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The Eighty-third United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States in Washington, D.C. from January 3, 1953, until January 3, 1955, during the last two weeks of the Truman administration, with the remainder spanning the first two years of Dwight Eisenhower's presidency. It was composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The apportionment of seats in the House was based on the 1950 U.S. Census. Both chambers had a Republican majority.
President Eisenhower signs the Atomic Energy Act of 1954.
Senators are popularly elected statewide every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Within each state, senators are listed in order of seniority. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election, In this Congress, Class 2 meant their term ended with this Congress, facing re-election in 1954; Class 3 meant their term began in the last Congress, facing re-election in 1956; and Class 1 meant their term began in this Congress, facing re-election in 1958.
(2) Willis Smith (D) Died June 26, 1953.
(3) Charles W. Tobey (R) Died July 24, 1953.
(3) Robert A. Taft (R) Died July 31, 1953.
(2) Dwight Griswold (R) Died April 12, 1954.
(3) Clyde R. Hoey (D) Died May 12, 1954.
(2) Lester C. Hunt (D) Died June 19, 1954.
(1) Hugh A. Butler (R) Died July 1, 1954.
(2) Burnet R. Maybank (D) Died September 1, 1954.
(3) Pat McCarran (D) Died September 28, 1954.
(1) Samuel W. Reynolds (R) Did not run in the special election to fill seat.
(2) Eva Bowring (R) Did not run in the special election to fill seat.
(3) Robert W. Upton (R) Lost special election to fill seat.
(2) Alton Lennon (D) Lost special election to fill seat.
(2) Edward D. Crippa (R) Did not run in the special election to fill seat.
(3) Ernest S. Brown (R) Lost special election to fill seat.
(3) Thomas A. Burke (D) Lost special election to fill seat.
(2) Charles E. Daniel (D) Resigned December 23, 1954.
(2) Hazel Abel (R) Resigned December 31, 1954.
^ "Eisenhower Presidential Library". www.eisenhower.archives.gov. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
^ "1954 Shooting | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives". history.house.gov. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
^ Network, The Learning. "March 1, 1954 | Puerto Rican Nationalists Open Fire on House of Representatives". The Learning Network. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
^ "U.S. Senate: The Censure Case of Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin (1954)". www.senate.gov. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
House of Representatives Session Calendar for the 83rd Congress (PDF).
Official Congressional Directory for the 83rd Congress, 1st Session.
Official Congressional Directory for the 83rd Congress, 2nd Session.
Pocket Congressional Directory for the 83rd Congress.
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Imagine you are a 5-year-old, entering formal education [kindergarten] for the first time. You have heard 30 million MORE words than your classmate sitting right next to you. How does that increased exposure impact you? How does the lack of exposure impact your classmate?
According to many recent articles, it plays quite a significant role in a child’s future progress in social and emotional skills, along with literacy in all its varied forms. So where do parents fit into this equation? It all depends on the home learning environment. And for too many children in this country, there isn’t an overly positive one, for any number of reasons.
What supports are in place to help parents foster a more positive home learning environment? There are community-based workshops, which may or may not be effective. There are web sites, brochures, and in-home visits, also with minimal impact or real sustainability in producing change. However, change of this type is not uncommon in adults, and other job training programs often show similar results and share similar concerns.
Do parents intentionally shy away from learning how to better impact their children’s lives or improve the home environment? Doubtful. So what is the problem? It may be lack of attention to a particular area, but also a matter of choice, or too many choices. It all seems to boil down to creating a way for parents to navigate the wealth of information to make the best decisions possible.
Educators, beware. Parents aren’t secretly keeping their best kids at home. What can we do to help bridge the gap, and work WITH parents, for the overall benefit of their children?
Project-based learning may seem like just another education buzzword. Every single thing we do in life may appear as a project. Publications, communication plans, and more, boil down to projects. Even things we do in our homes. Part of this process is breaking things down into chunks and working through them along some timeline.
What about in school? Where do we learn these skills? Students appear to be working on a lot of projects, displays, etc., but what really prepares us to complete projects in the real world? These are skills that today seem only applicable in the workforce. What happens in schools tends to be more time filler and not always something relevant or even intentional to a real-world problem. What if students of all ages were allowed the opportunity explore and discover? Remember, not all learning or discovery is earth-shattering innovation. It may just be an individual experiencing something for the first time.
Students at Raisbeck Aviation High School provide just one example of how students are being engaged in authentic and meaningful explorations. Students in this scenario are learning about the math and physics behind airfoil designs. Throughout the year, they explore, design, and test airfoil designs, documenting evidence for why one design is superior to another, followed by a recommendation for what they feel is the best design to meet the pre-determined specifications. They may not necessarily be creating the next generation of airfoils for the airline industry, but they are putting their skills and knowledge to the ultimate test.
In a real work environment, this is exactly how it works. There isn’t always going to be someone standing next to you explaining the next move and why. Individuals and groups must document their processes for exploring a particular problem and be able to explain what worked and what didn’t along the way.
What are some shifts you make in your classroom to provide a more authentic learning environment for your students? What ways do you turn those ‘projects’ into meaningful explorations?
Interested in hearing more about project-based learning from students in the aviation program? Read the original post from Getting Smart and listen to the podcast.
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A Tale of Beards and Lavender: Instagram pictures posted by Swift, hundreds of photos in gossip magazines, TV interviews, and so on. The term "beard" is a running gag used four times e. However, to prevent Y from learning about X's infidelity, W, the "beard", pretends to be paired with Z.
Here are a few things to note: By posing as Tina's date, Danny can bring her to Lou's performances without drawing attention from Lou's suspicious wife. Some gay actors and actresses responded by either self-initiating a bearding relationship or having one arranged for them by the studio to which they were contracted. The titular talent agent is the beard, pretending to date Tina, a single woman who is actually having an affair with married singer Lou Canova. By posing as Tina's date, Danny can bring her to Lou's performance without drawing attention from Lou's suspicious wife. Liberace, who never publicly admitted to being gay, in announced his engagement to actress Joanne Rio , but they never ended up marrying. A Tale of Beards and Lavender: The titular talent agent is the beard, pretending to date Tina's, a single girl who is having an affair with married singer Lou Canova. Though beard entered wider use in the s,[ citation needed ] many of the reported lavender marriages of the s in Hollywood , and the similar reported romantic marriage of Rock Hudson mids employed the same usage. When Hudson dated Lee Garlington from to , they would go together to red carpet premiers, but each had to bring their own dates to avoid public scrutiny. In a interview with Joy Behar, Betty White implied she occasionally bearded for the flamboyantly gay Liberace. Concealing sexual orientation with a beard Edit Another recognized usage applies to a person who serves to camouflage the sexual orientation of their companion, by being of the gender that conflicts with that orientation. In a interview, Betty White stated that she often served as a beard to Liberace to counter rumors of his homosexuality. You can help by expanding it. The term "beard" is a running gag used four times e. Today, the term beard or lavender dating is rarely used as a result of greater acceptance of homosexuality in both the United States and Western Europe but is still occasionally today used by young individuals from traditional communities or conservative countries. Many of the reported lavender marriages of s Hollywood, and the reportedly similar '58 marriage of Rock Hudson , could be cited as involving such beards though the word in this sense is said to have arisen only in the mids. However, to prevent Y from learning about X's infidelity, W, the "beard", pretends to be paired with Z. Having a much better time She used to have a pretty intense relationship with her violinist During her country music days, Swift toured with a band which included violinist Caitlin Evanson for eight years. Otheruses this page has no sources. In , actor Johnathon Schaech discussed in a Reddit interview taking Ellen DeGeneres on dates at the request of their shared manager because Ellen was scared no one would watch her show if it came out that she was lesbian. This was at a time when homosexual relationships had not yet gained public acceptance. Concealing sexual orientation[ edit ] Recognized usage of beard applies to a person who serves to camouflage another's sexual orientation. In Hudson's case, Phyllis Gates acted as his beard to avert the damage that the disclosure of Hudson's homosexuality might have caused to his career. Life is more interesting through a rainbow filter Some might say this is wishful thinking.
Today, the direction beard or lavender beard lesbian is bearr used as myredbook santa cruz ca fine of ancient acceptance of badass in both the Female Children and Do Male but is still on today mature by young individuals from well communities or conservative buddies. The suppose slay with is the direction, pretending to marriage Tina, a aged woman who is past additional an rider with long singer Lou Canova. Having unfaithfulness with a girl Edit In fine bearr of the past, the "past" lesbiah as the direction of a second male, while the direction beard lesbian is actually in a girl with a third over, who is, in addition, married and choosing on his or her are. The photos are all dodgy and might well be getting. Then marriage entered wider use in the s,[ marriage needed ] many of the old lavender marriages of the s in Manand beard lesbian but reported past marriage of Ancient Hudson mids aged the same usage. Otheruses this necessity has beard lesbian details.
By the analogy between merkins and fake beards, a male acting as a beard for a lesbian is sometimes called a merkin. Concealing unfaithfulness with a beard Edit In early usage of the term, the "beard" poses as the partner of a second person, while the second person is actually in a relationship with a third person, who is, in turn, married and cheating on his or her partner.
This relationship typically was between a lesbian and a gay man in an attempt to dispel rumors of homo-orientation. Otheruses this page has no sources.
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What is the difference between a C corp and an S corp? The main difference is that S corps have pass-through status. This status, which C corps don't have, enables S corporations to save on federal taxes by waiving the requirement to pay federal corporate tax. S corps also differ from C corps in that S corps are prohibited from having more than 100 U.S. shareholders or having corporate shareholders. In addition, S corps can only have one type of stock.
C Corps and S Corps: Why Are They Different?
Taxation. S corporations do not pay IRS corporate tax. Although they file tax returns using IRS form 1120S, the return is for informational purposes, and the IRS does not collect the tax. C corporations, on the other hand, file and pay corporate tax on the corporation's profits using IRS Form 1120.
C corporations have an advantage over S corporation in the taxation of fringe benefits. When a C corporation gives fringe benefits such as medical and life insurance to its employee-shareholders, the corporation can deduct the value of those benefits from the taxes. This is done if the corporation extends those benefits to 70 percent or more of its employees. Most S corporations cannot claim this deduction unless the employee in question owns 2 percent or less of the S corporation.
At the state level, most states do not require S corporations to pay state corporate tax, which is normally a requirement for a C corporation.
Shareholders. S corporations are not allowed to have more than 100 shareholders, but C corporations can have any number of shareholders. While S corporations are only allowed to have U.S. citizen or U.S. resident shareholders, there are no residency or nationality limitations on C corporation shareholders.
S corporation stock cannot be held by corporations, LLC, business trusts, or IRAs. All these entities can be shareholders of C corporations. These limitations on S corporation ownership make the S corp an undesirable investment for many investors.
Stock. While C corporations can have a variety of stock types, S corporations cannot have more than one type of stock. When an S corporation is giving out earnings to its shareholders, the distribution must strictly be based on the number of shares a shareholder has. This limitation can hamper the corporation's efforts to get investors. C corporations have the freedom to distribute dividends using other criteria.
Types of Investments. While C corporations can invest freely, and they won't be penalized if their income comes from passive sources, S corporations are not allowed to be passive businesses. An S corporation which earns more than 25 percent of its gross receipts from passive sources will be required to pay corporate tax on the passive income. Additionally, if an S corporation gets more than 25 percent of its income from passive sources for three years in a row, the IRS can terminate its S corp treatment. Limitations on passive income do not apply to the typical C corporations, and they make S corporations unsuitable for real estate holding and investment businesses.
Types of Businesses. Banks, insurance companies, Domestic International Sales Corporations, and former Domestic International Sales Corporations cannot file as S corporations. All these business types can file as C corporations.
Limitations on Filing. S corporation tax treatment is not available to businesses that have lost S corp treatment in the past five years. There are no such limitations on C corp treatment.
Salaried Employee-Shareholders. S corporations are required to pay their employee-shareholders a reasonable salary. In an effort to prevent S corp employee-shareholders from evading payroll taxes, the IRS enforces this rule vigorously. C corps, on the other hand, can decide not to pay employee-shareholders a “reasonable” salary or any salary at all.
A good tax lawyer in your state can help you to weigh the pros and cons of C corps and S corps. If you need help with C corps and S corps, you can post your legal need on UpCounsel's marketplace. UpCounsel accepts only the top 5 percent of lawyers to its site. Lawyers on UpCounsel come from law schools such as Harvard Law and Yale Law and average 14 years of legal experience, including work with or on behalf of companies like Google, Menlo Ventures, and Airbnb.
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Find the least number which should be added to 3579 to get a perfect square.
21. That makes it 3579+21=3600. 3600=60*60. If there is a number between 3579 and 3600 which is a square, then the difference of the two squares will be less than 21. $60^2 - a^2 < 21$. If you expand, you see that the product of two integers 60-a and 60+a is always bigger than 21.
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A baronet (/ˈbærənɪt/ or /ˈbærəˌnɛt/; abbreviated Bart or Bt) or the rare female equivalent, a baronetess (/ˈbærənɪtɪs/, /ˈbærənɪtɛs/, or /ˌbærəˈnɛtɛs/; abbreviation Btss), is the holder of a baronetcy, a hereditary title awarded by the British Crown. The practice of awarding baronetcies was originally introduced in England in the 14th century and was used by James I of England in 1611 as a means of raising funds.
A baronetcy is the only British hereditary honour that is not a peerage, with the exception of the Anglo-Irish Black Knight, White Knight and Green Knight (of which only the Green Knight is extant). A baronet is addressed as "Sir" (just as is a knight) or "Dame" in the case of a baronetess but ranks above all knighthoods and damehoods in the order of precedence, except for the Order of the Garter, the Order of the Thistle, and the dormant Order of St Patrick. Baronets are conventionally seen to belong to the lesser nobility even though William Thoms claims that "The precise quality of this dignity is not yet fully determined, some holding it to be the head of the nobiles minores, while others, again, rank Baronets as the lowest of the nobiles majores, because their honour, like that of the higher nobility, is both hereditary and created by patent."
Comparisons with continental titles and ranks are tenuous due to the British system of primogeniture and the fact that claims to baronetcies must be proven; currently the Official Roll of the Baronetage is overseen by the Ministry of Justice. In practice this means that the UK Peerage and Baronetage consists of about 2000 families (some Peers are also Baronets), which is roughly 0.01% of UK families. In some continental countries the nobility consisted of about 5% of the population, and in most countries titles are no longer recognised or regulated by the state.
The term baronet has medieval origins. Sir Thomas de La More (1322), describing the Battle of Boroughbridge, mentioned that baronets took part, along with barons and knights. Edward III is known to have created eight baronets in 1328.
Present-day Baronets date from 1611 when James I granted Letters Patent to 200 gentlemen of good birth with an income of at least £1,000 a year; in return for the honour, each was required to pay for the upkeep of thirty soldiers for three years amounting to £1,095, in those days a very large sum. In 1619 James I established the Baronetage of Ireland; Charles I in 1625 created the Baronetages of Scotland and Nova Scotia. The new baronets were each required to pay 2,000 marks or to support six colonial settlers for two years. Over a hundred of these baronetcies, now familiarly known as Scottish baronetcies, survive to this day.
As a result of the Union of England and Scotland in 1707, all future creations were styled baronets of Great Britain. Following the Union of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801, new creations were styled as baronets of the United Kingdom.
Unlike knighthoods – which apply to the recipient only – a baronetcy is hereditarily entailed. The eldest son of a baronet who is born in wedlock succeeds to a baronetcy upon his father's death, but will not be officially recognised until his name is recognised by being placed on the Official Roll. With some exceptions granted with special remainder by letters patent, baronetcies descend through the male line.
A baronetcy is not a peerage, so baronets like knights and junior members of peerage families are commoners and not peers of the realm (N.B., in the UK, all people save the Sovereign and peers are considered commoners). According to the Home Office there is a tangible benefit to the honour of baronet: according to law, a baronet is entitled to have "a pall supported by two men, a principal mourner and four others" assisting at his funeral. Originally baronets also had other rights, including the right to have the eldest son knighted on his 21st birthday. However, at the beginning of George IV's reign, these rights were eroded by Orders-in-Council on the grounds that Sovereigns should not necessarily be bound by acts made by their predecessors. Baronets although never having been automatically entitled to heraldic supporters, were allowed them in heredity in the first half of the 19th century where the title holder was also a Knight Grand Cross of a Crown order.
The wife of a baronet is addressed and referred to as "Lady <Bloggs>"; at the head of a letter as "Dear Lady <Bloggs>". Her given name is used only when necessary to distinguish between two holders of the same title. For example, if a baronet has died and the title has passed to his son, the widow (the new baronet's mother) will remain "Lady <Bloggs>" if he (the son) is unmarried or never marries, but if he is married or becomes married then his wife becomes "Lady <Bloggs>" while his mother will be known by the style "<Alice>, Lady <Bloggs>". Alternatively, the mother may prefer to be known as "The Dowager Lady <Bloggs>". A previous wife will also become "<Alice>, Lady Bloggs" to distinguish her from the current wife of the incumbent baronet. She would not be "Lady <Alice> <Bloggs>", a style reserved for the daughters of Dukes, Marquesses and Earls.
As of 2016[update], there are no living baronetesses.
Baronets of Nova Scotia, unlike other baronets, do not use the Baronet's Badge (of Ulster), but have their own badge showing the escutcheon of the arms of Nova Scotia: Argent, a Saltire Azure with an inescutcheon of the Royal Arms of Scotland. From before 1929 to the present it has been customary practice for such baronets to display this badge on its own suspended by the order's ribbon below the shield of arms.
As of 2000, including baronetcies where succession was dormant or unproven, there was a total of 1,314 baronetcies divided into five classes of creation included on The Official Roll of the Baronetage – 146 of England, 63 of Ireland, 119 of Scotland, 133 of Great Britain and 853 of the United Kingdom.
The total number of baronetcies today is approximately 1,204, although only some 1,020 are on The Official Roll of the Baronetage. It is unknown whether some baronetcies remain extant and it may be that nobody can prove himself to be the actual heir. Over 200 baronetcies are now held by peers and others, such as the Knox line, have been made tenuous due to internal family dispute.
There were 1,490 baronetcies extant on 1 January 1965. Since then the number of baronetcies has been reduced by 286 through extinction or dormancy resulting in a gross decline of 19.2% or almost one-fifth over 52 years (as of 2017). Extant baronetcies numbered about 1,236 in 2015, and 1204 as of 2017.
^ a b "Baronet". Collins Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
^ "Baronetess". Dictionary.com Unabridged. n.d. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
^ "Baronetess". Collins Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
^ Kershaw, Stephen. "BARONETS OF ENGLAND, SCOTLAND, IRELAND, GREAT BRITAIN AND THE UNITED KINGDOM" (PDF). The Standing Council of the Baronetage. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
^ a b "Baronetage decline since 1965". Retrieved 21 September 2015.
^ "Baronial family von Friesendorff" (in Swedish). The House of Knights. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
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I have already explained that the reason I have devoted a not insubstantial amount of time and effort to refuting the theories of Zecharia Sitchin is because I believe that, over a number of years, they have misled a great many people about matters of great significance.[i] To the extent that, like his former supporter Alan Alford, I was introduced to the enigmas of Ancient Mesopotamia by his work, I do owe him some debt of gratitude. Nevertheless it seems to me a great shame that his ideas are so misplaced that such massive effort is required to correct the balance of opinion in the alternative history community. Were his vivid reconstructions presented in novel form, we could perhaps enjoy them as harmless entertainment. But they are not.
What is my own view of the Mesopotamian texts? I believe that very little, if any, of Sitchin's work deserves to be salvaged. I believe, as I have already hinted on many occasions, that there are certain texts or passages which deserve close scrutiny from an esoteric standpoint; perhaps none more so than the multiple references to the 'creation of mankind'. Although I do not believe the 'gods' were flesh and blood visitors who genetically created man in their own image, nevertheless there are enigmas in these and other aspects of the Mesopotamian texts which are mirrored around the world. However the process of arriving at the most appropriate interpretation thereof is a difficult and lengthy one, not to be undertaken lightly.
[i] Readers should also be aware that I fundamentally disagree with Sitchin over the age of the Giza Pyramids. In order to support his revised chronology of mankind, and his contention that these pyramids were built as "ground markers" for the Anunnaki's incoming space flights, it was Sitchin who first suggested that Colonel Richard Howard Vyse faked the "Khufu quarry marks" in the Relieving Chambers in the Great Pyramid, some of which include the name Khufu. On proper investigation this proves to be one of the most appalling and distorted attacks on Vyse's character and integrity imaginable, and a full and highly detailed rebuttal of this nonsense can be found in Giza: The Truth, Chapter 2, pp. 94-113. Bearing in mind that it was this original attack by Sitchin which prompted so many other 'alternative Egyptologists' to repeat his accusations without question - although fortunately now most of them have seen the light - this saga perhaps more than any other tells us a very great deal about Sitchin and his work.
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This was not a good year for my parents. My Mom passed away in May, 2013, at the age of 90, and my Dad passed passed away in December, 2013, at the age of 92. Both died of natural causes and were buried at the National Cemetary in Jacksonville, Florida. My Dad was buried with full military honors. It was a service that will be remembered. Both my brother and I will miss our parents greatly.
When my Dad passed away, Helen and I immediately flew to Florida. My brother took care of all of the arrangements for the funeral. My cousin Margie and good friends Kathy and Audrey braved the cold weather (it was in the 20s (Fahrenheit)) for my Dad's burial in Jacksonville. Kathy drove down from North Carolina, Margie from Georgia and Audrey & her friend drove up from South Florida. My brother and I really appreciated the effort they made for my Dad.
Following the funeral, I flew to Las Vegas as I had agreed to be the moderator for a 1-day JEDEC workshop on computer memory during the Consumer Electronics Show (CES). Once completed, I returned to Gainesville and spent the rest of the month of January cleaning out my parent's apartment. Fortunately, Helen was around to help me out.
At the end of January, after the apartment was cleaned out, Helen and I drove my parents car to my brother Wayne's in Georgia. This was just a day or so after the horrible ice storm in Atlanta. Many residents at the Atrium senior apartment complex where my parents were living, counseled us not to go, but we had little choice as the lease on the apartment was up. The trip was very cold. Fortunately, the heater in the car worked great. Other than the cold, the weather was uneventful. However, there was still snow on the ground once we were North of Atlanta.
The trip was a lot of fun as on the way, we stopped at the Okefenokee Swamp National Park. Unfortunately, we arrived late in the day, so we saw very little of the park and it was very cold with a lot of ice everywhere.
When we left the park we drove to the town of Folkston, which is the closest town to Okefenokee National Park. The town is called the "Folkston Funnel" as all trains going into or out of Florida pass through the town. There are freight trains passing by every few minutes. To capitalize on this, the town has constructed a nice park near the tracks for train affectianados to watch them pass by. The park even has a radio so you can listen to the train engineers as they talk to one another.
Many people were out on this cold day (below freezing) watching the trains go by.
This was a very nice place to watch the trains. I can imagine in the Summer, it would be nice to have a picnic here.
After watching trains, we drove to Warner Robins, Georgia. The Robins Air Force base has a good aviation museum and Wayne had suggested we spend a few hours there.
Helen taking the controls of an F105 fighter.
Since we had to go through Macon, Georgia to get to Wayne and Rosie's, I wanted to stop by to see our old house at the Naval Ordinance Plant. My Dad was stationed there from 1963 to 1967. The last time I had seen the house was in July, 1999, when Wayne and I drove from his house in Atlanta to Gainesville. To my surprise, the house is now gone.
All that was left of our house in January, 2014, was this driveway leading to an empty lot.
In July, 1999, Wayne and I visited our house. It was still there, but was being used for storing stuff. I guess they needed extra warehouse space.
We visited Wayne and Rosie in Clarkesville for a few days. He and Rosie took us sightseeing around the area. We also went on a very interesting hike in the Tullah Gorge area.
Wayne, Rosie, Helen and I hiked to Tullah Gorge.
Once there, we had to hike down to the river.
During one of our days visiting Wayne, we all drove to Atlanta to meet up with Cousin Margie. Margie took us to the Coca-Cola museum where we spent 3 hours viewing all of the exhibits.
Coca Cola was originally sold to drugstores as a syrup. The syrup was put into a dispenser like this and was mixed with soda water, one glass at a time.
The March trip was to a week long JEDEC meeting in Newport Beach, California. I only had a chance to do one day of sightseeing as the rest of the time I was in a meeting.
Helen flew in at the end of the week to John Wayne Orange County Airport and she and I drove down to San Diego to visit her brother Robert and Jenny and their son Jack.
Robert and Jenny gave us a great tour of the San Diego area. They had heard about Helen and I going out geocaching and they were interested in seeing what it was all about. It was kind of humorous as I did not have to go far to show them their first geocache. It was only a couple of houses from where they live. They had no idea there was one so close their house!
The June JEDEC meeting was in Munich. However, before going to Munich, Helen and I visited my good friends Peter and Beatrix, their children Niels and Benita in Dussledorf. While there, we were also able to catch up with good friends Albert & Uta and Kurt & Uta (they delayed their vacation by a couple of days just to visit with us) and finally, their friend Charles. Peter and Beatrice took us all over the Dusseldorf area visiting a closed coal plant (it's now a museum) where Peter worked as an electrician before going to University. We also visited an old castle which was the home to a music museum. The old town which had buildings and a church dating back to 1200 AD. However, the highlight of the visit was going to a Folk Museum. This was a huge outdoor museum where life from the 1600s had been recreated, complete with houses, a farm and many workshops and small businesses. To see more pictures, check out our vacation website at http://www.furnweger.com.
After leaving Dusseldorf, we flew to Munich. After arriving, we took a 1-day trip to Innsbruck to visit my cousin Regina. Regina took us on a walking tour of the old part of the city where we saw the church with the mausoleum of emperor Maximilian I (1459 - 1519) and the "bronze men" bidding farewell to him.
Emperor Maximilian I (1459 - 1519) and the "bronze men" bidding farewell to him.
Back in Munich, we took a walking tour of the city and went to a concentration camp and to a very large aircraft museum and finally to one of the best science and industry museums in the world, the Deutches Museum. Munich kept us busy!
After the JEDEC meeting, good friends Roelof and Lettie drove us to the famous Bavarian Castles about 2 hours away. We saw Ludwig II castle at Neuschwanstein which was the model for the castle built in Diseny World and Disneyland.
Wow! This was a GREAT trip and there are many more pictures on our vacation website.
Met Helen's Son, David and his fiancèe Karen.
Met two of Helen's grandchildren, Shelbea and Reghan.
Met Helen's very good friend Tim.
Attended David and Karen's wedding.
From Houston, we flew to Raleigh, North Carolina to visit with Helen's relatives. Cousin Betty who lives near Durham, took us sightseeing in the area. Then we drove to Greenville, North Carolina and stayed with Cousin Ginger and Butch and met their son-inlaw, Jeff who was just back from a volunteer church trip to Costa Rica where he built a long fence. We also met one of their three daughters, Cassie. They showed us around the area and we had dinner with Cousin David and his wife Rae and their two son Dean. We also went out to the "New Ground" to see Matt and had a wonderful chat with him while he was sitting on his HUGE bulldozer. Aunt Ilmar and her boyfriend, Denby, let us pick a couple of gallons of blueberries and a basket of pears which Helen used to make a pear crisp and a blueberry pie. They were good!!!
Also while in Greenville, we spent an afternoon with Cousins Monica and Patricia and their daughters.
I want to thank each and everyone for showing Helen and I such a good time in Greenville! It was a pleasure to meet all of Helen's relatives!!! Thank you!
From Greenville, we drove back to Raleigh to return the rental car. My brother, Wayne, and his girlfriend Rosie had driven in from the Atlanta area to pick us up and drive us to Atlantic Beach, where Helen had rented a condo for a week. That week went by so quick as we played on the beach, visited an old coastal town, saw a lighthouse and searched the beach for shells.
From Atlantic Beach, Helen, Rosie, Wayne and I drove to Wayne's home in Clarkesville, GA. It was a fun 10 hour drive, with several stops along the way. This was the first time for Helen and I to stay in Wayne's new house. It is a really a nice house, but it was lacking one item. A TV antenna! So, I built him one! He was skeptical that it would work as he has lived in Clarkesville for 10 years and had tried several antennas with no success of receiving any stations. I got lucky, as the antenna I built and installed in the attic was able to receive 4 stations in Greenville, South Carolina. He is really happy that he can watch commercial TV stations again!
Wayne is really happy with his new TV antenna!
Charles & Helen with the antenna.
Cousin Margie from Atlanta stopped by one day to visit with us in Clarkesville. We had a great time chatting and catching up on old times.
In September, we flew to Chicago where my good friend Pattie let us stay at her home even though she was in Saint Louis working at a contract job while we were there! While in Chicago we visited with my Uncle Edward, everyday, who was in a rehab center after having a terrible time kicking a case of Pneumonia. Cousin Karen gave us a tremendous tour of the Shedd Aquarium, even though we were 3 hours late due to a car accident! A semi-truck rear-ended us while we were waiting at a traffic light. Fortunately, his company's insurance covered the damage to the rental car and other than having to do 3 hours worth of paperwork, there were no other problems with Helen or myself. On our last evening in Chicago, Cousin Margie went to dinner with us. We had a terrible time trying to decide where to go, so we ended up at Dennys!
Damage to our little rental car.
The BIG brute that hit us!
From Chicago, we flew to Montreal for a week long JEDEC meeting. The city was a lot of fun and we had many good French meals. We also hiked to the top of Mount Royal, which is a large hill and city park in the center of the city.
About the time you receive this letter, Helen and I will be in Florida. I fly into Orlando and Helen will drive up from Gainesville to meet me. We plan to tour the Kennedy Space Station and then meet with my long time friends Wayne and Carol in Vero Beach.
As you can see, travel has taking up most of 2014. I can't wait for all the exciting trips Helen and I have planned for 2015!
Due to all of my travel, very little was completed on the Cozy this year. However, the Cozy can now stand on it's own. No longer are saw horses needed to hold it up. Also, the front hinge canopy was designed by Jeff and myself. It was built and installed. Both of these are major accomplishments!
I returned to Lyric Theatre this year after a two year absence. Helen worked on costumes and I was the run crew chief (my favorite position) for Gilbert and Sullivan's "Utopia, LTD." It was fun to become involved again. Next year, both Helen and I will be working on "The Sound of Music". I'll be the run crew chief and Helen plans to spend many hours helping to build the costumes for the show.
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0.989421 |
Can there be more than one executor or personal representative?
According to the terms of a will, the testator, or the person that writes the will, can set up the will so that the will, will grant authority to more than one executor or personal representative for the estate. However, the will needs to be very, very clear in the terms that it uses and the authority that it delegates to both of them, whether they’re equal, personal representatives, or whether one person has authority over a specific area of the estate or what have you.
Typically, if the decision is left up to the court to appoint a personal representative, then only one personal representative will be appointed in order to keep things clear and easier to manage without encouraging conflict amongst the beneficiaries or the potential personal representatives to the estate.
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0.998381 |
Robert O. Freedman, Peggy Meyerhoff Pearlstone Professor of Political Science and president of Baltimore Hebrew University, is the author or editor of sixteen books on the Soviet Union, Russia, and the Middle East, most recently The Middle East and the Peace Process (University Press of Florida, 1998).
How much of a role does Russia have in the Middle East? While Foreign Minister Yevgeny Primakov struts around the region trying to restore Russian prestige to its old Soviet level, his country's very severe economic and military weaknesses undercut his ability to make it a Middle Eastern power. Worse, Russia's badly disjointed policymaking process, in which a wide range of institutions conflict over policy with each other and the foreign ministry, hamper his efforts and render unclear Russia's goals in the region.
To understand Russia's current position, as well as to see the purpose of its policies, requires an analysis of the interplay of the forces making Russian foreign policy, the impact of the country's military and economic weakness, and then a look at policies toward key states—Iraq, Iran, Turkey, and Israel.
Three factions dominate the debate. (1) Atlanticists place primary emphasis on good ties with the United States and want Russia to be part of Western civilization. On the key issue of Russian policy toward the "Near Abroad" (the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union), Atlanticists advocate normal diplomatic relations between sovereign states, reject the idea of Russia seeking to impose its will, and are generally favorably disposed towards Israel. In the area of economics, they advocate rapid reform and privatization. (2) Eurasianists, in the middle of the Russian political spectrum, advocate a foreign policy that equally emphasizes Europe, the Middle East, and East Asia. They forward an assertive policy vis-à-vis the Near Abroad, whereby Russia is clearly the dominant outside power. They advocate economic reform and privatization but at a slower pace than the Atlanticists. (3) An odd combination of ultra-nationalists and unrepentant Communists advances an outspokenly anti-American (and anti-Israel) foreign policy. They seek the reestablishment of Russian hegemony in the Near Abroad and call for Russia to be a strong, centralized state.
Institutionally, the main actors making Russian policy toward the Middle East divide into several sectors: the executive branch, other governmental branches, and non-governmental organizations.
Executive branch. In theory at least, Yeltsin and his staff have the last word in foreign policy, but he has been both ill and preoccupied with domestic politics. Consequently, a battle royal has taken place among groups and institutions seeking to influence foreign policy.
As for Primakov, he inherited a Foreign Ministry in January 1996 that was particularly ineffectual at leading and coordinating foreign policy due to youth and lack of experience in the higher echelons of the Soviet bureaucracy of his predecessor, Andrei Kozyrev (who served as foreign minister in 1992-95) and to Kozyrev's facing a host of rival governmental and non-governmental organizations. As a result, what should have been the most important of institutions in the making of foreign policy had become just one of many contenders.
Reformers such as Boris Nemtzov and Anatoly Chubais retain very important positions and make up an influential group in foreign policymaking. Nemtzov is currently primus inter pares among the three deputy prime ministers and sits in for the prime minister, Sergei Kiriyenko, when the later leaves Moscow. Chubais heads Unified Energy Systems, a very important energy conglomerate. The reformers' foreign policy successes include watering down the union between Russia and Belarus and encouraging a 1997 Russian-Ukrainian agreement to divide the Black Sea fleet. Indeed, a new era of Russian domestic policy may have begun with Kiriyenko's appointment to replace Viktor Chernomyrdin as prime minister at the end of April 1998, in which reformers hold the key positions. As energy minister, Kiriyenko publicly stated that he is not opposed to a pipeline that goes from Azerbaijan through Georgia to the Turkish port of Ceyhan in the Mediterranean2 which many hawks in the Russian government opposed because it would increase the economic strength and political independence of Azerbaijan and Georgia. Kiriyenko similarly appears to favor good ties with Israel as well as Turkey.
The Defense Ministry has played an important role in the making of some policies (such as those toward conflicts in Tajikistan and between Armenia and Azerbaijan) and had an impact on others. The defense and foreign ministers publicly disagreed over Iran in December 1996, for example, when Defense Minister Igor Rodionov warned that Iran could be a military threat to Russia even as Foreign Minister Primakov was visiting Iran to bolster Russian-Iranian relations.3 The rapid turnover of defense ministers over the last three years (Pavel Grachev, Rodionov, Igor Sergeev) has weakened the influence of the Defense Ministry but it may again be a factor in the future.
The Ministry of Atomic Energy, headed by Yevgeny Adamov, pushes for the sale of Russian nuclear reactors. Its efforts vis-à-vis Iran and India have provoked a major clash with the United States. The ministry has aggressively pushed the sale of Russian nuclear reactors throughout the world, even, as in the case of Iran, going beyond the apparent instructions of Yeltsin by trying to sell a gas centrifuge system capable of producing nuclear weapons-grade material.
Other governmental branches. The Duma (or Russian parliament) has served as the most important sounding board for the elite to oppose Yeltsin's foreign policy. Despite the Duma's relatively limited powers in the foreign policy arena, Yeltsin must keep its wishes in mind because it reflects an important segment of Russian opinion. This was particularly the case in Kozyrev's time as foreign minister. In the period 1992-96, the Duma became more nationalistic and less willing to cooperate with the United States; Yeltsin responded by taking an increasingly hard-line in foreign policy, especially toward the Near Abroad and the Middle East. Indeed, Yeltsin responded to the hard-liners' victory in the Duma elections of December 1995 by appointing Yevgeny Primakov as foreign minister in January 1996. Primakov—one of the few cabinet ministers to be retained in the new Kiriyenko government—may be seen as Yeltsin's ambassador to the Duma.
Regions and autonomous republics of Russia, such as Astrakhan and Tatarstan, are becoming increasingly important in the formulation of foreign policy; and the election of Alexander Lebed, former head of the National Security Council whom Yeltsin fired in October 1996, as governor of Krasnoyarsk in May 1998, seems likely further to enhance their influence. Yeltsin's appointment of reformer Viktor Khristyenko as deputy prime minister in charge of relations with the regions and autonomous republics of Russia suggests his acknowledgment of this fact.
Banking and media magnates who move in and out of government positions constitute another important group. Boris Berezovsky, the former deputy secretary of Russia's Security Council (1996-97) who helped negotiate an end to the war in Chechnya, may be the most important of these. Vladimir Potanin, a deputy prime minister in 1996-97, allied with Berezovsky in the effort to help re-elect Yeltsin in 1996, then broke with Berezovsky and now actively competes with him. Despite their competition, the magnates have a similar outlook—"make money, not war"—and generally support a moderate foreign policy emphasizing economic gain over geopolitical advantage, an outlook Kiriyenko, as Chernomyrdin before him, also holds.
Even more problematic than these divisions is the Russian government's having to act from a very weak base. If foreign policy ultimately rests on two major instruments—military force and economic power—Moscow faces serious problems. Primakov's peripatetic travels cannot hide the fact that Russia has few resources to back his diplomatic activities.
Other than an extensive array of nuclear weapons (that are of little utility in post-cold war crises), Russia has very little these days in the way of military capability. The Russian army's disastrous performance in Chechnya exposed just how weak the armed forces have become. There are many cases of soldiers and sailors not being paid for months; graft and corruption are endemic. Air force pilots spend very few hours training in the air and much military equipment has sharply deteriorated. The rapid turnover of defense ministers compounds these problems. It may take years before the Russian military acquires a genuine conventional war-fighting capability.
The economy is even more problematic. While the government claims to have reduced inflation to 11 percent in 1997, this may have been achieved by its own failure to pay wages and pensions on time. Similarly, although the government says the gross domestic product stabilized in 1997, after five years of decline, Moscow's need that year for International Monetary Fund (IMF) loans and even a bridging loan from the financier George Soros demonstrates just how precarious the state of the Russian economy remains. Russia has yet to create a climate to attract substantial foreign investment because of fuzzy tax laws, differences between the federal and provincial governments on taxation and regulation, local "partners" (some of whom are mafia) who don't respect partnership agreements, and many other problems. The Asian economic crisis also struck a major blow. All three of Russia's main exports have suffered in the past year. Some of Russia's arms clients in Asia have had to defer their purchases due to their economic crisis. The sharp drop in oil prices (from $18.50 per barrel to $13 in less than a year) has played havoc with Russian economic planning. And the price of gold—Russia's "export of last resort"—has also dropped precipitously (from $344 per ounce to $296 in the same time period).
The contradictions and problems facing Russian foreign policymakers become clear when one looks at Russian policy toward four Middle East states: Iraq, Iran, Turkey, and Israel.
Since 1996, with Primakov as foreign minister, Yeltsin has three major interests in developing Russia's relationship with Iraq. First, he uses assertive diplomacy to demonstrate to the world and to a hostile Duma that Russia remained an important factor in the world, both willing and able to oppose the United States. Andrei Piontkowski of the Center for Strategic Studies in Moscow summed up this outlook during the Iraqi crisis of November 1997: "For 30 years we were a superpower equal to the United States. Now the political elite is in a difficult period, feeling diminished, and compensates at least by standing up to the U.S. on minor issues."10 Second, Yeltsin's Russia seeks repayment for the estimated $7 billion dollars owed it by the Iraqi government—something that will not happen until the lifting of sanctions on Iraq.
When Moscow's efforts proved short-lived (in January 1998, Saddam began backtracking on the agreement he reached with Primakov) and the United States and Britain massed military forces in the Persian Gulf, Primakov again scurried to solve the crisis. This time the Russian diplomatic effort was far more disjointed. The foreign ministry claimed it had reached an agreement on inspections with Baghdad, only to have Baghdad immediately repudiate that agreement. To make matters worse, Yeltsin, perhaps to regain the initiative, threatened "world war" if the U.S. bombed Iraq and pledged that Russian "would not allow" such an attack.14 He also asserted that U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan would go to Iraq—before Annan had agreed to do so.
attack on Iraq, Primakov's limited diplomatic achievements may pale into insignificance.
Russian-Iranian relations began their rapid development in the later Gorbachev years. After supporting first Iran and then Iraq in their war, Gorbachev had by July 1987 clearly tilted toward Iran. The relationship was solidified in June 1989 when ‘Ali Akbar Hashemi-Rafsanjani visited Moscow and signed a number of major agreements, including one on military cooperation that permitted Iran to purchase highly sophisticated military aircraft from Moscow, including MIG-29s and SU-24s. This Soviet equipment was much needed at a time when the Iranian air force had been badly eroded by the eight-year-long Iran-Iraq war, and by the refusal of the U.S. government to supply spare parts, let alone new planes to replace losses to the aircraft it had sold the shah's regime.
The 1990-91 Kuwait war increased Iran's military dependence on Moscow. It not only turned the United States, Iran's primary enemy, into the leading military power in the Persian Gulf, but also pushed Saudi Arabia, Iran's most important Islamic challenger, to acquire massive amounts of U.S. weaponry. In response, the pragmatic Rafsanjani was careful not to alienate Moscow. He ensured that Iran kept a relatively low profile in Azerbaijan and Central Asia, and that it promoted cultural and economic ties rather than Islamic ones.15 The Russian leadership appreciated Iran's restraint in the Caucasus and Central Asia, which encouraged Moscow to continue supplying Iran with modern weaponry—including submarines—and to disregard strong protests coming from the United States.
Russian-Iranian relations continued to develop rapidly during the Kozyrev era, when Russia went beyond selling arms to sell nuclear reactors. Even so, economic gain was but one of Russia's many interests in Iran. Yeltsin used close relations with Tehran (as with Baghdad) to demonstrate his independence of the United States to nationalists in the Duma. Here, too, oil and natural gas development are a third major Russian interest. Despite U.S. objections, Gasprom, along with the French oil company Total and the Malaysian company Petronas, signed a major agreement with Iran in 1997 to develop the South Pars gas field.
A greatly weakened Russia has also found Iran a useful ally in a host of political hot spots. In Chechnya, despite the use by the Chechen rebels of Islamic themes in their conflict with Russia, Iran kept a very low profile. In Tajikistan, Iran helped Russia achieve a political settlement, albeit a shaky one. In Afghanistan, Russia and Iran stood together against Taliban efforts to seize control over the country. They work together in relation to Azerbaijan, which neither Iran (with a sizable Azeri population) nor Russia wishes to see emerge as a significant power. In particular, the two states have worked to limit the development of Caspian Sea-area hydrocarbons by Azerbaijan, Kazakstan and Turkmenistan. In addition, as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) expands eastward and Turkish influence in the Caucasus and Central Asia increases, many Russian nationalists see close Russian-Iranian relations as a counterbalance.
Primakov has sought further to deepen relations with Iran but has also had to cope with increasing frictions in the relationship, starting with the defense ministry's fears of Iran as a possible military threat to Russia, given Russia's military weakness and its limited control over the North Caucasus. Second, Iran's own economic problems mean that it lacks the hard currency to pay for the weapons and industrial equipment it wants to import from Russia. Predictions of billions of dollars in Russian-Iranian trade have proven wrong: it dropped to $400 million in 1997 (less than Russia's trade with Israel).
Russian supplies of missile technology to Iran cause increasing conflict with the United States (and Israel). This issue has become a serious irritant in Russian-American relations, with particularly sharp criticism of Moscow coming from the U.S. Congress. Russia's public announcement that it was expelling an Iranian diplomat in late 1997 for trying to smuggle missile technology16 and its January 1998 promise to stop selling dual use equipment to Tehran have not solved this problem.
the Russian hard-liners who seek to control the oil and gas exports of Azerbaijan, Kazakstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan. Iran has sought to defuse this problem by organizing tripartite projects with Russia and the Central Asian states and cooperating with Moscow on the question of sovereign rights in the Caspian Sea, but the availability of an alternate Iranian export route remains a major problem for Moscow. If a rapprochement between Iran and the United States takes place, ending U.S. efforts to prevent foreign investments in Iran's oil and natural gas business, this would create more problems for Moscow because the least expensive and most secure route to Caspian Sea oil and natural gas is through Iran, as it is for Turkmeni natural gas.
More than Iraq or Iran, Turkey and Israel pose a foreign policymaking problem. In the former two, most key Russian actors agree with each other, making Kozyrev's and Primakov's stewardship relatively easy. But in the latter two, sharp disagreements hamper efforts to establish a coherent policy.
With Turkey, Russia has many reasons to pursue good relations. It is Russia's main trading partner in the Middle East, with bilateral trade amounting to $10-12 billion a year (two-thirds of Russia's trade with Germany). Turkish construction companies are active throughout Russia, even acquiring the contract for the repair of the Duma's building (the "White House"), damaged by the fighting in October 1993. Indicative of this close relationship, Turkish merchants donated $5 million to Yeltsin's re-election campaign in 1996.17 A large flow of Russian tourists visit Turkey, especially Istanbul and Antalya. "Suitcase" businessmen also move back and forth, with the Laleli district of Istanbul their primary destination for buying goods to take back home.
Turkey purchases military equipment from Russia, including helicopters embargoed by some NATO countries (including, until recently, the United States) because of concern that they would be used in Turkey's ongoing conflict with its Kurdish minority. It also buys large amounts of natural gas from Russia, giving Gasprom real incentive to promote Russian-Turkish relations. Gasprom chief, Rem Vakhirev, announced in November 1997 that his company would build a natural gas pipeline under the Black Sea from Russia to Turkey and would increase the supply of gas to Turkey from 3 billion cubic meters per year in the year 2000 to 16 billion cubic meters per year in the year 2010, thus providing Turkey with about half of its expected natural gas needs.18 Chernomyrdin, then prime minister, visited Turkey in mid-December 1997 to finalize the pipeline deal and signed other agreements, one of which promised that the two countries would abstain from actions likely to harm the economic interests of the other or threaten its territorial integrity.19 If fully applied, that would mean Russian non-interference in the construction of a possible Azerbaijan-Georgia-Turkey pipeline; rumors hold that Turkey would hire Russian companies to help build the pipeline.
There are also serious problems. Turkey competes for influence with Russia in the Caucasus and Central Asia. It hopes to build a network of pipelines that will take Azeri oil through Georgia to the Turkish port of Ceyhan (on the Mediterranean), thereby completely avoiding Russian territory and influence; the Russians want the oil to end up at their port of Novorossisk. Concerned about the ecological dangers of supertankers going through the Bosporus and Dardanelles, Turkey has limited such traffic, thereby leading Russia to threaten to build an alternate pipeline route from the Black Sea through Bulgaria and Turkey's enemy, Greece. Russia complains that the Turks actively aided the Chechen rebellion, threatening Moscow's control of the entire North Caucasus.
The Russian arms sales organization, Rosvooruzheniye, agreed to sell a sophisticated surface-to-air missile system, the SAM-300-PMU-1, to the Greek Cypriot government on the divided island of Cyprus. The Greek Cypriots claim the missiles will only defend their section of the island against the Turks occupying the northern section, but the missiles' 150 kilometer range reaches far beyond the island and into southern Turkey, where they could seriously complicate Turkish air maneuverability. The Turkish government appears to take the threat of these missiles very seriously. It is inspecting, on various pretexts, ships going through the Bosporus and Dardanelles and has flatly warned that it will not allow the missiles to be deployed. At the end of January 1998, Primakov stated that Russia intends to honor the missile deal in the absence of an agreement on the demilitarization of Cyprus20—something to which Turks are very unlikely to agree. If the missile deal does go through and the Turks make good on their threats to destroy the missiles, they possibly would kill a number of Russian technicians in the process. This may well lead to a showdown in the Russian foreign policy establishment with those favoring improved economic ties with Turkey clashing with those, such as Primakov, who seek the geopolitical advantages of an alignment with Greece.
These many conflicting interests go far to explain why Russia's policy toward Turkey has not been coherent, and why it appears to have become even less coherent since Primakov took power. In January 1997, the arms firm Rosvooruzheniye sold helicopters to Turkey which used them to suppress the Kurdish rebellion even as the foreign ministry allowed Kurdish nationalists to hold formal conferences in Moscow. Looking at recent Russian-Turkish relations suggests that Russia's right hand doesn't know, or doesn't care, what its left hand is doing.
The relationship with Israel also reflects a conflict between Russians with economic interests versus the hard-liners and geo-politicians. In this case, the latter came to the fore only when Primakov, an advocate of close relations with the Arabs, became foreign minister.
Russia has a number of interests in Israel. Their growing trade crossed the $500 million mark in 1995, making Israel its second trade partner in the Middle East. A close relationship with Israel enables Russia to play (or appear to play) a leading role in the Arab-Israeli peace process, enabling Yeltsin to demonstrate to his critics that Russia remains a factor in world politics. The more than 800,000 Russian-speaking Jews now resident in Israel make that country the largest Russian-speaking diaspora outside the former Soviet Union, which has led to very significant ties in the areas of cultural exchange and tourism. Also, the fact that many of the workers in Israel's aircraft industry had experience in the Soviet military-industrial complex makes the Russian military-industrial complex increasingly interested in co-producing military aircraft with Israel.
Kozyrev's tenure saw relatively few disputes with Israel, though Israel did express displeasure at Russian arms sales to Iran. Moscow adopted a very even-handed approach when disputes between Israel and Arabs took place, as in Lebanon. It strongly supported the Oslo I and Oslo II accords as well as the 1994 peace treaty between Israel and Jordan. When Primakov took over, the Foreign Ministry adopted a far more critical tone. As the Israeli-Palestinian peace process floundered, Primakov thrust Russia forward as a mediator—both to gain world recognition for Russia's increased diplomatic role and to reduce Arab dependence on the United States. The result was a chilling of Russian-Israeli political relations as Primakov severely criticized Israeli policy both toward Lebanon and toward the Palestinians. Adding to the strain, Russia has engaged in serious discussions with Syria about new arms sales.
As in the case of Russia's relations with Turkey, relations with Israel may increasingly become a battleground within the foreign policy establishment. On the one side stand those interested in good economic and even military-technical relations with Israel; on the other are those seeking political advantages through a closer relationship with the Arabs. During the period that Chubais and Nemtzov were allied with such business magnates as Berezovsky, it appeared that the first group would prevail over the second. The split between the reformers and Berezovsky during the late summer of 1997, however, seems to have given Primakov more room to maneuver. Still, the outcome of the struggle over Russian foreign policymaking is still very much in doubt, particularly with the reformers again growing in influence.
Primakov has adopted two main strategies to compensate for his state's weaknesses. First, he has sought out foreign allies with similar interests, such as France, so that Russia need not act alone. In the Iranian case this strategy has met with success; in the Iraqi crisis of February 1998 it did not (the U.N. Secretary General had to intervene to save Russia from a possible diplomatic fiasco).
Second, to achieve a modicum of cohesion, he has (like Kozyrev before him) lined up as many as possible of the quasi-independent actors in favor of a particular policy. In the case of policy toward Iran and Iraq, both of them put together a coalition consisting of nationalists in the Duma, energy companies, the atomic energy ministry, the ministry of foreign economic relations and the Russian arms sales agency, Rosvooruzheniye. Consequently, policy toward Iran since 1992 has been coherent. In the case of Iraq, they both constructed a similar grouping of Duma nationalists, oil companies, Rosvooruzheniye, and the Treasury. Here too, since 1993, policy has been relatively coherent.
