that inhabit the forests of central Sub-Saharan Africa.
11 Okapi The okapi is a giraffid artiodactyl mammal native to the northeast of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in Central Africa.
13 Cape Buffalo The African buffalo or Cape buffalo is a large African bovine. Syncerus caffer caffer, the Cape buffalo, is the typical subspecies, and the largest one, found in Southern and East Africa.
Huge, but not an Elephant, or Rhino. Big herds and can attack crocodiles and even lions.
If the American beaver is on this list itself, then why not?
22 Tapir A tapir is a large, herbivorous mammal, similar in shape to a pig, with a short, prehensile nose trunk.
24 Zebra Zebras are several species of African equids united by their distinctive black and white striped coats.
25 Wildebeest Wildebeests, also called gnus, are antelopes in the genus Connochaetes. They belong to the family Bovidae, which includes antelopes, cattle, goats, sheep, and other even-toed horned ungulates.
26 Guinea Pig The guinea pig, also called the cavy or domestic guinea pig, is a species of rodent belonging to the family Caviidae and the genus Cavia.
33 Chinchilla Chinchillas are two species of crepuscular rodents, slightly larger and more robust than ground squirrels. They are native to the Andes mountains in South America and live in colonies called "herds" at high elevations up to 4,270 m.
34 Camel A camel is an even-toed ungulate within the genus Camelus, bearing distinctive fatty deposits known as "humps" on its back.
35 Cattle Cattle—colloquially cows—are the most common type of large domesticated ungulates. They are a prominent modern member of the subfamily Bovinae, are the most widespread species of the genus Bos, and are most commonly classified collectively as Bos taurus.
38 Zebroid A zebroid is the offspring of any cross between a zebra and any other equine: essentially, a zebra hybrid.
40 Goat The domestic goat is a subspecies of goat domesticated from the wild goat of southwest Asia and Eastern Europe.
43 Giraffe The giraffe is an African even-toed ungulate mammal, the tallest living terrestrial animal and the largest ruminant.
46 Impala The impala is a medium-sized antelope found in eastern and southern Africa. The sole member of the genus Aepyceros, it was first described to European audiences by German zoologist Hinrich Lichtenstein in 1812. Two subspecies are recognised—the common impala, and the larger and darker black-faced ...read more.
47 Llama The llama is a domesticated South American camelid, widely used as a meat and pack animal by Andean cultures since the Pre-Columbian era.
48 Kudu The kudus are two species of antelope of the genus Tragelaphus: Lesser kudu, Tragelaphus imberbis, of eastern Africa. Greater kudu, Tragelaphus strepsiceros, of eastern and southern Africa.
49 Sheep The sheep is a quadrupedal, ruminant mammal typically kept as livestock. Like all ruminants, sheep are members of the order Artiodactyla, the even-toed ungulates.
|
0.987988 |
In the comic books, Captain Cold and The Flash have a history dating back to 1957's "Showcase" #8. In his costumed bad guy identity, Leonard Snart was one of the first supervillains faced by DC Comics' Barry Allen incarnation of speedy hero, so it's with a certain sense of historical symmetry that the character debuts in this week's fourth episode of < href="https://www.comicbookresources.com/tag/the+flash+tv">"The Flash" on The CW, with titular star Grant Gustin facing Wentworth Miller's Captain Cold.
One of the most prominent Flash villains in history -- frequently seen as the leader of the Rogues, a collection of speedster-averse supercriminals -- Captain Cold has often been depicted as a surprisingly complex villain, with his own moral code and flirtations with heroism (he's even currently a member of the Justice League). He's also a personal favorite of DC Entertainment Chief Creative Officer Geoff Johns, who wrote "The Flash" comic book for years and serves as an executive producer on the TV show. Johns worked closely with Miller and episode director Glen Witner on tonight's episode -- aptly titled "Going Rogue" -- and earlier this month showed off photos of Miller as Cold in the character's live-action debut, with the parka and Cold Gun strongly hinting that the show's stated objective of embracing its comic book roots remains a priority.
In advance of "Going Rogue" -- which also features Emily Bett Rickards in her "Arrow" role as Felicity Smoak -- CBR News spoke with Miller about taking on the Captain Cold role, working in comic book-based material what the future may entail for his character and reuniting with Dominic Purcell, who he co-starred with for four seasons on Fox's "Prison Break."
CBR News: Wentworth, "The Flash" is certainly part of this current explosion of comic book-based live-action prime time TV shows -- with more seemingly announced each week. As an actor who's worked in a variety of genres, what's exciting to you about getting to work with this type of material, and being a part of that larger movement on TV?
Wentworth Miller: You know, I'm a fan of the genre and happy to be part of a show that's been so well-received, but to be honest, it's never been a particular dream of mine to play a superhero or comic book character. The enjoyment I get from playing Captain Cold isn't about riding a popular wave. It's primarily creative. I find the material supports almost any choice I might want to make as an actor. There are dramatic moments, comedic moments, I can be subtle, I can twirl my mustache... That's satisfying for me. It keeps things interesting.
Captain Cold occupies a very distinct and very prominent place in the Flash rogues gallery. What are the qualities in the character that were attractive to you?
Captain Cold is a bad guy with shades of gray. And I like that. The writers have shared some of his backstory with me -- which we may or may not get to -- and I thought, "Ah -- there's a reason he is who he is. Or reasons, plural." There are beats in my first episode where I'm an out-and-out bad guy and there are beats that hint at something else. The character's got dimension. Depth.
And did you do much research into the source material to prepare for the role?
I took a look at the comics but there's a lot out there. It's a little overwhelming. So I made the choice to let the powers-that-be tell me what I need to know. They'll guide my course.
Speaking of research -- DC chief creative officer and "Flash" executive producer Geoff Johns is probably the most famous Captain Cold fan there is. How much have you discussed with him about the character?
He's been great. And Kai Yu Wu, who co-wrote my first episode, has been a real asset as well. They were both on set, making themselves available, and whatever questions I had they were happy to answer. It was actually out of my back-and-forth with Geoff that the idea to approach Dom about Heat Wave emerged.
Speaking of that -- of course, much has been made about your "Prison Break" brother Dominic Purcell also joining "The Flash" cast as a rogue, Heat Wave. Have you shot any scenes together yet? And how meaningful is it you to once again be on the same show as Purcell?
Anyone tuning in to see the two of us onscreen at the same time will not be disappointed. We've got a lot of scenes together. I just wrapped my second episode -- Dom's first -- in Vancouver and it was a blast. And a blast from the past. Dom and I played brothers for four years, and we developed a bond that really does feel brotherly. It was a lot of fun to tap into that but also push into new creative territory. This isn't "Michael and Lincoln Take Two." But there are moments that did feel a little wink-wink-nudge-nudge. Let's just say it was a good time.
Given the major role Captain Cold plays in The Flash mythos, presumably you'll be sticking around for a bit -- is there any indication at this point how many episodes you'll be appearing in, now that "the Flash" has been picked up for a full season?
That's up in the air. But I wouldn't be surprised if I showed up one or two more times this season. It depends on availability and what the writers have planned big-picture. Meanwhile, I'm just happy to have a place at the table.
"Going Rogue," Wentworth Miller's debut episode as Captain Cold on "The Flash," airs at 8 tonight on The CW.
|
0.863829 |
What do Lobster Bands actually do?
The main reason lobsters have their claws banded with lobster bands is to protect them from each other but banding the claws also helps protect the people who handle them.
A while ago, lobstermen would use wooden pegs to keep the claws shut but this was halted as pegs would cause an open wound on the lobsters and if the wound became infected, this infection could easily be spread between the lobsters causing shrinkage.
To keep damage to a minimum on the soft-shelled lobster claws, lobstermen will use various grades of rubber band. Soft-shelled lobsters should use a flexible rubber band now known as a lobster bands and a tighter rubber band will be used for hard shells.
This is an extremely effective method unless the lobster is very soft and in this case, when possible, the lobster should be stored separately while the shell has chance to harden.
The lobster should be handled by holding the top of its shell, directly behind its head, to remove the lobster bands, start with the smaller claw, the pincher. The larger claw is known as the “crusher” and for good reason.
Lobsters are cooked live as with other shellfish they have harmful bacteria in their flesh and once dead, these bacteria can multiply quickly releasing toxins that cooking may not kill. By cooking the lobster live you minimise the possibility of food poisoning. The lobster can be cooked with or without the lobster bands.
To maximize the flavour of the lobster meat when cooking, it is best to remove the rubber bands before cooking. If you take the lobster straight out of the fridge or from cold water, it should be slow and calm enough that you shouldn't be pinched.
You will usually notice a dramatic color change in the lobster while cooking and this is down to certain biochemicals inside the shellfish that react to the heat. Both lobsters and crabs have astaxanthin in their shells which is a pigment that appears red, orange or yellow in color.
A sweet and light white wine is recommended to accompany your lobster as red wine is said to be too strong. A traditional hot lobster dish should be enjoyed with an oaky Chardonnay or when served cold enjoyed with a dry white wine, possibly a Muscadet.
Lobsters can be left and right handed like humans. This is determined by what side the larger claw is on.
Of the more than 10,000 eggs the female will lay, only ten may make it through the first month of life.
A lobster will shed its shell several times a year.
|
0.999885 |
Presley became close to both parents and formed an especially close bond with his mother. The family attended an Assembly of God church, where he found his initial musical inspiration. Vernon moved from one odd job to the next, evincing little ambition. In , they lost their home after Vernon was found guilty of altering a check written by his landowner and sometime employer. He was jailed for eight months, while Gladys and Elvis moved in with relatives. The contest, held at the Mississippi—Alabama Fair and Dairy Show on October 3, , was his first public performance.
The queen with her mirror, from 'sMy Favourite Book of Fairy Tales illustrated by Jennie Harbour In the Brothers Grimm tale[ edit ] The Evil Queen is a very beautiful but proud and arrogant woman who is secretly dabbling in dark arts. The King's new and second wife is very beautiful, but she is also a wicked and vain woman who becomes the new and second Queen, and Snow White's stepmother. She owns a magic mirror , which one day informs her that her young stepdaughter Princess Snow White has surpassed her in beauty. After deciding to eliminate Snow White, the Queen orders her Huntsman to take the princess into the forest and kill her.
Sure. We are going to unmess them here.
|
0.999952 |
You'll find that you have several options to consider when selecting what type of windows you should use in your home.
When selecting windows for energy efficiency, it's important to first consider their energy performance ratings in relation to your climate and your home's design. This will help narrow your selection. Select windows with both low U-factors and low SHGCs to maximize energy savings in temperate climates with both cold and hot seasons. Look for whole-unit U-factors and SHGCs, rather than center-of-glass (COG) U-factors and SHGCs. Whole-unit numbers more accurately reflect the energy performance of the entire product.
Another important consideration is how the windows operate, because some operating types have lower air leakage rates than others, which will improve your home's energy efficiency.
|
0.972117 |
A good pair of snowboarding boots should hold the foot effectively while providing good comfort. The boots should also be adapted to the type of snowboarding you do and your level. Follow the guide to find the ones you need.
*Intermediate: Look for snowboard boots which are flexible, comfortable and forgiving.
*Advanced: Look for snowboard boots with good support, offering precision with speed.
A quick and easy adjustment system. Pull, lock and it's done thanks to thin laces and a quick tightening system.
A very powerful system with cable and wheel.
A very quick and powerful system with cable and wheel with winder.
Fastening by individual zone for improved power and precision.
A very powerful system with cable and wheel + tibia rip-tab.
- Grip: The grip of the sole on the snow and on a frozen parking lot or on the board.
- Stiffness or flex: The stiffness (or flex) of the boots in the front (for frontside turns), in the back (for backside turns), but alos on the side for freestyling tricks and rotations.
Don't hesitate to pull the inner boot out when you try the boots on, and compare the different inner boots, they will teach you a lot on how well you will feel with them on when riding.
|
0.94156 |
I have also done a detailed calculation of global warming due to fossil-fuels burning.
The purpose of this article is to show the energy deficit in future years by extrapolating world energy consumption and coal, crude-oil, natural-gas and uranium extraction into future years.
A calculation of energy produced by nuclear reactors is shown to be rather small compared to the projected energy consumption and the energy available from the three fossil fuels. Therefore, the only way to fill the energy deficit beyond fossil-fuels energy is by renewable energy, such as solar and wind.
It is then shown that a reasonable growth rate for three renewable energy sources (wind, photovoltaics and biofuels) can meet an assumed asymptotic energy per capita of 350x106 BTU/year/person.
"Energy" here refers to the total energy available in the fuel, often called "primary energy", not the energy actually converted into useful work or electricity.
Currently the U.S. uses about 350x106 BTU/person/year (~12 kW/person), industrialized countries average about 200x106 BTU/person/year (~6.5 kW/person), developing countries average about 35x106 BTU/person/year (~1.2 kW/person) and the world average is about 75x106 BTU/person/year (~2.5 kW/person). The leveling off assumes that renewable energy sources will be developed in time to make the transition from the peaked fossil-fuels extraction curve to the smoothly rising energy-consumption curve.
1 ton (2000 lbs) of coal yields about 25.2 MBTU.
1 barrel (42 gallons) of crude oil yields about 5.8 MBTU.
1 mcf (103 ft3) of natural gas yields about 1 MBTU.
As should be the case, other energy sources besides fossil fuels supply some of the energy consumption. There is a huge energy deficit relative to fossil-fuels energy to meet the 350 MBTU/person/year asymptote.
The fraction of natural uranium in U3O8 ore is 0.846.
The amount of electrical energy delivered by nuclear reactors is about 151.8 Tjoules/tonne of natural uranium = 144 109MBTU/tonne.
The factor to convert electrical energy into thermal energy for nuclear reactors is about 2.6, which corresponds to a conversion efficiency of 1/2.6 = 0.38.
The red curve is a fit where the amount to eventually be extracted is double the amount of the blue curve, an extremely optimistic case.
It was assumed that all uranium mined is eventually used to extract energy. Of course, much of it was used and will be used to make nuclear weapons; however, some weapons were dismantled and their uranium used to extract energy. So this calculation is extremely optimistic for useful electrical energy that can be gotten from uranium.
Doubling the total uranium finally extracted has very little effect. The conclusion is that uranium will never supply very much energy for humans to use.
It is possible that the decline in extraction of fossil fuels will cause a population collapse. This would surely cause the world energy consumption to also fall to some new asymptote. In that case the amount of energy that must be supplied by other than fossil fuels and uranium would be less than shown above.
In recent years renewable energy has supplied about 14% of primary energy consumed.
The peak is about twice the 2015 growth rate of ~7.5%. These are achievable growth rates, but will require a massive effort for about 1.5 decades.
An interesting further study would be to calculate how much of the Earth's surface is required to meet these values for energy from photovoltaics and biofuels and whether sufficient wind resources are available to meet these values for wind energy. Possibly the best biofuel is biodiesel and the best source of feedstock for biodiesel is algae.
For a rough calculation, consider that the Sun shines about 5 kWh/m2/day (1.8x107 J/m2/day or 1.7x104 BTU/m2/day) on the Earth surface. For a Earth land area of about 1.5x1014 m2, the total solar energy on the land area is about 9.3x1020 BTU/year. The asymptotic energy consumption used above is about 3x1018 BTU/year. So the available solar energy shining on the land is about 310 times that amount that is assumed to be consumed. This implies that the assumed asymptotic consumption is probably higher than possible. Of course, the ocean area is much larger than the land area (71% compared to 21%), so some of the energy could come from the solar energy impinging on the oceans.
The conclusion is that, if the world could level off energy consumption to about 575 quad per year, a continued intensive program of increasing renewable energy sources at a reasonable rate could easily meet the energy needs not met by fossil fuels and uranium.
The depletion of fossil fuels (coal, crude oil and natural gas) indicate that the time is now for beginning a world intensive program to develop renewable fuel sources (wind, solar and biofuels). In fact, the current rates of growth of renewable-energy sources are more than enough to match the growth in energy consumption and then slow down in growth to make up the difference between the decline of biofuels and a reasonable final per capita use of energy (350x106 BTU/year/person).
Because of depletion, uranium will never be able to supply much energy compared to the need. Precious fossil fuels should be used to develop renewable energy sources rather than more nuclear reactors.
Further study needs to be done as to whether the proposed continued growth of renewable-energy sources is possible on a finite Earth.
I believe that humans will continue to extract and burn fossil-fuels as fast as possible. Fortunately, the peaking of fossil-fuels extraction will put a natural brake on that burning. Unfortunately, the peaking of fossil-fuels extraction will cause massive disruptions in meeting the sustenance needs of nearly 7 billion humans. Also, the increase in temperature in about the year 2100 of about 1.4°C (2.5°F) above the 19th-century temperature will cause great suffering. The current emphasis on cutting back carbon emissions from fossil-fuels burning is needed to reduce global warming, but even more to preserve the fossil fuels for making useful materials and to prepare society for the economic disruptions that will undoubtedly occur when the populace finally realizes that we are on the down side of fossil-fuels depletion.
Probably the best that we can corporately do is to plan for the disruptions that will occur, both from the increase in temperature until 2100, and possibly on into the future if methane clathrates come into play, and the decline of availability of fossil fuels. However, we should strenuously try to use fossil carbon compounds for useful materials instead of burning it for energy.
See a rough estimate of the carry capacity of the Earth after fossil fuels are burned up.
The total amount to be extracted (area under the curve) is 1.3 x 1012 tons.
The total amount to be extracted (area under the curve) is 3 x 1012 barrels.
The total amount to be extracted (area under the curve) is 13.5 x 1015 ft 3 = 13.5 x 1012 mcf.
The bottom graph shows the change in population, with a peak at about 1990-95.
The blue curve projects world population to a final asymptote of 8 x 109 people, which can only happen if renewable energy is highly developed.. The brown curve is the world population projection for the fit to available fossil-fuels energy, which would likely be the case if renewable energy is not used.. I would guess that a population decline is likely, but perhaps not as severe as the brown curve.
|
0.975526 |
Real Estate I am an economist specializing in housing supply/demand trends.
Mortgage rates just hit the "undo" button. Already this year rates have reversed almost all of the increases that they saw in 2018. This has led to an increase in buying power for home shoppers, which is proving helpful now that home prices have rebounded to high levels once again. We have just seen the sharpest one-week drop in mortgage rates in a decade, with the 30-year fixed rate hitting 4.06%. For someone looking to buy a home with a $200,000 mortgage, that lowers the monthly payment by $120. That can be a make-or-break difference, particularly to a first-time home buyer.
Mortgage rates won't stay low forever, so many people who have made the decision to buy a home are hurrying to do so this year. As long as inflation expectations remain low, long-term interest rates (including the 30-year fixed mortgage rate) will probably not rise rapidly. That said, there is concern that the ballooning federal debt will put upward pressure on long term interest rates in the long run, and the Fed still holds a large chunk of securities on its balance sheet that needs to be sold off at some point. The Fed now seems hesitant to push the federal funds rate up farther this year, and it could stop shrinking its balance sheet by September of this year. That said, the Fed signaled it may sell off more mortgage-backed securities from its balance sheet, which could put upward pressure on mortgage rates, but they seem prepared to do this cautiously, and with plenty of advance notice.
This is a great time for home buyers and homeowners to lock in a low fixed mortgage rate. That said, it is wise to buy for one's needs, not for appreciation. As mortgage rates creep higher in the years ahead, there will be an accompanying drag on home values due to rising monthly payments and higher qualifying incomes for purchases. We are likely to see rates of home appreciation cut by two-thirds compared with the past five years. Would-be buyers are also well-advised to avoid the temptation to buy more house than they can afford, particularly at this stage of the business cycle.
|
0.92867 |
The group was the main male vocal group for the highly successful songwritingand production team of Holland–Dozier–Holland, who crafted a stream of hit singles on Motown. These included two Billboard Hot 100 number-one hits for the Tops: "I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie Honey Bunch)" in 1965 and "Reach Out I'll Be There" in 1966. After Holland-Dozier-Holland left Motown in 1967, the Four Tops were assigned to a number of producers, primarily Frank Wilson, but generally with less success.
When Motown left Detroit in 1972 to move to Los Angeles, California, the Tops stayed in Detroit but signed a new recordingDEAL with ABC Records' Dunhill imprint. Recording mainly in Los Angeles, they continued to have chart singles into the late 1970s, including the million-seller, "Ain't No Woman", their second release on Dunhill, produced by Steve Barri and composers Dennis Lambert and Brian Potter.
In the 1980s, the Four Tops recorded for Casablanca Records, Arista Records and Motown, returning to that label on two occasions for brief stays. Apart from theirIndestructible album (owned by Sony Music Entertainment), Universal Music Group controls the rights to their entire post-1963 catalog (through various mergers and acquisitions), as well as their 1956 single, "Could It Be You".
All four members of the group began their careers together while they were high school students in Detroit. At the insistence of their friends, Pershing High students Levi Stubbs and Abdul "Duke" Fakir performed withRenaldo "Obie" Benson and Lawrence Payton from Northern High at a local birthday party. The quartet decided to remain together and christened themselves The Four Aims. With the help of Payton's songwriter cousin Roquel Davis, The Aims signed to Chess Records in 1956, changing their name to Four Tops to avoid confusion with The Ames Brothers. Over the next seven years, The Tops endured unsuccessful tenures at Chess, Red Top, Riverside Records and Columbia Records. Without any hit records to their name, The Tops toured frequently, developing a polished stage presence and an experienced supper club act, as well as supporting Billy Eckstine. In 1963, Berry Gordy, Jr., who had worked with Roquel Davis as a songwriter in the late-1950s, convinced The Tops to join the roster of his growing Motown record company.
In 1964, Motown's main songwriting/production team of Holland–Dozier–Holland created a complete instrumental track without any idea of what to do with it. They decided to craft the song as a more mainstream pop song for the Four Tops and proceeded to create "Baby I Need Your Loving" from the lyric-less instrumental track. On its mid-1964 release, "Baby I Need Your Loving" made it to #11 on the Billboard pop charts. However, the song proved to be much more popular on trend-setting radio stations in key U.S. markets and has since grown in popularity over the years to be one of the group's classic tracks. After the single's success, the Tops were pulled away from their jazz material and began recording more material in the vein of "Baby I Need Your Loving."
Holland-Dozier-Holland wrote most of Levi Stubbs' vocals in a tenor range, near the top of his range, in order to get a sense of strained urgency in hisgospel preacher-inspired leads. In addition, H-D-H used additional background vocals from female background vocalists, The Andantes on many of the songs, to add a high end to the low-voiced harmony of The Tops. Ivy Hunter's "Loving You Is Sweeter Than Ever" was one of a few exceptions.
August 1966 brought the release of the Four Tops' all-time biggest hit and one of the most popular Motown songs ever. "Reach Out I'll Be There" hit #1 on the U.S. pop and R&B charts and UK chart and soon became The Tops' signature song. It was almost immediately followed by the similar-sounding "Standing in the Shadows of Love"; its depiction of heartbreak reflecting the opposite of theOPTIMISM in "Reach Out". It was another Top 10 hit for the Tops.
The Top 10 U.S. hit "Bernadette" centered around a man's all-consuming obsession with his lover,continued the Four Tops' successful run into April 1967, followed by the Top 20 hits "7-Rooms of Gloom", and "You Keep Running Away". By now, The Tops were the most successful male Motown act in the United Kingdom (in the United States, they were second to The Temptations), and began experimenting with more mainstream pop hits. They scored hits with their versions of Tim Hardin's "If I Were a Carpenter" in late 1967 (mid-1968 in the U.S.) and the Left Banke's "Walk Away Renée" in early 1968. These singles and the original "I'm In a Different World" were their last hits produced by Holland-Dozier-Holland, who left Motown in 1967 after disputes with Berry Gordy over royalties and ownership of company shares.
Without Holland-Dozier-Holland, the hits became less frequent. The group worked with a wide array of Motown producers during the late 1960s, including Ivy Hunter, Nickolas Ashford & Valerie Simpson,Norman Whitfield and Johnny Bristol, without significant chart success.
Their first major hit in a long time came in the form of 1970's "It's All in the Game", a pop Top 30/R&B Top Ten hit produced by Frank Wilson. Wilson and the Tops began working on a number ofINNOVATIVE tracks and albums together, echoing Whitfield's psychedelic soul work with The Temptations. Their 1970 album Still Waters Run Deep was a forerunner of the concept album. It also served as an inspiration for Marvin Gaye's 1971 classic album What's Going On, the title track of which was co-written by the Tops' Obie Benson.
The group's first release on the label, "Keeper of the Castle" was their first pop Top 10 hit since "Bernadette" in 1967. Follow-ups included the million-selling "Ain't No Woman (Like the One I've Got)", also a top 10 pop hit and their third R&B number 1, and the Top 20 hit, "Are You Man Enough", (from the movie "Shaft In Africa"). "Sweet Understanding Love"; "Midnight Flower"; and "OneCHAIN Don't Make No Prison" all reached the R&B Top 10 between 1972 and 1974. Two ABC/Dunhill singles, 1974's "I Just Can't Get You Out Of My Mind" and 1975's "Seven Lonely Nights" have become popular tunes in the southeast Beach/Shag Club Dance circuit.
After the release of "Catfish" (a top 10 R&B hit) in 1976, the major hits started to dry up and the Tops left ABC after an album recorded in Philadelphia with the MFSB musicians resulted in only minor chart success in 1978. The group disappeared from the recording scene until the early 1980s. Signing aDEAL withCasablanca Records, the Tops made a comeback in 1981 with the #1 R&B hit "When She Was My Girl". Produced by David Wolfert, it just missed the Billboard pop Top 10, peaking at #11. The group also scored a UK Top 10 hit with the song and had another hit there with the follow-up, "Don't Walk Away".
By 1983, The Tops had rejoined Motown, where their former ABC-Dunhill producer, Steve Barri was vice-president of A&R. They were featured on the company's television special Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever, taking part in one of the highlights of the show - a battle-of-the-bands between The Tops and The Temptations, patterned after similar competitions Berry Gordy had staged during the 1960s. Levi Stubbs and Temptation Otis Williamsdecided the Temptations/Tops battle would be a good one to take on the road and both groups began semi-regular joint tours.
The first of The Tops' albums under their new Motown contract was Back Where I Belong. A whole side of the album was produced by Holland-Dozier-Holland, including the R&B Top 40 single, "I Just Can't Walk Away." Only one more Tops album would be released by Motown, Magic in 1985. In July of that year, the group performed at the Live Aid concert, singing three of their hit songs. The album Hot Nights was completed in 1986, but was then cancelled, as the group and the Motown label began to disagree over marketing and musicalDIRECTION. The following year, the Four Tops decided to leave for Arista Records, buying back several masters they had recorded for Hot Nights. It's not clear how many songs from Hot Nights were used on Indestructible, but the 2001 box set, Fourever includes the title track (previously released as a single), Red Hot Love and The Four Of Us (previously released outside the U.S. on a CD single of Loco in Acapulco), as well as Indestructible.
In December 1988, the Tops had been scheduled to board Pan Am Flight 103 to return to the U.S. for Christmas after completing their European tour. However, they were late getting out of a recording session and overslept, causing them to miss the ill-fatedFLIGHT which crashed in Lockerbie, Scotland, after a terrorist bomb was detonated on board.
From the late 1980s, the Four Tops focused on touring and live performances, They recorded only one album, returning again to Motown for 1995'sChristmas Here With You. On June 20, 1997, 59-year-old Lawrence Payton died as a result of liver cancer, after singing for 44 years with the Four Tops who, unlike many Motown groups, never had a single lineup change until then. At first, Levi Stubbs, Obie Benson, and Duke Fakir toured as a trio called The Tops. In 1998, they recruited former Temptation Theo Peoples toRESTORE the group to a quartet. By the turn of the century, Stubbs had become ill fromcancer; Ronnie McNeir was recruited to fill the Lawrence Payton position and Peoples stepped into Stubbs' shoes as lead singer. Stubbs later died on October 17, 2008 at his home in Detroit.
The group was featured in several television specials during this time, including Motown 45, and several by PBS, including a 50th anniversary concert dedicated to the group (available on DVD). The concert turned out to be bittersweet; it featured a brief appearance of the wheelchair-bound Levi Stubbs, and a memorial to Lawrence Payton, announced by Obie Benson. Benson appeared on one more PBS special and died on July 1, 2005, from lung cancer. The final PBS special, titled Motown: The Early Years, featured a message of Benson's passing following theCREDITS. Lawrence Payton's son Roquel (real name Lawrence Payton, Jr.) replaced Benson as the new bass (Roquel could be seen in the pledge break interviews of Motown: The Early Years). Theo Peoples also left the Tops to form his own group and was replaced by Harold 'Spike' Bonhart as lead singer.
The following singles reached the top thirty of the singles charts.
1971 "River Deep – Mountain High"
"If Ever a Love There Was"
The Four Tops: (semi- documentary /concert rehearsal- recorded live for French TV,1971) 2004.
|
0.999998 |
following question from the perspective of "helping human laborers".
Slow down Uber's program to develop self-driving cars to replace the need for human drivers.
Speed up Uber's program to develop self driving cars to replace their need for human drivers.
Excuse me, but the answer is obvious and Uber is certainly speeding up their automation program.
|
0.937174 |
Hindu calendar is a collective term for the various lunisolar calendars traditionally used in the Indian subcontinent. They adopt a similar underlying concept for timekeeping, but differ in their relative emphasis to moon cycle or the sun cycle and the names of months and when they consider the New Year to start. Of the various regional calendars, the most studied and known Hindu calendars are the Shalivahana Shaka found in South India, Vikram Samvat (Bikrami) found in North and Central regions of India, Tamil calendar used in Tamil Nadu, and the Bengali calendar used in the Bengal – all of which emphasize the lunar cycle. Their new year starts in spring, with their heritage dating back to 1st millennium BCE. In contrast, in regions such as Kerala, the solar cycle is emphasized and this is called the Malayalam calendar, their new year starts in autumn, and these have origins in the second half of the 1st millennium CE. A Hindu calendar is sometimes referred to as Panchanga (पञ्चाङ्ग).
The Hindu calendars have been in use in the Indian subcontinent since ancient times, and remains in use by the Hindus in India and Nepal particularly to set the Hindu festival dates such as Holi, Maha Shivaratri, Vaisakhi, Raksha Bandhan, Pongal, Onam, Krishna Janmashtami, Durga Puja, Ram Navami, Pana Sankranti, Vishu and Diwali. Early Buddhist communities of India adopted the ancient Indian calendar, later Vikrami calendar and then local Buddhist calendars. Buddhist festivals continue to be scheduled according to a lunar system. The Buddhist calendar and the traditional lunisolar calendars of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand are also based on an older version of the Hindu calendar. Similarly, the ancient Jain traditions have followed the same lunisolar system as the Hindu calendar for festivals, texts and inscriptions. However, the Buddhist and Jaina timekeeping systems have attempted to use the Buddha and the Mahavira's lifetimes as their reference points.
is the quantity of half-months (syzygies).
David Pingree has proposed that the field of timekeeping in Jyotisha may have been "derived from Mesopotamia during the Achaemenid period", but Yukio Ohashi considers this proposal as "definitely wrong". Ohashi states that this Vedanga field developed from actual astronomical studies in ancient India. The texts of Vedic Jyotisha sciences were translated into the Chinese language in the 2nd and 3rd centuries CE, and the Rigvedic passages on astronomy are found in the works of Zhu Jiangyan and Zhi Qian.
Later, the term Jyotisha evolved to include Hindu astrology. The astrological application of the Hindu calendar was a field that likely developed in the centuries after the arrival of Greek astrology with Alexander the Great, because their zodiac signs are nearly identical.
Hinduism and Buddhism were the prominent religions of southeast Asia in the 1st millennium CE, prior to the Islamic conquest that started in the 14th century. The Hindus prevailed in Bali, Indonesia and they have two types of Hindu calendar. One is a 210-day based Pawukon calendar which likely is a pre-Hindu system, and another is similar to lunisolar calendar system found in South India and it is called the Balinese saka calendar which uses Hindu methodology. The names of month and festivals of Balinese Hindus for the most part are different, though the significance and legends have some overlap.
Samvat refers to era of the several Hindu calendar systems in India and Nepal, in a manner that the consecutive years 1 BC and AD 1 mark the Christian era and the BC/AD system. There are several samvat found in historic Buddhist, Hindu and Jaina texts and epigraphy, of which three are most significant: Vikrama era, Old Shaka era and Shaka era of 78 AD.
The Hindu calendar saka samvat system is found in Indonesian inscriptions, such as the above dated to 611 CE.
Vikram Samvat: A northern India almanac which started in 57 BCE, and is also called the Vikrama Era. It is related to the Bikrami calendar, and is linked to Vikramaditya. This system is common in epigraphic evidence from northern, western, central and eastern Indian subcontinent, particularly after the early centuries of the 1st millennium CE.
Shaka Samvat: There are two Shaka era system in scholarly use, one is called Old Shaka Era, whose epoch is uncertain, probably sometime in the 1st millennium BCE because ancient Buddhist, Jaina and Hindu inscriptions and texts use it. However, the starting point of Old Shaka Era is a subject of dispute among scholars. The second system is called Saka Era of 78 AD, or simply Saka Era, a system that is common in epigraphic evidence from southern India.
Saka era of Southeast Asia: The Hindu calendar system in Indonesia is attributed to the legend of Hindus arriving with a sage Aji Saka in the 1st century Java, in the March of 78 CE. Numerous ancient and medieval era texts and inscriptions found in Indonesian islands use this reference year. In mainland southeast Asia, the earliest verifiable use of Hindu Saka methodology in inscriptions is marked Saka 533 in Ankor Borei, which corresponds to 611 CE, while in the Indonesian islands, the Kedukan Bukti inscription in Sumatra, marked to Saka 605 (683 CE) is one of the earliest known. However, these inscriptions set the floruit, and the Hindu calendaring methodology likely existed in southeast Asia before these dates to be used in important monuments. Further, the Hindu calendar system remained popular among the Hindus through about the 15th century, and thereafter in Bali Indonesia.
Indian national calendar (modern): combined many Hindu calendars into one official standardized one, but old ones remain in use.
Two traditions have been followed in the Indian subcontinent with respect to lunar months: Amanta tradition which ends the lunar month on no moon day, while Purnimanta tradition which ends it on full moon day.
Amavasyant (Amanta, Mukhyamana) tradition is followed by all Indian states that have a peninsular coastline (except Odisha), as well as Assam and Tripura. Odisha and all other states follow the Purnimanta (Gaunamana) tradition.
The repetition of a month created the problem of scheduling festivals, weddings and other social events without repetition and confusion. This was resolved by declaring one month as Shudha (pure, clean, regular, proper, also called Deva month) and the other Mala or Adhika (extra, unclean and inauspicious, also called Asura masa).
Just like months, the Hindu calendar has two measures of a day, one based on the lunar movement and the other on solar. The solar day or civil day, called divasa ( दिवस), has been what most Hindus traditionally use, is easy and empirical to observe, by poor and rich, with or without a clock, and it is defined as the period from one sunrise to another. The lunar day is called tithi (तिथि), and this is based on complicated measures of lunar movement. A lunar day or tithi may, for example, begin in the middle of an afternoon and end next afternoon. Both these days do not directly correspond to a mathematical measure for a day such as equal 24 hours of a solar year, a fact that the Hindu calendar scholars knew, but the system of divasa was convenient for the general population. The tithi have been the basis for timing rituals and festivals, while divasa for everyday use. The Hindu calendars adjust the mismatch in divasa and tithi, using a methodology similar to the solar and lunar months.
A Tithi is technically defined in Indian texts, states John E. Cort, as "the time required by the combined motions of the sun and moon to increase (in a bright fortnight) or decrease (in a dark fortnight) their relative distance by twelve degrees of the zodiac. These motions are measured using a fixed map of celestial zodiac as reference, and given the elliptical orbits, a duration of a tithi varies between 21.5 and 26 hours, states Cort. However, in the Indian tradition, the general population's practice has been to treat a tithi as a solar day between one sunrise to next.
Vāsara refers to the weekdays in Sanskrit. Also referred to as Vara and used as a suffix. The correspondence between the names of the week in Hindu and other Indo-European calendars are exact. This alignment of names probably took place sometime during the 3rd century CE. The weekday of a Hindu calendar has been symmetrically divided into 60 ghatika (= 24 hours), each ghatika is divided into 60 pala (= 24 minutes), each pala is subdivided into 60 vipala (= 24 seconds), and so on.
Variants include the lunar emphasizing Vikrama, the Shalivahana calendars, as well as the solar emphasizing Tamil calendar and Malayalam calendar. The two calendars most widely used today are the Vikrama calendar, which is in followed in western and northern India as well as Nepal, and the Shalivahana Shaka calendar which is followed in the Deccan region of India (Comprising present day Indian states of Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Goa).
^ a b c d B. Richmond (1956). Time Measurement and Calendar Construction. Brill Archive. pp. 80–82. Retrieved 2011-09-18.
^ a b c d Christopher John Fuller (2004). The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India. Princeton University Press. pp. 109–110. ISBN 978-0-69112-04-85.
^ Klaus K. Klostermaier (2007). A Survey of Hinduism: Third Edition. State University of New York Press. p. 490. ISBN 978-0-7914-7082-4.
^ a b c Eleanor Nesbitt (2016). Sikhism: a Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 122–123. ISBN 978-0-19-874557-0.
^ Orazio Marucchi (2011). Christian Epigraphy: An Elementary Treatise with a Collection of Ancient Christian Inscriptions Mainly of Roman Origin. Cambridge University Press. p. 289. ISBN 978-0-521-23594-5. , Quote: "the lunar year consists of 354 days".
^ Anita Ganeri (2003). Buddhist Festivals Through the Year. BRB. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-1-58340-375-4.
^ Jeffery D Long (2013). Jainism: An Introduction. I.B.Tauris. pp. 6–7. ISBN 978-0-85771-392-6.
^ John E. Cort (2001). Jains in the World: Religious Values and Ideology in India. Oxford University Press. pp. 142–146. ISBN 978-0-19-513234-2.
^ Robert E. Buswell Jr.; Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013). The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton University Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-1-4008-4805-8.
^ Kim Plofker 2009, p. 36.
^ a b Monier Monier-Williams (1923). A Sanskrit–English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. p. 353.
^ a b Friedrich Max Müller (1860). A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature. Williams and Norgate. pp. 210–215.
^ Kim Plofker 2009, pp. 10, 35–36, 67.
^ Pingree 1973, pp. 1–12.
^ Yukio Ohashi 1999, p. 719.
^ a b Yukio Ohashi 1999, pp. 719–721.
^ Pingree 1973, p. 2.
^ Yukio Ohashi 1993, pp. 185–251.
^ Yukio Ohashi 1999, p. 720.
^ Kim Plofker 2009, pp. 35–42.
^ Eleanor Nesbitt (2016). Sikhism: a Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 122, 142. ISBN 978-0-19-874557-0.
^ a b c Ebenezer Burgess (1989). P Ganguly, P Sengupta, ed. Sûrya-Siddhânta: A Text-book of Hindu Astronomy. Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint), Original: Yale University Press, American Oriental Society. pp. vii–xi. ISBN 978-81-208-0612-2.
^ Lionel D. Barnett (1994). Antiquities of India: An Account of the History and Culture of Ancient Hindustan. Asian Educational Services. pp. 190–192. ISBN 978-81-206-0530-5.
^ Ebenezer Burgess (1989). P Ganguly, P Sengupta, ed. Sûrya-Siddhânta: A Text-book of Hindu Astronomy. Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint), Original: Yale University Press, American Oriental Society. pp. ix–xi, xxix. ISBN 978-81-208-0612-2.
^ a b Ebenezer Burgess (1989). P Ganguly, P Sengupta, ed. Sûrya-Siddhânta: A Text-book of Hindu Astronomy. Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint), Original: Yale University Press, American Oriental Society. pp. 26–27. ISBN 978-81-208-0612-2.
^ a b c d e f g Scott L. Montgomery; Alok Kumar (2015). A History of Science in World Cultures: Voices of Knowledge. Routledge. pp. 103–106. ISBN 978-1-317-43906-6.
^ a b c d e f g Nachum Dershowitz; Edward M. Reingold (2008). Calendrical Calculations. Cambridge University Press. pp. 123–133, 275–311. ISBN 978-0-521-88540-9.
^ a b c d e f Christopher John Fuller (2004). The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India. Princeton University Press. pp. 291–293. ISBN 978-0-69112-04-85.
^ Pingree 1973, pp. 2–3.
^ Erik Gregersen (2011). The Britannica Guide to the History of Mathematics. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 187. ISBN 978-1-61530-127-0.
^ C. K. Raju (2007). Cultural Foundations of Mathematics. Pearson. p. 205. ISBN 978-81-317-0871-2.
^ Nicholas Campion (2012). Astrology and Cosmology in the World’s Religions. New York University Press. pp. 110–111. ISBN 978-0-8147-0842-2.
^ Kim Plofker 2009, pp. 116–120, 259–261.
^ a b Nachum Dershowitz; Edward M. Reingold (2008). Calendrical Calculations. Cambridge University Press. pp. 123–133, 153–161, 275–311. ISBN 978-0-521-88540-9.
^ a b c Richard Salomon (1998). Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages. Oxford University Press. pp. 181–183. ISBN 978-0-19-535666-3.
^ Colette Caillat; J. G. de Casparis (1991). Middle Indo-Aryan and Jaina Studies. BRILL. p. 36. ISBN 90-04-09426-1.
^ Andrea Acri (2016). Esoteric Buddhism in Mediaeval Maritime Asia: Networks of Masters, Texts, Icons. ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute. pp. 256–258. ISBN 978-981-4695-08-4.
^ Duncan Graham (2004). The People Next Door: Understanding Indonesia. University of Western Australia Press. pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-1-920694-09-8.
^ J. Gordon Melton (2011). Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations. ABC-CLIO. pp. 652–653. ISBN 978-1-59884-205-0.
^ M. C. Ricklefs; P. Voorhoeve; Annabel Teh Gallop (2014). Indonesian Manuscripts in Great Britain: A Catalogue of Manuscripts in Indonesian Languages in British Public Collections. Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia. pp. 49, 69–73, 81. ISBN 978-979-461-883-7.
^ a b c J. G. De Casparis (1978). Indonesian Chronology. BRILL Academic. pp. 15–24. ISBN 90-04-05752-8.
^ a b c d Klaus K. Klostermaier (2007). A Survey of Hinduism: Third Edition. State University of New York Press. pp. 490–492. ISBN 978-0-7914-7082-4.
^ a b Drik Panchang (25 May 2016). "Difference between North Indian and South Indian Lunar Calendar". Retrieved 25 May 2016.
^ a b c V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar (1993). The Gupta Polity. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 24–35. ISBN 978-81-208-1024-2.
^ D. C. Sircar (1965). Indian Epigraphy. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 304–305 with footnotes. ISBN 978-81-208-1166-9.
^ Christopher John Fuller (2004). The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India. Princeton University Press. pp. 109–110, 291–293. ISBN 978-0-69112-04-85.
^ Muriel Marion Underhill (1991). The Hindu Religious Year. Asian Educational Services. pp. 20, 32 note 5. ISBN 978-81-206-0523-7.
^ Robert Sewell; Śaṅkara Bālakr̥shṇa Dīkshita. The Indian Calendar. S. Sonnenschein. pp. 29–34, 48–56.
^ Muriel Marion Underhill (1991). The Hindu Religious Year. Asian Educational Services. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-81-206-0523-7.
^ Muriel Marion Underhill (1991). The Hindu Religious Year. Asian Educational Services. pp. 23, 26–27. ISBN 978-81-206-0523-7.
^ Muriel Marion Underhill (1991). The Hindu Religious Year. Asian Educational Services. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-81-206-0523-7.
^ a b c John E. Cort (2001). Jains in the World: Religious Values and Ideology in India. Oxford University Press. pp. 228 note 2. ISBN 978-0-19-513234-2.
^ Muriel Marion Underhill (1991). The Hindu Religious Year. Asian Educational Services. pp. 23–28. ISBN 978-81-206-0523-7.
^ a b c Muriel Marion Underhill (1991). The Hindu Religious Year. Asian Educational Services. pp. 24–25. ISBN 978-81-206-0523-7.
^ a b Roshen Dalal (2010). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-14-341421-6.
^ Ebenezer Burgess (1989). Sûrya-Siddhânta: A Text-book of Hindu Astronomy. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 107–. ISBN 978-81-208-0612-2.
^ Peter J. Claus; Sarah Diamond; Margaret Ann Mills (2003). South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka. Taylor & Francis. pp. 91–93. ISBN 978-0-415-93919-5.
^ Robert Sewell; Śaṅkara Bālakr̥shṇa Dīkshita (1896). The Indian Calendar: With Tables for the Conversion of Hindu and Muhammadan Into A.D. Dates, and Vice Versa. S. Sonnenschein. pp. 9–12.
^ Muriel Marion Underhill (1921). The Hindu Religious Year. Association Press. p. 15.
Kim Plofker (2009). Mathematics in India. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-12067-6.
Yukio Ohashi (1999). Johannes Andersen, ed. Highlights of Astronomy, Volume 11B. Springer Science. ISBN 978-0-7923-5556-4.
Maurice Winternitz (1963). History of Indian Literature, Volume 1. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0056-4.
|
0.999646 |
Find answers to questions relating to Secure Sentinel's new services for members.
1. How can I prevent falling victim to identity theft?
Always lock your mail box and shred personal information such as bank account statements.
Change your passwords and PIN numbers regularly.
Store personal information in a secure database, so it can be easily accessed, anywhere in the world.
Subscribe to Secure Sentinel, a loss assistance, retrieval and identity theft detection service. It will help protect your financial cards, mobile phones, personal documents and valuables, allowing you to react quickly should the worst happen.
The SecureIdentity service also provides you with a copy of your credit file and an alert service. This will notify you of specific changes to your credit file which allows you to verify that the information is accurate and may help alert you to suspicious activity.
Secure Sentinel members also have an added level of protection should the unthinkable happen and they become a victim of identity theft.
There's also IdentityGuard, a new Secure Sentinel service that includes cover for: reporting a stolen identity event; correcting or contesting identity errors; and reapplying for credit rejected solely because of incorrect information.
2. How do I register for your Online Service to update my details on the new website?
It's easy. Just visit securesentinel.com.au click the Apply Online >> button and enter your membership number. Alternatively, call the Customer Service Centre on 1800 022 043.
3. Where can I find my membership number?
Your membership number is featured in the top right hand corner of this email. Alternatively, call the Customer Service Centre on 1800 022 043.
4. I'm not registered for Online Service. How can I use the website?
To update your details via the website, you must be registered for online service. To register, visit securesentinel.com.au click the Apply Online >> button, and enter your membership number. Alternatively, call the Customer Service Centre on 1800 022 043.
5. Help, I've forgotten my password!
Visit securesentinel.com.au, click the Login >> button, followed by Forgotten password? Then enter your membership number. Alternatively, call the Customer Service Centre on 1800 022 043.
|
0.974168 |
diminished, according to the political, economic or cultural environment. The art was known by various names throughout the eras as Hwa Rang Do, Moo Sul, Kyuck Too Ki, Soo Bahk Ki, Soo Byuck Ki, Taek Kyun etc. respectively. Following 1945 Korean independence, the Korean martial arts were again merged and flourished throughout the entire Korean Peninsula. Many organizations were founded with various names such as Soo Bahk Do, Tang Soo Do, Tae Soo Do and so on. At the beginning of the modern era of the Korean martial arts, Tang Soo Do was the most popular term for these arts, however, at that time, the Korean political leader was concerned about establishing Korean value based on Korean nationalism. The political leaders recognized the popularity of Korean martial arts around the world, but were opposed to the use of the name Tang Soo Do for the art, as it sounded like a Chinese martial art, because the first word "Tang" could be interpreted as representing the Chinese Tang Dynasty (617-907 AD). In 1964, a government sponsored small group created a new name for the Korean martial arts: Tae Kwon Do.
Grandmaster Robert Beaudoin is a charter Master of the World Tang Soo Do Association and is the father of traditional Tang Soo Do in New England.
He was born in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1942 and grew up in Connecticut. After joining the Air Force and being selected for a special language program at Yale University, he was stationed at Osan Air Base in Korea and got his first taste of the martial arts. In 1962 he began training in Tang Soo Do under Grandmaster Jae C. Shin. This date marks the beginning of a student/teacher/friend relationship the two would share for more than 50 years. On May 12, 1963, Grandmaster Beaudoin tested for his black belt in Inchon, Korea in front of Grandmaster Hwang Kee and Grandmaster Shin.
After returning to the United States, he set up his first school in Roswell New Mexico while finishing his time in the Air Force at Walker Air Force Base. The school proved so successful that it expanded beyond just the service men and included wives and children. Upon completing his military service, he returned to Connecticut and opened the Academy of Karate in 1965. Meanwhile, he married JoAnn Conway, with whom he raised Jennifer and Eric, earned a Bachelor of Science Degree from University of Connecticut, a Masters degree from Trinity College, and completed his Doctorate in Education from Argosy University in Sarasota, Florida.
Grandmaster Strong began his martial arts training in Tae Kwon Do through the Jhoon Rhee Institute in Austin, Texas when he was an undergraduate student at the University of Texas. He received his 1st Dan from the Alabama Karate Institute in 1974 and his 2nd Dan from the Kuk Ki Won in 1977, both in Tae Kwon Do. He achieved his 3rd and 4th Dan from the Korean Tang Soo Do Association, Moo Duk Kwan, Hwang Kee, President in 1981 and 1983 respectively. In 1986, he joined the World Tang Soo Do Association and achieved 5th through 7th Dan promotions from Grandmaster Jae C. Shin and 8th Dan from Grandmaster Robert Beaudoin in 2014.
On April 1, 2017 at the 28th Annual Masters’ Clinic, the Board of Directors voted to approve Grandmaster William Strong as the President of the World Tang Soo Do Association. He began the presidency on May 15, 2017. In this position, he is responsible for numerous administrative duties for the Association and the WTSDA Foundation including general headquarters office policy, studio/club approval, coordination of travel for the two Grandmasters, Dan promotions, financial reporting, legal issues, Board meetings, and World Championships. He is also responsible for diplomatic issues, organizing publications, and sanctioning WTSDA events. Grandmaster Strong served as the chair of the Membership committee 1987-1990, Technical Advisory Coordinator 1990-1995, chair of the Technical Advisory committee 1995-2014, and Director of Masters’ Clinics 1991-2014. He is also Secretary General of the WTSDA and member of the Board of Directors, Executive Committee, Governance Committee, and Publications Committee. He was promoted to 8th Dan Grandmaster at the 2014 World Championships. Grandmaster Strong received his Ph.D. in Geography from the University of Texas at Austin. He served as professor and chair of the Department of Geography at the University of North Alabama for 42 years, interim vice-president for Academic Affairs for one year, and worked at the National Geographic Society as Geographer-in-Residence for two years. He retired from the University of North Alabama in 2012. Since then he has worked closely with Grandmaster Robert Beaudoin to give greater support to the promotion and enhancement of the World Tang Soo Do Association and its membership.
|
0.999999 |
The ultimate online resource for HBCU students and alumni interested in law school and becoming lawyers!
Evangeline M. Mitchell, Esq., Ed.M.
To serve as the ultimate online resource for students who currently attend or have graduated from historically Black colleges and universities.
Evangeline M. Mitchell is the founder of HBCU PRE-LAW. She grew up in Houston, Texas and graduated from HBCU Prairie View A&M University (Prairie View, Texas). She earned her law degree from the University of Iowa College of Law and her Master of Education from the Harvard University Graduate School of Education.
She is also the founder of major national educational outreach events including the National HBCU Pre-Law Summit & Law Expo and the National Black Pre-Law Conference & Law Fair. She has also authored and edited books including The African American Pre-Law School Advice Guide, Profiles & Essays of Successful African American Law School Applicants, The African American Law School Survival Guide and Conquering the Bar Exam. She is currently completing 100 Successful African American Lawyers and working on two documentary series including Becoming Black Lawyers and The Black Lawyers Legacy Project.
She is a licensed attorney and social entrepreneur. Her efforts have helped thousands of African Americans interested in going to law school and becoming lawyers. She sees this as her purpose work and heart work and plans to make helping produce African Americans interested in becoming lawyers a lifelong commitment.
The traditional route to becoming a lawyer is to graduate with a four-year undergraduate college degree where you strive to earn high grades (no specific major is required), prepare for the Law School Admission Test (LSAT) (or the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) at a small but growing number of law schools) and earn an acceptable LSAT score (with 151 being the average), choose the law schools to apply to (preferably an American Bar Association-approved law school), and then submit your application packages.
Your applications will include a well-written personal statement and diversity statement, a professional resume, and strong academic recommendations from college professors who can speak to your work ethic, the high quality of your work, and your character. You may also submit a recommendation from an employer or someone knows you well or has supervised you in a volunteer capacity and can speak to your possessing characteristics that can demonstrate your ability to become a good lawyer, especially if you have been in the workforce for a number of years. For more information about the law school admission process, please visit the Law School Admission Council website at http://www.lsac.org.
In a nutshell, law schools are looking for students who can actually “do the work” and handle the tough daily challenges of a rigorous professional legal education. They also want students who have demonstrated that they can contribute to the diversity of the incoming law class and add to the educational experience of other law students and to the community at the law school – both inside and outside of the law school classroom.
Either while in law school or soon after graduating, you should plan to prepare for, take and pass the Model Professional Responsibility Exam (MPRE). Thereafter, you must dedicate your full attention to intensively studying for the bar exam through taking a bar review course for at least 6 to 8 weeks (or more), and taking and passing the bar exam in your chosen state.
Once you pass the bar exam, you will then earn a law license and be able to practice in that specific state. After being notified that you passed the bar, you will participate in a formal swearing-in ceremony with other bar passers and take an oath as a new member of the legal profession. Some choose to have a judge that they know and respect perform the swearing-in in front of friends and family. Thereafter, you will receive your law license and bar card.
Now, you have an option that most current lawyers did not have. You are able to take the Uniform Bar Exam (UBE) in states that have adopted it. The purpose of this exam is “to test knowledge and skills that every lawyer should be able to demonstrate prior to becoming licensed to practice law.” The UBE is composed of the Multistate Essay Examination (MEE), two Multistate Performance Tests (MPT), and the Multistate Bar Examination (MBE). The score is portable and can be transferred to other UBE jurisdictions.
Also, it is worth noting that Wisconsin is the only state in the country that has the “diploma privilege.” This means that if you attend law school in Wisconsin and earn your law degree and meet the character and fitness standards, you will be able to receive your law license and become a member of their state bar without having to take the bar exam – which is a significant hurdle for many people. There are two law schools in Wisconsin which include the University of Wisconsin-Madison Law School and Marquette University Law School. The University of Wisconsin Law provides information on the diploma privilege on their website at https://law.wisc.edu/current/diploma_privilege/ as well as Marquette University Law at https://law.marquette.edu/prospective-students/diploma-privilege.
Although it is highly recommended to only apply to ABA-approved law schools and to go the traditional route, any number of factors may necessitate seeking an alternative or non-traditional route to becoming a lawyer. Factors such as financial stresses including bad credit, the inability to qualify for student loans, rejections due to low test scores or less than stellar grades, needing to continue to work full-time and support a family, distance between where you live and the closest law school, etc. may mean that going the traditional route is simply not practical. Therefore, if you are serious about becoming a lawyer and it is a dream you cannot give up on, it is worth exploring the non-traditional and alternative routes to earning a law degree and becoming eligible to take a state bar exam. Once you pass the bar exam and pass their character and fitness requirements, you will be eligible to practice law.
The alternative/non-traditional routes include attending a state-accredited law school that is not ABA-approved. Law schools that allow you to take the state bar if you attend a state-accredited school include Alabama, California and Massachusetts. California provides more alternative options to becoming a lawyer than any other state.
In addition, you could consider doing a legal apprenticeship. The states of California, Vermont and Virginia and Washington enable people to study and apprentice for a lawyer or judge for several hours every week over the course of years instead of going to a traditional law school. The website called Like Lincoln provides information and insight on the route of doing an apprenticeship in order to become a lawyer at http://likelincoln.org/.
Maine, New York and Wyoming enable people to do a combination of both studying in law school and completing an apprenticeship in order to be eligible to take the bar exam. The book and website entitled “The Law School Bible” sets forth a number of alternative ways of earning a law degree and becoming a licensed attorney outside of the traditional route. Visit their website at http://www.lawschoolbible.com.
Whichever route you are able to take, if becoming a lawyer is what you really want to do, there is a way to make it happen! You can get “Esquire” behind your name and become a full-fledged licensed attorney. Don’t let anyone or anything stand in your way! There is always a need for hardworking and compassionate lawyers, particularly those with an interest in serving the underserved and minority communities, either as their primary work or in their pro bono work (work for free and for the common good).
By Evangeline M. Mitchell, Esq., Ed.M.
Finding the Winner in You!
By Kendra Brown, J.D., M.Div., LL.M.
The first African American lawyer and Justice of the Peace.
The first woman to receive a law degree from the University of Pennsylvania Law School and the first African-American woman to practice law in Pennsylvania.
The first African American Governor of the United States Virgin Islands, federal judge, and federal appellate judge.
The first African American to serve as U.S. Attorney General.
Prominent Black lawyers, Dean of Howard University School of Law, and NAACP’s first special counsel.
Black lawyer, politician and educator. First African American elected to Texas Senate after Reconstruction and first African-American woman elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from the South.
Lawyer, educator, abolitionist, activist, diplomat and politician. First dean of the Howard University School of Law.
First African American Attorney General of the United States.
African American lawyer. The first African-American Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.
Second Black woman to graduate from Columbia Law School. First Black woman to argue a case before the U.S. Supreme Court. First woman elected to the New York State Senate. First African American woman federal judge.
American civil rights activist, lawyer, women’s rights activist, author and Episcopal priest.
First Black woman lawyer in the United States. First woman admitted to the District of Columbia Bar and the first woman admitted to practice before the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia.
Lawyer, singer, actor, activist and athlete.
American-Canadian activist, journalist, publisher, educator and lawyer. The first Black woman publisher in North America.
Lawyer, First Black Person Admitted to University of Oklahoma Law School, First Black Woman to Integrate an All-White Public Law School.
First Black Woman Judge in the USA, First Black Woman Yale Law School Graduate, First Black Woman Member of the New York City Bar Association and First to Work for New York City Law Department.
Become a member of the National HBCU Pre-Law Network TODAY!
Please request to be added to our Facebook group, Basecamp group, and GroupMe to remain connected with other HBCU pre-law students across the country!
Blacks who are residents of Missouri should not have to go to a separate Black law school or go to a school out of state to receive their legal education.
|
0.966618 |
How old would a cow, a pig or a hen get to be if the animals were not slaughtered?
Surprisingly, it is not an easy task to find out the average natural life expectancy of so-called livestock. Neither farming textbooks nor expert journals make this information readily available. This is particularly sad because it shows that the actual life expectancy of these animals is of no significance to the farming industry. The ideal age for slaughter, on the other hand, is easily found in many textbooks and agricultural fact sheets.
Comparing the average length of their lives as farm animals with their potential maximum life expectancy reveals a huge discrepancy. The potential life expectancy of all species of farm animals is several times higher than the age at which they are slaughtered.
|
0.930571 |
Why does Donegal (nearly) always vote no?
56% in Donegal North East have voted no in the children's referendum. Donegal South West have also voted no, by a narrower margin. It was the only county to vote no to the Fiscal Treaty and the two Lisbon ones?
Why is it such an outlier?
5. Being a dissident is part of their collective character (and with Donegal ancestry I can speak with some experience).
7. Joe McHugh TD wants a study as to why it is a naysayer.
The only way out is through Leitrim. Wouldn't you be pretty pissed?
The only way out is through Sligo. Wouldn't you be pretty pissed?
Distrust of the state, historically always very rebellious, no urban centre, geographically isolated and very poor.
Donegal bashers. Donegal are all Ireland champs. big deal done with Glasgow Celtic, more in common with Chicago and Boston than D4 land. Donegal also stood solidly against the divorce referendum scam.
Maybe the problem is with you and not with Donegal.
No it doesn't - north Leitrim's stretch of road has the sea on one side and the mountains on the other, with Glencar a short drive away. Then you come into north Sligo and there is Ben Bulben, Truskmore, Classiebawn castle and Mullaghmore, all right beside you as you drive, with beautiful Maugherow and Lissadell a short distance to the west after Grange village, and Lough Gill, Dromahair, and Parkes Castle a short drive in the other direction. It's actually one of the nicest parts of Ireland!
The only way out? Since when did they close off the border crossings at Bridgend, Muff, (whisper it!), Strabane, Clady, Castlederg, Pettigo, and Belleek?
Nobody is bashing Donegal. I'm certainly not. It is one of the best and beautiful counties in the country who's people are very well grounded (as well as being deserved all-Ireland champions).
Why they nearly always vote yes in high numbers may be the subject of another thread.
I'm sure there are many ways back into the republic, including use of a submarine but perhaps one wants to avoid the shrills of the North.