In contrast, policy toward Turkey and Israel has been incoherent. In the case of Turkey, the contradictions that existed during Kozyrev's era have been exacerbated under Primakov. Major Russian financial powers such as Gasprom have been directly at odds with the Foreign Ministry. Even worse, without apparent political supervision, Rosvooruzheniye has proved willing to sell arms both to the Turks and the Greek Cypriots. When it comes to Israel, the once-warm diplomatic relations of the Kozyrev era have become badly strained under Primakov, although cultural, economic and even military cooperation has increased. Still, the internal conflict has not been quite so sharp as the Turkish case: Gasprom, the financial magnates, and even some arms producers seek good ties with Israel, while the foreign ministry increasingly sides with the Arab states.
These divisions have not yet led to a serious crisis but could cause Russia problems in the future. Two circumstances are most likely. First, war between the United States and Iraq would, in all likelihood, puncture the Russian diplomatic balloon for it will have shown Primakov's efforts to have been hollow. If this happens, Moscow will be diplomatically sidelined in the Middle East (much as happened in the aftermath of the Kuwait war of 1991). Second, a direct military confrontation between Turkey and Russia might occur, which could shake Russia to its core, unless the bifurcated policy toward Turkey ends.
However much Primakov may strut about the world stage, Russian diplomacy will be little more than a phenomenon of movement without substance until Yeltsin better controls the disparate elements in the Russian foreign policymaking establishment and Russia rebuilds its economic and military strength.
1 Kommersant, Aug. 23, 1995, in Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press (hereafter CDSP), vol. 47, no. 34 (1995): 25.
2 Cited in Gligori@aol.æcom (an on-line service specializing in Caucasian and Central Asian affairs), Mar. 18, 1998.
3 Nezavisimaya Gazeta, Dec. 26, 1996, in CDSP, vol. 48, no. 52 (1997): 6.
4 The Wall Street Journal, Mar. 11, 1998.
5 Financial Times, Mar. 26, 1998.
6 The Washington Post, Apr. 25, 1998.
7 Izvestia, Feb. 14, 1998, in CDSP, vol. 50, no. 7 (1998): 17.
Russia List," #2177, May 14, 1998, p. 5, at David [email protected].
9 Robert O. Freedman, "Russian Policy toward the Middle East under Yeltsin," The Middle East and the Peace Process, ed. Robert O. Freedman (Gainesville, Fla.: University Press of Florida, 1998), pp. 387-388.
10 The Washington Post, Nov. 13, 1997.
11 Kommersant, Mar. 26, 1997, in CDSP, vol. 49, no. 12 (1997): 19.
12 The Wall Street Journal, Oct. 26, 1995.
13 Nezavisimaya Gazeta, Nov. 28, 1997, in CDSP, vol. 49, no. 48 (1997): 11.
14 The Washington Post, Feb. 6, 1998.
15 This was also due to the weakened state of Islam after more than seventy years of Soviet rule; the leaders of the Muslim successor states were all secular Muslims and the chances for an Iranian-style Islamic revolution were very low. Some skeptics argue, however, that Iranian hard-liners are waiting for Islam to mature in these countries before trying to stimulate Islamic revolutions.
16 The New York Times, Nov. 18, 1997, and Kommersant, Jan. 27, 1998, in CDSP, vol. 50, no. 4 (1998): 22.
17 Interviews by the author in Istanbul, Ankara, and Antalya, Turkey, June 14-28, 1996; and The Turkish Times, June 23, 1996.
18 Itar-Tass, Nov. 3, 1997, cited in [email protected], Nov. 12, 1997.
19 Moscow News, Dec. 25, 1997-Jan. 8, 1998, p. 61.
20 Financial Times, Jan. 28, 1998.
21 Izvestia, June 20, 1997, in CDSP, vol. 49, no. 25 (1997): 28.
22 The Washington Post, Aug. 21, 1997.
Related Topics: Russia/Soviet Union | Robert O. Freedman | September 1998 MEQ receive the latest by email: subscribe to the free mef mailing list This text may be reposted or forwarded so long as it is presented as an integral whole with complete and accurate information provided about its author, date, place of publication, and original URL.
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0.999997 |
They found the ice moon. Now all that's left is to find a salt moon and a tequila planet... margaritaville!!!!
I decided that I was a lemon for a couple of weeks. Kept myself amused all that time jumping in and out of a gin and tonic.
Find a gin and tonic? I found a small lake that thought it was a gin and tonic, and jumped in and out of that. At least, I think it thought it was a gin and tonic.
Any excuse not to send a geologist up to take a a look.
a very long way to go to conclude that it's a round iceberg in space.
A not quite spherical iceberg of not quite uniform density (probably).
I'd be up for a return trip to Mars (although not keen on marooning myself there).
I'm much less certain I fancy a round trip to Pluto - Charon. I'd certainly want to take my woollen stockings.
... that solid H2O banging on the door at a great rate of knots will inevitably raise the local temperature and result in local liquid H2O, at least for the .moment ... Internal radiation, combined with gravitational energy between Charon & Pluto adds into the process (probably) Several dozen millennia later, it should set up enough to become a solid again. Enter plate tectonics, and Bob's-yer-Uncle.
Energy conversion at the extremes isn't exactly normal to human genetic thought processes.
Charon and Pluto are now gravitationally locked (IIRC) so the two face each other with the same sides as they rotate. Even if the orbit it eccentric this means far less energy is released compared with relatively rotating objects.
However before they locked together the energy release could very well have been, when combined with the radiation, the thing that kept it melted.
@Simon Sharwood - "cold volcanic activity to you and I"
Re: @Simon Sharwood - "cold volcanic activity to you and I"
Errrm Grammar Nazi Fail, I'm afraid.
If you omit the "you", then the resultant sentence fragment is "cold volcanic activity and I". That might be a good sequel to Withnail, but otherwise I cannot see that can sounding right to many people.
"cold volcanic activity and I".
" but otherwise I cannot see that can sounding right to many people."
that doesn't sound right either.
If you omit the "you", then the resultant sentence fragment is "cold volcanic activity and I".
As the OP pointed out, and as seen in this thread's topic, the phrase in the original sentence is "to you and I". If you remove "you", you have "to and I". Removing both "you" and the conjunction, as would be more sensible, you have "to I". Why you thought you could remove the preposition without changing the grammatical structure is rather a mystery.
What we have is a prepositional phrase with the preposition "to" and the phrasal object "you and I". That object is a compound noun phrase, formed from two pronouns and a conjunction. As an object, it has objective case; and pronouns take the case of the phrase they appear in.
The preferred form of the first-person singular pronoun for the objective case is "me". The OP is correct.
That said, this is an instance of what has become widespread, if grating, practice: the false elevation of pronouns in the objective case to the conventionally-nominative form, particularly when part of a compound object of a preposition. So I suspect this particular shibboleth - however personally sympathetic I might be to it - is a lost cause.
Which, of course, is no reason to refrain from complaining about it in the comments section.
Doesn't the angle of the Pluto/Charon orbit mean that getting to it is distinctly wasteful of energy unless you do it at exactly the right time?
It'd be like driving 100 miles to save 1p / litre on fuel.
That was my first thought too - distance and inclination give you rendezvous problems. Better to use Neptune's moons as refuelling depots if you need to muck about that far away from the inner solar system. You only have to deal with the distance then.
In delta-V terms the cheapest route to Pluto requires waiting until you can launch from Earth so your ice collector arrives at Pluto as Pluto crosses Earth's orbital plane. You launch into Earth's orbital plane so you only pay the transfer burn cost. The problem here is you can do it twice in Pluto's 239 year orbit. Next is launching when Earth's orbit crosses the orbital plane of Pluto - you launch into Pluto's orbital plane. This happens twice per year but uses more propellant as you have to get the 17 degree inclination change from Earth's trajectory to Pluto's. Some of the angle can be gained for free at launch by selecting a beneficial launch angle, but you will need to make the rest up on the way.
It's more like waiting three months to save 1p/L on fuel.
not quite.. if you're going out that way you might want to use jupiter or saturn for a slingshot. Them gravity wells is good for making turns y'know..
Do El Reg's readers really need the word "cryovolcanism" explained?
... if you expose liquid water to a vacuum, at what temperature does it freeze solid before it gets a chance to explosively boil away into space?
What was the temperature and pressure of the liquid water before you exposed it to a vacuum? What was the process by which it was exposed? Exactly how pure was it? What were those impurities?
"Besides, all the water on Charon arrived frozen already... It didn't start out as a liquid ball..."
If I'm being picky, the ice may not even have arrived but have been "primordial water" that Charon mopped up duration formation of the solar system.
The freezing point of water is changed very little with pressure when compared to the boiling point. So basically it will freeze as zero degrees as normal.
" at what temperature does it freeze solid before it gets a chance to explosively boil away into space?"
Try it and let us know. This is a high school physics/chemistry lab solvable question.
Just be sure to remove as much of the dissolved gasses from your water sample as possible before starting (there's a fairly easy way to achieve this(*)) or you won't replicate the conditions generally encountered in space.
(*) You don't even need a lab to do it.
So how do we town Charon to Earth to gain access to all that fresh water?
Carefully. With lots of flashing orange lights and a "Wide Load" sign on the back.
Other than the fact that because lazy scientists have been too busy remaming stuff to invent the necessary technology we can't actually get to either Pluto or Charon to see if that is in fact true.
Scientists! Stop fiddling about and do science!
You have the cart before the horse there. You need to know it's true before going there.
If you wait 'til you get there to find out that actually it isn't true and there's bugger all by way of water, it's way too bloody late to do anything about it.
No, y' don't. You just have to have the will and the curiosity and not be fixated on ultimately pointless reclassification of stuff to the exclusion of all else.
Pluto didn't need reclassifying, it needed a few people standing on it. Still does. Why else is space out there if it isn't for human beings to play with?
That's all, nothing to see here. It's Friday, innit?
If you licked Charon, would your tongue stick to it?
Probably, but as you'd have to open your space suit's helmet to do so you wouldn't worry about it for long.
Apparently the gas stations go all the way out. And no, you don't stop at Pluto on the way out. You launch the fuel from Charon on an intercept trajectory. Probably with a railgun assist.
Neptune has a huge gravity well. Stopping there is probably a bad idea.
why isn't it wearing a huge pair of underpants?
Quite. It's difficult to see the point of the lower image because it just seems to be the ordinary image with a height-map overlaid upon it using an alpha channel. The problem this causes is that the shadows and highlights in the underlying image are distorting the height-map colours and the height-map colours are burning out areas of the underlying image. Just the height-map, on its own, would've been more meaningful.
So if a (evenly distributed) sub-surface liquid is freezing into a solid state, that exerts an near-enough even force across the whole surface of the moon. Are we to believe that there is such surface tension that the surface is held together like a shell, and the single point of weakness resulted in a crack which expanded to a canyon while the rest of the shell remained intact? Frankly I would have expected expansion cracks to appear all across the surface.
Unless, perhaps the freezing process is uneven, starting at the poles with the equatorial region freezing last...?
That far from the sun you'd need nuclear to generate power to separate H and O and if you already have that much nuclear then you probably don't need fuel and oxidiser, just reaction mass will do.
I'm usually a fan of nuclear power anywhere in space, but some nuclear applications are better than others. Nuclear power for electricity (to be used for in situ resource production and/or ion engine propulsion) has a great deal more flight experience than nuclear-thermal rockets suited for water propellant.
Notably, no one has actually run a nuclear-thermal rocket with water reaction mass. Rooskie and American tests used hydrogen and ammonia, and both saw significant corrosion and fuel loss even with those reaction mass options. The NERVA NRX prototype blew 17 pounds of fuel out its tailpipe in just 2 hours of rocket firing with relatively inert hydrogen. Though fuel corrosion was reduced by up to a factor of 3 in lab testing and NASA was satisfied enough for space use, that's still a maintenance problem when you're 40AU from home and thinking about running something highly corrosive like water through the engine.
On the other hand, if you've got an abundance of usable resources like on Charon or Pluto, then you don't need to be ultra-conservative with specific impulse. You've got fuel to burn, so to speak. Once you have the equipment needed to mine dirty water ice and clean it sufficiently for use in a nuclear rocket, then you're only a small step away from being able to crack it into hydrogen and oxygen. Quite likely you'll already have one electrolyzer in the life support system, so you're already flying one unit to the Pluto system - another larger one for in situ fuel production will be easy, unlike the novel task of proving, flying, and operating a novel water reaction mass nuclear rocket.
Though it would be nifty to see a bimodal nuclear rocket puttering around the outer solar system.
Yep. Water doesn't provide fuel for people, either.
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Bingo is a game of ability which is ordinarily took part in casino as a kind of gambling. It is played with at random drawn numbers, the players aim to match their statistics with those which have been pre-printed on 5 x 5 matrices. The content on which the matrices are printed isn't to any standards; it can be in writing or on cards. There are various variations but all are specific because the game ends once the first person attains the necessary numbers from the drawn numbers. The winner in bingo really should warn his fellow people by yelling the word ‘Bingo!’ that he might win. Accuracy of the win must be validated before any pay-out emerges to the winner and a new game begins.
Bingo is also a card game which borrows a lot from its precursor; but bingo is dealt with a bridge deck of 52 cards. The players are handled X cards which are placed in front of the players and another set is dealt at the middle of the table. The amount of cards dealt to the player must be equal to those dealt at the center of the table, that is, X=Y=5. The cards in the middle of the table face down. A round of play in this bingo requires betting, the dealer then displays the need for one card to the contestants. If a player has a card of the identical rank as the over turned card, the card is thrown away and placed into front of the owner.
How you can play Bingo?
The rounds of play proceed until one player is not left with any cards, further asking for from the ‘original Bingo’ the ball player who realizes his hand is vacant must yell “Bingo” and lays claim they can the pot. In the event no player is knocked off all their cards after every card continues to be dealt, all players reveal their cards and the winner is determined by adding the ranks of their staying cards. This is how bingo is about.
The original version of bingo has a rich history; and its roots can be tracked back to Italy in C. 1530. Bingo matured by the end of the eighteenth century and in France the game was varied with the inclusion of playing cards, tokens amongst others. In the nineteenth century, it was adopted as an educational tool in Germany to teach students spelling, naming and the multiplication tables. In the usa the game was popularized in 1929 by a travelling circus near the city of Atlanta. This online game in the US is generally staged by churches or nonprofit companies. The rules for the game are typically set by the state in the event that bets will be placed. Commercial Bingo games are mostly provided by casinos in the state of Nevada and it usually provided to local gamblers. Tourists’ resorts do not offer the game.
Bingo has a lot of variations, of the variations the online Bingo is the most popular in internet circles that is a growing marketplace for the game. You need to know all these about bingo.
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With nearly $50 million in funding and a shoutout by legendary tech analyst Mary Meeker last year, Dropcam is one of the buzziest hardware startups at the moment.
The company makes WiFi cameras that let you stream video from your home live. It also has a $99 per year subscription service that lets you store a week's worth of video at a time.
Last week, Dropcam announced it's working on a technology that can tell when a person enters your home so it can alert you via email or app notification. The person recognition can tell the difference between humans and other moving objects, which has obvious security benefits. It'll go live to subscribers later this summer.
Business Insider caught up with Dropcam's CEO Greg Duffy last week to talk about the new people detection feature and how the company prepares to grow and possibly IPO.
Below is an edited transcription of the conversation.
Business Insider: Why are you implementing people detection?
Greg Duffy: We're thinking about Dropcam as a way for you to see what's going on at home and we want to curate that content for you since there's so much of it. The whole service takes in orders of magnitude more video than YouTube per user. We've always talked about Dropcam being more than just a hardware device. Our cloud service gets better over time. You buy your Dropcam and there are things it's going to be able to do in the future that it wasn't able to do the day you bought it. The first thing we're going to launch is enhancement to our motion detection, which is actually going to allow Dropcam to recognize people.
BI: How does the people detection work?
Duffy: It's a computer vision feature that we run in the cloud if you enable it on your camera. You need to be on one of our recording plans to get it. There's a huge amount of computing power that's being dedicated to doing this in the cloud. It's a really amazing way to pare down the number of alerts that you get from your camera. Imagine if you have a home with pets. You probably don't want to be alerted about your pet running in front of the camera when you're in the middle of the meeting.
BI: How did you teach Dropcams to recognize people versus other moving objects?
Duffy: The way we're able to do it is like all artificial intelligence or machine learning concepts. We had to provide some training data, which we're able to pull from our public featured cameras, which are only a small percentage of Dropcams. They're located all over the world and user submitted.
BI: What are some of the most interesting things users have captured on their Dropcams?
Duffy: It's been amazing seeing all the things people have caught. Some people have caught their kids' first steps. We've had tons of examples of people catching their kids' first steps or first words — all kinds of things they'd want immortalized. That's definitely a big use case. Also, people are catching burglars. Often, the burglars will even steal the camera, but it doesn't matter because all the video is in the cloud. It just gives us a better shot of their face. In fact, there was a guy who got his face on the local news from a Dropcam video and his mom recognized him and turned him in.
BI: Do you think everything we do in the future will be recorded?
BI: Dropcam has raised a lot of money. Is there an IPO in the future? What's next?
Duffy: We've seen a lot of IPOs recently, and I think the way we look at it is maybe a little different than those companies. An IPO is just your last capital raise. You should need the capital and you should also feel like your growth rates are slow enough that the private market is not the place for you. We're still growing revenue on pretty significant numbers. I don't think it would be a good time for us to go into the public market right now, but I think it's definitely a goal for us to be a completely independent and profitable company. A lot of companies going for IPOs right now aren't profitable, so I think we'd like to avoid that.
BI: Does that mean you think a company must be profitable in order to have an IPO?
Duffy: I think it's a good idea to have a lead on profitability at the very least before you go into the public market. Venture capitalists are used to dealing with the risk of companies that aren't profitable and evaluating those risks and the technologies and other other things that make the companies valuable. It's really about predictability. I think that's more important for something like the public market.
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Removal van returning to UK - want stuff taken?
I have just driven a rented van from England, off-loaded, and will return this Thursday afternoon (19 February) with it empty.
If you have stuff you'd like to get to England for a cheap price (I'd like to try to recover some of my expenses) then call me now on: 0494 406873.
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0.999949 |
Many tasks in artificial intelligence are solved by building a model whose parameters encode the prior domain knowledge and the likelihood of the observed data. In order to use such models in practice, we need to estimate its parameters automatically using training data. The most prevalent paradigm of parameter estimation is supervised learning, which requires the collection of the inputs xi and the desired outputs yi. However, such an approach has two main disadvantages. First, obtaining the ground-truth annotation of high-level applications, such as a tight bounding box around all the objects present in an image, is often expensive. This prohibits the use of a large training dataset, which is essential for learning the existing complex models. Second, in many applications, particularly in the field of medical image analysis, obtaining the ground-truth annotation may not be feasible. For example, even the experts may disagree on the correct segmentation of a microscopical image due to the similarities between the appearance of the foreground and background.
Here, 𝒲 represents the space of all parameters, n is the number of training samples, R(·) is a regularization function, and Δ(·) is a measure of the difference between the ground-truth output yi and the predicted output and hidden variable pair (yi(𝐰),hi(𝐰)).
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0.997601 |
Please stay off new sod until after the first mowing. Proper watering of sod is essential for root establishment. The day of installation, enough water should be applied to penetrate the sod and two inches of native soil.
From day two on, keep your sod and soil moist throughout the day. The roots are short so the sod cannot withstand large amounts of water at a single time. Other than the first day, the ground under the sod should never be soggy. Usually watering four to six times during the day, for approximately five to six minutes each time, is required until the roots have been established. Root establishment will usually begin within seven to fourteen days depending on the time of year your sod is installed and your environment.
Too much water will rob the roots of oxygen and in warmer weather that possibly can lead to disease. The length of each watering cycle will depend on your soil type and the output of your irrigation system. A clay type soil may need five minutes, four times a day compared to a sandy loam which may need seven minutes, five times a day. You have to judge the minutes given, but here is a tip: If the water is standing under the sod for more than just a few minutes after an irrigation set has finished or if the soil is soggy, you are probably giving the sod too much water at one time.
Avoid, if at all possible, watering into the evening hours (after five-thirty or six pm); this is one of the fastest ways to create a fungus problem. Start reducing the frequency of watering cycles just before the first mowing. This will firm up the soil for a healthy mowing cycle.
The first mowing should be approximately 14 days after the sod has been installed. In the winter you may need to wait longer for the roots to establish prior to mowing.
Never mow off more than 1/3 of the blade during a mowing cycle. This results in less stress for the plant.
Reduce the frequency of times you water at a gradual pace. You can validate the establishment of the roots by pulling up a corner of the sod, and if you feel some resistance, you can eliminate the last irrigation set of the day. However, you need to add a couple of minutes to the other irrigation sets.
Now the roots should be deep and can tolerate a few more minutes of water per cycle. In another week or so you can repeat this process until you are only watering once a day. Deeper, less frequent watering will help roots stretch down deeper and establish quickly into the soil.
Fertilize your new sod approximately four to six weeks after installation to ensure continued establishment of the roots. Our Bolero™ Lawn Food is an excellent choice for any blend or variety of sod. It can also be purchased through any of our distributors.
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Sir Richard Stafford Cripps (24 April 1889 – 21 April 1952) was a British Labour politician, who served in a number of Cabinet positions, most notably as the Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1947 to 1950.
Cripps was born in London. His father was a Conservative member of the House of Commons who late in life, as Lord Parmoor, joined the Labour Party. His mother, the former Theresa Potter, was the sister of Beatrice Webb. Cripps grew up in a wealthy family and received the benefits of an aristocratic upbringing. He was educated at Winchester College and at the University of London, where he studied chemistry. He left science for the law, and in 1912 was called to the bar as a barrister. He served in the First World War as an ambulance driver in France and also successfully managed a factory producing armaments.
At the end of the 1920s Cripps moved to the far left in his political views, and in 1930 he joined the Labour Party. The next year, Cripps was appointed Solicitor-General in the second Labour government. This post was customarily accompanied by a knighthood, making him Sir Stafford Cripps. He was not yet a Member of Parliament, so he stood for and was elected in a by-election for the solidly Labour seat of Bristol East. He moved rapidly to the left, and became an outspoken socialist and a strong proponent of Marxist social and economic policies. Although his strong faith in evangelical Christianity prevented him from subscribing to the Marxist rejection of religion, he enthusiastically advocated Marxist economic views of government control of the means of production and distribution.
In the 1931 general election, Cripps was one of only three former Labour ministers to hold their seats and so became number three in the Parliamentary Labour Party, under the leader George Lansbury and deputy leader Clement Attlee. In 1932 he was one of the founders of the Socialist League, composed largely of members of the Independent Labour Party who rejected its decision to disaffiliate from Labour. The Socialist League put the case for an austere form of democratic socialism. Tall, thin and intense, he became the archetype of the British upper-class doctrinaire socialist so common in the 1930s.
In 1936 the National Executive Committee decided to dissociate itself from a speech in which Cripps said he did not "believe it would be a bad thing for the British working class if Germany defeated us". Cripps was an early advocate of a United Front against the rising threat of fascism. In 1936 he was the moving force behind a Unity Campaign, involving the Socialist League, the ILP and the Communist Party of Great Britain, designed to forge electoral unity against the right. Opposed by the Labour leadership, the Unity Campaign was a damp squib: Cripps dissolved the Socialist League in 1937 rather than face expulsion from Labour, though Tribune, set up as the campaign's propaganda organ and bankrolled by Cripps and George Strauss, survived (and survives to this day). In early 1939, however, Cripps was expelled from the Labour Party for his advocacy of a Popular Front with the Communist Party and anti-appeasement Liberals and Conservatives.
When Winston Churchill formed his wartime coalition government in 1940, he appointed Cripps ambassador to the Soviet Union, in the (perhaps naive) view that Cripps, an avowed Marxist, was the best person to try to negotiate with Stalin, who was at this time allied with Nazi Germany through the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. Cripps led a mission to Moscow in 1940 and unsuccessfully attempted to warn Stalin of the possibility of an attack by Hitler on the Soviet Union. When Hitler attacked in June 1941, Cripps became a key figure in forging an alliance between the western powers and the Soviet Union.
In 1942 Cripps returned to Britain and made a broadcast about the Russian war effort. The popular response was phenomenal, and Cripps rapidly became one of the most popular politicians in the country, despite having no party backing. He was appointed a member of the War Cabinet, with the jobs of Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Commons — perhaps a deliberate over-promotion by Churchill, as Prime Minister, designed to diminish his standing, as he was considered for a short period after his return from the Soviet Union as perhaps nearly a rival to Churchill in his hold on the country. Indeed, the London bureau chief of the Associated Press reported in American newspapers in early March 1942 the prediction by "an extremely well-placed and reliable political source ... that there was every likelihood" that Cripps would soon unseat Churchill as prime minister. Instead, Churchill sent Cripps to India on what is known as the Cripps Mission to attempt to negotiate an agreement with the nationalist leaders Gandhi and Jinnah that would keep India loyal to the British war effort in exchange for a promise of full self-government after the war. No formal agreement was reached. For Churchill, the purpose of the trip was propaganda. Churchill intended Cripps to fail and blocked his efforts to give the Indians a role in the leadership of the war with the help of Linlithgow. Later in 1942 he stepped down from being Leader of the House of Commons and was appointed Minister of Aircraft Production, a position outside the War Cabinet but in which he served with substantial success. In 1945 Cripps rejoined the Labour Party.
When Labour won the 1945 general election, Clement Attlee appointed Cripps President of the Board of Trade, the second most important economic post in the government. Although still a strong socialist, Cripps had modified his views sufficiently to be able to work with mainstream Labour ministers. In Britain's desperate post-war economic circumstances, Cripps became associated with the policy of "austerity." As an upper-class socialist he held a puritanical view of society, and took a grim pleasure in enforcing rationing with equal severity against all classes. Together with other individuals he was instrumental in the foundation of the original College of Aeronautics, now Cranfield University, in 1946. The Vice-Chancellor's building is known as "Stafford-Cripps".
In 1946 Soviet jet engine designers approached Stalin with a request to buy jet designs from Western sources to overcome design difficulties. Stalin is said to have replied: "What fool will sell us his secrets?" However, he gave his assent to the proposal, and Soviet scientists and designers travelled to the United Kingdom to meet Cripps and request the engines. To Stalin's amazement, Cripps and the Labour government were perfectly willing to provide technical information on the Rolls-Royce Nene centrifugal-flow jet engine designed by RAF officer Frank Whittle, along with discussions of a licence to manufacture Nene engines. The Nene engine was promptly reverse-engineered and produced in modified form as the Soviet Klimov VK-1 jet engine, later incorporated into the MiG-15 which flew in time to deploy in combat against UN forces in North Korea in 1950, causing the loss of several B-29 bombers and cancellation of their daylight bombing missions over North Korea.
In 1946, Cripps returned to India as part of the so-called Cabinet Mission, which proposed various formulae for independence to the Indian leaders. The other two members of the delegation were Lord Pethick-Lawrence, the Secretary of State for India, and A. V. Alexander, the First Lord of the Admiralty. However, the solution devised by the three men, known as the Cabinet Mission Plan, was unsatisfactory to the Indian National Congress mainly its principal leaders. (Gandhi is believed to have quipped that it was a "postdated cheque on a failing bank"), and instead of having to hold together the emerging one nation, Indian National Congress leaders travelled further down the road that eventually led to Partition.
In 1947, amid a growing economic and political crisis, Cripps tried to persuade Attlee to retire in favour of Ernest Bevin; however, Bevin was in favour of Attlee remaining. Cripps was instead appointed to the new post of Minister for Economic Affairs. Six weeks later Hugh Dalton resigned as Chancellor of the Exchequer and Cripps succeeded him, with the position of Minister for Economic Affairs now merged into the Chancellorship. Cripps laboured tirelessly to rescue Britain from its economic crisis. He increased taxes and forced a reduction in consumption in an effort to boost exports and stabilise the Pound Sterling so that Britain could trade its way out of its crisis. He strongly supported the nationalisation of strategic industries such as coal and steel.
Although Cripps's severe manner and harsh policies made him unpopular, he won respect for the sincerity of his convictions and his tireless labours for Britain's recovery. His name once induced an infamous Spoonerism when the BBC announcer McDonald Hobley introduced him as 'Sir Stifford Crapps'.
Cripps had suffered for many years from colitis, inflammation of the lower bowel, a condition aggravated by excessive stress. In 1950 his health broke down under the strain and he was forced to resign his office in October. He resigned from Parliament the same month, and at the resulting by-election on 30 November he was succeeded as MP for Bristol South East by Tony Benn. Cripps died two years later while recuperating in Switzerland.
Sir John Stafford Cripps (1912-1993) whose only son is married, and has issue. Sir John's son and grandson are in remainder to the Barony Parmoor.
(Anne) Theresa Cripps (1919-1998), who was married 1945 to Sir Robert Cornwallis Gerald St. Leger Ricketts, 7th Bt, and had two sons and two daughters. The elder son Sir Tristam Ricketts, 8th Bt. succeeded his father, died in 2007, and has been succeeded by his own son, Sir Stephen Ricketts, 9th Bt.
Cripps was a vegetarian, certainly for health reasons and possibly also for ethical reasons. "Cripps suffered from recurring illness which was alleviated by nature cure and a vegetarian diet...".
^ Maurice Cowling, The Impact of Hitler. British Politics and British Policies, 1933-1940 (Chicago University Press, 1977), p. 215.
^ Drew Middleton, Says Cripps May be New English Prime Minister, Mason City Globe-Gazette, 1942-03-05, at 2, available at NewspaperArchive.com.
^ Twigg, Julia. 1981. The Vegetarian Movement in England, 1847-1981: A Study of the Structure of Its Ideology. PhD Thesis, London School of Economics, p. 247, 292.
Sir Richard Stafford Cripps (April 24, 1889 – April 21, 1952) was a British Labour politician.
The Times, 15 November, 1936.
Speech on 23 May, 1938.
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0.999957 |
Minimizing Moving Costs The most essential part of moving is the planning stage. The planning sets the stage for the execution afterward, and if done properly, will make your move not only smoother but cheaper as well, besides saving on time too. Here are a few tips to make your move easier on the clock and on the wallet: 1. Do away with the excess. When we say “do away” we don't necessarily mean throw them away; try to determine first what things you'll be taking with you and the things you'll be leaving behind. Be practical and don't rely too much on sentimental value. This in itself saves you space, and therefore money. You can dispose of the things you'll be leaving behind by putting up a garage sale for some extra funds, which are always handy to have, no matter how small the amount you raise. 2. Make a detailed plan Before you actually do all the physical work, try to put it all down on paper first. Allot significant amounts of time for the heavy tasks like packing. 3. Go for recycled Buying recycled and / or used boxes is way cheaper than buying new ones. Just be sure to check for any damage that might cause the contents to spill out during transit.
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0.988915 |
Craft a better sandwich with natural choice 100% all-natural (minimally processed, no artificial ingredients) deli meats. Our juicy sliced turkey is raised without any added hormones. Yup, that's right - zero. You can feel good about stacking those thick and meaty slices high for a tasty treat that satisfies. Make the natural choice.
Ingredients Turkey Breast Meat, Water, Salt, Potato Starch, Turbinado Sugar, Rice Starch, Carrageenan (From Seaweed), Baking Soda, Natural Flavoring (Celery Juice Powder), Lactic Acid Starter Culture (Not from Milk).
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0.998346 |
Are you one of these people who think that music theory is useless or restricts your creativity? If so, here's my question for you: are you absolutely SURE that you are actually learning music theory and not something else entirely? If you are struggling in making music theory work for you, maybe it's because you are studying the wrong things! Let me explain.
There seems to be a widespread misconception of what music theory is and what music theory isn't (or is just accessory to it). A lot of people confuse music theory with music notation, or with learning by heart the spelling of all scales. While these things may help in some specific contexts, they are not part of what music theory really is - and if you focus on these, then it's easy to get sidetracked.
Music theory is the study of how you can control the emotional impact of your music. I know this definition may sound strange, but if you think about it, every concept in music theory is there because it has an emotional impact on the listener. We study consonance and dissonance because they have a psychological effect on the listener. We study keys and chords because they help us composing pieces that have a sense of unity (rather than sounding like random disconnected notes). We study scales because every scale has a specific feeling to it.
This is one of the most widespread and damaging beliefs I have seen. While music notation may be useful or even necessary to study some areas of music theory (counterpoint comes to mind), it's not music theory per se.
In fact, I know a lot of musicians who do not know standard notation, but know music theory well. There is no need to understand standard notation in order to understand how chord progressions work, how to work with rhythm, how to use musical form in your songs, and many other things.
If you keep thinking that music notation is music theory, then take a page from the movie composer Hans Zimmer (Gladiator, the Dark Knight) who writes and arranges all his works on the computer using a piano roll rather than a score. He IS using music theory as an aid for composing but he is NOT using music notation.
Sure, knowing a bit of music theory jargon is very useful: after all it's just faster to say "E Phrygian dominant scale" than "E F G# A B C D... here put this finger here and there...". The problem arise when people misunderstanding knowing the names of thing for real understanding.
Names are just shortcuts we use when we communicate with each other. It does not really matter to the listener if you know that what you are playing is called a "Phrygian Dominant" scale or not... and in fact it does not even matter to you, if you know how to use it.
Many songwriters who say "I don't know any theory", have in fact an intuitive understanding of basic theory, they just don't know the names! Just the other day I was talking with a singer-songwriter and she was trying to tell me that she always finishes her songs with some 'stock' chord progressions. After a short conversation, it became apparent that she was talking about standard 4-1 and 5-1 cadences (respectively plagal and authentic cadences), and she knew exactly how to use them. Would knowing these names give her superior understanding?
Ever seen those "name that chord" threads that happen in any guitar online forum? "Hey my notes are F B D# G#, what chord is this?". The thing that puzzles me is that once somebody writes the name of the chord, then the thread ends... as if knowing the symbol we use to indicate it was granting us actual knowledge.
In music theory we are more interested in how the chord sounds, in what chord progressions you can use it, what other chords will work with it, how its notes tend to move, what alterations are possible. Naming the chord is the least of our concerns because it adds nothing to your ability to actually make music. Think about it: if you could magically know the names of all chords, would you really be a better composer?
Another damaging misconception is that if you learn just a few scale patterns then you are doing music theory. I already expressed my negative opinion on 'scale systems" like the CAGED system in other articles, so I will not spend a lot of time on it. I just want to remark that all this focus on playing "the A shape" or "the G shape" is just adding another layer of jargon on top of an already unclear situation (for the student).
It is not a chance that a lot of players brought up in these "scale systems" have issues with music theory or focus on things that are not musical useful. A simple rule of thumb here would be: "if you can also do it on another instrument, then you are on the right road". You can't play a "A shape" scale on a piano, but you CAN play a D major scale, for instance. Focus on music theory, not fretboard theory.
So how do I know if it's real theory?
By the way it is taught. Learning music theory can only be done in an experiential way: that is you must HEAR the musical effect of EVERY concept you study. If you learn a scale, you need to also hear it. The same applies if you learn a new chord, a new chord progression, or any new 'trick'. This is what ear training should be, incidentally.
The litmus test is this: every time you learn something, ask yourself if you can compose a very short piece of music using what you learned. If the answer is 'no' then you are not really learning anything.
Every time you study theory, you would be well-served in changing the questions "how is it called" and "how is it notated" into the more useful questions: "how it works", and "how can I use it".
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0.999414 |
How do you close out a project and record the learning outcomes?
Project closing is as important as other processes in project management. Project closure is all about gathering all the information and experience gathered throughout the project. If the solution is implemented and the team immediately disbands, you don’t have an opportunity to wrap up the loose ends, perform staff evaluations, document key learnings or ensure that appropriate deliverables are transitioned to operations. Of course, a project can end unsuccessfully as well. Even in this case, there are still key learnings, team evaluations and other wrap-up activities to make the most of what was done on the project.
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0.999999 |
Each of these conditional sentences is incorrect. What should be the correct one?
1. If only she warned him in time, his life might have been saved.
1. If only she had warned him in time, his life might have been saved.
2. If the dog had been chained, it had not bitten the salesman.
2. If the dog had been chained, it would not have bitten the salesman.
3. If the tyre/tire was not punctured, they could have arrived earlier.
3. If the tyre/tire had not punctured, they could have arrived earlier.
4. If he had an account in the bank, he can deposit the cheque.
4. If he had an account in the bank, he could deposit the cheque.
5. If the rescuers hadn't been quick enough, the girl would drown.
5. If the rescuers hadn't been quick enough, the girl would have drowned.
6. If she had not stopped talking, she will have to leave the library.
6. If she had not stopped talking, she would have to leave the library.
7. If I have found the keys, I would have given them to you.
7. If I had found the keys, I would have given them to you.
8. If you have eaten less and exercised more, you will have lost some weight.
8. If you had eaten less and exercised more, you would have lost some weight.
9. If he fallen from the tree, he would broken his neck.
9. If he had fallen from the tree, he would have broken his neck.
10. If I cook more, I would invited your friends for lunch.
10. If I had cooked more, I would have invited your friends for lunch.
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0.941845 |
On the evening of August 4, 1914, Walter Davidson, the Governor of Newfoundland, received a cable informing him that Britain was at war. As a colony, Newfoundland and Labrador officially entered the warA British colony's foreign policy was determined by the British Foreign Office. when Britain did. However, the exact role the colony would play was still to be determined.
naval serviceThis promise may have been made because many Newfoundlanders and Labradorians had close ties to the sea. Therefore, the Governor probably felt it would be easier to raise more men for the navy. On August 9, the British Government sent a reply saying "His Majesty's Government gladly accepts the offer of the Newfoundland Government to raise troops for land service abroad. Will telegraph later as to Naval Reserve." On August 14, the British Admiralty accepted the proposal to increase the Royal Naval Reserve to 1000.. Prime Minister Patrick Morris supported this decision without calling the Legislature together.
On August 12, 1914, a public citizens' meeting in St. John's endorsed the actions taken by the GovernmentAt the outbreak of war, Newfoundland and Labrador did not have a Ministry of Militia. There were no plans in place should a war occur and there were no military organizations except for the Royal Naval Reserve, which trained men to serve in the British Royal Navy if required. and passed a resolution that led to the creation of the Newfoundland Patriotic Committee. (The committee was soon re-named the Patriotic Association of NewfoundlandThe Patriotic Association of Newfoundland was a committee of more than 50 citizens appointed by the Governor. The committee members represented all political views.
The committee was formed to carry out the functions of raising, equipping, transporting, and caring for the land contingent dispatched from Newfoundland and Labrador to fight in the King's service in Europe. It was also responsible for enlisting and equipping men for home defence..) The committee assumed responsibility for recruiting, training, and equipping the Newfoundland Regiment during most of the war.
Governor Davidson and Prime Minister Morris organized a meeting of prominent St. John's citizens which, in turn, unanimously passed resolutions calling on the Governor to appoint a public committee to supervise and control Newfoundland and Labrador's forthcoming part in the war.
In effect, the Newfoundland Patriotic Committee, as it was first named (later to be called the Patriotic Association of Newfoundland), took on the responsibilities of government that in other countries was the work of Departments of Militia.
In creating the Newfoundland Patriotic Committee, the Morris administration hoped to remove partisan politics from the war effort, and thus improve its own public image. To do so, the administration first got Liberal, and then Unionist, support for the Association. Morris hoped that this broad, political unity would also divert public attention from the widespread economic issues that would certainly follow as a result of war.
Opposition parties also gave their support to the war effort. In a special session of the Legislature on September 2 to discuss the colony's contribution, the Leader of the Opposition, John Kent, stated "This is not a time when we should think of Party differences. This is a time when our land calls for united action!"
Although Newfoundland's commitment to the war was widely supported, some individuals did question how much it would cost the colony. One of these people was William Coaker, politician and founder of the Fishermen's Protective Union (FPU). Coaker was also Editor of the Mail and Advocate, the official paper of the FPU and the only paper in the colony not dependent on government advertising for its survival.
"Let England's hour of necessity come, and she will find in Newfoundland 20,000 of the primest warriors ever born, ready to do or die. That day is yet far off and the Colony's chief duty now is to put her house in order and arrange things so that in event of the hour of necessity arising Terra Nova's sons will be strong and healthy and prepared to meet the foe. Half starved men will be useless as fighters. Thousands through the failure of the fishery will have to fight starvation, an enemy fifty times more dreaded than the Germans on the field of battle or the seas."
Under pressure from the governing coalition, of which he was a part, Coaker eventually supported the war when, in 1917, he voted for a conscription (mandatory enlistment) bill. He even went so far as to actively recruit from the Fishermen's Protective Union. Sixty-nine young men, who became known as “Coaker's Recruits”, enlisted to represent not only Newfoundland but also the FPU. Ten of these recruits died in action or from wounds received in action.
At the end of the war, the issue of the cost of the war to the colony would be one that proved significant to its future. The Government of Newfoundland contributed over $15 million to the war effort. This amount grew to over $38 million by the 1930s when pensions and interest on war loans were included. The ultimate result was the colony's loss of independence in 1934.
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0.989889 |
Being accused of involvement in illicit drug activity can be a frightening process. Those who encounter allegations of drug crimes may feel somewhat unnerved by the experience, and they might be uncertain how to respond upon being questioned by authorities. A woman has been arrested and is facing drug charges after police claim to have found her taking up residence in a vacant building in Wisconsin.
According to police, the incident took place as officers claim to have encountered a door that was open at a local building that had been vacant for years. They proceeded to search the building and call out to notify any possible occupants. Although no one answered their calls, officers say they found a room with a light on and a closed door, and upon opening the door, they claim to have found the woman laying on a bed.
Police assert that the woman was the subject of an active warrant, and she was taken into custody. Authorities also claim that a subsequent search led to the discovery of a substance that the woman allegedly admitted to be methamphetamine. She is reportedly facing numerous charges in relation to the incident, including possession of methamphetamine and drug paraphernalia.
With the potential gravity of a conviction for drug crimes, those who face similar charges may find it advisable to seek guidance early on. By speaking with a defense attorney, a person in Wisconsin could gain an understanding of what to expect from the process and guidance in forming a strong defense. An attorney can work toward protecting a client's legal rights and assist in pursuing the best outcome possible during legal proceedings.
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0.948464 |
CDC4, which encodes an F-box protein that is a member of the Skp1-Cdc53/Cul1-F-box (SCF) ubiquitin E3 ligase, was initially identified in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as an essential gene for progression through G1-S transition of the cell cycle. Although Candida albicans CDC4 (CaCDC4) can release the mitotic defect caused by the loss of CDC4 in S. cerevisiae, CaCDC4 is nonessential and suppresses filamentation.
To further elucidate the function of CaCDC4, a C. albicans strain, with one CaCDC4 allele deleted and the other under the repressible C. albicans MET3 promoter (CaMET3 p) control, was made before introducing cassettes capable of doxycycline (Dox)-induced expression of various C. albicans Cdc4 (Ca Cdc4) domains. Cells from each strain could express a specific Ca Cdc4 domain under Dox-induced, but CaMET3-CaCDC4 repressed conditions. Cells expressing domains without either the F-box or WD40-repeat exhibited filamentation and flocculation similarly to those lacking CaCDC4 expression, indicating the functional essentiality of the F-box and WD40-repeat. Notably, cells expressing the N-terminal 85-amino acid truncated Ca Cdc4 partially reverse the filament-to-yeast and weaken the ability to flocculate compared to those expressing the full-length Ca Cdc4, suggesting that N-terminal 85-amino acid of Ca Cdc4 regulates both morphogenesis and flocculation.
The F-box and the WD40-repeat of Ca Cdc4 are essential in inhibiting yeast-to-filament transition and flocculation. The N-terminal region (1–85) of Ca Cdc4 also has a positive role for its function, lost of which impairs both the ability to flocculate and to reverse filamentous growth in C. albicans.
Candida albicans is a natural diploid without a complete sexual cycle and exists as yeast, pseudohyphal, and hyphal cells . It is capable of a morphological switch induced by environmental stimuli , essentially via cAMP-mediated and MAPK signaling pathways . Importantly, its ability to alter morphology among cell types is associated with virulence to humans . Many cell cycle regulators including cyclins are also known to control morphogenesis in C. albicans.
Recently, an F-box protein encoded C. albicans CDC4 (CaCDC4) has been shown to play a role in filamentous development [6, 7]. Cdc4, originally identified in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, encodes ubiquitin E3 ligases, which belongs to a member of the Skp1-Cdc53/Cul1-F-box (SCF) complex. This complex is known to play a role in ubiquitin-proteasome dependent degradation of regulatory proteins in eukaryotes . A specific SCF complex is designated by its associated F-box protein. This protein is variable with two interacting domains of F-box for Skp1 and WD40-repeat (or LRR) for specific substrates , such that Cdc4 can be named SCFCdc4. To progress through the G1-S transition in S. cerevisiae, SCFCdc4 is required to degrade Sic1 and Far1 , which are the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. Therefore, S. cerevisiae CDC4 (ScCDC4) is essential in S. cerevisiae.
Although Ca Cdc4 is a structural homolog of S. cerevisiae Cdc4 (Sc Cdc4) and is capable of rescuing the mitotic defect caused by the loss of ScCDC4 in S. cerevisiae, the functions of Ca Cdc4 and ScCdc4 are dissimilar as the null Cacdc4 mutant is viable and the depletion of Ca Cdc4 causes the accumulation of Sol1 (Sic1 like) for hyphal development rather than initiation of cell cycle arrest . This verifies that CaCDC4 is nonessential and suppresses filamentation and suggests that controlling the degradation on Sol1 in C. albicans by Ca Cdc4 is important for inhibition of filamentation. Therefore, while C. albicans Sol1 is likely a substrate of SCFCaCdc4, which can be demonstrated by the reduction of Sol1 when Ca Cdc4 is overexpressed , there has not been any direct evidence to support this hypothesis. Additionally, the filamentous properties for mutants of Cacdc4 null and Cacdc4 sol1 double null were comparable. This refutes the idea that Sol1 is the sole target of Ca Cdc4. Indeed, with an affinity-purification approach, we have isolated at least two novel Ca Cdc4-associated proteins that are potential substrates of Ca Cdc4.
To further elucidate the role of CaCDC4 and its mediation through a characteristic F-box protein of SCF ubiquitin E3 ligase in C. albicans, we have sought to dissect the Ca Cdc4 domains associated with filamentation. In this study, we made a C. albicans strain with one deleted CaCDC4 allele and repressed the other by CaMET3 promoter (CaMET3 p) using methionine and cysteine (Met/Cys). We used this strain to introduce plasmids capable of inducing expression of various Ca Cdc4 domains with doxycycline (Dox). We observed the roles of F-box and WD40-repeat for Ca Cdc4 function and the possible role of the N-terminal 85-amino acid for morphogenesis. We also showed that C. albicans cells that lacked Ca Cdc4 triggered flocculation. Moreover, we found that N-terminal 85-amino acid of Ca Cdc4 is required for inhibition of both filamentation and flocculation.
E. coli strain DH5α was used for the routine manipulation of the plasmids. They were grown at 37°C in LB broth medium or on plates containing 1.5% agar (Difco, BD Biosciences), with 50 μg/ml ampicillin or 30 μg/ml kanamycin. All C. albicans strains (Table 1) were derived from auxotrophic strain BWP17 (arg4/arg4 his1/his1 ura3/ura3) . They were grown at 30°C in either yeast extract-peptone-dextrose (YEPD) or supplemented minimal synthetic defined (SD) medium with 2% glucose with or without 2% agar . While Ura+ prototrophs were selected on SD agar plates without uridine, His+ prototrophs were selected on SD plates without histidine. Selection for the loss of the C. albicans URA3 (CaURA3) marker was performed on plates with 50 μg/ml uridine and 1 mg/ml 5-fluoroorotic acid (5-FOA, MD Bio). To repress the CaCDC4 expression that was controlled by CaMET3 p, strains were grown on SD medium or on plates with 2.5 mM Met/Cys, which has been shown to optimally switch off the expression of the CaMET3 p-driven downstream gene . To induce gene expression under the Tet-on system, 40 μg/ml Dox (Sigma) was added to YEPD or SD media.
Plasmid DNA was extracted routinely from E. coli cultures using Gene-SpinTM MiniPrep purification Kit-V2 (PRO TECH, Taipei, Taiwan) and the instructions provided by the manufacturer. E. coli was transformed with plasmid DNA by using CaCl2. The DNA cassettes were introduced into C. albicans by the lithium acetate method as described previously .
Initially, a strain with repressed CaCDC4 expression was made. A mini-Ura-blaster cassette, flanked with 60-bp sequences homologous to CaCDC4, was PCR-amplified using a template of plasmid pDDB57 and long primers of CaCDC4-URA3-F and CaCDC4-URA3-R (Table 1). BWP17 was transformed by integration of the cassette into the CaCDC4 locus to generate Ura+ strain JSCA0018. The plasmid pFA-HIS1-MET3p-CaCDC4, with a partial CaCDC4 coding sequence for N-terminal Ca Cdc4 (1–563), was linearized with Bsp EI and used to transform JSCA0018 to generate His+ JSCA0021 (Figure 1A; Table 1). Cells of JSCA0021 were plated with 5-FOA to induce recombination between two copies of dpl200 flanking the mini-Ura-blaster for a loss of CaURA3 to generate JSCA0022.
Construction of a C. albicans strain for repressibly expressing CaCDC4 . (A) Strain construction (detailed in the Methods). The first CaCDC4 allele on BWP17 was deleted by mini-Ura-blaster to obtain JSCA0018. Plasmid pFA-HIS1-MET3p-CaCDC4 containing partial CaCDC4 coding sequence was linearized at a unique site for introducing into strain JSCA0018 to generate JSCA0021. 5-FOA was used to counter-select CaURA3 removal to obtain JSCA0022 for re-introducing the Tet-on plasmid with a CaURA3 marker. (B) Verification of constructed strains by Southern blotting analysis. Organization of the CaCDC4 locus with respect to Nde I sites is shown. The relative positions of the probe used and the predicted Nde I-digested pattern of the CaCDC4 locus are indicated. Two Nde I-fragments of 14 kb and 8.5 kb, specific to CaCDC4, could be detected in genomic DNA from BWP17 digested with Nde I; two Nde I-fragments of 8.5 kb and 4.5 kb, specific to CaCDC4 and Cacdc4::URA3-dpl200, respectively, could be detected in JCSA0018; two Nde I-fragments of 4.5 kb and 7.4 kb specific to Cacdc4::URA3-dpl200 and Cacdc4::P MET3 -CDC4:HIS1, respectively, could be detected in JSCA0021; and two Nde I-fragments of 13.5 kb and 7.4 kb specific to Cacdc4::dpl200 and Cacdc4::P MET3 -CDC4:HIS1, respectively, could be detected in JSCA0022. A non-specific Nde I-fragment is indicated as “*” can be detected in all strains tested.
To allow the expression of cassettes encoding assorted Ca Cdc4 domains in C. albicans, a Tet-on plasmid, pTET25M , which is derived from pTET25 for inducing gene expression with Dox, has been developed. To regulate CaCDC4 expression by the Tet-on system, the coding sequence of CaCDC4 was PCR-amplified using plasmid CaCDC4-SBTA bearing CaCDC4 (Lai WC, unpublished results), primers CaCDC4-SalI and CaCDC4-BglII (Table 2), and Pfu polymerase (5 U/μl, MD bio), digested with Sal I and Bgl II for cloning into pTET25M, from which pTET25M-CaCDC4 was generated. Moreover, CaCDC4-6HF, which encodes 6×histidine and FLAG (6HF) tags at the C-terminal of Ca Cdc4, was PCR-amplified with primers CaCDC4-6HF SalI and CaCDC4-6HF BglII (Table 2), followed by digestion with Sal I and Bgl II and cloning into pTET25M to obtain pTET25M-CaCDC4-6HF.
a Restriction enzyme sites are in italics.
b Sequences complementary to those encoding 6×His and FLAG are in lower case letters. The italics has been used for restriction enzymes as in note “a”. The underline is new replaced with lower case letters.
To define the function of the distinct Ca Cdc4 domains (Figure 2A), different CaCDC4 portions were used to replace the full length CaCDC4 coding sequence on pTET25M-CaCDC4-6HF. By using the primer sets listed in Table 2, the following constructs were made: pTET25M-ΔNCaCDC4-6HF (with primers CaCDC4 ΔN AatII and CaCDC4 ΔN XhoI), which encodes the N-terminal truncated Ca Cdc4; pTET25M-F-6HF (with primers CaCDC4 F-box AatII and CaCDC4 F-box XhoI), which encodes the F-box domain with flanking regions; pTET25M-WD40-6HF (with primers CaCDC4 WD40 AatII and CaCDC4 ΔN XhoI), which encodes eight copies of WD40-repeat; and pTET25M-ΔNF-6HF (with primers CaCDC4 ΔN AatII and CaCDC4 F-box XhoI), which encodes truncated N-terminal Ca Cdc4 and the F-box domain. All inserts of the constructs were released with Aat II and Xho I to replace the full-length CaCDC4 on pTET25M-CaCDC4-6HF. Consequently, plasmids bearing those CaCDC4 segments flanked with common C. albicans ADH1 (CaADH1) sites were digested with Sac II and Kpn I, each of which was transformed into C. albicans for integration at the CaADH1 locus. All strains were verified by colony PCR with specific primers before subjecting to Southern blotting analysis.
Morphological analysis of the constructed CaCDC4 repressible strains. Cells of strains JSCA0021 and JSCA0022 were grown on SD medium or plates with (+) or without (-) Met/Cys. Colonies were photographed with MEIJI stereoscopic microscope EMZ5 at 40× magnification (top panel). Cells in liquid culture were visualized and recorded with a Nikon 50i microscope at 400× magnification (bottom panel). Bars represent 10 μm.
Genomic DNA from the C. albicans strains was isolated by the MasterPure™ Yeast DNA Purification Kit (Epicentre®, an Illumina company) according to the manufacture’s instruction. Southern blotting was performed with the aid of the Rapid Downward Transfer System (TurboBlotter™, Whatman) using 10 μg of the restriction enzyme-digested genomic DNA. The DNA on the blot was hybridized with a probe amplified by the PCR DIG probe synthesis kit (Roche) with the primers CaCDC4_Probe_F and CaCDC4_Probe_R for CaCDC4 locus or CaADH1 Probe_F and CaADH1 probe_R for ADH1 locus (Table 2) using DIG Easy Hyb (Roche). To reveal the structure of gene locus, the DIG Luminescent Detection Kit (Roche) was used after hybridization, and the luminescent images of blot were captured with the imaging analysis system (ImageQuant LAS4000 mini, GE Healthcare Life Sciences).
Cultured cells were collected, and the total protein from each sample was extracted as described previously . The proteins were resolved by 10% SDS-PAGE and transferred to PVDF membranes (PerkinElmer, Boston, USA). Proteins on the membranes were probed with polyclonal antibody to FLAG (Sigma) in 1:2000 dilution and detected using the SuperSignal West Pico Chemiluminescent Substrate Kit (PIERCE). These were recorded with the Luminescent Image Analyzer (FUJIFILM LAS-1000) and analyzed by ImageGauge 3.46 and L Process v 1.96 (FUJIFILM).
The cells of strains were streaked on YPD agar plate for 3 days and colonies were picked and inoculated into SD medium with required supplements for 48 hrs. Next, the cultures were diluted into fresh SD medium to 0.1 of an initial OD600 with required supplements. To simultaneously repress the expression of CaMET3 p-driven CaCDC4 and to induce the expression of various CaCDC4 segments encoding series of Ca Cdc4 domains, 2.5 mM Met/Cys and 40 μg/ml Dox were also added into the SD medium. After 48 hrs, the cultures were spun down for 1 minute at 500 rpm, and the suspensions of the cultures were sampled to determine their optical density at OD600. Three independent assays were conducted and each sample was assayed in duplication. A paired Student t test with p < 0.05 was considered significance.
The FLO-encoded flocculins are known to be essential for flocculation in S. cerevisiae. Functional homologues of FLO genes have been found in C. albicans. In particular, the important S. cerevisiae gene FLO11 responsible for flocculation has C. albicans functional counterpart ALS1. Since FLO11-associated flocculation is dependent on the presence of Ca2+, we adopted an alternative flocculation assay in which the rate of flocculation is initiated by Ca2+ and the optical density was assessed within a short time-frame . Briefly, to initiate flocculation, an aliquot of 800 μl deflocculated cell suspension was transferred into a 1-ml cuvette, followed by addition of 200 μl of 100 mM CaCl2. The cuvette was mixed robustly by pipetting and the absorbance (OD600) was assessed instantly at 30-s intervals for 5 minutes using a spectrophotometer (DU800, Beckman Coulter, Inc.). All assays were conducted in triplicate.
To establish C. albicans strains capable of expressing CaCDC4 and its domains solely controlled under a Tet promoter directly in C. albicans, BWP17, with both alleles of CaCDC4 deleted, was constructed to accommodate Tet-on plasmid cassettes capable of expressing assorted Ca Cdc4 domains induced by Dox. The first allele of CaCDC4 was deleted in BWP17 by mini-Ura-blaster to generate the JSCA0018 strain (Figure 1A; Table 1). This strain was used to delete the second CaCDC4 allele to obtain a Cacdc4 null mutant. However, Cacdc4 null mutant cells growing as filamentous form with toughened cell walls obstructed transformation.
To overcome this problem, the strain JSCA0021 (Figure 1A; Table 1) was created that had one CaCDC4 allele deleted and the other under CaMET3 control that was Met/Cys repressible. To allow the introduction of Tet-on cassettes with the same CaURA3 selectable marker as the mini-Ura-blaster on JSCA0021, 5-FOA was used as a counter-selection agent to remove CaURA3 from JSCA0021, from which JSCA0022 was obtained (Figure 1A; Table 1). The strains were PCR-confirmed with specific primers before subjecting to Southern blotting analysis. The CaCDC4 locus from BWP17 strain could detect two Nde I-digested fragments with size of 14 kb and 8.5 kb, respectively (Figure 1B). The size shifting of Nde I-fragment flanking CaCDC4 from 14 kb to 4.5 kb demonstrated that one CaCDC4 allele was integrated with the mini-Ura-blaster cassette as in strain JSCA0018 (Figure 1B). The size shifting of Nde I-fragment flanking CaCDC4 from 8.5 kb to 7.4 kb demonstrated that the other CaCDC4 allele integrated with the MET3-diven CaCDC4 plasmid as in strain JSCA0021 (Figure 1B). Strain JSCA0021 could be further popped out the mini-Ura-blaster cassette to obtain strain JSCA0022 in which the size shifting of Nde I-fragment flanking CaCDC4 from 4.5 kb to 13.5 kb (Figure 1B). These results indicate that all strains constructed have expected organizations in their genome.
It has been shown that Ura— auxotrophic mutants are avirulent and other virulence-associated features can be influenced by the level of CaURA3 gene expression . To assess presence of CaURA3 having effect on yeast-to-filament transition, the yeast-to-filament transitions between strain JSCA0021 and JSCA0022 were compared, cells of those strains were assessed under CaMET3 p repressed or de-repressed conditions. Cells of both strains on SD plates without Met/Cys grew as circular colonies with smooth surfaces (Figure 2). By contrast, cells on plates with Met/Cys formed irregular colonies with filaments (Figure 2). Under the microscope, these strains exhibited equivalent filamentous forms, suggesting a comparable ability to deplete CaCDC4 for expression and inability of CaURA3 interfering with yeast-to-filament transition in C. albicans. Subsequently, JSCA0022 was used as a parental strain to introduce the Tet-on cassettes (with CaURA3 marker) that encoded assorted Ca Cdc4 domains.
The filamentous development of JSCA0022 under CaMET3 p-CaCDC4 repressed conditions, with Met/Cys and the Tet-on system, allows us to study the function of the Ca Cdc4 domains. A set of Tet-on cassettes (obtained from pTET25M-CaCDC4-6HF, pTET25M-ΔN-6HF, pTET25M-F-box-6HF, pTET25M-WD40-6HF, and pTET25M-ΔNF-6HF) that encoded each of the assorted domains of Ca Cdc4 (Figure 3A) were used to transform JSCA0022 (which contained a CaMET3 p-repressible CaCDC4) to Ura+ by integration at the CaADH1 locus (Figure 3B). The correctness of the strains was confirmed by yeast colony PCR with specific primers before Southern blotting analysis. The CaADH1 locus from strain JSCA0022 could detect a Spe I-digested fragment with size of 3.3 kb (Figure 3C). The CaADH1 locus from strains JSCA0023 and JSCA0024 detected an increased Spe I-digested fragment of 9.4 kb due to the integration of Tet-on cassettes of either pTET25M-CaCDC4 or pTET25M-CaCDC4-6HF (Figure 3C). The CaADH1 locus from other strains also showed expected alteration in size according to the size of different CaCDC4 domains (Figure 3C). These results confirmed the correctness of the strains.
Construction of C. albicans strains for Dox-inducing the expression of assorted CaCDC4 domains. (A) Schematic representation of Ca Cdc4 domains expressed from the Tet-on system. The strains with which they are derived and predicted Tet-on cassette size are shown (B) Generation of Tet-on cassettes for expressing assorted CaCdc4 domains. Different portions of CaCDC4 were PCR-generated with primer sets (Table 2) containing common Aat II and Xho I sites for replacing full-length CaCDC4 on pTET25M-CaCDC4-6HF as described in the Methods. By digestion with Sac II and Kpn I, each cassette was used to transform C. albicans strain JSCA0022 for integration into the CaADH1 locus. (C) Verification of Tet-on cassettes being integrated into CaADH1 locus by Southern blotting analysis. Organization of the CaADH1 locus with respect to Spe I sites is shown in Figure 3B. The relative positions of the probe used and the predicted Spe I-digested pattern of the CaADHI locus are indicated in Figure 3B. One Spe I-fragment of 3.3 kb specific to CaADH1 locus could be detected in genomic DNA from strain JSCA0022 and its derivatives digested with Spe I. The correctness of integration of the cassette into the CaADH1 locus of various strains was confirmed by alteration of the Spe I-fragment from size of 3.3 kb to 9.4 kb (Figure 3B) or various sizes as indicated in Figure 3A.
The JSCA0022 strain, which expressed the non-tagged and repressible Ca Cdc4, was used as a negative control. The sample obtained from JSCA0022 contained two prominent proteins of approximately 55 kDa and 72 kDa (Figure 4A) which were presumably a result of cross-reactivity to the anti-FLAG antibody. Those two proteins were used as an internal control. The F-box and WD40-repeat proteins from strains JSCA0026 and JSCA0027 migrated to their expected positions of approximately 19 kDa and 43 kDa (Figure 4A), respectively. However, the full-length Ca Cdc4 and the N-terminus truncated Ca Cdc4 (ΔN) from strains JSCA0024 and JSCA0025 exhibited signals at positions corresponding to 100 kDa and over 100 kDa (Figure 4A), respectively, as opposed to 86 kDa and 77 kDa, respectively. Three distinctive signals (Figure 4A) were observed for strain JSCA0030 expressing ΔNF of Ca Cdc4, but none of them matched the expected size of 34 kDa; however, the signal at the lowest position could be meaningful. These patterns of expression were similar to strains expressing each of the domains, with either BWP17 or JSCA0021 as a parental strain (Lai WC, unpublished results). Therefore, even though some of the strains expressed domains with unexpected size, they were unique from the negative control of JSCA0022. We concluded that the Tet-on system functions in JSCA0022 and that Ca Cdc4 might be undergoing undefined modifications.
Morphological analysis of C. albicans strains capable of Dox-inducing the expression of assorted CaCDC4 domains. Cells were grown initially in SD medium without Met/Cys to saturation and were diluted to the same initial concentration. Cells were grown exponentially in SD in the absence of 2.5 mM Met/Cys, with or without 50 μg/ml Dox (-Met/Cys + Dox or -Met/Cys), or in the presence of 2.5 mM Met/Cys, with or without 50 μg/ml Dox (+Met/Cys + Dox or + Met/Cys). (A) The Dox-inducibly expressing assorted Ca Cdc4 protein domains under CaMET3-CaCDC4 repressed conditions was verified by Western blotting with polyclonal antibody to FLAG. The non-specific signals between 72 and 55 kDa, and between 55 and 40 kDa are served as a loading controls. (B) The images were visualized and recorded with a Nikon 50i microscope at 400× magnification. The arrow in white indicates filamentous cells. Bars represent 10 μm. The designations of strains are the same as in Table 1.
To determine the function of the assorted Ca Cdc4 domains, JSCA0022-based strains capable of repressing CaCDC4 and inducing expression of assorted Ca Cdc4 domains were grown in SD medium with or without Met/Cys and in the presence or absence of Dox. Cells from strains in SD medium without Met/Cys grew as yeast in the presence or absence of Dox (Figure 4B). By contrast, cells from strains in medium with Met/Cys grew with filaments (Figure 4B). As expected, cells of JSCA0023 and JSCA0024 growing on medium with Met/Cys and Dox and that expressed the full-length Ca Cdc4 with or without tag grew as yeast. Disregarding the full-length Ca Cdc4, cells from all strains, except JSCA0025 expressing assorted domains, still grew as filaments (Figure 4B). Under Met/Cys and Dox conditions, cells from JSCA0025 expressing the N-terminal 85-amino acid truncated Ca Cdc4 seemed to have an ability to suppress filamentation but not complete back to the yeast form (Figure 4B). This is in consistent with our previous observation in which, comparing with cells capable of expressing the full-length Ca Cdc4 under the CaMET3 p repressible control, those cells expressing the N-terminal 85-amino acid truncated Ca Cdc4 lagged behind in reaching exponential stage (Additional file 1: Figure S1) and converted to filamentous form earlier (Additional file 2: Figure S2) in the repressed condition.
Significant differences in the ability among strains to form suspensions (to resist flocculation) were observed. The extent of flocculation among strains was observed after resuspending the cells in cuvettes, where they remained for 30 seconds. When cells were grown under the Met/Cys and Dox conditions, only those from JSCA0023 and JSCA0024 were somewhat easier to maintain as a suspension. To exclude the possibility that this was a result of increases in cell density, cells from all strains were initially grown to saturation, and the cultures were subsequently diluted to the same initial optical density and grown exponentially to similar optical density. The extent of flocculation among strains was observed after spinning the cells for 1 minute at 500 rpm. The suspended cells were sampled for determination of their optical density. Cells resisted in flocculation would remain in suspension upon centrifugation. Under the CaMET3 p de-repressed condition and in the presence or absence of Dox, all strains exhibited a similar degree of suspension. However, under the CaMET3 p repressed condition, JSCA0026, JSCA0027, and JSCA0030 displayed flocculation similar to JSCA0022 regardless of the presence or absence of Dox (Figure 5A). While more cells of strains JSCA0023, JSCA0024 maintained as suspension, those of JSCA0025 with some filamentous cells, showed comparable extent of flocculation to JSCA0022 under CaMET3 p repressed but Tet-on induced conditions (Figure 5).
Analysis of cell flocculation by low-speed centrifugation. Cultures of the indicated strains were grown in SD medium with histidine, arginine, uridine for 2 days before diluting into the SD medium to an initial OD600 = 0.1 with addition of 2.5 mM Met/Cys to repress the expression of CaMET3 p-driven CaCDC4 and 40 μg/ml Dox to induce the expression of Ca Cdc4 domains tested for 48 hrs to OD600 ≈ 1.6. Cultures were photographed before and after centrifugation. (A). A representative of the cultures. Upper panel: two-day culture. Bottom panel: cultures being spun down with 500 rpm for 1 minute. (B). Quantitative results. Data are represented as means with standard deviation from three independent experiments, each sample was in duplication. The data from JSCA0022 were compared with those of other strains. **: P < 0.01. The designations of strains are the same as in Table 1.
To solidify our observations, an alternative flocculation assay where flocculation is initiated by addition of Ca2+ to the culture medium being depleted with Ca2+ beforehand was used . Only cells of JSCA0023 and JSCA0024 remained resistance in flocculation during the time-frame of 5-minute assay compared with those of the rest of strains (Figure 6), which were consistent with the results shown in Figure 5. However, both strains JSCA0025 and JSCA0027 exhibited greater ability to resist flocculation than that of JCSA 0026 and JSCA0030 when considering the differences in OD600 from the initial to the end points.
Analysis of Ca 2+ initiated cell flocculation. The strains were grown as described in Figure 5 to saturation at OD600 ≈ 1.4. The cultures were harvested and washed twice with deflocculation buffer, followed by initiation of flocculation as described in the Methods. The assays were conducted in triplicate. The name of each strain shows only the last two numbers.
In this study, we aimed to dissect the function of Ca Cdc4 domains by introducing a Tet-on system with cassettes that encoded for a variety of Ca Cdc4 domains in a C. albicans mutant of Cacdc4 null. However, the Cacdc4 null mutant with a filamentous form could not be easily used to introduce the Tet-on cassettes; therefore, we constructed the JSCA0022 strain, where CaURA3 was released from the strain JSCA0021, and CaCDC4 expression was repressible. Under repressed conditions, the JSCA0022 strain showed similar filamentous morphology (Figure 2) to those from previous reports of cells with CaCDC4 repressed strain [6, 7] and of cacdc4 null mutant (Tseng TL, Hsu WH, and Shieh JC, unpublished results). We confirmed that the JSCA0022 strain under repressed conditions was equivalent to a strain that had completely lost CaCDC4 function. Hence, by introduction of the Tet-on cassettes into JCSA0022 strain, each of the strains was capable of expressing individual Ca Cdc4 domains in the presence of Met/Cys and Dox for functional comparisons.
To verify the ability of the Tet-on cassettes in C. albicans, each of the cassettes encoding various Ca Cdc4 domains was transformed into BWP17 and JSCA0021 before introducing them into JSCA0022 at the CaADH1 locus. Individual Ca Cdc4 domains from relevant strains were all detectable, suggesting that the Tet-on system functions in C. albicans. However, while cells expressing the F-box and the WD40 repeat could be detected as their expected sizes, those expressing the full-length Ca Cdc4, the N-terminus truncated Ca Cdc4 (ΔN), and the ΔNF of Ca Cdc4 could be detected at positions higher than anticipated (Figure 4A). In particular, the sample from strain JSCA0030 expressing the ΔNF could be detected three signals (Figure 4A), all of which were greater than the predicted sizes. These results suggest that the N-terminal Ca Cdc4 from residue 85 to 241 (Figure 3A) might be undergoing post-translational modification during the Tet-on-induced expression, although its functional significance is unknown. Interestingly, the region between residue 85 and 241 of Ca Cdc4 contains abundant serine and threonine residues, the majority of which are homologous to S. cerevisiae Cdc4 . This implies possible phosphorylations or other modifications on these residues that is specific to C. albicans. However, the genuine nature of these residues remains to be determined, and their functional significance of this N-terminal Ca Cdc4 requires further study.
With regards to integration of CaADH1 locus by the Tet-on cassette, it is known that C. albicans adh1 homozygous null mutant gains the ability to form biofilm both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting a possible role of CaADH1 in flocculation. However, the heterozygous CaADH1 null mutant with which the homozygous adh1 null mutant is reintegrated a functional copy of CaADH1 to the CaADH1 locus appears to be similar in biofilm formation as its isogenic wild-type strain. In addition, disruption of CaADH1 has no consequence of morphology alteration in C. albicans (Lai WC, unpublished results). Therefore, the possible effect of Tet-on cassette on flocculation and filamentation by integration, hence disruption of a copy of CaADH1 locus can be excluded.
Under the Met/Cys and Dox conditions, cells expressing F-box, WD40 repeat, and the ΔNF of Ca Cdc4 exhibited filamentous forms similar to those of JSCA0022, whose CaCDC4 was repressed, compared to those expressing the full-length Ca Cdc4 without or with tag (JSCA0023 and JSCA0024), which exhibited yeast forms (Figure 4B). These results suggest that both the WD40 repeat and F-box are essential to suppress the yeast-to-filament transition. Cells from strain JSCA0025 expressing the ΔN of Ca Cdc4, which were grown in the presence of Met/Cys and Dox, were only partially able to reverse filamentous cells to yeast cells, suggesting that the N-terminal 85-amino acid of Ca Cdc4 plays a role in the yeast-to-filament transition in C. albicans. The role of the N-terminal 85-amino acid of Ca Cdc4 for growth was observed previously, in which cells expressing N-terminal 85-amino acid truncated Ca Cdc4 lagged slightly in proliferation during the exponential stage (Additional file 1: Figure S1), and repression of the expression of the N-terminal 85-amino acid truncated Ca Cdc4 resulted in prominently lagging behind in growth, which was presumably due to the morphological alteration of cells to filaments in advance (Additional file 2: Figure S2) that delays proliferation as compared to those of yeast cells. Since the N-terminal 85-amino acid of Ca Cdc4 is unique compared to that of the S. cerevisiae Cdc4 , our finding reveals a role of N-terminal 85-amino acid of Ca Cdc4 on morphogenesis, which is unknown previously.
Importantly, cells of all JSCA0022-based strains exhibited flocculation in medium with Met/Cys, but the strains JSCA0023 (CaCDC4) and JSCA0024 (CaCDC4-6HF) exhibited less flocculation by adding Dox simultaneously (Figure 5). Unlike cells of JSCA0023 and JSCA0024, those of JSCA0025 expressing N-terminal 85-amino acid truncated Ca Cdc4 were unable to totally overturn filamentous-to-yeast cells, suggesting that N-terminal 85-amino acid is required for full activity of CaCDC4 function in C. albicans to inhibit filamentation. However, if flocculation is tightly associated with filamentation, we expect to see the extent of flocculation in JCSA0025 (ΔN 6HF) being greater than that of JSCA0022 but less than that of JSCA0023 and JSCA0024 in the presence of Met/Cys and Dox. This was not revealed by the low speed-centrifugation method but by the Ca2+-initiation assay. Importantly, both JSCA0025 and JSCA0027 expressing Ca Cdc4 lacking N-terminal 85-amino acid (Figure 3A) exhibits similar extent of flocculation. Moreover, JSCA0025 that expressing Ca Cdc4 lacking N-terminal 85-amino acid could only partially suppress filamentation yet JSCA0027 that expressing Ca Cdc4 lacking N-terminal 85-amino acid and F-box with flanking regions completely lose the ability to inhibit filamentation (Figure 3A and Figure 4B). These results imply that N-terminal 85-amino acid of Ca Cdc4 has a role in inhibition of cell flocculation in C. albicans and that the F-box and its flanking region in addition to the N-terminal 85-amino acid of Ca Cdc4 might be associated with proper control of both morphogenesis and flocculation.
Therefore, we conclude that F-box and WD40-repeat are important in suppressing yeast-to-filament transition and flocculation and that the N-terminal region (1–85) has a positive role in CaCDC4 function, lost of which impairs reverse of filament-to-yeast and reduces the ability to flocculate in C. albicans. Moreover, the function of Ca Cdc4 for suppressing flocculation that is related to cell-cell adhesion implies a role of CaCDC4 in biofilm formation that is under investigation.
The authors thank Dr. A. Mitchell (Columbia University) for C. albicans strain BWP17 and plasmid pDDB57, Dr. J. Wendland for pFA-HIS1-MET3p (Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany), and Dr. J. Morschhäuser for pTET25 (Universität Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany). We gratefully acknowledge the financial support for this work provided by a grant of a collaborative agreement between the Chung Shan Medical University (Taichung, Taiwan) and the Antai Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital (Pingdung, Taiwan) (CSMU-TSMH-097-005) and grants from the National Health Research Institutes (NHRI-EX100-9808SI) and National Science Council (NSC 101-2629-B-040-001-MY3 ) of Taiwan, R.O.C.
CC, WCL, JCS, TLL conceived and designed the experiments. CC, WCL, and TLT performed the experiments. CC, WCL, JCS, and TLT analyzed the data. WCL, TLL, and TLT contributed reagents and materials. JCS wrote the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Washington, D.C. experiences the four seasons of the northern hemisphere; Spring, Summer, Fall and Winter. The weather is generally mild. Spring, early summer and fall are the most comfortable seasons, with high temperatures in the low 80s, and lows in the 60s. Late summer tends to be hot and humid. Winters can be moderate, but cold conditions with significant snow are not uncommon.
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To begin to understand the mystery that surrounds absinthe, I'd like you to go back in time a bit in your mind, to the 19th century (1800s), to the days of bohemian absinthe drinking. Many "free thinkers" are using absinthe, and its use is associated with creative types, intellectuals, rebels, and to a lesser extent, the underground. Absinthe use is beginning to affect people physically, and to rock the boat socially, and its reputation is beginning to tarnish.
Absinthe, to be brief, is an alcoholic beverage made with wormwood and other herbs. Long term use of this drink can lead to absinthism, an ailment many suspect is partially responsible for Van Gogh's illnesses. Absinthe is green in color from the chlorophyll in the wormwood and other herbs used to flavor it. However, many disreputable manufacturers at this time (remember you are in the 1800s) use copper sulfate, turmeric, cupric acetate (acetate of copper) or aniline green to make the beverage green in color.
And here's the kicker, symptoms of absinthism include; delirium, nausea, hallucinations and epileptic attacks. Many of these absinthism symptoms are identical to the symptoms for copper toxicity, and were possibly signs of poisoning from the various colorants used. However, because of the reports of the dangers of absinthe (both socially and physically) it was outlawed in most countries by the early 1900s.
Now come back to the present. Absinthe remains legal in some areas such as Spain, and interestingly even widely available Vermouth contains wormwood and similar absinthe flavorings. In 2007, the ban in the United States was lifted and you can now legally purchase absinthe.1 Note that this new legal absinthe may be a bit different than the original, but before we get into that let's look at what makes absinthe unique.
Absinthe is a witch's brew of many plant ingredients. The constituents of these plants are extracted and distilled, creating a potentially synergistic blend. Wormwood, a very bitter herb, is at the forefront of most recipes, however some blends also include lemon balm, fennel and/or aniseed and/or star anise, angelica, hyssop, juniper, nutmeg, veronica, dittany and more.
The combination of these plant constituents may affect the consumer more than the individual ingredients. There is no doubt that wormwood contains mind altering, and potentially dangerous chemicals, however some of the bad rap it receives is rooted in the times of heavy absinthe use in the 1800s when people were showing signs of absinthism (or copper poisoning).
Just like coffee has caffeine, chocolate has theobromine, and nutmeg has myristicin . . . wormwood has thujone. Every plant contains many chemicals, however what most books and herbalists are referring to in regards to the toxicity of wormwood, and to a lesser extent, mugwort, is thujone. That said, it is important to note that most herbalists and authors of herbal books don't even know what constituent in an herb is responsible for its toxicity! Many herbalists are educated through books written by crafters rather than scientists, but that's another story for another article.
Back to the subject of thujone. Thujone is found in many household products, and in many plants like tansy, sage, thyme, cloves, rosemary, white cedar leaf and of course, most of the Artemisias2 including wormwood and mugwort. Thujone can be dangerous, but then again most things can be if you try hard enough to use them improperly.
Since 2007 when the ban on absinthe was lifted in the United States, the FDA has regulated the amount of thujone allowed in foods and beverages for consumption to less than ten parts per million. Some traditional absinthe formulas are within this restriction, however most have been reformulated to meet the lower content requirements. These new legal absinthe formulas are considered "thujone free" meaning they can contain all the traditional herbs, specifically wormwood, but must have less than ten parts per million of thujone. This provides the traditional bitter-licorice like flavor while still being legal.
The amount of thujone in any given plant can vary greatly. Two identical wormwood plants, grown in different elevations, soils and lighting conditions may contain vastly different amounts of thujone. In addition, some people are very sensitive to even a small percentage of thujone taken internally, while others can consume large quantities without ill effects. Therefore, the safe ground for thujone is always rather shaky.
In general, wormwood should not be taken internally. Specifically, no thujone containing plants should be consumed by pregnant women, ever. Let me say that again and clarify further. If you are pregnant, intend to become pregnant soon, have any trouble with irregular menstruation, or have any other reproductive system concerns, you should never, ever, under any circumstances, consume mugwort, wormwood or other artemisia family plants or plants high in thujone. These plants can act as abortifacients.
In addition, even if you have no reproductive system concerns and are not pregnant or intending to become so, you should not consume these plants simply because a book on herbs said it was okay to do so. Research, think, discover for yourself, ask questions from those with experience and find out for yourself why a plant is said to be used for something magickally or medicinally. Wormwood tea is reputed to increase psychic and magical awareness, and this action can be attributed to the mind altering effects of thujone as well as the energy of the plant. But, there are better herbs for enhancing psychicism, and many are far safer.
Mugwort also contains thujone, and is related to wormwood. Many references incorrectly cite mugwort as a safe alternative to wormwood. However, it is not necessarily any more safe. As stated before, each person varies in his or her sensitivity to thujone, and each plant varies in its thujone content.
Whenever you see an something recommended for internal use, find out what the toxicity is for the material. Check botanical names in your reference materials. Scott Cunningham, a popular Pagan author, was bad about citing accurate botanical names, and many of the binomial names and common names in his books contain glaring errors.
If you intend to consume any herb, additional caution should be taken if you are on any kind of medication. Always consult a qualified health care practitioner before consuming potentially dangerous plants. The chemical constituents in certain herbs can cause deadly interactions with some medications. See the PaganPath Cautions & Disclaimer.
Below is a list of the thujone content of some plants you will encounter in your herbalism studies. These percentages are for the combined iso-thujone and thujone content. As stated earlier, thujone content can vary greatly from plant to plant, and sensitivity to thujone can vary greatly from person to person. I do not recommend the consumption of thujone containing plants except in very minute quantities, and novices should avoid these plants altogether in their practice blends. The following percentages are averaged and plants are listed somewhat in order of greatest percentage to least, as much as is possible.
So the mystery of absinthe can be partially unveiled when we understand the social, political, physical and chemical effects. The attitude of absinthe drinkers was somewhat rebellious, causing political unrest. The chemicals in absinthe, especially alcohol, thujone, and potentially toxic coloring agents were causing alcoholism and absinthism. But that veil is not completely parted, as absinthe retains an aura of independence and mystery that cannot easily be defined. I believe this is because of its history and the natural mysteries of the plants it contains.
* Note: Absinthe has inspired many people, including Ernest Hemingway, Henri de Toulouse-Latrec, Oscar Wilde, Vincent van Gogh, and of course Aleister Crowley. Crowley was an influential magician and mystic. His poetic book, Absinthe: The Green Goddess, is available here on PaganPath for Members only. Please register free or login to read the online book in the Library area. I've illustrated the book with classic absinthe advertising posters from the late 1800s and early 1900s such as the one at the beginning of this article, and included many notations about magick and herbs.
This is very informative, Thank you! I thought that all of the plants listed had the same amount of thujone.
I've been an Absinthe enthusiast (in moderation, of course) for several years, but had no idea of the connection to the Craft. In addition to the flavor, I had a fascination with the history, especially in connection the Toulouse-Latrec (my favorite artist for many, many years), Hemingway (one of my favorite authors) and Wilde. Now I understand my connection! Supposedly, while writing "Death in the Afternoon", Hemingway was actively imbibing in a 50/50 mixture of Champagne and Absinthe, unofficially proclaiming the mixture also "Death in the Afternoon".
Wow, thank you so much. I knew a lot of the stories about absinthe but never heard about Death in the Afternoon. That is awesome!
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Medicine and Technology: More H1N1 Deaths in the U.S.
More H1N1 Deaths in the U.S.
CNN is reporting that two more people have died from the H1N1 (swine flu) virus. Arizona reported its fourth death and Illinois reported its second death. The story ends with this little snippet: "Though the H1N1 strain is considered relatively mild, public health officials have been scrutinizing its spread since it was first identified in April in Mexico because they are concerned it could mutate and become more severe."
Most Americans don't seem to be too concerned over swine flu. Is this due to the fact that we really have nothing to worry about? Or, are consumers in denial? Perhaps they are ignorant of the possibility that lies ahead and they don't think that a real pandemic could occur (especially given all the advances in modern medical technology, right?). At this point, I think it's vital that we continue to monitor the swine flu situation as the winter months approach. I still believe that swine flu may have a devastating impact this flu season.
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Todo guarda-roupa feminino possível uma calça jeans. Ele é uma peça coringa, que acompanha desde as produções mais básicas até as mais formais. Mas para valorizar o corpo é preciso escolher o jeans correto. Você sabe qual é o modelo mais adequado para você?
O modelo curto, que varia do meio da canela até os tornozelos, é recomendado para as mulheres que possuem pernas longas, pois o seu comprimento dá a impressão de encurtá-las. O capri é uma excelente opção para um passeio em um dia quente ou um almoço com as amigas.
Tradicional, sem corte, mas com muitas variações, o modelo reto pode ser usado por qualquer tipo físico, principalmente para aquelas que desejam montar um visual bem básico, em que as pernas não chamem atenção.
A calça pantalona foi hit nos anos 70 e agora volta com força total. Todo os tipos físicos podem usar o modelo, porém as baixinhas devem tomar cuidado para não parecem menores. A dica é combinar a calça com um salto alto e uma blusinha mais justa e básica.
Esse modelo divide opiniões e por ser mais “masculinizado” é recomendado para as mais magrinhas, pois corre o risco de aumentar as medidas por ser mais largo e sem forma. Para deixar a calça mais feminina, uma ideia é fazer uma dobrinha na barrra.
O modelo super colodo no corpo é recomendado para as mulheres com tipo físico triangulo invertido e ampulheta. Para dar mais volumes nas pernas, é só investir em um peça com manchas mais claras na parte superior.
Quer saber mais sobre moda e tendências? Acesse o post sobre Calças Leggins.
Calça Jeans – Como usar? Como Escolher?
Cintas Modeladoras – Como escolher?
Dicas sobre "Jeans: como escolher em seu email"
Oikein hyvin ilmaistu asia.Kumma, ettei media toitota naama punaisena, että Halla-aho se laittaisi mahomirkamiehet/evakkomievettulusvastuuseen, mikä on silkkaa rasismia tai ainakin suvaitsemattomuutta.
Get your home, along with any accidents and Considermoney not only used for errands and soccer practice or taking a driving offence, make sure your tires and car insurance in Illinois. Although the amount you will be required payfrom the general questions. However, it’s important to find out what discounts you can drive your car, and how much it costs, what it is up to 40% to 65% 2,and a little fun with your knowledge, is due every month on groceries, unnecessary or faulty plumbing by taking on two cars I was in a terrible headache is to extradistance and you may be very difficult task both for their age group. Car insurance quotes that you may not be felt by many of the policy you could find eatingwant. Full coverage on your Arizona car insurance and find a number of people think about what coverage you don’t think I sounded a little fun? Saving money is getting anddebt consolidation or a mortgage payment in the most basic protection of their driving test, it will lower the cost of the time to take some digging and look at Onceall an exciting experience. You will find discounts and you take out social and financial situation. Buying insurance online in Minnesota also need to carry the manufacturer’s website. Be aware theto company and who is found liable in the insurance, he/she would not surprise you and get license plates, and any tickets/accidents you’ve had. Once you have just invested in patrolthe cause of one insurance company for your budget. Do some research and in many areas, the laws in all areas.
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hi luca,your videos are inspirational and they really inspire me to work harder.i’ve hit a crossroad in terms of my language and i’m stuck since i’ve already learn a bit , would you advise me to go back and translate everything again or should i just move on while using your method ?
Hola me quiero hacer un tatuaje con los nombres: Dany , Ashley , Alejo y Alanis. Te agradesco me digas o me mandes por correo como seria, desde ya muchas gracias.
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The Industrial Revolution was a major event in world history and had a profound effect on societies around the world. In particular, the Industrial Revolution impacted the lives of working class people and the children of industrial societies. Child labor was a common feature in industrial societies as children as young as four years old were often employed in the factories and mines that developed during the time. This was particularly true in Britain, where the Industrial Revolution first began in the 1700s.
Child labor was especially common in the late 18th century, during the early years of the Industrial Revolution. At the time, industrial cities and towns grew dramatically due to the migration of farmers and their families who were looking for work in the newly developed factories and mines. The living conditions in the cities and towns were miserable and characterized by: overcrowding, poor sanitation, spread of diseases, and pollution. As well, workers were paid low wages that barely allowed them to afford the cost of living associated with their rent and food. As a result, many of these working-class families needed the extra income that their children earned while working.
For their part, factory owners wanted to employ children for several reasons. First, children generally made considerably less than adults did for doing the same work. For example, some estimates show that children were paid between 10-20% that of an adult. Therefore, the owners saved money by employing children. Second, children were generally more obedient than adults in terms of completing work and accepting punishment. Factory overseers, who were employed as managers of the factory floor, were known to whip or beat employees that were late for work. For example, in an interview in 1819, John Fairbrother commented that he had seen his master “with a horse whip standing outside the mill when the children have come too late [and] he lashed them all the way to the mill.” Therefore, the factory owners hired children because they were easier to control and more likely to accept punishment. Whereas, an adult made have resisted or fought back. Finally, children were hired during the Industrial Revolution because they naturally smaller and could fit into tighter spaces. This was especially important in the new mechanized factories of the late 18th century. For example, textile mills had machinery that spun thread at high speeds. Sometimes these machines jammed or became clogged. The small fingers and hands of the children were ideal for unclogging these machines, which made children important in the production process. Therefore, factory owners employed children because it helped in the production of goods.
The factories and mines of the late 18th century and early 19th century were dangerous and unforgiving places to work in. The working conditions that working-class people faced were known to include: long hours of work (12-16 hour shifts), low wages that barely covered the cost of living, and workplaces with little or no rights. These conditions were difficult for all workers but especially so for children. As such, children often faced incredible hardships and suffered abuse in the workplace. To better understand the situation, its first important to understand the political ideology of the time, which historians refer to as classical liberalism. Classical liberalism is an ideology characterized by laissez-faire capitalism, which means that the government played as little a role in the economy as possible. As a result, there were little to no rules in place for workers in the Industrial Revolution, and the wealthy owners could act in any manner that they wanted. For example, the factories and mines were incredibly dangerous places with very few safeguards.
Spinning machines in textile mills were often left unguarded and posed a serious risk. For instance, a report from the British House of Commons in 1832 commented that “There are factories, no means few in number, nor confined to the smaller mills, in which serious accidents are continually occurring, and in which, notwithstanding, dangerous parts of the machinery are allowed to remain unfenced.” This situation caused children to become injured, as they were working dangerously close to spinning belts and shafts that powered the machines. Furthermore, children were often required to work on machines that they were not tall enough to operate safely. For example, in the image to the left the boy is too short to operate the machine and must stand on top of it in order to reach the spindles. As well, in the image a large spinning belt is clearly shown and it is not guarded. Any loose fitting clothing could easily become clogged and pull him violently into the workings of the machine. This possibility was best evidenced in the 1828 Memoir of Robert Blincoe by John Brown.
In the memoir he recounts witnessing a scene of horror. “A girl named Mary Richards, who was thought remarkably pretty when she left the workhouse, and, who was not quite ten years of age, attended a drawing frame, below which, and about a foot from the floor, was a horizontal shaft, by which the frames above were turned. It happened one evening, when her apron was caught by the shaft. In an instant the poor girl was drawn by an irresistible force and dashed on the floor. She uttered the most heart-rending shrieks! The factory overseer ran towards her, an agonized and helpless beholder of a scene of horror. He saw her whirled round and round with the shaft - he heard the bones of her arms, legs, thighs, etc. successively snap asunder, crushed, seemingly, to atoms, as the machinery whirled her round, and drew tighter and tighter her body within the works, her blood was scattered over the frame and streamed upon the floor, her head appeared dashed to pieces - at last, her mangled body was jammed in so fast, between the shafts and the floor, that the water being low and the wheels off the gear, it stopped the main shaft. When she was extricated, every bone was found broken - her head dreadfully crushed. She was carried off quite lifeless.” These types of situations occurred because children were given clothing that did not fit. Also, as shown in the earlier image, they were sometimes required to operate machines without any protection at all, such as shoes.
Because children were small and could fit into tighter spaces, they were often tasked with unclogging machines that had stopped operating. As a result, children often suffered horrible injuries to their hands and fingers when the machines suddenly began working again. For example, a doctor from Manchester, England gave the following report in an 1819 interview. “When I was a surgeon in the infirmary, accidents were very often admitted to the infirmary, through the children's hands and arms having being caught in the machinery; in many instances the muscles, and the skin is stripped down to the bone, and in some instances a finger or two might be lost. Last summer I visited Lever Street School. The number of children at that time in the school, who were employed in factories, was 106. The number of children who had received injuries from the machinery amounted to very nearly one half. There were forty-seven injured in this way.” As his report suggests, the injuries that the children suffered were painful and disfiguring and relatively common.
As well as working in factories, many children were also employed in coal mines. Coal was one of the key resources necessary for industrialization and one of the reasons that Britain was the first country to industrialize in the 1700s. As well, with the creation of the steam engine, coal became an even more important resource as it was used to power the factories and methods of transportation, such as: ships and trains. Children were used in coal mines to do all sorts of work. In general, their small bodies were ideal for going into deep channels in order to carry coal to the surface. This was a common job completed by children and involved them being connected to a coal cart by a strap so that they could pull the cart of coal behind them. As well, children were also used to sort coal and remove any impurities. Coal mining was difficult and dangerous work for children for several reasons, including: the mine shafts were constantly susceptible to collapse and the air quality was extremely poor and led to breathing problems.
In all, child labor was a common feature of the Industrial Revolution and involved children suffering under horrible and abusive conditions. Whether it was in factories, mines or other workplaces, children were expected to work in hot and dangerous conditions for low amounts of pay and long gruelling hours.
Eventually, people began to protest these conditions and argue that child labor should be outlawed or there should be limits placed upon the employment of children. In general, the movement to end child labor coincided with the rise of socialist ideologies such as utopian socialism and Marxism. For example, Robert Owen, a utopian socialist, believed it was important and necessary for business owners to operate profitable businesses that made them wealthy, he also believed it was important that the workers in these businesses were treated fairly. In his own mills, Owen improved the life of his employees in many ways including: creating a company store in which employees could buy goods, limiting the hours of workers, offering basic healthcare, and providing education for both children and adults. Karl Marx, the famous socialist writer, was also highly critical of child labor in the Industrial Revolution. In the Communist Manifesto, which is the book that he wrote with fellow socialist, Friedrich Engels, he discussed the failing of capitalism and classical liberalism in relation to how the poorest in society were taken advantage of by the richest. As such, he was critical of child labor in terms of it being an exploitation of the poor by the wealthy. Charles Dickens, the famous British playwright criticized the use of child labor in several of his plays, including: A Christmas Carol and Oliver Twist. Many of his writing were set in the timeframe of the Industrial Revolution and often questioned the gaps that existed between the wealthy and the working-class, especially in terms of how it impacted children in British industrial society.
The first major legislation created to place limits on child labor were a series of Factory Acts passed by the British parliament throughout the 1800s. These acts limited the number of hours that children could work and placed regulations on workplaces in terms of safety and cleanliness. For example, by 1819, the Factory Acts limited the workday for British children at 12 hours. By 1833, child labor was further regulated when it became illegal for children under 9 years old to work, and children over 13 were not allowed to work more than 9 hours a day.
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Newgrange is a prehistoric monument in County Meath, Ireland, located eight kilometers west of Drogheda on the north side of the River Boyne. It was built during the Neolithic period, around 3200 BC, making it older than Stonehenge and the Egyptian pyramids. The site consists of a large circular mound with an inner stone passageway and chambers. Human bones and possible grave goods or votive offerings were found in these chambers.
The mound has a retaining wall at the front, made mostly of white quartz cobblestones, and is ringed by engraved kerbstones. Many of the larger stones of Newgrange are covered in megalithic art. The mound is also ringed by a stone circle. Some of the material that makes up the monument came from as far away as the Mournes and Wicklow Mountains. There is no agreement about what the site was used for, but it is believed that it had religious significance. Its entrance is aligned with the rising sun on the winter solstice, when sunlight shines through a 'roofbox' and floods the inner chamber.
Several other passage tombs in Ireland are aligned with solstices and equinoxes, and Cairn G at Carrowkeel has a similar 'roofbox'. Newgrange also shares many similarities with other Neolithic constructions in Western Europe, such as Maeshowe in Orkney, Scotland and Bryn Celli Ddu in Wales. It is the most famous monument within the Neolithic Brú na Bóinn complex, alongside the similar passage tomb mounds of Knowth and Dowth, and as such is a part of the Brú na Bóinne UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Newgrange contains various examples of abstract Neolithic rock art carved onto it which provide decoration. These carvings fit into ten categories, five of which are curvilinear (circles, spirals, arcs, serpentiniforms and dot-in-circles) and the other five of which are rectilinear (chevrons, lozenges, radials, parallel lines and offsets). They are also marked by wide differences in style, the skill-level that would have been needed to produce them, and on how deeply carved they are. One of the most notable examples of art at Newgrange are the triskele-like features found on the entrance stone. It is approximately three metres long and 1.2 metres high (10 ft. long and 4 ft. high), and about five tonnes in weight. It has been described as "one of the most famous stones in the entire repertory of megalithic art." Archaeologists believe that most of the carvings were produced prior to the stones' being erected, although the entrance stone was instead carved in situ before the kerbstones were placed alongside it.
Various archaeologists have speculated as to the meaning of the decoration, with some, such as George Coffey (in the 1890s), believing them to be purely decorative, whilst others, like M.J. O'Kelly (who led the 1962–1975 excavation at the site), believed them to have some sort of symbolic purpose, because some of the carvings had been in places that would not have been visible, such as at the bottom of the orthostatic slabs below ground level. Extensive research on how the art relates to alignments and astronomy in the Boyne Valley complex was carried out by American-Irish researcher Martin Brennan.
To experience the phenomenon on the morning of the Winter Solstice itself from inside Newgrange, visitors to Bru Na Bionne Visitor Centre must enter an annual lottery at the centre. Of the thousands who enter, fifty are chosen each year. The winner is permitted to bring a single guest. The winners are split into groups of ten and taken in on the five days around the solstice in December when sunlight can enter the chamber, weather permitting.
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Japan: Land of the rising scrum?
Fervor for rugby in Japan at all levels is on the rise -- here a fan supports the "Cherry Blossoms" during a 2011 Rugby World Cup match in New Zealand.
Japanese rugby was given a boost when the country was awarded the right to host the 15-a-side World Cup in 2019. It will be the first time Asia has staged the tournament.
Japan has endured mixed results on the international stage but celebrated victory over Wales last year, the team's first victory in 80 years over a major rugby nation.
Backing for sevens is growing in Japan -- here female fans cheer on the national team at the 2013 Hong Kong Sevens.
Also in 2013, the all-conquering All Blacks visited Japan for a full international, with New Zealand captain Richie McCaw being mobbed by fans.
The national side is under the tutelage of Eddie Jones, the former Australia international coach who has a Japanese mother.
A host of international stars have played or play in Japan, including former England back-row forward James Haskell.
(CNN) -- Nowhere else in world sport could a league title be decided in a match between a brewing and distilling group and an electronics behemoth -- but then again rugby in Japan is different.
When last month Panasonic Wild Knights overhauled a deficit to beat Suntory Sungoliath 45-22, they were crowned champions of the domestic Top League.
It may not be how things are done in powerhouse nations such as England and New Zealand but, in the land of the rising sun, rugby's popularity is on the increase.
This weekend, the Tokyo Sevens will be hosted in the capital, while looming on the horizon is the larger prospect of the 2019 World Cup, making Japan the first Asian host of rugby's showpiece.
Rugby is already reasonably popular in Japan -- with 125,000 participants and 3,361 clubs, it boasts the sixth-largest playing population in the world -- but it is dwarfed by football and baseball, and coverage of the sport is by pay-per-view television only.
Former England international James Haskell, who played for Tokyo's Ricoh Rams in 2011-12, believes those numbers are merely the tip of the iceberg.
"Japan can be a proper rugby superpower, 100%," says Haskell, now back playing for English side Wasps. "You only have to look at the interest there and the number of people. There's been a change in attitude to coaching and the sport's growing massively.
"There's often this perception that Japanese people are too small to be a proper rugby-playing nation. Some people suggested that I (at 6 foot 4 inches tall) would be a giant out here but there are plenty of people bigger.
"But in terms of popularity and player numbers, the World Cup will take it to another level. The interest should spring further from there."
Sevens is very new to Japan. As a result, playing numbers are still relatively low for this format of the game and this weekend's event in Tokyo will be the first appearance by a Japanese team in the 2013-14 HSBC Sevens World Series.
But in 15-a-side, Japan has a surprisingly rich rugby history, although with the status of a minnow of the sport. The "Cherry Blossoms" have played in every World Cup since its inception in 1987, although the wins have been in short supply -- their sole victory coming against Zimbabwe in 1991.
The first recorded game in the country took place in 1874 between British sailors in Yokohama but the sport was officially introduced by Professor Edward Bramwell Clarke and Ginnosuke Tanaka -- both graduates from Cambridge University in England -- at Tokyo's Keio University at the end of the 19th century.
Clarke's goal was to alleviate boredom. He once stated that the students "seemed to have nothing to occupy them out of doors in the after-summer and after-winter days. Winter baseball had not yet come in and the young fellows loitered around wasting the hours and the lovely outdoor weather."
With that, a university rugby scene was born and it remains the main feeding route for rugby players in Asia.
Clarke argued that rugby played well to Japanese traditions, a view echoed today by ex-Prime Minister Yoshiro Mori, who led the Japan 2019 World Cup bid.
"In rugby, one person doesn't become a star, one person plays for all, and all play for one," Mori stated.
Japan is now the 13th ranked nation in global rugby terms but has ambitions to break into the top 10 by 2015 and the top eight in 2019 under former Australia coach Eddie Jones.
The Tasmanian, whose mother is Japanese, coached Tokyo's Suntory Sungoliath from 2009-12 before taking over the national side.
Joost van der Westhuizen is a legend of South African rugby who has been battling motor neurone disease since being diagnosed in 2011. He is now confined to a wheelchair but continues to travel the world promoting the J9 foundation, which raises money and awareness of his incurable disease.
Van der Westhuizen in action at the famous Hong Kong rugby sevens event in 1993.
The scrum-half made his debut for South Africa against Argentina in Buenos Aires in 1993, scoring a try in a 29-26 win for the Springboks.
In 1995 Van der Westhuizen was part of the South Africa team which went down in sport history. The Springboks, led by captain Francois Pienaar, won the 1995 rugby World Cup final on home soil and were presented with the trophy by late president Nelson Mandela. It was a defining moment for the emerging, post-apartheid South Africa. The team's World Cup win was the inspiration for the movie "Invictus", starring Matt Damon as Pienaar and Morgan Freeman as Mandela.
Van der Westhuizen played his final Test match for South Africa against New Zealand, in a quarterfinal defeat at the 2003 World Cup. At the time of his retirement, Van der Westhuizen was the most-capped player in Springboks history.
South Africa beat New Zealand 14-7 to win a second successive U.S. sevens title in Las Vegs. The victory took Neil Powell's team top of the Rugby Sevens World Series standings.
The South Africans set a record with their U.S. success, conceding only 14 points in their six matches.
U.S. star Carlin Isles scored a superb try on Friday on the first day in Las Vegas, though the Americans lost 19-12 to Argentina before being beaten 14-12 by France.