Indeed - most people in Inishowen in particular consider Derry their main big town (not counting Buncrana, which is tiny), not Letterkenny. They don't view themselves as 'hemmed in', they view themselves as one people with those in Derry.
Do you actually know anything?
All you're doing is proving the shrills of the North theory.
The new government did a disgraceful u-turn on co-funding the A5. Better roads in and out might reduce its isolation.
Donegal suffers a disconnect from the Republic. They feel abandoned, forgotten and hard done by.
|
0.969715 |
Retourne le numéro d'erreur retourné par la dernière fonction POSIX qui a échoué. Si vous le message d'erreur associé au numéro d'erreur, utilisez posix_strerror().
Retourne le numéro de la dernière erreur survenue lors d'un appel à une fonction POSIX. Si aucune erreur n'existe, 0 sera retourné.
Cet exemple tente de terminer un processus bogué, qui a défini la dernière erreur. Nous affichons alors la dernière erreur.
From this example it should probably be clear that one should at least consider handling different error types in different ways. EINTER should probably be ignored for instance, unless your program uses signalling to open or close file handles or sockets.
These error constants listed in the related POSIX man pages are not part of the PHP interface. When you call posix_get_last_error() it will return an integer. The problem with getting an unnamed integer return code is that these integers may mean different things on different systems. You can (and probably should) pass the resulting integer to the posix_strerror() function, which will return an accurate human-readable description of what the error is. This is useful of course, but mainly for logging. (String descriptions of errors are far more prone to change than are the actual integer value codes.) Truly, when using the result of posix_errno() it is best to check the value against a set of possible constants. The constants you compare them to are system specific, as stated earlier, so you need to look them up on that system. Here is an easy and reliable way to do that.
Look at the errno man page ($ man errno) and copy all of the constant names into a very basic C file. like this.
Now, if you just run this code through the C pre-processor (i.e. 'gcc -E cfile.c'), then those constant names will be replaced by the numbers which are used on your system. (warning: running the C compiler/pre-processor needs to take place on the system where the PHP code will be running. keep track of whether nfs is in use or something else along those lines which may separate your coding environment from the runtime environment.) In addition to running the C pre-processor you also simply compile and run the above program (i.e. 'gcc cfile.c && ./a.out'). Running it will generate a PHP compatible list of define() calls that will correctly define these constants in your PHP program on the target system, so will be usable. Simply copy the definitions into a php file.
break; // usually ignore EINTR after select() is fine.
|
0.999036 |
How to Train for a Duathlon. A duathlon is an athletic event that consists of two different activities, running and biking. In a duathlon, the athlete begins with running, then bikes, and finishes with another run. The distances vary greatly, so there are duathlons that are good for most athletes.
Buy the necessary equipment. Running shoes that properly fit are a necessity. Go to a running store to get a proper fit. Also, a bike that is sized correctly is needed. Bike shops provide fittings for a relatively low cost, and even offer it for free if the bike is purchased there.
Work out a training schedule. Spread the workouts out fairly evenly. Mix them up so as not to become bored. Take advantage of the best part of multisport training, the ability to practice different sports.
Practice the transitions. There are two transitions in a duathlon, run to bike, and then bike to run. Practice both, as they both present different obstacles. Remember that the helmet must be on and fastened from the time the bike is moved off the rack until it is back on it securely.
Sign up for a race. Locate a race that is the right distance for your training abilities.
Show up early on race day. This helps especially if rack numbers are not assigned for bikes, since any open spot can be used. The earliest participants get the best rack spots in this situation. Get a feel for the course. Warm up on the course to get familiar with it.
|
0.998735 |
Going to the dentist’s office is something few people look forward to, which makes a dentist’s job more difficult than simply evaluating teeth. A good dentist needs a variety of different skills to enable him to do his job successfully, while limiting the discomfort of the patient.
First and foremost, a good dentist needs extensive knowledge about teeth, gums and mouth in order to properly evaluate problems patients may have and prescribe proper solutions. The dentist should also have great attention to detail in order to evaluate teeth well and apply their knowledge. Dentists should be aware of different treatment methods to give patients options whenever possible. They should also stay informed on advances in dentistry by attending seminars and other continuing education programs.
A good dentist needs to have steady hands that can perform minute and precise actions when performing different procedures on a patient’s mouth. A dentist’s fingers should be dexterous and have good muscular endurance so as not to tire during long produces, which may cause a slip up. The dentist should also have gentle hands that don’t use more power than is necessary to complete necessary procedures.
A good dentist will have excellent communication skills and be able to understand and relay complex information in layman’s terms. Dentists often have to explain procedures and make recommendations to patients, so it is essential that information is communicated in a clear manner. It is important for dentists not to come off as biased or favoring a certain procedure because it will bring in more money; the focus should always be on the patient’s well being.
One of the most essential qualities of a dentist is the ability to connect with and empathize with patients. A dentist should genuinely care about their patient’s oral health, and use their empathetic qualities to put patients at ease. This not only makes performing dentistry less stressful for the patient, but it can make things easier for the dentist as well. Allowing patients to view their own X-rays and medical records can help put them at ease and make them feel more involved in caring for their teeth.
A dentist can be exceptional at performing procedures at a clinic, but the most important part of oral health is often the decisions and habits of patients outside of the dentist’s office. It is important for dentists to be able to impress the importance of oral hygiene on their patients and make the patients want to maintain the health of their teeth. Dentists should educate patients on the importance of brushing teeth and flossing regularly and avoiding certain foods, and other important factors that influence oral health.
|
0.999912 |
Text: “And Esau said to Jacob, ‘Please feed me with that same red stew, for I am weary.’ Therefore his name was called Edom. But Jacob said, ‘Sell me your birthright as of this day.’ And Esau said, ‘Look, I am about to die; so what is this birthright to me?”’ (Gen. 25:30-32).
I want to begin our Bible lesson by reading Genesis 25:19-34.
It’s a story you may be familiar with; how Esau sold his birthright to Jacob for a bowl of stew.
This is the genealogy of Isaac, Abraham’s son. Abraham begot Isaac. Isaac was forty years old when he took Rebekah as wife, the daughter of Bethuel the Syrian of Padan Aram, the sister of Laban the Syrian. Now Isaac pleaded with the Lord for his wife, because she was barren; and the Lord granted his plea, and Rebekah his wife conceived. But the children struggled together within her; and she said, “If all is well, why am I like this?” So she went to inquire of the Lord. And the Lord said to her: “Two nations are in your womb, Two peoples shall be separated from your body; One people shall be stronger than the other, And the older shall serve the younger.” So when her days were fulfilled for her to give birth, indeed there were twins in her womb. And the first came out red. He was like a hairy garment all over; so they called his name Esau. Afterward his brother came out, and his hand took hold of Esau’s heel; so his name was called Jacob. Isaac was sixty years old when she bore them. So the boys grew. And Esau was a skillful hunter, a man of the field; but Jacob was a mild man, dwelling in tents. And Isaac loved Esau because he ate of his game, but Rebekah loved Jacob. Now Jacob cooked a stew; and Esau came in from the field, and he was weary. And Esau said to Jacob, “Please feed me with that same red stew, for I am weary.” Therefore his name was called Edom. But Jacob said, “Sell me your birthright as of this day.” And Esau said, “Look, I am about to die; so what is this birthright to me?” Then Jacob said, “Swear to me as of this day.” So he swore to him, and sold his birthright to Jacob. And Jacob gave Esau bread and stew of lentils; then he ate and drank, arose, and went his way. Thus Esau despised his birthright.
Each of us experiences weak moments when we should not make decisions.
In a weak moment a dieter may see an appetizing desert and yield to temptation.
In a weak moment a tired driver may decide to keep driving instead of pulling over, and that decision could be dangerous, even deadly.
In a weak moment a father may give in to his anger and react by yelling and hitting his child.
Let me share a personal experience.
When my father died, my mother was naturally overcome with grief.
It was not a good time for her to be making decisions.
Many of my father’s friends came to visit my mother and to express their sympathy.
My mother gave them whatever they wanted to remember my father by.
Within two weeks she gave away all his tools, fishing equipment, and guns.
Later on, she wished she had not been so generous.
Weak moments can cause us to do things which are completely out of line with our character.
Esau had a lot of advantages.
He was the oldest son of Isaac and Rebekak and therefore had the birthright.
He was a rugged outdoorsman and a skillful hunter.
He was his father’s favorite.
Unfortunately, Esau had a flaw that cost him dearly.
He had trouble handling weak moments.
This flaw was especially apparent when he sold his birthright to Jacob because of shear hunger.
The story of Esau teaches us some valuable lessons about the weak moments of life.
Let’s consider these lessons today and take them to heart.
The first lesson we learn from Esau’s life is that we need to tame our physical desires.
Esau allowed physical impulses to dictate his actions, and he lived to regret his carelessness.
Let’s mull over the incident of Esau’s weak moment.
Esau had been in the field hunting.
When he returned home, Jacob was cooking some red stew.
Esau was hungry and tired and that was his favorite dish.
He asked Jacob to give him some of the stew, and Jacob refused.
He said that Esau could have the stew under one condition-he would have to sell his birthright.
Listen to Esau’s response: “Look, I am about to die. What good is the birthright to me?” (Gen. 25:32).
This incident reveals the nature of both of these men.
Esau came from the field.
He had been outdoors and he was tired.
He was not starving to death as some would imply.
No one who had been brought up in the home of Isaac would starve to death.
His father, Isaac was a wealthy man.
There would always be something for him to eat.
The thing was; there was nothing prepared right at that moment but this stew, which Jacob had made.
Jacob was an indoor boy, and a mama’s boy.
Evidentially, he was also a good chef.
This man asked for some of the stew and Jacob saw his chance.
He is a trickster, and he wanted the birthright.
Let’s stop for a moment and look at the value of the birthright and what it means.
It means that the one who had it was the head of the house.
It also means that the one who had it is the priest of the family.
In this particular family, it means that the one who had it would be the one who would be in the line that would lead to Christ.
Esau didn’t value his birthright at all, and Jacob knew he didn’t.
He attached no importance to it and he didn’t want to be the priest of the family.
In fact, that’s the last thing he wanted to be, so when he was hungry, he gave his birthright to Jacob for a bowl of stew.
There are too many folks today who do not want to do that which is spiritual.
They don’t even want to give the impression they are interested in spiritual things.
He didn’t want to give that impression.
If anyone would have called him “deacon” or “preacher,” it would have insulted him.
He didn’t want the birthright.
He didn’t care about being in the line that leads to Christ.
No one could have cared less about being in that line.
Esau was very happy with the bargain.
That is the value he attached to spiritual things.
He made a bad decision in a moment of weakness.
Remember, I said at the start that this incident revealed something about the nature of both these men.
Jacob was also a man who in a weak moment made a wrong decision.
The birthright is coming to Jacob in God’s own time.
But Jacob can’t wait so in a moment of weakness he reaches out to take that which God has promised him.
He takes it in a clever, tricky fashion.
He should have waited for God to give it to him.
Two nations came from the families of these brothers.
Jacob fathered the Israelites and Esau fathered the Edomites, who lived south of the Dead Sea.
Hundred’s of years later, David lead Israel to the conquest of the Edomites, and they remained under Judean control for 130 years; proving God’s words-the elder shall serve the younger.
One thing that we all know is that weak moments are inevitable.
There are times when our resources are depleted.
Our focus then shifts to worldly desires, and we zero in on satisfying the particular appetite that is nagging us at that time and we give little heed to the consequences.
The thesis of his book is that God gave us every desire we have.
No desire is bad within itself, but it must be controlled by God.
I may not agree with Mr. Hamilton’s theme, but I do agree that we must allow God to control our thinking.
So the first lesson here is to allow God to tame your physical desires.
But there is another lesson.
The next lesson is that we must treat privileges responsibly.
The story of Esau teaches believers a valuable lesson about treating the gifts entrusted to us responsibly.
Think again about the gift of Esau’s birthright.
Esau was the first born son of Isaac and Rebekah.
This was a distinguished position, because in those days the first born son had the privilege of ruling the other children.
The family inheritance would ultimately belong to Esau as well.
Esau had a marvelous privilege that he never could have obtained by personal achievement.
Unfortunately, he despised his gift, and during a moment of weakness he gave it away.
Because he felt the pains of hunger, he chose to treat his privilege irresponsibly.
But Gifts are not to be taken lightly.
God endows all believers with one or more gifts, and He greatly desires that we acknowledge and use those gifts.
We must not disregard them as Esau did.
Let’s learn to cherish our privileges and to treat them responsibly.
The last lesson that we can learn from the story of Esau is that we must consider decisions carefully.
Perhaps the greatest lesson Esau learned is how crucially important moments of decision can be.
The decisions we make influence the rest of our lives.
Shall I go on to college or just go to work?
Should I go into the service?
Should we have a large family or just one child?
Should we buy that house?
What church should we attend?
We sure make a lot of decisions, don’t we?
And I have to admit that I have made a lot of “bad” decisions; decisions that have hurt me and my family.
I made so many “bad” decisions because I reacted during times of weakness; and I didn’t seek God’s guidance.
Let’s think again about Esau’s crucial decision.
Esau’s decision was a momentous one at the time.
Stated simply, it was the decision to remain hungry and keep his birthright or to satisfy his appetite and lose his birthright.
At the moment the decision seamed obvious to Esau.
But later he lived to regret that decision because he could never get his birthright back.
That decision in a moment of weakness cast a shadow on the rest of his days on earth.
The lesson we learn from this story is that the decisions of life demand great care.
Life brings all kinds of decisions, both big ones and little ones.
So we should pray about everything, and we should seek to know God’s leadership in our lives.
He leads us during our moments of strength and during our moments of weakness.
If we look to Him for guidance, He will never lead us to regret a decision.
Do you have a resource for the weak moments of life?
All of us have those times, and we need help from someone greater than ourselves.
Invite Christ into your life.
He will join His life to yours.
He will add His strength to yours.
And then when you find yourself in one of those inevitable moments of weakness you won’t be alone.
His Spirit will be inside of you; to comfort you, to guide you, to strengthen you.
|
0.999708 |
If you’ve already created an estate plan, take a moment to give yourself a well-deserved pat on the back. Now, if you’ve created an estate plan and have moved to another state, you should take an additional minute to assess your plan. In general, your estate plan is valid in your new state, but you should take the time to go over the details with an attorney in case you need to make some small changes. There are several options you have when you’ve created an estate plan in one state and later move to another.
Option 1: Do Nothing. In general, your estate plan is not invalidated simply because you choose to move. Every state recognizes the validity of the laws of all the other states, and an estate plan created in one state will be valid in every other as long as it meets the legal requirements of the state in which it was created. Some states, however, may still require you to comply with their rules for estate planning for some assets, such as real estate located in your new state.
Option 2: Review And Update Your Plan: Your estate plan probably contains specific documents such as a will, living will, health care power of attorney and trusts. Take some time to review these, keeping an eye on when you created the documents. If they are more than a few years old, you may wish to update them to take into consideration changes in the law or family circumstances that have occurred since then.
Option 3: Create State-Specific Documents: Relax, there’s probably no need to completely re-tool your estate plan. However, you may want to create some documents anew, such as your living will or health care power of attorney. State laws on some documents can differ significantly, and the practical concerns of using a document created in another state make it prudent to create new documents so the people in your new state will not have a problem determining the document’s validity.
|
0.956303 |
How do I manage my custom email?
Follow these simple steps to configure your email on your phone and computer.
1. Log into the external web server.
Go to your settings cog in the upper right hand of the window.
2. Under Mail Management, click on POP3/IMAP4 & SMTP Setup Information.
|
0.99998 |
As the head of a department, how do you justify your remuneration when what you do is hard to measure?
I am currently in charge of a bunch of guys who are generally self starters and self organizing, so being their manager, most of the time I just have to step out of their way and provide some minor goals for every iteration of delivery of our product.
Since I can't really add anymore to their technical know how or better the processes, the value I provide to them is more towards getting management out of their way and providing more spiritual assistance in terms of morale boosting.
I found it hard though when asked recently by my CEO of what my contribution to the whole team is as it is not really measurable in the traditional way and some of the things that I do daily flies in the face of normal managerial practices. So, how do I justify my remuneration in such a scenario ?
There are a few really hard problems to solve that relate to programmers in the workplace. In my opinion, it's your job as part of management to solve some or all of them. If you are doing so, you could say you are indirectly responsible for the efficiency of the programmers, overall. You may also take account of a few things compared to other companies, such as: low employee turnover, ability for everyone to work reasonable hours (home at 5:30, for example, if they want), clarity of communication across departments, and more.
Programmers need long periods of completely uninterrupted time to think about how to solve problems. You can provide this via office silence policies, offices with doors that shut, work from home (or some quiet place) opportunities, enforced meeting windows (no meetings except between 9 and 11am, for example), and more. Basically anything you can do here is a godsend. So, if you're doing those things, tell management that you're increasing programmer productivity by several hours per day.
Programmers generally don't want to fiddle with office politics, but often bear a fragile ego. Make sure that you foster community within the programming department and breed a culture of forgiveness, humility, and teamwork. Doing this saves you uncountable hours of wasted time from duplicate effort or bad practices. Seriously, uncountable.
Reduce mental overhead. Don't weigh your programmers down with overbearing project management tools, meetings, communication requirements, reports, or whatever. Document everything they need to do clearly. Document every process they need to follow clearly. Make sure processes are valuable to everyone, and if they aren't valuable, destroy them or replace them. This will save every programmer hours every week of wasted time on pointless communication, freeing them up to communicate effectively as needed. If you're doing some sort of Scrum or Agile, split up into small teams so everyone doesn't have to listen to 50 other people drone on about irrelevant items. It's your job as manager to handle that complexity.
Reduce barriers to communication and resources. If a programmer needs to spend some money on some software, it shouldn't require a persuasive paper, a PO, and a 3 month waiting period (yes, I've had to do that). Find a way to make it work. Tight feedback loops and reduced barriers will make your team fly, and it shouldn't be up to programmers to make that happen.
Encourage autonomous and independent work. Give people their own little piece of the world to be responsible for, and they won't quit even when times get hard or they're not being paid enough. Tell management that you are reducing turnover this way, and helping to foster a sense of pride in the work.
If you get all these figured out, you probably won't have to justify what you do very often. Your team will be singing your praises.
A competent CEO would not ask this question. The contribution of the leader is the team's performance. What the team does the leader does. If the team succeeds, the leader gets credit; if it fails, the leader gets credit.
Self-organizing is a bit of a misnomer. Team's do not self organize. Throw several people at a task and someone will emerge as the de facto leader.
I am wondering if the CEO has noticed someone else on the team assuming this role and playing it effectively, to the point where the CEO is interfacing with this individual, not you, to understand what's going on. The CEO could interpret this situation that you built the dynamic, grooming someone to take your spot so you can move on and up, or that you were sidelined by this individual. I would hope the former. But this is purely speculation on my part.
There should always be a way to get an impression about the teams performance: the product they deliver. Especially with in iterative process (as you seem to have), it should be possible to see whether there's value dropping out of each iteration or not.
Your CEO should be very happy (and content), if you can tell him that you manage a happy team that produces a lot of business value on a regular basis. That should put an end to every discussion about your methods.
If you cannot identify the value your team creates, I doubt your management and team situation is as good as it sounds. Regardless of the methods, knowing what your team does, how complex the tasks are, and how many of them get done in what time is THE responsibility of a team's manager.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged human-resources management or ask your own question.
As a PM, How do you select your project team members?
As a project manager, how do you manage interpersonal conflicts between your team members?
How can you increase the chances of having good PM candidates from within the technical areas of the company?
|
0.955556 |
The three Empire books, first published between 1950 and 1952, are Asimov's three earliest novels published in his own name (David Starr, Space Ranger was published before The Currents of Space, but had been published under his pen name "Paul French", and the Foundation books were collections of linked short stories rather than continuous novels).
Pebble in the Sky was originally written in the summer of 1947 under the title "Grow Old with Me" for Startling Stories, whose editor Sam Merwin, Jr. had approached Asimov to write a forty thousand word short novel for the magazine. The title was a misquotation of Robert Browning's Rabbi ben Ezra, the first few lines of which (starting "Grow old along with me! / The best is yet to be...") were included in the final novel. It was rejected by Startling Stories on the basis that the magazine's emphasis was more on adventure than science-heavy fiction (despite the editor inviting Asimov to write the latter as an experiment for the magazine), and again by John W. Campbell, Asimov's usual editor. In 1949, Doubleday editor Walter I. Bradbury accepted the story on the suggestion of Frederik Pohl, on the condition it was expanded to seventy thousand words and the title changed to something more science fiction oriented; it was published in January 1950 as Pebble in the Sky. "Grow Old With Me" was later published in its original form along with other draft stories in The Alternate Asimovs in 1986.
The Stars, Like Dust was originally serialised under the title Tyrann in Galaxy Science Fiction from January to March 1951, and was published as a novel by Doubleday later that year. The first paperback edition was an Ace Books double novel along with Roger Dee's An Earth Gone Mad; The Stars, Like Dust was retitled The Rebellious Stars for this edition without Asimov's consent. The novel was reprinted in with the Foundation Trilogy, The Naked Sun and I, Robot in a hardback selected works edition in 1982 by Littlehampton Book Services.
The Currents of Space was originally serialised in Astounding Science Fiction from October to December 1952 before being published by Doubleday as a novel the same year.
The books have been reprinted a number of times as a trilogy (as well as many times separately): in 1986 by Ballantine Books as "Galactic Empire Novel[s]", in 1992 by Spectra as "The Empire Novels" and in 2010 along with The End of Eternity by Orb Books, in both print and Kindle editions.
After the publication of The Currents of Space in 1952, all three novels (the only Asimov novels published at that time) were collected into an omnibus titled Triangle. They were republished again as a single volume, The Empire Novels, in 2002 by the Science Fiction Book Club.
"Blind Alley" was published before any of the novels; written in 1944, it was accepted by John W. Campbell later that year and published in Astounding Science Fiction in March 1945. It was anthologised by Groff Conklin in The Best of Science Fiction, the first of Asimov's stories to have been reprinted, and was later included in The Early Asimov (in 1972, along with a very brief history of its origins), The Asimov Chronicles in 1989 and in volume 2 of The Complete Stories in 1992. It has never been published together with the novels, as it is connected only on the basis of being set during the Galactic Empire, after the Robot stories and before the Foundation series.
These stories are set in the same future as the Foundation series, which had appeared in magazines starting in 1942. The tie is not close, and they are only loosely connected to each other, each being a complete tale in its own right. Their main common points are Asimov's idea of a future Galactic Empire, certain aspects of technology — hyperdrive, blaster pistols, "neuronic whips", the possible invention of the "Visi-Sonor" — and particular locations, such as the planet Trantor. Another connection was later established with Robots and Empire, where Asimov revealed how Earth became radioactive, as mentioned in all three novels. Some sources further this argument by asserting that The Stars, Like Dust takes place about one thousand years following the events of Robots and Empire. Also, the calendar used on spaceships in The Stars, Like Dust is the same that the Spacers introduce Lije Baley to in The Robots of Dawn.
The short story "Blind Alley" is the only story set in the Foundation universe to feature intelligence not of human origin; Foundation and Earth features non-human intelligences (of Solaria and Gaia), but they are descended from or created by humans.
Asimov later integrated them into his all-engulfing Foundation series. Some contortion was required to explain how the robots of the Robot series are almost completely absent from the Galactic Empire novels. In reality, this is because Asimov wrote the original Robot and Foundation short stories as separate series.
^ The Early Asimov, Chs. "The Endochronic Properties of Resublimated Thiotimoline", "Mother Earth"
^ The Early Asimov, Ch. "Blind Alley"
This page was last edited on 5 March 2019, at 01:13 (UTC).
|
0.912373 |
What is a Qualified Professional Asset Manager?
The criteria for qualifying as a QPAM are defined by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA). Regulated institutions such as banks and insurance companies may qualify as a QPAM. Under amendments that came into effect in August 2005, a QPAM is also defined as a registered investment adviser with client assets under management of at least $85 million, and shareholders' or partners' equity in excess of $1 million.
The QPAM exemption is widely used by parties who conduct transactions with accounts holding retirement plan funds. Essentially, the QPAM exemption allows an investment fund that is managed by a QPAM to engage in a wide range of transactions that would otherwise be prohibited by ERISA with practically all parties in interest such as plan sponsors and fiduciaries. However, such transactions cannot be entered into with the QPAM itself or with those parties that may have the power to influence the QPAM.
One big role for QPAMs is representing pension plans when they want to engage in private placements. Their role is to vet the private placement. Qualified professional asset managers may also assist institutions with investments in real estate or other nontraditional or alternative investments.
A Qualified Professional Asset Manager may make a transaction that would normally be prohibited under ERISA (section 406(a). Such transactions may include sales, exchanges, leases, loans/extensions of credit and the provision of services between a party of interest and a pension plan. Using a QPAM can remove the risk of trustees being held personally liable for errors as long as they utilize the QPAM prudently. However, using a QPAM in not a shield for breach of fiduciary duty.
The QPAM must be a bank, savings, and loan or insurance company with equity capital or net worth in excess of $1 million of a registered investment adviser with assets under discretionary management in excess of $85 million and equity in excess of $1 million.
The counterparty must not be the QPAM or related to the QPAM or to the fiduciary appointed the QPAM (i.e., decided to invest in the fund).
The asset manager must represent in writing to the client that it is acting as a fiduciary.
The QPAM must negotiate the terms of the transaction and decide on behalf of the plan whether to engage in the transaction.
The QPAM may not have been convicted of certain activities that could bear on financial trust.
A plan sponsor is a designated party, usually a company or employer, that sets up a healthcare or retirement plan for the benefit of its employees.
The Investment Advisers Act of 1940 is a U.S. federal law that defines the role and responsibilities of an investment advisor/adviser.
|
0.999314 |
Fill in the correct noun or pronoun in the space provided.
1. Mary received many presents for ……her…………birthday. …She………… loved all of ……them…………… .
2. Mrs. Lopez loves cats. ……She……… said that cats bring her good luck.
3. You have to write ……your………….. personal details here.
4. These magazines are ……ours…………… . They belong to us.
5. Most students brought ……their………….. parents to the school fair.
6. Ahmad and Ridzuan finished ……their…………. ……assignments………….. before dinner.
7. The ……bird…………… flapped ……its………… wings before ……it……….. flew away.
8. Mandy has a beautiful ………dress…………… . She bought ……it………… yesterday.
9. Congratulations! You all should be proud of …yourselves…… .
10. The girls painted the house ……themselves………………. .
11. The ……book……………… belongs to me. It is ……mine………….. .
12. The elephant hurt ……itself……………when it fell into the big hole.
13. They really enjoyed ……themselves………… at …the…… …party…… .
14. My mother smiled when ……she…………. looked at …herself….. in the ……mirror….... .
15. Anne, you will have to buy the ……present………. ……yourself……….. .
|
0.917072 |
maximize my positive impact on the world.
Most of my mental energy is spent at the Machine Intelligence Research Institute, on roughly the following topics.
What enables researchers to produce valuable insights? What’s the best way to structure research teams? What is the best work environment for a mathematician? I research the answers to these questions and run tests with our team.
What makes an effective team? What are the obvious characteristics and behaviors of effective teams? How can we ensure we’re following best practice? What tests can we run? I research out the answers to the questions and run tests with our team.
We run various research-related programs, such as workshops and seminars. I ensure they’re planned and executed well, and that we’re squeezing as much research-value-juice out of them as possible.
We’re a small non-profit. I’m one of a small team that keeps things running smoothly across a wide range of responsibilities.
|
0.941253 |
This article is about a phenomenon in economics. For the neologism, see Korean Wave.
In economics, Kondratiev waves (also called supercycles, great surges, long waves, K-waves or the long economic cycle) are hypothesized cycle-like phenomena in the modern world economy.
It is stated that the period of a wave ranges from forty to sixty years, the cycles consist of alternating intervals of high sectoral growth and intervals of relatively slow growth.
Long wave theory is not accepted by most academic economists. Among economists who accept it, there is a lack of agreement about both the cause of the waves and the start and end years of particular waves. Among critics of the theory, the general consensus is that it involves recognizing patterns that may not exist.
The Soviet economist Nikolai Kondratiev (also written Kondratieff or Kondratyev) was the first to bring these observations to international attention in his book The Major Economic Cycles (1925) alongside other works written in the same decade. In 1939, Joseph Schumpeter suggested naming the cycles "Kondratieff waves" in his honor.
Two Dutch economists, Jacob van Gelderen and Salomon de Wolff, had previously argued for the existence of 50- to 60-year cycles in 1913 and 1924, respectively.
Since the inception of the theory, various studies have expanded the range of possible cycles, finding longer or shorter cycles in the data. The Marxist scholar Ernest Mandel revived interest in long-wave theory with his 1964 essay predicting the end of the long boom after five years and in his Alfred Marshall lectures in 1979. However, in Mandel's theory there are no long "cycles", only distinct epochs of faster and slower growth spanning 20–25 years.
In 1990, William Thompson at Indiana University has published influential papers and books documenting eighteen K-Waves dating back to 930 AD in China's Song Province; and Michael Snyder wrote: "It should be noted that economic cycle theories have enabled some analysts to correctly predict the timing of recessions, stock market peaks and stock market crashes over the past couple of decades".
The historian Eric Hobsbawm also wrote of the theory: "That good predictions have proved possible on the basis of Kondratiev Long Waves—this is not very common in economics—has convinced many historians and even some economists that there is something in them, even if we don't know what".
Kondratiev identified three phases in the cycle, namely expansion, stagnation and recession. More common today is the division into four periods with a turning point (collapse) between the first and second phases.
1790–1849, with a turning point in 1815.
1850–1896, with a turning point in 1873.
Kondratiev supposed that in 1896 a new cycle had started.
The long cycle supposedly affects all sectors of an economy. Kondratiev focused on prices and interest rates, seeing the ascendant phase as characterized by an increase in prices and low interest rates while the other phase consists of a decrease in prices and high interest rates. Subsequent analysis concentrated on output.
Understanding the cause and effect of Kondratiev waves is a useful academic discussion and tool. Kondratiev Waves present both causes and effects of common recurring events in capitalistic economies throughout history. Although Kondratiev himself made little differentiation between cause and effect, obvious points emerge intuitively.
The causes documented by Kondratiev waves, primarily include inequity, opportunity and social freedoms; although very often, much more discussion is made of the notable effects of these causes as well. Effects are both good and bad and include, to name just a few, technological advance, birthrates and revolutions/populism—and revolution's contributing causes which can include racism, religious or political intolerance, failed-freedoms and opportunity, incarceration rates, terrorism and similar.
When inequity is low and opportunity is easily available, peaceful, moral decisions are preferred and Aristotle's "Good Life" is possible (Americans call the good life "the American Dream"). Opportunity created the simple inspiration and genius for the Mayflower Compact for one example. Post-World War II and 1840's post-California gold rush bonanza were times of great opportunity, low inequity and this resulted in unprecedented technological industrial advance too. Alternatively, when the 1893's global economic panics were not met with sufficient wealth-distributing government policies internationally, a dozen major revolutions resulted—perhaps also creating an effect we now call World War I. Few would argue that World War II also began in response to failed attempts at creating economic opportunity-supporting government policy during the Great Depression of 1929 and the World War I's Treaty of Versailles.
According to the innovation theory, these waves arise from the bunching of basic innovations that launch technological revolutions that in turn create leading industrial or commercial sectors. Kondratiev's ideas were taken up by Joseph Schumpeter in the 1930s. The theory hypothesized the existence of very long-run macroeconomic and price cycles, originally estimated to last 50–54 years.
In recent decades there has been considerable progress in historical economics and the history of technology, and numerous investigations of the relationship between technological innovation and economic cycles. Some of the works involving long cycle research and technology include Mensch (1979), Tylecote (1991), the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) (Marchetti, Ayres), Freeman and Louçã (2001), Andrey Korotayev and Carlota Perez.
Perez (2002) places the phases on a logistic or S curve, with the following labels: the beginning of a technological era as irruption, the ascent as frenzy, the rapid build out as synergy and the completion as maturity.
Because people have fairly typical spending patterns through their life cycle, such as spending on schooling, marriage, first car purchase, first home purchase, upgrade home purchase, maximum earnings period, maximum retirement savings and retirement, demographic anomalies such as baby booms and busts exert a rather predictable influence on the economy over a long time period. Harry Dent has written extensively on demographics and economic cycles. Tylecote (1991) devoted a chapter to demographics and the long cycle.
Georgists such as Mason Gaffney, Fred Foldvary and Fred Harrison argue that land speculation is the driving force behind the boom and bust cycle. Land is a finite resource which is necessary for all production and they claim that because exclusive usage rights are traded around, this creates speculative bubbles which can be exacerbated by overzealous borrowing and lending. As early as 1997, a number of Georgists predicted that the next crash would come in 2008.
Debt deflation is a theory of economic cycles which holds that recessions and depressions are due to the overall level of debt shrinking (deflating). Hence, the credit cycle is the cause of the economic cycle.
The theory was developed by Irving Fisher following the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the ensuing Great Depression. Debt deflation was largely ignored in favor of the ideas of John Maynard Keynes in Keynesian economics, but it has enjoyed a resurgence of interest since the 1980s, both in mainstream economics and in the heterodox school of post-Keynesian economics and has subsequently been developed by such post-Keynesian economists as Hyman Minsky and Steve Keen.
Inequity appears to be the most obvious driver of Kondratiev waves, and yet some researches have presented a technological and credit cycle explanation as well.
There are several modern timing versions of the cycle although most are based on either of two causes: one on technology and the other on the credit cycle.
Additionally, there are several versions of the technological cycles and they are best interpreted using diffusion curves of leading industries. For example, railways only started in the 1830s, with steady growth for the next 45 years. It was after Bessemer steel was introduced that railroads had their highest growth rates. However, this period is usually labeled the age of steel. Measured by value added, the leading industry in the U.S. from 1880 to 1920 was machinery, followed by iron and steel.
Any influence of technology during the cycle that began in the Industrial Revolution pertains mainly to England. The U.S. was a commodity producer and was more influenced by agricultural commodity prices. There was a commodity price cycle based on increasing consumption causing tight supplies and rising prices. That allowed new land to the west to be purchased and after four or five years to be cleared and be in production, driving down prices and causing a depression as in 1819 and 1839. By the 1850s, the U.S. was becoming industrialized.
Several papers on the relationship between technology and the economy were written by researchers at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA). A concise version of Kondratiev cycles can be found in the work of Robert Ayres (1989) in which he gives a historical overview of the relationships of the most significant technologies. Cesare Marchetti published on Kondretiev waves and on the diffusion of innovations. Arnulf Grübler's book (1990) gives a detailed account of the diffusion of infrastructures including canals, railroads, highways and airlines, with findings that the principal infrastructures have midpoints spaced in time corresponding to 55-year K wavelengths, with railroads and highways taking almost a century to complete. Grübler devotes a chapter to the long economic wave. In 1996, Giancarlo Pallavicini published the ratio between the long Kondratiev wave and information technology and communication.
Korotayev et al. recently employed spectral analysis and claimed that it confirmed the presence of Kondratiev waves in the world GDP dynamics at an acceptable level of statistical significance. Korotayev et al. also detected shorter business cycles, dating the Kuznets to about 17 years and calling it the third harmonic of the Kondratiev, meaning that there are three Kuznets cycles per Kondratiev.
Leo A. Nefiodow shows that the fifth Kondratieff ended with the global economic crisis of 2000–2003 while the new, sixth Kondratieff started simultaneously. According to Leo A. Nefiodow, the carrier of this new long cycle will be health in a holistic sense—including its physical, psychological, mental, social, ecological and spiritual aspects; the basic innovations of the sixth Kondratieff are "psychosocial health" and "biotechnology".
More recently, the physicist and systems scientist Tessaleno Devezas advanced a causal model for the long wave phenomenon based on a generation-learning model and a nonlinear dynamic behaviour of information systems. In both works, a complete theory is presented containing not only the explanation for the existence of K-Waves, but also and for the first time an explanation for the timing of a K-Wave (≈60 years = two generations).
Unlike Kondratieff and Schumpeter, Šmihula believed that each new cycle is shorter than its predecessor. His main stress is put on technological progress and new technologies as decisive factors of any long-time economic development. Each of these waves has its innovation phase which is described as a technological revolution and an application phase in which the number of revolutionary innovations falls and attention focuses on exploiting and extending existing innovations. As soon as an innovation or a series of innovations becomes available, it becomes more efficient to invest in its adoption, extension and use than in creating new innovations. Each wave of technological innovations can be characterized by the area in which the most revolutionary changes took place ("leading sectors").
Every wave of innovations lasts approximately until the profits from the new innovation or sector fall to the level of other, older, more traditional sectors. It is a situation when the new technology, which originally increased a capacity to utilize new sources from nature, reached its limits and it is not possible to overcome this limit without an application of another new technology.
For the end of an application phase of any wave there are typical an economic crisis and stagnation. The economic crisis in 2007–2010 is a result of the coming end of the "wave of the Information and telecommunications technological revolution". Some authors have started to predict what the sixth wave might be, such as James Bradfield Moody and Bianca Nogrady who forecast that it will be driven by resource efficiency and clean technology. On the other hand, Šmihula himself considers the waves of technological innovations during the modern age (after 1600 AD) only as a part of a much longer "chain" of technological revolutions going back to the pre-modern era. It means he believes that we can find long economic cycles (analogical to Kondratiev cycles in modern economy) dependent on technological revolutions even in the Middle Ages and the Ancient era.
Long wave theory is not accepted by many academic economists. However, is important for innovation-based, development and evolutionary economics. Yet, among economists who accept it there has been no formal universal agreement about the standards that should be used universally to place start and the end years for each wave. Agreement of start and end years can be +1 to 3 years for each 40- to 65-year cycle.
Health economist and biostatistician Andreas J. W. Goldschmidt searched for patterns and proposed that there is a phase shift and overlap of the so-called Kondratiev cycles of IT and health (shown in the figure). He argued that historical growth phases in combination with key technologies does not necessarily imply the existence of regular cycles in general. Goldschmidt is of the opinion that different fundamental innovations and their economic stimuli do not exclude each other as they mostly vary in length and their benefit is not applicable to all participants in a market.
^ a b See, e.g. Korotayev, Andrey V.; Tsirel, Sergey V. (2010). "A Spectral Analysis of World GDP Dynamics: Kondratiev Waves, Kuznets Swings, Juglar and Kitchin Cycles in Global Economic Development, and the 2008–2009 Economic Crisis". Structure and Dynamics. 4 (1): 3–57.
^ Skwarek, Shane. "Kondratieff Wave". CMT Association. Retrieved 2018-12-20.
^ Vincent Barnett, Nikolai Dmitriyevich Kondratiev, Encyclopedia of Russian History, 2004, at Encyclopedia.com.
^ Erik Buyst, Kondratiev, Nikolai (1892–1938), Encyclopedia of Modern Europe: Europe Since 1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of War and Reconstruction, Gale Publishing, January 1, 2006.
^ Thompson, William (1996). Leading sectors and world powers: the coevolution of global politics and economics. ISBN 9781570030543.
^ Snyder, Michael (2014-05-12). "If Economic Cycle Theorists Are Correct, 2015 To 2020 Will Be Pure Hell For The United States". The Economiccollapseblog.com. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
^ Hobsbawm (1999), pp. 87f.
^ "Economic causes of the first World War". Socialist Party of Britain. Retrieved 2014-08-01.
^ Korotayev, Andrey; Zinkina, Julia; Bogevolnov, Justislav (2011). "Kondratieff waves in global invention activity (1900–2008)". Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 78 (7): 1280. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2011.02.011.
^ Perez, Carlota (2002). Technological Revolutions and Financial Capital: The Dynamics of Bubbles and Golden Ages. UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-84376-331-4.
^ Tylecote, Andrew (1991). The Long Wave in the World Economy. London: Routledge. pp. Chapter 5: Population feedback. ISBN 978-0-415-03690-0.
^ "Fred Foldvary". Foldvary.net. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
^ Minsky, Hyman (1992). "The Financial Instability Hypothesis". Jerome Levy Economics Institute Working Paper No. 74. SSRN 161024.
^ Keen, Steve (1995). "Finance and Economic Breakdown: Modelling Minsky's Financial Instability Hypothesis". Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 17 (4): 607–635. doi:10.1080/01603477.1995.11490053.
^ See: Joseph Whitworth's quote under American system of manufacturing#Use of machinery.
^ Ayres, Robert (1989). "Technological Transformations and Long Waves" (PDF).
^ Marchetti, Cesare (1996). "Pervasive Long Waves: Is Society Cyclotymic" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-07-07.
^ Marchetti, Cesare (1988). "Kondratiev Revisited-After One Cycle" (PDF).
^ Spectral analysis is a mathematical technique that is used in such fields as electrical engineering for analyzing electrical circuits and radio waves to deconstruct a complex signal to determine the main frequencies and their relative contribution. Signal analysis is usually done with equipment. Data analysis is done with special computer software.
^ Nefiodow, Leo A. (2014). "Health: The Economic Growth Engine of the 21st Century". healthmanagement.org.
^ See: Nefiodow, Leo; Nefiodow, Simone (2014): The Sixth Kondratieff. A New Long Wave in the Global Economy. Charleston 2014, ISBN 978-1-4961-4038-8.
^ Devezas, Tessaleno (2001). "The biological determinants of long-wave behavior in socioeconomic growth and development, Technological Forecasting & Social Change 68, pp. 1–57".
^ Devezas, Tessaleno; Corredine, James (2002). "The nonlinear dynamics of technoeconomic systems - An informational interpretation, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 69, pp. 317–357".
^ Šmihula, Daniel (2009). "The waves of the technological innovations of the modern age and the present crisis as the end of the wave of the informational technological revolution". Studia Politica Slovaca. 2009 (1): 32–47. ISSN 1337-8163.
^ Moody, J. B.; Nogrady, B. (2010). The Sixth Wave: How to succeed in a resource-limited world. Sydney: Random House. ISBN 9781741668896.
^ Šmihula, Daniel (2011). "Long waves of technological innovations". Studia Politica Slovaca. 2011 (2): 50–69. ISSN 1337-8163.
^ Goldschmidt, Andreas JW; Hilbert, Josef (2009). Health Economy in Germany - Economical Field of the Future (Gesundheitswirtschaft in Deutschland - Die Zukunftsbranche). Germany: Wikom Publishing house, Wegscheid. p. 22. ISBN 978-3-9812646-0-9.
Barnett, Vincent (1998). Kondratiev and the Dynamics of Economic Development. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-21048-9.
Cheung, Edward (2007) . Baby Boomers, Generation X and Social Cycles, Volume 1: North American Long-waves (PDF). Toronto: Longwave Press. ISBN 978-1-896330-00-6.
Devezas, Tessaleno (2006). Kondratieff Waves, Warfare and World Security. Amsterdam: IOS Press. ISBN 978-1-58603-588-4.
Freeman, Chris; Louçã, Francisco (2001). As Time Goes By. From the Industrial Revolutions to the Information Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-924107-1.
Goldstein, Joshua (1988). Long Cycles: Prosperity and War in the Modern Age. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03994-8.
Grinin, L.; Munck, V. C. de; Korotayev, A. (2006). History and mathematics: Analyzing and Modeling Global Development. Moscow: URSS. ISBN 978-5-484-01001-1.
Hobsbawm, Eric (1999). Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century 1914–1991. London: Abacus. ISBN 978-0-349-10671-7.
Korotayev; Andrey, V.; Tsirel, Sergey V. (2010). "A Spectral Analysis of World GDP Dynamics: Kondratieff Waves, Kuznets Swings, Juglar and Kitchin Cycles in Global Economic Development, and the 2008–2009 Economic Crisis". Structure and Dynamics. 4 (1): 3–57.
Kohler, Gernot; Chaves, Emilio José (2003). Globalization: Critical Perspectives. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers. ISBN 978-1-59033-346-4. With contributions by Samir Amin, Christopher Chase Dunn, Andre Gunder Frank, Immanuel Wallerstein.
Lewis, W. Arthur (1978). Growth and Fluctuations 1870–1913. London: Allen & Unwin. pp. 69–93. ISBN 978-0-04-300072-4.
Mandel, Ernest (1964). "The Economics of Neocapitalism". The Socialist Register.
Mandel, Ernest (1980). Long waves of capitalist development: the Marxist interpretation. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-23000-1.
Marchetti, Cesare (1986). "Fifty-Year Pulsation in Human Affairs, Analysis of Some Physical Indicators". Futures. 18 (3): 376–388. doi:10.1016/0016-3287(86)90020-0.
Modis, Theodore (1992). Predictions: Society's Telltale Signature Reveals the Past and Forecasts the Future. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-75917-9.
Nyquist, Jeffrey (2007). "Cycles of History, Boom and Bust". San Diego: Financial Sense. Weekly Column from 11.09.2007 predicting a major turning-point between 2007 and 2009 and the start of a Great Depression.
Nefiodow, Leo A. & Simone (2014). The Sixth Kondratieff. The New Long Wave of the Global Economy. Charleston. ISBN 978-1-4961-4038-8.
Giancarlo, Pallavicini (1996). La teorizzazione dei cicli lunghi dell'economia, secondo Kondratiev, e l'informatica e la comunicazione. Agrigento: Accademia di Studi Mediterranei Press.
Rothbard, Murray (1984). The Kondratieff Cycle: Real or Fabricated?. Ludwig von Mises Institute.
Silverberg, Gerald; Verspagen, Bart (2000). Breaking the Waves: A Poisson Regression Approach to Schumpeterian Clustering of Basic Innovations. Maastricht: MERIT.
Šmihula, Daniel (2009). The waves of the technological innovations of the modern age and the present crisis as the end of the wave of the informational technological revolution. Bratislava: in Studia politica Slovaca, 1/2009 SAS. pp. 32–47. ISSN 1337-8163.
Šmihula, Daniel (2011). Long waves of technological innovations. Bratislava: in Studia politica Slovaca, 1/2011 SAS. pp. 50–69. ISSN 1337-8163.
Solomou, Solomos (1989). Phases of Economic Growth, 1850–1973: Kondratieff Waves and Kuznets Swings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33457-0.
Tausch, Arno; Ghymers, Christian (2007). From the 'Washington' Towards a 'Vienna Consensus'? A Quantitative Analysis on Globalization, Development and Global Governance. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers. ISBN 978-1-60021-422-6.
Tausch, Arno (2013). The Hallmarks of Crisis: A New Center-Periphery Perspective on Long Cycles. Connecticut: REPEC/IDEAS.
Turchin, Peter (2006). History & Mathematics: Historical Dynamics and Development of Complex Societies. Moscow: KomKniga. ISBN 978-5-484-01002-8.
The Kondratieff Wave. Dell Publishing Co. Inc. New York, N.Y., USA. 1972. p. 198.
Shuman, James B.; Rosenau, David (1972). The Kondratieff Wave. The Future of America Until 1984 and Beyond. New York: Dell. This book provides the history of the many ups and downs of the economies.
Tylecote, Andrew (1991). The Long Wave in the World Economy: The Current Crisis in Historical Perspective. London and New York: Routledge.
"Kondratieff waves" on faculty.Washington.edu (The Evolutionary World Politics Homepage).
"Kondratieff theory explained" on Kondratyev.com (Kondratyev Theory Letters).
|
0.979798 |
(1996) "Old Before I Die"
"Freedom '90" (also known simply as "Freedom") is a song written, produced, and performed by George Michael, and released on Columbia Records in 1990. The "'90" added to the end of the title is to prevent confusion with a hit by Michael's former band Wham!, also titled "Freedom".
It was the third single taken from Listen Without Prejudice Vol. 1, though released as the second single from the album in the United States and Australia. "Freedom '90" was one of a few uptempo songs on this album. It was a major hit and peaked at number 8 on the U.S. charts. The song refers to Michael's past success with Wham!, yet also shows a new side of himself as a new man, who is more cynical about the music business than he had been before. Michael refused to appear in the video and allowed a group of supermodels to appear instead.
Michael performed this song, alongside his 2012 single "White Light", during the closing ceremony of the 2012 London Olympics.
By 1990, Michael had grown weary of the pressures of fame, telling the Los Angeles Times, "At some point in your career, the situation between yourself and the camera reverses. For a certain number of years, you court it and you need it, but ultimately, it needs you more and it's a bit like a relationship. The minute that happens, it turns you off ... and it does feel like it is taking something from you." He decided that he no longer wanted to do photo shoots or music videos, saying, "I would like to never step in front of a camera again."
Although he relented and decided to make a video for his new song, he still refused to appear in it. Instead, inspired by Peter Lindbergh's now-iconic portrait of Naomi Campbell, Linda Evangelista, Tatjana Patitz, Christy Turlington, and Cindy Crawford for the January 1990 cover of the British edition of Vogue, Michael asked the five models to appear in the video. While it was not uncommon at the time for models to appear in music videos, usually such models played the love interest of the singer, as with Christie Brinkley's appearance in her then-husband Billy Joel's "Uptown Girl" video, or Turlington's appearance in Duran Duran's "Notorious" video when she was 17 years old. For "Freedom '90", the five models would not portray Michael's on-screen girlfriends, but would lip-synch the song in his place. This idea was already established in 1985 by Bryan Ferry's music video "Slave to Love". This music video also included the appearance of five male models: John Pearson, Mario Sorrenti, Scott Benoit, Todo Segalla and Peter Formby.
|
0.999998 |
Who invented the Stations of the Cross?
The first Stations of the Cross were walked by Jesus himself on the way to Calvary. Known as the "Via Dolorosa" ("The Way of Suffering") or the "Via Crucis" ("The Way of the Cross"), it was marked out from the earliest times and was a traditional walk for pilgrims who came to Jerusalem. The early Christians in Jerusalem would walk the same pathway that Jesus walked, pausing for reflection and prayer. Later, when Christians could not travel to the Holy Land, artistic depictions of "The Way of the Cross" were set up in churches, or outside, and Christians would walk from station to station, reading the Gospel account of the Passion or simply praying and reflecting on each event. While the content or place of each station had changed, the intention was to make a mini-pilgrimage and follow - literally - in the footsteps of Jesus.
This devotion became better known in the Middle Ages, and the Franciscans are credited with its spread. Lent is a time when many people make the Stations, and some churches present Passion plays or Living Stations. But anyone can pray the Stations at any time. It is a simple and personal reflection on the passion of Jesus and what it means to us.
|
0.999893 |
Is Fox's action thriller 24 the most influential TV drama of the past 15 years?
Jack Bauer's determination and no holds barred approach to saving the world had a clear influence on the Jason Bourne films (which began the year after it debuted), which in turn inspired the Daniel Craig-starring Bond films with 2006's Casino Royale. The era of gritty, shaky-cam aesthetics was also first popularised by 24 on television, together with most modern hero's inclination to get vital information using impromptu torture. There would be no Taken without 24, that's for sure. Liam Neeson's character also has a daughter called Kim! The recent Olympus Has Fallen even lifted its whole White-House-in-crisis concept (however loosely) from a season 7 arc of 24, only with less Tony Todd.
Cliffhangers have been around for decades, of course, but they were largely used to ensure viewers would come back halfway through a "two parter", or at the end of a season to keep audiences hooked over the summer months. 24 tore up the rulebook, delivering big cliffhangers every single week.
These days it's quite common for television show to do shocking or "unthinkable" things, but 24 definitely pushed the envelope further than most and gave rise to what's almost become the norm. I still get a hollow feeling in my stomach when I recall Jack having to execute his own boss, as commanded to by that season's villain, when every other option had been exhausted. Chills.
Before the likes of Netflix made it easy, most people gorged themselves on overpriced DVD box-sets. The idea of being able to consume multiple episodes of a TV show, at your own leisurely pace, only became a mass reality when DVD players were ubiquitous in homes, and 24 was at the vanguard of that trend—helped, at least in the UK, by the fact it became a satellite-exclusive show, so most people's only option was to wait for DVD. And it remains true that 24's format is still the absolute best for devouring multiple episodes of an evening.
24's "real time" format (telling a single story over 24 episodes), has always been its USP. It directly inspired other early-'00s shows to take unusual approaches to their format (most notably short-lived NBC crime drama Boomtown, with a multiple perspective idea), but it's fair to say that post-24 excitement soon dimmed. That said, you have to wonder if shows like 2004's Lost would have decided to use extensive flashbacks (to create dual narratives each week), without 24 first proving audiences would accept something that wasn't the norm.
Every generation has its action hero poster-boy. In the 1970s it was stern Dirty Harry. In the 1980s it was beefcake Rambo. In the 1990s it was... um, well, they were relatively peaceful times. (dimwit Keanu on that runaway bus?) But in the '00s, the pop-culture hero became Jack Bauer—as he defeated an assortment of enemies inspired by front page news, but often with a Middle Eastern influence due to the aftermath of 9/11 lingering in the air during 24's formative years.
Ah yes, the influence of the uncannily noble President David Palmer (of season 1-4). There had been other black, fictional Commander-in-Chief's before 24 (like Morgan Freeman in Deep Impact), but many folk claim 24 made the idea feel possible... including Dennis Haysbert himself, who played the show's greatest POTUS. I'm not saying 24 was a significant factor in Obama achieving office many years later, but it never hurts to plant the seed in millions of people's heads through pop-culture beamed into their homes.
Do you think AMC pioneered the idea of creating a show that discusses another show, with The Talking Dead discussing The Walking Dead? If so, you're entirely wrong. It actually started right here in the UK, when BBC Choice (the precursor of BBC3) realised their US import 24 was causing a stir and created a show where celebs would discuss each week's events in a tongue-in-cheek manner. A fair number of 24 actors even flew over to be guests on this light-hearted talk show, and Kiefer Sutherland today acknowledges that 24's success in the UK was a key reason the show started to gain traction in the US and earned a second season pick-up. Yes, America owes 24's continued existence to us Brits spotting quality, so it's only fair Live Another Day's being filmed in London.
When 24 first went off-air in 2010, it had produced 192 episodes and overtook Mission: Impossible and The Avengers as the world's longest-running TV show set in the espionage genre. That's a record that ain't being broken any time soon, dammit.
Having had its most critically successful season in 2006, most people involved with the show admit that season 6 was something of a creative disaster zone. And while its failure perhaps triggered the eventual end of 24's original run, let's not forget that season 7 and 8 were big improvements. It didn't slide into total oblivion, it just took the opportunity to retool a few things (like setting the show first in New York, then Washington D.C.), and knew to call it a day when its own clichés and formulas became too overbearing.
You'd imagine a show like 24 would only scoop technical and stunt awards, but it actually had a very healthy cabinet of polished trophies. Most notably, 24 was voted 'Best Drama Series' at the 2003 Golden Globes, and 'Outstanding Drama Series' at the 2006 Emmy Awards. Kiefer Sutherland also won an Emmy for his role as Jack Bauer, together with a Golden Globe, two Screen Actors Guild Awards and two Satellite Awards.
Remember when the Writers' Strike shut down production on a new season of 24? They simply made a Television Movie called Redemption to appease fans when they could, almost as an apology. Remember how 24 was officially axed by Fox after its eighth season? That kept the show dead for, oooh, about three years... but now it's back for a twelve-part "limited event" season in the summer. Who knows, maybe it'll be back every year (halving the number of episodes certainly helps Sutherland pursue other projects while keeping Jack Bauer alive). Is there anything that can stop 24, beyond Sutherland simply growing too old and requiring a Zimmer frame?
|
0.999965 |
According to the 2000 Census, Delta County, Colorado has a population of 27,834 people. Of those, 25,688 (93%) are White, 146 (541%) are Black, and 3,171 (11%) are Latino. However, 498 (or 2% of the 27,834 people) are not residents by choice but are people in prison.
A more accurate description would not include the prisoners. This would give Delta County a population of 27,336 with a demographic that is 93% White, 0% Black, and 11% Latino.
|
0.998056 |
There are many different ways of intermittent fasting. The methods vary in the number of fast days and the calorie allowances.
Intermittent fasting involves entirely or partially abstaining from eating for a set amount of time, before eating regularly again.
Some studies suggest that this way of eating may offer benefits such as fat loss, better health, and increased longevity. Proponents claim that an intermittent fasting program is easier to maintain than traditional, calorie-controlled diets.
Each person's experience of intermittent fasting is individual, and different styles will suit different people.
In this article, we discuss the research behind the most popular types of intermittent fasting and provide tips on how to maintain this type of diet.
There are various methods of intermittent fasting, and people will prefer different styles. Read on to find out about seven different ways to do intermittent fasting.
Different styles of intermittent fasting may suit different people.
The rules for this diet are simple. A person needs to decide on and adhere to a 12-hour fasting window every day.
According to some researchers, fasting for 10–16 hours can cause the body to turn its fat stores into energy, which releases ketones into the bloodstream. This should encourage weight loss.
This type of intermittent fasting plan may be a good option for beginners. This is because the fasting window is relatively small, much of the fasting occurs during sleep, and the person can consume the same number of calories each day.
The easiest way to do the 12-hour fast is to include the period of sleep in the fasting window.
For example, a person could choose to fast between 7 p.m. and 7 a.m. They would need to finish their dinner before 7 p.m. and wait until 7 a.m. to eat breakfast but would be asleep for much of the time in between.
Fasting for 16 hours a day, leaving an eating window of 8 hours, is called the 16:8 method or the Leangains diet.
During the 16:8 diet, men fast for 16 hours each day, and women fast for 14 hours. This type of intermittent fast may be helpful for someone who has already tried the 12-hour fast but did not see any benefits.
On this fast, people usually finish their evening meal by 8 p.m. and then skip breakfast the next day, not eating again until noon.
A study on mice found that limiting the feeding window to 8 hours protected them from obesity, inflammation, diabetes, and liver disease, even when they ate the same total number of calories as mice that ate whenever they wished.
People following the 5:2 diet eat standard amounts of healthful food for 5 days and reduce calorie intake on the other 2 days.
During the 2 fasting days, men generally consume 600 calories and women 500 calories.
Typically, people separate their fasting days in the week. For example, they may fast on a Monday and Thursday and eat normally on the other days. There should be at least 1 non-fasting day between fasting days.
There is limited research on the 5:2 diet, which is also known as the Fast diet. A study involving 107 overweight or obese women found that restricting calories twice weekly and continuous calorie restriction both led to similar weight loss.
The study also found that this diet reduced insulin levels and improved insulin sensitivity among participants.
A small-scale study looked at the effects of this fasting style in 23 overweight women. Over the course of one menstrual cycle, the women lost 4.8 percent of their body weight and 8.0 percent of their total body fat. However, these measurements returned to normal for most of the women after 5 days of normal eating.
If you are thinking about trying intermittent fasting, take a look at our guide to learn more about the health benefits, risks, and other points to consider.
There are several variations of the alternate day fasting plan, which involves fasting every other day.
For some people, alternate day fasting means a complete avoidance of solid foods on fasting days, while other people allow up to 500 calories. On feeding days, people often choose to eat as much as they want.
One study reports that alternate day fasting is effective for weight loss and heart health in both healthy and overweight adults. The researchers found that the 32 participants lost an average of 5.2 kilograms (kg), or just over 11 pounds (lb), over a 12-week period.
Alternate day fasting is quite an extreme form of intermittent fasting, and it may not be suitable for beginners or those with certain medical conditions. It may also be difficult to maintain this type of fasting in the long term.
On a 24-hour diet, a person can have teas and calorie-free drinks.
Fasting completely for 1 or 2 days a week, known as the Eat-Stop-Eat diet, involves eating no food for 24 hours at a time. Many people fast from breakfast to breakfast or lunch to lunch.
People on this diet plan can have water, tea, and other calorie-free drinks during the fasting period.
People should return to normal eating patterns on the non-fasting days. Eating in this manner reduces a person's total calorie intake but does not limit the specific foods that the individual consumes.
A 24-hour fast can be challenging, and it may cause fatigue, headaches, or irritability. Many people find that these effects become less extreme over time as the body adjusts to this new pattern of eating.
People may benefit from trying a 12-hour or 16-hour fast before transitioning to the 24-hour fast.
This flexible approach to intermittent fasting may be good for beginners. It involves occasionally skipping meals.
People can decide which meals to skip according to their level of hunger or time restraints. However, it is important to eat healthful foods at each meal.
Meal skipping is likely to be most successful when individuals monitor and respond to their body's hunger signals. Essentially, people using this style of intermittent fasting will eat when they are hungry and skip meals when they are not.
This may feel more natural for some people than the other fasting methods.
The Warrior Diet is a relatively extreme form of intermittent fasting.
The Warrior Diet involves eating very little, usually just a few servings of raw fruit and vegetables, during a 20-hour fasting window, then eating one large meal at night. The eating window is usually only around 4 hours.
This form of fasting may be best for people who have tried other forms of intermittent fasting already.
Supporters of the Warrior Diet claim that humans are natural nocturnal eaters and that eating at night allows the body to gain nutrients in line with its circadian rhythms.
During the 4-hour eating phase, people should make sure that they consume plenty of vegetables, proteins, and healthful fats. They should also include some carbohydrates.
Although it is possible to eat some foods during the fasting period, it can be challenging to stick to the strict guidelines on when and what to eat in the long term. Also, some people struggle with eating such a large meal so close to bedtime.