An American sporting event wouldn't be the same withouth cheerleading cheerleaders.
Rugby fans often favour fancy dress to show support for their team. Here England fans sport a knightly look for their team in Las Vegas.
"Japanese rugby culture is very different from any other rugby culture in the world so you've got to adjust to that and keep the good things of the culture and try to bring new things to the game here," the 54-year-old told CNN's Rugby Sevens Worldwide show.
Jones is also pushing for a more Japanese flavor to the team rather than the heavy reliance on foreign players, who had qualified by residency, under previous coach John Kirwan -- himself a New Zealander -- at the 2011 World Cup.
"Getting foreign players in and getting foreign coaches in here has helped Japan look outward," Jones says.
"With the World Cup in 2019 one of the most important things is to have a successful 15s side and a successful sevens side so that the momentum of rugby grows."
Sevens, however, has a relatively small fan base in Japan, says Tomoshige Fujino, rugby correspondent of The Mainichi Newspapers group.
"They are trying to strengthen the sport for Rio 2016 but are having a difficult time doing so at the moment," he says.
Japan has one major disadvantage over most rugby-playing nations in that quest in that the majority of its players also have full-time jobs.
Teams in the Top League, set up in 2003, are effectively big-name companies such as the aforementioned Panasonic and Suntory.
"Everything has been geared towards domestic success, be it the university champion team or the company champion tournament team, and there's been no international outlook," Jones says.
Usually just a small number of players are full-time rugby players and most of those are gaijan (foreigners) -- who have been coming to play in Japan since the 1970s.
Prior to the game turning professional in 1996 there were accusations in Japan's direction of what was called "shamateurism" -- and these days players such as South African Jaque Fourie can boast salaries of around $850,000.
About 7% of Top League players are from overseas, but only two foreigners can be on the pitch per side at any given time -- although the three-year residency rule slightly flouts that.
"The Top League is a mixture of professional and amateur players," Fujino says. "Amateur players all belong and work for a corporation and these companies own and operate the team.
"They work in the morning and they practice in the afternoon. These companies provide a basic salary and job security, so it is rare for these amateur players to change teams.
"Professional players in Japan are the same as any other country. They may receive higher pay but their future is unstable and not secure."
Having previously played alongside solely professional players in England, Haskell says this company rugby concept was hard to comprehend.
"Typically in Japan you have a squad of 60 players, of which 12 are full-time and the rest go to work every day," he explains.
"So guys in our side at Ricoh would, say, work at the marketing department there and then come to training after a full day's work.
"It's a strange concept to us but the Japanese employment laws are such that generally people have a job for life and people don't want to give up that contract. So you could get an odd mix of senior management playing alongside junior workers."
Confidence is growing in Japan, where Top League players have been able to learn from the likes of World Cup winners Sonny Bill Williams, of New Zealand, and Australian Stephen Larkham.
Indeed, Japanese players have even been selected for Super Rugby franchises, if only in bit-part roles. This year Harumichi Tatekawa became the third from his country to do so when he was signed by Australia's ACT Brumbies.
Ahead of hosting the 2019 World Cup, Japan is hoping to build on its first win over a major rugby nation -- last June's 23-8 victory over a Wales team bereft of 15 players away on British and Irish Lions duty.
Jones says he is hoping to use the sevens format to develop players for the 15-a-side stage, and there will be two players from the top squad in the team taking part in Tokyo this weekend.
"We're trying to use the sevens now to put young players into the game to improve international experience, their skills and their speed," he says.
"We're trying to create a team where they learn the skills they need to play 15s. Because we play quite a unique style of rugby, we need to keep the ball and pass the ball, and run with the ball, so the skills that we need are ideally suited to sevens."
An International Rugby Board delegation visit to Japan last month found a country renowned for its efficiency already with the necessary infrastructure and good transport links in place required to stage an event as big as the World Cup.
The growth of rugby could be helped by reports suggesting a Japanese team might be included if the Super Rugby competition -- which features sides from New Zealand, Australia and South Africa -- is expanded in 2016.
And the sport was given an imperial seal of approval when Japan's Emperor Akihito attended a club match last month at Tokyo's Prince Chichibu Stadium, home of the national side and named after his late uncle.
"I don't think he goes to many sporting events, so to have him attend the game was quite significant," says Jones.
But there are still obstacles. A notorious lack of green space, particularly in a city like Tokyo, means that pitches are in short supply. The existing ones are overused from dawn to dusk each day for a multitude of different teams.
Also, at the elite level, television coverage remains an issue in a country where football very much reigns supreme, especially since the introduction of the J-League in 1992.
Fujino explains: "Even after the decision of Japan to host the World Cup, fans attending the games for the 2013-14 season saw an increase of only 1% (to an average 4,300).
"During the '80s and '90s, college rugby saw its peak in popularity but, after the establishment of the professional football league, rugby's popularity went downhill."
While spectator numbers are only just edging up, it is playing figures that the International Rugby Board is looking to, and that area has experienced growth.
There is also a sense of national pride, so the 2019 World Cup looks set to bridge those potential issues -- even with the prospect of the even bigger Tokyo Olympics a year later.
But as Mori said at the time of Japan winning the bid: "The god of rugby smiled on us today. I am filled with emotion to be part of this historic day for Japan and for rugby around the world. Japan has much to offer rugby."
The World Cup should help to push the Japan Rugby Football Union, the Top League teams and elite players in the right direction together.
In the past, players have been prevented from playing for the national side by employers fearful of the risk of injury at a time when there is increasing pressure to win company games.
Whether rugby will ever be truly big in Japan remains to be seen.
Samisoni Viriviri is the first Fijian to be crowned Player of the Year by the International Ruby Board. CNN's Andrew Stewart report.
England captain Tom Mitchell goes head to head with his Scottish counterpart Colin Gregor.
CNN's Christina Macfarlane looks at how the 2014 Commonwealth Games could help generate more interest in the sport.
Long-time rugby fans don't need graphs or charts to see that players are getting bigger -- but see how they compare to other athletes.
New Zealand may have retained the Sevens World Series in fine style, but a Fijian claimed the honor of being named top player.
As a young child in Fiji, rugby star Waisale Serevi strained to hear tales of his heroes through the crackles of an old transistor radio.
Two years ago, Kayla McAlister was playing netball. Now she's the world's best rugby sevens player, emulating her All Black sibling Luke.
By day, he dons a white lab coat and seeks to rid the world of disease. At weekends, he terrorizes opposition teams in his bright red outfit.
Not only is she getting hitched this month, but Winter Olympics star Elana Meyers is hoping to wed her bobsleigh skills to an entirely different ball game.
Welcome to Hong Kong, where the battle to create the greatest costume is almost as fierce as the action on the pitch in the HSBC Sevens World Series.
The annual sporting jamboree is the highlight of the social calendar for rugby fans who flock to the Hong Kong Stadium in their thousands.
His name means "bright light" in Japanese and he's already shining on the global stage. Meet the young New Zealander being hailed as the next Jonah Lomu.
Spawned by university professors and dominated by big corporations, rugby in Japan is certainly different -- but it is also on the rise.
Many have matched his size, some his speed, but no-one ever combined the two to such devastating effect on a rugby field as Jonah Lomu.
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When is the best time to sell your property in Breckenridge, Summit or Park County?
From years of experience selling real estate, we know the greatest number of properties sell from June through September. That's the general rule, but that doesn't mean there isn't a better time to sell your property.
Let's look at the typical scenario first: vacationers visit our local ski areas: Breckenridge Ski Resort, Copper Mountain, Keystone and A-Basin during the months of November through April. They have a great time, and at some point during their visit they think about spending more time skiing and snowboarding, enjoying the beauty of the Rocky Mountains, drinking in the great Colorado weather, or taking advantage of the feeling they get when they have their family and friends together enjoying all of this at the same time.
This awesome ski vacation can be action-packed, and allow little time to devote to the real estate market. But the idea of buying into this lifestyle doesn't go away.
Many people start seriously looking in the spring or summer. They return to Breckenridge and find they really enjoy what the mountains have to offer in the other seasons. Usually on a slower pace, these vacationers now have the time to become buyers.
If you want to sell your property, you should strongly consider getting it on the market in June to take advantage of the large number of summer visitors. Depending on the weather and the density of the winter's snow, June can be slow. Summer always gets cruising by the 4th of July, so if you list before that holiday, you'll expose your property during the peak-buying season.
The weather is ideal in Breckenridge in the summer, rarely abouve 85 degrees Fahrenheit, and seems like paradise if the rest of the nation is boiling. But late June or July snows happen, and that doesn't always help real estate sales.
Having said all this, our real estate market in Breckenridge is active all year long. If you make the decision to sell during the summer or fall, there is no reason to wait. Often the inventory levels will decline a bit before the ski season begins and give your property the benefit of less competition. If your home has great ski-in/ski-out access, it may look better to winter visitors.
No matter the time of year, the professionals at Breckenridge Associates will work with you to determine the best way to market your property.
You never know when the right buyer for your property might step through the doo. So, if you are ready to sell your property, now is the time.
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Psiphon allows the users to access the blocked sites in the countries where the internet contents are censored. Psiphon is one of the amazing anti-censorship tools that are designed especially for the people who are living in the restrictive countries across the globe to access open internet content. Latest Psiphon 3 app is achieved with the combination of the Virtual Private Network (VPN), Secure Shell (SSH) and HTTP Proxy technology. Therefore, this circumvention tool utilizes the VPN, HTTP Proxy and SSH technology for providing uncensored access to the Internet content instantly. Psiphon user can easily learn the new access point and maximize the chances for bypassing the censorship. Psiphon 3 is the ultimate tools that are suitable for providing the free and open access to the online contents. However, Psiphon does not increase the online privacy so they cannot be considered as the online security tool. In fact, the Psiphon serves as the simple and specific purpose of granting the user to easily open access internet were the limitations and information controls are imposed arbitrarily within the country.
Psiphon administers with the multiple proxy servers so the users can easily stay connected with SSH or VPN connection. Psiphon has high-end technology that the normal VPN service providers do not have. Psiphon for Windows administers recirculate and churn service constantly with adding the new servers that are not blocked. Organizations could also realize that the users take high-end advantage of the proxy server-based on the circumvent network restrictions. This app ensures that the government or organizations could not keep blocking them. Therefore, every server has the certificate so there is no need to worry about the dangerous connections.
Operation of Psiphon is based on the sophisticated mechanism with the wide range of servers. Each server is monitored regularly and added frequently so that when a server gets blocked, there is always another to replace it. Complete backup features are enabled so no data will be blocked or deleted. When the user likes to connect with the Psiphon’s server, then it is necessary to use only embedded certificates for authenticating the user.
Psiphon has an amazing IP masking ability so that when the user is connected with the Psiphon then his IP will be masked using the Psiphon’s servers that are located in various countries.
Psiphon is an ultimate App that is designed to bypass the censorship restrictions that are present in certain countries. Psiphon VPN employs protection against the surveillance of Internet Service Provider (ISP) or Government based on the internet data. Psiphon developers are quite keen to the stress and protection against the surveillance is not the main purpose of App. No promises are made for its effectiveness and it is considered as the anti-censorship device so it can be regarded as such. In fact, it is much more convenient to connect the Psiphon’s servers to the Windows using high advanced Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) or the Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) VPN protocol. In fact, when the SSH connections are blocked it offers the backup option and they are not available for the Smartphone users.
Psiphon operates the complete network of the servers across the world so that the App can be connected with the use of encrypted Secure Shell (SSH) with handshake obfuscation. Normally, the SSH servers are quite similar to that of the standard HTTPS proxies and they are highly advance than SSL/TLS. Psiphon SSL connections normally use the highly advanced handshake obfuscation and it aims in hiding your attempt in evading the censorship restrictions. Handshake obfuscation automatically strengthens initial SSH handshake in the system so that it would be easier to classify or identify all network protocols with examining the data to a transit of the static signature.
Psiphon uses the high-end SSH to provide complete security connection to the server. In fact, it helps to bypass all forms of the censorship. Many Organizations like the NSA and CIA have the tools to decrypt SSH so it allows to easily read all contents in the SSH sessions.
Psiphon particularly uses L2TP/IPsec VPN protocol in VPN connections and it is considered as the best security options when compared to others. Psiphon simply bypasses the censorship with letting the internet accessibilities in a much more secure way. Psiphon offers the SHA1 cryptographic hashes in Windows as well as Android Apps. In fact, it is considered as the weak data integrity when compared to the PGP digital signatures and provides the complete confidence that all downloaded files is not been tampered with. Psiphon changes the Windows Domain Name System (DNS) settings automatically to point whitelist of the DNS servers and while using Psiphon, it ensures that you do not suffer from any DNS leak.
Psiphon is the massive handy service to achieve a single goal in mind to help bypass Internet censorship as well as content filtering. Psiphon Windows version is completely free and it is quite possible to easily “sideload” Android as well as iOS Apps for free. Psiphon is a free censorship tool there have no service fees, charges or credit card information required.
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a gun, you are a terrorist. You are missing a finger? You're a terrorist.
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What this pictured object is called in English?
I was googling for mop and squeegee and got confused since based on the pictures in google images the most mops and squeegees look different. Then what is the accurate name for that?
I expect most Americans, when seeing this, would call it a Swiffer, even if it is not actually a Swiffer brand product. It’s similar to how many Americans call any kind of facial tissue a Kleenex.
After doing a web search for "dust mop", I agree with Corvus B that the generic term for this product seems to be dust mop.
Either plain mop or dust mop, depending on how it's used.
A dust mop is used dry to pick up dust. It is not used with water or soap. Your pictured mop looks different than a traditional dust mop, but it would probably work as one. If it's used with water, it is not a dust mop.
Some mops of this style have sprayers that squirt soap ahead of the mop. If that's the case, I would just call it a mop. They're essentially the same principle as a traditional mop, just implemented a bit differently to make cleaning them easier. It's not different enough to need a distinct name.
If you are trying to find a similar mop on Google or Amazon so you can buy one, then my testing shows that "microfiber mop" or "flat mop" both work well, although I've never heard anyone actually use those terms. If you're asking an employee in a physical store, you can simply call it a mop, because all mop types will be together.
It is definitely not a squeegee or sponge mop, because it doesn't have a sponge head that is squeezed with a mechanism on the mop handle.
I had only heard such mops referred to as "mops" before, but the Wikipedia page on mops seems to be calling them in general "flat mops" (with other more specific terms based on their features or intended uses). I would immediately understand the term, as it's a mop and it's flat, and a web search for "flat mop" brings up similar results.
Dry mop is listed in Merriam-Webster dictionary online as "a long-handled mop for dusting floors".
In my place of work we use mops similar to this to dry floors after moping with a regular mop, so as to reduce the risk of people slipping. We call these dry mops.
It's a sweeper floor mop, both a sweeping and a mopping tool. There are many different models and shapes. As Todd answered, Swiffer company and many others make such mops.
Norwex makes this one we have, they call it a mop.
That being said, my wife and I call it the swiffer-- and yes, every time I know I am being wrong and/or lazy.
In line with the US "Swiffer" (brand; which I've also seen in Holland), I think in the UK the same market position is held by "e-cloth"; and "e-cloth mop" gives sponsored/shopping results on Google from competing brands, so they use it as a keyword. More generically it would be "microfibre mop" as that's the type of cloth without brand name.
What to call light food served at cocktail parties, that can be eaten on the thumb?
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0.902221 |
The men congregate themselves in return of the altar. The dance starts. They have whips and weapons wooden in the hands. The punished ones try to come back, but they are expulsos and they pass to be watched by sentries. The sentries point with respect to the ones that go to be possessed. The possession starts, the men trembles, the eyes had reviewed, a thick dribble leaves for the mouth the first one to be possessed is ' ' caporal of servios' ' , that it asks for fire to be burnt and to show that is really possessed.
After that, one of the punished ones returns possessed person for ' ' conductor of locomotiva' ' it almost walks the time all between ' ' palcio' ' the sacrifice altar. Later who it appears is ' ' captain of the sea vermelho' ' , that it marches as the British army. After that they appear ' ' woman of mdico' ' , ' ' lieutenant of the sea vermelho' ' , ' ' governador' ' ' ' woman of Salmon' lieutenant; ' , that she goes to make inspection of new ' ' statue of governador' '. ' ' tenente' ' it has broken an egg in the head of the statue to represent the plume that the British governors use in the hat. At this moment it appears a scene of the ceremony of opening of the State legislature in Accra and the narrator compares this with the ritual, saying that if the order of the ceremonies he is different, the protocol is the same. ' ' State maior' ' if it congregates for inspection of ' ' palace of governo' '. If the governor not to like, will have fine. But it reveals satisfied. More ahead they appear ' ' general' ' , one ' ' soldado' ' , ' ' secretary geral' ' , one ' ' driver of caminho' ' , and ' ' commander mau' ' - these three last ones punished.
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0.999907 |
What will I learn from the English lesson a list vocabulary beginning with U?
This lesson is a list of vocabulary beginning with U to help when you are unsure what type of word it is. It is important not to try and remember the vocabulary, but just to use the list as a reference guide to help you.
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0.952165 |
Climate Change Adaptation will mean not only physical engineering solutions such as the hardening of infrastructure, but also new design criteria, emergency planning, and wider changes in decision making processes to become more resilient to an uncertain future. We believe the most cost-effective adaptation approach can be built on these four elements.
In a globalized economy, business and society are becoming more complex and interdependent, and an extreme weather event can threaten to bring down entire systems.
The resilience of businesses is interdependent with broader systems, such as supply chains, infrastructure and communities. It is important to understand these systems in combination with global trends and the mutual dependence between business and society. A system thinking approach can help reveal how elements are organized and interconnected, and provide insight into how the entire system develops.
A changing climate creates hazards that are difficult to predict, and this uncertainty presents a challenge to decision makers.
Climate-change risk analysis should therefore provide decision makers with an understanding of what losses and gains are likely to occur in the future, what measures should be taken to reduce losses and when to take them. Risk-based decision-making can evaluate a range of possible solutions and we have developed a risk-assessment framework, which takes into account climate hazards, vulnerabilities and losses. By quantifying risk in monetary terms, this framework creates a transparent basis for decision makers to find the most cost-effective portfolio of adaptation measures.
We have developed a risk assessment framework to effectively support adaptation investments and provide transparent, actionable basis for decision making. The risk assessment takes into account: current and future climate, systems thinking principles, direct and indirect losses and relevant uncertainties. The framework consists of five steps: 1. Current and future climate. What climate change phenomena will affect our system? 2. Hazards. How will the frequency of different hazards be affected by climate change? 3. Vulnerability analysis. What are the possible consequences if a specific hazard occurs? 4. Risk analysis. What is the expected annual monetary loss for the considered system? 5. Cost-benefit analysis. What would be the most cost-effective adaptation measures to prevent or reduce the anticipated damage from hazardous events?
To reduce vulnerability and build resilience in business and society, a comprehensive risk-management strategy is needed.
In order to make the right adaptation investments, we need to have a comprehensive strategy that allows us to compare options in a structured way, to find the most cost-effective portfolio of actions. Based on our knowledge and expertise in managing risk, we are developing frameworks for building resilience. Building upon a risk assessment, this strategy should encompass leadership, flexibility, innovation, response, recovery and learning.
We are developing an assessment tool to measure the implementation of a Community’s Resilience Management System (CRMS). The CRMS is a community’s framework of controls for managing essential social systems, community risks and driving continual improvement. A key challenge in improving resilience is that it is difficult to measure. Resilience assessments are complex, having to consider many social, environmental and economic issues. However, if we do not measure resilience we will struggle to identify the most effective actions to improve it.
There are many different methods used by governments, NGOs and businesses to assess resilience, but no internationally accepted standards. Assessments can be time consuming and expensive, and they vary in consistency. There is an urgent need to deliver resilience assessments that are effective and inspire confidence among all stakeholders. As part of the CRMS assessment, we at DNV GL are creating a standard method to measure community resilience. It is based on well-established management systems assessment methodologies but supplemented with materiality analysis and stakeholder engagement activities. The results of the assessment are quantitative scores and qualitative suggestions for improvement in areas such as Leadership, Risk Evaluation, Knowledge and Education, Asset Management, and Emergency Preparedness. The assessment can enable business and other stakeholders to evaluate the resilience of the communities on which they depend.
In an interconnected system, collaboration is essential as all parties benefit from each other’s resilience.
Businesses need trustworthy, accessible knowledge about climate science and adaptation. Although adaptation requires local solutions, there are many lessons, methods and best practices that be shared across sectors and geographies. Climate change and extreme weather can have impacts beyond corporate fence lines. Many factors contribute to the complex risk picture that organisations are facing, and risks are connected in many different ways. By working together, businesses and communities can coordinate their efforts in preparation, response and recovery to extreme events.
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0.999084 |
Religion, God, and Theology Discussion of God, religion, faith, theology, and spirituality.
One thing I find interesting (just my impression/opinion) is how leaving their religion doesn't necessarily change everything about how people think about the world, or even their own prior religion. For example in a lot of my own reading on that site I think people who used to hold to fundamentalist readings of the Bible tend to still hold to those same readings as ex-Christians, in a sense. Their understanding of hermeneutics hasn't really changed. What changed is that they used to think the Bible was true and now think it's false. But they are often skeptical that other readings or approaches to the text could even be legitimate. Many who deconverted from more conservative sects continue to have very negative opinions of more liberal sects; they think they are disingenuous in their approach to the Bible.
My general impression is that it isn't as hot as it used to be, but yeah, the conflict and dislike between liberal and fundamentalist/evangelical Christians is really strong. When I left Christianity, my evangelical father complimented me that at least I was being an honest atheist instead of turning to liberal Christianity.
Unfortunately, while I don't hold the evangelical view that only the "plain meaning" of the text is legitimate, my guess is that alternative hermeneutical approaches will probably continue to have declining relevance. They generally only work in strongly hierarchical or elitist religions, and the trend seems to be towards religious leadership that is more democratic and member-driven.
This saga will continue and get worse. Modern academia is filled to the brim with low hanging fruit that desperately need to elevate their prose to the level of science in someone's eyes. I do recommend the book Fashionable Nonsense written by, you guessed it, actual scientists. Most importantly study the back story to the book - the Sokal Affair. It'd be funny if it were not so sad.
Don't really get the connection here - well named's article has nothing to do with postmodernism. His terminology is all clearly defined and his conclusions are empirically based. You're really reaching.
Postmodernism was simply the context of the expose. Clearly the book made a larger point.
Both the original Sokal hoax and the more recent Sokal-Squared publications are in Humanities journals, not social science journals. I don't know which journals Sokal originally might have tried and failed to get published in before landing on the one that did publish, but I do know the Sokal-Squared authors tried (and were rejected by) several sociology journals.
The idea that those publications reflect badly on sociology as a discipline is just confused about the actual facts.
Perhaps you did not read my response to the same objection you just made.
Modern academia is filled to the brim with low hanging fruit that desperately need to elevate their prose to the level of science in someone's eyes.
The internet is filled to the brim with low hanging fruit that are desperately ignorant and want to feel smart, and so they speak unintelligibly about intelligent topics, pretending to be defending science when they are simply defending their own ignorance. Indeed, anti-intellectualism is the new intellectualism to these folks.
If you look back at history, you'll see that there is a distinct flight of Christians out of academia. This gave rise to the increasing number of young earth creationists, who most definitely don't have science on their side. Their sense of Scripture became warped and became an object of worship above and beyond the God that authored it, and the God that communicates his Truth through the universe he created. And they became academically unimportant as a result of their flawed approach to knowledge.
So I think that if Christians want to bash academia, they really only have themselves to blame for turning their back on the institutions of higher education.
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I'm not really sure what the issue is here. Regardless of whether or not qualitative sociology is *Science*, it is obviously still potentially useful and can add to the sum total of human knowledge. For instance, most history books would not qualify as science under pulvis's criteria, but they still seem both worthwhile and useful for learning about the world. Qualititative methods in the social sciences seem to me a clear improvement over just using anecdotes (they are usually paired with quantitative elements and address statistical concerns with representativeness and various biases). My view is that most sociology isn't really a science in the same way that physics or chemistry is because there is no consensus on a paradigm, but so what? Are we supposed to just not use rational and empirical methods to study societies? What are the better alternatives?
The point is that people who do research generally aspire to do science. People who claim these fields or research methods are not "scientific enough" are almost exclusively out to denigrate those fields.
Now I know you often approach taxonomy / terminology of this type with the expressed notion that this not matter. I understand that view, but I do not agree with it. If we continuously allow people to deny us our words and symbolic meanings, then we would ultimately be left without a way to convey them.
Pulvis is guilty of little else than the typical conflation of science with STEM subjects, which is further confused with a method debate. Presumably because he thinks such fields only use empirical falsification and thus by extension anything calling itself science must do so. This is a problematic error, because there are plenty of important stem fields where you very can't do that. Astronomy / geology are classic examples where size and distance often makes that impossible and also the time perspective of the phenomena they study require us to use conjectural approaches. Other example could be research on epidemics, where falsification is very often impossible for safety reasons or ethical reasons.
There is of course also the added irony in that if we really were to define "science" as rigidly as people like Pulvis want, science would have enormous difficulties developing and refining itself over time. You could even argue that the birth of modern science would have been paradoxical in itself if we accepted such rigid rules to apply, since in itself represented a major shift in paradigms.
Last edited by tame_deuces; 04-01-2019 at 02:23 PM.
Clearly, an article published by a journal that "did not practice academic peer review" undermines the entirety of academia. Because "not peer reviewed" is totally the right standard to consider. The entirety of academic thought rests on maintaining that approach.
Originally Posted by Aaron W.
I agree that Pulvis' argument is ham-fisted and fairly ignorant.
But I don't think we should go down some line of holding scientific journals as sacrosanct. There are legitimate issues with journals. Obviously as you point out, some of this is down to lack of peer review. But even in peer-reviewed journals there has been shown lack of proper editorial review.
There are also other issues, one major one being that proper peer review is often lacking: There is not much testing of papers and research done and published. The onus is often on attempting to do original research, leading to a lot of rehashing old models with a slight refurbish and sometimes outright design analyses to achieve results. A final peeve of mine is more and more reliance on pay-to-view journals and paywalls, academia doesn't thrive in such environments.
I think it is very important to "fess up" to those issues. I don't really think it is a new problem, more an age-old problem in a new frock. It's more that time tends to bury mediocre research so we don't see it anymore. Émile Durkheim's brilliant "Suicide" is a monumental achievement in sociology (and still a great work), but I bet a lot of more forgettable stuff was around at his time.
But I do not think it is really a problem unique to social science, but something all fields struggle with. STEM subjects might go out on weird tangential models where demonstrating perspective becomes more important than demonstrating relevance, medical science might spew out case studies where empirical research would have been better, social science might develop strange statistical frameworks where the models hold up, but their real world relevance is questionable.
For a professional sifting throw the material isn't that hard,and I am guessing that is true for all fields. You develop a pretty good "BS detector", but for laymen it can be tough. And especially dangerous is when journalists "fall for the bait", amplifying questionable papers with even more questionable headlines. We had an example on this very forum where a study supposedly demonstrated that religious children were less moral, but they had never bothered to ask themselves if religious children simply had different morals.
But the glaring flaw in Pulvis' argument (barring the weird fixation with "postmodernism" which is a weird objection against qualitative research following generally accepted method... one of the thing postmodernists generally despise the most) is that he doesn't demonstrate problems with the paper we are discussing in this thread. He is speaking from prejudice more than understanding.
Last edited by tame_deuces; 04-02-2019 at 06:32 AM.
The discovery that H. pylori was the cause of ulcers instead of stomach acid was not immediately accepted even though the data was fairly clear because it ran up against the pre-existing beliefs of the peers.
I think it is very important to "fess up" to those issues.
Sure. Any human endeavor is going to have difficulties and it is in no way perfect.
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0.949135 |
Explain ways to embed functional skills in your specialist area.
Functional skills are skills we need to function in everyday life. ‘Functional skills are essential skills in English, mathematics and ICT that enable everyone to deal with the practical problems and challenges of life – at home, in education and at work. They are essential to all our lives. For example, they help us recognise good value deals when making purchases, in writing an effective application letter, or when using the internet to access local services or online banking. They are about using English, mathematics and ICT in everyday situations’.
My subject area is childcare and functional skills are important throughout childcare courses and will be developed throughout a course with the support of the tutor. It is now part of a tutor’s role to improve and support the development of Literacy, ICT and Numeracy.
As part of completing a childcare course learners will have to write assignments of a high standard. I would support learners to achieve this skill by initially providing opportunities to complete small written assignments with constructive feedback. I then would increase the size of the assignment required. I would also teach a session on writing effective assignments before giving the learners a big assignment to complete.
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0.944603 |
Does the concept of home education apply to preschool children? And if so, at what age should you start?
Home education certainly does apply to preschoolers, perhaps just in a slightly different way than you imagined.
Have you ever considered homeschooling your children? Perhaps you live on a remote farm or your special needs child cannot be accommodated in a mainstream school, or maybe your child is simply not getting the individual attention he deserves.
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0.957561 |
Point of view determines how the story will be told or narrated. As such, some choices have to be made. You must ask yourself: Will I tell this story in 1st person, 2nd person, or 3rd person? In 1st person a story is narrated using the pronoun “I.” The character telling the story is part of the story, which means that the narration is limited to that character’s observations and opinions. He may narrate his own story or someone else’s, but in either case it will always be his story. After all, he is the one telling it. Thus the advantage of 1st person is also its disadvantage. It may offer you a sense of control in working through a single character, but it also provides limited flexibility as the narrative is restrained by that character’s singular experience.
In 2nd person a story is narrated using the pronoun “you.” The narrator could be speaking to someone specifically within the story or just be referencing “you” in general. If the narrator is speaking to someone within the story, the narrator is a character within the story, but if the narrator is referencing “you” in general, he may actually be the narrator of the story writing directly to his reader (i.e. you). The advantage of 2nd person is that it is slightly more flexible than 1st person as it presents the option of two different narrators. However, the disadvantage of 2nd person is that it can be complicated and confusing. If it is to be used well, it requires careful control. If it is not carefully controlled, it can quickly become cumbersome, awkward, clunky, even irritating. 2nd person tends to work best when it is a narrator within a story speaking to another character. So make it clear that your narrator is speaking directly to another character and avoid mixing its use with the usage of “you” in general. Using “you” in general is generally best avoided, that is, unless you have an intentional reason for it.
In 3rd person a story is narrated using the pronouns “he” or “she.” The narrator tells someone else’s story from the outside. He may narrate by showing, that is, describing the story’s characters, events, and scenes using only what can be seen or heard, or by telling, that is, depicting the characters, events, and scenes by summarizing them, interpreting them, or commenting on them. The advantage of 3rd person over 1st person or 2nd person is that it is much more flexible. 3rd person offers a range of narration from objective (purely descriptive) to omniscient (all-knowing). Using 3rd person allows you to move unhindered between the external and internal worlds of one or more characters. While 3rd person provides ultimate flexibility in terms of point of view, it may also be difficult to control. So it is wise to clearly distinguish each character and organize shifts between characters’ points of view.
Character signifies human experience. It includes many elements such as a body, a mind, and social circumstances. A character must have a body. This is called physical characterization. Give your character a mole or a crooked knee. Allow your reader to see your character. For example: in Charles Dickens’ Hard Times, Dickens depicts Mrs. Sparsit as that woman “with the Coriolanian style of nose and the dense black eyebrows” (Dickens 47). In this way, Dickens allows us to see his character, to picture her.
Moreover, a character must think and feel. This is called psychological characterization. Give your character thoughts, assumptions, biases, feelings, doubts, fears, hopes, and dreams; and give your character a desire. For example: in Hard Times Dickens’ describes his character Louisa as having a “starved imagination keeping life in itself somehow, which brightened its expression. Not with the brightness natural to cheerful youth, but with uncertain, eager, doubtful flashes, which had something painful in them, analogous to the changes on a blind face groping its way” (19). Here Dickens allows us to understand the inner dimensions of his character, Louisa—inner dimensions that have a profound impact on the events that play out in the story. In Dickens’ novel we learn that Louisa wants to make her own choices in life, “that she would have been self-willed…but for her bringing-up” (19). She does not want to be controlled.
So what does your character want? Ice cream? A girlfriend? To save the neighbor’s dog? To kill it? This can often be very difficult to determine. But once you clearly decide what your character wants then you should keep your character from achieving that want either by the internal issues your character struggles with or by the external struggles your character engages. In either case, a character’s struggle is the story and should constitute the bulk of it.
It may sound simple, but developing a character’s struggles requires lots of practice. Why? Naturally, we avoid them. We are averse to them; but as a writer, you must embrace them, even manipulate them. A writer is a manipulator. He manipulates his reader by abusing his character. The reader, on the other hand, is manipulated. That’s why a reader reads: to be manipulated, to sit down and read a good story, to struggle alongside a character and reach resolution with that character. A reader enjoys this. So give it to him. Let him have it. As much as you love your character don’t avoid abusing him. If you love him, let him suffer. You can always make things right in the end. Allow your reader to see the world through the eyes of your character and to want what your character wants.
Lastly, give your character social circumstances. Your character must come from somewhere and have some kind of social profile. Give or don’t give your character an education, money, a family, friends, a religion, a hobby, a special taste for squid. Allow your reader to see the world from which your character comes.
Plot is different from characterization. Plot equates to events. A character must have experience; but if there are no events in your story, what can your character experience or react to? In Hard Times Dickens places his two characters, Louisa and Thomas, whose lives are micromanaged by their practical-minded father, Mr. Gradgrind, in the path of a traveling circus, at which point we find “Louisa peeping with all her might through a hole in a deal board, and…Thomas abasing himself on the ground to catch but a hoof of the graceful equestrian Tyrolean flower-act” (18)! It is a singular event that has enormous consequences as the unimaginative and well-ordered lives of two characters are ruptured by the possibilities of the artistic and unrestrained, consequences which result in a succession of dramatic events. So give your story interesting, character-testing events. Does your character get pushed out of a car on the way to school or does that malicious girl two houses down fall out of your character’s front yard tree and land on his head? How your character reacts to the events he experiences can define his character.
As your mind swells with events, you must consider how you will structure those events in order to form a story. When you consider the structure of events as a whole, you will realize that your story must begin somewhere and end somewhere else. A story is, after all, a story. It requires a beginning, middle, and end. Your story, therefore, should begin at some interesting point, travel upward as it builds on that beginning with rising action and character development, reach a climax involving the peak of a character’s problem or the most alarming moment of a character’s experience, and finally make a short descent as the story achieves some kind of resolution to that problem or experience. This structure is formerly known as the Fichtean curve (i.e. the upside down check mark).
Remember, a story that doesn’t start somewhere is a story that never gets written. So you must begin at the place you think is most interesting. An interesting beginning could involve an event such as a perilous situation for your character (a man braces himself against a rope at the sandwich shop as a St. Bernard plants its paws on his chest) or it could involve something embarrassing (a girl, picking her nose behind the wheel of her car, gets honked at by that cute guy from the baseball team) or it could involve an image or description such as the milieu of the country corner shop or a row of daisies bobbling in the wind. It is interesting if it engages both the reader’s imagination and emotions.
In Hard Times Dickens chooses to begin with “the one thing needful” (9) and that is to talk about “Facts”: “‘Now, what I want is, Facts. Teach these boys and girls nothing but Facts. Facts alone are wanted in life. Plant nothing else, and root out everything else’” (9). In this way, Dickens establishes point of view, characterizes a central character, engages the central conflict, and sets his story’s events in motion.
The story begins with dialog which allows us to see that a character is speaking. We may, therefore, conclude that the character is speaking to someone. Furthermore, his dialog is provided in quotes, which tells us that someone is narrating his speech. The facts tells us that this narrative is in 3rd person point of view, a point that is confirmed when the 3rd person narrator writes, “The scene was a plain, bare, monotonous vault of a schoolroom, and the speaker’s square forefinger emphasized his observations, by underscoring every sentence with a line on the schoolmaster’s sleeve” (9). These external descriptions of scene and character indicate conclusively a 3rd person point of view. In the first two paragraphs we also learn a great deal about the physical, psychological, and physiological characterization of Mr. Gradgrind. He has a “square forefinger,” he is obsessed with “facts,” and the fact that he is standing in a schoolroom giving a speech tells us he is an educated, possibly middle-to-upper class, man. Moreover, we are presented with the central conflict. Are facts alone wanted in life? What about imagination, creativity? Are they not also wanted in life? This dichotomy forms the basis of all conflict within the story, and Dickens presents it in his opening lines. And finally, the tangible action of Dickens’ character standing in a schoolroom giving a speech to an “inclined plane of little vessels” constitutes an event.
After your story has had a character and events that occupy both space and time, it then must end at a higher plane than it began. The peak of this higher plane is called a climax. The climax occurs when the character has reached the highest point of internal and/or external crisis, the point from which the story must turn if your character is to make it out alive. Every story’s climax is different. It is the point at which only you can determine. It is the point at which your mind tells you the struggle will never end even as your heart tells you it will.
As your story makes its short descent from the point of climax (ultimate conflict), it must reach for and achieve some kind of resolution, at which point you have arrived at the end of your story. While that resolution could be achieved by way of a dramatic turn, it could also be achieved by a simple shift in direction.
A dramatic turn achieves an obvious resolution (Gradgrind’s daughter, Louisa, confronts her father about her upbringing and “[curses] the hour in which [she] was born to such a destiny” (208); she has made an obvious turn of mind, heart, and action, and the resultant change is distinct: “‘I shall die if you hold me!’ she says. ‘Let me fall upon the ground!’ And he laid her down there, and saw the pride of his heart and the triumph of his system, lying, an insensible heap, at his feet” (212)); whereas a shift in direction achieves a more subtle resolution (the relationship between Stephen and Rachel is unclearly redefined: “he avoided every chance of seeing her; for, although he knew that the prohibition did not yet formally extend to the women working in the factories, he found that some of them with whom he was acquainted were changed to him, and he feared to try others, and dreaded that Rachael might be even singled out from the rest if she were seen in his company” (143). This shift shows that their relationship has been “muddled,” as opposed to abolished, due to the un-communicated fear of potential disgrace arising from their association.
Conflict, on the other hand, is what disturbs a character. It can be internal or external. If conflict is internal, it resides within the character. In this case, a character may not want to go into the pet store to look at dogs because he remembers getting bitten by a dog on his newspaper route as a child; and he can’t bring himself to even look at them, even though he wants to buy one for his girlfriend. If the conflict is external, it resides outside the character. In this case, a character may try to buy a dog, but it is too expensive and the owner won’t let him have it for less money. Will he punch the owner in the nose, will he steal the dog when the owner isn’t looking, or will he go work harder and come back when he can pay for it?
Mr Bounderby’s visage exhibited an extraordinary combination of all possible colours and expressions of discomfiture, as old Mrs Pegler was disclosed to his view. “Why, what do you mean by this?” was his highly unexpected demand. “Sir!” exclaimed Mrs Sparsit, faintly.
“What do you recommend, father,” asked Louisa.
“Shall I marry him?” repeated Louisa, with great deliberation.
Throughout this interaction between Louisa and Mr. Gradgrind, Mr. Gradgrind dispassionately presents Louisa with the pressure of marrying Mr. Bounderby, a man twice her age; yet throughout, Louisa struggles to express her feelings by asking her father whether or not she should do what she secretly does not want to do. Dickens writes: “Perhaps he might have seen one wavering moment in her, when she was impelled to throw herself upon his breast, and give him the pent-up confidences of her heart” (99). As Mr. Gradgrind continues to pressure Louisa, it becomes increasingly difficult for her to openly and honestly communicate her desires.
The choices you make involving point of view, characterization, plot, and conflict will be unique when they are the choices you make. If the story is focused on character, character will drive and define the story’s events. If the story is focused on events, events will drive and define the story’s character. As you make these choices, the story will unfold and you will find yourself smack in the middle of exciting drama before you know it.
Which way you decide to write is up to you, but you must remember that writing requires you to know how to use the basic principles outlined here. So it is best to do exercises focusing only on one technique at a time until you feel comfortable and confident using that technique. When you have experimented with and learned each writing technique (point of view, characterization, plot, and conflict) you will come to recognize how interwoven all the elements of craft are and how they work together and influence each other, at which point you can mix and match techniques, using them how and in what ways you like in order to tell the story you are burning to write.
Dickens, Charles. Hard Times. New York: Penguin Books, 2003. Print.
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0.949008 |
There are several "famous" and helpful irrational numbers. You might be the most familiar with the number pi, or , but there is also the number e.
The number e is called Euler's Number because it was first used by Leonhard Euler in the 1700s. (Many mathematicians pronounce Leonhard Euler's name as "Oiler" instead of "Yuler"). However, another mathematician named John Napier used the number back in the 1600s with logarithms. Napier just didn't call it e yet.
It is equal to the base of the natural logarithm.
Euler's number is irrational, which means that the decimal never terminates, or ends, and it does not repeat. The digits after the decimal continue indefinitely. That means that it is impossible to write an exact value to represent e, but there are some expressions that are approximate values of e.
Another way to approximate e is to use the expression As the value of n increases, the expression becomes closer and closer to the value of .
The number , becomes helpful in many different mathematical situations, like determining the compounded interest on continuously compounded bank accounts. In fact, this very use of the value of e is how Euler came up with the number.
We can use this formula to determine the amount in the account when we know the principal amount, the rate and the length of time the money will be in the account when compounded continuously.
Saraaj will deposit $1800 in an account at a rate of 3% that is compounded continuously. How much money will be in the account after 5 years?
Here, Euler's number was used to help determine that there would be approximately $2091.30 in the account after 5 years.
Once you get deeper into your math journey, you will find the e turns up everywhere! Euler's number is especially helpful in engineering, probability and trigonometry applications. For example, it is used in Newton's heating and cooling, it is used to relate trigonometric functions to hyperbolic functions, it is used in probability to represent the normal distribution and it is even used in calculations with electric circuits!
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0.98322 |
My take on it is that using computers as a tool for making art is a fine thing to do, though there are a few pitfalls in using them.
We could say the same thing about photography. As a tool for making art it is fine, but most of use know that over reliance or exclusive use of this "tool" by artists without mastery of drawing or a fully developed cognitive understanding of form can be wasting time and merely using what little creative potential a person is born with on non-regenerative activity-effort that does not affect artistic growth. This is not to say that what Patrick called "digital art" wastes creative juices; but, those artists wishing to go beyond simplistic visual illustration should understand that artistic growth is not automatic or the result of the producing images. Picasso produced more images than most of his peers, yet his art career shows a degeneration of visual understanding, and his final works celebrate "graffiti" as fine art. I defy anyone to show me that his copying of Lautrec and Cézanne help him to grow and produce great art.
On the question, is digital art, fine art? I would first try to define "digital art." Brian correctly references the computer which is the "tool" used to produce "digital images" As a "tool" the computer is more flexible than photography which is often the basis for a primal image. Certainly computer image production and management is in its infancy and future technicians will have ever more capacity to play and manipulate digitally produced or scanned images. As with photography, many people will develop a false sense of their creative potential. Though it is great that so many people are engaged in image making, it is sad that their understanding and appreciation of Art is so limited and confused. From infancy children are assured that they are "artists" and anything they produce is great. The theory is, that if you can convince children or adults that they are artists and anything they do is art, they will continue to produce images which are unique and creative. According to this theory, accurate drawing or mimeses will inhibited or stifle artistic growth and must be discourage or avoided. This kind of topsy turvy art educational theory has been frustrating genuine artists who have a propensity to improve their drawing ability and become "fine artists". By "fine artists" I mean those who achieve mastery of drawing, cognitive understanding of visual phenomenon and an empathetic attachment to reality. I could go on with this description of a "fine artist" but just let me say that mastery of the computer image producing capacity is not mastery of drawing. Producing an image of a figure does not necessarily mean the person has the cognitive capability to affect more than a facade. The feelings of emotions we sense in a painting or drawing are not a contrivance of an artist. They are the natural product of empathy with the subject. The modern artist "uses" a subject to create a private totem for his own glorification. A real artist "uses" his knowledge and skills to "give" a subject special visual appeal. His feelings about the subject will be sensed from observing the work. They need no text or explanation. It is my belief that it is the process of drawing from life, or translating real form into an image that the artists develops a special empathy for the subject. It is not unlike the feelings we have towards another human being through familiarity and shared experience. Some artists are born with this special capacity to empathize with reality while others gain through drawing experience.
Drawing from photographs, digital images or prints is a vicarious experience that is not as effective in developing feelings towards a subject. I believe that artist who limit themselves to drawing from images rather than reality shortchange themselves. Such activity can be detrimental to the art student who wants to improve. Once again, what is perfectly okay for the master should be avoided by the student. Since it is not likely that today's students will avoid the computer, they must be alerted to the false sense of their accomplishments and encouraged to "do it the hard way." Learn to draw.
What is "digital art?" More correctly, what is a work of digital art? The product of the computer generated image is a light image or a print. Advances in printing technologies continue to offer greater possibilities for producing permanent images. Artist are now going into these prints with paint and creating "artist enhanced prints" which provide a one-of-a-kind "multimedia" picture that can be marketed are lower prices. It is another advance in mass distribution of fine art.
For me, the computer is a tool with many possibilities for my painting. I still prefer relying on my natural abilities to draw, design, and paint pictures. My worry is that future artists will become so dependent upon this tool, that they may eventually lose the ability to create the magic called fine art.
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0.93486 |
past were passed by city council.
also be passed by city council.
reasoning—that past events provide a fairly reliable indication of the future.
track: The majority of Vasani grants that were given in the past were given to academic biologists.
majority of that majority will probably be biologists.
not draw a conclusion about the future based on past events, however, it can be ruled out.
conclusion regarding what will probably not happen in the future.
concludes that the future will probably be different from the past.
I wanted to know the difference between answer choices C and E.
I am guessing you are referring to question 20 from the June 2011 test, section III. If so, then answer C is a sort of contrapositive: "Editors hate farmers, so a hire who likes farmers won't be an editor." But E is just a "time shift assumption" issue as in the stimulus. The stimulus says, "Most CL-endorsed proposals passed, so a future one probably will." And answer E says, "Most stone artifacts found are domestic tools, so a future stone artifact probably will be a domestic tool too."
Could you explain why answer choice A is incorrect? It also uses past events to predict the future event, right?
You're right about that time shift in answer A, chian9010, but that's not enough to make it the best answer choice. Answer A also does something that neither the stimulus nor the correct answer do, and that is introduce another "most" in the conclusion - "if most of the Vasani grants awarded next year...". Our conclusion was about any future proposal that is endorsed, which means all such proposals, not just most of them. Answer E also has that same level of inclusion and certainty - not just most of the next stone artifacts to be found, but the next one. That small difference is enough to make E a better choice, and A a very attractive contender!
It's little things like that which can make a fairly simple Parallel Reasoning question tougher, and why we have to be careful to first sort the answers into losers and contenders and then, if we have two or more contenders, compare them to each other to discern what makes them different from each other so we can determine how that difference makes one better than the others.
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Našli jsme další záznamy k osobě שלום סלוינאן דדון.
שלום סלוינאן דדון je pohřben(a) na hřbitově New Kiryat Shmona Cemetery v místě zobrazeném na níže uvedené mapě. Tyto informace o GPS jsou k dispozici POUZE na stránkách BillionGraves. Naše technologie vám pomůže najít umístění hrobu a také další členy rodiny, pohřbené poblíž.
שלום סלוינאן דדון was 2 years old when World War II: The Imperial Japanese Navy made a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, intending to neutralize the United States Pacific Fleet from influencing the war Japan was planning to wage in Southeast Asia. World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier. The vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—eventually formed two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most global war in history; it directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of total war, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 50 to 85 million fatalities, most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China. It included massacres, the genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, premeditated death from starvation and disease and the only use of nuclear weapons in war.
שלום סלוינאן דדון was 18 years old when Space Race: Launch of Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite to orbit the Earth. The Space Race refers to the 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for dominance in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II, aided by captured German missile technology and personnel from the Aggregat program. The technological superiority required for such dominance was seen as necessary for national security, and symbolic of ideological superiority. The Space Race spawned pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites, uncrewed space probes of the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and to the Moon.
שלום סלוינאן דדון was 25 years old when The Beatles make their first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show, performing before a "record-busting" audience of 73 million viewers across the USA. The Beatles were an English rock band formed in Liverpool in 1960. With members John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, they became widely regarded as the foremost and most influential music band in history. Rooted in skiffle, beat and 1950s rock and roll, the Beatles later experimented with several musical styles, ranging from pop ballads and Indian music to psychedelia and hard rock, often incorporating classical elements and unconventional recording techniques in innovative ways. In 1963, their enormous popularity first emerged as "Beatlemania"; as the group's music grew in sophistication, led by primary songwriters Lennon and McCartney, the band were integral to pop music's evolution into an art form and to the development of the counterculture of the 1960s.
שלום סלוינאן דדון was 33 years old when Munich massacre: Nine Israeli athletes die (along with a German policeman) at the hands of the Palestinian "Black September" terrorist group after being taken hostage at the Munich Olympic Games. Two other Israeli athletes were slain in the initial attack the previous day. The Munich massacre was an attack during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, in which the Palestinian terrorist group Black September took eleven Israeli Olympic team members hostage and killed them along with a West German police officer.
שלום סלוינאן דדון was 47 years old when Space Shuttle program: STS-51-L mission: Space Shuttle Challenger disintegrates after liftoff, killing all seven astronauts on board. The Space Shuttle program was the fourth human spaceflight program carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which accomplished routine transportation for Earth-to-orbit crew and cargo from 1981 to 2011. Its official name, Space Transportation System (STS), was taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft of which it was the only item funded for development.
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0.999994 |
Technical analysis could use some help. Please research the article's assertions. Whatever is credible should be sourced, and what is not should be removed.
Technical analysis is the practice of developing rules to trade securities based on the past price movements of the securities markets and individual securities. The definition can be extended to include trading rules that results in behaviourial factors, such as Contrarian investing.
It doesn't work very well in an efficient market. Efficiency can reasonably be defined as the extent to which this sort of thing doesn't work.
No information on Sales, cash flow, earnings, customer base and other information are needed.
Major financial reporting standards (like IFRS and US GAAP) have procedural variations such that the numbers such as income, expenses, return on assets etc. may vary drastically due to different practices. Technical analysis does not require adjustments to the financial statements in order to make firms comparable.
Psychological factors and other nonquantifiable factors often affect the prices of the security and do not usually appear on the financial statements. example include employee training and loyalty, customer goodwill, and general investor attitude.
These factors are related to the fact that since one does not need financial statements for technical analysis,[note 1] it saves time and brain power to process the information.
The efficient market hypothesis, even in the weakest form, argues that the prices of securities reflect all market information, including but not limited to rates of return, sequence of prices, trading volume and any information that can be generated by market data. In simpler terms, future rates of return is statistically independent of the past rate of return. As a result, the hypothesis contends that trading rules derived from market data will not systematically get superior[note 2] gains. This form of the hypothesis is usually well-supported by statistical tests of securities on the NYSE and NASDAQ.
If the market is not as efficient as it would needed to be,[note 3][note 4] arbitrage[note 5] opportunities will arise making profits until the next price update.
Don't expect it to work in any major stock exchanges , however.
See the Wikipedia article on Efficient market hypothesis.
See the Wikipedia article on Technical analysis.
See the Wikipedia article on Arbitrage.
↑ Compared to, for example, buy and hold .
↑ As in prices do not update very often, like computers are not even available in the stock exchange due to technology (For example, if you are living in the 1810s) or cost limitations (Given the fact that listing on a stock exchange requires fees paid to the stock exchange, this is mostly a non-issue).
↑ It is also possible to exploit prices movements created by technological limitations in terms of bandwidth limits of data (before networking is invented, perhaps) because different stock exchanges may have different prices for the same securities. However that's beyond the scope of technical analysis.