There is also a risk that people on this diet will not eat enough nutrients, such as fiber. This can increase the risk of cancer and have an adverse effect on digestive and immune health.
Yoga and light exercise may help to make intermittent fasting easier.
It can be challenging to stick to an intermittent fasting program.
Staying hydrated. Drink lots of water and calorie-free drinks, such as herbal teas, throughout the day.
Avoiding obsessing over food. Plan plenty of distractions on fasting days to avoid thinking about food, such as catching up on paperwork or going to see a movie.
Resting and relaxing. Avoid strenuous activities on fasting days, although light exercise such as yoga may be beneficial.
Making every calorie count. If the chosen plan allows some calories during fasting periods, select nutrient-dense foods that are rich in protein, fiber, and healthful fats. Examples include beans, lentils, eggs, fish, nuts, and avocado.
Eating high-volume foods. Select filling yet low-calorie foods, which include popcorn, raw vegetables, and fruits with high water content, such as grapes and melon.
Increasing the taste without the calories. Season meals generously with garlic, herbs, spices, or vinegar. These foods are extremely low in calories yet are full of flavor, which may help to reduce feelings of hunger.
Choosing nutrient-dense foods after the fasting period. Eating foods that are high in fiber, vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients helps to keep blood sugar levels steady and prevent nutrient deficiencies. A balanced diet will also contribute to weight loss and overall health.
There are many different ways to do intermittent fasting, and there is no single plan that will work for everyone. Individuals will experience the best results if they try out the various styles to see what suits their lifestyle and preferences.
Regardless of the type of intermittent fasting, fasting for extended periods when the body is unprepared can be problematic.
These forms of dieting may not be suitable for everyone. If a person is prone to disordered eating, these approaches may exacerbate their unhealthy relationship with food.
People with health conditions, including diabetes, should speak to a doctor before attempting any form of fasting.
For the best results, it is essential to eat a healthful and balanced diet on non-fasting days. If necessary, a person can seek professional help to personalize an intermittent fasting plan and avoid pitfalls.
For more information, see MNT's ultimate beginner's guide to intermittent fasting.
Are all types of intermittent fasting styles safe?
People have practiced fasting for thousands of years, but its safety depends more on who is doing the fasting than the style of fasting itself. People who have malabsorption, are at risk of low blood sugar, or have other medical conditions should seek the counsel of their healthcare provider. While most people can practice many fasting styles safely, extreme types of intermittent fasting, such as the Warrior Diet, can lead to inadequate intake of nutrients such as fiber, vitamins, and minerals. Therefore, people should approach this style of fasting with caution.
Leonard, Jayne. "Seven ways to do intermittent fasting." Medical News Today. MediLexicon, Intl., 28 Jun. 2018. Web.
|
0.935009 |
Grammatically Reduced Sentences (Relative Clauses)?
It is a different construction, which is still the subjunctive, but which stresses the unlikely nature of the situation. Both 'should' and 'were to' are used for this.
1) Can this be reduced to this below? Why/why not?
2) Acceptable/or unacceptable in formal contexts? Why/why not?
It is a different construction, still the subjunctive, used frequently by both 'should' and 'were to,' but stresses the unlikely nature of the situation.
You can't make an agent out of both 'should' and 'were'. It doesn't make sense. You can leave out some words from the original: It is a different construction, still in the subjunctive, but it stresses the unlikely nature of the situation. Both 'should' and 'were to' are used for this.
English 1b3 It is a different construction, still the subjunctive, which is used frequently by both 'should' and 'were to,' but stresses the unlikely nature of the situation.
The above makes little sense to me, both grammatically and conceptually. Given that, it is a weakly constructed -run-on sentence. It's my opinion that the relative pronoun (which is) is essential in connecting the rest of the sentence to the main clause.
I think you are either taking the "reduced" concept too far, or your grammar understanding steered you wrong. Sorry. This may not be the opinion you want to hear.
I agree with CB. Although you've managed to successfully integrate the two sentences, it would be better to use an agentless passive construction using the preposition 'with': '....used frequently with both should and were to'.
Regarding clause reduction, I see 'stresses the unlikely...' as a 'zero' relative clause (where the relative pronoun 'which' has been ellipted), not a 'reduced' relative clause, whereas I see 'used frequently...' as a reduced relative with its nonfinite verb. And, 'still the subjunctive' I see as a noun Complement to the subject 'It', meaning 'It is still the subjunctive'.
Noun Phrases Containing Relative Clauses...Help!?
|
0.999997 |
Detailed description of bird: A very small gull that was in among Bonaparte's and Ring-billed Gulls. This was a non-breeding adult. The gull had a small head with a dark, smudgy cap, a black ear spot, dark eye and a black bill. The bird had a pale gray mantle with gray coming up into the nape. Crisp white throat, chest, belly and under tail coverts. Pure white tail rather short. Wings rather short and rounded. Upper wings pale gray with white primary tips and thin white trailing edge. Underwings very dark (black) and again showing white primary tips and thin white trailing edge.
how were they eliminated: Based on size alone the only gull similar is the Bonaparte's Gull. The Little Gull was noticeably smaller than the nearby Bonaparte's with smaller head and paler mantle. The primary wing tip projections of the Little Gull where much shorter than the Bonaparte's and were white. Bonaparte's primary tip projections were long and black tipped. Underwings of Little Gull were black, underwings of Bonaparte's were white.
|
0.962322 |
138. The Haldane Principle is popularly used to describe the notion that "decisions about what to spend research funds on should be made by researchers rather than politicians". It is supposedly derived from Lord Haldane's 1918 report on the machinery of Government (hereafter called the Haldane Report), which was written against the backdrop of the First World War. In relation to research funding, which had for several years being focused very strongly on the war effort, the key recommendation was to separate out departmental research from 'intelligence and research for general use'. The general research, it was proposed, should be carried out by 'Advisory Councils' (today's Research Councils), which would be overseen by a "Minister specifically appointed on the ground of his suitability to preside over a separate Department of Intelligence and Research, which would no longer act under a Committee of the Privy Council, and would take its place among the most important Departments of Government".
139. Lord Haldane's recommendations were largely based on the practice of a Committee that impressed him: the Committee of the Privy Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. Some of them sound familiar to us today; for example, that research proposals were presented to an Advisory Council, "consisting of a small number of eminent men of science". However, some do not fit too neatly with today's interpretation; for example, that "all proposals for expenditure are referred for sanction" to the Minister.
140. Although Lord Haldane was clearly supportive of a light touch approach from a Minister who was free of normal departmental duties, nowhere in the report does he explicitly lay out a principle akin to the one bearing his name today. As Professor David Edgerton, from the Imperial College Centre for the History of Science, Technology and Medicine, put it: "There is no Haldane Principle and never has been".
Ever since 1915 it has been considered axiomatic that responsibility for industrial research and development is better exercised in conjunction with research in the medical, agricultural and other fields on what I have called the Haldane principle through an independent council of industrialists, scientists and other eminent persons and not directly by a Government Department itself.
However distinguished, intelligent and practical scientists may be, they cannot decide what the needs of the nation are, and their priorities, as those responsible for ensuring those needs are met.
143. The customer-contractor principle brought with it a "greater scrutiny of the activities of scientists, a need for scientists to justify more clearly their demands upon public resources, and a generally tougher financial environment".
asked research bodies to consider the national benefits of their work, including the economic impact and commercial exploitation of their work.
145. In 1992, the science portfolio was moved to a Cabinet Minister, the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, and the Office of Science and Technology (OST) was set up as a non-Ministerial department, headed by the Government Chief Scientific Adviser. In addition to having responsibility for the UK's science budget, the OST was charged with developing the Government's science policy nationally and internationally.
] day to day decisions for Research Councils on the scientific merits of different strategies and projects should be taken by the Research Councils without Government involvement. There is, however, a preceding level of broad priority setting between general classes of activity where a range of criteria must be brought to bear.
147. This was a modern rendition of the Haldane Principle in all but name.
For many years, the British government has been guided by the Haldane principlethat detailed decisions on how research money is spent are for the science community to make through the research councils.
Our basis for funding research is also enshrined in the Science and Technology Act of 1965, which gives the Secretary of State power to direct the research councilsand, in practice, respects the spirit of the Haldane principle.
In practice, of course, Haldane has been interpreted to a greater or lesser extent over the years, not least when Ted Heath transferred a quarter of research council funding to government departmentsa move undone by Margaret Thatcher.
But in the 21st century, I think three fundamental elements remain entirely valid.
That researchers are best placed to determine detailed priorities.
That the research councils are 'guardians of the independence of science'.
149. We will briefly discuss each of these threads.
[T]he use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in diagnostics was a product of decades of fundamental physics and chemistry research into the properties of atomic nuclei.
The fundamental character of research is evolutionary. That is, ideas are generated, explored and categorised. Some turn out to be fruitful but many don't. This means that a sufficiently broad research base is needed both to generate the ideas and to recognise and exploit them. In most cases these two functions are not coterminal and do not arise from the same persons or groups. Therefore there is an inherent danger in 'focusing' that risks the functioning of the enterprise as a whole.
[I]t is not that I am totally against having key themesindeed, when I was chief executive of NERC we did have certain key themes broadly defined and the research councils have that mechanism todaybut I do think that the key themes and the priorities should be presented in a broad way so that the scientists can be innovative within those themes and not be too prescriptive.
153. Rather, the difficulty is defining the relationship between an 'over-arching strategy' and 'detailed decisions'. If one views the research that is funded by the Research Councils as static there is no obvious conflict: the Government suggests topics that it considers important and the Research Councils fund research in those areas through open competition. However, matters are complicated when the funding regime changes: the Government changes the priority of a strategic area of research and the Research Councils stop funding research in one area and start funding it in another. In this situation it is clear how the over-arching strategy at a given point in time can have a discrete and predictable impact on detailed funding decisions.
154. The most recent example of this took place in the 2009 Budget, which provided that the Research Councils were to make £224 million of savings "by reducing administration costs" andthis is the key point"refocusing spend on new research priorities". Although the Government has said that the Research Councils will decide how the money will be spent, the rules about how the money can be spent have been set by Treasury. In this case, the Treasury has allowed "refocusing spend on new research priorities" to count as value for money savings. In other words, when old grants run out in low-priority areas and they are replaced by grants in high-priority areas, that counts as a saving. This funding rule means that Research Councils must concentrate more of their funding into specific research areas, which are known in advance by Government.
155. The 2009 Budget Research Council savings have had an impact on the way that Research Councils allocate their funds. While this cannot be regarded as dictating 'detailed decisions', it is not 'over-arching strategy' either; it is somewhere in between.
156. We have another problem with this decision. It was announced that the Research Councils are the only Government bodies to have their value for money savings reinvested internally. This is hardly surprising given that much of these 'savings' are in fact a cost neutral refocusing of the budget; the 'savings' have not freed up any cash that could be spent elsewhere. These 'savings' are in reality a strategic influencing of research funding streams. Whether or not it is the right thing to do is open to debate. But, either way, the Government should communicate clearly what it is doing and not label them as something they are not.
157. To conclude, we are in favour of the idea that researchers are best placed to make detailed funding decisions on the one hand and, in principle, we support the Government to set the over-arching strategic direction on the other. However, it is necessary for the Government to spell out the relationship between these two notions for a broader funding principle to be of any use.
I do not think anyone has ever thought of the research councils as the defenders of the independence of sciencethat is a very odd definition indeed and I hope we have not actually got that. Learned societies, universities and individual academics are the custodians of the independence of science.
159. Research Councils are not, and never have been, the 'guardians of the independence of science'. That responsibility has historically lain, and should remain, with the learned societies, universities and individual academics.
160. During our inquiry on the CSR07 Science Budget Allocations we encountered concern over the level of control that the Government exercised over the research budget. To clarify the issue, we asked to see the letters that the Government sent to each of the Research Councils laying out the details of their allocations.
161. The fact that the letters are not published causes us concern on two counts. First, there is the principle of transparency. The basis for decisions on how public money is spent is the public's business; and these are not small sums of money: many billions of pounds will be handed over to the Research Councils in the coming years.
Chairman: We accept that you are not going to publish [the science budget allocation letters], but the reason we want to see them is that there is a suggestion that the Government is taking an overly prescriptive role in determining the way the Research Councils spend their money. Given the fact that the Osmotherly Rules state, July 2005, that the Government is committed to being as open and as helpful as possible with select committees and that, indeed, during your time as a select committee chairman you received from Charles Clarke, the then Home Secretary, papers which were very sensitive but were relevant to a committee inquiry, could you give us an explanation as to why you are digging your heels in and not allowing the committee to have those on a confidential, not to publish, basis, and will you reconsider?
Mr Denham: Chairman, I would never refuse a request from you to reconsider, so I promise you I will go away and look at it again. The view that I have taken up to now is that it does raise a precedent for the release of papers which were intended to be confidential which I am concerned about. I would say two things. I will go and consider it again, because you have raised it with me quite fairly. I would also say to you, Chairman, this may come as a surprise to my officials, but as we look forward to the next allocation process, which we have already discussed with you as to ways in which we can make that more consultative, perhaps we can find a way which avoids this situation happening again.
164. We are sorry to report that we still have not seen these letters.
165. The Government's refusal to give us confidential access to papers relevant to this inquiry is unacceptable. Without seeing the Science Budget Allocation letters, we are forced to speculate that the Government has exerted inappropriate influence over the Research Councils. However, we have been unable to confirm or deny this suspicion because of the Government's contempt for Parliamentary scrutiny.
166. The Haldane Principle has a close associate called the Excellence Principle which stipulates that decisions about what science to fund should be made principally on the excellence of the science. To put it simply, the Excellence Principle guides the Research Councils in spending their research funds; the Haldane Principle guides the Government, encouraging it to leave the Research Councils free to apply the Excellence Principle.
Public funding of research at a national level, through the Research Councils and funding bodies, is dedicated to supporting excellent research, irrespective of its UK location. The 'excellence principle' is fundamental to safeguarding the international standing and scientific credibility of UK science and research and supporting an excellent, diverse, expanding and dynamic science base, providing value for money for public investment.
168. One potential difficulty with the Excellence Principle, as noted in the 10-year framework, is that it "results in geographical disparities in research funding". It is easy to see why this might happen: once a critical mass of excellence is reached in a particular location, it attracts a high percentage of the available research funds and research in that area grows further. This presumably accounts in no small way to the large quantities of research funding that are won in the 'golden triangle' (London, Oxford and Cambridge), leaving an apparent lower level of funding in other parts of the UK. It is worth noting, however, that if one normalises the amount of funding won by each region by either population or the number of research institutes, the variance in regional funding is less extreme.
169. On the face of it, the Excellence Principle is a good thing because it keeps science competitive and sends the money where it is most likely to produce the best results. However, there is a clash with another very important concept. The Government views science and innovation as key factors in economic development. This is a long-standing position that has been reaffirmed many times since the current economic crisis started. When one combines the view that science and engineering are important for the economic health of a region, on the one hand, with Government's responsibility for the economic health of the region, on the other, one logically arrives at a policy whereby the Government makes strategic decisions regarding the economic health of regions by influencing where research money is spent.
170. To paraphrase: there is a fundamental clash between the Government's commitment to the Excellence Principle as currently stated on the one hand, and its responsibility for ensuring the economic health of the regions on the other. We explored this problem during our inquiry into the Science Budget Allocations and made the point that the Government was not being clear about how decisions are made about regional science funding.
171. The Government responded by saying that it was "committed to excellent science and research, wherever this may be in the United Kingdom", and argued that in order to maximise the role of research and innovation in economic performance in the regions, "regional and national bodies need to co-ordinate their funding and strategies". The response does not include a list of regional and national bodies that need to work together. And the document to which the response points (Science and innovation investment framework 2004-2014) only gives one example: the Science Research Investment Fund, which includes a capital stream "that can help universities improve their capacity to compete on the basis of excellence". It is a good example of how Government can support both the Excellence Principle and encourage strategic science funding for the regions, but why did the Government not use it, or othersif there are anyin its response? It comes back to our original point, which was not that the Excellence Principle and the notion that science and engineering are important for the economic health of the regions are impossibly incompatible, but that the Government is not being clear about how it rationalises the two concepts.
The Haldane principle is generally only applied to research in the research councils sector, and whilst there has been some shift towards politically determined programmes in selected areas the principle of academics deciding on the award of funds still holds. This principle need not be altered dramatically to achieve a rebalancing of research between regions as much of the emphasis needs to be placed on creating new centres and facilities outside of the research council remit.
173. Logically, the Government cannot support both the Excellence and Haldane Principles in their current form and be responsible for promoting science and engineering as a means of economic recovery and growth in the regions. The time is ripe for an unambiguous rationalisation of the two concepts. Researchers, industry, regional and national policy makers and the public have a right to know on what basis research funding is distributed both nationally and regionally; the rationale for funding decisions should be transparent and rigorous. The Government should adjust the framework for research funding and regional development so that it does not contain internal contradictions.
The Minister told us that "We want to develop Daresbury as a world-class centre for science and innovation", but went on to say that the Government does not want to "get to a situation where [we are] dictating to research councils that a certain percentage of their budget has to be spent in a certain region". However, the Minister has subsequently said that "individual delivery plans [of Research Councils] should be in accordance with the strategic priorities of the government, which includes a clear regional element, because we want to see Daresbury developed as a world-class centre for science and innovation".
175. When we visited the USA, we learnt about a well established regional science policy called the Experimental Programme to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR). The programme's aim is to strengthen research and education in science and engineering and to avoid undue concentration. Most of the top research in the US is concentrated in facilities in states along the east and west coasts, and EPSCoR allocates resources to inland states that do not have top-level facilities. We were told that the programme was both long-standing and controversial, but that it was yielding results; for example, one inland state was on the point where it would soon graduate above the threshold for EPSCoR support.
176. Science and engineering are crucial to the economic wellbeing of every region in the UK, and development strategies that have supported and made use of science and engineering have proven successful. In the consideration of UK science policy, it is essential that the regional dimension is clearly and publicly set out. It is important that the Government is able to communicate its role in regional development and in science policy, and especially the relationship between the two. It will only be able to do this if it resolves the conflict between its regional policies and the Haldane Principle.
177. So far we have identified two major problems with the Haldane Principle. The first is the false dichotomy of 'detailed decisions' made by the Research Councils on the one hand, and the 'over-arching strategy' set by Government on the other. The second is that the Haldane Principle (and its close relation the Excellence Principle) clashes with the Government's responsibility for ensuring that the regions have access to science and engineering excellence so that their economies can benefit.
178. There is a third problem. The Haldane Principle only applies, in practice, to the Research Councils. That is fine, as far as it goes, but the research landscape is far more complicated than just a binary relationship between Government and the Research Councils. There are also related institutions such as the Technology Strategy Board (ca £1 billion over CSR07) and the Energy Technologies Institute (ca £550 million over ten years), which are supported by a range of different funding streams. The Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (formerly DIUS) awards annual grants to three National Academies that fund research (the Royal Society, the Royal Academy of Engineering and the British Academy, at £247 million over CSR07). There are the Large Science Facilities Fund (£508 million over CSR07), University Research Capital Investment (£740 million from the science budget and £824 million from HEFCE over CSR07), the Higher Education Innovation Fund (£297 million from the science budget and £99 million from HEFCE), and the Public Sector Research Establishments Exploitation Fund (£37.5 million over CSR07), which in turn funds a number of Research Council Institutes, cultural institutions, NHS regions and departmental research bodies. And that is just DIUS (as it was).
There is a strong case for expanding on the Haldane Principle in light of the money and authority now held by the devolved governments and the Regional Development Agencies (RDAs). It is almost universally embraced that university research funding should be driven by the quality of the science and coordinated through the research councils. However, we believe that there is currently a question mark over the effectiveness of the Haldane Principle in insulating this funding from government directions, and particularly the role of the RDAs in this area.
180. We have created four broad-brush maps that go some way towards demonstrating the multifaceted relationship between Government and all the research that it funds. It does so through a multitude of organisations. It would be inappropriate for the same relationship to exist between each of these organisations and Government.
181. The relationships between the Government and the research bodies that it funds should be both explicit and transparent. We recommend that the different streams of research funding are mapped and the nature of the contract between Government and the research bodies described.
|
0.934143 |
In AD 638, six years after the death of the Prophet Muhammad, Islam's second caliph Umar recognised the necessity of a calendar to govern the affairs of the Muslims.
This was first of all a practical matter. Correspondence with military and civilian officials in the newly conquered lands had to be dated. But Persia used a different calendar from Syria, where the caliphate was based; Egypt used yet another. Each of these calendars had a different starting point, or epoch. The Sasanids, the ruling dynasty of Persia, used June 16, AD 632, the date of the accession of the last Sasanid monarch, Yazdagird III. Syria, which until the Muslim conquest was part of the Byzantine Empire, used a form of the Roman Julian calendar, with an epoch of October 1,312 BC. Egypt used the Coptic calendar, with an epoch of August 29, AD 284. Although all were solar, and hence geared to the seasons and containing 365 days, each also had a different system for periodically adding days to compensate for the fact that the true length of the solar year is not 365 but 365.2422 days.
In pre-Islamic Arabia, various other systems of measuring time had been used. In South Arabia, some calendars apparently were lunar, while others were lunisolar, using months based on the phases of the moon but intercalating days outside the lunar cycle to synchronize the calendar with the seasons. On the eve of islam, the Himyarites appear to have used a calendar based on the Julian form, but with an epoch of 110 BC. In central Arabia, the course of the year was charted by the position of the stars relative to the horizon at sunset or sunrise, dividing the ecliptic into 28 equal parts corresponding to the location of the moon on each successive night of the month. The names of the months in that calendar have continued in the Islamic calendar to this day and would seem to indicate that, before Islam, some sort of lunisolar calendar was in use, though it is not known to have had an epoch other than memorable local events.
There were two other reasons Ullman rejected existing solar calendars. The turban, in Chapter 10, Verse .5, states that time should be reckoned by the moon. Not only that, calendars used by the Persians, Syrians and Egyptians were identified with other religions and cultures. He therefore decided to create a calendar specifically for the Muslim community. It would be lunar, and it would have 12 months, each with 29 or 30 days.
Because the Islamic lunar calendar is 11 days shorter than the solar, it is therefore not synchronized to the seasons. Its festivals, which fall on the same days of the same lunar months each year, make the round of the sea- sons every 33 solar years. This 1 l-day difference between the lunar and the solar year accounts for the difficulty of converting dates from one system to the other.
The early calendar of the Roman Empire was lunisolar, containing 355 days divided into 12 months beginning on January 1. To keep it more or less in accord with the actual solar year, a month was added every two years. The system for doing so was complex, and cumulative errors gradually misaligned it with the seasons. By 46 BC, it was some three months out of alignment, and Julius Caesar oversaw its reform. Consulting Greek astronomers in Alexandria, he created a solar calendar in which one day was added to February every fourth year, effectively compensating for the solar year's length of 36.5.2422 days. This Julian calendar was used throughout Europe until AD 1.582.
In the Middle Ages, the Christian liturgical calendar was grafted onto the Julian one, and the computation of lunar festivals like Easter, which falls on the first Sunday after the first full moon after the spring equinox, exercised some of the best minds in Christendom. The use of the epoch AD 1 dates from the sixth century, but did not become common until the 10th. Because the zero had not yet reached the West from Islamic lands, a year was lost between 1 BC and AD 1.
The Julian year was nonetheless 11 minutes and 14 seconds too long.
By the early 16th century, due to the accumulated error, the spring equinox was falling on March 11 rather than where it should, on March 21. Copernicus, Christophorus Clavius and the physician Aloysius Lilius provided the calculations, and in 1582 Pope Gregory XIII ordered that Thursday, October 4, 1582 would be followed by Friday, October 15, 1582. Most Catholic countries accepted the new Gregorian calendar, but it was not adopted in England and the Americas until the 18th century. It's use is now almost universal worldwide. The Gregorian years is nonetheless 25.96 seconds ahead of the solar year, which by the year 4909 will add up to an extra day.
The following equations convert roughly from Gregorian to hijri and vice versa. However, the results can be slightly misleading: They tell you only the year in which the other calendar's year began. For example, 2007 Gregorian spans both 1427 and 1428, but the equation tells you that 2007 "equals" 1428, when in fact 1428 merely began during 2008.
|
0.999664 |
Given root of binary search tree and K as input, find K-th smallest element in BST. Your task is to return the K-th smallest element in BST from the function k_smallest_element().
Note: The Time Complexity will be O(h) where h is the height of the Tree.
The first line of input will contain the number of test cases T. Then T test cases follow. First line of every test case will be n, denoting the number of nodes in the BST. Second line of every test case will be n spaced integers denoting the Integer value of Nodes in BST. Third line of every test case will be k, denoting kth the smallest number.
For each test case, output will be the kth smallest element of BST.
|
0.80155 |
A blood vessel is any of the tubular channels that convey blood throughout the body, whether arteries (including threadlike arterioles) that convey blood away from the heart, veins (including threadlike venules) that convey blood toward the heart, or the tiny capillaries that connect arterioles and venules. Exchange of water, gases, and chemicals between the blood and the tissues occurs through the thin walls of the capillaries.
Blood vessels in humans range in diameter from only eight μm (.008 mm) for the capillaries to 25,000 μm (25 millimeters, or one inch) for the aorta (Blakemore and Jennett 2001).
In vertebrates, blood vessels are part of a complex circulatory system centered on the heart. The warm-blooded vertebrates (mammals and birds) have the most complex circulatory systems involving diverse vessel tissues and wall thicknesses, regulation of blood pressure, interactions with nerves and hormones, and so forth.
The three principal categories of blood vessels are arteries, veins, and capillaries. Arteries are muscular blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to the cells, tissues, and organs of the body. Veins carry blood toward the heart. They are are less muscular than arteries, and most of them have one-way valves that prevent backflow. The arteries subdivide into smaller arteries, which give rise to smaller, threadlike blood vessels called arterioles, which are the smallest of the true arteries. Likewise, venules are small, threadlike veins. Capillaries, the smallest of a body's blood vessels, connect arterioles and venules.
The arteries are perceived as carrying oxygenated blood to the tissues, while veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. This is true of most arteries and veins. However, the pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and the umbilical artery carries deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta through the umbilical cord. Likewise, the pulmonary veins carry oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart, and the umbilical vein is present during fetal development and carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the growing fetus. The difference between veins and arteries is their direction of flow (out of the heart by arteries, returning to the heart for veins), not their oxygen content. In addition, deoxygenated blood that is carried from the tissues back to the heart for reoxygenation in systemic circulation still carries some oxygen, though it is considerably less than that carried by the systemic arteries or pulmonary veins.
The capillaries are where all of the important exchanges happen in the circulatory system, enabling the interchange of water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and many other nutrient and waste chemical substances between blood and surrounding tissues.
The size and thickness of the various blood vessels vary significantly. In humans, there is a 3000-fold range between the diameter of capillaries (eight μm) and the aorta (25 millimeters), with the aorta being the largest blood vessel in the human body (Blakemore and Jennett 2001). Likewise, the thickness of the walls of the various blood vessels various enormously, being thickest in the large arteries, less in veins of comparable diameter, and only a single cell thick in capillaries (Blackmore and Jennett 2001).
Tunica media (the thickest layer): Circularly arranged elastic fiber, connective tissue, and polysaccharide substances. The tunica media may (especially in arteries) be rich in vascular smooth muscle, which controls the internal diameter of the vessel. The Tunica media and the third layer are separated by another thick elastic band called external elastic lamina.
Tunica adventitia: Entirely made of connective tissue. It also contains nerves that supply the muscular layer, and, in the larger blood vessels, nutrient capillaries (vasa vasorum) as well.
The walls of the aorta and its main branches are an intermingled fabric of fibrous collagen tissue, smooth muscle, and elastic fiber, the latter of which accounts for about half of the walls' mass(Blakemore and Jennett 2001). The elastic fibers are important in that they allow the vessels to maintain their integrity as they expand when blood is injected into them and then to constrict as blood flows from them to smaller arteries (Blakemore and Jennett 2001). Arterioles have a diameter of about 20 to 30 μm and relatively very thick walls, made up mainly of smooth muscle. The action of the smooth muscles in the arterioles determines the diameter of the vessels and the amount of blood flowing through them and accounts for the largest pressure drop throughout the entire circulatory system (Blakemore and Jennett 2001).
Like the arteries, the veins are defined by their three-layer walls, but the vein walls are less muscular and thinner than the artery walls. The interiors of the larger veins are occupied by periodically occurring one-way flaps called venous valves, which prevent blood from flowing backward and from pooling in the lower extremities due to the effects of gravity. In humans, valves are absent in the smallest veins and most numerous in the extremities.
At any one time, about 70 percent of the entire blood volume in a human is contained in the veins, which are very distensible, being able to accommodate large changes in their volume (Blakemore and Jennett 2001). Veins above the heart can collapse when empty, and the elastic tissue allows them to distend when filled, although expansion is limited by the indistensible fibrous tissue (Blakemore and Jennett 2001).
When blood vessels connect to form a region of diffuse vascular supply it is called an anastomosis (pl. anastomoses). Anastomoses provide critical alternative routes for blood to flow in case of blockages and are prominent in the human body at several strategic locations, such as the knee and shoulder joints, and the scapula.
Blood vessels do not actively engage in the transport of blood (they have no appreciable peristalsis), but arteries—and veins to a degree—can regulate their inner diameter by contraction of the muscular layer. This changes the blood flow to downstream organs, and is determined by the autonomic nervous system. Vasodilation and vasoconstriction are also used antagonistically as methods of thermoregulation.
The blood pressure in blood vessels is traditionally expressed in millimeters of mercury (one mmHg = 133 Pascals). In the arterial system, this is usually around 120 mmHg systolic (high pressure wave due to contraction of the heart) and 80 mmHg diastolic (low pressure wave). Blood pressure falls to only about 30 mm Hg in capillaries (Blakemore and Jennett 2001). In contrast, pressures in the venous system are constant and rarely exceed ten mmHg. The pressures in the pulmonary artery is significantly lower than other arteries, being typically 25/12 mm Hg (systolic/diastolic) (Blakemore and Jennett 2001).
Vasoconstriction is the constriction of blood vessels (narrowing, becoming smaller in cross-sectional area) by contracting the vascular smooth muscle in the vessel walls. It is regulated by vasoconstrictors (agents that cause vasoconstriction). These include paracrine factors (for example, prostaglandins), a number of hormones (for example, vasopressin and angiotensin) and neurotransmitters (for example, epinephrine) from the nervous system.
Vasodilation, the dilation of blood vessels by relaxing the vascular smooth muscle, is mediated by agents achieving effects opposite to those of the vasoconstriction agents. The most prominent vasodilator is nitric oxide (termed endothelium-derived relaxing factor).
Permeability of the endothelium is pivotal in the release of nutrients to the tissue. It is increased in inflammation in response to histamine, prostaglandins and interleukins, which leads to most of the symptoms of inflammation (swelling, redness, and warmth).
The capillaries are exchange vessels, whose single layer of epithelial cells, with microscopic spaces between adjacent cells, allows the two-way passage of nutrient solutes passing into tissues and wastes produced by tissue metabolism passing into the blood (Blakemore and Jennett 2001). The number of capillaries is so vast that, despite their individual microscopic size, their composite flow capacities offer low resistance to blood flow, and their high density means a short distance for diffusion of nutrients and gases (Blakemore and Jennett 2001). Those capillaries nearer arteries have a higher pressure than those near veins (Blakemore and Jennett 2001). More active tissues tend to have a greater density of capillaries (Blakemore and Jennett 2001).
Blood vessel permeability is increased in inflammation and blood vessels may hemorrhage either spontaneously or due to damage from trauma. In contrast, occlusion of the blood vessel (for example, by a ruptured atherosclerotic plaque, by an embolized blood clot, or a foreign body) leads to downstream ischemia (insufficient blood supply), and necrosis (tissue breakdown).
Harper, D. 2001. Artery. In Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved May 3, 2008.
Trupie, A. G. G. 2008. Veins: Introduction. Merck Manual. Retrieved May 3, 2008.
This page was last modified on 25 August 2008, at 22:05.
|
0.998895 |
Should I talk to my dentist about my dental phobia?
If you fear going to the dentist, you are not alone. Between 9% and 15% of Americans state they avoid going to the dentist because of anxiety or fear.
People with dental anxiety have a sense of uneasiness about the upcoming dental appointment. They may also have exaggerated worries or fears.
Dental phobia is a more serious condition that leaves people panic-stricken and terrified. People with dental phobia have an awareness that the fear is totally irrational but are unable to do much to change this. They exhibit classic avoidance behavior; that is, they will do everything possible to avoid going to the dentist. People with dental phobia usually go to the dentist only when forced to do so by extreme pain.
Fear of pain. Fear of pain is a very common reason for avoiding the dentist. This fear usually stems from an early dental experience that was unpleasant or painful or from dental "pain and horror" stories told by others. Thanks to the many advances in dentistry made over the years, most of today's dental procedures are considerably less painful or even pain free.
Fear of injections or fear the injection won't work. Many people are terrified of needles, especially when inserted into their mouth. Beyond this fear, others fear that the anesthesia hasn't yet taken effect or wasn't a large enough dose to knock out any pain before the dental procedure begins.
Fear of anesthetic side effects. Some people fear the potential side effects of anesthesia such as dizziness, feeling faint, or nausea. Others don't like the numbness or "fat lip" associated with local anesthetics.
Feelings of helplessness and loss of control. It's common for people to feel these emotions considering the situation - sitting in a dental chair with your mouth wide open, unable to see what's going on.
Absolutely! In fact, if your dentist doesn't take your fear seriously, find another dentist. The key to coping with dental anxiety is to discuss your fears with your dentist. Once your dentist knows what your fears are, he or she will be better able to work with you to determine the best ways to make you less anxious and more comfortable.
If lack of control is one of your main stressors, actively participating in a discussion with your dentist about your own treatment can ease your tension. Ask your dentist to explain what's happening at every stage of the procedure. This way you can mentally prepare for what's to come. Another helpful strategy is to establish a signal - such as raising your hand - when you want the dentist to immediately stop. Use this signal whenever you are uncomfortable, need to rinse your mouth, or simply need to catch your breath.
|
0.944717 |
Tsochantaridis et al 2005 proposed two formulations for maximum margin training of structured spaces: margin scaling and slack scaling. While margin scaling has been extensively used since it requires the same kind of MAP inference as normal structured prediction, slack scaling is believed to be more accurate and better-behaved. We present an efficient variational approximation to the slack scaling method that solves its inference bottleneck while retaining its accuracy advantage over margin scaling. We further argue that existing scaling approaches do not separate the true labeling comprehensively while generating violating constraints. We propose a new max-margin trainer PosLearn that generates violators to ensure separation at each position of a decomposable loss function. Empirical results on real datasets illustrate that PosLearn can reduce test error by up to 25%. Further, PosLearn violators can be generated more efficiently than slack violators; for many structured tasks the time required is just twice that of MAP inference.
|
0.980573 |
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the registrant’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date. Common Stock ($0.001 par value): As of March 18, 2019, there were 19,310,009 shares outstanding.
The accompanying Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these financial statements.
U.S. Gold Corp., formerly known as Dataram Corporation (the “Company”), was originally incorporated in the State of New Jersey in 1967 was subsequently re-incorporated under the laws of the State of Nevada in 2016. Effective June 26, 2017, the Company changed its legal name to U.S. Gold Corp. from Dataram Corporation. On May 23, 2017, the Company merged with Gold King Corp. (“Gold King”), in a transaction treated as a reverse acquisition and recapitalization, and the business of Gold King became the business of the Company. The financial statements are those of Gold King (the accounting acquirer) prior to the merger and include the activity of Dataram Corporation (the legal acquirer) from the date of the merger. Gold King is a gold and precious metals exploration company pursuing exploration and development opportunities primarily in Nevada and Wyoming. None of the Company’s properties contain proven and probable reserves and all of the Company’s activities on all of its properties are exploratory in nature.
On July 6, 2016, the Company filed a certificate of amendment to its Articles of Incorporation with the Secretary of State of Nevada in order to effectuate a reverse stock split of the Company’s issued and outstanding common stock per share on a one for three basis, effective on July 8, 2016. Subsequently, on May 3, 2017, the Company filed another certificate of amendment to its Articles of Incorporation, as amended, with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada in order to effectuate a reverse stock split of the Company’s issued and outstanding common stock on a one for four basis. All share and per share values of the Company’s common stock for all periods presented in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements are retroactively restated for the effect of the reverse stock splits.
On June 13, 2016, Gold King, a private Nevada corporation, entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”) with the Company, the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Dataram Acquisition Sub, Inc., a Nevada corporation (“Acquisition Sub”), and all of the principal shareholders of Gold King (the “Gold King Shareholders”). Upon closing of the transactions contemplated under the Merger Agreement (the “Merger”), Gold King merged with and into Acquisition Sub with Gold King as the surviving corporation and became a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company.
On May 23, 2017, the Company closed the Merger with Gold King. The Merger constituted a change of control, the majority of the Board of Directors changed with the consummation of the Merger. The Company issued shares of common stock to Gold King which represented approximately 90% of the combined company.
On July 31, 2017, the Company’s Board of Directors, or Board, reviewed and approved the recommendation of management to consider strategic options for Dataram Corporation’s legacy business (“Dataram Memory”) including the sale of the legacy business. Upon board approval, the legacy business activities were re-classed and reported as part of “discontinued operations” on the condensed consolidated statements of operations and assets and liabilities were reflected on the condensed consolidated balance sheets as “held for sale”.
On October 13, 2017, the Company sold the Dataram Memory business for a price of $900,000 (see Note 7).
The accompanying interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared by the Company in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, the instructions to Form 10-Q, and the rules and regulations of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission for interim financial information, which includes the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and presents the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries as of January 31, 2019. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated. The accounting policies and procedures used in the preparation of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been derived from the audited financial statements of the Company for the year ended April 30, 2018, which are contained in the Form 10-K filed on July 30, 2018. The unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet as of April 30, 2018 was derived from those financial statements. It is management’s opinion that all material adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) have been made, which are necessary for a fair financial statement presentation. Operating results for the nine-month period ended January 31, 2019 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the year ending April 30, 2019.
In preparing the condensed consolidated financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the condensed consolidated balance sheet, and revenues and expenses for the period then ended. Actual results may differ significantly from those estimates. Significant estimates made by management include, but are not limited to valuation of mineral rights, goodwill, stock-based compensation, the fair value of common stock issued, asset retirement obligation and the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities.
The Company adopted Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures” (“ASC 820”), for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis. ASC 820 establishes a common definition for fair value to be applied in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America that requires the use of fair value measurements, establishes a framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosure about such fair value measurements.
ASC 820 defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Additionally, ASC 820 requires the use of valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs.
The Company analyzes all financial instruments with features of both liabilities and equity under the Financial Accounting Standard Board’s (“FASB”) accounting standard for such instruments. Under this standard, financial assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.
The carrying amounts reported in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets for cash, prepaid expense and other current assets – current, accounts payable, and accrued liabilities, approximate their estimated fair values based on the short-term maturity of these instruments.
3. Significant negative industry or economic trends.
When the Company determines that the carrying value of intangibles may not be recoverable based upon the existence of one or more of the above indicators of impairment and the carrying value of the asset cannot be recovered from projected undiscounted cash flows, the Company records an impairment charge. The Company measures any impairment based on a projected discounted cash flow method using a discount rate determined by management to be commensurate with the risk inherent in the current business model. Significant management judgment is required in determining whether an indicator of impairment exists and in projecting cash flows.
Property is carried at cost. The cost of repairs and maintenance is expensed as incurred; major replacements and improvements are capitalized. When assets are retired or disposed of, the cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts, and any resulting gains or losses are included in income in the year of disposition. Depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the assets, generally ten years.
The Company reviews long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be fully recoverable, or at least annually. The Company recognizes an impairment loss when the sum of expected undiscounted future cash flows is less than the carrying amount of the asset. The amount of impairment is measured as the difference between the asset’s estimated fair value and its book value. During the year ended April 30, 2018, the Company determined that the carrying value of Goodwill (see Note 6) exceeded its fair value, which triggered an impairment analysis. The Company recorded a goodwill impairment expense of $6,094,760 during the year ended April 30, 2018, nonrecurring level 3 fair value measurement. No impairment of goodwill was recorded during the nine months ended January 31, 2019.
Costs of lease, exploration, carrying and retaining unproven mineral lease properties are expensed as incurred. The Company expenses all mineral exploration costs as incurred as it is still in the exploration stage. If the Company identifies proven and probable reserves in its investigation of its properties and upon development of a plan for operating a mine, it would enter the development stage and capitalize future costs until production is established.
When a property reaches the production stage, the related capitalized costs are amortized on a units-of-production basis over the proven and probable reserves following the commencement of production. The Company assesses the carrying costs of the capitalized mineral properties for impairment under ASC 360-10, “Impairment of long-lived assets”, and evaluates its carrying value under ASC 930-360, “Extractive Activities - Mining”, annually. An impairment is recognized when the sum of the expected undiscounted future cash flows is less than the carrying amount of the mineral properties. Impairment losses, if any, are measured as the excess of the carrying amount of the mineral properties over its estimated fair value.
To date, the Company has not established the commercial feasibility of any exploration prospects; therefore, all exploration costs are being expensed.
ASC 930-805, “Extractive Activities-Mining: Business Combinations” (“ASC 930-805”), states that mineral rights consist of the legal right to explore, extract, and retain at least a portion of the benefits from mineral deposits. Mining assets include mineral rights.
Acquired mineral rights are considered tangible assets under ASC 930-805. ASC 930-805 requires that mineral rights be recognized at fair value as of the acquisition date. As a result, the direct costs to acquire mineral rights are initially capitalized as tangible assets. Mineral rights include costs associated with acquiring patented and unpatented mining claims.
● The value beyond proven and probable reserves (“VBPP”) to the extent that a market participant would include VBPP in determining the fair value of the assets.
● The effects of anticipated fluctuations in the future market price of minerals in a manner that is consistent with the expectations of market participants.
Share-based compensation is accounted for based on the requirements of ASC 718, “Compensation – Stock Compensation’ (“ASC 718”) which requires recognition in the financial statements of the cost of employee and director services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments over the period the employee or director is required to perform the services in exchange for the award (presumptively, the vesting period). ASC 718 also requires measurement of the cost of employee and director services received in exchange for an award based on the grant-date fair value of the award. Pursuant to ASC 505, “Equity – Equity Based Payments to Non-Employees” (“ASC 505-50”), for share-based payments to consultants and other third-parties, compensation expense is determined at the measurement date which is the grant date. Until the measurement date is reached, the total amount of compensation expense remains uncertain.
In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07, “Compensation — Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting”, which expands the scope of Topic 718 to include all share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from nonemployees. ASU 2018-07 specifies that Topic 718 applies to all share-based payment transactions in which the grantor acquires goods and services to be used or consumed in its own operations by issuing share-based payment awards. ASU 2018-07 also clarifies that Topic 718 does not apply to share-based payments used to effectively provide (1) financing to the issuer or (2) awards granted in conjunction with selling goods or services to customers as part of a contract accounted for under ASC 606. ASU 2018-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted, but no earlier than adoption of ASC 606. The Company chose to early adopt ASU 2018-07 in July 2018. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
The Company classifies as equity any contracts that (i) require physical settlement or net-share settlement or (ii) gives the Company a choice of net-cash settlement or settlement in its own shares (physical settlement or net-share settlement). The Company classifies as assets or liabilities any contracts that (i) require net-cash settlement (including a requirement to net-cash settle the contract if an event occurs and if that event is outside the control of the Company) or (ii) gives the counterparty a choice of net-cash settlement or settlement in shares (physical settlement or net-share settlement).
The Company assessed the classification of its common stock purchase warrants as of the date of each equity offering and determined that such instruments met the criteria for equity classification, as the settlement terms indicate that the instruments are indexed to the entity’s underlying stock.
The Company accounts for its convertible preferred stock under the provisions of ASC 480, “Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity”, which sets forth the standards for how an issuer classifies and measures certain financial instruments with characteristics of both liabilities and equity. ASC 480 requires an issuer to classify a financial instrument that is within the scope of ASC 480 as a liability if such financial instrument embodies an unconditional obligation to redeem the instrument at a specified date and/or upon an event certain to occur.
The Company bifurcates conversion options from their host instruments and account for them as free standing derivative financial instruments according to certain criteria. The criteria includes circumstances in which (a) the economic characteristics and risks of the embedded derivative instrument are not clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract, (b) the hybrid instrument that embodies both the embedded derivative instrument and the host contract is not re-measured at fair value under otherwise applicable generally accepted accounting principles with changes in fair value reported in earnings as they occur and (c) a separate instrument with the same terms as the embedded derivative instrument would be considered a derivative instrument. An exception to this rule when the host instrument is deemed to be conventional as that term is described under applicable U.S. GAAP.
When the Company has determined that the embedded conversion options should not be bifurcated from their host instruments, the Company records, when necessary, a beneficial conversion feature (“BCF”) related to the issuance of convertible debt and equity instruments that have conversion features at fixed rates that are in-the-money when issued, and the fair value of warrants issued in connection with those instruments. The BCF for the convertible instruments is recognized and measured by allocating a portion of the proceeds to warrants, based on their relative fair value, and as a reduction to the carrying amount of the convertible instrument equal to the intrinsic value of the conversion feature. The discounts recorded in connection with the BCF and warrant valuation are recognized a) for convertible debt as interest expense over the term of the debt, using the effective interest method or b) for convertible preferred stock as dividends at the time the stock first becomes convertible.
Asset retirement obligations (“ARO”), consisting primarily of estimated reclamation costs at the Company’s Copper King and Keystone properties, are recognized in the period incurred and when a reasonable estimate can be made, and recorded as liabilities at fair value. Such obligations, which are initially estimated based on discounted cash flow estimates, are accreted to full value over time through charges to accretion expense. Corresponding asset retirement costs are capitalized as part of the carrying amount of the related long-lived asset and depreciated over the asset’s remaining useful life. Asset retirement obligations are periodically adjusted to reflect changes in the estimated present value resulting from revisions to the estimated timing or amount of reclamation and closure costs. The Company reviews and evaluates its asset retirement obligations annually or more frequently at interim periods if deemed necessary.
The Company accounts for income taxes pursuant to the provision of ASC 740-10, “Accounting for Income Taxes” (“ASC 740-10”), which requires, among other things, an asset and liability approach to calculating deferred income taxes. The asset and liability approach requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts and the tax bases of assets and liabilities. A valuation allowance is provided to offset any net deferred tax assets for which management believes it is more likely than not that the net deferred asset will not be realized.
The Company follows the provision of ASC 740-10 related to Accounting for Uncertain Income Tax Positions. When tax returns are filed, there may be uncertainty about the merits of positions taken or the amount of the position that would be ultimately sustained. In accordance with the guidance of ASC 740-10, the benefit of a tax position is recognized in the financial statements in the period during which, based on all available evidence, management believes it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including the resolution of appeals or litigation processes, if any. Tax positions taken are not offset or aggregated with other positions.
Tax positions that meet the more likely than not recognition threshold are measured at the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50 percent likely of being realized upon settlement with the applicable taxing authority. The portion of the benefit associated with tax positions taken that exceed the amount measured as described above should be reflected as a liability for uncertain tax benefits in the accompanying balance sheet along with any associated interest and penalties that would be payable to the taxing authorities upon examination. The Company believes its tax positions are all more likely than not to be upheld upon examination. As such, the Company has not recorded a liability for uncertain tax benefits.
The Company has adopted ASC 740-10-25, “Definition of Settlement”, which provides guidance on how an entity should determine whether a tax position is effectively settled for the purpose of recognizing previously unrecognized tax benefits and provides that a tax position can be effectively settled upon the completion and examination by a taxing authority without being legally extinguished. For tax positions considered effectively settled, an entity would recognize the full amount of tax benefit, even if the tax position is not considered more likely than not to be sustained based solely on the basis of its technical merits and the statute of limitations remains open. The federal and state income tax returns of the Company are subject to examination by the IRS and state taxing authorities, generally for three years after they are filed.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Act”) was enacted in December 2017. Among other things, the Act reduced the U.S. federal corporate tax rate from 34 percent to 21 percent as of January 1, 2018 and eliminated the alternative minimum tax (“AMT”) for corporations. Since the deferred tax assets are expected to reverse in a future year, it has been tax effected using the 21% federal corporate tax rate. As a result of the reduction in the corporate tax rate, the Company decreased its gross deferred tax assets by approximately $2.1 million which was offset by a corresponding decrease to the valuation allowance as of April 30, 2018, which had no impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the year ended April 30, 2018. The Company will continue to analyze the Tax Act to assess its full effects on the Company’s financial results, including disclosures, for the Company’s fiscal year ending April 30, 2019, but the Company does not expect the Tax Act to have a material impact on the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
On December 22, 2017, the Securities and Exchange Commission issued Staff Accounting Bulletin 118, which allows a measurement period, not to exceed one year, to finalize the accounting for the income tax effects of the Act. Until the accounting for the income tax effects of the Act is complete, the reported amounts are based on reasonable estimates, are disclosed as provisional and reflect any adjustments in subsequent periods as estimates are refined or the accounting of the tax effects are completed.
During the quarter ended January 31, 2019, the Company established a valuation allowance of $438,145 to offset any previously recognized net deferred tax assets for which management believes it is more likely than not that the net deferred asset will not be realized.
In February 2016, the FASB established Topic 842, “Leases”, by issuing Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-02, which requires lessees to recognize leases on-balance sheet and disclose key information about leasing arrangements. Topic 842 was subsequently amended by ASU No. 2018-01, “Land Easement Practical Expedient for Transition to Topic 842”; ASU No. 2018-10, “Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases”; and ASU No. 2018-11, “Targeted Improvements”. The new standard establishes a right-of-use model (ROU) that requires a lessee to recognize a ROU asset and lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with a term longer than 12 months. Leases will be classified as finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern and classification of expense recognition in the income statement. The new standard is effective for the Company on May 1, 2019, with early adoption permitted. The Company expects to adopt the new standard on its effective date.
A modified retrospective transition approach is required, applying the new standard to all leases existing at the date of initial application. An entity may choose to use either (1) its effective date or (2) the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements as its date of initial application. If an entity chooses the second option, the transition requirements for existing leases also apply to leases entered into between the date of initial application and the effective date. The entity must also recast its comparative period financial statements and provide the disclosures required by the new standard for the comparative periods. The Company expects to adopt the new standard on May 1, 2019 and use the effective date as the date of initial application. Consequently, financial information will not be updated and the disclosures required under the new standard will not be provided for dates and periods before May 1, 2019.
While the Company is assessing the effects of adoption, it currently believes the most significant effects relate to the recognition of new ROU assets and lease liabilities on its balance sheet for mineral property operating leases and providing significant new disclosures about our leasing activities. The Company does not expect a significant change in its leasing activities between now and adoption.
Other accounting standards that have been issued or proposed by FASB that do not require adoption until a future date are not expected to have a material impact on the financial statements upon adoption. The Company does not discuss recent pronouncements that are not anticipated to have an impact on or are unrelated to its financial condition, results of operations, cash flows or disclosures.
The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. The Company has incurred significant operating losses since its inception. As of January 31, 2019, the Company had cash of approximately $3.2 million, working capital of approximately $3.2 million, an accumulated deficit of approximately $24.8 million, and cash used in operating activities of approximately $4.6 million. As a result of the utilization of cash in its operating activities, and the development of its assets, the Company has incurred losses since it commenced operations. The Company’s primary source of operating funds since inception has been equity financings. These matters raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for the twelve months following the issuance of these financial statements.
The condensed consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of asset amounts or the classification of liabilities that might be necessary should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern.
The Company consummated private placements to several investors for the sale of the Company’s Series B Convertible Preferred Stock (“Series B Preferred Stock”) and Series C Convertible Preferred Stock (“Series C Preferred Stock”) for aggregate net proceeds of approximately $10.9 million between July 2016 and October 2016, received net proceeds from sale of the Company’s common stock of approximately $2.6 million between July 2017 and October 2017 and completed a private placement for the sale of the Company’s Series E Convertible Preferred Stock (“Series E Preferred Stock”) and warrants for aggregate net proceeds of approximately $4.9 million in January 2018. All preferred shares were converted to common shares during the fiscal year ended April 30, 2018.
On November 2, 2018, the Company entered into an At-the-Market Offering Agreement (the “ATM Agreement”) with H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC (“Wainwright”) as sales manager. Under the terms of the ATM Agreement, the Company will be entitled to sell, at its sole discretion and from time to time as it may choose, common shares in the capital of the Company (“Shares”) through Wainwright, with such sales having an aggregate gross sales value of up to $1,000,000 (the “Offering”). Subject to the terms and conditions of the ATM Agreement, Wainwright will use its commercially reasonable efforts to sell the Shares from time to time, based upon the Company’s instructions. The Company has provided Wainwright with customary indemnification rights, and Wainwright will be entitled to a commission at a fixed commission rate equal to 3.0% of the gross proceeds per Share sold. The ATM Agreement will remain in full force and effect until the ATM Agreement is terminated. For the quarter ended January 31, 2019, the Company has sold 235,071 shares and raised a net of $178,872, net of issuance costs of $60,300, through the ATM Agreement at prices per share averaging $1.02.
There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to raise additional capital or if the terms will be favorable.
The mineral properties consist of the Copper King gold and copper development project located in the Silver Crown Mining District of southeast Wyoming (the “Copper King Project”). On July 2, 2014, the Company entered into an Asset Purchase Agreement whereby the Company acquired certain mining leases and other mineral rights comprising the Copper King project. The purchase price was (a) cash payment in the amount of $1.5 million and (b) closing shares calculated at 50% of the issued and outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock and valued at $1.5 million.
In accordance with ASC 360-10, “Property, Plant, and Equipment”, assets are recognized based on their cost to the acquiring entity, which generally includes the transaction costs of the asset acquisition. Accordingly, the Company recorded a total cost of the acquired mineral properties of $3,091,738 which includes the purchase price ($3,000,000) and related transaction cost.
The Company, through its wholly-owned subsidiary, U.S. Gold Acquisition Corp., acquired the mining claims comprising the Keystone Project on May 27, 2016 from Nevada Gold Ventures, LLC (“Nevada Gold”) and Americas Gold Exploration, Inc. under the terms of a Purchase and Sale Agreement. At the time of purchase, the Keystone Project consisted of 284 unpatented lode mining claims situated in Eureka County, Nevada. The purchase price for the Keystone Project consisted of the following: (a) cash payment in the amount of $250,000, (b) the closing shares which is equivalent to 462,500 shares of the Company’s common stock and (c) an aggregate of 231,458 five-year options to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $3.60 per share.
The Company valued the common shares at the fair value of $555,000 or $1.20 per common share based on the contemporaneous sale of its preferred stock in a private placement at $0.10 per common share. The options were valued at $184,968. The options shall vest over a period of two years whereby 1/24 of the options shall vest and become exercisable each month for the next 24 months. The options are non-forfeitable and are not subject to obligations or service requirements.
Accordingly, the Company recorded a total cost of the acquired mineral properties of $1,028,885 which includes the purchase price ($989,968) and related transaction cost ($38,917). Some of the Keystone Project claims are subject to pre-existing net smelter royalty (“NSR”) obligations. In addition, under the terms of the Purchase and Sale Agreement, Nevada Gold retained additional NSR rights of 0.5% with regard to certain claims and 3.5% with regard to certain other claims. Under the terms of the Purchase and Sale Agreement, the Company may buy down one percent (1%) of the royalty from Nevada Gold at any time through the fifth anniversary of the closing date for $2,000,000. In addition, the Company may buy down an additional one percent (1%) of the royalty anytime through the eighth anniversary of the closing date for $5,000,000.
In August 2017, the Company closed on a transaction under a purchase and sale agreement executed in June 2017 with Nevada Gold and the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, U.S. Gold Acquisition Corporation, a Nevada corporation, pursuant to which Nevada Gold sold and U.S. Gold Acquisition Corporation purchased all right, title and interest in the Gold Bar North Property, a gold development project located in Eureka County, Nevada. The purchase price for the Gold Bar North Property was: (a) cash payment in the amount of $20,479 which was paid in August 2017 and (b) 15,000 shares of common stock of the Company which were issued in August 2017 valued at $35,850. Mr. David Mathewson, the Company’s Chief Geologist, is a member of Nevada Gold.
As of the date of these condensed consolidated financial statements, the Company has not established any proven or probable reserves on its mineral properties and has incurred only acquisition costs and exploration costs.
For the nine months ended January 31, 2019 and 2018, depreciation expense amounted to $4,602 and $0, respectively.
In conjunction with various permit approvals permitting the Company to undergo exploration activities at the Copper King project and Keystone project, the Company has recorded an asset retirement obligation based upon the reclamation plans submitted in connection with the various permits.
On May 23, 2017, the Company closed the Merger with Gold King. Pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement and as consideration for the acquisition of Gold King, on the closing date, 2,446,433 shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share, were issued to holders of Gold King’s common stock, Series A Preferred Stock, Series B Preferred Stock and certain incoming officers. In addition, 45,000.18 shares of the Company’s newly designated Series C Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share, convertible into an aggregate of 4,500,180 shares of the Company’s common stock were issued to Copper King LLC, 45,500.18 shares of Series C Preferred Stock were issued to Copper King LLC upon closing, 4,500.01 shares of Series C Preferred Stock were to be held in escrow pursuant to the terms of an escrow agreement and 4,523,589 shares of the Company’s common stock and warrants to purchase up to 452,359 shares of the Company’s common stock were issued to the holders of Gold King’s Series C Preferred Stock. Additionally, 231,458 of the Company’s stock options were issued to the holders of Gold King’s outstanding stock options issued in connection with the closing of the acquisition of the Keystone Project.
As a result of the Merger, for financial statement reporting purposes, the business combination between the Company and Gold King has been treated as a reverse acquisition and recapitalization with Gold King deemed the accounting acquirer and the Company deemed the accounting acquiree under the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Section 805-10-55. At the time of the Merger, both the Company and Gold King have their own separate operating segments. Accordingly, the assets and liabilities and the historical operations that are reflected in the consolidated financial statements after the Merger are those of the Gold King and are recorded at the historical cost basis of the Company. The acquisition process utilizes the capital structure of the Company and the assets and liabilities of Gold King which are recorded at historical cost.
The Company’s assets and liabilities were recorded at their fair values as of the date of the Merger and the results of operations of the Company are consolidated with results of operations of Gold King starting on the date of the Merger. The Company is deemed to have issued 1,204,667 shares of common stock which represents the outstanding common stock of the Company prior to the closing of the Merger. The Company accounted for the value under ASC 805-50-30-2 “Business Combinations” whereby if the consideration is not in the form of cash, the measurement is based on either the cost which shall be measured based on the fair value of the consideration given or the fair value of the assets (or net assets) acquired, whichever is more clearly evident and thus more reliably measurable.
The Company deemed that the fair value of the consideration given was $4.70 per share based on the quoted trading price on the date of the Merger amounting to $5,661,935 which is a more reliable measurement basis. The estimated fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed are provisional and are based on the information that was available as of the acquisition date to estimate the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The Company believes that information provides a reasonable basis for estimating the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed.
During the year ended April 30, 2018, the Company recorded an impairment loss of $6,094,760 as the Company determined that the carrying value of the goodwill was not recoverable. The Company determined that if the business combination would have occurred on the first day of the reporting period, there would not have been a material change to the continuing operations of the financial statements presented.
In June 2017, subsequent to the Merger, the Company decided to discontinue its memory product business. The Company sold the Dataram Memory business on October 13, 2017 for a purchase price of $900,000. The Company will focus its activities on its gold and precious metal exploration business. During the year ended April 30, 2018, the Company received net proceeds from the sale of Dataram Memory business of $326,404 after payment of fees related to the sale such as legal and commission expenses and other liabilities assumed.
During the year ended April 30, 2018, the Company recognized a gain on extinguishment of liabilities of $248,684 which is included in the loss from discontinued operations as the Company has settled the distribution payable to the former Dataram Memory shareholders at an amount less than the liability originally recorded at the time of acquisition. Additionally, during the year ended April 30, 2018, the Company recognized gain from sale of discontinued operations of $94,485 related to the sale of the Dataram Memory business on October 13, 2017.
The Company had a financing agreement (the “Financing Agreement”) with Rosenthal & Rosenthal, Inc. that provides for a revolving loan with a maximum borrowing capacity of $3,500,000. The Financing Agreement renewal date was August 31, 2017 and will renew from year to year unless such Financing Agreement is terminated as set forth in the loan agreement. The amount outstanding under the Financing Agreement bore interest at a rate of the Prime Rate (as defined in the Financing Agreement) plus 3.25% (the “Effective Rate”) or on Over-advances (as defined in the Financing Agreement), if any, at a rate of the Effective Rate plus 3%. The Financing Agreement contained other financial and restrictive covenants, including, among others, covenants limiting the Company’s ability to incur indebtedness, guarantee obligations, sell assets, make loans, enter into mergers and acquisition transactions and declare or make dividends. Borrowings under the Financing Agreement are collateralized by substantially all the assets of the Company. The Financing Agreement provided for advances against eligible accounts receivable and inventory balances based on prescribed formulas of raw materials and finished goods. On October 13, 2017, upon the sale of the Dataram Memory business, the buyer assumed the obligation under this Financing Agreement, therefore, liabilities related to this financing agreement was $0 as of April 30, 2018.