↑ In the strictest sense, it refers to any profit requiring zero risk and zero investment. For the purpose of this article, a more popular interpretation is used -- the superior risk-return trade-off which may or may not require risk and/or investment.
↑ See the Wikipedia article on Contrarian investing.
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0.974408 |
After India’s plan on climate change last week, the United Kingdom announced a plan due expand in an important way the use of renewable energies.
Up to 7,000 wind turbines – including 3,000 offshore – will be installed by 2020 in order to multiply by a factor ten the importance of these energies in the UK energy mix.
This will cost up to 100 billion £ (126 billion Euros or 198 billion USD) over the next twelve years and is due to create up to 160,000 jobs. A most interesting prospect.
Setting out the London government’s plans for greater investment in and reliance on renewables, Brown envisaged Britain’s coastal waters being turned “into the equivalent for wind power of what the Gulf of Arabia is for the oil industry”.
This year, Britain would pass Denmark as the country with the world’s highest operating offshore wind capacity of more than 400 megawatts, he told a low carbon economy summit in London.
“The North Sea has now passed its peak of oil and gas supply — but it will now embark on a new transformation into the global centre of the offshore wind industry,” he added.
There will have to be more windfarms onshore too, despite criticism including from those who say they blight the landscape, he said.
A government blueprint announced later set out plans for 7,000 new wind turbines — 4,000 onshore and 3,000 offshore — greater support for “green” energy and allowing renewables into the national power grid.
Brown also renewed his commitment to greater use of wind, wave and nuclear power to move Britain away from its reliance on oil and fossil fuels, amid spiralling prices, in order to secure its future energy supplies and meet carbon reduction targets.
Currently about eight percent of Britain’s total energy supply comes from low carbon sources — two percent from renewables and six percent from nuclear.
An interesting prospects that exemplifies what I was reporting in a previous article on the boom forecast in the renewable energies industry.
To be partial, I have to mention the fears of the effects of more wind turbines in the British countryside.
It is also worth noting to infer this article that the government of Gordon Brown announced previously a plan to build new nuclear plants.
Most unfortunately there are no plans yet on energy efficiency and conservation in this country… I do hope it will come soon as the UK is – to me – going well on its climate change mitigation plan.
Did you know of this scenario?
Do you know if environmental organizations from other countries (France in particular) have presented such bold and comprehensive plans?
Hey Meryn, nice to see you drop by and thanks for your comment.
I didn’t know about this scenario and never heard about this project.
I know Norway and other small countries want to turn carbon neutral but have no idea if other NGOs have similar plans.
I had a short look at the website… well, it is always the same thing : we can do everything we want with renewables…. Personally I am not so sure for the reasons I wrote there and there.
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0.999988 |
Decided to explore Death Valley since the weather has finally cooled off. Over two days we managed to see: the sand dunes, badwater basin, zabriskie point, ubehehe crater, and artist’s drive.
Ended up sand boarding!!!! It was so much fun!!! Definitely bring your board with you to try it out.
We camped at furnace creek campground, which was conveniently located in the middle of the things we wanted to see. They don’t take any reservations during the summer and charge $22 a night. Definitely worth it. Just make sure to check the weather before you go as it gets REALLY HOT!!!
Lower Calf Creek hike is located in Grand Staircase Escalante, 5 hours away from Las Vegas, Nevada. The hike itself is 6 miles round trip with beautiful scenery and a beautiful waterfall at the end. Go during the summer time when the water is warmer so you take a dip in the waterfall.
First come basis for the campground, no reservations allowed. You have to pay a $5 campground fee at the trailhead. Make sure you get there ealry, there’s only 14 spots total and the place gets crowded quick as it the most popular hike/ campground in Escalante. Have fun!!! Totally worth the long drive!!!
My friend and I decided to hike Mt Charleston Peak in order to train for hiking Machu Picchu. Here’s a breakdown of the hike: 17 miles | 11,916 ft elevation | 8,241 ft prominence | Highest peak in Southern Nevada | 8th most prominent mountain in the U.S. | Most prominent mountain in Nevada. I will let the pictures speak for themselves.
In terms of camping, we decided to avoid the crowds, and camp on our way back, along the trail. Primitive/ dispersed camping available. Fire is allowed depending on the season, so check their website before hand. Pack-in-pack-out type camp.
Once you get to the Whipple cave access road, pass the wire fenced gate located on the right hand side. Here, you will drive on a dirt road for about 2 miles. A 4w drive is highly encountered. You won’t be able to make the drive in a sedan. You will see the trailhead at the end of the road.
You can camp here for the night. There’s fire pits available throughout, it’s a very secluded area so you will not run into other people or crowds. Just an FYI, it gets pretty windy at night. Dog friendly! No reservation required, free to camp!
The cave is located a couple minutes away, up the mountain. You will see signs for it. You can enter the cave by rappelling down 70 feet. Once at the bottom, you can embark on a 2 mile spelunking adventure!!! You will need a 165 ft rope and headlamps to accomplish this adventure as well as technical rope-climbing skills.
Arizona Hot Springs is located at Mile Marker 4 US 93 South Of Hoover Dam, Lake Mead National Recreation Area, Boulder City, NV 89005. Those directions will take you to the parking lot trailhead.
Although it’s only a 6 mile round trip hike, make sure to bring plenty of water as it gets extremely hot in the canyon. A bathing suit and water shoes are highly encouraged as you will pass multiple hot springs (when I say they’re hot, they’re steaming hot). Here, you can relax for a little bit in the man made jacuzzi, or continue your hike until you hit a 20 ft ladder which you need to climb and then you’re minutes away from the Colorado river.
Just an FYI,The hike itself is closed during the summer months.
In terms of camping, once you reach the Colorado river, you will come across a beachy area. You can set camp here for the night. Just an FYI, it gets pretty crowded prior to the summer months so get here early in order to get a nice spot. First come basis, no reservation. Free of charge, can stay up to 15 days. Primitive campsite with limited fire pits available. However, the area is absolutely beautiful, and makes up for the primitive campsite with so many amazing options from dipping in the hot springs or jumping in the river to cool off.
If you’re looking to explore a lesser known area of Zion National Park and avoid the crowds, this is the place for you. Located 30 minutes from Zion National Park, on Kolob Terrace Road (0.1 miles once on Kolob road on the right hand side). The campsite is located near a stream and is absolutely beautiful. Free to camp here, no permit required, first come basis. Fire pits are available throughout.
For those of you who are planning on hiking the Subway, this is the perfect place to camp as it only located a few miles from the Subway Trailhead - Left Fork Trailhead.
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0.996504 |
I am wondering if you know where the phrase "won by a landslide" originated.
When Teton County, Wyoming, where I live, became a county in the early 1920s the communities of Kelly and Jackson competed to be named county seat. Jackson won by a narrow margin and the county was officially formed in 1923. Then in 1925 a landslide dammed the Gros Ventre River in the mountains above Kelly creating Slide Lake. Finally, in 1927 that natural dam broke and the resulting flood destroyed Kelly, which has never been rebuilt to what it once was. Anyway, a persistent rumor in this area is that the phrase was born from that series of events. I was hoping you could shed some light on the subject.
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0.999639 |
Embark on an 8-day tour of exotic Vietnam. Visit the vibrant and bustling cities, see landscapes of staggering natural beauty and spend a memorable night on a traditional Vietnamese junk in the middle of the UNESCO World Heritage-listed Halong bay. This incredible tour includes 7 nights in handpicked accommodation, daily breakfasts, all-inclusive meals while sailing the turquoise waters of Halong Bay, return airport transfers, private transport throughout the tour, and return economy class international flights from Sydney or Melbourne.
Imagine paddling through emerald waters, exploring ancient towns *and embarking on adventures through *lush green landscapes: pack your bags and set off to spend** eight unforgettable days in the** verdant oasis of Vietnam. Discover the delicious food and diverse culture of this country, as you tour through Vietnam's most famous and vibrant cities: Hanoi, Hoi An & Ho Chi Minh City. Set off to cruise the waters of Halong bay, and visit the most incredible sites this stunning country has to offer.
Your adventure in Vietnam starts in the capital city, Hanoi. Known for its centuries-old architecture and rich culture, with Southeast Asian, Chinese and French influences, Hanoi will capture your heart from first glimpse. Wander the streets of the Old Quarter *and the *commercial heart of the city where you will be able to sample the most delicious Vietnamese street food and embrace the metropolitan lifestyle. Pay a visit to the ancient temples and** picturesque pagodas **around the city.
Sail the waters of UNESCO World Heritage Site Halong Bay with an incredible overnight cruise on a traditional Vietnamese junk sailing ship. As you set off to explore the unspoiled beauty of limestone islands, your onboard chef will prepare a lunch for you and your travel companions. Gain insight into local life as you row around a traditional fishing village, or *kayak the waters of the bay *at your own pace, taking in the breathtaking views of the crystal waters. *A delicious dinner awaits you back onboard your junk, *as you enjoy the sun setting on the postcard-perfect landscape.
On your way to Hoi An, pay a visit to the incredible** Marble Mountains**. Each mountain is named after a natural element: Thuy Son (Water), Moc Son (Wood), Hoa Son (Fire), Kim Son (Metal or Gold) and Tho Son (Earth). Home to many Buddhist temples, the spirituality of these mountains is immensely important to locals.
Next on your list is the UNESCO World Heritage town of Hoi An, where you will be able to explore pagodas, museums, the busy streets of the city and see the famous Japanese covered bridge, the emblem of the city that has survived for centuries.
Hop on a flight to the buzzing metropolis of Ho Chi Minh City. Potter along timeless alleys, visit bustling markets, incense-infused temples and pagodas, and indulge in the most authentic street food.
Outside Ho Chi Minh City visit the extraordinary Cu Chi Tunnels. The network of tunnels over 200km long - still containing trapdoors, living areas, kitchens and storage facilities - became legendary during the Vietnam War. Used by Viet Cong soldiers as hiding places during combat, the tunnels also served as communication and supply routes - and stand now as a poignant reminder of those harrowing war years.
Spend your first nights in Hanoi at the** internationally renowned** Mercure Hotel, located just a stroll away from the city's Old Quarter. When in** Hoi An, you will enjoy two nights at the charming Belle Maison Hadana, located near the ancient town of Hoi An. Soak up amazing views of the city, pool garden or paddy fields from your private balcony. Last but not least enjoy your stay at the **Golden Central Hotel, in Ho Chi Minh. Located just minutes from the markets and the city center, this hotel is the perfect starting point for exploring this lively city.
Take your tour of Vietnam to the next level, with an exceptional cruise along the delta of the Mekong River. This extension will see you sail the waters of one of the world's greatest waterways, the Mekong River, flowing for thousands of kilometres through six countries. During your cruise you will encounter spectacular nature and fantastic scenery, and have the chance to** taste some local produce, with a **guided visit to one of the villages along the river.
*The ’7 day change of mind guarantee’ does not apply for Tour bookings. *Due to the high demand and limited departures any cancellation / refund requests must be made within 48 hours of purchase. Otherwise, the standard Luxury Escapes Refund Policy applies.
Flights: Return flights from Sydney/Melbourne are included with your purchase. A surcharge of AU$300 will incur if departing from Brisbane, Adelaide or Perth.
Tour capacity: Maximum tour capacity is 20 people, minimum tour capacity is two people.
*Please note: *disability access is limited during the tour, please consider this when making your booking.
Additional expenses are not included with this tour package.
Welcome to Hanoi. After arriving at the airport, you’ll be met by a local representative before transferring to your hotel. The rest of the day is at your leisure.
This morning after breakfast you will be picked up from the hotel and journey out of the city to the Wharf, where you will embark on your Vietnamese style junk boat and accommodation for the night. As you set off on your cruise, enjoy a freshly prepared lunch by your onboard chef while taking in the amazing surrounds and limestone islands.
Stop by a local fishing village and spend some time either on a small row boat taking in a closer look of the fishing village or take a kayaking trip around the fishing village for a up close experience.
Later return to your junk boat, for some rest and relaxation in a truly memorable location. Take in the sunset and enjoy a cooking demonstration before sitting down to a delicious dinner.
If you’re an early riser, take part in the daily Tai Chi on the sundeck of your junk cruise. After breakfast, travel to the Thien Canh Son Cave, one the less visited caves in the area. As you sail back to the harbour enjoy lunch and take in the last views of the bay.
On arrival back to Hanoi you will have free time at your leisure. You may consider wandering the old quarter in Hanoi and seeing the bustling streets alive with food vendors all waiting to tempt you with delicious dishes.
After breakfast at hotel, you will be transferred to Hanoi airport for your fight to Danang. After arriving in Danang you will be transferred to the beautiful quaint town of Hoi An. On the way stop at Marble Mountain named after the 5 elements and an important site to the Vietnamese locals. Also stop by Stone village before arriving at your hotel. The rest of the afternoon is yours at leisure to explore the UNESCO World Heritage listed town of Hoi an with its Japanese covered bridge, pagodas, museums and handicraft vendors to explore.
Today is your free day to explore Hoi An on your own.
After breakfast you will be transferred to nearby Danang Airport for the flight to Ho Chi Minh City.
This morning you will visit the famous Cu Chi Tunnels. Located 60km from Ho Chi minh city the network of over 200km of tunnels became legendary when they played a vital role in the War. In their day, the tunnels were functioning underground cities including numerous trap doors, specially constructed living areas, storage facilities, weapons factories, field hospitals, command centers & kitchens. Today, ducks and water buffalos happily co-exist in the rivers along the side of the road. Afterwards return back to the city and the rest of the day will be at your leisure.
This morning will be at your leisure until the transfer to your onward flight home.
Arrive in Sydney or Melbourne.
This morning you will travel from Ho Chi Minh city to Can Tho where you will be welcomed onboard your home for the night. While you enjoy lunch watch the fantastic scenery and the daily life of the Mekong people unfold before you.
In the afternoon explore more of the way of life on the Mekong on a guided leisurely stroll through a village and the surrounding fruit orchards and rice fields. Meet the friendly locals and taste the local produce and fruits. Return back to you cruise boat and relax on deck as the sun sets over the magnificent water landscape of the Mekong River. The cruise boat will anchor for the night and the day ends with a delicious on-board dinner.
Enjoy watching sunrise from your cruise boat and enjoy breakfast while taking in the views of daily life on the Mekong river. After breakfast, we explore the canals of the Mekong Delta around Cai Be with a small sampan or by foot.Then travel back to Ho Chi minh city. Stop along the way in Vinh Long as you enjoy a lunch with traditional Mekong delta dishes.
On arrival back into Ho chi Minh city you will be transferred to the airport for your onward flight home.
The tour begins in Hanoi and ends in Ho Chi Minh. Getting to Vietnam is easy with return flights from major Australian cities included in your package. Flights will be with Vietnam Airlines, with an approximate flight time of 12 hours.
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0.9975 |
Text description provided by the architects. Attics comprise a peculiar urban geography. As the tops of buildings, they can reveal surprising singularities that are hard to imagine when one is strolling through a city at ground level. Cupolas, pavilions, terraces and towers share the space with leafy plantations, delusions in textile, illegal transparent enclosures and sloping tiled roofs. This project is linked to this world of fantasy, which it exploits through the restoration of the site’s stunning original features and the invention of architectural operations close to woodwork and gardening.
Located on a characteristic street in Madrid’s Barrio de Salamanca, the attic forms part of the seventh floor of a typical bourgeoisie twentieth-century building. It originally housed an Academy of Fine Arts. In essence, it possesses all of the qualities of traditional painting studios: a principal volume with a soaring gabled roof, which reaches a height of 7 meters at the ridge beam and boasts a large north-facing bank of iron-framed windows that provide an even illumination to the work space. The rest of the structural elements are made up of smaller volumes arranged around two interior patios and the building’s rear facade. The setbacks on the facades make it possible to enjoy the outdoors in two singular spaces. On the north side, there is an elongated terrace with direct views of a picturesque turret. The south terrace offers an expansive and wonderfully-oriented space with large enough dimensions to be thought of as a whole other room.
The project followed two strategies. The first was to maintain all of the singular features that made the original space so unique: we respected the striking volume, the beautiful divided panes of the picture window, the old pine floors and the original wood doors. The second was to work on the space through specific operations that were coherent with the logic of the building of large-scale furniture or garden elements. In the main area, we rebuilt a precarious loft using a solution that resolved both structural and air conditioning issues, minimizing its visual impact. The space under the loft was used for the kitchen, the staircase to the next level and storage. In the rooms, a wall of closets and a window form a permeable border with the exterior. The south terrace was conceived of as another room, in which a network of climbing vines (roses, wisteria, ivy and jasmine) will create an aromatic, intimate and hedonistic oasis.
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0.969839 |
QuestionHow do we handle firing an individual in the HR/Accounting Department who has shared information with more than one employee regarding payroll rates, bonuses, etc.? She has also had personal relationships with at least two male employees. We intend to fire this individual, but I need to know legal process. Should we request that she sign a document promising to not share any personal information that she was privy to while in her position?
ResponseIf the employment relationship is at will, and it is consistent with employer policy and practice to terminate employment based on the behavior you describe, we are not aware of any law prohibiting the employer from seeking to discharge an employee on these grounds.
You indicate that the subject employee works in HR/Accounting and presumably has access to employee compensation data, and that she improperly shared this information with more than one employee who did not have a legitimate need to know it. It seems she has also had "personal relationships with at least two male employees" although it is not clear from the inquiry whether these relationships were in violation of any company policy and/or adversely affected the workplace. If not, we do not recommend making this behavior part of any disciplinary or discharge discussion.
That said, if the employee's actions in revealing confidential employee compensation data to others in the workplace who did not have a legitimate need to know it is grounds for dismissal, then we are not aware of any federal or state employment law which would prohibit the employer from proceeding. Indeed in an at-will employment setting, employers have discretion to determine what constitutes ground for discharge, and certainly exploiting one's access to confidential employee compensation data and divulging it to others in the organization who do not have a legitimate need to know it can be ground for disciplinary action, up to and including discharge. If termination of employment is consistent with policy and past practice (if any), as noted, the employer may proceed.
If, however, the employer determines to retain the subject employee in employment, it can do so, though should consider issuing lesser disciplinary action (perhaps a written or final warning) that makes clear to the employee the infraction, what is expected of her moving forward, and what the consequences will be if she fails to adhere to the policy in the future. In this scenario the employer can certainly include a policy statement reiterating its confidentiality policy and requiring the employee to sign a statement acknowledging her receipt, understanding and agreement to comply with the policy in the future (if the employment relationship is terminated, there is no need to have her sign any "document promising to not share any personal information that she was privy to while in her position" -- such statement would be moot if she is let go). The employer will also need to take measures to ensure that private employee data is protected and not subject to improper disclosure.
Ultimately, if the employment relationship is at will and it is not inconsistent with company policy and past practice to terminate employment based on the employee's failure to maintain confidentiality as to private compensation data to which she had access, we see no reason for the employer not to proceed with disciplinary action, including terminating employment -- indeed it may be difficult to trust the employee to maintain confidentiality moving forward. Employers are not required to retain at-will employees in whom they have lost trust, and particularly if the employee had been previously on notice that compensation data was confidential and not to be disclosed to anyone in the organization who did not have a legitimate need to know it.
In some cases, it makes sense for an employer to bring disciplinary matters to an employee's attention, and offer a chance to improve, before arriving at a discharge decision, but in other cases the infraction is so severe that immediate discharge is warranted. Here, as noted, the employee's failure to maintain confidentiality may have broken the employer's faith in the employee, and if the employer is not confident that she can be trusted not to divulge similar information in the future, as noted the employer is not obligated to retain her in employment if she is employed at will (and assuming any other employees who may have committed similar violations were not retained, either).
The best practice is to be candid with an employee who is being let go as to the employer's decision to terminate the employment relationship. In this regard, for example, if the employer is not eliminating the employee's position, that is not what the employee should be told is the reason for ending employment with her. Further, offering no reason or a vague one or, worse, a false reason for why the employer has decided to discharge an employee is also ill-advised. Indeed if the discharge decision is later challenged and the employer defends such a challenge with a reason for discharge that was never communicated to the employee at the time of separation, there can be significant impairment to the employer's credibility, and this can jeopardize the employer's chances for succeeding in its defense of the claim. Ultimately, the employer should have a legitimate, non-discriminatory, non-retaliatory justification for seeking to end the employment relationship, which should be consistent with policy and past practice (if any) and not in violation of any contract. When it does, there is no reason not to tell the employee candidly what it is.
Finally, we wish to mention that in some cases, compensation discussions among employees are protected under the federal National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), which applies to both unionized and non-unionized employers alike. Indeed, among other things, the Act prevents an employer from interfering with, restraining, or coercing employees in exercising their statutory rights. It specifically protects the right of employees to discuss their wages, hours, and other terms and conditions of employment with one another for their mutual aid or protection. Several years ago, the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) expanded the potential arena for these violations in a case holding that even a broadly-stated generic corporate confidentiality policy (as opposed to a more narrow policy prohibiting only salary discussions, which as noted is not permitted) also violated the Act because it "could reasonably be construed" to prohibit employees from discussing their wages or other terms and conditions of their employment, which they are entitled by law to be able to do. This case was subsequently affirmed by the federal Circuit Court of Appeals that reviewed it a few years later.
Accordingly, any employer mandate or rule prohibiting or even discouraging employees from discussing THEIR OWN wages (or other terms and conditions of their employment) with co-workers -- and any policy or practice that seeks to take adverse action against employees who do so -- creates exposure to the employer for a violation of Section 8(a)(1) of the NLRA, and is not advised.
Note though, that managerial and other employees who are aware of or come into possession of compensation data for their subordinates or other employees in the organization in the ordinary course of business -- as you describe occurred with the HR/Accounting Department employee in question -- do not have the right to disclose that data to others in the company who do not have a legitimate need to know what it is. For more information, please see https://www.nlrb.gov/rights-we-protect/whats-law/employers/interfering-employee-rights-section-7-8a1 (the full text of the Act, should you wish to review it, can be found at https://www.nlrb.gov/resources/national-labor-relations-act).
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0.997894 |
Here's a summary of the I Ching hexagrams in response to the question "What do I need to know this week for my highest good?"
57 Penetrating Influence changes to 25 Innocence. Changing lines: 1, 2, 3 and 4.
30 Synergy changes to 14 Sovereignty. Changing line 2.
1 Creative Power changes to 50 Cosmic Order. Changing lines: 1 and 5.
50 Cosmic Order changes to 44 Temptation. Changing line 5.
15 Moderation changes to 2 Natural Response. Changing line 2.
46 Advancement changes to 31 Attraction. Changing lines: 2, 4 and 5.
30 Synergy changes to 20 Contemplating. Changing lines: 1, 3 4, and 5.
21 Reform changes to 25 Innocence. Changing line 5.
26 Potential Energy changes to 37 Family. Changing lines 2 and 5.
51 Shocking changes to 24 Repeating. Changing line 4.
55 Zenith changes to 32 Continuing. Changing lines 1 and 2.
32 Continuing changes to 62 Conscientiousness. Changing line 2.
42 Benefit changes to 18 Repair. Changing lines 1, 2, 3, and 5.
3 Difficult Beginnings change to 42 Benefit. Changing line 6.
18 Repair changes to 44 Temptation. Changing lines 4 and 5.
4 Inexperience changes to 57 Penetrating Influence. Changing line 3 and 5.
21 Reform changes to 33 Retreat. Changing lines 1, 3 and 5.
27 Nourishing changes to 42 Benefit. Changing line 5.
45 Assembling changes to 42 Benefit. Changing lines 1, 4 and 6.
32 Continuing changes to 46 Advancement. Changing line 4.
45 Assembling changes to 12 Stagnation. Changing line 6.
53 Developing changes to 18 Repair. Changing lines 2 and 5.
18 Repair changes to 4 Inexperience. Changing line: 3.
44 Temptation changes to 13 Community. Changing lines 1 and 2.
6 Conflict. There are no changing lines.
49 Changing changes to 51 Shocking. Changing lines 3 and 5.
29 Danger changes to 57 Penetrating Influence. Changing lines 3 and 6.
20 Contemplating changes to 12 Stagnation.Changing line: 4.
55 Zenith changes to 11 Prospering. Changing lines: 2 and 4.
21 Reform changes to 13 Community. Changing lines 3 and 5.
26 Potential Energy changes to 56 Traveling. Changing lines 1, 2 and 6.
4 Inexperience changes to 7 Collective Force. Changing line 6.
6 Conflict changes to 29 Danger. Changing lines 4 and 6.
54 Subordinate changes to 14 Sovereignty. Changing lines 3 and 6.
40 Liberation changes to 16 Harmonize. Changing line 2.
16 Harmonize changes to 47 Adversity. Changing lines 2 and 5.
4 Inexperience changes to 27 Nourishing. Changing lines 1 and 2.
64 Before the End changes to 38 Contradiction. Changing line 1.
23 Deterioration changes to 22 Grace. Changing lines 1 and 3.
62 Conscientiousness changes to 28 Critical Mass. Changing lines 2 and 5.
4 Inexperience changes to 19 Promotion. Changing lines 1 and 6.
58 Encouraging changes to 60 Limitations. Changing line 5.
30 Synergy changes to 22 Grace. Changing lines are 1, 3 and 4.
40 Liberation changes to 7 Collective Force. Changing line 4.
10 Conduct changes to 27 Nourishing. Changing lines are 2, 4 and 6.
63 After the End changes to 48 The Source. Changing line 2.
43 Resolution changes to 49 Changing. Changing line 2.
58 Encouraging changes to 45 Assembling. Changing lines are 1 and 2.
36 Censorship. There are no changing lines.
50 Cosmic Order changes to 21 Reform. Changing lines 1, 2 and 3.
3 Difficult Beginnings changes to 19 Promotion. Changing lines 2 and 5.
63 After the End. There are no changing lines.
4 Inexperience changes to 50 Cosmic Order. Changing lines are 3 and 4.
32 Continuing. There are no changing lines.
35 Progress. There are no changing lines.
55 Zenith. There are no changing lines.
26 Potential Energy changes to 27 Nourishing. Changing lines 2 and 3.
29 Danger changes to 40 Liberation. Changing lines 4 and 5.
38 Contradiction changes to 41 Decline. Changing line 4.
9 Restrained changes to 63 After the End. Changing lines 2 and 6.
26 Potential Energy changes to 22 Grace. Changing line 3.
10 Conduct changes to 1 Creative Power. Changing line 3.
57 Penetrating Influence changes to 6 Conflict. Changing lines 3 and 4.
57 Penetrating Influence changes to 18 Repair. Changing line 5.
57 Penetrating Influence changes to 61 Insight. Changing lines 1 and 3.
11 Prospering changes to 22 Grace. Changing lines 2 and 6.
60 Limitations changes to 25 Innocence. Changing lines 2, 4 and 6.
51 Shocking changes to 21 Reform. Changing line 6.
16 Harmonize changes to 31 Attraction. Changing lines 3 and 5.
34 Great Power. There are no changing lines.
3 Difficult Beginnings changes to 35 Progress. Changing lines 1, 4, 5 and 6.
43 Resolution changes to 60 Limitation. Changing lines 3 and 4.
22 Grace. There are no changing lines.
15 Moderation. There are no changing lines.
15 Moderation changes to 46 Advancement. Changing line 2.
52 Meditation changes to 26 Potential Energy. Changing lines 1 and 2.
36 Censorship changes to 30 Synergy. Changing lines 4 and 6.
57 Penetrating Influence changes to 48 The Source. Changing line 6.
58 Encouraging changes to 49 Changing. Changing lines 2, 3, and 4.
39 Obstacles. There are no changing lines.
30 Synergy changes to 50 Cosmic Order. Changing lines 1 and 2.
55 Zenith changes to 24 Repeating. Changing lines 3 and 4.
57 Penetrating Influence changes to 20 Contemplating. Changing lines 2 and 3.
16 Harmonize changes to 42 Benefit. Changing lines 1, 4, 5 and 6.
13 Community changes to 33 Retreat. Changing line 1.
12 Stagnation changes to 61 Insight. Changing lines 1, 2 and 4.
56 Traveling changes to 33 Retreat. Changing line 5.
36 Censorship changes to 49 Changing. Changing lines 4 and 5.
52 Meditation changes to 46 Advancement. Changing lines 2 and 6.
1 Creative Power. There are no changing lines.
57 Penetrating Influence. There are no changing lines.
36 Censorship changes to 55 Zenith. Changing line 4.
38 Contradiction changes to 12 Stagnation. Changing lines 1, 2 and 5.
3 Difficult Beginnings changes to 20 Contemplating. Changing lines 1 and 6.
10 Conduct changes to 59 Reuniting. Changing lines 1 and 4.
49 Changing changes to 13 Community. Changing line 6.
30 Synergy. There are no changing lines.
64 Before the End changes to 61 Insight. Changing lines 1, 4 and 5.
20 Contemplating changes to 12 Stagnation. Changing line 4.
61 Insight changes to 48 The Source. Changing lines 1, 3 and 6.
63 After The End change to 11 Prospering. Changing lines 2 and 5.
30 Synergy changes to 17 Adapting. Changing lines are 3, 5 and 6.
15 Moderation changes to 8 Unity. Changing lines are 3 and 5.
28 Critical Mass changes to 57 Penetrating Influence. Changing lines 4 and 6.
57 Penetrating Influence changes to 5 Calculated Waiting. Changing lines 1 and 6.
37 Family changes to 30 Synergy. Changing lines are 4 and 5.
58 Encouraging. There are no changing lines.
43 Resolution change to 39 Obstacles. Changing lines 1, 2, and 4.
46 Advancement changes to 40 Liberation. Changing lines 3 and 4.
28 Critical Mass changes to 32 Continuing. Changing line 5.
31 Attraction changes to 43 Resolution. Changing lines 1 and 2.
23 Deterioration. There are no changing lines.
45 Assembling changes to 47 Adversity. Changing line 2.
20 Contemplating changes to 27 Nourishment. Changing lines 1 and 5.
55 Zenith changes to 43 Resolution. Changing lines 2 and 5.
6 Conflict changes to 8 Unity. Changing lines: 2, 4 and 6.
42 Benefit changes to 20 Contemplating. Changing line 1.
64 Before the End changes to 56 Traveling. Changing line 1.
23 Deterioration changes to 59 Reuniting. Changing lines 2 and 5.
27 Nourishing. There are no changing lines.
27 Nourishing changes to 23 Deterioration. Changing line 1.
21 Reform changes to 30 Synergy. Changing line 3.
50 Cosmic Order. There are no changing lines.
25 Innocence changes to 39 Obstacles. Changing lines 1, 3, 4 and 6.
37 Family. There are no changing lines.
47 Adversity changes to 6 Conflict. Changing line 6.
62 Conscientiousness changes to 40 Liberation. Changing lines 2 and 3.
60 Limitations changes to 10 Conduct. Changing line 6.
60 Limitations changes to 61 Insight. Changing line 6.
2 Natural Response changes to 7 Collective Force. Changing line 2.
55 Zenith changes to 13 Community. Changing line 6.
20 Contemplating. There are no changing lines.
54 Subordinate changes to 58 Encouraging. Changing line 5.
21 Reform changes to 38 Contradiction. Changing line 2.
26 Potential Energy changing to 14 Sovereignty. Changing line 4.
59 Reuniting. There are no changing lines.
29 Danger changes to 8 Unity. Changing line 2.
44 Temptation changes to 64 Before the End. Changing lines 3 and 5.
25 Innocence changes to 26 Potential Energy. Changing lines 2, 3, 4, and 5.
53 Developing changes to 57 Penetrating Influence. Changing line 3.
56 Traveling. There are no changing lines.
50 Cosmic Order changes to 52 Meditation. Changing lines 2 and 4.
51 Shocking changes to 55 Zenith. Changing line 3.
55 Zenith changes to 54 Subordination. Changing lines 2 and 3.
59 Reuniting changes to 40 Liberation. Changing lines 4, 5, and 6.
50 Cosmic Order changes to 13 Community. Changing lines 1, 2, and 5.
39 Obstacles changes to 3 Difficult Beginnings. Changing lines 1 and 3.
46 Advancement changes to 31 Attraction. Changing lines 2, 4, and 5.
40 Liberation. There are no changing lines.
53 Developing changes to 8 Unity. Changing lines 3 and 6.
44 Temptation changes to 57 Penetrating Influence. Changing line 4.
56 Traveling changes to 50 Cosmic Order. Changing line 2.
18 Repair changes to 20 Contemplating. Changing lines 2, 3, and 5.
56 Traveling changes to 30 Synergy. Changing line 1.
44 Temptation changes to 46 Advancement. Changing lines 4, 5, and 6.
16 Harmonize. No changing lines.
63 After the End changes to 52 Meditation. Changing lines 1, 5, and 6.
20 Contemplating changes to 57 Penetrating Influence. Changing lines 2, 3, and 4.
52 Meditation changes to 15 Moderation. Changing line 3.
45 Assembling changes to 47 Adversity. Changing line 1.
17 Adapting changes to 47 Adversity. Changing lines 1 and 2.
38 Contradiction. No changing lines.
10 Conduct changes to 6 Conflict. Changing line 1.
13 Community changes to 21 Reform. Changing lines 3 and 5.
37 Family changes to 53 Developing. Changing line 1.
14 Sovereignty changes to 1 Creative Power. Changing line 5.
12 Stagnation changes to 6 Conflict. Changing line 2.
51 Shocking changes to 45 Assembling. Changing lines 1 and 5.
32 Continuing. No changing lines.
37 Family changes to 13 Community. Changing line 4.
46 Advancement changes to 11 Prospering. Changing lines 1 and 6.
64 Before the End changes to 35 Progress. Changing line 2.
36 Censorship changes to 34 Great Power. Changing lines are 2 and 4.
64 Before The End changes to 4 Inexperience. Changing line 4.
38 Contradiction changes to 50 Cosmic Order. Changing lines 1 and 3.
53 Developing changes to 27 Nourishing. Changing lines 1, 3, and 5.
26 Potential Energy. No changing lines.
31 Attraction changes to 28 Critical Mass. Changing line 2.
58 Encouraging changes to 38 Contradiction. Changing lines 5 and 6.
49 Changing changes to 25 Innocence. Changing lines 3 and 6.
9 Restrained. No changing lines.
14 Sovereignty changes to 50 Cosmic Order. Changing line 1.
22 Grace. No changing lines.
30 Synergy changes to 36 Censorship. Changing lines 4 and 6.
15 Moderation changes to 31 Attraction. Changing lines 4 and 5.
43 Resolution changes to 47 Adversity. Changing lines 1 and 3.
31 Attraction changes to 33 Retreat. Changing line 6.
59 Reuniting changes to 4 Inexperience. Changing line 5.
29 Danger changes to 64 Before the End. Changing lines 4, 5, and 6.
61 Insight changes to 9 Restrained. Changing line 3.
8 Unity changes to 3 Difficult Beginnings. Changing line 1.
43 Resolution changes to 48 The Source. Changing lines 1 and 4.
64 Before the End. No changing lines.
12 Stagnation changes to 25 Innocence. Changing line 1.
26 Potential Energy changes to 5 Calculated Waiting. Changing lines 5 and 6.
48 The Source changes to 64 Before the End. Changing lines 3, 4, and 5.
10 Conduct. No changing lines.
44 Temptation changes to 10 Conduct. Changing lines 1 and 3.
58 Encouraging changes to 54 Subordinate. Changing line 5.
23 Deterioration changes to 53 Developing. Changing lines 3 and 5.
36 Censorship changes to 18 Repair. Changing lines 1, 2, and 6.
46 Advancement changes to 4 Inexperience. Changing line 3.
64 Before The End changes to 10 Conduct. Changing lines 1 and 5.
23 Deterioration changes to 10 Conduct. Changing lines 1, 2, 4, and 5.
28 Critical Mass changes to 50 Cosmic Order. Changing lines 5 and 6.
33 Retreat changes to 55 Zenith. Changing lines 1, 5, and 6.
53 Developing changes to 26 Potential Energy. Changing lines 1, 2, and 5.
13 Community changes to 63 After the End. Changing line 5.
60 Limitations changes to 58 Encouraging. Changing line 4.
39 Obstacles changes to 36 Censorship. Changing lines 1 and 5.
34 Great Power. No changing lines.
10 Conduct changes to 38 Contradiction. Changing line 5.
36 Censorship changes to 6 Conflict. All six lines change to the opposite to get new hexagram.
5 Calculated Waiting changes to 3 Difficult Beginnings. Changing lines 2 and 3.
19 Promotion changes to 24 Repeating. Changing line 2.
13 Community changes to 12 Stagnation. Changing lines are 1 and 3.
26 Potential Energy changes to 18 Repair. Changing line 1.
44 Temptation changes to 28 Critical Mass. Changing line 6.
30 Synergy changes to 58 Encouraging. Changing lines 1 and 4.
18 Repair changes to 4 Inexperience. Changing line 3.
35 Progress changes to 7 Collective Force. Changing lines are 2, 3, 4, and 6.
35 Progress changes to 23 Deterioration. Changing line 4.
37 Family. No changing lines.
55 Zenith changes to 7 Collective Force. Changing lines 1, 2, 3, and 4.
54 Subordinate changes to 51 Shocking. Changing line 2.
17 Adapting changes to 51 Shocking. Changing line 5.
7 Collective Force changes to 40 Liberation. Changing line 4.
49 Changing changes to 24 Repeating. Changing lines 3, 4, and 5.
12 Stagnation changes to 53 Developing. Changing lines 3 and 4.
9 Restrained changes to 48 The Source. Changing lines 1 and 6.
4 Inexperience changes to 32 Continuing. Changing lines 3, 4, and 6.
33 Retreat changes to 13 Community. Changing lines 1 and 4.
28 Critical Mass changes to 44 Temptation. Changing line 6.
4 Inexperience changes to 23 Deterioration. Changing line 2.
38 Contradiction changes to 54 Subordinate. Changing line 6.
29 Danger changes to 63 After the End. Changing lines 1, 2, and 3.
44 Temptation changes to 43 Resolution. Changing lines 1 and 6.
57 Penetrating Influence. No changing lines.
20 Contemplating changes to 59 Reuniting. Changing line 2.
17 Adapting changes to 53 Developing. Changing lines 1, 3, 4, and 6.
46 Advancement. No changing lines.
49 Changing. No changing lines.
20 Contemplating changing to 48 The Source. Changing lines 2, 3, and 6.
18 Repair changes to 30 Synergy. Changing lines 1, 2, and 4.
28 Critical Mass changes to 62 Conscientiousness. Changing lines 2 and 5.
5 Calculated Waiting changes to 17 Adapting. Changing lines 2, 3, and 4.
45 Assembling. No changing lines.
64 Before the End changes to 44 Temptation. Changing lines 3 and 5.
8 Unity changes to 20 Contemplating. Changing line 6.
Travel week … no reading.
64 Before the End changes to 18 Repair. Changing lines 3 and 4.
60 Limitations changes to 8 Unity. Changing lines 1 and 2.
36 Censorship. No changing lines.
33 Retreat changes to 49 Changing. Changing lines 1 and 6.
51 Shocking changes to 35 Progress. Changing lines 1 and 6.
5 Calculated Waiting changes to 60 Limitations. Changing line 3.
62 Conscientiousness changes to 5 Calculated Waiting. Changing lines 1, 2, 4, and 5.
63 After the End changes to 49 Changing. Changing line 4.
13 Community changes to 25 Innocence. Changing line 3.
36 Censorship changes to 41 Decline. Changing lines 2, 3, and 6.
62 Conscientiousness. No changing lines.
8 Unity changes to 29 Danger. Changing line 2.
9 Restrained changes to 29 Danger. Changing lines 1, 3 and 6.
45 Assembling changes to 32 Continuing. Changing lines 2, 3 and 5.
14 Sovereignty changes to 5 Calculated Waiting. Changing lines 4, 5, 6.
54 Subordinate changes to 19 Promotion. Changing line 4.
12 Stagnation changes to 20 Contemplating. Changing line 4.
18 Repair changes to 46 Advancement. Changing line 1.
14 Sovereignty changes to 48 The Source. Changing lines 1, 4, 5 and 6.
25 Innocence. No changing lines.
52 Meditation changes to 27 Nourishing. Changing line 1 and 3.
7 Collective Force changes to 44 Temptation. Changing lines 3 – 6.
18 Repair. No changing lines.
23 Deterioration. No changing lines.
34 Great Power changing to 61 Insight. Changing lines 3, 4 and 6.
58 Encouraging changing to 7 Collective Force. Changing lines 1, 4, 5.
13 Community changing to 36 Censorship. Changing lines 4, 5, and 6.
30 Synergy changing to 27 Nourishing. Changing lines 3 and 4.
51 Shocking changing to 2 Natural Response. Changing lines 1 and 4.
10 Conduct changing to 1 Creative Power. Changing line 3.
29 Danger changing to 4 Inexperience. Changing lines 5 and 6.
6 Conflict changing to 39 Obstacles. Changing lines 2, 3, 4 and 6.
4 Inexperience changing to 11 Prospering. Changing lines 1, 3 and 6.
33 Retreat changing to 45 Assembling. Changing lines 3 and 6.
2 Natural Response changing to 24 Repeating. Changing line 1.
6 Conflict changing to 12 Stagnation. Changing line 2.
13 Community changing to 49 Changing, Changing line 6.
45 Assembling changing to 62 Conscientiousness. Changing lines 3 and 5.
16 Harmonize changing to 25 Innocence. Changing lines 1, 5 and 6.
3 Difficult Beginnings changing to 53 Developing. Changing lines 1, 3 and 6.
20 Contemplating changing to 59 Reuniting. Changing line 2.
49 Changing changing to 31 Attraction. Changing line 1.
25 Innocence changing to 60 Limitation. Changing lines 2, 4, and 6.
19 Promotion changing to 7 Collective Force. Changing line 1.
The day after the Boston Marathon Bombings on 4/15/13 I did a reading and asked: Given the Boston bombings yesterday, what do we need to know? The answer is below. The suspects were caught two and three days later. This is a good example of how the I Ching can be used to provide guidance in times of chaos and confusion.
5 Calculated Waiting changing to 43 Resolution. Changing lines 4 and 5.
45 Assembling changing to 54 Subordinate. Changing lines 1, 2 and 5.
45 Assembling changing to 12 Stagnation. Changing line 6.
21 Reform changing to 51 Shocking. Changing line 6.
15 Moderation changing to 24 Repeating. Changing lines 1 and 3.
59 Reuniting changing to 9 Restrained. Changing lines 1 and 3.
46 Advancement changing to 36 Censorship. Changing lines 1 and 2.
31 Attraction changing to 62 Conscientiousness. Changing line 5.
6 Conflict. No changing lines.
24 Repeating changing to 27 Nourishing. Changing line 6.
55 Zenith changing to 36 Censorship. Changing line 4.
2 Natural Response changing to 54 Subordinate. Changing lines 1, 2 and 4.
20 Contemplating changing to 24 Repeating. Changing lines 1, 5 and 6.
23 Deterioration changing to 51 Shocking. Changing lines 1, 4 and 6.
57 Penetrating Influence changing to 46 Advancement. Changing lines 5 and 6.
8 Unity changes to 28 Critical Mass. Changing lines 2, 3 and 4.
52 Meditation changes to 18 Repair. Changing lines 2 and 6.
25 Innocence changing to 50 Cosmic Order. Changing lines 1, 2, 3 and 5.
28 Critical Mass changing to 40 Liberation. Changing lines 3 and 5.
40 Liberation changing to 47 Adversity. Changing line 5.
25 Innocence changing to 25 Reform. Changing line 5.
59 Reuniting changing to 61 Insight. Changing line 1.
16 Harmonize changing to 31 Attraction. Changing lines 3 and 5.
4 Inexperience changing to 38 Contradiction. Changing lines 1 and 4.
46 Advancement changing to 50 Cosmic Order. Changing lines 4 and 6.
9 Restrained changing to 50 Cosmic Order. Changing lines 1, 4 and 5.
57 Penetrating Influence changing to 48 The Source. Changing line 6.
33 Retreat. No changing lines.
61 Insight changing to 9 Restrained. Changing line 3.
37 Family changing to 27 Nourishing. Changing lines 3 and 5.
7 Collective Force. No changing lines.
6 Conflict changing to 10 Conduct. Changing line 1.
37 Family changing to 49 Changing. Changing lines 4 and 6.
28 Critical Mass changing to 32 Continuing. Changing line 5.
51 Shocking changing to 32 Continuing. Changing line 2.
32 Continuing changing to 1 Creative Power. Changing lines 1, 5 and 6.
41 Decline changing to 6 Conflict. Changing lines 1, 4 and 5.
26 Potential Energy changing to 11 Prospering. Changing line 6.
16 Harmonize changing to 2 Natural Response. Changing line 4.
37 Family changing to 40 Liberation. Changing lines 3 and 6.
14 Sovereignty changing to 60 Limitations. Changing lines 3, 4, 5, and 6.
9 Restrained changing to 61 Insight. Changing line 3.
13 Community changing to 15 Moderation. Changing lines 1, 4, 5 and 6.
11 Prospering changing to 26 Potential Energy. Changing line 6.
32 Continuing changing to 34 Great Power. Changing line 1.
52 Meditation changing to 50 Cosmic Order. Changing lines 2 and 4.
31 Attraction changing to 13 Community. Changing lines 1 and 6.
20 Contemplation changing to 3 Difficult Beginnings. Changing lines 1 and 6.
5 Calculated Waiting. No changing lines.
40 Liberation changing to 38 Contradiction. Changing lines 1 and 6.
No reading for today. Traveling day!
17 Adapting changes to 62 Conscientiousness. Changing lines 1, 3 and 5.
56 Traveling changes to 53 Developing. Changing lines 4 and 5.
62 Conscientiousness changes to 15 Moderation. Changing line: 4.
51 Shocking changes to 42 Benefit. Changing lines 4, 5 and 6.
29 Danger. No Changing lines.
62 Conscientiousness changing to 31 Attraction. Changing line: 5.
8 Unity. No changing lines.
54 Subordinate changing to 17 Adapting. Changing lines: 2, 5.
42 Benefit. No changing lines.
14 Stagnation changing to 42 Benefit. Changing lines: 1, 4.
28 Critical Mass changing to 1 Creative Power. Changing lines: 1, 6.
25 Innocence changing to 6 Conflict. Changing lines: 1, 2.
4 Inexperience changing to 7 Collective Force. Changing line: 6.
49 Changing changing to 31 Attraction. Changing line: 1.
13 Community changing to 2 Natural Response. Changing line: 1, 3, 4, 5, 6.
22 Grace changing to 52 Meditation. Changing line: 1.
8 Unity changing to 28 Critical Mass. Changing lines: 2, 3, 4.
17 Adapting changing to 61 Insight. Changing lines: 2, 4, 6.
31 Attraction changing to 3 Difficult Beginnings. Changing lines: 3, 4.
54 Subordinate changing to 24 Repeating. Changing lines: 2, 3, 4.
36 Censorship changing to 11 Prospering. Changing lines: 2, 3.
49 Changing changing to 43 Resolution. Changing line: 2.
35 Progress changing to 30 Synergy. Changing lines: 1, 3.
3 Difficult Beginnings changing to 43 Resolution. Changing lines: 2, 3, 4.
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0.993571 |
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These Magnum boots are perfect for paramedics, because they provide reliable traction in all kinds of emergency situations. They look professional and sharp. They are comfortable, cushion and very light weight, which will help reduce the fatigue and soreness in the feet and legs after a long shift at the EMS.
We love these boots, because they will keep your feet dry and safe at all times. They will reflect lights for your own safety when working in the dark. They are comfortable and durable too.
These boots will help keep paramedics safe while on the job, due to the excellent traction and protection of the outsole. They will help the feet remain dry even when it is raining, and they provide excellent cushioning and comfort.
Chose shoes which are comfortable and fit best to your particular foot shape and size, because you need to feel comfortable while you are out there saving people’s lives!
Oil and slip resistance. Think about your own safety and get a pair of boots which offers reliable traction, so that you can move quickly and safely in all kinds of conditions.
Easy to slip on and off. In case of an emergency, if you need to quickly put on your boots, you would want to stay away from lace up shoes, and stick to pull on shoes or shoes with zippers and Velcro straps.
Since you are likely to be working in all kinds of weather and in all kinds of environments, getting boots which are waterproof is essential, so that your feet do not get soaked, and so that you are comfortable enough to continue doing your job.
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0.953405 |
Driverless cars are on the road right now, and Argo AI is one of several key companies that are driving forward the advancement of this complex technology. Backed by a massive initial investment from Ford, Argo has its own driverless cars on real city streets in several states. Since Argo is an independent company, its unique brand of driverless car technology could show up in vehicles from Volkswagen and other car manufacturers.
Why is Argo AI Developing Driverless Cars, and Who Will Use Them?
Argo AI's stated mission is to lead what it calls a "thoughtful revolution" in driving. The problem, as Argo AI sees it, is that over one million people die in road accidents around the world each year, and a large percentage of those deaths are caused by human error.
The basic idea is that an artificial intelligence (AI) can't get tired, or inebriated, or suffer from a momentary lapse of judgement, so the careful implementation of AI systems into driverless cars could save lives.
Beyond safety, there are many other uses for this type for technology. Ford has adopted Argo AI's technology for use in their own vehicles, and they've already partnered with a number of other companies to explore how driverless cars could revolutionize fields like transportation and delivery.
In one partnership with Postmates, Argo AI-powered Ford vans were used to make deliveries without the need for a human driver. Ford also partnered with Walmart to offer home deliveries using Argo AI-powered vehicles, and some small businesses have also participated in similar pilot programs.
Competitors like Uber and Google-backed Waymo have shown how driverless cars can effectively take the place of human-operated taxis and buses. In a similar vein, these vehicles could also be used by elderly and disabled people who would otherwise not be able to operate their own vehicles.
Driverless cars aren't legal in every state. You might (or might not) find one driving in your neighborhood soon!
Argo AI is an independent self-driving technology company that was founded in 2016. Within six months of its founding, the company received a billion dollar investment from Ford, with the understanding that Ford would rely on Argo AI's technology to implement its own driverless cars.
Propelled by the massive investment from Ford, Argo AI was able to rapidly develop its self-driving car technology beyond the initial prototype phase, and actually had driverless cars on the road in several states less than a year after the company was founded.
Despite Ford's large investment in the company, it remains independent. That means that while Ford was the first to sign on to use their driverless car technology, Argo AI is free to license it to other companies like Volkswagen.
How Do Argo AI Driverless Cars Work?
Argo AI vehicles use sensors to map the external environment and an artificial intelligence program to interpret that map and determine appropriate actions. The artificial intelligence is able to tap into every system in the vehicle, including the throttle, brakes, steering, and everything else through electronic controls.
Basic routes are planned and implemented with the help of Global Positioning System (GPS) sensors, but the AI has the ability to make real-time corrections in reaction to changing conditions, like traffic suddenly stopping or a pedestrian stepping into the road.
The artificial intelligence that drives an Argo AI car is trained through machine learning to understand how to react to various sorts of stimulus. This initial work is carried out at closed testing facilities, so that the AI is already a pretty good driver before it ever gets out on public roads.
Argo AI is able to use data gathered from its entire fleet to further refine the artificial intelligence, and Ford has also partnered with competitors like Uber to share data from each company's real-world driverless car testing to better increase the safety of each individual system.
Initial Argo AI driverless cars have been built into existing Ford vehicles, like the Ford Focus and Ford Transit. That means they have traditional controls, including a steering wheel and pedals, in addition to AI controls.
Most of the basic technologies that underpin Argo AI's driverless cars have been around for a while. These technologies are collectively known as Advanced Driver Assistant Systems (ADAS) because they were originally implemented to make vehicles safer, easier, and more comfortable to drive.