The following table sets forth for the year ended April 30, 2018, indicated selected financial data of the Company’s discontinued operations of its memory product business from the date of merger to April 30, 2018.
The following table sets forth for the year ended April 30, 2018, indicated selected financial data of the Company’s gain from sale of the Dataram Memory business.
Accounts payable to related party as of January 31, 2019 and April 30, 2018 was $31,520, and $2,431 respectively and was reflected as accounts payable – related party in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. The related parties are a member of the Board of Directors owed $12,500, the Vice President-Head of Exploration owed $12,500 in stock and the Chief Financial Officer owed $6,520 at January 31, 2019.
In August 2017, the Company’s Board of Directors approved the Company’s 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”) including the reservation of 1,650,000 shares of common stock thereunder.
On January 1st of each year during the term of the Plan (the “Calculation Date”), the aggregate number of shares of Common Stock that are available for issuance shall automatically be increased by such number of shares as is equal to the number of shares sufficient to cause the Share Limit (as defined in the Plan) to equal twenty percent (20%) of the issued and outstanding Common Stock of the Company at such time, provided, however, that if on any Calculation Date the number of shares equal twenty percent (20%) of our total issued and outstanding Common Stock is less than the number of shares of Common Stock available for issuance under the Plan, no change will be made to the aggregate number of shares of Common Stock issuable under the Plan for that year (such that the aggregate number of shares of Common Stock available for issuance under the Plan will never decrease).
In May 2017, in connection with the Merger (see Note 7), the Company issued 37,879 shares of the Company’s common stock having a fair value of $100,000 to the Chief Geologist for services rendered to the Company from June 2016 to January 2017 pursuant to his employment agreement with the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary Gold King (see Note 11). Consequently, the Company reduced accrued salaries by $100,000 as of July 31, 2017.
In July 2017, the Company sold 179,211 shares of its common stock at $2.79 per common share for proceeds of approximately $500,000.
Between May 2017 and July 2017, the Company issued 3,682,000 shares of the Company’s common stock in exchange for the conversion of 36,820 shares of the Company’s Series C Preferred Stock.
On November 2, 2018, the Company entered into an At-the-Market Offering Agreement (the “ATM Agreement”) with H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC (“Wainwright”) as sales manager. Under the terms of the ATM Agreement, the Company will be entitled to sell, at its sole discretion and from time to time as it may choose, common stock of the Company (“Shares”) through Wainwright, with such sales having an aggregate gross sales value of up to $1,000,000 (the “Offering”).
Subject to the terms and conditions of the ATM Agreement, Wainwright will use its commercially reasonable efforts to sell the Shares from time to time, based upon the Company’s instructions. The Company has provided Wainwright with customary indemnification rights, and Wainwright will be entitled to a commission at a fixed commission rate equal to 3.0% of the gross proceeds per Share sold.
The ATM Agreement will remain in full force and effect until the ATM Agreement is terminated. For the quarter ended January 31, 2019, the Company sold 235,071 Shares and raised a net of $178,872, net of issuance costs of $60,300, through the ATM Agreement at prices per share averaging $1.02.
During the nine months ended January 31, 2019, the Company issued 91,268 shares of the Company’s common stock to the Chief Geologist for services rendered to the Company from May 2018 to January 2019 pursuant to his employment agreement (see Note 11). The Company valued these common shares at the fair value of $100,000, or $0.93 - $1.36 per common share based on the quoted trading prices on the date of grants.
During the nine months ended January 31, 2019, the Company paid an accrued service liability in the amount of $12,500 by issuing 9,191 shares of common stock at a price of $1.36 per share.
On September 30, 2018, the Company issued an aggregate of 1,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock to officers, directors, employees and consultants for services rendered. The shares vest 50% on the date of issuance and 50% on the one-year anniversary of the date of issuance. The 1,000,000 shares had a fair value of $990,000 and will be expensed over the vesting period. Additionally, on November 10, 2017, 12,000 shares was issued to a director that vest two years from issue date, and on February 20, 2018, 150,000 shares was issued to a consultant that vest ratably over 12 months, bringing the total of restricted shares issued to 1,162,000. A total of $138,332 and $798,977 was expensed for the three- and nine-month periods ended January 31, 2019.
On December 31, 2018, the Company paid a portion of its accounts payable to a vendor, in the amount of $183,226 by issuing 199,159 shares of common stock at the closing price on December 27, 2018 of $0.92 per share.
During the nine months ended January 31, 2019, the Company has recorded $1,136,458 to the condensed consolidated statements of operations relating to common stock issued for services. A balance of $311,915 remains to be expensed over future vesting periods.
On December 21, 2017, the Company issued four employees an aggregate of 925,000 common stock options for services, having a total fair value of approximately $878,000. 231,250 of the options vest immediately, 231,250 vest on December 21, 2018, 231,250 vest on December 21, 2019 and 231,250 vest on December 21, 2020. These options expire on December 21, 2022. These options have an exercise price of $1.47 per share. Of these options, 37,500 unvested options were forfeited with the departure of an employee on May 1, 2018.
On December 21, 2017, the Company issued four board members an aggregate of 200,000 common stock options for services, having a total fair value of approximately $170,000. 100,000 of the options vest immediately and 100,000 vest on December 21, 2018. These options expire on December 21, 2022. These options have an exercise price of $1.47 per share.
On December 21, 2017, the Company issued three consultants an aggregate of 75,000 common stock options for services, having a total grant date fair value of approximately $76,000. 18,750 of the options vest immediately, 18,750 vest on December 21, 2018, 18,750 vest on December 21, 2019 and 18,750 vest on December 21, 2020. These options expire on December 21, 2022. These options have an exercise price of $1.47 per share.
On April 10, 2018, the Company issued our Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”) 50,000 common stock options for services, having a total fair value of approximately $52,000. 12,500 of the options vest immediately, 12,500 were to vest on April 9, 2019, 12,500 were to vest on April 9, 2020 and 12,500 were to vest on April 9, 2021. These options expire on April 9, 2023. These options have an exercise price of $1.49 per share. Of these options, 37,500 unvested options were forfeited with the departure of the CFO on December 31, 2018.
On April 16, 2018, the Company issued an employee 50,000 common stock options for services, having a total fair value of approximately $47,000. 12,500 of the options vest on July 15, 2018, 12,500 vest on April 16, 2019, 12,500 vest on April 16, 2020 and 12,500 vest on April 16, 2021. These options expire on April 16, 2023. These options have an exercise price of $1.34 per share.
At January 31, 2019, the aggregate intrinsic value of options outstanding and exercisable was $0 and $0, respectively.
At April 30, 2018, the aggregate intrinsic value of options outstanding and exercisable was $1,000 and $0, respectively.
Stock-based compensation for stock options has been recorded in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and totaled $205,726 for the nine months ended January 31, 2019 and $0 for nine months ended January 31, 2018.
All warrants as of January 31, 2019 are fully vested.
At January 31, 2019, the aggregate intrinsic value of warrants outstanding and exercisable was $0 and $0, respectively. At April 30, 2018, the aggregate intrinsic value of warrants outstanding and exercisable was $0 and $0, respectively. A balance of $1,137,249 remains to be expensed over future vesting periods.
Net loss per common share is calculated in accordance with ASC 260, “Earnings Per Share”. Basic loss per share is computed by dividing net loss available to common stockholder, by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. The following were excluded from the computation of diluted shares outstanding as they would have had an anti-dilutive impact on the Company’s net loss. In periods where the Company has a net loss, all dilutive securities are excluded.
The Copper King property position consists of two State of Wyoming Metallic and Non-metallic Rocks and Minerals Mining Leases. These leases were assigned to the Company in July 2014 through the acquisition of the Copper King project.
1) State of Wyoming Mining Lease No. 0-40828 consisting of 640 acres.
2) State of Wyoming Mining Lease No. 0-40858 consisting of 480 acres.
Total lease expense for the nine-month periods ended January 31, 2019 and 2018 was $2,240 and $2,240, respectively.
The Company may renew the lease for a third ten-year term which will require an annual payment of $3.00 per acre and then $4.00 per acre thereafter.
On October 29, 2018, the Company and Mr. Karr executed an employment agreement (the “Karr Employment Agreement”). The material terms of the Karr Employment Agreement include: (i) an annual base salary of $250,000; (ii) eligibility to earn an annual incentive bonus of up to 100% of Mr. Karr’s base salary, payable in cash or stock at Mr. Karr’s discretion; (iii) eligibility to participate in any long term incentive plan adopted by the Company; and (iv) eligibility to participate in any Company employee benefit plans. Mr. Karr is also subject to non-solicitation and confidentiality provisions set forth in the Karr Employment Agreement.
On October 29, 2018, the Company and Mr. Rector executed an employment agreement (the “Rector Employment Agreement”). The material terms of the Rector Employment Agreement include: (i) an annual base salary of $180,000; (ii) eligibility to earn an annual incentive bonus of up to 100% of Mr. Rector’s base salary, payable in cash or stock at Mr. Rector’s discretion; (iii) eligibility to participate in any long term incentive plan adopted by the Company; and (iv) eligibility to participate in any Company employee benefit plans. Mr. Rector is also subject to non-solicitation and confidentiality provisions set forth in the Rector Employment Agreement.
On June 27, 2016, the Company entered into an employment agreement with its Chief Geologist, Mr. David Mathewson. The initial term of the agreement is for one year, with automatic renewals for successive one-year terms unless terminated by written notice at least 30 days prior to the expiration of the term by either party. Mr. Mathewson is to receive a base salary of $200,000 per year. The base salary shall be payable as follows: (a) 25% of the base salary shall be payable in equal monthly cash installments and (b) the remaining 75% of the base salary shall be payable in equal monthly installments in the form of common stock of the Company. Each installment of common stock shall be issued on the first business day of the months and shall be valued at the market price on the trading day immediately prior to the date of issuance. Market price is the closing bid price on the principal securities exchange or trading market. Mr. Mathewson shall be entitled to receive bonus to be paid in cash, stock, or a combination thereof and equity awards.
On February 19, 2019, the Company entered into contracts with investor relations firms under which it will be required to pay for services in cash and shares of the Company’s common stock. One agreement is for a six-month term and two agreements are for twelve months. A total of 155,951 shares were issued at a fair value of $160,630 based on the closing price of $1.03 on February 19, 2019 to satisfy the equity component of the agreements.
On February 4, 2019, the Company issued 12,626 shares of common stock to satisfy a stock payable to an employee for services rendered during the quarter ended January 31, 2019. The shares were valued at $12,500 using a share price of $0.99 on the date of issue.
In March 2019, the Company sold 54,995 common shares and raised a net of $45,932, net of issuance costs, through the ATM Agreement at $0.87 per share.
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements, within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, that involve risks and uncertainties. Many of the forward-looking statements are located in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” Forward-looking statements provide current expectations of future events based on certain assumptions and include any statement that does not directly relate to any historical or current fact. Forward-looking statements can also be identified by words such as “future,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “predicts,” “will,” “would,” “could,” “can,” “may,” and similar terms. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and the Company’s actual results may differ significantly from the results discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed under the heading “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of the Company’s most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission”) which can be reviewed at http://www.sec.gov. The Company assumes no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements for any reason, except as required by law.
The interim unaudited consolidated financial statements included herein have been prepared by U.S. Gold Corp. (the “Company”) without audit, pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Commission. Certain information and footnote disclosure normally included in interim unaudited consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“US GAAP”) which are duplicate to the disclosures in the audited consolidated financial statement have been omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations, although the Company believes that the disclosures are adequate to make the information presented not misleading. These interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto in the Form 10-K filed with the Commission on July 30, 2018.
In the opinion of management, all adjustments have been made consisting of normal recurring adjustments and consolidating entries, necessary to present fairly the unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial position of the Company and subsidiaries as of January 31, 2019, the results of their unaudited interim condensed consolidated statements of operations for the nine-month periods ended January 31, 2019 and 2018, and their unaudited interim condensed consolidated cash flows for the nine-month periods ended January 31, 2019 and 2018. The results of unaudited interim condensed consolidated operations for the interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results for the full year.
The preparation of interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect certain reported amounts and disclosures. Accordingly, actual results could differ from those estimates.
U.S. Gold Corp., formerly known as Dataram Corporation (the “Company”), was originally incorporated in the State of New Jersey in 1967 and was subsequently re-incorporated under the laws of the State of Nevada in 2016. Effective June 26, 2017, the Company changed its legal name to U.S. Gold Corp. from Dataram Corporation. On May 23, 2017, the Company merged with Gold King Corp. (“Gold King”), in a transaction treated as a reverse acquisition and recapitalization, and the business of Gold King became the business of the Company. The Company is a gold and precious metals exploration company pursuing exploration and development opportunities primarily in Nevada and Wyoming. None of the Company’s properties contain proven and probable reserves, and all of the Company’s activities on all of its properties are exploratory in nature.
On July 6, 2016, the Company filed a certificate of amendment to its Articles of Incorporation with the Secretary of State of Nevada in order to effectuate a reverse stock split of the Company’s issued and outstanding common stock per share on a one for three basis, effective on July 8, 2016. Subsequently, on May 3, 2017, the Company filed another certificate of amendment to its Articles of Incorporation, as amended, with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada in order to effectuate a reverse stock split of the Company’s issued and outstanding common stock on a one for four basis. All share and per share values of the Company’s common stock for all periods presented in the accompanying consolidated financial statements are retroactively restated for the effect of the reverse stock splits.
On July 31, 2017, Company’s Board of Directors, or Board, reviewed and approved the recommendation of management to consider strategic options for the legacy business (“Dataram Memory”) including the sale of the business, within the next 12 months. The Company sold the Dataram memory business on October 13, 2017 for a purchase price of $900,000. The Company received net proceeds from the sale of Dataram Memory business of $326,404 after payment of fees related to the sale such as legal and commission expenses and other liabilities assumed. On January 29, 2018, the Company paid a distribution of $251,316 to shareholders of record of Dataram Memory as of the close of business on May 8, 2017, or $0.2086 per share. As such, the legacy business transactions and operations are reflected on the balance sheet and statement of operations as “discontinued operation”.
The Company engages in exploration activities throughout each fiscal period to advance its mineral properties. The following disclosures and discussions conform to the revised disclosure rules for mining companies as required by the Committee for Reserves International Reporting Standards (CRIRSCO).
On September 7, 2018 the U.S. Federal Government’s Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management (BLM) approved the previously filed Environmental Assessment (EA) and Plan of Operations (POO) for U.S. Gold Corp’s 100%-owned Keystone Project on Nevada’s Cortez Gold Trend. The POO was subject to additional oversight and approval from the Nevada Department of Environmental Protection (NDEP), which was received at the end of October 2018. Exploration related disturbance and reclamation bonding is possible in multiple phases of up to 50 acres each up to a total of 200 acres. On October 10, 2018, U.S. Gold Corp received a letter from the BLM giving notice to proceed with its previously filed 2018 exploration plan. In September 2018, U.S. Gold Corp advanced an additional reclamation bond payment of $319,553 for the first 50-acre disturbance. Total reclamation bond balance on the Keystone project total $346,947. After receiving all final permits and sign offs for road work, drill pad and surface disturbance, in November 2018, U.S. Gold Corp commenced its Autumn 2018 drilling program at Keystone.
During the quarter ended January 31, 2019, Gabriel E. Aliaga finished his Master of Science Thesis in Geology. Gabriel has been sponsored by U.S. Gold Corp. for the last two years. Gabriel is a Geology major at the University of Nevada, Reno, studying under Dr. Michael W. Ressel.
The completed study has increased our overall understanding of the geology and opportunity of the Keystone district. There has been relatively little quality historical information data generated in the Keystone district. The studies conducted by Mr. Aliaga have provided some valuable timing information and mineral association characterization ranging from skarn mineralization to the broad, pervasive, epithermal-style mineralization. The Company believes it is exploring a complex early Tertiary gold system comparable in size and character to many of the known large gold systems. The multiple and clustered intrusives and extrusives at Keystone range in composition from intermediate to very siliceous. All of the dates from numerous samples of these intrusive and extrusive rock units are early Tertiary (Eocene) in age and range from about 36 to 34.5Ma (million years ago). Age dating of illite alteration of andesite dikes at Keystone, believed to be associated with a major gold-epithermal event, provided dates of 35.71+/- 0.12Ma, and 35.54+/- 0.06Ma. These Keystone dates compare very closely with reported mineralization-related age dates from the major Cortez Hills gold deposit to the north, ranging from 35.70 +/-0.14 to 35.31 +/-0.37Ma (Arbonies, DG, Creel, KD, and Jackson, ML, 2010, Geological Society of Nevada Symposium Volume p.457).
In addition, Keystone has an important and large aeromagnetic expression of about 25sq km; this geophysical anomaly is comparable in size to those of the central and south Carlin and Battle Mountain District aeromagnetic expressions. U.S. Gold Corp. geologists believe the hydrothermal gold system at Keystone is roughly comparable in size to those within the Twin Creeks, Battle Mountain, Carlin Trend, and Cortez Districts.
● 2018 drilling, comprised of a total of fifteen holes, and was conducted in two phases.
● Phase 1 drilling provided “scout” drill tests within several broad new target areas and was limited due to permitting constraints.
● Phase 2 drilling began in early November (upon approval of the district-wide Environmental Assessment and Plan of Operations) and provided a first test to several drill targets in areas previously inaccessible due to permitting limitations.
● Numerous holes intersected significant gold assay intervals (see results table below).
This program was comprised of fifteen widely-spaced, reverse circulation target assessment holes, including two holes lost prematurely: Key 18-06rc & 18-12rc, and one re-drill of a lost hole, occupying the same site: Key18-10rc and 18-11rc. All holes were drilled into several large target zones and generally served as first-pass target assessment tests. The fifteen holes comprise a total of 25,310 feet (7,714 m). All of the holes encountered moderate to thick intervals of anomalous gold with moderate to locally very strong associated pathfinder metals. Many of these also intersected significant gold assay intervals; the results of which are provided in the results table (see link below: Table 1: Summary of 2018 Keystone drill results).
Nine of the fifteen holes intersected lower-plate rock units; five of these holes penetrated the permissive host Wenban Formation. Eight holes encountered variably altered permissive upper-plate Comus calcareous siltstone. Multiple target horizons exist in the district and we are encountering, and having to contend with, the daunting issue of very great combined thickness of multiple favorable target horizons along with a broad, multi-structure corridor. The total prospective host unit thicknesses at Keystone are several thousand feet. These favorable rock units are variably exposed at the surface and, or at reasonably shallow drill hole depths in the district. Carlin-style zones of alteration with containing gold and pathfinders are very widespread and are present in all locations drilled to date.
Management believes the drilling at Keystone continues to show that the right ingredients are present for large gold deposits. The strong anomalous gold in the latest drill holes strengthens that belief. Finding the right structure and feeder zones that would host these large deposits becomes the focus of the Company’s 2019 program. During 2018, the Company completed detailed geological mapping over the entire district, conducted a considerable amount of fill-in gravity to tighten up identification and qualification of structures and alteration features, and infilled and added soils and rock assaying to assist in zeroing in on new and existing target opportunities. In addition, with the previously announced Master’s Thesis information, the Company is now able to make important qualifications of the intrusive rock, especially those that are considered spatially and timing-wise important to target opportunities.
With the approval of the POO in September 2018, the Company acquired the ability to conduct drilling anywhere desirable on the property, will be unrestrained and able to design a drill program specific to target assessment with multiple stage drill hole follow-ups as warranted. This improves future target evaluations not previously possible.
The drilling conducted to date, combined with the recently obtained and assessed geophysical and geochemical data may enable the Company to locate and qualify the gold-bearing fluid conduits that have supplied the gold to the gold-bearing mineral system that is in evidence within the Keystone district.
A delay in the permitting process caused a late start to the phase 2 drilling program. The program was started in November and had to demobilize by the end of December due to the winter weather. Of the multiple targets identified, the Company was able to drill six holes, including Key18-10rc, which was lost and re-drilled at the same site with Key18-11rc, and hole Key18-12rc, which was lost above the target zone. The analysis of these six drill holes have yielded important additional information to the Company’s overall exploration efforts and ongoing target refinement.
● The Keystone District is located along the southeast extension of the Pipeline-Cortez District corridor as confirmed by the presence of an early-Tertiary complex intrusive center, widespread gold and pathfinder metal distribution, the presence of permissive host rocks of both upper- and lower-plate Paleozoic transitional carbonate rocks, the presence of a strong north-northwest-trending gravity and magnetic linear, and the spatially coincident Strontium 86/87 (.706) data generally considered to be indicative of probable source of gold along a major right-lateral north-northwest-trending suture within Proterozoic and, or Archean oceanic crustal rocks below the Paleozoic transitional host rock package.
● Multiple, Carlin-type gold deposit target settings are present within the twenty square mile area Keystone District, which is entirely controlled by U.S. Gold Corp. These targets have been and are continuing to be synthesized from large volumes of historic and newly acquired, comprehensive exploration data, including CSAMT, aeromagnetics, detailed gravity, detailed geologic mapping, and abundant new surface geochemistry. And of course, each new drill hole lends significantly toward new target synthetization and direction.
● Prospective host rocks for gold mineralization at Keystone include upper-plate Cambrian Comus Formation, comprised largely of calcareous siltstones very similar to Comus host rocks in the Getchell and Twin Creeks District to the northwest, and the lower-plate Horse Canyon, Wenban, and upper Roberts Mountains Formations of Devonian age, and the Silurian age Roberts Mountains Formation. Detailed litho-stratigraphic analyses at Keystone show that the Wenban is very similar, if not essentially identical, to the primary host Wenban unit in the Pipeline-Cortez District. The total prospective host unit thicknesses at Keystone comprise several thousand feet. These favorable rock units are variably exposed at the surface and, or at reasonably shallow drill hole depths in the District. In addition, a recently completed University of Nevada Master’s thesis, focused on the Keystone intrusive and extrusive rock units, has demonstrated the presence of a very complex, early-Tertiary intrusive/extrusive magmatic setting of very similar character and ages to those in the Cortez District just to the north.
● 2018 drilling, comprising a total of fifteen holes, was conducted in two phases, see attached map. Phase 1 provided drill tests within several broad target areas - and was limited in extent as a result of permitting constraints to this earlier point in time under the 5 acres of disturbance notice of intent (NOI) constraints. Phase 2 drilling began in early November immediately upon Bureau of Land Management (BLM) approval of the district-wide Environmental Assessment (EA) and Plan of Operations (POO).
● All fifteen holes were drilled by reverse circulation methods and sampling was conducted under the supervision of the Company’s Project Geologist, Kenneth Coleman, and generally assayed each five-foot interval split using Bureau Veritas Mineral Laboratories pulp preparation facility in Elko, NV. Resulting pulps were shipped to Bureau Veritas certified laboratory in Sparks, NV, or Vancouver BC, and analyzed for gold using fire assay fusion and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) finish on a 30-gram pulp split. All other elements were determined by ICP analyses. Data verification of the analytical results included a statistical analysis of the standards and blanks that must pass parameters of acceptance.
On February 21, 2019, the Company announced that Datamine of Denver, CO, completed a comprehensive drill hole analysis of the Company’s Copper King gold-copper-silver-zinc deposit, located in Southeast Wyoming. Datamine included all of the historic drilling database and the step-out drill programs conducted by U.S. Gold Corp. in 2017 and 2018 that successfully encountered additional mineralization and expanded the deposit to the west and southwest.
The Datamine model shows that the deposit remains open to the southwest and also to the southeast and appears to have a curved configuration as opposed to a more confined, previous west-northwestward tabular configuration.
A Preliminary Economic Assessment (PEA) for the historic Copper King deposit was conducted by Mine Development Associates (MDA) and reported January 11, 2018. This PEA provides a Pre-Tax NPV of $178.5 million and an IRR of 33.1%, based on $1275/oz Au and $2.80/lb Cu. The PEA does not include the additional mineralization from the 2018 western step out drilling that has enlarged the deposit size and metal content. The PEA also does not include the values of other metals inherent to the deposit, including zinc and silver. Datamine’s exploration model does include the 2018 drilling conducted by U.S. Gold Corp. The Datamine exploration model also illustrates various isoshells for gold, copper, silver and zinc (see link below).
The Company plans to utilize this new, updated digital exploration model to assist with a future drilling program that it believes is a high-probability opportunity to discover additional prospective ore extensions. The Company also plans to further explore for and characterize the high-grade target zones of mineralization within the deposit. The Company is currently reviewing all the conclusions from the Datamine model and will develop additional 2019 exploration programs based upon the results. The Company is also currently re-examining all existing regional exploration data for the purpose of identifying additional new target opportunities in the vicinity of Copper King.
The Company is an exploration stage company with no operations, and we generated no revenues for the nine months ended January 31, 2019 and 2018. The Company is an exploration stage company with no operations, and we generated no revenues for the three and nine months ended January 31, 2019 and 2018.
Total operating expenses for nine months ended January 31, 2019 as compared to nine months ended January 31, 2018, were approximately $6.1 million and $6.6 million, respectively. The approximate $530,000 decrease in operating expenses for the nine months ended January 31, 2019 as compared to nine months ended January 31, 2018 is comprised principally of decreases in compensation expense of $329,000, professional fees of $346,000 and general administrative expenses of $121,000, offset by an increase of approximately $267,000 in exploration expenses on our mineral properties. The increase in exploration expenses was planned as part of the Company’s Autumn drill program and resulted in significant important findings as described above in the Drill Results at Keystone Property and Drill Hole Analysis at Copper King described above in Exploration Activities.
Total operating expenses for three months ended January 31, 2019 as compared to three months ended January 31, 2018, were approximately $1.6 million and $1.8 million, respectively. The approximate $133,000 decrease in operating expenses for the three months ended January 31, 2019 as compared to three months ended January 31, 2018 is comprised of an decrease of approximately $195,000 in exploration costs, which is mainly attributed to an decrease in consulting expenses and drilling expense, and a decrease of $45,000 in general and admin expense due to reduced insurance expense and travel and related expenses. These amounts were somewhat offset by a $94,000 increase in compensation expense and $13,000 increase in professional fees due primarily to costs incurred to prepare for the ATM financing. Costs identifiable as direct issue costs of the financing itself have been charged to Additional paid-in capital to reduce the proceeds of the financing.
We reported an operating loss from continuing operations of approximately $4.5 million and $4.9 million for the nine months ended January 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. We reported an operating loss from continuing operations of approximately $3.0 million and $1.7 million for the three months ended January 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
In June 2017, subsequent to the Merger, the Company decided to discontinue its memory product business. The Company subsequently focused its activities on its gold and precious metal exploration business. The following table sets forth for the nine months ended January 31, 2018, indicated selected financial data of the Company’s discontinued operations of its memory product business from the date of merger to January 31, 2018.
The following table sets forth for the three months ended January 31, 2018, indicated selected financial data of the Company’s discontinued operations of its memory product business from the date of merger to January 31, 2018.
As a result of the operating expense and other expense discussed above, we reported a net loss of approximately $6.6 million for the nine months ended January 31, 2019 as compared to a net loss of $12.5 million for the nine months ended January 31, 2018. As a result of the operating expense and other expense discussed above, we reported a net loss of approximately $2.1 million for the three months ended January 31, 2019 as compared to a net loss of $1.8 million for the three months ended January 31, 2018.
As of January 31, 2019, we had working capital of $3,166,869 as compared to working capital of $7,992,236 as of April 30, 2018, a decrease of $4,825,367. During the year ended April 30, 2018, we received proceeds of approximately $4.9 million from the issuance of preferred stock and warrants and $2.6 million from the issuance of common stock. The Company used the proceeds primarily to fund operations during the nine months ended January 31, 2019 and year ended April 30, 2018 and pay asset acquisition costs during the year ended April 30, 2018.
We are obligated to file annual, quarterly and current reports with the SEC pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). In addition, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“Sarbanes-Oxley”) and the rules subsequently implemented by the SEC and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board have imposed various requirements on public companies, including requiring changes in corporate governance practices. We expect these rules and regulations to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some activities of ours more time-consuming and costlier. We expect to spend between $200,000 and $250,000 in legal and accounting expenses annually to comply with our reporting obligations and Sarbanes-Oxley. These costs could affect profitability and our results of operations.
The Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared using the accrual method of accounting in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and the settlement of liabilities in the normal course of business. For the nine months ended January 31, 2019 and the year ended April 30, 2018, the Company has incurred losses in the amounts of approximately $6.6 million and $12.5 million, respectively.
As of January 31, 2019, the Company had cash totaling approximately $3.2 million. During the year ended April 30, 2018, The Company completed private placements to several investors for the sale of the Company’s common stock for aggregate net proceeds of approximately $2.6 million between July 2017 and October 2017 and completed a private placement to several investors for the sale of the Company’s Series E Preferred Stock and warrants for aggregate net proceeds of approximately $4.9 million in January 2018. Cash flows from financing activities continued to provide the primary source of our liquidity. The Company will need to raise additional capital to support its continuing operations but there can be no assurance that it will be able to do so or if the terms will be favorable. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded assets or the amounts of and classification of liabilities that might be necessary in the event the Company cannot continue in existence.
Management has determined that additional capital will be required to continue its operations. There are no assurances that management will be able to raise capital on terms acceptable to the Company. If we are unable to obtain sufficient amounts of additional capital, we may be required to reduce the scope of our planned exploration activities, which could harm our business, financial condition and operating results. If we obtain additional funds by selling any of our equity securities or by issuing common stock to pay current or future obligations, the percentage ownership of our stockholders will be reduced, stockholders may experience additional dilution, or the equity securities may have rights preferences or privileges senior to the common stock. If adequate funds are not available to us when needed on satisfactory terms, we may be required to cease operating or otherwise modify our business strategy.
On November 2, 2018, the Company entered into an At-the-Market Offering Agreement (the “ATM Agreement”) with H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC (“Wainwright”) as sales manager. Under the terms of the ATM Agreement, the Company will be entitled to sell, at its sole discretion and from time to time as it may choose, common stock of the Company (“Shares”) through Wainwright, with such sales having an aggregate gross sales value of up to $1,000,000 (the “Offering”). The ATM Agreement will remain in full force and effect until the ATM Agreement is terminated. For the quarter ended January 31, 2019, the Company has sold 235,071 Shares and raised a net of $178,872, net of issuance costs, through the ATM Agreement.
The above financing transactions have increased the Company’s overall cash position. Additionally, the Company is able to control cash spending on its variable exploration activities. As a result, as of the date of the issuance of these condensed consolidated financial statements, the Company believes its current cash position and plans to raise additional capital have alleviated substantial doubt about its ability to sustain operations through at least the next 12 months.
Net cash used in operating activities totaled $4.6 million and $6.3 million for the nine months ended January 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Net loss for the nine months ended January 31, 2019 and 2018 totaled approximately $6.6 million and $12.5 million, respectively. The adjustments for the non-cash items decreased from the nine months ended January 31, 2018 to January 31, 2019 due primarily the non-recurrence of 2018 impairment expenses of approximately $6.1 million. Additionally, the Company expensed $1.3 million in stock-based compensation for options and shares issued to employees, consultants and suppliers earlier in fiscal year 2019. The Company also established a reserve for the entire balance of a $438,000 deferred tax asset due to the unlikelihood it will be utilized in the foreseeable future to offset tax liabilities. Net changes in operating assets and liabilities are primarily due to net decreases in cash of approximately $4.5 million and net increases in reclamation of bond deposits of approximately $254,000, offset by a decrease of $419,000 in prepaid expenses for investor relations and consulting expenses expensed and a decrease of $69,000 in trade accounts payable and an increase of $29,000 in accounts payable to related parties in the nine months ended January 31, 2019.
Net cash provided by investing activities totaled $0 and $306,000 for the nine months ended January 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. During the nine months ended January 31, 2018, cash provided by investing activities consisted of net proceeds of $326,000 from the sale of a business previously treated as a discontinued operation and $20,000 cash invested in a note receivable.
Net cash provided by financing activities totaled approximately $179,000, net of issuance costs, for the nine months ended January 31, 2019 from the issuance of common stock for cash under the ATM agreement. During the nine months ended January 31, 2018, cash provided by financing activities consisted of net proceeds of approximately $4,919,000 from the issuance of preferred stock and warrants and approximately $2,590,000 from the issuance of common stock.
On February 19, 2019, the Company entered into contracts with investor relations firms under which it will be required to pay for services in cash and shares of the Company’s common stock. One agreement is for a six-month term and two agreements are for 12 months. A total of 155,951 shares were issued at a fair value of $160,630 based on the closing price of $1.03 on February 19, 2019 to satisfy the equity component of the agreements.
The Company does not have, and do not have any present plans to implement, any off-balance sheet arrangements.
Refer to the notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
In preparing the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the balance sheet, and revenues and expenses for the period then ended. Actual results may differ significantly from those estimates. Significant estimates made by management include, but are not limited to valuation of mineral rights, goodwill, stock-based compensation, the fair value of common stock issued, asset retirement obligation and the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities.
Stock-based compensation is accounted for based on the requirements of the Share-Based Payment Topic of ASC 718 which requires recognition in the financial statements of the cost of employee and director services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments over the period the employee or director is required to perform the services in exchange for the award (presumptively, the vesting period). ASC 718 also requires measurement of the cost of employee and director services received in exchange for an award based on the grant-date fair value of the award. Pursuant to ASC Topic 505-50, for share-based payments to consultants and other third-parties, compensation expense is determined at the measurement date which is the grant date. The expense is recognized over the vesting period of the award. Until the measurement date is reached, the total amount of compensation expense remains uncertain.
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that material information required to be disclosed in our periodic reports filed under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or 1934 Act, is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the Commission’s rules and forms and to ensure that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and principal financial and accounting officer as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. We carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including the principal executive officer and the principal financial and accounting officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rule 13(a)-15(e) under the 1934 Act, as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on this evaluation, because of the Company’s limited resources and limited number of employees, management concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of January 31, 2019.
1. The hiring of an outside consulting firm and Chief Financial Officer with extensive experience in documenting, designing, testing and analyzing controls over financial reporting. to assist in preparation of Company’s financial statements and provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of Company’s management and directors.
2. Starting the process of documenting its control environment.
On November 1, 2018 Robert DelAversano resigned from his position as Principal Financial and Accounting Officer of the Company to pursue other opportunities. Mr. DelAversano served as the Principal Financial and Accounting Officer pursuant to a consulting agreement between the Company and Brio Financial Group, where Mr. DelAversano serves as Director of Financial Reporting & Taxation.
On November 1, 2018 the Company appointed Jonathan Tegge, age 29, as its Principal Financial and Accounting Officer. Mr. Tegge served as the Principal Financial and Accounting Officer pursuant to a consulting agreement between the Company and Brio Financial Group, where Mr. Tegge serves as an Associate of Financial Reporting. Jonathan Tegge resigned as Chief Financial Officer effective January 1, 2019, to pursue other opportunities.
The Company has engaged a new consulting firm headed by a Certified Public Accountant with several years of experience as a Chief Financial Officer of public companies. Effective on January 1, 2019, the Company appointed Ted R. Sharp as its Chief Financial Officer and designated Principal Financial and Accounting Officer.
There have been no other changes in our internal control over financial reporting except as mentioned above that occurred during the period covered by this Quarterly Report that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
There have been no material changes to the Risk Factors in Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended April 30, 2018.
During the three months ended January 31, 2019, the Company issued 37,500 shares of the Company’s common stock to the Chief Geologist for services rendered to the Company from November 2018 to January 2019 pursuant to his employment agreement.
31(a) Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of Edward M. Karr.
31(b) Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of Ted R. Sharp.
32(a) Section 1350 Certification of Edward M. Karr (furnished not filed).
32(b) Section 1350 Certification of Ted R. Sharp (furnished not filed).
|
0.999939 |
What does "F=ma" mean in Newton's Second Law?
Newton's second law of motion describes the relationship between an object's mass and the amount of force needed to accelerate it. Newton's second law is often stated as F=ma, which means the force (F) acting on an object is equal to the mass (m) of an object times its acceleration (a). This means the more mass an object has, the more force you need to accelerate it. And the greater the force, the greater the object's acceleration.
|
0.941058 |
What is an LED or PhotoFacial?
LED therapy is a skin care treatment that uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) of various colors, normally red, blue, and infrared, to maintain healthy skin. LEDs produce a low-powered glowing light, which is positioned to shine onto the face or other area being treated. No heat is produced by the LEDs, and it should not be confused with laser therapy. The skin benefits of different colors of LED light have been identified through a broad array of studies. The most often cited study is the Whelan study, published in 2001 by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, which found that LED light helped speed up wound healing.
Red light is most often used for general skin improvement and to reduce the visible signs of aging.
Blue light has been shown to destroy acne bacteria. Infrared light may have beneficial effects on the skin's natural supply of collagen and elastin, which are responsible for maintaining skin firmness and resilience. A series of regular treatments will provide the best results.
Green Light has a calming and soothing effect and is used for hyper-pigmentation like melasma or sun spots and can also treat dilated capillaries and dark circles under the eyes.
Yellow Light reduces the appearance of redness, swelling, and inflammation and is helpful for those with rosacea while improving lymphatic function and stimulating circulation.
No special preparation is necessary. Simply arrive to your appointment on time, relax, and enjoy the treatment. After cleansing your skin I may also apply a serum or other facial products to enhance the benefits of your session, depending on your goals and the range of treatments offered.
The LED device will be positioned on your skin, or up to a few inches away. Your eyes will be covered so that the light does not bother you. Relax and rest while the glow of the LEDs bathes your skin. Typically, no sensation is felt. Some people may feel a slight tingling, or see flashes in their vision temporarily as a result of having a light source close to their face. Keeping your eyes closed and covered during the treatment will help.
This seems like something I would be interested in, but I'm not sure what type of light I would need, as I have different types of concerns. Is this something we could determine together?
|
0.97367 |
# //$("p").contents().wrap("<b/>"); //pass Find all the text nodes inside a paragraph and wrap them with a bold tag.
# // $("p").not(".green, #blueone").css("text-decoration", "underline")//pass emoves elements matching the specified expression from the set of matched elements.
# var arr ="Hello World!~ "
|
0.94008 |
Thomas Middleton (1580 – 1627) was an English Jacobean playwright and poet who is notable for his mastery of English prosody and his deeply cynical and ironic characterizations. Middleton stands with John Fletcher and Ben Jonson as among the most successful and prolific of playwrights of the Jacobean era. T.S. Eliot famously declared that Middleton was second only to William Shakespeare, and like Shakespeare, Middleton is one of the few English dramatists of any era to achieve success in both comedy and tragedy. In addition to this, Middleton was also a prolific writer of masques, pageants, and other occasional dramas, and he remains one of the most noteworthy and characteristic of Jacobean dramatists.
Middleton was born in London and baptized on April 18, 1580. He was the son of a bricklayer who had been raised to the status of a gentleman. His father died when Middleton was very young; his mother's remarriage devolved into a lengthy battle over the inheritance of Thomas and his siblings. Little else is known of Middleton's childhood and family.
Middleton attended Christ's Hospital and The Queen's College, Oxford, although he did not graduate. During his university years, 1598-1601, he wrote and published three long poems in popular Elizabethan styles; none appears to have been especially successful, but one of the three publications, a lengthy satire, ran afoul of the Anglican Church's ban on verse satire and was publicly burned. Thus, Middleton's literary career was launched.
In the early 1600s, Middleton made a living writing topical pamphlets, including one—Penniless Parliament of Threadbare Poets—that enjoyed many reprintings. At the same time, records in the diary of Philip Henslowe show that Middleton was writing for the popular theater company, The Admiral's Men. Unlike Shakespeare, Middleton remained a free agent, able to write for whichever company hired him. This free agency allowed Middleton a great degree of freedom both in the form and content of his plays, and his early dramatic career was consequently marked by controversy.
In 1603, Middleton married. The same year, an outbreak of plague forced the closing of the theaters in London, and James I assumed the English throne. These events marked the beginning of Middleton's greatest period as a playwright. Having passed the time during the plague composing prose pamphlets (including a continuation of Thomas Nashe's Pierce Penniless), he returned to drama with great energy, producing a great number of plays for several companies and in several genres, most notably city comedy and revenge tragedy.
His own plays from this decade reveal a somewhat mellowed cynicism. As he matured, Middleton moved away from mere satire towards a more deeply introspective and complicated style, and the result are some of the finest masterpieces of English drama in a variety of dramas, including the comic masterpiece Michaelmas Term and the vicious tragedy, The Revenger's Tragedy. Middleton was also branching out into other dramatic endeavors; he was apparently called on to help revise Macbeth and Measure for Measure, and at the same time he was increasingly involved with civic pageants. This last connection was made official when, in 1620, he was appointed City Chronologer of the City of London. He held this post until his death in 1627, at which time it was passed on to Ben Jonson.
Middleton's official duties did not interrupt his dramatic writings; the 1620s saw the production of his and Rowley's tragedy The Changeling, and several tragicomedies. In 1624, he reached a pinnacle of notoriety when his dramatic allegory, A Game at Chess was staged by the King's Men. The play used the conceit of a chess game to present and satirize the recent intrigues surrounding the proposed marriage between Prince Charles and a Spanish princess, an event which was, in its time, deeply controversial in Protestant England. Though Middleton's approach was strongly patriotic, the Privy Council shut down the play after nine performances on the complaint of the Spanish ambassador. Middleton faced an unknown, but likely frightening, degree of punishment. Since no play later than A Game at Chess is recorded, it has been hypothesized that his punishment included a ban on writing for the stage.
Middleton died at his home in Newington Butts in 1627.
Middleton wrote in many genres, including tragedy, history, and city comedy. His best-known plays are the tragedies, The Changeling (written with William Rowley) and Women Beware Women, and the cynically satiric city comedy, A Chaste Maid in Cheapside.
Middleton's work is diverse even by the standards of his age. He did not have the kind of official relationship with a particular company that Shakespeare or Fletcher had; instead, he appears to have written on a freelance basis for any number of companies. Particularly in the early years of his career, this freedom led to a great diversity in his output, which ranges from the "snarling" satire of Michaelmas Term to the bleak intrigues of The Revenger's Tragedy. Also contributing to the variety of the works is the scope of Middleton's career. If his early work was informed by the flourishing of satire in the late-Elizabethan period, his maturity was influenced by the ascendancy of Fletcherian tragicomedy. If many of these plays have been judged less compelling than his earlier work, his later work, in which satiric fury is tempered and broadened, also includes three of his acknowledged masterpieces. A Chaste Maid in Cheapside, produced by the Lady Elizabeth's Men, skillfully combines Middleton's typically cutting presentation of London life with an expansive view of the power of love to effect reconciliation. The Changeling, a late tragedy, returns Middleton to an Italianate setting like that in The Revenger's Tragedy; here, however, the central characters are more fully drawn and more compelling as individuals. Similar changes may be seen in Women Beware Women.
Middleton's plays are characterized by their cynicism about the human race, a cynicism that is often very funny. True heroes are a rarity in Middleton; in his plays, almost every character is selfish, greedy, and self-absorbed. This quality is best observed in the A Chaste Maid in Cheapside, a panoramic view of a London populated entirely by sinners, in which no social rank goes unsatirized. It can also be seen in the tragedies, Women Beware Women and The Revenger's Tragedy, in which enjoyably amoral Italian courtiers endlessly plot against each other, resulting in a climactic bloodbath. When Middleton does portray good people, the characters have very small roles and are flawless to perfection. Thanks to a theological pamphlet attributed to him, Middleton is thought by some to have been a strong believer in Calvinism, among the dominant strains in the theology of the English church of his time, which rigidly divides humanity into the damned and the elect, and which focuses on human sinfulness, lust, and inadequacy as the central fact of temporal life.
In comedy, Middleton generally follows classical models at some remove. His early hit, A Trick to Catch the Old One, is essentially Plautus brought into the seventeenth century. In his comedies, Middleton generally retains a romantic entanglement as a basic structural element; he did not experiment, as Jonson did, with comedic form. His main interest, however, is in social and psychological satire. This interest makes him akin not only to Jonson but also to the other dramatic satirists of his day, such as Marston.
His tragedies are squarely in the Senecan tradition of the Jacobean theater. They are generally concerned with courtly revenge, and even when they are not, the central narrative element is scheming and counter-scheming, motivated by lust or greed, eventuating always in a bloodbath. A Yorkshire Tragedy is a partial exception in that it is a domestic tragedy; even here, however, the key to the tragedy is the cruelty and lust of the abusive husband.
Middleton's tragicomedies follow the model set by Fletcher in broad outline: They feature remote settings, unusual and even bizarre situations, and last-minute rescues from seemingly tragic inevitability.
Note: The Middleton canon is beset by complications involving collaboration and debated authorship. The following list is based on that provided by the Oxford Middleton Project, a team of scholars who are editing a new edition of Middleton's complete works. All dates of plays are dates of composition, not of publication.
The Bloody Banquet (1608-9); co-written with Thomas Dekker.
The Roaring Girl, a city comedy depicting the exploits of Mary Frith (1611); co-written with Thomas Dekker.
The Second Maiden's Tragedy, a tragedy (1611); an anonymous manuscript; stylistic analysis indicates Middleton's authorship.
Macbeth, a tragedy. Various evidence indicates that the extant text of William Shakespeare. Shakespeare's Macbeth was partly adapted by Middleton in 1616, using passages from The Witch.
A Fair Quarrel, a tragicomedy (1616). Co-written with William Rowley.
The Old Law, a tragicomedy (1618-19). Co-written with William Rowleyand perhaps a third collaborator, who may have been Philip Massinger or Thomas Heywood.
Measure for Measure. Stylistic evidence indicates that the extant text of Shakespeare's Measure for Measure was partly adapted by Middleton in 1621.
Anything for a Quiet Life, a city comedy (1621). Co-written with John Webster.
The Changeling, a tragedy (1622). Co-written with William Rowley.
The Spanish Gypsy, a tragicomedy (1623).
A Game at Chess, a political satire (1624). Satirized the negotiations over the proposed marriage of Prince Charles, son of James I of England, with the Spanish princess. Closed after nine performances.
The Whole Royal and Magnificent Entertainment Given to King James Through the City of London (1603-4). Co-written with Thomas Dekker, Stephen Harrison and Ben Jonson.
The World Tossed at Tennis (1620). Co-written with William Rowley.
The Meeting of Gallants at an Ordinary (1604). Co-written with Thomas Dekker.
Sir Robert Sherley his Entertainment in Cracovia (1609) (translation).
The Two Gates of Salvation (1609), or The Marriage of the Old and New Testament.
↑ Dorothy M. Farr, Thomas Middleton and the Drama of Realism (New York: Harper and Row, 1973).
Baines, Barbara Jo. The Lust Motif in the Plays of Thomas Middleton. Salzburg, 1973.
Eccles, Mark. "Middleton's Birth and Education." Review of English Studies 7 (1933), 431-41.
Frassinelli, Pier Paolo. "Realism, Desire, and Reification: Thomas Middleton's A Chaste Maid in Cheapside." Early Modern Literary Studies 8 (2003).
Schoenbaum, Samuel. "Middleton's Tragicomedies." Modern Philology 54 (1956), 7-19.
Wells, Stanley. Select Bibliographical Guides: English Drama, Excluding Shakespeare. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975.
All links retrieved October 27, 2014.
The Cambridge History of English and American Literature in 18 Volumes (1907–21). Volume VI. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1907-21. No ISBN.Bartleby e-text.
The Plays of Thomas Middleton.
This page was last modified on 27 October 2014, at 15:21.
|
0.99704 |
When to perform a bronchial challenge with mannitol?
Quando effettuare un test di stimolazione bronchiale con mannitolo?
Variable airflow limitation can be diagnosed by spirometry in asthmatic patients or provoked in a lung function laboratory by getting patients to inhale substances that induce bronchoconstriction, so making it possible to detect and measure the airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) frequently associated with the diagnosis of asthma and its symptoms [1, 2]. The intensity of AHR presents wide variability in individuals in general and particularly in asthmatic subjects, where the degree of AHR correlates with the airway inflammation and the severity of the disease [3, 4].
Airway reactivity can be assessed with either direct or indirect stimuli. In the former case, methacholine or histamine, that directly act on airways smooth muscle, are usually employed , while prostaglandin D2 or leukotrienes are mostly used for research purposes. The latter (indirect stimuli) include not only pharmacological agents such as adenosine monophosphate (AMP) or propranolol, sulphur dioxide, sodium metabisulphite, ozone, tachykinins and platelet activating factor (generally used in research trials), but also physical stimuli such as exercise, eucapnic hyperpnea of dry air, distilled water, hypertonic saline, and mannitol. These indirect stimuli determine airflow limitation by stimulating inflammatory cells, epithelial cells and nerves to release mediators that act on specific receptors of the smooth muscle and induce its contraction with resultant airway narrowing, and they can also determine a microvascular leakage [1, 6, 7]. Mannitol challenge is included in the category of osmotic aerosols, whose main reference is hypertonic saline, an easy to perform test that causes increased airways osmolarity and delivery of histamine from mast cells; it also shows a good correlation with the level of bronchial inflammation [8–10]. Bronchial challenge with inhalation of mannitol dry powder is not very new, since it was introduced in 1997 by Anderson and coworkers ; nevertheless it is not so widely used as the direct challenges with methacholine or histamine.
Bronchial challenge with directly stimulating agents shows high sensitivity for diagnosing asthma due to the high negative predictive value, while it has low specificity to distinguish between asthmatic and normal subjects or patients affected with chronic airflow limitation .
On the contrary, physical stimuli are more specific than methacholine or histamine to distinguish between asthmatic and normal subjects, but their sensitivity is relatively low compared with direct agents [12–14]. Thus, the direct challenges are the choice method to exclude current asthma, whereas the indirect ones are indicated to confirm the presence of asthma, especially when it is induced by exercise .
Mannitol shows a good correlation with other indirect stimuli such as exercise, hypertonic solutions and eucapnic hyperventilation [11, 16] and it is not limited by physiologic factors as are other indirect challenges, namely exercise and eucapnic hyperventilation . Mannitol test has also shown similar effects as AMP challenge; thus the two tests are to some extent interchangeable .
When given as a dry powder, mannitol increases the osmolarity of the bronchial mucosa that in turn causes the release from mastcells and also from eosinophils of histamine, prostaglandins and leukotrienes both in asthmatics and, to a much lesser degree, in normal subjects [18–20]. Furthermore, a correlation has been found between the level of bronchial hyperresponsiveness revealed by the mannitol challenge and the amount of eosinophils in sputum of asthmatic patients not treated with inhaled steroids .
The technique of mannitol bronchial challenge is very easy to perform, safe and less time consuming than other indirect tests, and it consists in delivering increasing doses of the osmotic substance through a dry-powder inhaler, recording the FEV1 value 1 minute after each inhalation. The response is considered positive when a 15% fall in FEV1 compared to baseline is obtained after inhaling a cumulative dose (PD15) of mannitol of 635 mg or less [11, 22, 23]. This technique also allows to collect bronchial secretions (that increase when mannitol is administered), which can be examined for the presence of inflammatory cells .
So, what is the rationale for using mannitol in bronchial challenges?
The main usefulness of the challenge with mannitol is that it allows, in patients who have current symptoms of asthma, to confirm or exclude the presence of the disease, whereas a negative methacholine result is particularly valuable to rule out a diagnosis of asthma. Furthermore, the mannitol test seems particularly useful in patients affected with active asthma, where a high level of hyperreactivity as revealed by mannitol PD15 is evidence of current airway inflammation, which highlights the need for treatment able to counteract inflammatory cells and their mediators, e.g. inhaled steroids, antihistaminic and anti-leukotrienes compounds. However, it should be borne in mind that the mannitol challenge, as other indirect and direct stimuli, fails to confirm asthma in about 30% of subjects with mild symptoms and bronchial inflammation; in some of these patients other diagnoses must be investigated [7, 23]. Nevertheless, the mannitol challenge appears a valuable method to monitor the inflammation and the outcome of the disease in asthmatic patients during treatment with antinflammatory drugs. It may also be useful in a work or occupational setting to reveal possible sensitization to professional agents, and in athletes that present airway hyperresponsiveness after strenuous exercise, to confirm or exclude the presence of airway inflammation .
|
0.999998 |
Našli jsme další záznamy k osobě סוליה (שרה) וליצקי.
סוליה (שרה) וליצקי je pohřben(a) na hřbitově New Kiryat Shmona Cemetery v místě zobrazeném na níže uvedené mapě. Tyto informace o GPS jsou k dispozici POUZE na stránkách BillionGraves. Naše technologie vám pomůže najít umístění hrobu a také další členy rodiny, pohřbené poblíž.
סוליה (שרה) וליצקי was 12 years old when World War II: Nazi Germany and Slovakia invade Poland, beginning the European phase of World War II. World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier. The vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—eventually formed two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most global war in history; it directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of total war, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 50 to 85 million fatalities, most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China. It included massacres, the genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, premeditated death from starvation and disease and the only use of nuclear weapons in war.
סוליה (שרה) וליצקי was 17 years old when World War II: Nagasaki is devastated when an atomic bomb, Fat Man, is dropped by the United States B-29 Bockscar. Thirty-five thousand people are killed outright, including 23,200-28,200 Japanese war workers, 2,000 Korean forced workers, and 150 Japanese soldiers. Nagasaki is the capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture on the island of Kyushu in Japan. The city's name, 長崎, means "long cape" in Japanese. Nagasaki became a centre of colonial Portuguese and Dutch influence in the 16th through 19th centuries, and the Hidden Christian Sites in the Nagasaki Region have been recognized and included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Part of Nagasaki was home to a major Imperial Japanese Navy base during the First Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War.
סוליה (שרה) וליצקי was 28 years old when Disneyland Hotel opens to the public in Anaheim, California. The Disneyland Hotel is a resort hotel located at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California, owned by the Walt Disney Company and operated through its Parks, Experiences and Consumer Products division. Opened on October 5, 1955, as a motor inn owned and operated by Jack Wrather under an agreement with Walt Disney, the hotel was the first to officially bear the Disney name. Under Wrather's ownership, the hotel underwent several expansions and renovations over the years before being acquired by Disney in 1988. The hotel was downsized to its present capacity in 1999 as part of the Disneyland Resort expansion.
סוליה (שרה) וליצקי was 41 years old when During the Apollo 11 mission, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin became the first humans to walk on the Moon. Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that landed the first two people on the Moon. Mission commander Neil Armstrong and pilot Buzz Aldrin, both American, landed the lunar module Eagle on July 20, 1969, at 20:17 UTC. Armstrong became the first person to step onto the lunar surface six hours after landing on July 21 at 02:56:15 UTC; Aldrin joined him about 20 minutes later. They spent about two and a quarter hours together outside the spacecraft, and collected 47.5 pounds (21.5 kg) of lunar material to bring back to Earth. Michael Collins piloted the command module Columbia alone in lunar orbit while they were on the Moon's surface. Armstrong and Aldrin spent 21.5 hours on the lunar surface before rejoining Columbia in lunar orbit.
סוליה (שרה) וליצקי was 51 years old when Jim Jones led more than 900 members of the Peoples Temple to mass murder/suicide in Jonestown, Guyana, hours after some of its members assassinated U.S. Congressman Leo Ryan (pictured). James Warren Jones was an American religious cult leader who initiated and was responsible for a mass suicide and mass murder in Jonestown, Guyana. He considered Jesus Christ as being in compliance with an overarching belief in socialism as the correct social order. Jones was ordained as a Disciples of Christ pastor, and he achieved notoriety as the founder and leader of the Peoples Temple cult.
סוליה (שרה) וליצקי was 62 years old when Cold War: Fall of the Berlin Wall: East Germany opens checkpoints in the Berlin Wall, allowing its citizens to travel to West Berlin. The Berlin Wall was a guarded concrete barrier that physically and ideologically divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989. Constructed by the German Democratic Republic, starting on 13 August 1961, the Wall cut off West Berlin from virtually all of surrounding East Germany and East Berlin until government officials opened it in November 1989. Its demolition officially began on 13 June 1990 and finished in 1992. The barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls, accompanied by a wide area that contained anti-vehicle trenches, "fakir beds" and other defenses. The Eastern Bloc portrayed the Wall as protecting its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the "will of the people" in building a socialist state in East Germany.
סוליה (שרה) וליצקי was 64 years old when The World Wide Web is opened to the public. The World Wide Web (WWW), also called the Web, is an information space where documents and other web resources are identified by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), interlinked by hypertext links, and accessible via the Internet. English scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989. He wrote the first web browser in 1990 while employed at CERN in Switzerland. The browser was released outside CERN in 1991, first to other research institutions starting in January 1991 and to the general public on the Internet in August 1991.
סוליה (שרה) וליצקי was 75 years old when Invasion of Iraq: In the early hours of the morning, the United States and three other countries (the UK, Australia and Poland) begin military operations in Iraq. The 2003 invasion of Iraq was the first stage of the Iraq War. The invasion phase began on 20 March 2003 and lasted just over one month, including 21 days of major combat operations, in which a combined force of troops from the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Poland invaded Iraq. This early stage of the war formally ended on 1 May 2003 when U.S. President George W. Bush declared the "end of major combat operations", after which the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) was established as the first of several successive transitional governments leading up to the first Iraqi parliamentary election in January 2005. U.S. military forces later remained in Iraq until the withdrawal in 2011.
|
0.948276 |
Eternally Inflating Multiverse and Many Worlds in Quantum Mechanics: Same Concept ?
Recent observational and theoretical progress has led to the dramatic new view that our universe may be one of the many universes in which low energy physical laws take different forms: the multiverse. I describe impacts this view may have on our fundamental understanding of spacetime and gravity, especially the idea that the eternally inflating multiverse and quantum mechanical many worlds are the same thing. I will also mention possible future observations that may further probe the multiverse.
|
0.998738 |
This time I wanted to go the extra mile, uhm, thousands of miles I could say.
Inspired by a brave Romanian friend who has almost completed 100 days hitchhike-ing up and down South America, and constantly posting amazing pictures, I started to look for tickets, connections and how to get to…Ushuaia – Fin del Mundo, the capital of Tierra del Fuego – commonly known as the southernmost city in the world. From here, only 4000 km to The South Pole.
Distance is not a problem nowadays. What matters most is Time. Each and every second of our life counts and might make the difference. This is a lesson to learn and acknowledge, especially when you are up in the air.
My leave started few hours after operating a flight, and without wasting any seconds, on 12th March, after a power nap, here I am, going… back to the airport, the one from Dubai this morning. Longest flight so far, approximately 22 hours flying, first stop in Sao Paulo and then Buenos Aires, to finally get to Ushuaia. Once in Argentina, there are a decent number of domestic flights per day, lots of tourists and small aircrafts so I felt lucky to get on the first flight to my final destination.
There’s a lot to do and see, but if you ask me for a Top 5 things to do in Ushuaia, I would say: 1. Laguna Esmeralda – located aproximately 15 km away from the city center. How to get there? you can take a bus, taxi or simply hitchhike (as we did, best way to interact with the locals and to find out precious information). From Route 3, it takes around 2 walking hours to reach the Laguna. It’s a beautiful trekking mix of woods and open land & rivers, it might get muddy so you need to make sure you wear water-proof hiking boots and have plenty of water to drink.
2. For those who love history, art and indoor culture there is End of the World Museum (Museo del Fin del Mundo), Maritime Museum and Predisio (old jail!) located on the edge of town. Later in the evening, you can rest in Bar Ideal- the oldest bar in town, or you can experience the Irish taste of Ushuaia, in Dublin Pub- the famous pub from the heart of the city ( St. Patrick was exactly on time).
3. Boat trip to Valle de Lobos, Faro Les Eclaireurs and Isla Martillo(Pinguinera) – as soon as you step in the tourism agencies area, they will tell you all you need to know! The most popular trips include cruising through the Beagle Channel and Atlantic Ocean, seeing the Islands and even the cute, friendly Penguins on Martillo Island. It is up to you if you want to rent a small or a big boat, to have 2 h or 6 h trip, they have everything! 🙂 this one is a bit expensive, but definitely worth it to do while you are there.
4. National Park Tierra del Fuego – for this, it takes up to 40 minutes from the city center, you can book the tour or, they also have mini-vans if you want to “do it yourself”, which cost 400 pesos/person and drop you at the entrance of the park where you need to pay the fee (350 pesos/person) and then hop on and off wherever you want. We wanted to see especially Bahia Lapataia (Lapataia Bay) the fjord in the extreme south of Argentina which is connected to the Beagle Channel and considered the very last point of land. Once you are there, you can also get the train, “Tren del Fin del Mundo” which takes you through the park, and heading North you can see the beautiful Laguna Verde and Laguna Negra and also the Lake Acigami (Roca).
5*. Last but not least, the sky is amazing out here. You can just go for a walk and take stunning pictures.
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.