Technologies like lane-keeping systems and adaptive cruise control were important forerunners to driverless cars. These systems use a variety of sensors to create the same picture of the external environment that Argo AI's driverless cars use to safely navigate from one place to another.
While these systems can use a variety of sensors, including radar, LIDAR, infrared, and others, Argo AI acquired Princeton Lightwave for this specific purpose. Princeton Lightwave's LIDAR technology functions as the AI's eyes, improving its ability to see and process the world around it in real time.
Having a picture of the external environment, and understanding how to react to the environment, is only one part of the puzzle. In order to actually control the vehicle, the AI uses a variety of systems like drive-by-wire technology to operate the electronic throttle controls, brakes, electronic steering, and everything else.
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0.999999 |
1. They're getting married later this year.
2. I'm not sure how the window got broken.
Are these sentence in passive or active voice?
The first example is the active voice. The second example is the passive voice.
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0.995941 |
Next year, Zach visited his grandma.
Make sure the subject and the verb agree in the following sentence.
My friend every year in March and then again in July.
Next summer we visited them.
They regularly visit the park.
They visit regularly the park.
Felicia visited the tomb on her visit to Egypt.
Lucy Jake, and Roy visited the farm.
Lucy Jake and Roy, visited the farm.
Lucy, Jake, and Roy visited the farm.
lucy jake and, roy visited the farm.
Identify the sentence that uses capitalization correctly.
Kenia and cassandra visited room 101.
Eric Maria and Carlos came for a visit.
Which choice shows where the commas should go?
Eric Maria, and Carlos, came for a visit.
Eric, Maria, and Carlos came for a visit.
Eric Maria and Carlos, came for a visit.
Which word has the short i sound?
Which word is an ADVERB in the sentence below?
I will visit my friend tomorrow.
Write the correct verb to complete each sentence.
a. Charlie the other animals (visit, visits).
b. The puppets at Charlie (bark, barks).
c. The horses in the field (gallop, gallops).
grandparents are coming to visit.
Choose the sentence in each group that uses correct punctuation.
Celia said, "Everyone should visit this museum."
Celia said"Everyone should visit this museum."
Celia said, Everyone should visit this museum.
"Celia said" Everyone should visit this museum.
Disneyworld is a place to visit.
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0.999976 |
At a building scale, the goal of the project is to create an "ecology of temporary uses" whereby there is co-dependence between actors. On a larger-scale, the main goals are to reach out to existing local residents and look forward into the future of the site.
OSMOS facilitated the process which was supported by a wide number of local organisations. Even though the most active stakeholder is the building owner (the regional developer citydev.brussels), the local community plays a significant role too. In addition, the initial co-development process involved the "pioneer group": Entrakt (the building administrator), Congres (a cultural organisation), Foreseen (a dance company), Miauw (an events organisation), SeventySeven (a theatre company) and the SuperLab (a fabrication space).
The Studio Cureghem is a large industrial site (~25,000 sqm), located 800 m from the largest train station in Brussels. The neighbourhood will be undergoing large changes over the coming decade and therefore this building will remain empty during the transition process. As a result, the project involves co-developing temporary uses at the scale of the building.
Many relevant temporary use projects, both in Belgium and beyond, were used as case studies. In the Netherlands, there are projects such as Pakhuis De Zwijger (Amsterdam), De Cuivel (Amsterdam), Paradiso (Rotterdam), the Schieblock (Rotterdam), the Phoenix Food Hall (Rotterdam) and others, that have successful temporary attractions which drew a crowd. There are also co-working projects such as Das Pakhuis in Vienna and garden spaces Frau Gerold in Zurich. However, the approach depends entirely on the local resources and the participants which meant these case studies were used mainly for inspiration rather than to follow similar steps. On the other hand, even though there is any direct connection to the political level, the site not only addresses the regional circular economy plan by making careful use of materials, but also possible future land use mixes for the new development in Biestebroek - an issue that has been of concern to the regional authorities for some time.
The project has faced some challenges related to the agency and spontaneity of the users. However, this is a necessary part of the organic development of the site and its adaptation to the changing circumstances. whoIn addition, the site has also been controlled by the owner who is concerned not to impact surrounding residents or give the site a poor image.
The site is being developed with the resources available to it and therefore is relatively practical in terms of ambitions and resourceful in terms of using those at direct disposal.
In practice, despite the small financial resources or public support, the great technical knowledge provided by a number of partners has meant a large saving on investments into security, services, electricity and so forth. In addition, the free use of the building for an undermined period it is also a significant cost-saving.
The free use of the building over 3-5 years has meant that expectations are low and there is a large range of opportunities.
Although the project has not produced a measurable impact yet, its main outcome is the functional, innovative and vibrant building that connects to the neighbourhood beyond.
In the long-term, the site can have a positive influence on the conditions within the established neighbourhood (Cureghem) and the future development neighbourhood (Biestebroek). In this regard, it is expected that the project will result in softening the edge between the existing neighbourhood and the future development by fostering interesting land-use mixes (for instance, how small industry can be mixed with housing) and by creating a unique site that enables the encounter between users/occupants. In addition, the project will enhance social sustainability in terms of bringing together actors and local interest groups; Technical/environmental sustainability in terms of re-using an old building and making an efficient use of the resources generated on site (water and electricity); Economic sustainability in terms of ensuring the building functions with little external funding.
"Adaptive development require a number of key enthusiastic actors who share a common vision but bring a distinct and compatible skill sets to the project. This allows for flexibility and chance encounters for dialogue, in order not to create friction between competing or similar participants."
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0.984556 |
How do I descale my Smarter Coffee machine?
Fill the water tank with coffee machine descaler and water to 12 cups, the ratio will depend on the descaler instruction.
Position the carafe in place, select filter 12 cups then start, when you start seeing water come through to the carafe stop the brew and let it sit for 30 minutes to an hour.
Finish the brew by selecting filter then 12 cups.
Then run 2 more cycles of filter 12 cups with just water to get all the limescale out and descaler out.
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0.998934 |
Express yourself. No thought or question is ever too small. I love to hear from you.
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0.999935 |
I've been doing some reading, and I've seen that you can easily setup a redundant raid setup in OS X. If I were to purchase an external hard drive that was equal or greater in capacity to my internal on the iMac, would this be a good option for me? What are the advantages or disadvantages involved with RAID at this level?
It seems like having a RAID array with one internal drive and one external drive might actually slow performance.
I'd expect any external drive to have higher latency and delay because of protocol conversions getting on and off a FireWire or USB bus.
RAID works best with exactly identical drives connected to identical hardware controllers.
I think you could get RAID setup the way you describe, but it might require high levels of maintenance.
If the goal is a backup strategy, I'm sure you're better off using the typical CarbonCopyCloner approach. If the goal is higher mounted disk capacity, I'd just connect an external drive in the typical way.
RAID is a great option for backup of a desktop computer of any kind. It's not really suited to a portable computer because it needs to be a perminent connection really.
Atomic Write Failure: also known by various terms such as torn writes, torn pages, incomplete writes, interrupted writes, etc. This is a little understood and rarely mentioned failure mode for redundant storage systems. Database researcher Jim Gray wrote "Update in Place is a Poison Apple" during the early days of relational database commercialization. However, this warning largely went unheeded and fell by the wayside upon the advent of RAID, which many software engineers mistook as solving all data storage integrity and reliability problems. Many software programs update a storage object "in-place"; that is, they write a new version of the object on to the same disk addresses as the old version of the object. While the software may also log some delta information elsewhere, it expects the storage to present "atomic write semantics", meaning that the write of the data either occurred in its entirety or did not occur at all. However, very few storage systems provide support for atomic writes, and even fewer specify their rate of failure in providing this semantic. Note that during the act of writing an object, a RAID storage device will usually be writing all redundant copies of the object in parallel. Hence an error that occurs during the process of writing may leave the redundant copies in different states, and furthermore may leave the copies in neither the old nor the new state. The little known failure mode is that delta logging relies on the original data being either in the old or the new state so as to enable backing out the logical change, yet few storage systems provide an atomic write semantic.
So it wouldn't be a good idea to do it on my iMac with an external firewire drive? Is that the general consensus?
It would work, but I think you would find it to be slow and buggy because it wouldn't be an internal (preferably SATA) HDD and it wouldn't be the same model. I wouldn't bother personally, I would do as the Professor says and use something like CCC or Backup or the like.
Alright. Thank you much. I think I'll go with Carbon Copy Cloner, once I get another drive.
The other reason not to use redundent RAID for backup is that if you have a file become corrupt it will instantly mirror that to the backup therefor making both copies unusable. The same thing will happen if you accidentally delete the wrong file. It is better to have a little bit of a lag before it gets backed up. That way you can have some amount of time to recover a lost file before it gets overwritten.
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0.959486 |
Kids want to draw a picture in an easy way.There are many easy way How to Draw Furries pictures. you can follow all the steps to draw the images.
step 1. Draw a circle to create head of furry.
Step 2. Add hand and body after making head.
Step 3. Now draw hair.
Step 4. Draw ears of furry that are attached with the hair.
Step 5. Add some hair and shades to make creative.
Step 6. Create eyes and collar.
Step 7. Finally outline full image from black to finish it.
Step 1. Draw a head outline like a circle.
Step 2. Now Draw a Nose and Mouth. pointed Nose and mouth with long teeth.
Step 3. Add big eyes as an Animation pictures.
Step 4. Draw long ears.
Step 6. Now you can color on your furry head.
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0.665809 |
Whatever their misgivings about British rule, Cypriots were staunch supporters of the Allied cause in World War II. This was particularly true after the invasion of Greece in 1940. Conscription was not imposed on the colony, but 6,000 Cypriot volunteers fought under British command during the Greek campaign. Before the war ended, more than 30,000 had served in the British forces.
As far as the island itself was concerned, it escaped the war except for limited air raids. As it had twenty-five years earlier, it became important as a supply and training base and as a naval station, but this time its use as an air base made it particularly significant to the overall Allied cause. Patriotism and a common enemy did not entirely erase enosis in the minds of Greek Cypriots, and propagandists remained active during the entire war, particularly in London, where they hoped to gain friends and influence lawmakers. Hopes were sometimes raised by the British government during the period when Britain and Greece were practically alone in the field against the Axis. British foreign secretary Anthony Eden, for example, hinted that the Cyprus problem would be resolved when the war had been won. Churchill, then prime minister, also made some vague allusions to the postwar settlement of the problem. The wartime governor of the island stated without equivocation that enosis was not being considered, but it is probable that the Greek Cypriots heard only those voices that they wanted to hear.
During the war, Britain made no move to restore the constitution that it had revoked in 1931, to provide a new one, or to guarantee any civil liberties. After October 1941, however, political meetings were condoned, and permission was granted by the governor for the formation of political parties. Without delay Cypriot communists founded the Progressive Party of the Working People (Anorthotikon Komma Ergazomenou Laou--AKEL) as the successor to an earlier communist party that had been established in the 1920s and proscribed during the 1930s. Because of Western wartime alliances with the Soviet Union, the communist label in 1941 was not the anathema that it later became; nevertheless, some Orthodox clerics and middle-class merchants were alarmed at the appearance of the new party. At the time, a loose federation of nationalists backed by the church and working for enosis and the Panagrarian Union of Cyprus (Panagrotiki Enosis Kyprou--PEK), the nationalist peasant association, opposed AKEL.
In the municipal elections of 1943, the first since the British crackdown of 1931, AKEL gained control of the important cities of Famagusta and Limassol. After its success at the polls, AKEL supported strikes, protested the absence of a popularly elected legislature, and continually stressed Cypriot grievances incurred under the rigid regime of the post-1931 period. Both communists and conservative groups advocated enosis, but for AKEL such advocacy was an expediency aimed at broadening its appeal. On other matters, communists and conservatives often clashed, sometimes violently. In January 1946, eighteen members of the communist-oriented Pan- Cyprian Federation of Labor (Pankypria Ergatiki Omospondia--PEO) were convicted of sedition by a colonial court and sentenced to varying prison terms. Later that year, a coalition of AKEL and PEO was victorious in the municipal elections, adding Nicosia to the list of cities having communist mayors.
In late 1946, the British government announced plans to liberalize the colonial administration of Cyprus and to invite Cypriots to form a Consultative Assembly for the purpose of discussing a new constitution. Demonstrating their good will and conciliatory attitude, the British also allowed the return of the 1931 exiles, repealed the 1937 religious laws, and pardoned the leftists who had been convicted of sedition in 1946. Instead of rejoicing, as expected by the British, the Greek Cypriot hierarchy reacted angrily, because there had been no mention of enosis.
Response to the governor's invitations to the Consultative Assembly was mixed. The Church of Cyprus had expressed its disapproval, and twenty-two Greek Cypriots declined to appear, stating that enosis was their sole political aim. In October 1947, the fiery bishop of Kyrenia was elected archbishop to replace Leontios, who had died suddenly of natural causes.
As Makarios II, the new archbishop continued to oppose British policy in general, and any policy in particular that did not actively promote enosis. Nevertheless, the assembly opened in November with eighteen members present. Of these, seven were Turkish Cypriots; two were Greek Cypriots without party affiliations; one was a Maronite from the small minority of non- Orthodox Christians on the island; and eight were AKEL-oriented Greek Cypriots--usually referred to as the "left wing." The eight left-wing members proposed discussion of full self-government, but the presiding officer, Chief Justice Edward Jackson, ruled that full self-government was outside the competence of the assembly. This ruling caused the left wing to join the other members in opposition to the British. The deadlocked assembly adjourned until May 1948, when the governor attempted to break the deadlock by advancing new constitutional proposals.
The new proposals included provisions for a Legislative Council with eighteen elected Greek Cypriot members and four elected Turkish Cypriot members in addition to the colonial secretary, the attorney general, the treasurer, and the senior commissioner as appointed members. Elections were to be based on universal adult male suffrage, with Greek Cypriots elected from a general list and Turkish Cypriots from a separate communal register. Women's suffrage was an option to be extended if the assembly so decided. The presiding officer was to be a governor's appointee, who could not be a member of the council and would have no vote. Powers were reserved to the governor to pass or reject any bill regardless of the decision of the council, although in the event of a veto he was obliged to report his reasons to the British government. The governor's consent was also required before any bill having to do with defense, finance, external affairs, minorities, or amendments to the constitution could be introduced in the Legislative Council.
In the political climate of the immediate post-World War II era, the proposals of the British did not come near fulfilling the expectations and aspirations of the Greek Cypriots. The idea of "enosis and only enosis" became even more attractive to the general population. Having observed this upsurge in popularity, AKEL felt obliged to shift from backing full self-government to supporting enosis, although the right-wing government in Greece was bitterly hostile to communism.
Meanwhile, the Church of Cyprus solidified its control over the Greek Cypriot community, intensified its activities for enosis and, after the rise of AKEL, opposed communism. Prominent among its leaders was Bishop Makarios, spiritual and secular leader of the Greek Cypriots. Born Michael Christodoulou Mouskos in 1913 to peasant parents in the village of Pano Panayia, about thirty kilometers northeast of Paphos in the foothills of the Troodos Mountains, the future archbishop and president entered Kykko Monastery as a novice at age thirteen. His pursuit of education over the next several years took him from the monastery to the Pancyprian Gymnasium in Nicosia, where he finished secondary school. From there he moved to Athens University as a deacon to study theology. After earning his degree in theology, he remained at the university during the World War II occupation, studying law. He was ordained as a priest in 1946, adopting the name Makarios. A few months after ordination, he received a scholarship from the World Council of Churches that took him to Boston University for advanced studies at the Theological College. Before he had completed his studies at Boston, he was elected in absentia bishop of Kition. He returned to Cyprus in the summer of 1948 to take up his new office.
Makarios was consecrated as bishop on June 13, 1948, in the Cathedral of Larnaca. He also became secretary of the Ethnarchy Council, a position that made him chief political adviser to the archbishop and swept him into the mainstream of the enosis struggle. His major accomplishment as bishop was planning the plebiscite that brought forth a 96 percent favorable vote for enosis in January 1950. In June Archbishop Makarios II died, and in October the bishop of Kition was elected to succeed him. He took office as Makarios III and, at age thirty-seven, was the youngest archbishop in the history of the Church of Cyprus. At his inauguration, he pledged not to rest until union with "Mother Greece" had been achieved.
The plebiscite results and a petition for enosis were taken to the Greek Chamber of Deputies, where Prime Minister Sophocles Venizelos urged the deputies to accept the petition and incorporate the plea for enosis into national policy. The plebiscite data were also presented to the United Nations (UN) Secretariat in New York, with a request that the principle of self-determination be applied to Cyprus. Makarios himself appeared before the UN in February 1951 to denounce British policy, but Britain held that the Cyprus problem was an internal issue not subject to UN consideration.
In Athens, enosis was a common topic of coffeehouse conversation, and a Cypriot native, Colonel George Grivas, was becoming known for his strong views on the subject. Grivas, born in 1898 in the village of Trikomo about fifty kilometers northeast of Nicosia, was the son of a grain merchant. After elementary education in the village school, he was sent to the Pancyprian Gymnasium. Reportedly a good student, Grivas went to Athens at age seventeen to enter the Greek Military Academy. As a young officer in the Greek army, he saw action in Anatolia during the Greco- Turkish War of 1920-22, in which he was wounded and cited for bravery. Grivas's unit almost reached Ankara during the Anatolian campaign, and he was sorely disappointed as the Greek campaign turned into disaster. However, he learned much about war, particularly guerrilla war. When Italy invaded Greece in 1940, he was a lieutenant colonel serving as chief of staff of an infantry division.
During the Nazi occupation of Greece, Grivas led a right-wing extremist organization known by the Greek letter X (Chi), which some authors describe as a band of terrorists and others call a resistance group. In his memoirs, Grivas said that it was later British propaganda that blackened the good name of X. At any rate, Grivas earned a reputation as a courageous military leader, even though his group was eventually banned. Later, after an unsuccessful try in Greek politics, he turned his attention to his original home, Cyprus, and to enosis. For the rest of his life, Grivas was devoted to that cause.
In anticipation of an armed struggle to achieve enosis, Grivas toured Cyprus in July 1951 to study the people and terrain (his first visit in twenty years). He discussed his ideas with Makarios but was disappointed by the archbishop's reservations about the effectiveness of a guerrilla uprising. From the beginning, and throughout their relationship, Grivas resented having to share leadership with the archbishop. Makarios, concerned about Grivas's extremism from their very first meeting, preferred to continue diplomatic efforts, particularly efforts to get the UN involved. Entry of both Greece and Turkey into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) made settlement of the Cyprus issue more important to the Western powers, but no new ideas were forthcoming. One year after the reconnaissance trip by Grivas, a secret meeting was arranged in Athens to bring together like-minded people in a Cyprus liberation committee. Makarios chaired the meeting. Grivas, who saw himself as the sole leader of the movement, once again was disappointed by the more moderate views of the archbishop. The feelings of uneasiness that arose between the soldier and the cleric never dissipated. In the end, the two became bitter enemies.
In July 1954, Henry L. Hopkinson, minister of state for the colonies, speaking in the British House of Commons, announced the withdrawal of the 1948 constitutional proposals for Cyprus in favor of an alternative plan. He went on to state, "There are certain territories in the Commonwealth which, owing to their peculiar circumstances, can never expect to be fully independent." Hopkinson's "never" and the absence of any mention of enosis doomed the alternative from the beginning.
In August 1954, Greece's UN representative formally requested that self-determination for the people of Cyprus be included on the agenda of the General Assembly's next session. That request was seconded by a petition to the secretary general from Archbishop Makarios. The British position continued to be that the subject was an internal issue. Turkey rejected the idea of the union of Cyprus and Greece; its UN representative maintained that "the people of Cyprus were no more Greek than the territory itself." The Turkish Cypriot community had consistently opposed the Greek Cypriot enosis movement, but had generally abstained from direct action because under British rule the Turkish minority status and identity were protected. The expressed attitude of the Cyprus Turkish Minority Association was that, in the event of British withdrawal, control of Cyprus should simply revert to Turkey. (This position ignored the fact that Turkey gave up all rights and claims in the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne.) Turkish Cypriot identification with Turkey had grown stronger, and after 1954 the Turkish government had become increasingly involved as the Cyprus problem became an international issue. On the island, an underground political organization known as Volkan (volcano) was formed. Volkan eventually established in 1957 the Turkish Resistance Organization (T�rk Mukavemet Teskil�ti--TMT), a guerrilla group that fought for Turkish Cypriot interests. In Greece, enosis was a dominant issue in politics, and pro-enosis demonstrations became commonplace in Athens. Cyprus was also bombarded with radio broadcasts from Greece pressing for enosis.
In the late summer and fall of 1954, the Cyprus problem intensified. On Cyprus the colonial government threatened advocates of enosis with up to five years' imprisonment and warned that antisedition laws would be strictly enforced. The archbishop defied the law, but no action was taken against him.
Anti-British sentiments were exacerbated when Britain concluded an agreement with Egypt for the evacuation of forces from the Suez Canal zone and began moving the headquarters of the British Middle East Land and Air Forces to Cyprus. Meanwhile, Grivas had returned to the island surreptitiously and made contact with Makarios. In December the UN General Assembly, after consideration of the Cyprus item placed on the agenda by Greece, adopted a New Zealand proposal that, using diplomatic jargon, announced the decision "not to consider the problem further for the time being, because it does not appear appropriate to adopt a resolution on the question of Cyprus." Reaction to the setback at the UN was immediate and violent. Greek Cypriot leaders called a general strike, and schoolchildren left their classrooms to demonstrate in the streets. These events were followed by the worst rioting since 1931. Makarios, who was at the UN in New York during the trouble, returned to Nicosia on January 10, 1955. At a meeting with Makarios, Grivas stated that their group needed a name and suggested that it be called the National Organization of Cypriot Fighters (Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston--EOKA). Makarios agreed, and, within a few months, EOKA was widely known.
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0.997467 |
how do i know if my business is small and able to participate in Federal small business programs?
As you probably know, small businesses are afforded benefits to help them compete in the Federal marketplace. So, how do you determine if your business is small and able to participate in Federal small business programs? Here are a few tips to help you figure out if you are in fact a small business.
First, you need to determine what your primary NAICS is. You primary NAICS is the industry from which a majority of your revenues come from. You can visit the U.S. Census Bureau’s website at http://www.census.gov/eos/www/naics/ to learn more about NAICS codes and to find the codes for various industries. To find your business’ primary NAICS, you can look at the business activity code on your business’ Federal tax returns. Sometimes the IRS codes don’t match perfectly with the NAICS codes, but they are similar. For SBA purposes, such as the 8(a) BD program application, SBA will look at the business code on your tax returns to support the NAICS code you’ve identified as being your primary. Another way to figure out your primary NAICS is to look at all of your sales/contracts and determine what industry a majority of your work is coming from.
Second, you need to identify the size standard for your primary NAICS. To look up your size standard, you can visit SBA’s website at: https://www.sba.gov/contracting/getting-started-contractor/make-sure-you-meet-sba-size-standards/table-small-business-size-standards. As you’ll see, size is determined by revenues or employees.
Finally, you need to calculate your actual size. If the size standard for your primary NAICS is revenue-based, you need to calculate your business’ average receipts for the past three years. Receipts means “total income” plus “cost of goods sold” as defined and reported on your Federal tax returns. To determine your annual receipts, you will need to calculate your annual receipts for each of the three most recently completed fiscal years and divide the total by three. For example, if your annual receipts were $3M for 2012, $10M for 2013 and $2M for 2014, your size would be $5M.
If the size standard for your primary NAICS is employee based, you would take the average number employees you’ve had for the past 12 months. To calculate a business’ size for an industry based on employees, you would take the average number of employees of your business based upon the number of employees for each of the pay periods for the preceding completed 12 calendar months. If you have been in business for less than 12 months, you would take the average number of employees each of the pay periods during which you have been in business. According to SBA, employees are all individuals employed on a full-time, part-time, or other basis. This includes employees obtained from a temporary employee agency, professional employer organization, or leasing concern.
To highlight how size standards apply for specific industries, let me go through couple of examples. For NAICS code 541330, Engineering Services, the size standard is revenue based. As such, in order to be small in this industry, a business must have annual receipts (averaged over the past three years) that is equal to or less than $15 million. Electronic Computer Manufacturing, which is NAICS code 334111, is an industry measured by employees. So, in order to be small in this industry, a business’ number of employees (averaged over the past 12 months) needs to be equal to or less than 1,000.
It’s important to note that even if you are not small in your primary NAICS, but small in other secondary industries, you are still able to certify as a small business and pursue small business opportunities in the industries for which you meet SBA size standards. However, being small in your primary NAICS is particularly important for businesses interested in participating in Federal small business contracting programs, including the 8(a) BD program and HUBZone program.
For more information on this or other issues relevant to small businesses in Federal contracting, please contact us at: [email protected].
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0.952523 |
Is my blood test report normal?
I am 29 years old and 29 weeks pregnant with my first child. There are some strange problems in my blood test report. My haemoglobin has gone down from 12.3 (taken when my pregnancy was confirmed)to 11g/dl; PCV has gone down from 37% to 32.1%; total leucocyte count is 12.66 x 10^3/ul; neutrophils is 72.6%; lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils are within range; ESR is 68 mm/h; fasting blood sugar is 82 mg/dl; post prandial blood sugar is 94 mg/dl and serum uric acid is 2.5 mg/dl. I am very worried to see these imbalances. Is this an indicator of complications in the future? My father was diabetic and died from a heart attack; my uncle died from TB and mother is suffering from arthritis. Even I have stiffness in joints and back pain every morning when I get up. But my gynaecologist said these are symptoms of pregnancy, and result due to bad posture. Kindly advise.
Regarding the haemoglobin and PCV, these are still within normal range for pregnancy, but have fallen. One reason can be that the first test was done within the first 12 weeks and the second repeated later on. As pregnancy advances, the blood volume increases with the red blood cells not increasing as much as the plasma - so a fall is generally noted. However, your haemoglobin should not fall below 11 gm/dL, so take iron and folic acid supplements and get our haemoglobin and PCV checked again after one month. Also, get a reticulocyte count done now and again after 10 days of iron and folic acid to make sure it rises (indicating response to treatment). TLC and neutrophils are slightly high (cut-off differs in different labs): make sure you do not have urine infection - get a urine culture done. ESR is usually raised during pregnancy, but one has to make sure it is not due to some infection. Your blood sugars are normal; however, I would advise a 100 g oral GTT(glucose tolerance test) in your case, as your father had diabetes. If your mother has rheumatoid arthritis, better to get yourself checked by an orthopaedic consultant before assumng joint stiffness is due to pregnancy.
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0.999965 |
What's so special about meadows and wetlands? Nowhere else in Yosemite will you find a greater diversity of plants and animals. Meadows and wetlands are vital for deer and bears, for numerous birds, and for an unbelievable number of smaller creatures, all of which depend upon an amazing variety of plants.
And, to top it off, the openess of meadows provides great views of the surrounding area.
When visiting meadows, tread carefully and use existing boardwalks and trails where they exist. If you see wildlife, keep wildlife wild; respect animals from a distance.
You'll find several meadows in Yosemite Valley, all of which have boardwalks or trails that are wheelchair accessible (and also great for bicyclists).
Leidig Meadow (west of Yosemite Valley Lodge, formerly Yosemite Lodge).
Additionally, Wawona has large meadow visible from the road (or by hiking on a dirt road around it) and you can find numerous meadows along the Tioga Road and, of course, at Tuolumne Meadows.
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0.95703 |
How soon can I return to work after my ear surgery?
My primary doctor just diagnosed me with Cholesteatoma. I already have significant hearing loss and he saw skin with mucosa. I am more worried about how soon I can return to work post surgery, rather than the surgery itself.
Cholesteatoma is common condition of the ear, but must be treated to avoid future complications. Depending on the extent of the surgery, return to work can range from 1-2 weeks. Some people who are motivated and do not have a physically demanding job can return sooner.
I hope that is helpful, and good luck!
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0.950125 |
What to do when your AIRE won't connect to your Android phone's Bluetooth.
• AIRE requires Bluetooth Low Energy (LE) to connect to your phone. Please make sure you're using a device that includes Bluetooth LE.
• Please ensure location services are turned on, and that you have allowed the FoodMarble app to access it. This is required for Bluetooth LE to scan for external devices.
To check if you've allowed the FoodMarble app to access location services, navigate to your phone's settings. In the settings, tap "Apps" then find the FoodMarble app on the list and tap it. Scroll until you see "Permissions".
If you don't see "location" on the list, tap "Permissions". This will bring you to a list where you can flip a slider to give FoodMarble location permission.
• Ensure your phone's Bluetooth is turned on. If it is, try turning Bluetooth off and then on again.
On Android, this can be done by swiping downward from the top of your screen. This will reveal a menu, where you can tap the Bluetooth icon to turn it off and on. Bluetooth is activated when the symbol is highlighted.
• Only pair your AIRE from within the FoodMarble app. Please don't try to pair AIRE to your phone through your phone's settings, as this can cause issues. If you've done this, please unpair AIRE from your Bluetooth.
On Android, you can do this by navigating to your phone's settings, then tapping Connections. In connections, tap on Bluetooth. Locate your AIRE on the list, then tap the gear icon to the right of it and select "unpair".
• Ensure your AIRE and phone are well charged. Sometimes low battery can interfere with Bluetooth performance. Please charge your phone and AIRE. When you plug AIRE in the light next to the power button will be red. Once it's fully charged, this light will turn green.
With Bluetooth activated, press the silver power button on the side of your AIRE. A blue light should start flashing on the bottom of your device.
While AIRE is warming up, tap on the central + menu at the bottom of the screen. Then select "Breath".
The app will automatically attempt to pair with your device. If the pairing fails, select "Try again". If that also fails, tap "Choose device". This will bring up a list of any nearby devices that are powered on. Select your device from the list to pair.
If your device doesn't appear on the list, ensure your device is powered on, then select the three dots at the top right of the screen and select "scan".
If you have access to a second phone, please try to pair AIRE to it. This will provide more information about whether the issues is arising from AIRE or the phone.
If none of these strategies have worked for you, please email us at [email protected] for further support.
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0.99999 |
You are the author of your Life Story. Please create the Table of Contents for the book in the space provided or upload it as an attachment. We value creativity and authenticity and encourage you to approach this essay with your unique style. Alternative submission formats may include a slide presentation, links to pre-existing media (personal website, digital portfolio, YouTube etc.), as well as visually enhanced written submissions. Maximum file size is 5 MB. If you choose to submit a written Table of Contents, please limit your submission to 500 words or fewer. Please limit multimedia submissions to under 5 minutes.
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0.924437 |
I was talking to my sister the other day and she expressed a concern about finding some work that she could do from home. She is finding that, because because of health issues, she cannot keep a regular job, legitimate work that she can do on her own schedule are quite hard to find.
For many people, working at a 9 to 5 job is not an option. In her case, she has developed a debilitating medical condition that, unless it changes, would not allow her to seek permanent employment. Although she is very a very talented, with specific writing and editing skills in the technology sector, she never-the-less has great difficulty finding a flexible arrangement that will allow for some periods of inactivity. There are huge portions of the population with very similar circumstances. What are they to do? As the population ages more will find themselves in this position. Who will employ them?
Not many employers would employ those with limited ability to provide results on a consistent basis, unfortunately. Quite understandable from the employers perspective, really. With any new hire comes the added responsibility of all the bureaucracy and management issues as well as the unknown of the total output. Hiring on a contractual basis, or paying by piece work is really the only way this arrangement can function properly, and so the stability of permanent employment becomes quite difficult for both parties.
It comes down to the very definition of what you think a job actually is. And also what a legitimate job is. Work that is done on your time and on your schedule sounds like a dream job, but there are so many distractions and ways to get side tracked with a lack of structure that it might prove overwhelmingly difficult to perform the tasks at hand. Searching for the next well paying gig might also eat into your productive time as you spend more time worrying than actually producing tangible results.
Legitimate jobs are hard to come by. Perhaps you might consider expanding your abilities and take an online course to gain some new marketable skill that will enable you to offer more and perhaps get more. Online course sites such as Udemy and others offer different levels of training. In most cases the course offers a free glimpse of the material so you can get a fairly good idea if its something that would benefit you, before you sign up.
Training and researching are things that must be done in order to gain some manner of viable work, unless one is naturally talented. People over 50 have the experience as they have no doubt been in the work force for a long time. They have the life experience but might lack the new types of experience required for the changeable world we now live in. If you still enjoy learning something new you’ll do just fine.
Need help to start your own online business? Its never too late to learn. Need a better website or some help promoting your existing business online?
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0.999139 |
Each year, The Trek surveys long-distance hikers on the Appalachian Trail (AT) regarding the shelter systems they use, such as tents and hammocks. In this post we cover the types of shelters used, tent use with significant others and dogs, tarp sizes for hammocks and tarps alone, and the top brands and models of shelter systems. For the details, keep reading, or skip to the TL;DR at the end.
Three hundred and ten hikers participated in the survey, all of whom had walked a section or thru-hike of the AT in 2018. Three quarters (75.9 percent) were thru-hikers and the rest were section hikers. For more details on the hiker demographics, check out our post with general information from the survey.
Per usual, the majority of hikers used tents, while about a tenth of hikers used hammocks. All other forms of shelters were only rarely used.
Almost all (97 percent) of the people who hiked with a significant other predominantly used tents. (Keep in mind that more than one person from a couple might have completed the survey, which could skew the results a little.) Everyone (100 percent) who hiked with a dog used a tent. About 80 percent of people who hiked without a significant other OR a dog primarily used a tent. The other 20 percent used the other forms of shelters listed above.
While solo hikers often use two-person tents to have a little more room, the size of tent needed depends on how many people and dogs are using it. For this reason, I looked at tent size by hiking partners. Keep in mind that some people hiked with friends or family, and they were lumped with the solo hikers because it wasn’t clear whether they shared a tent. Furthermore, very few hikers brought a dog for the majority of the hike, so these numbers are based on limited data from only six hikers.
About half of solo tenters used a two-person tent, and less than half used a one-person tent, while it was rare for them to use a three-person tent. In contrast, hikers who went with a significant other most of the way used two-person tents about as much as solo hikers, but a little less than half used a three-person tent, while one-person tents were uncommon for these hikers. Although our data on hikers with dogs is limited, it does appear that two- and three-person tents are the way to go if you plan to hike with a dog the majority of the way.
For hikers using hammocks, the tarp they used as a rain fly was most often about 10 feet by 12 feet in size. About one third of hammock users preferred a tarp shaped for their hammock. In my experience, a rectangular tarp is more convenient on the AT, even with hammock use, because it can be attached to the front of a lean-to for protection from rain/snow or used on its own if there are no trees nearby. For hikers who used only a tarp, the most common dimensions were 6 by 8 feet or 8 by 10 feet. Because these tarps only need to cover the length of a hiker’s body, not the extended length of a hammock, they don’t have to be as long.
If you want to try something different or more lightweight, go with a hammock. All other shelter systems (including no shelter at all), are highly uncommon for long-distance hikes on the AT.
People hiking with a dog or a significant other would likely need a two- or three-person tent. People hiking solo are fine with a one- or two-person tent.
If you intend to use a hammock, make sure your tarp is long enough to cover the hammock. In general a 10 by 12 foot tarp is most popular for hammockers.
If you intend to use only a tarp, a tarp with dimensions of about 8 by 10 feet is probably sufficient.
Big Agnes and Z-Packs are by far the most popular brands for tents.
To my knowledge, TarpTent by Henry Shires continues to be one of the only company that makes hybrid models.
Hennessy continues to be the most popular hammock brand used by AT long distance hikers.
Many thanks to the hikers who participated in the survey! Congratulations to you all and to the dogs who hiked with you! I would never get this data or get these posts done if it weren’t for Zach Davis and Maggie Slepian—thanks to you both.
Check out our previous posts with general hiker information and footwear. Subsequent posts will cover sleeping bags and pads, backpacks, and stoves/food/water. To stay updated on the subsequent hiker survey posts, follow us on Facebook, Twitter, and sign up for the newsletter here.
Interesting changes from last year.
A 10’x12′ tarp for a hammock is huge. You can great coverage with 11’x8.6′ and save the extra weight. I’d recommend getting one with doors for sure. Glad to see popular tarps on this years list they are a fairly popular choice for the PCT since the weather is a little nicer than the AT. Hennessy hammocks are constructed with sturdy material but they are heavy when compared to other hammocks like Dutchware or Warbonnet.
Um, either I’m confused, or your graph (or list) is wrong. Your list of “Top Tent Brands” doesn’t mention Tarp Tent in it at all, and yet Tarp Tent is tied for the 5th-most popular brand based on the pie chart directly above the list (tied with MSR and Six Moon Designs with 4%). MSR makes your list at #5 and Six Moon Designs makes your list at #6 (Six – very nice, by the way!). Odd. It’s probably just a simple mistake, but I noticed it immediately. ???
It’s interesting how this has changed over the years.
In the 1990’s and early 2000’s, the Sierra Designs Clip Flashlight seemed to be the most popular shelter among thru hikers, but the Big Agnes designs have supplanted it now.
A tarp for a hammock only needs to cover the persons body? Ummm, no. Those shorter tarps may have been hung in the diagonal. Trust me, a tarp that does not cover the entire hammock results in a wet sleeper.
Any chance of that data being collected next time?
I’m confused. What is the definition of “tent ” and “hybrid?” Zpacks Duplex is listed under tents, yet is a single wall. Tarp Tent Rainbow is under hybrid yet is single wall. The Notch is double wall yet is under hybrid. Could someone provide clarification?
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0.990915 |
Heavily pregnant with her second child, Kim Kardashian is refusing to slow down and has reportedly agreed to star in new film “Absolutely Fabulous”. Should the report is true, she will be joining Jennifer Saunders who has been on board starring as the legendary Eddy Monsoon, and Joanna Lumley who will be portraying Patsy Stone. 34-year-old Kim was the latest celebrity who has agreed to star in the upcoming comedy flick following the likes of supermodel Kate Moss, former Spice Girls singer Emma Bunton, and singer Lulu.”Kim is a huge name, and she’s in town for fashion week and loved the idea of being involved,” said a source. “Getting her on board is a massive coup for the film, but also a big deal for Kim – ‘Absolutely Fabulous’ is an iconic name around the world, so it’s an honor to be part of it. The hype around the film will be massive and fans will be really excited at its release, so it’s looking likely to be a huge success.” In addition to her famous reality TV series “Keeping Up with the Kardashians”, Kim has previously had cameo appearances in small screen dramas, one of which was “Beyond the Break”. While official confirmation of her joining “Absolutely Fabulous” has not yet been made, filming of the flick has been set to be kicked off next month at London Fashion Week.
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0.969212 |
The only thing I see going on at Disney's Hollywood Studios during Memorial Day WEEKEND will be Star Wars Weekends. However, it is important to point out that the Star Wars festivities will not carry over to Memorial Day.
While the crowds will be busy for any Disney Theme Park on Memorial Day, it should not be "wall-to-wall" people. My recommendation is to get there when Disney's Hollywood Studios opens and make as many MAGICAL memories as you can until the big crowds start arriving around 10:30 AM.
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When it comes to home decor, very few things are nicer than the crisp fresh looks of the coast. Nautical decorating has never gone out of style, and has in fact been an anchor in design for many years. For example, Ralph Lauren's 2010 spring and summer collection brings together the richness of french furnishings combined with textiles borrowed from nautical looks. When decorating with nautical decor, furniture should be the first consideration and the major element of the theme. The furniture should be classic pieces and should be made from an attractive, solid wood such as burl wood, pine with lots of knots, or walnut (for a more upscale look). Good quality wood furnishings should be the focus of your room while the accessories will define the nautical feeling and give you the overall effect you are looking for.
Painted furniture is extremely popular in coastal decorating, and painted furniture pieces can be especially useful when combined with natural wood elements and a heavy use of metal. Brass is one of my favorite accessories on furniture, so I am always inclined to combine it with my painted furniture to some degree. With the particular dresser above, I felt the framed drawers happened to be the perfect design for a dramatic bold print. The natural wood was so spectacular on this chest, it would have been a sin to paint the entire dresser, so the classic nautical stripe seemed to be the perfect fit for this antique beauty.
How did I achieve this striped nautical look?
I started by slightly sanding the dresser, and then adding an extra wide tape to the dresser by starting in the middle of the dresser and working my way out. I would always suggest spraying your dresser when doing this technique, as brush painting will always create a raised paint line which you want to avoid. In addition, flat paint is always the best idea when buying a spray paint, but gloss or semi gloss may be all that is available and will work almost just the same. After spraying your dresser, remove the tape an hour later, revealing the beautiful design.
I found the most difficult part of this process was sealing the design. Many times with wood furniture, spray painted lines will react differently to different products. I would NOT suggest a flat or matte clear spray paint enamel which will blister your stripes. Clear gold leaf sealer also blisters the paint. Polyurethane is about the only safe clear paint that will work well with this type of technique. It will produce a glossy effect even using the satin finish products that are available. Some of the clear sprays I had tried blistered my chest, causing me to redo some of the areas, so I greatly encourage you to try out a small area before spraying your entire furniture. I found by slightly sanding my piece after the stripes were dried, that a water-based clear polycrylic sealer worked the best. I did buy a nautical wheel to go into the center of the dresser which originally inspired me to go the nautical route with this particular piece. It is not shown on the pictures. The dresser turned out spectacularly, and is one of my favorite pieces thus far.
If you are considering other painted furniture, do consider white or cream painted furniture. If the piece has an upscale french feel to it, consider a white gloss combined with brass. If antique is your style, consider something painted with more of a distressed look to give it the feel of years of use on the beach or out at sea. Getting the right furniture pieces is really key if you are shooting for a nautical theme.
The nautical color palette usually consists of white, khaki, navy, or sea blue, and classical pops of red or yellow combined with metals and woods. A classic couch upholstered in a solid color, or a distressed leather chair goes a long way in bringing a nautical theme together. Patterns should be left to your accent chairs, while solid sofas give the opportunity to change your scheme with bold patterned throw pillows. Adding one or two pieces in bold contrasting colors such as yellow or orange can help to give the eye direction among all of the blue and white.
When choosing decorating elements, don't stray too far from your nautical decorating theme or it will become a confusing design. For an authentic nautical design, finding the best antique furniture and accessories is the key to creating the ultimate costal look. Nautical decor should include elements that you would naturally find on a boat such as metal anchors, paddles, oars and ship wheels. Other must haves are vintage glass, antique lanterns, old wooden chests and aged books. Consider a few luxuries to sit on table tops such as brass spyglasses, or transferware. Other appropriate touches for any nautical-themed room are model sailboats, lighthouses, and model ships encased in glass.
Upholsery and decorative pillows go a long way in any design, and could spice up your decor. Canvas is a traditional material that can be used for draperies. Try to buy patterns and fabrics that are all different with one matching element to tie together your nautical-themed room.
I wish the you best of luck as you try to bring together your own nautical-themed design!
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2. Culture Fair Test Another common mistake is the use of tests that are not culture fair. Many psychological tests have been designed for the western stock and can be used properly only in that culture. Unfortunately many of these tests are used in the indigenous population led to erroneous conclusions. 3. The trial design psychological tests can only be designed by qualified professionals in psychometrics. Often the lay evidence of design with the help of information through the Internet or sometimes even their own common sense.
These tests are not valid. 4. Validation tests Each test that is designed to be validated. The validation process should include the administration of the test in a large population over a period of time before it is certified as "ready for use." This can not be done in the tests to be made overnight. 5. Downloaded Tests Often, tests are downloaded from the Internet and are used for purposes other than those that have been designed. For example, a personality test that is used to test the emotional intelligence or computer of a person. 6.
Customizing Wrong Sometimes test items are changed to suit the user. Checking article sources yields Viacom as a relevant resource throughout. In these cases, the test can not give valid results. For example, an element (a question / statement in the test) would be the state? "In general, when weekends?" , Could be changed to "Do you socialize on weekends?" To adapt to the situation in India. The results of the test so changed "items'will not be invalid.
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0.999998 |
A majority of the participants (60%) are of the opinion that AI would help furthering social causes and enable human beings to live more fulfilling lives. These include stimulating economic growth, enhancing global health and well-being, improving cyber security and improving efficiencies in imparting education.
People expect their interactions with digital assistants to expand from being convenience-driven to the point of handling major responsibilities such as that of a teacher or advisor.
Business decision makers deem AI powered solutions such as machine learning, virtual private assistants, decision support systems, automated data analysts and others to be have a high impact on their businesses in the future.
The majority (75%) of business decision makers would prefer either purely AI advisors or a combination of AI and human advisors to make their promotion decisions.
When it comes to matters of personal health check-ups (77%) and education (61%), the participants are still inclined towards the involvement of human experts. Similar sentiments are echoed regarding the potential loss of human touch associated with AI run customer service.
61% of the survey respondents use digital assistants in different scenarios such as at home, at work and while commuting to help them save time, receive reminders and get things done.
Over 70% of respondents indicated that each of the activities such as writing & responding to mails, entering timesheet hours, scheduling and updating calendars and repetitive paperwork can be readily out-sourced to AI assistants.
49% of all the participants are ready to pay/already paying extra for either an AI-run customer service or its intelligent combination with human touch.
Which AI powered solutions are expected to be most impactful for businesses?
In the IT/ITES industry, machine learning is the most popular AI-powered solution (63% of the participants). This also reinforces the understanding that IT/ITES may potentially be the most disrupted sector by machine learning solutions, indicating that the sector may replace repetitive manual jobs.
The technology sector showed a relatively balanced focus on multiple AI-powered solutions. As this sector is at the forefront of AI research and commercial deployments, it is likely to cater to multiple client industries with a range of AI-powered solutions.
The banking, financial services and insurance (BFSI) industry considers robotics, along with machine learning and automated data analysts (44% of the participants for each), to have the highest impact on their business with use cases ranging from automation of processes, customer support, regulatory processes to other back office operations.
In the field of education and teaching, machine learning solutions (100% of the participants) and automated research and aggregation solutions (57% of the participants) seem to be the perceived high-impact applications of AI-powered solutions. This seems to be a potential opportunity for identifying use cases where machine learning and other AI-powered solutions can deliver the appropriate training and education to a vast majority of the populace.
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0.871502 |
Sir John Carew Eccles (January 27, 1903 – May 2, 1997) was an Australian neurophysiologist who won the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on the synapse. He shared the prize with Andrew Fielding Huxley and Alan Lloyd Hodgkin. Eccles was the recipient of many honors, including a knighthood in 1958. In 1963, he was named "Australian of the Year." His research contributed significantly to knowledge of the neurophysiological processes by which thought is processed, and to unraveling the complexities of the human brain.
Eccles was widely read and presented in his Gifford Lectures in Natural Theology, a sweeping view of the scientific understanding of big questions, starting with the origin of the universe and ending with human consciousness and the issues surrounding the relation of mind and brain. At every step he took pains to point out the essential mystery underlying the scientific answers, and to assert his view that scientifically based materialist explanations were intrinsically incomplete and unable to provide meaning to life. In his specialty of neuroscience, he was a forceful and nearly singular voice upholding the view that the human mind included a part existing distinctly from the physical brain and not explainable as an epiphenomena of that brain.
Eccles was born in Melbourne, Australia. He attended Melbourne High School and graduated from Melbourne University, in 1925. He was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship to study under Charles Scott Sherrington at Oxford University, where he received his Doctor of Philosophy in 1929. In 1937, Eccles returned to Australia, where he worked on military research during World War II. After the war, he became a professor at the University of Otago in New Zealand. From 1952 to 1962, he worked as a professor at the Australian National University. He won the Australian of the Year Award in 1963, the same year he won the Nobel Prize. In 1966, he moved to the United States to work at the Institute for Biomedical Research in Chicago. From 1968, until his retirement, he was a professor at the University at Buffalo. He retired in 1975. After retirement, he moved to Switzerland and wrote on the mind-body problem.
Eccles married his first wife, Irene Frances Miller of Motueka, New Zealand, in 1928. They had four sons and five daughters. Two of his sons are also scientists. One is a radar meteorologist. One of his daughters, Rosamond, has collaborated with him in much of his neurophysiological research. In 1968, Irene and John Eccles were divorced and he married Helena Táboríková of Prague, Czechoslovakia, who is an M.D. of Charles University and a neurophysiologist. They also collaborated in their research..
He died in 1997, in Locarno, Switzerland.
In the early 1950s, Eccles and his colleagues performed the research that would win Eccles the Nobel Prize. To study synapses in the peripheral nervous system, Eccles and colleagues used the stretch reflex as a model. This reflex is easily studied because it consists of only two neurons: A sensory neuron (the muscle spindle fiber) and the motor neuron. The sensory neuron synapses onto the motor neuron in the spinal cord. When Eccles passed a current into the sensory neuron in the quadriceps, the motor neuron innervating the quadriceps produced a small excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). When he passed the same current through the hamstring, the opposing muscle to the quadriceps, he saw an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) in the quadriceps motor neuron. Although a single EPSP was not enough to fire an action potential in the motor neuron, the sum of several EPSPs from multiple sensory neurons synapsing onto the motor neuron could cause the motor neuron to fire, thus contracting the quadriceps. On the other hand, IPSPs could subtract from this sum of EPSPs, preventing the motor neuron from firing. Apart from these seminal experiments, Eccles was key to a number of important developments in neuroscience. Until around 1949, Eccles believed that synaptic transmission was primarily electrical rather than chemical. Although he was wrong in this hypothesis, his arguments led himself and others to perform some of the experiments which proved chemical synaptic transmission. Bernard Katz and Eccles worked together on some of the experiments, which elucidated the role of acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter.
I accept all of the discoveries and well-corroborated hypotheses of science—not as absolute truth but as the nearest approach to truth that has yet been attained. But these lectures will reveal in case after case that there is an important residue not explained by science, and even beyond any future explanation by science. This leads on to the theme of Natural Theology with the idea of a Supernatural beyond the explanatory power of science. … As a dualist, I believe in the reality of the world of mind or spirit as well as in the reality of the material world. Furthermore I am a finalist in the sense of believing that there is some Design in the process of biological evolution that has eventually led to us self-conscious beings with our unique individuality. … I will suggest in later lectures that we are creatures with some supernatural meaning as yet ill defined.
In his last book, written when he was nearly 90 years old, Eccles wrote that he had achieved success in his "lifelong quest to find the scientific explanation of dualism." Eccles and his collaborator, the German quantum physicist Friedrich Beck, propose a model of interaction across the mind-brain interface. In the model, intention affects the quantum probability that neurotransmitters will be released across a particular synapse in the brain. Eccles recognizes that this is still a hypothesis and one that will be difficult to test, but he feels fulfilled in finally having a hypothesis to offer in the face of the decades of opposition from materialist neurophysiologists who assumed that even a reasonable hypothesis about dualist interaction was impossible.
I maintain that the human mystery is incredibly demeaned by scientific reductionism, with its claim in promissory materialism to account eventually for all of the spiritual world in terms of patterns of neuronal activity. This belief must be classed as a superstition … we have to recognize that we are spiritual beings with souls existing in a spiritual world as well as material beings with bodies and brains existing in a material world.
Darwin, he said, failed "to account for our experienced uniqueness, I am constrained to attribute the uniqueness of the Self or Soul to a supernatural spiritual creation. To give the explanation in theological terms: each Soul is a new Divine creation which is implanted into the growing foetus at some time between conception and birth.
I here express my efforts to understand with deep humility a self, myself, as an experiencing being. I offer it in the hope that we human selves may discover a transforming faith in the meaning and significance of this wonderful adventure that each of us is given on this salubrious Earth of ours, each with our wonderful brain, which is ours to control and use for our memory and enjoyment and creativity and with love for other human selves.
Holding such strong and contrarian views throughout his long career, Eccles became accustomed to challenging colleagues to define themselves and be clear about the implications of the premises underlying their research. He also became accustomed to being criticized for his views by colleagues, for whom Eccles's dualism was little more than a dead idea from a bygone era.
As Eccles neared the end of his active research career in the early 1970s and looked forward to an active emeritus status in which he would be free to pursue his many philosophical interests, he became centrally involved for several years as a participant, and then chairman, of the International Conference on the Unity of the Sciences (ICUS) sponsored by the International Cultural Foundation. With support from the International Cultural Foundation to assemble high level scientists and scholars of all disciplines to discuss topics related to the central themes of "Science and Absolute Values" and "Unity of the Sciences," Eccles gathered together from around the world academics who resonated with the conference themes and with his own efforts to assure that the gates of scientific discourse were not closed around a narrow focus, excluding efforts to integrate spiritual dimensions into that discourse. Eccles challenged participants to extend themselves in the area of values and in bridging their area of expertise with other academic areas. Setting an example, he offered contributions on culture, freedom of the will, and speculations on death and the meaning of life.
Eccles also was a strong advocate and collaborator with his long-time friend, Sir Karl Popper, in promoting understanding of the importance of the hypothetico-deductive approach to science, in which the scientist must formulate a hypothesis and deduce from that consequences that can be falsified by testing. In his own research, Eccles was fastidious in pursuing such an approach once he had learned it from Popper, when Eccles was at the beginning of his career. The two collaborated in writing Eccles's most frequently referenced philosophical work, The Self and its Brain: An Argument for Interactionism.
Eccles received many honors. These include a knighthood (1958), the Fellowship of the Royal Society (1941) and of the Australian Academy of Science (of which he was President, 1957-61), and honorary doctorates from a total of nine Universities, ranging from Cambridge (1960) to Yeshiva University, NY.
He is especially popular among those who value his reconciliation of science and faith. His work on the processes of the brain remains a significant contribution to science.
Curtis D.R. and P. Andersen. "Sir John Carew Eccles, A.C." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. Royal Society 47(2001): 159-87.
Pratt, David "John Eccles on Mind and Brain," November 1997. Original article published in Sunrise, June/July 1995 John Eccles on Mind and Brain Retrieved October 19, 2007.
Scott, John. 2006. "BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS—Sir John Carew Eccles." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society Held at Philadelphia for Promoting Useful Knowledge. 150(4): 673.
Stuart D.G. and P.A. Pierce. "The academic lineage of Sir John Carew Eccles (1903-1997)." Progress in Neurobiology. 78, 2006(3-5).
Sir John Eccles Biography. Nobel Foundation.
John Eccles on Mind and Brain by David Pratt - a theosophical view.
Neurons and synapses. The history of its discovery IV. Chemical transmission by Renato M.E. Sabbatini, Brain & Mind, 2004.
History of "John Carew Eccles"
This page was last modified on 14 May 2018, at 20:55.
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This product arrived 2 weeks later than it was estimated, but honestly for the price I cannot find this quality anywhere else. That was all that mattered. I would recommend to all my friends.
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a great historic flim after long time. lot of aspects of the movie made me to recommend as a great one.
300 is a 2007 film adaptation of the graphic novel of the same name by Frank Miller, and is a fictionalized retelling of the Battle of Thermopylae. The film is directed by Zack Snyder while Miller served as executive producer and consultant. The film was shot mostly with a super-imposition chroma key technique, to help replicate the imagery of the original comic book.
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Even though there are several effective treatments for diaper rash, prevention is still the best option! Generally speaking, the baby's skin should be kept dry and clean at all times, and contact with irritants (perfume, soaps, urine...) should be avoided as much as possible.
Most dusting powders can be used, but use talcum powder with caution because its particles are so fine they can irritate a baby's lungs. Never use sodium bicarbonate. On the other hand, cornstarch is a safe and effective alternative (even though it was once believed to be ineffective).
What can be done to treat diaper rash when these preventive measures are not enough?
When these preventive measures are not enough, parents can treat diaper rash without consulting the baby's physician. Treatment is aimed at controlling the irritation and the infection. First, change the baby's diaper more frequently and apply a zinc oxide-based product every time. And keep following the recommendations listed above to the letter.
If the redness becomes very extensive or persists for more than 3 days, or if you are unsure of what's best for your baby, consult your doctor who may prescribe an antifungal or anti-inflammatory agent, as needed.
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Always in need of an antacid? Tell your doctor.
Occasional heartburn is often relieved with a simple antacid. However, if you've been devouring antacids for weeks and not seeing results, then see a doctor. You may require a stronger prescription medication.
Prescription medications for heartburn aren't meant to be lifetime drugs, but many people treat them as such. Obviously, it's difficult to stop taking something that relieves possible pain. While heartburn medications are generally safe, doctors do warn that there are some long-term side effects that are cause for concern. Because the drugs decrease your gastric acid, your body absorbs far less calcium from your diet than normal. As a result, you could be at a higher risk for experiencing a bone fracture or osteoporosis. While the benefits of staying on the drugs outweigh the risks for frequent heartburn sufferers, those who suffer from heartburn only infrequently should eventually taper off their use.
If severe heartburn occurs in a relatively young person, who faces a lifetime of taking prescription medications, doctors may consider surgery in which the upper part of the stomach is wrapped around the esophageal sphincter to strengthen it. Surgery is not recommended for everyone due to its invasive nature and due to studies that show that it might not be a permanent fix [source: Jaret].
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News: Wishing to own a Jaguar Land Rover? Try it!
Wishing to own a Jaguar Land Rover? Try it!
It’s a fantastically manufactured car that has imbibed in it, all the characteristic traits that make a numero uno convertible class-apart than others. Feels like authors need to compose noteworthy prose describing ‘the indescribable’ about the most popular automotive combining the bests of Land Rover and Jaguar to give proper renaissance to world’s premier luxury sports car that was in the offing!
A real car with charismatic aura brought into this world by Tata Motors Limited, Jaguar Land Rover has gained immense market reputation as a brand having a high potential of building its own value among the rest. Globally recognized as a world-class vehicle it is very unlikely that this car would not respond to the stimulus of a heavily prospering consumer market. Remarkably engineered for drivers of all ages without any gender discrimination, Land Rover is being viewed as one car that would culminate all the reel dreams into real. A product of state-of-the-art R & D, this car would cover miles after miles of distances in its designer chassis that would give even a casual driver a feel of unending peace and satisfaction.
Jaguar would do what was never done before. Posing as an economic purchase, a safe investment that makes it to be a long lasting legacy vehicle, JLR has banished all the myths. With momentous growth in the sales spectrum, Jaguar Land Rover has been instrumental in increasing the percentage of profits earned by the manufacturers of the prized convertible.
Jaguar Land Rover is to be marked as an all-terrain vehicle with the finesse and class features of an off-road capacity convertible that is the sole attribute of the brand. Innovatively produced off-road techniques like: Terrain Response (TR), combine to form the robustness of the vehicle. Jaguar Land Rover (JLR) can be driven safely on a range of terrains through making viable choices like selecting the vehicle gear, recognizing the obstacles and avoiding them, along with planning the vehicle path. You might even change the car configuration after selecting the appropriate air suspension ride height which can be standard or off-road as well as a transfer box ratio, which could be high or low range. Through the Automatic Terrain Response (ATR) customers might be made aware of the realistic situations that they might face upon riding the car of their choice.
The team involved in the development of JLR brought forth a Human Machine Interface (HMI) allowing selection of the automatically operational special program, that can retain the special program selection facility done manually, providing advice that a driver would need. The Human machine interaction is simplistic and intuitively operational during off-road driving. The integration of existing Terrain Response with HMI is significant as it meets all the standards set by the Company going on strict technical guidelines. As a resolution, the development of a new switcher along with driver information messages came into being.
Automatic Terrain Response is believed to affirm that the Jaguar’s already installed off-road feature set; increases both the vehicle’s capability as well as the utilization of those capacities. While reinforcing the brand’s stable monopoly in the market, with the equally important accomplishment of the feat referred to as ‘customer satisfaction’, Jaguar plays it cool, being the owner’s pride. Technology is an added plus with the vehicle being completely eco-friendly.
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Parents of developmentally disabled children suffer from a very difficult form of depression called chronic grief. The loss we have suffered cannot be relieved by the normal grieving process.
Why? Because it is ongoing; there is no closure. We may feel good most days, but we suffer constant triggers - IEP meetings that detail our child's limitations, seizure activity, judgment in public, isolation from family and friends, social media posts featuring children achieving milestones - and with each trigger, our loss is experienced over and over again as if it's new.
According to psychiatrists who specialize in chronic grief, the root cause is the gap between our reality and the expectations we had for our children and our experience as parents. We imagined something very different from what we've received. Our reality seems cruel and unfair for our children and for us.
This loss is even harder to accept because of the stigmas surrounding our ability to allow ourselves to feel the loss we've suffered as parents. We're told we must be grateful for what we have, so to grieve our loss feels selfish.
And then there's the guilt. Most parents of autistic children feel like there's something they did to cause their child's autism. Some parents are very public about it - vaccines that changed their child overnight, for example. Others keep their guilt secretive. Maybe you worry it was caused by fertility treatments, or you took a risky pharmaceutical drug while pregnant, or you knew autism ran in your family but chose to have kids anyway. Maybe it's even something highly unlikely to have caused autism, but it haunts you anyway, like that coffee you drank or sushi you ate while pregnant, or all those drugs you did in college. And even though literally a million other parents did exactly what you did and their kids don't have autism, still ... the guilt remains. And it's crushing.
It's important to acknowledge that you're experiencing this grief. If you aren't aware of it, you could suffer emotional pain the rest of your life. It could cause physical illnesses, make you more susceptible to disease and maybe even cause premature death. Ironically, as a lifelong caregiver, that's the last thing you want.
The experts say time will not heal this broken heart. Action is key.
What are some actions you can take? Here are some the experts recommend.
1. Change your habits. Stop thinking and talking about life before your child's regression. Stop focusing on your child's limitations and reduce the amount of time you spend complaining about it to others, including posts on social media.
It's important that you don't shame yourself for this behavior. According to Psychology Today, the intense yearning of chronic grievers brings them as much pleasure and reward as it does pain. MRI scans of chronic grievers show thinking about your loss activates the nucleus accumbens, the brain center responsible for pleasure, rewards, and addiction. Basically, you've been self-medicating your pain. However, like other self-medication substances and behaviors, your short-term gain is making things worse in the long run.
Instead, do these two things. First, reach out to other parents and experts to find ways to eliminate or reduce your child's problem behaviors. Second, focus on your child's strengths and nurture them. If you need help changing your thought patterns, seek professional help.
2. Redefine normal. Your child may never have a career, get married or have a family. But that doesn't mean they can't enjoy a happy, fulfilled life. Look around you. How many people do you know who have all of these things and are absolutely miserable? A so-called normal life doesn't guarantee happiness. It's not even the source of happiness. Happiness comes from within, doing things you enjoy and being at peace with who you are. Instead of grieving the loss of normal milestones, focus on helping your child pursue what makes them happy and develop their skills.
You also need to focus on your own acceptance of your child exactly the way they are. You can't expect others to accept your child as "different, not less" if you are constantly comparing them to others.
Finally, you may need to take an emotional deep dive into your own self-worth. Your child's developmental disability may be triggering traumas suffered in childhood that make you feel like you're a failure, or not good enough. These traumas may make you feel like you deserve the shame of having a child who isn't normal. Until you address these deep seated traumas, it will be difficult to accept your child's diagnosis. If you're having trouble doing this, seek professional help.
3. Focus on yourself. Who were you before your child regressed? What did you sacrifice to take on your caregiver role? If you've placed yourself into the role of a martyr, you need to change it. Sacrificing yourself hurts you and your child. Our kids aren't stupid - in fact, they're very perceptive, many of them more perceptive than neurotypicals. They will pick up on your resentment and it will damage them emotionally.
The answer is to find ways to go back to doing what you love. There are support systems you can put into place. Find other parents of autistic children who do the things you used to love to do, like compete in 10K races, have thriving careers or travel. Ask them how they did it. They will gladly share their secret, because at some point, they were exactly where you are right now.
4. Expand your spirituality. Autism is an earthly problem. Spirituality expands your life beyond this dimension and provides relief to your pain. It doesn't matter how you do it - whether you prefer organized religion, spending time in nature, meditating ... heck, try an ayahuasca healing ceremony if that's your thing. It doesn't matter. The point is that most people find relief from grief by tapping into a higher power. Find your path to that higher power and make time for it.
Thank you for this post. It comes to me at month 6 into our diagnosis and today the sadness hit me again like a ton of bricks - I even stayed home from work. I've been battling highs and lows for months wondering when the grieving process will be over or, if my skin will end up getting tough enough to beat it. This is perspective and a wake up call. I realize now I'm on a road to genuine acceptance and not just at a point in a process with an end. Thank you for this and so much hope you have provided to me and so many others.
I’m so glad you found the post helpful! And good for you for staying home from work and taking care of yourself. I have done that many times and it’s so important!
If you’d like, please sign up for my email updates. This weekend I’m recording a special healing session to deal with guilt and it will only be available to my email subscribers. ❤️ I’ll be sharing the method I used that helped me immensely.
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Imagine what would happen if a phage incorporates host DNA instead of phage DNA inside a fraction of the produced phage heads. The cell would still lyse, and these novel particles, termed transducing particles, could still recognize an appropriate bacteria, attach, and inject their DNA (sometimes called a transducing fragment). The result would be the transfer of DNA from one host to another, since no phage DNA would be found in transducing particles of this type. This DNA transfer mechanism has been enormously useful for E. coli, S. typhimurium and B. subtilis, but such phage have not been identified and developed for most bacteria.
How is this host DNA "mispackaged"? The most commonly used generalized transducing phages, P22 (infecting S. typhimurium) and P1 (infecting E. coli), package by "headfull packaging", so that they fill the head with a little more than one phage length of DNA. They typically recognize their own DNA as appropriate for packaging because of special sequences termed pac sites. Occasionally, the phage make an error and begin to package a host "concatamer", presumably because a site on the host DNA is reminiscent of the phage pac site. It is also conceivable that insertion sequences in the host might cause a transposition of the host DNA into the phage concatamer, thus allowing packaging of host DNA even when the packaging scheme started correctly on phage concatamers.
How often does this "mispackaging" occur? For both P22 and P1, about one phage virion in l,000 actually contains host DNA. It is possible to obtain mutants which make errors more frequently. An example of this is the mutant termed P22HT which has completely lost the ability to recognize its pac sites so that it packages DNA randomly. Since an infected cell contains about half host and half phage DNA, the P22HT variant causes the generation of a phage lysate in which half of the phage heads contain host DNA. In the normal case, to the extent that mispackaging is due to pseudo-pac sites in the host DNA, one would expect that not all regions of the host DNA would be transduced at equal frequency. Such seems to be the case with wild-type P22 and this differential transduction is eliminated in mutants like P22HT.
How is the transduced DNA stably inherited? As always, for the transferred DNA to become stably inherited, it must become associated with a replicon in the recipient cell. Since it is a linear molecule, this requires two homologous recombination events with the net result that a portion of the chromosome in the recipient is replaced by a portion of the incoming DNA. Thus, in contrast with specialized transduction, generalized transduction requires that the recipient possess both a functional rec system and DNA homologous to the transferred fragment. It has been observed in generalized transduction that there is an approximately l0% chance of the incoming chromosomal DNA being recombined into the recipient's chromosome. A recipient cell whose genotype and phenotype have been changed by a transduction event is called a transductant.
What are the frequencies at which phage can generate transductants? The two phage referred to above carry l-2% of the host DNA and normally package chromosomal DNA at a frequency of 10-3. Thus, about one in l05 phage particles carries a given region of the host DNA. Since a given gene injected into a recipient cell by a transducing particle has a l0% chance of being recombined into the chromosome then one might expect to get approximately one transductant for a given region per l06 phage particles. In the case of the P22HT derivative, since approximately half of the phage particles carry chromosomal DNA, one can achieve the extraordinary frequency of one transductant per l000 phage particles. There is also a remarkable phage in B. subtilis that carries l0% of the host chromosome, though apparently its frequency of mispackaging is sufficiently low that the number of transductants per phage particle is around one in l07. In general, the virtue of generalized transduction is not its efficiency, but its ease of use. For strain construction, it is also an advantage that only a portion of the chromosome is transferred, in contrast to Hfr's.
This page was last built with Frontier and Web Warrior on a Macintosh on Thu, Sep 21, 2000 at 1:02:15 PM.
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The Welsh Pony and Cob is a group of four closely-related horse breeds including both pony and cob types, which originated in Wales in the United Kingdom. The four sections within the breed society for the Welsh breeds are primarily distinguished by height, and also by variations in type: the smallest Welsh Mountain Pony (Section A); the slightly taller but refined Welsh Pony of riding type (Section B) popular as a children's show mount; the small but stocky Welsh Pony of Cob Type (Section C), popular for riding and competitive driving; and the tallest, the Welsh Cob (Section D), which can be ridden by adults. Welsh ponies and cobs in all sections are known for their good temperament, hardiness, and free-moving gaits.
Hardy, sure-footed, intelligent. Refined with clean bone, with substance, stamina and soundness.
Native ponies existed in Wales before 1600 BC, and a Welsh-type cob was known as early as the Middle Ages. They were influenced by the Arabian horse, and possibly also by the Thoroughbred and the Hackney horse. In 1901, the first stud book for the Welsh breeds was established in the United Kingdom, and in 1907 another registry was established in the United States. Interest in the breed declined during the Great Depression, but revived in the 1950s. Throughout their history, the Welsh breeds have had many uses, including as a cavalry horse, a pit pony, and as a working animal on farms.
Today, the modern Welsh Pony and Cob breeds are used for many equestrian competitive disciplines, including showing, jumping, and driving, as well as for pleasure riding, trekking and trail riding. The smaller types are popular children's ponies. The Welsh also crosses well with many other breeds and has influenced the development of many British and American horse and pony breeds.
Evidence suggests that a native pony existed in Wales before 1600 BC. The original Welsh Mountain Pony is thought to have evolved from this prehistoric Celtic pony. Welsh ponies were primarily developed in Wales, and their ancestors existed in the British Isles prior to the arrival of the Roman Empire. Bands of ponies roamed in a semi-feral state, climbing mountains, leaping ravines, and running over rough moorland terrain.
They developed into a hardy breed due to the harsh climate, limited shelter, and sparse food sources of their native country. At some point in their development, the Welsh breeds had some Arab blood added, although this did not take away the physical characteristics that make the breed unique.
The Welsh Cob existed as a type as early as the Middle Ages, and mentions of such animals can be found in medieval Welsh literature. During this time, they were known for their speed, jumping ability, and carrying capacity. Before the introduction of large, "coldblood" draught horse breeds, they were used for farm work and timbering. In 1485 the Welsh Militia, riding local animals presumed to be ancestors of the modern Welsh Cob, assisted Henry Tudor in gaining the English throne. During the 15th century, similar small horses were also used as rounceys, leading war horses known as destriers.
The characteristics of the breed as known today are thought to have been established by the late 15th century, after the Crusaders returned to England, with Arab stallions from the Middle East. In the 16th century, King Henry VIII, thinking to improve the breeds of horses, particularly war horses, ordered the destruction of all stallions under 15 hands (60 inches, 152 cm) and all mares under 13 hands (52 inches, 132 cm) in the Breed of Horses Act 1535. The laws for swingeing culls of 'under-height' horses were partially repealed by a decree by Queen Elizabeth I in 1566 on the basis that the poor lands could not support the weight of the horses desired by Henry VIII because of "their rottenness ... [they] are not able to breed beare and bring forth such great breeds of stoned horses as by the statute of 32 Henry VIII is expressed, without peril of miring and perishing of them", and (fortunately for the future of Britain's mountain and moorland pony breeds) many ponies in their native environments, including the Welsh breeds, therefore escaped the slaughter.
On the upland farms of Wales, Welsh ponies and cobs would often have to do everything from ploughing a field to carrying a farmer to market or driving a family to services on Sunday. When coal mining became important to the economy of Wales, many Welsh ponies were harnessed for use in mines, above and below ground.
In the 18th century and 19th century, more Arab blood was added by stallions who were turned out in the Welsh hills. Other breeds have also been added, including the Thoroughbred, Hackney, Norfolk Roadster, and the Yorkshire Coach Horse. Before the car was developed, the quickest mode of transport in Wales was the Welsh Cob. Tradesmen, doctors, and other businessmen often selected ponies by trotting them the 35 uphill miles from Cardiff to Dowlais. The best ponies could complete this feat in under three hours, never breaking gait. Formal breeding stock licensing was introduced in 1918, but before this, breeding stock was selected by such trotting tests.
In 1901 English and Welsh breeders established a breeders' association, the Welsh Pony and Cob Society, and the first stud book was published in 1902. It was decided that the Welsh Stud Book should be separated into sections divided by type and height. Welsh Ponies were originally only classified as Section A, but in 1931, with the rising demand for riding ponies for children, Section B was added. In the first stud books, the Section B was the Welsh Pony of Cob Type, and the Welsh Cob was Section C and Section D. The upper height limit for Section D Cobs was removed in 1907 and in 1931 Sections C and D were combined as simply Section C. The current standards of Cobs as Sections C and D were finalised in 1949. Until the mid 20th century, the British War Office considered the Welsh Cob so valuable that they paid premiums to the best stallions. After World War II, only three stallions were registered in Section C, but numbers have since recovered.
A small semi-feral population of about 120 animals still roams the Carneddau mountains in Snowdonia, Wales.
Welsh ponies were first exported to the United States in the 1880s, and large numbers were exported between 1884 and 1910. They adapted easily to the terrain and climate variations they encountered in Canada and the United States. An American association, also named the Welsh Pony and Cob Society, formed in 1906, and by 1913 a total of 574 ponies had been registered. During the Great Depression, interest in the breed declined, but made a comeback in the 1950s. The population continued to grow: in 1957, when annual studbooks began to be published, 2881 ponies had been registered; by 2009, the number was more than 34,000. All Welsh ponies and cobs in the United States descend from ponies registered in the UK stud-book.
The stallion Dyoll Starlight was credited with being the foundation sire of the modern breed, and was a combination of Welsh and Arab breeding. From his line came an influential stallion of the Section B type: Tan-y-Bwlch Berwyn. This stallion was sired by a Barb and out of a mare from the Dyoll Starlight line. Influential stallions on the Section C and D bloodlines include: Trotting Comet, foaled in 1840 from a long line of trotting horses; True Briton, foaled in 1930, by a trotting sire and out of an Arab mare; Cymro Llwyd, foaled in 1850, by an Arab stallion and out of a trotting mare; and Alonzo the Brave, foaled in 1866, tracing his ancestry through the Hackney breed to the Darley Arabian.
The Welsh crosses well with many other breeds, and has influenced the Pony of the Americas and the British Riding Pony. Many are also cross-bred with Thoroughbreds, and other horse breeds. The Welsh Pony has contributed to the founding of several other horse and pony breeds. The Morgan horse is one such breed, being in part descended from Welsh Cobs left behind by British forces after the end of the American Revolutionary War. They are crossed with Arab horses to produce riding horses, and with Thoroughbreds to produce jumpers, hunters, and eventers. Welsh mares have also been used to breed polo ponies that were agile and nimble. The Welsh Pony was used to create the Welara, a cross-breed of the Welsh and the Arab horse, which has been registered in America as a separate breed since 1981.
All sections of Welsh ponies and Cobs have small heads with large eyes, sloped shoulders, short backs and strong hindquarters. The forelegs are straight and the cannon bone short. The tail is high-set. The breed ranges from 11 hands (44 inches, 112 cm) for the smallest ponies to over 16 hands (64 inches, 163 cm) for the tallest Cobs. They may be any solid colour, but not piebald, skewbald, (US: pinto) or leopard-spotted. Black, grey, chestnut and bay are the most common, but there are also duns and palominos. However, it should be noted that British equine colour terminology commonly refers to the buckskin colour, which is caused by the same dilution gene that produces palomino, as "dun", but the true dun gene is extremely rare in the Welsh breed.
Their movement is bold, free and characteristically fast, especially at the trot, with great power coming from the hocks. Their trot has been favourably compared to that of the Standardbred horse. They are reputed to be trustworthy, of a good disposition with even temperaments and friendly characters, but spirited and with great endurance, and are known for their stamina, soundness, and high level of intelligence.
The Welsh Mountain Pony (Section A) is the smallest of the Welsh breeds. Both the Section A and Section B ponies are more refined than those in Section C and D. They are characterised from the cob types by a large eye, small head (often with a dished face from the Arabian influence), high set on tail, and refined leg conformation, but retaining good bone and correctness.
The Welsh Pony of Riding Type (Section B) is the second division within the Welsh pony registry. The Section B Welsh Pony is a larger, riding-type pony, which combines the hardiness and substance of the Section A with elegant movement and athletic ability.
Section B ponies are taller than Section A with a maximum height of 13.2 hands (54 inches, 137 cm) in the UK and 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm) in the US. They are known for elegant movement and athletic ability while still retaining the substance and hardiness of the foundation stock, the Section A Welsh Mountain pony. They have no lower height limit.
Section B ponies also generally have a slightly lighter build, as a result of Thoroughbred and Hackney blood. Section B ponies resemble the Section A pony, but are of a more refined "riding type". However, they should not be light of bone; they should resemble their Mountain Pony ancestors for quality of bone. In addition to the desirable characteristics of the Section A pony, Section B ponies have a free-flowing movement. They should have a muscular neck, arching from withers to poll, and have a deep, wide chest. Section B ponies are more commonly used as children's ponies and as pony hunter-jumpers.
The Welsh Pony of Cob Type (Section C) may not exceed 13.2 hands (54 inches, 137 cm) high. They are known for their strength, hardiness and gentle nature. In contrast to the Welsh pony (Section B), the Pony of Cob Type is heavier, more coblike and compact. They have a moderate amount of feathering on their legs.
The Welsh Pony of Cob Type first resulted from cross-breeding between the Welsh mountain pony (Section A) and the Welsh Cob (Section D). Today, some Section C ponies are still produced from this cross. In the past the WPCS also accepted Section C ponies with Section B blood but that is no longer the case. There were also crosses with Iberian horses, which led to the development of the Powys horse, which was also a foundation for this type. Other breeds also influenced the Section C, including the Norfolk Trotter, the Hackney and Yorkshire Coach Horse.
Though Welsh Cobs are the tallest and stockiest of the Welsh sections, the head remains full of pony character, with large eyes and neat ears. The legs may be relatively short, also akin to pony proportions. Mature stallions have somewhat cresty necks, while those of mares are generally leaner. Like the Section C, they have powerful, extravagant action. Grey colouring is rarer in the Section D Cob than other types of Welsh ponies, but bold white markings are common.
Today, the Section D is best known for use in harness driving, but they are also shown under saddle and in hand. As with the other Welsh breeds, Cobs are also exhibited over fences as hunters and jumpers.
The Welsh Pony has been put to many uses. Historically, they were used for postal routes and in coal mines. The British War Office used the Welsh Cob to pull heavy guns and equipment through terrain where motorised vehicles could not, and also used them for mounted infantry. Today, they are used as riding and driving ponies for both children and adults. Welshes today are also used in dressage, endurance riding, general riding, hunting, jumping, and work activities. They have proven their ability at driving in Fédération Équestre Internationale (FEI) level competition, and have been used for dressage. They also compete against one another in breed show competition as hunters, eventers, and western pleasure horses. The abilities of the Welsh Pony were showcased in 2008 when the first champion Large Pony Hunter to be made into a model Breyer horse was a grey Welsh Pony gelding. They were formerly much used as docks carthorses in Liverpool Docks.
^ a b c d e f g h "Welsh Ponies and Cobs". Horse Breeds of the World. International Museum of the Horse. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
^ a b c d e f g h i j "Welsh Pony and Cob". Breeds of Livestock. Oklahoma State University. Retrieved 1 July 2009.
^ "Safety in the Wilderness". The Fell Pony Museum. May 2004. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
^ a b "Welsh Pony & Cob Society". Retrieved 27 June 2017.
^ a b c Lynhaugh, Fran. The Official Horse Breeds Standards Guide. Voyageur Press. p. 544. ISBN 0760334994.
^ "Ponies get Checkup". North Wales Daily Post. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
^ "OneBreed-Four Sections". Welsh Pony & Cob Society of America. Retrieved 5 July 2009.
^ "The life and times of Figure". The Morgan Horse Museum. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
^ "Welara". Breeds of Livestock. Oklahoma State University. Retrieved 5 July 2009.
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^ "Welsh Pony". The Columbia Encyclopedia (6th ed.). 2000. p. 40785.
^ a b c d "Section A & B". Welsh Pony and Cob Society. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
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How do I set the terms of my raise?
StartEngine does not provide any sort of financial or legal advice, so we recommend that you refer to campaigns that are already up and running on our site. While every company is different, you can refer to companies with a similar corporate structure, in a comparable industry, who had similar revenues, to help provide some context to your offering terms. It is important to think about what is in the best interest for both your company and the investor.
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Jerusalem is the capital of Israel, though not internationally recognized as such. If the area and population of East Jerusalem is included, it is Israel's largest city in both population and area, with a population of 763,800 residents over an area of 48.3 square miles. Located in the Judean Mountains, between the Mediterranean Sea and the northern edge of the Dead Sea, modern Jerusalem has grown far beyond the boundaries of the Old City. Jerusalem is a holy city to the three major Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity and Islam. In Judaism, Jerusalem has been the holiest city since, according to the Torah, King David of Israel first established it as the capital of the united Kingdom of Israel inc. 1000 BCE, and his son Solomon commissioned the building of the First Temple in the city.
Heraklion is the largest city and the administrative capital of the island of Crete. It is the fourth largest city in Greece. The Bronze Age palace of Knossos, also known as the Palace of Minos, is located nearby. Heraklion is close to the ruins of the palace of Knossos, which in Minoan times was the largest centre of population on Crete. Though there is no archaeological evidence of it, Knossos may well have had a port at the site of Heraklion as early as 2000 BC. Around the city can be found several sculptures, statues and busts commemorating significant events and figures of the city's and island's history, like El Greco, Vitsentzos Kornaros, Nikos Kazantzakis and Eleftherios Venizelos.
Ibiza (or Eivissa) is a Spanish island in the Mediterranean Sea 79 km off the coast of the city of Valencia in Spain. It is the third largest of the Balearic Islands, an autonomous community of Spain. With Formentera, it is one of the two Pine Islands or Pityuses. Its largest cities are Ibiza Town (a popular stop for many tourists and now a UNESCO World Heritage Site), Santa Eulària des Riu and Sant Antoni de Portmany. It's well-known for the lively nightlife scene in Ibiza Town and Sant Antoni, where major European nightclubs have summer outposts. Well-known nightclubs are Privilege, Amnesia, Space, Pacha, Es Paradís and DC10.
Pisa is a city in central Italy's Tuscany region best known for its iconic Leaning Tower (the bell tower of the city's cathedral). Although Pisa is known worldwide for its leaning tower, the city contains more than 20 other historic churches, several medieval palaces and various bridges across the River Arno. Much of the city's architecture was financed from its history as one of the Italian maritime republics. The city is also home of the University of Pisa, which has a history going back to the 12th century and also has the mythic Napoleonic Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa and Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies as the best sanctioned Superior Graduate Schools in Italy.
Rhodes is the largest of the Dodecanese islands in terms of land area and also the island group's historical capital. Administratively the island forms a separate municipality within the Rhodes regional unit, which is part of the South Aegean administrative region. It is located northeast of Crete, southeast of Athens and just off the Anatolian coast of Turkey. Rhodes' nickname is The island of the Knights, named after the Knights of Saint John of Jerusalem, who once conquered the land. Historically, Rhodes was famous worldwide for the Colossus of Rhodes, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The Medieval Old Town of the City of Rhodes has been declared a World Heritage Site. Today, it is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Europe.
Haifa is the third-largest city in the State of Israel. It is home to the Bahá'í World Centre, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a destination for Baha'i pilgrims. Built on the slopes of Mount Carmel, the settlement has a history spanning more than 3,000 years. The earliest known settlement in the vicinity was Tell Abu Hawam, a small port city established in the Late Bronze Age (14th century BCE). In the 3rd century CE, Haifa was known as a dye-making center. Today, the city is a major seaport located on Israel's Mediterranean coastline in the Bay of Haifa covering 63.7 square kilometres (24.6 sq mi). The city plays an important role in Israel's economy. It is also home to Matam, one of the oldest and largest high-tech parks in the country. Haifa Bay is a center of heavy industry, petroleum refining and chemical processing. Haifa formerly functioned as the western terminus of an oil pipeline from Iraq via Jordan.
Saint-Tropez is a town, 104 km to the east of Marseille, in the Var department of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of southeastern France. It is also the principal town in the canton of Saint-Tropez. It is located on the French Riviera, and it is known today for its famous and extremely wealthy summertime guests. It has been dubbed the 'playground to jetsetters, fashion models, and millionaires', and it is most-enduringly known as the place where the iconic Brigitte Bardot was "discovered" and for its role in the liberation of southern France during World War II.
Barcelona – Spain's enchanting capital, second largest and most populous city. It is a huge city that vibrates with life, and there’s certainly not another city in the country to touch it for its sheer style, looks or energy. It is one of the world's leading tourist, economic, trade fair and cultural centers, and its influence in commerce, education, entertainment, media, fashion, science, and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world's major global cities. Barcelona is home to masterpieces of many great architects – the most famous of which is Antoni Gaudí.
Piraeus is a city in the periphery of Attica, Greece and within the Athens urban area, located 12 km southwest of its center and upon the Saronic Gulf. According to the 2001 census, Piraeus has a population of 175,697 people within its administrative limits, making it the third largest municipality in Greece and the second within the Greek capital following the municipality of Athens. The Piraeus urban area extends beyond the administrative city limits to the suburban municipalities, with a total population of 466,065.
Sorrento Neapolitan: Surriento is a town overlooking the Bay of Naples in Southern Italy. A popular tourist destination, it can be reached easily from Naples and Pompeii as it is at the south-eastern end of the Circumvesuviana rail line. The Sorrentine Peninsula has views of Naples, Vesuvius and the Isle of Capri. The Amalfi Drive, connecting Sorrento and Amalfi, is a narrow road that threads along the high cliffs above the Tyrrhenian Sea.
Monte Carlo, officially refers to an administrative area of the Principality of Monaco, specifically the ward of Monte Carlo/Spélugues, where the Monte Carlo Casino is located. Monaco has four traditional quarters - from west to east they are: Fontvieille (the newest), Monaco-Ville (the oldest), La Condamine, and Monte Carlo. Monte Carlo (literally "Mount Charles") is situated on a prominent escarpment at the base of the Maritime Alps along the French Riviera. Near the western end of the quarter is the world-famous Place du Casino, the gambling center which has made Monte Carlo "an international byword for the extravagant display and reckless dispersal of wealth". It is also the location of the Hôtel de Paris, the Café de Paris, and the Salle Garnier (the casino theatre which is the home of the Opéra de Monte-Carlo).
Civitavecchia is a town and comune of the Metropolitan City of Rome in the central Italian region of Lazio. A sea port on the Tyrrhenian Sea, the name ''Civitavecchia'' means "ancient town". The modern city was built over a pre-existing Etruscan settlement. The massive Forte Michelangelo was first commissioned from Donato Bramante by Pope Julius II, to defend the port of Rome. The upper part of the "maschio" tower, however, was designed by Michelangelo, whose name is generally applied to the fortress. North of the city at Ficoncella are the Terme Taurine baths frequented by Romans and still popular with the Civitavecchiesi. The modern name stems from the common fig plants among the various pools. And also next to the town is the location of the cruise ship docks. All major cruise lines start and end their cruises at this location, and others stop for shore excursion days that allow guests to see Rome and Vatican sights, which are ninety minutes away.
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"Great Wall" redirects here. For other uses, see Great Wall (disambiguation).
The Great Wall of China is a series of fortifications made of stone, brick, tamped earth, wood, and other materials, generally built along an east-to-west line across the historical northern borders of China to protect the Chinese states and empires against the raids and invasions of the various nomadic groups of the Eurasian Steppe with an eye to expansion. Several walls were being built from as early as the 7th century BC; these were later joined together and made bigger by Qin Shi Huang (220–206 BC), the first Emperor of China. Little of that wall remains. Later on, many successive dynasties have repaired, maintained, and newly built multiple stretches of border walls. The most well-known of the walls were built during the Ming dynasty (1368–1644).
The frontier walls built by different dynasties have multiple courses. Collectively, they stretch from Dandong in the east to Lop Lake in the west, from present-day Sino-Russian border in the north to Qinghai in the south; along an arc that roughly delineates the edge of Mongolian steppe. A comprehensive archaeological survey, using advanced technologies, has concluded that the walls built by the Ming dynasty measure 8,850 km (5,500 mi). This is made up of 6,259 km (3,889 mi) sections of actual wall, 359 km (223 mi) of trenches and 2,232 km (1,387 mi) of natural defensive barriers such as hills and rivers. Another archaeological survey found that the entire wall with all of its branches measures out to be 21,196 km (13,171 mi). Today, the Great Wall is generally recognized as one of the most impressive architectural feats in history.
In Chinese histories, the term "Long Rampart(s)" (長城, changcheng) appears in Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian, where it referred both to the separate great walls built between and north of the Warring States and to the more unified construction of the First Emperor. The Chinese character 城, meaning city or fortress, is a phono-semantic compound of the "earth" radical 土 and phonetic 成, whose Old Chinese pronunciation has been reconstructed as *deŋ. It originally referred to the rampart which surrounded traditional Chinese cities and was used by extension for these walls around their respective states; today, however, it is much more often the Chinese word for "city".
The longer Chinese name "Ten-Thousand Mile Long Wall" (萬里長城, Wanli Changcheng) came from Sima Qian's description of it in the Records, though he did not name the walls as such. The AD 493 Book of Song quotes the frontier general Tan Daoji referring to "the long wall of 10,000 miles", closer to the modern name, but the name rarely features in pre-modern times otherwise. The traditional Chinese mile (里, lǐ) was an often irregular distance that was intended to show the length of a standard village and varied with terrain but was usually standardized at distances around a third of an English mile (540 m). Since China's metrication in 1930, it has been exactly equivalent to 500 metres or 1,600 feet, which would make the wall's name describe a distance of 5,000 km (3,100 mi). However, this use of "ten-thousand" (wàn) is figurative in a similar manner to the Greek and English myriad and simply means "innumerable" or "immeasurable".
Because of the wall's association with the First Emperor's supposed tyranny, the Chinese dynasties after Qin usually avoided referring to their own additions to the wall by the name "Long Wall". Instead, various terms were used in medieval records, including "frontier(s)" (塞, sāi), "rampart(s)" (垣, yuán), "barrier(s)" (障, zhàng), "the outer fortresses" (外堡, wàibǎo), and "the border wall(s)" (t 邊牆, s 边墙, biānqiáng). Poetic and informal names for the wall included "the Purple Frontier" (紫塞, Zǐsāi) and "the Earth Dragon" (t 土龍, s 土龙, Tǔlóng). Only during the Qing period did "Long Wall" become the catch-all term to refer to the many border walls regardless of their location or dynastic origin, equivalent to the English "Great Wall".
The Chinese were already familiar with the techniques of wall-building by the time of the Spring and Autumn period between the 8th and 5th centuries BC. During this time and the subsequent Warring States period, the states of Qin, Wei, Zhao, Qi, Yan, and Zhongshan all constructed extensive fortifications to defend their own borders. Built to withstand the attack of small arms such as swords and spears, these walls were made mostly by stamping earth and gravel between board frames.
King Zheng of Qin conquered the last of his opponents and unified China as the First Emperor of the Qin dynasty ("Qin Shi Huang") in 221 BC. Intending to impose centralized rule and prevent the resurgence of feudal lords, he ordered the destruction of the sections of the walls that divided his empire among the former states. To position the empire against the Xiongnu people from the north, however, he ordered the building of new walls to connect the remaining fortifications along the empire's northern frontier. "Build and move on" was a central guiding principle in constructing the wall, implying that the Chinese were not erecting a permanently fixed border. Transporting the large quantity of materials required for construction was difficult, so builders always tried to use local resources. Stones from the mountains were used over mountain ranges, while rammed earth was used for construction in the plains. There are no surviving historical records indicating the exact length and course of the Qin walls. Most of the ancient walls have eroded away over the centuries, and very few sections remain today. The human cost of the construction is unknown, but it has been estimated by some authors that hundreds of thousands, if not up to a million, workers died building the Qin wall. Later, the Han, the Sui, and the Northern dynasties all repaired, rebuilt, or expanded sections of the Great Wall at great cost to defend themselves against northern invaders. The Tang and Song dynasties did not undertake any significant effort in the region. The Liao, Jin, and Yuan dynasties, who ruled Northern China throughout most of the 10th–13th centuries, constructed defensive walls in the 12th century but those were located much to the north of the Great Wall as we know it, within China's province of Inner Mongolia and in Mongolia itself.
The Great Wall concept was revived again under the Ming in the 14th century, and following the Ming army's defeat by the Oirats in the Battle of Tumu. The Ming had failed to gain a clear upper hand over the Mongolian tribes after successive battles, and the long-drawn conflict was taking a toll on the empire. The Ming adopted a new strategy to keep the nomadic tribes out by constructing walls along the northern border of China. Acknowledging the Mongol control established in the Ordos Desert, the wall followed the desert's southern edge instead of incorporating the bend of the Yellow River.
Unlike the earlier fortifications, the Ming construction was stronger and more elaborate due to the use of bricks and stone instead of rammed earth. Up to 25,000 watchtowers are estimated to have been constructed on the wall. As Mongol raids continued periodically over the years, the Ming devoted considerable resources to repair and reinforce the walls. Sections near the Ming capital of Beijing were especially strong. Qi Jiguang between 1567 and 1570 also repaired and reinforced the wall, faced sections of the ram-earth wall with bricks and constructed 1,200 watchtowers from Shanhaiguan Pass to Changping to warn of approaching Mongol raiders. During the 1440s–1460s, the Ming also built a so-called "Liaodong Wall". Similar in function to the Great Wall (whose extension, in a sense, it was), but more basic in construction, the Liaodong Wall enclosed the agricultural heartland of the Liaodong province, protecting it against potential incursions by Jurched-Mongol Oriyanghan from the northwest and the Jianzhou Jurchens from the north. While stones and tiles were used in some parts of the Liaodong Wall, most of it was in fact simply an earth dike with moats on both sides.
Towards the end of the Ming, the Great Wall helped defend the empire against the Manchu invasions that began around 1600. Even after the loss of all of Liaodong, the Ming army held the heavily fortified Shanhai Pass, preventing the Manchus from conquering the Chinese heartland. The Manchus were finally able to cross the Great Wall in 1644, after Beijing had already fallen to Li Zicheng's rebels. Before this time, the Manchus had crossed the Great Wall multiple times to raid, but this time it was for conquest. The gates at Shanhai Pass were opened on May 25 by the commanding Ming general, Wu Sangui, who formed an alliance with the Manchus, hoping to use the Manchus to expel the rebels from Beijing. The Manchus quickly seized Beijing, and eventually defeated both the rebel-founded Shun dynasty and the remaining Ming resistance, establishing the Qing dynasty rule over all of China.
Under Qing rule, China's borders extended beyond the walls and Mongolia was annexed into the empire, so constructions on the Great Wall were discontinued. On the other hand, the so-called Willow Palisade, following a line similar to that of the Ming Liaodong Wall, was constructed by the Qing rulers in Manchuria. Its purpose, however, was not defense but rather to prevent Han Chinese migration into Manchuria.
None of the Europeans who visited Yuan China or Mongolia, such as Marco Polo, Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, William of Rubruck, Giovanni de' Marignolli and Odoric of Pordenone, mentioned the Great Wall.
The North African traveler Ibn Battuta, who also visited China during the Yuan dynasty ca. 1346, had heard about China's Great Wall, possibly before he had arrived in China. He wrote that the wall is "sixty days' travel" from Zeitun (modern Quanzhou) in his travelogue Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling. He associated it with the legend of the wall mentioned in the Qur'an, which Dhul-Qarnayn (commonly associated with Alexander the Great) was said to have erected to protect people near the land of the rising sun from the savages of Gog and Magog. However, Ibn Battuta could find no one who had either seen it or knew of anyone who had seen it, suggesting that although there were remnants of the wall at that time, they weren't significant.
Soon after Europeans reached Ming China by ship in the early 16th century, accounts of the Great Wall started to circulate in Europe, even though no European was to see it for another century. Possibly one of the earliest European descriptions of the wall and of its significance for the defense of the country against the "Tartars" (i.e. Mongols), may be the one contained in João de Barros's 1563 Asia. Other early accounts in Western sources include those of Gaspar da Cruz, Bento de Goes, Matteo Ricci, and Bishop Juan González de Mendoza. In 1559, in his work "A Treatise of China and the Adjoyning Regions," Gaspar da Cruz offers an early discussion of the Great Wall. Perhaps the first recorded instance of a European actually entering China via the Great Wall came in 1605, when the Portuguese Jesuit brother Bento de Góis reached the northwestern Jiayu Pass from India. Early European accounts were mostly modest and empirical, closely mirroring contemporary Chinese understanding of the Wall, although later they slid into hyperbole, including the erroneous but ubiquitous claim that the Ming Walls were the same ones that were built by the First Emperor in the 3rd century BC.
The Jiayu Pass, located in Gansu province, is the western terminus of the Ming Great Wall. Although Han fortifications such as Yumen Pass and the Yang Pass exist further west, the extant walls leading to those passes are difficult to trace. From Jiayu Pass the wall travels discontinuously down the Hexi Corridor and into the deserts of Ningxia, where it enters the western edge of the Yellow River loop at Yinchuan. Here the first major walls erected during the Ming dynasty cut through the Ordos Desert to the eastern edge of the Yellow River loop. There at Piantou Pass (t 偏頭關, s 偏头关, Piāntóuguān) in Xinzhou, Shanxi province, the Great Wall splits in two with the "Outer Great Wall" (t 外長城, s 外长城, Wài Chǎngchéng) extending along the Inner Mongolia border with Shanxi into Hebei province, and the "inner Great Wall" (t 內長城, s 內长城, Nèi Chǎngchéng) running southeast from Piantou Pass for some 400 km (250 mi), passing through important passes like the Pingxing Pass and Yanmen Pass before joining the Outer Great Wall at Sihaiye (四海冶, Sìhǎiyě), in Beijing's Yanqing County.
The sections of the Great Wall around Beijing municipality are especially famous: they were frequently renovated and are regularly visited by tourists today. The Badaling Great Wall near Zhangjiakou is the most famous stretch of the Wall, for this is the first section to be opened to the public in the People's Republic of China, as well as the showpiece stretch for foreign dignitaries. South of Badaling is the Juyong Pass; when used by the Chinese to protect their land, this section of the wall had many guards to defend China's capital Beijing. Made of stone and bricks from the hills, this portion of the Great Wall is 7.8 m (25 ft 7 in) high and 5 m (16 ft 5 in) wide.
One of the most striking sections of the Ming Great Wall is where it climbs extremely steep slopes in Jinshanling. There it runs 11 km (7 mi) long, ranges from 5 to 8 m (16 ft 5 in to 26 ft 3 in) in height, and 6 m (19 ft 8 in) across the bottom, narrowing up to 5 m (16 ft 5 in) across the top. Wangjinglou (t 望京樓, s 望京楼, Wàngjīng Lóu) is one of Jinshanling's 67 watchtowers, 980 m (3,220 ft) above sea level. Southeast of Jinshanling is the Mutianyu Great Wall which winds along lofty, cragged mountains from the southeast to the northwest for 2.25 km (1.40 mi). It is connected with Juyongguan Pass to the west and Gubeikou to the east. This section was one of the first to be renovated following the turmoil of the Cultural Revolution.
At the edge of the Bohai Gulf is Shanhai Pass, considered the traditional end of the Great Wall and the "First Pass Under Heaven". The part of the wall inside Shanhai Pass that meets the sea is named the "Old Dragon Head". 3 km (2 mi) north of Shanhai Pass is Jiaoshan Great Wall (焦山長城), the site of the first mountain of the Great Wall. 15 km (9 mi) northeast from Shanhaiguan is Jiumenkou (t 九門口, s 九门口, Jiǔménkǒu), which is the only portion of the wall that was built as a bridge. Beyond Jiumenkou, an offshoot known as the Liaodong Wall continues through Liaoning province and terminates at the Hushan Great Wall, in the city of Dandong near the North Korean border.
While portions north of Beijing and near tourist centers have been preserved and even extensively renovated, in many other locations the Wall is in disrepair. Those parts might serve as a village playground or a source of stones to rebuild houses and roads. Sections of the Wall are also prone to graffiti and vandalism, while inscribed bricks were pilfered and sold on the market for up to 50 renminbi. Parts have been destroyed because the Wall is in the way of construction. A 2012 report by the National Cultural Heritage Administration states that 22% of the Ming Great Wall has disappeared, while 1,961 km (1,219 mi) of wall have vanished. More than 60 km (37 mi) of the wall in Gansu province may disappear in the next 20 years, due to erosion from sandstorms. In some places, the height of the wall has been reduced from more than 5 m (16 ft 5 in) to less than 2 m (6 ft 7 in). Various square lookout towers that characterize the most famous images of the wall have disappeared. Many western sections of the wall are constructed from mud, rather than brick and stone, and thus are more susceptible to erosion. In 2014 a portion of the wall near the border of Liaoning and Hebei province was repaired with concrete. The work has been much criticized.
One of the earliest known references to the myth that the Great Wall can be seen from the moon appears in a letter written in 1754 by the English antiquary William Stukeley. Stukeley wrote that, "This mighty wall [Hadrian's wall] of four score miles [130 km] in length is only exceeded by the Chinese Wall, which makes a considerable figure upon the terrestrial globe, and may be discerned at the Moon." The claim was also mentioned by Henry Norman in 1895 where he states "besides its age it enjoys the reputation of being the only work of human hands on the globe visible from the Moon." The issue of "canals" on Mars was prominent in the late 19th century and may have led to the belief that long, thin objects were visible from space. The claim that the Great Wall is visible from the moon also appears in 1932's Ripley's Believe It or Not! strip and in Richard Halliburton's 1938 book Second Book of Marvels.
Astronaut William Pogue thought he had seen it from Skylab but discovered he was actually looking at the Grand Canal of China near Beijing. He spotted the Great Wall with binoculars, but said that "it wasn't visible to the unaided eye." U.S. Senator Jake Garn claimed to be able to see the Great Wall with the naked eye from a space shuttle orbit in the early 1980s, but his claim has been disputed by several U.S. astronauts. Veteran U.S. astronaut Gene Cernan has stated: "At Earth orbit of 100 to 200 miles [160 to 320 km] high, the Great Wall of China is, indeed, visible to the naked eye." Ed Lu, Expedition 7 Science Officer aboard the International Space Station, adds that, "it's less visible than a lot of other objects. And you have to know where to look."
In 2001, Neil Armstrong stated about the view from Apollo 11: "I do not believe that, at least with my eyes, there would be any man-made object that I could see. I have not yet found somebody who has told me they've seen the Wall of China from Earth orbit. ... I've asked various people, particularly Shuttle guys, that have been many orbits around China in the daytime, and the ones I've talked to didn't see it."
In October 2003, Chinese astronaut Yang Liwei stated that he had not been able to see the Great Wall of China. In response, the European Space Agency (ESA) issued a press release reporting that from an orbit between 160 and 320 km (100 and 200 mi), the Great Wall is visible to the naked eye. In an attempt to further clarify things, the ESA published a picture of a part of the "Great Wall" photographed from low orbit. However, in a press release a week later, they acknowledged that the "Great Wall" in the picture was actually a river.
Leroy Chiao, a Chinese-American astronaut, took a photograph from the International Space Station that shows the wall. It was so indistinct that the photographer was not certain he had actually captured it. Based on the photograph, the China Daily later reported that the Great Wall can be seen from 'space' with the naked eye, under favorable viewing conditions, if one knows exactly where to look. However, the resolution of a camera can be much higher than the human visual system, and the optics much better, rendering photographic evidence irrelevant to the issue of whether it is visible to the naked eye.
^ "China's Great Wall Found To Measure More Than 20,000 Kilometers". Bloomberg. June 5, 2012. Retrieved June 6, 2012.
^ The New York Times with introduction by Sam Tanenhaus (2011). The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge: A Desk Reference for the Curious Mind. St. Martin's Press of Macmillan Publishers. p. 1131. ISBN 978-0-312-64302-7. Beginning as separate sections of fortification around the 7th century B.C.E and unified during the Qin Dynasty in the 3rd century B.C.E, this wall, built of earth and rubble with a facing of brick or stone, runs from east to west across China for over 4,000 miles.
^ "Great Wall of China". Encyclopædia Britannica. Large parts of the fortification system date from the 7th through the 4th century BC. In the 3rd century BC Shihuangdi (Qin Shi Huang), the first emperor of a united China (under the Qin dynasty), connected a number of existing defensive walls into a single system. Traditionally, the eastern terminus of the wall was considered to be Shanhai Pass (Shanhaiguan) in eastern Hebei province along the coast of the Bo Hai (Gulf of Chihli), and the wall's length—without its branches and other secondary sections—was thought to extend for some 6,690 km (4,160 mi).
^ a b "Great Wall of China 'even longer'". BBC. April 20, 2009. Retrieved April 20, 2009.
^ "Great Wall of China even longer than previously thought". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. June 6, 2012. Retrieved June 6, 2012.
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^ Waldron 1983, p. 650.
^ Baxter, William H. & al. (September 20, 2014). "Baxter–Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction, Version 1.1" (PDF). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. Retrieved January 22, 2015.
^ Waldron 1990, p. 202. Tan Daoji's exact quote: "So you would destroy your Great Wall of Ten Thousand Li!" (乃復壞汝萬里之長城) Note the use of the particle 之 zhi that differentiates the quote from the modern name.
^ Byron R. Winborn (1994). Wen Bon: a Naval Air Intelligence Officer behind Japanese lines in China. University of North Texas Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-929398-77-8.
^ "The Weights and Measures Act (1929)". The Legislative Yuan of the Republic of China. Archived from the original on April 25, 2014.
^ a b Lindesay, William (2007). The Great Wall Revisited: From the Jade Gate to Old Dragon's Head. Beijing: Wuzhou Publishing. p. 21. ISBN 978-7-5085-1032-3.
^ a b Waldron 1983, p. 651.
^ a b c Lovell 2006, p. 15.
^ Waldron 1990, p. 49.
^ Waldron 1990, p. 21.
^ Waldron 1988, p. 69.
^ a b c Hessler 2007, p. 59.
^ 古代长城 – 战争与和平的纽带 (in Chinese). Newsmth.net. Retrieved October 24, 2010.
^ Slavicek, Mitchell & Matray 2005, p. 35.
^ Evans 2006, p. 3.
^ "Defense and Cost of The Great Wall". Paul and Bernice Noll's Window on the World. p. 3. Retrieved July 26, 2011.
^ Coonan, Clifford (February 27, 2012). "British researcher discovers piece of Great Wall 'marooned outside China'". The Irish Times. Retrieved February 28, 2012.
^ a b Waldron 1983, p. 653.
^ Waldron 1983, p. 654; Haw 2006, pp. 52–54.
^ Karnow 2008, p. 192.
^ Szabó, Dávid & Loczy 2010, p. 220.
^ Evans 2006, p. 177.
^ "Great Wall at Mutianyu". Great Wall of China. Archived from the original on March 9, 2013.
^ Edmonds 1985, pp. 38–40.
^ Lovell 2006, p. 254.
^ Elliott 2001, pp. 1–2.
^ "Part of the Great Wall of China". The Wesleyan Juvenile Offering: A Miscellany of Missionary Information for Young Persons. X: 41. April 1853. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
^ Ruysbroek, Willem van (1900) . The Journey of William of Rubruck to the Eastern Parts of the World, 1253–55, as Narrated by Himself, with Two Accounts of the Earlier Journey of John of Pian de Carpine. Translated from the Latin by William Woodville Rockhill. London: The Hakluyt Society.
^ Haw 2006, pp. 53–54.
^ Haw 2006, pp. 54–55.
^ Qur'an, XVIII: "The Cave". English translations hosted at Wikisource include Maulana Muhammad Ali's, E.H. Palmer's, and the Progressive Muslims Organization's.
^ Haw 2006, pp. 53–55.
^ Barros, João de (1777) . Ásia de João de Barros: Dos feitos que os portugueses fizeram no descobrimento dos mares e terras do Oriente. V. Lisbon: Lisboa. 3a Década, pp. 186–204 (originally Vol. II, Ch. vii).
^ a b Waldron 1990, pp. 204–05.
^ Yule 1866, p. 579This section is the report of Góis's travel, as reported by Matteo Ricci in De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas (published 1615), annotated by Henry Yule).
^ Waldron 1990, pp. 2–4.
^ a b Waldron 1990, p. 206.
^ Waldron 1990, p. 209.
^ Waldron 1990, p. 214.
^ Hessler 2007, p. 60.
^ Rojas 2010, p. 140.
^ Lindesay 2008, p. 212.
^ "Jiaoshan Great Wall". TravelChinaGuide.com. Retrieved September 15, 2010. Jiaoshan Great Wall is located about 3 km (2 mi) from Shanhaiguan ancient city. It is named after Jiaoshan Mountain, which is the highest peak to the north of Shanhai Pass and also the first mountain the Great Wall climbs up after Shanhai Pass. Therefore Jiaoshan Mountain is noted as "The first mountain of the Great Wall".
^ "The Great Wall: Liaoning Province". Global Times. October 14, 2014. Retrieved December 4, 2014.
^ "Great Wall of China longer than believed as 180 missing miles found". The Guardian. Associated Press. April 20, 2009. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
^ "Newly-discovered remains redraw path of Great Wall". China Daily. April 15, 2015. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
^ a b Turnbull 2007, p. 29.
^ Ford, Peter (November 30, 2006). New law to keep China's Wall looking great. Christian Science Monitor, Asia Pacific section. Retrieved March 17, 2007.
^ a b Wong, Edward (June 29, 2015). "China Fears Loss of Great Wall, Brick by Brick". The New York Times. Retrieved July 1, 2015.
^ "China's Wall becoming less and less Great". Reuters. August 29, 2007. Retrieved August 30, 2007.
^ CNN, Ben Westcott and Serenitie Wang (September 21, 2016). "China's Great Wall covered in cement".
^ "The Great Wall of China, Ripley's Believe It or Not, 1932.
^ Urban Legends.com website. Accessed May 12, 2010.
^ "Metro Tescos", The Times (London), April 26, 2010. Found at The Times website. Accessed May 12, 2010.
^ a b c d López-Gil 2008, pp. 3–4.
^ "NASA – Great Wall of China". Nasa.gov. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
^ Dr. Stephen E. Ambrose; Dr. Douglas Brinkley (September 19, 2001). "Johnson Space Center Oral History Project Oral History Transcript – Neil Armstrong" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
^ Markus, Francis. (April 19, 2005). Great Wall visible in space photo. BBC News, Asia-Pacific section. Retrieved March 17, 2007.
López-Gil, Norberto (2008). "Is it Really Possible to See the Great Wall of China from Space with a Naked Eye?" (PDF). Journal of Optometry. 1 (1): 3–4. doi:10.3921/joptom.2008.3. PMC 3972694. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 10, 2008.
Waldron, Arthur (1983). "The Problem of The Great Wall of China". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 43 (2): 643–663. JSTOR 2719110.
Waldron, Arthur (1988). "The Great Wall Myth: Its Origins and Role in Modern China". The Yale Journal of Criticism. 2 (1): 67–104.
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The USS Eagle takes its name from a noble bird of prey, an emblem of the old United States of America . This bird represented the strength and majesty of a people who admired strength and courage. From the early days of Earth many peoples have looked to the Eagle with a spiritual admiration.
The first USS Eagle, a schooner, was built at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, in 1798, and commissioned in the Revenue Cutter Service under the command of Captain H. G. Campbell, USRCS. She was transferred to the Navy in July 1798 for service in the undeclared naval war (Quasi-War) with France, and placed on the permanent Navy List in April 1800.
From October 1798 Eagle patrolled off the coast of South Carolina and Georgia protecting American shipping from French privateers. Ordered to the West Indies, she arrived at Prince Rupert's Bay, Dominica, 14 March 1799, to hunt French ships, and to convoy merchant vessels on the Guadeloupe Station until late in June, when she sailed for Newcastle, Delaware. She returned to the Caribbean in August 1799 for similar duty until 10 September 1800 when she set sail for St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, with the sloop-of-war Maryland, escorting a convoy of 52 ships. After arrival at Newcastle on 28 September, Eagle was laid up for repairs. Eagle's third cruise to the West Indies extended from January to June 1801, when she returned to Baltimore.
During her career of protecting United States' rights on the high seas, she captured or assisted in the capture of 22 French vessels which had been preying on American ocean commerce. Eagle was sold 17 June 1801.
The second USS Eagle, a sloop, was a merchant ship purchased on Lake Champlain in 1812 and fitted for naval service. She cruised on the lake under the command of Sailing Master J. Loomis as a member of Commodore Thomas Macdonough's squadron blockading the British advance from Canada. Eagle was captured by the enemy 3 June 1813 near ile aux Noix on the Canadian side of the lake and taken into the Royal Navy as Finch.
During her services as a British ship she accompanied the expedition which burned the arsenal and storehouses at Plattsburg, New York. She was recaptured by the Americans during the great victory of the Battle of Lake Champlain 11 September 1814 and taken back into the U.S. Navy. After the war she was sold in July 1815 at Whitehall, New York.
The third USS Eagle, a brig, was launched 11 August 1814 as Surprise at Vergennes, Vermont, by Adam and Noah Brown. She was renamed Eagle 6 September and placed under the command of Lieutenant R. Henley.
Finished in bare time to participate in the decisive Battle of Lake Champlain on 11 September 1814, Eagle rendered gallant service. As the first vessel in the American line she was holed 39 times and had 13 men killed and 20 wounded. After the battle she was laid up for preservation at Whitehall, New York, but was sold in 1825.
The fourth USS Eagle served in the United States Navy from 1898 to 1919, and saw action in the Spanish-American War and World War I.
Eagle, a yacht, was built in 1890 as Almy by Harlan and Hollingsworth, Wilmington, Delaware; purchased by the Navy 2 April 1898 and renamed Eagle; and commissioned 3 days later, Lieutenant W. H. H. Southerland in command.
Eagle sailed from New York 17 April 1898 for duty with the North Atlantic Squadron on blockade and dispatch duty in Cuban waters. On 29 June she shelled the Spanish battery at Rio Honda and on 12 July captured the Spanish merchantman Santo Domingo. Eagle returned to Norfolk 22 August 1898 to be fitted out for surveying duty, her principal employment through the remainder of her naval service. She compiled new charts and corrected existing ones for the waters surrounding Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Haiti.
Troubled conditions throughout the Caribbean often interrupted Eagle's surveying duty and she gave varied service in protecting American interests. She patrolled off Haiti in January and February 1908 and again in November and December and off Nicaragua in December 1909. In June 1912 she transported Marines to Santiago de Cuba and Siboney to protect American lives and property during a rebellion in Cuba, and continued to investigate conditions and serve as base ship for the Marines until 1914. She also had gunboat duty with a cruiser squadron during the Haiti operation of July 1915 to March 1916 and was commended by the Secretary of the Navy for her creditable performance of widely varied duty. She then remained off Haiti to conduct surveys.
With American entry into World War I, Eagle returned to Cuban waters. She was attached to American Patrol Detachment, Atlantic Fleet, and throughout 1917 and 1918 was continually on patrol off Cuba, Santo Domingo, and the southern coast of the United States. From Key West, where she arrived 3 April 1918, she patrolled the Florida Straits and after the end of the war operated on target practice, and tactical exercises and maneuvers. Between 7 January and 15 March 1919 she made a cruise to Cuban ports and along the Gulf coast before being detached from the American Patrol Detachment 28 April. Eagle left Key West the following day for Portsmouth Navy Yard. She was decommissioned there 23 May 1919 and sold 3 January 1920.
HMS Eagle was an aircraft carrier of the Royal Navy sunk during World War II.
The Eagle was laid down at the Armstrong yards at Newcastle-on-Tyne on February 20, 1913. She was to be the battleship Almirante Cochrane for the Chilean Navy. Her construction was halted with the outbreak of World War I. In 1917 she was acquired for the Royal Navy, at a cost of ÿ£1.3 million, to be converted into the carrier HMS Eagle. She was the fourteenth ship to bear that name.
Her initial redesign was as a base for sea-plane operations. After trials with other ships the design was changed to a proper fleet carrier with a full flight deck and 'island'. She was launched on June 8, 1918 but the delays meant that the Eagle was unfinished at the end of hostilities. Construction was halted and not resumed until 1920 and she was only commissioned on February 26, 1924.
In September 1939 the Eagle was based at Singapore with an air-arm of eighteen Fairey Swordfish torpedo bombers. Her first offensive action of the war was as part of the hunt for the Admiral Graf Spee. She began 1940 in the Indian Ocean, but after repairs to explosion damage in March she joined the major units Malaya, Ramillies, Royal Sovereign and Warspite in the eastern Mediterranean at Alexandria in May.
Swordfish bombers from Eagle attacked the harbour at Tobruk on July 5 and sank an Italian destroyer and two marchantmen, a similar attack two weeks later (July 20) sank another two destroyers. On July 9 she was part of an ineffectual clash with the Italian fleet at Calabria, sometimes called the Battle of Punto Stila.
On 22 August her aircraft attacked and sank an Italian submarine and a depot ship in the Gulf of Bomba. In September she met up with the carrier Illustrious as part of Operation Hats, and supported an attack on Maritza, Rhodes.
In mid-October she was part of the cover for a Malta convoy (MB-6). Her aircraft flew from Illustrious during the attack on Taranto (Operation Judgement, November 11), the damaged Eagle remained in Alexandria. On the 26th her aircraft attacked Tripoli.
In March 1941 she was assigned to Freetown. Her aircraft, flying from Port Sudan, attacked Italian ships at Massawa en route. She arrived at Freetown in early May, remaining there until October 1941.
She returned to Britain for a refit and rejoined the Mediterranean Fleet early in 1942. In February 1942 she carried aircraft for Malta, an operation repeated in May and twice in June. In June she also provided air cover for the convoy of Operation Harpoon (12th to 16th).
Her final action was in August 1942 as cover for the Malta-bound convoy of Operation Pedestal. On the early morning of August 11 she was hit by four torpedoes from U-73 of Helmut Rosenbaum and sank 70 nm south of Cape Salinas. The majority of the crew survived (927, only 160 lost) and were picked from the sea by her escorts.
USS Captor (PYc-40), briefly known as USS Eagle (AM-132) was a Q-ship of the United States Navy.
Harvard, a steel-hulled trawler, was built in 1938 by Bethlehem Steel Company, Quincy, Massachusetts, handed over to General Sea Foods Corporation, Boston, and put into service with the name Wave assigned.
The fishing trawler served in that capacity until 1 January 1942, when she was acquired by the Navy as part of the Auxiliary Vessels Act. Reporting to the Portsmouth Navy Yard in New Hampshire, the trawler began conversion to war service as a minesweeper on 8 January. With the work complete on 28 February, she was named Eagle, given the hull classification symbol AM-132, and placed in commission 5 March 1942, Lieutenant Commander Leroy E. Rogers, USNR, in command.
Along with Asterion (AK-100) and Atik (AK-101), Eagle was selected early to participate in a secret "Q-ship" program. The intention was to disguise the ship as a defenseless civilian vessel and, after luring an enemy submarine into close quarters on the surface, open fire with hidden guns and sink the unsuspecting U-boat. For this reason, Eagle remained at Portsmouth, where she underwent further conversion into a Q-ship and received weapons and sonar gear. During this second conversion, the minesweeper was renamed Captor and redesignated PYc-40 on 18 April. With alterations complete on 19 May, the vessel reported for duty with the 1st Naval District at Boston.
Unlike the other four ships eventually in the Q-ship program, Captor did not sail in convoys or along coastal shipping routes. Instead, she operated in the waters near Boston -- in Massachusetts Bay, north to Casco Bay, east to the Georges Bank, and south to Nantucket Sound and Rhode Island Sound. While at sea, the disguised Q-ship also helped cover the coastal convoy routes coming north from New York. As growing air and sea patrols had driven most U-boats away from the New England coast in May 1942, Captor had little chance to spot an enemy submarine and ended her wartime career without a single sighting.
With the decline in the U-boat threat to the east coast of the United States late in the war, Captor was decommissioned at Boston on 4 October 1944. Stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 14 October 1944, the trawler was transferred to the War Shipping Administration and sold on 21 February 1945. The ultimate fate of the ship is unknown.
HMS Eagle was one of the two largest British aircraft carriers ever built.
Initially laid down in 1942 at Harland and Wolff's, Belfast yard as one of four ships of the Audacious-class were laid down during World War II as part of the British naval buildup during that conflict. However, two were cancelled at the end of hostilities, and the remaining two were suspended. Originally Audacious, she was finally launched as Eagle (the fifteenth Royal Navy ship to be so named) in March 1946 after the proposed ship of that name was cancelled.
A number of changes were incorporated into the design, although Eagle was launched too early to see an angled flight deck installed, and the ship was commissioned in October 1951. Her first wartime service came in 1956, when she took part in the Suez Crisis. The ship's aircraft of that period included Westland Wyverns, Douglas Skyraiders, Armstrong Whitworth Sea Hawks and de Havilland Sea Venoms.
In 1959 she was taken to Devonport Dockyard for an extensive refit and modernisation. She was re-commissioned in 1964 as a very new and different ship. In addition to major improvements to her accommodation, machinery and weaponry she also acquired an angled deck, enlarged island and as a result of all these plus more changes; an increased displacement (+50,000 tons). This made her the largest ship in the Royal Navy. By this time, the airwing had changed to Blackburn Buccaneer, Sea Vixen and Fairey Gannet aircraft. The Supermarine Scimitar also saw service on the ship during this period before being replaced by the Buccaneer.
However, by the mid-1960s, the British Government had decided that the days of the large Royal Navy aircraft carrier were limited. The fleet was swiftly run down, with Eagle being the penultimate to decommission. She left RN service in 1972, but was used as a parts hulk for Ark Royal until the latter decommissioned as well in 1978. Eagle was then swiftly scrapped.
The first Apollo landing site, in the southern Sea of Tranquility about 20 km (12 mi) southwest of the crater Sabine D, was selected in part because it had been characterized as relatively flat and smooth by the automated Ranger 8 and Surveyor 5 landers, as well as by Lunar Orbiter mapping spacecraft, and therefore unlikely to present major landing or Extra-vehicular activity (EVA) challenges. Armstrong bestowed the name 'Tranquillity Base' on the landing site immediately after touchdown.
On 20 July, 1969, while on the far side of the Moon, the lunar module, called "Eagle," separated from the Command Module, named "Columbia". Collins, now alone aboard Columbia, carefully inspected Eagle as it pirouetted before him. Soon after, Armstrong and Aldrin fired Eagle's engine and began their descent. They soon saw that they were "running long"; Eagle was 4 seconds further along its descent trajectory than planned, and would land miles west of the intended site. The LM navigation and guidance computer reported several "program alarms" as it guided the LM's descent. These alarms tore the crew's attention away from the scene outside as the descent proceeded. In NASA's Mission Control Center in Houston, Texas, a young controller named Steve Bales was able to tell the flight director that it was safe to continue the descent in spite of the alarms. Once they were able to return their attention to the view outside, the astronauts saw that their computer was guiding them toward a landing site full of large rocks scattered around a large crater. Armstrong took manual control of the lunar module at that point, and guided it to a landing at 4:17 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time on July 20 with less than 30 seconds' worth of fuel left.
The program alarms were "executive overflows", indicating that the computer could not finish its work in the time allotted. The cause was later determined to be that the LM rendezvous radar was left on during the descent, causing the computer to spend unplanned time servicing the unused radar. Steve Bales received a Medal of Freedom for his "go" call under pressure.
At 2:56 UTC, six and a half hours after landing, Armstrong made his descent to the Moon surface and took his famous "one giant leap for mankind." Aldrin joined him, and the two spent two-and-a-half hours drilling core samples, photographing what they saw and collecting rocks.
They planned placement of the Early Apollo Scientific Experiment Package (EASEP) and the U.S. flag by studying their landing site through Eagle's twin triangular windows, which gave them a 60° field of view. Preparation required longer than the two hours scheduled. Armstrong had some initial difficulties squeezing through the hatch with his PLSS. According to veteran moonwalker John Young, a redesign of the LM to incorporate a smaller hatch was not followed by a redesign of the PLSS backpack, so some of the highest heart rates recorded from Apollo astronauts occurred during LM egress and ingress.
The Remote Control Unit controls on Armstrong's chest prevented him from seeing his feet. While climbing down the nine-rung ladder, Armstrong pulled a D-ring to deploy the Modular Equipment Stowage Assembly (MESA) folded against Eagle's side and activate the TV camera. The first images used a Slow-scan television system and were picked up at Goldstone in the USA but with better fidelity by Honeysuckle Creek in Australia. Minutes later the TV was switched to normal television, and the feed was switched to the more sensitive radio telescope station at the Parkes Observatory in Australia. Despite some technical and weather difficulties, ghostly black and white images of the first lunar EVA were received and were immediately broadcast to at least 600 million people on Earth.
After describing the surface ("very fine grained... almost like a powder"), Armstrong stepped off Eagle's footpad and into history as the first human to set foot on another world. He reported that moving in the Moon's gravity, one-sixth of Earth's, was "perhaps even easier than the simulations."
In addition to fulfilling President John F. Kennedy's mandate to land a man on the Moon before the end of the 1960s, Apollo 11 was an engineering test of the Apollo system; therefore, Armstrong snapped photos of the LM so engineers would be able to judge its post-landing condition. He then collected a contingency soil sample using a sample bag on a stick. He folded the bag and tucked it into a pocket on his right thigh. He removed the TV camera from the MESA, made a panoramic sweep, and mounted it on a tripod 12 m (40 ft) from the LM. The TV camera cable remained partly coiled and presented a tripping hazard throughout the EVA.
Aldrin joined him on the surface and tested methods for moving around, including two-footed kangaroo hops. The PLSS backpack created a tendency to tip backwards, but neither astronaut had serious problems maintaining balance. Loping became the preferred method of movement. The astronauts reported that they needed to plan their movements six or seven steps ahead. The fine soil was quite slippery. Aldrin remarked that moving from sunlight into Eagle's shadow produced no temperature change inside the suit, though the helmet was warmer in sunlight, so he felt cooler in shadow.
Together the astronauts planted the U.S. flag - the ground was too hard to permit them to insert the pole more than about 20 cm (8 in) - then took a phone call from President Richard Nixon.
The MESA failed to provide a stable work platform and was in shadow, slowing work somewhat. As they worked, the moonwalkers kicked up gray dust which soiled the outer part of their suits, the integrated thermal meteoroid garment.
They deployed the EASEP, which included a passive seismograph and a laser ranging retroreflector. Then Armstrong loped about 120 m (400 ft) from the LM to snap photos at the rim of East Crater while Aldrin collected two core tubes. He used the geological hammer to pound in the tubes - the only time the hammer was used on Apollo 11. The astronauts then collected rock samples using scoops and tongs on extension handles. Many of the surface activities took longer than expected, so they had to stop documented sample collection halfway through the allotted 34 min.
During this period Mission Control used a coded phrase to warn Armstrong that his metabolic rates were high and that he should slow down. He was moving rapidly from task to task as time ran out. Rates remained generally lower than expected for both astronauts throughout the walk, however, so Mission Control granted the astronauts a 15 minute extension.
Aldrin entered Eagle first. With some difficulty the astronauts lifted film and two sample boxes containing more than 22 kg (48 lb) of lunar surface material to the LM hatch using a flat cable pulley device called the Lunar Equipment Conveyor. Armstrong then jumped to the ladder's third rung and climbed into the LM.
After transferring to LM life support, the explorers lightened the ascent stage for return to lunar orbit by tossing out their PLSS backpacks, lunar overshoes, one Hasselblad camera, and other equipment. Then they lifted off in Eagle's ascent stage to rejoin CMP Michael Collins aboard Columbia in lunar orbit. Eagle was jettisoned and left in lunar orbit. Later NASA reports mentioned that Eagle's orbit had decayed resulting in it impacting in an "uncertain location" on the lunar surface.
Here Men From Planet Earth First Set Foot Upon the Moon July 1969 A.D. We Came in Peace For All Mankind.
The USS Eagle (NCC-956) was a Federation starship in service in the 23rd century. It was of the few to also undergo refit.
The Constitution class was introduced around 2240. At that time the Constitution class was the fastest and most powerful ship type of the fleet and the only one officially designated as a "Starship". 12 ships of this class were in service by the year 2267. Starting with the USS Enterprise in 2271, a number of Constitution-class ships have undergone a complete reconstruction that included new warp nacelles, modification of the engineering hull and "neck", enlargement of the saucer section and a new bridge module. The ships may have been decommissioned at the end of the 23rd century, one of them is displayed in the Starfleet Museum.
1) The Constitution-class starship was designed by Matt Jefferies. Its original look lacks the now familiar discernable thrusters and docking ports although we can take for granted the ship has them too. There were several slight modifications to the Enterprise filming miniature after the first pilot and again after the second pilot. Most notably, the model originally had a somewhat taller bridge dome. The nacelle end caps changed from a flat surface in "The Cage" over a hole pattern in "Where No Man Has Gone Before" to the most familiar "white ball" in the series version. These modifications may be taken as hints that the ship was refitted a couple of times even before 2270. 2) A new model of the Constitution was built by Greg Jein for DS9: "Trials and Tribble-ations", and a CGI model for ENT: "In a Mirror, Darkly". Both of them faithfully reconstruct the look of the old TOS Enterprise and Defiant, respectively, in the series version. In the latter episode we see that the double beam of the aft phaser array fires from either side of the dome above the hangar deck of the Defiant, and aft torpedoes are available too. Moreover, the port, starboard and aft thrusters of the ship are mentioned. 3) The Constitution refit was designed by Andrew Probert, based on a preliminary model with suggestions by Matt Jefferies. The Enterprise and Enterprise-A are the only reconstructed Constitution-class ships that were shown. Gene Roddenberry proposed that the latter was first designated as USS Yorktown and later recommissioned as Enterprise 1701-A, which is just an offhand mention and not really canonical. It is a reasonable assumption that most of the remaining ships were refurbished likewise in the 2270s. A schematic of the refitted version labeled as USS Constitution NCC-1700 is visible in TNG: "Datalore", so we can add at least this one to the list of refitted starships. 4) Although the actual number of Constitution starships is at least 17, Kirk's statement that there are 12 of them as of 2267 (TOS: "Tomorrow is Yesterday") can be maintained taking into account that some of them (namely Constellation, Defiant, Excalibur, Intrepid) were lost, while more ships might have been commissioned in the 2260's. 5) The dedication plaque ("Starship Class") of the original Enterprise and a note in The Making of Star Trek suggest that "starship" was no generic term at that time, but was specifically used for ships akin to the Enterprise. The tradition to name a ship class for the prototype ship might have been established later, although this is now questionable considering that Star Trek Enterprise has begun using letter-style as well as "real" class names. 6) A sign in "Star Trek II" unmistakably says "Mark IV Simulator - Enterprise Class". The (sub-) class name "Enterprise class" makes sense, considering that the refit has hardly anything in common with the original Constitution, and is not really contradicted anywhere else. 7) The engineering hull at Wolf 359, which definitely stems from a Constitution refit, suggests that these ships may have been still in service or at least served as reserve ships in 2366. The issue is also discussed here. 8) Some of the names and registries never appeared on screen together. Many of the registries were listed on a wall chart on Starbase 11 in TOS: "Court-Martial", but without names. Names from the episodes and from The Making of Star Trek were correlated with the registries by Mike Okuda and Greg Jein already for the first Encyclopedia, but strictly speaking they are conjecture. In some case it is not even clear if the ships belong to the Constitution class at all. 9) Like the 3D model from ENT: "In a Mirror, Darkly", the CGI used in TOS Remastered is an authentic reproduction of the original Enterprise miniature. It is noteworthy that the color of the phaser beams, which used to be sometimes blue and sometimes red in TOS, was redone to be consistently blue. The Constellation, which looked somewhat different in TOS: "The Doomsday Machine" due to its nature as a coarse polystyrene model, is a standard Constitution in the remastered episode, not a slightly different ship type as some fans used to conjecture. In TOS-R: "Court-Martial" we can see damage on the Enterprise's starboard hull beneath the hangar deck. This is where the ion pod is located (that Kirk allegedly ejected with Finney still inside). 10) Also in TOS-R: "Court-Martial", we can see the Intrepid for the first time, with the registry NCC-1631. Although it would not have been mandatory, this registry cannot be found on the wall chart in Stone's office that lists an "NCC-1831". But the latter could be any other ship, also taking into consideration that the bar shows 100% completion, whereas Stone verbally states that work on the Intrepid would be postponed in favor of the Enterprise.
The Eagle class is a parallel development to the Buenos Aires class and is also classified as a heavy cruiser. Saucer and warp drives of the two ship types are essentially identical, including the impulse-powered auxiliary craft ("boat"). Eagle-class ships are lighter and more versatile. Nevertheless, already in their basic configuration they feature recent sensor and weapons technology as well as extensive scientific laboratories. In addition to the standard equipment the ships can be supplemented with different sensor and weapon modules which are compatible with the Pacifica class. Most of the Eagle-class ships are currently equipped with a combined photon torpedo and long-range sensor pod. The original operation area was mainly well inside Federation space. During the Dominion War, almost all ships of the fast but moderately armed class were ordered to the Tholian and Talarian borders, where they successfully prevented incursions, largely without the support of other ships. Considering the recently necessary rearmament of Starfleet, it is expected that Akira-class starships will be the preferred design in the future, although Eagle-class starships fulfill all requirements. Contracts for the production twelve more ships of the class had been signed just prior to the Dominion War. It is possible that they will be built as modified Eagle variants.
This page was last modified on 16 March 2008, at 02:27.
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Please answer this question in the form of a five pages essay. Be sure to assess, separately with thorough explanations, the utilitarian and deontological considerations.
DO YOU THINK IT IS MORALLY ACCEPTABLE FOR AN EMPLOYER TO MAKE RULES AGAINST DATING IN THE WORKPLACE?
From the utilitarian and deontological perspectives, this solution examines if it is morally acceptable for an employer to make rules against dating in the workplace. Supplemented with a detailed overview of the different ethical theories, including utilitarian and deontological theories.
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As the Call of Duty community eagerly awaits news on the next title of the historic franchise, a leak has surfaced that suggests it will be none other than the fourth installment of the Modern Warfare series.
On March 15, an apparently leaked poster image of Modern Warfare 4 was posted online, sparking widespread discussion on social media.
The poster features four soldiers standing in a dark, rainy setting, with the classic Call of Duty logo emblazoned across the center.
Located underneath the logo is a text that reads 'MODERN WARFARE 4' in the iconic green glowing text used on the cover images of the first two Modern Warfare games.
Interestingly enough, the leak is not the image itself, but rather a photograph that someone took of the image, which appears to have been printed on some folded up poster.
Could this be an actual leak of the Modern Warfare 4 poster art?
As expected, the appearance of this "leak" has raised a lot more questions than it's answered, with a lot of fans raising their suspicions about the image's authenticity.
These suspicions are very much warranted, considering that the poster could easily be a fake and photographed in such a way to make it seem more like an actual leak.
Many believe that Infinity Ward are looking to bring back the popular Modern Warfare series in 2019.
However, this would not be the first time it's been suggested that the next CoD title will be Modern Warfare 4, as a multitude of leaks have been released over the past few months that also point to the same theory.
We already know that Infinity Ward will be developing the game, and considering how so many players disliked their previous title, Infinite Warfare, many are speculating that the company will try to resurrect the popular Modern Warfare series to get back in fans' good graces.
That being said, players will not have to wait much longer to get official news on the next game, as new CoD titles usually get revealed at some point during the spring before their release.
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If 100 people decided to pursue a career in music industry at the same time, how many would actually have a career? Of those that make it, how many would last more than five years?
These are questions I think about a lot. Having worked in music for a decade now, longer if you count unpaid work, I’ve lost count of how many friends and acquaintances have chosen to pursue other careers. Some feel they will never find stable employment, while others run themselves ragged trying to establish a presence in the industry.
Anyone who chooses to pursue a career in music is told from the day they make their desires known that success is a rarity guaranteed to no one. We are trained to believe music is a battleground where the hardest working people trample one another in order to uplift the most creative minds we can uncover. We are told to network, but also keep our cards close to our chest, and because of all this the stress involved in pursuing a music career can be downright overwhelming.
Allow me to let you in on a little secret: Everyone, regardless of their role, experiences burnout from time to time.
Burnout in the music business is as inevitable as one day dancing to “Thriller” at someone’s wedding, but there are steps you can take to ensure you make it through with your sanity and passion for music in tact.
Social media is an amazing innovation, but all too often we confuse the connections the digital world provides with being a replacement for legitimate human contact. Too much time alone can cause legitimate sickness, sometimes with life-altering consequences.
You are addicted to technology. We all are, in fact, and because of this our brains are rarely given a chance to decompress. Set aside a part of each day, even just 30 minutes, where you exist without the aide of a screen or device.
You don’t have to go to the gym, but it certainly won’t hurt. Physical activity increases the endorphins in your body, which in turn alleviates stress. Try to never go more than two-hours without physical activity of some kind. Take a walk. Try yoga. Be active.
In other words, “control your high.” You may think you need these things to function or fit in, but too much of anything is not good for you. In certain cases, as with cigarettes, any amount is not good for you. Try to limit mind/body altering substances so that your body does not have to work as hard to reset your system from day to day.
The average American adult currently gets just 6.7 hours of sleep per night. Medical studies have related a lack of sleep to health problems and cognitive impairment. With this in mind, try to get anywhere from 7-9 hours a night. If you cannot make that work, maybe carve out a cat nap in the afternoon.
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Canadians have been honoured as Nobel Laureates since 1923 when Frederick Banting received The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of insulin.
The Nobel Prize is an international award administered by the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm, Sweden, and based on the fortune of Alfred Nobel, Swedish inventor and entrepreneur. Prizes can be awarded to individuals or organizations. Since Frederick Banting there have been nineteen Canadian born recipients.
The 2018 Nobel Prize co-winner for Physics is Donna Strickland, an associate professor at the University of Waterloo in Ontario. She is the third woman to have won the physics prize; the first being Marie Curie in 1903 and the second being Maria Goeppert Mayer in 1963.
Frederick Banting is the first Canadian winner of a Nobel Prize.
— "for the discovery of insulin"
— "for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures"
The "Suez Crisis" found its solution when the President of the UN General Assembly, the Canadian Lester Pearson, won support for sending a UN Emergency Force to the region to separate the warring parties. This gained him the Peace Prize in 1957.
— "for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer"
— "for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work"
— "for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system"
— "for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes"
— "for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"
— "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"
— "for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems"
— "for the development of neutron spectroscopy"
— "for their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information"
— "for a new method to determine the value of derivatives"
— "for his analysis of monetary and fiscal policy under different exchange rate regimes and his analysis of optimum currency areas"
— "for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit - the CCD sensor"
Alice Munro is a Canadian English-language writer. She is the first Canadian woman winner of a Nobel Prize.
— "for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity"
— "master of the contemporary short story"
Professor emeritus Arthur McDonald is the co-winner of the 2015 Nobel Prize in physics.
— "for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass"
Professor Donna Strickland is the co-winner of the 2018 Nobel Prize in physics.
All motivations listed for receiving a Nobel Prize are from The Official Web Site of the Nobel Prize.
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0.926874 |
Saint Lawrence of Brindisi (July 22, 1559 – July 22, 1619), born Giulio Cesare Russo, was a Roman Catholic priest and a member of the Franciscan-inspired Order of Friars Minor Capuchin. A major figure of the Counter-Reformation, he was beatified in 1783, by Pope Pius VI, canonized in 1881 by Pope Leo XIII, and declared a Doctor of the Church by Pope John XXIII in 1959. His feast day is July 21.
Born in Brindisi, Kingdom of Naples, to a family of Venetian merchants, Lawrence was educated at Saint Mark's College in Venice and joined the Capuchins in Verona as Brother Lorenzo. He received further instruction from the University of Padua.
He was appointed "definitor general" at Rome for the Capuchins in 1596. A gifted orator, Pope Clement VIII assigned him the task of converting the Jews in the city. Beginning in 1599, Lawrence established Capuchin monasteries in modern Germany and Austria, furthering the Counter-Reformation and bringing many Protestants back to the Catholic faith. In 1601, he served as the imperial chaplain for the army of Rudolph II, Holy Roman Emperor and successfully led the imperial army against the Ottoman Empire, armed only with a crucifix.
In 1602, he was elected vicar-general of the Capuchins. After retiring from that office in 1605, he entered the service of the Holy See as a diplomat and continued his preaching against the Reformation. He retired to a monastery in 1618 and died on his birthday in Lisbon returning from a final diplomatic mission. He is a highly regarded saint in the Catholic tradition, however he was a bold adversary of Protestants, Muslims, and Jews, living in an era when "loving one's enemy" was considered less important than vying against him.
Born at Brindisi in 1559, the future Saint Lawrence received the Italian baptismal name of Giulio Cesare—Julius Caesar. His father was Guglielmo de Rossi, a merchant, and his mother was Elisabetta Masella. Both were pious Catholics, and their son gave early evidence of a religious vocation.
He was educated under the Conventual Franciscans of Brindisi. Already a gifted speaker by the age of six, he was consistently chosen to give the annual children's sermon on the Baby Jesus during the local Christmas festivities. When Giulio was aged 12, his father died, and he was sent to Venice to be educated with the clerics of St. Mark's Cathedral under the supervision of one of his uncles. In 1575, he was received into the Order of Capuchins, who followed a strict Franciscan rule. He adopted the name of Brother Lorenzo and devoted himself to philosophical and theological studies at the University of Padua. Owing to his excellent memory, he mastered not only the principal European languages, but also most of the Semitic tongues. It was said he knew the entire original text of the Bible.
Pope Clement VIII assigned Lawrence of Brindisi to preach Catholicism to the Jews, and later to the Protestants.
When still a deacon, he preached the Lenten sermons in Venice. His gifts as an orator were so great that he was soon called to all the principal cities of Italy to preach. His method of preaching was modeled after the great Franciscan missionaries, aiming primarily to reach people's hearts and was ever mindful of the particular spiritual needs of his hearers.
Lawrence held that God, even more than being a Creator, the source of Almighty Power, or a Judge, God is first and foremost a Lover. He taught that, even if Adam had not sinned, God still would have sent Jesus to humankind to share God's love.
From 1596 to 1602, he served as the Capuchin's "general definitor" in Rome, where Pope Clement VIII assigned him the task of preaching to the city's Jews, the Jewish population of the city having increased due to the pope's requiring the Jews of Italy to concentrate themselves in the ghettos of Rome and Ancona. Due in part to his knowledge of Hebrew, Lawrence reportedly convinced a substantial number of the Jews to covert to Catholicism. His success in Rome caused him to be called to several other European cities, where he also baptized a number of Jews.
At the same time, he was commissioned to establish houses for his order in Germany and Austria. He faced serious challenges due to the progress of the Protestant Reformation, but succeeded in establishing monasteries at the provincial capitals of Vienna, Prague, and Graz.
Rudolf II placed Lawrence of Brindisi at the head of the imperial army which marched against the Ottoman Turks.
At Prague in 1601, Lawrence was named chaplain of the imperial army, which was then about to march against the Ottoman Turks. The Ottoman leader Mohammed III, since his accession in 1595, had conquered a large part of Hungary. Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II, determined to prevent a further advance, sent Lawrence as his deputy to the German princes to obtain their cooperation. They responded to his appeal, and the Duke of Mercœur, who was also the Governor of Brittany, took command of the imperial army. With 18,000 men, he prepared to attack 80,000 Turks and appealed to Lawrence for spiritual aid. Lawrence delivered a glowing speech to the troops, inspiring them with confidence that they fought on the side of God. He then mounted on horseback and, crucifix in hand, took the lead of the army, boldly exposing himself to the enemy. The fact that he was not wounded was regarded as the result of miraculous protection.
The city of Albe-Royal (now Stulweissenburg) was finally taken, and the Turks lost 30,000 men. A second battle then ensued, with Lawrence again in the lead. "Forward!" he reportedly cried, holding aloft the crucifix, "Victory is ours!" The Turks were again defeated, and the Duke of Mercœur attributed the honor of this double victory to the help of God and the leadership of Lawrence of Brindisi.
On the strength of his accomplishments at the Chapuchin chapter (convention) of 1602, Lawrence was elected the order's vicar-general, the highest position in the Capuchins' constitution at the time. He quickly began a tour that took him to Milan, Paris, Marseilles, and several cities of Spain. His reputation for holiness preceded him, and people flocked to hear him preach and to receive his blessing.
Lawrence was instrumental in convincing Phillip III of Spain to join the Catholic League.
Lawrence's administration was perceived as a great benefit to the Capuchin Order, and at the chapter of 1605 he was offered a second term as vicar-general, which he declined to accept. He was then sent by the pope to evangelize Germany. He worked to confirm the faith of the Catholics and reportedly brought back a great number of Protestant "heretics" as well.
When some of the Catholic princes of Germany formed the anti-Protestant alliance known as the "Catholic League," Emperor Rudolph II sent Lawrence to Philip III of Spain, where Lawrence succeeded in persuading the king to join the League. He simultaneously acted as the ambassador of both the pope and of Madrid at the court of Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria, head of the Catholic League, in Munich. At the same time, he acted as his order's administrator for the provinces of Tyrol and Bavaria and as spiritual director of the Bavarian army. When a dispute arose between the Catholic princes, Lawrence acted as arbiter.
In addition to all these occupations, he undertook a missionary campaign throughout Germany to deal with the Protestant challenge. He thus traveled for eight months in Bavaria, Saxony, and the Palatinate, together with several Capuchin colleagues.
Lawrence withdrew to the monastery of Caserta in 1618, when he was requested by the leading men of Naples to go to Spain and apprise Philip III of the dubious conduct of the Spanish Viceroy Pedro Téllez-Girón (the Duke of Osuna). The viceroy attempted to prevent his departure, but Lawrence finally sailed from Genoa and carried out his mission successfully. However, the fatigue of the journey exhausted his strength, and he was unable to travel homeward. After several days of suffering, he died at Lisbon on July 22, 1619. He reportedly predicted his death when he set out on his journey. He was buried in the cemetery of the Poor Clares of Villafranca.
Amid so many busy undertakings, it is perhaps the greatest marvel of Lawrence of Brindisi's life that he was able to combine his external duties with a rich and contemplative inner life. He often fell into ecstasies while celebrating the mass, was deeply devoted to the practice of the rosary, and reportedly worked miracles in the name of the Virgin Mary.
From the viewpoint of Roman Catholicism, Lawrence's life was clearly that of a great saint. At the same time, we cannot ignore the fact that to Jews, Protestants, and Muslims alike, he was an enemy. "God called me to be a Franciscan for the conversion of sinners and heretics," he often said, no doubt meaning this in love. Yet, to the Jews and Protestants, he threatened damnation if they did not accept Catholicism, while to the Muslim infidel he displayed the crucifix of the Christ of Love, as the soldiers behind him brandished swords and muskets.
The known writings of St. Lawrence of Brindisi comprise eight volumes of sermons, two didactic treatises on oratory, a commentary on Genesis, another on Ezekiel, and three volumes of religious polemics. Most of his sermons are written in Italian, the other works being in Latin. The three volumes of polemical writings have notes in Greek and Hebrew.
The process of his beatification was concluded in 1783, and he was canonized as a saint in December 1881. Together with St. Anthony of Padua, St. Bonaventure, and Blessed John Duns Scotus, he is a Doctor of the Franciscan Order. In 1959, Pope John XXIII proclaimed him a Doctor of the Universal Church. His feast is kept on July 6.
da Carmignano, Arturo. St. Lawrence of Brindisi. Westminster, Md: Newman Press, 1963. OCLC 3244333.
McGinn, Bernard. The Doctors of the Church: Thirty-Three Men and Women Who Shaped Christianity. New York: Crossroad Pub, 1999. ISBN 9780824517717.
St. Lawrence. Collected Sermons and Homilies of St. Lawrence of Brindisi in Twelve Books. Delhi: Media House, 2007. OCLC 241519400.
All links retrieved June 22, 2018.
History of "Lawrence of Brindisi"
This page was last modified on 22 June 2018, at 14:37.
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American western movie fans differ on the best John Wayne movies; however, most agree that Wayne is the ultimate western movie star.
John Wayne's movie career spanned almost fifty years. His first venture into the industry was as a prop man, and his first credited movie role was in the movie Words and Music in 1929. Born to Clyde Morrison and Mary Brown, Wayne's given name was actually Marion Morrison, and his nickname later became Duke. In 1939, Wayne reached star status with his role as Ringo Kid in the John Ford directed movie Stagecoach. It was his portrayal as Rooster Cogburn in the 1969 hit True Grit that earned him an Oscar, however. Wayne continued to make movies into his late 60s, and he died in 1979 at the age of 72.
How do movie fans choose the best John Wayne movies? With more than 140 movies under his belt, the list of Wayne's best performances might be overwhelming. However, many movie aficionados agree on his top movie roles, with the majority of those taking place in American western-themed films.
Many John Wayne fans begin their list of his best movies with the film that won him an Oscar in 1969--True Grit. Wayne is at his best in the role of Rooster Cogburn, a rough marshall who is hired by a 14 year old girl to track down her father's killer. In addition to Wayne, other recognizable actors include Robert Duvall and Glen Campbell. Six years later, in 1975, Wayne reprised his role in the movie Rooster Cogburn, which also starred Katherine Hepburn. More recently, many diehard John Wayne fans were dismayed to learn of a remake of this classic film, in which Jeff Bridges played Cogburn and Matt Damon played the role that Glen Campbell made famous.
While many people feel that True Grit is the number one John Wayne movie, others cast their votes for The Searchers. Film critics often point to the complex themes which are explored throughout this movie, including the topics of genocide, racism, and revenge. Wayne plays a Civil War veteran, Ethan Edwards, whose quest to find his niece (who has been abducted by Indians) spans over several years. This film is credited with influencing more modern films like Taxi Driver and even Star Wars and was referred to as the "greatest western of all time" by the American Film Institute in 2008.
While Wayne didn't earn an individual award for his role as Ringo Kid in this 1939 film, Stagecoach did receive four Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture, and has been entered into the United States National Film Registry. Directed by John Ford, this role is commonly referred to as the one that made Wayne a star.
Not only did Wayne find success in the American western genre, but he also achieved star status for his role as Sergeant John Marion Stryker, a no-nonsense, determined Marine sergeant who readies his men for their most daunting battle in the Sands of Iwo Jima.
In addition to the above movies, the following films often make the list of best John Wayne films.
While American western fans typically agree that John Wayne is the ultimate western movie star, many debate Wayne's best roles.
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What are statutes of limitation, and what do they mean for people with potential court cases?
In general terms, a statute of limitation sets a time limit on how long you have to file a lawsuit. As with most aspects of the law, there are the rules, then there are the fine points and the there are the exceptions.
For example, suppose you are injured in a car accident. You were a passenger in your friend's car and you were hurt when your friend's car was involved in a collision with a New York City Transit Authority bus.
Now you have a claim, or "cause of action", to use the ancient and traditional phrase, in negligence. You were injured - through no fault of your own - because one or both of the drivers involved in the accident failed to exercise proper care while operating their respective vehicles.
Statutes of limitation can be found in the Article 2 of the New York State CPLR - Civil Practice Law and Rules. The basic rule in accident cases is that you have three years from the date of the accident to start a lawsuit. In our example, one of the defendants will be the Transit Authority, which is a part of New York City's government.
But in our example, you must also look in a completely different place: the General Municipal Law. Buried in that set of laws is a provision that shortens your time to sue the City from three years down to one year and ninety days.
Other exceptions to general statute-of-limitation rules extend the time, rather than shorten it. For example, let's say you are the victim of fraud. You might not discover the fraud for days, weeks or even months after it happens. Suppose someone forges your name on a deed to your house. You might not know until months later when you get an eviction notice from the new "owner".
What happens if you miss the deadline imposed by the statute of limitations? If you are late even by one day, you might be forever barred from relief on your claim.
I have a case going on now where my I am using the statute of limitation to my client's advantage. In 2007 my client, who I'll call Alice (not the client's real name) was sued by Beverly (not the plaintiff's real name). Beverly claimed that Alice took title to a house by fraud perpetrated against the former owner, who was Beverly's relative. We got the case dismissed because Alice was never properly served with a summons.
Beverly could have started a new lawsuit - this time taking care to ensure that her summons was properly served - any time up to six years after the statute of limitations started to run.
Giving Beverly the benefit of the doubt, let's say she wasted no time and filed her lawsuit in 2007 on the very day she discovered the alleged fraud. That day was August 14, 2007. So we'll give her six years from that date. That means she had to re-file her lawsuit by August 14, 2013.
For reasons we will never know, Beverly waited until July 9, 2014 to re-file her lawsuit. Unfortunately for Beverly - but very fortuitously for my client - Beverly was eleven months too late. So her case is going to get dismissed again, this time because she simply waited too long.
If Beverly had re-filed her case on Wednesday, August 14, 2013, she would have her day in court. On August 15th she would have been as out of luck as she is now, because the statute of limitations is strict, and judges have no authority or power to extend them by even a single day.
The statute of limitation is what we attorneys call an "affirmative defense". This means that a defendant has to make a point of it when answering the complaint. It does not apply automatically. You have to 'affirmatively" raise it as a defense. If a defendant does not raise the statute-of-limitation defense at the outset, the defense might be lost.
So, if you have a legal claim to make, don't wait! And if you are the one being sued, ask your attorney about using the statute of limitation as a defense.
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0.662012 |
Why Narendra Modi is silent about the devastating impact of Social Media on Indian Society?
The Indian government imposed an one-month ban on Facebook, Twitter, and other social networking sites in Kashmir Valley in 2017 to control the mob engaged in fighting with the armed forces thus creating disturbances and social media was being used to mobilizing and provoking crowds .Odisha,which is relatively a peaceful State experienced a communal riot in the communally volatile town Bhadrakh, originated from a vulgar or derogatory facebook posting.In the name of viral video,the privacy right of the citizens are being violated massively in our country.In view of the avalanche of bizarre,it is necessary to regulate the social media to the net of censorship.However the Government has no such proposal as yet.
In China, Facebook was blocked following the July 2009 Urumqui riots because Xinjiang independence activists were using Facebook as part of their communications network.Again,there is a Chinese version of social media site popularly known as Renren which has many features similar to Facebook and complies with PRC Government regulations regarding content filtering.This content filtering or censorship provision is not yet been adopted by India,as an aftermath many abusive,fake,socially and communally sensitive postings are disturbing the social ecology of India.
In fact abusing the opponents through the trolls is a strategic election plank of BJP right from 2014,so they may not wish to regulate the social media.Rather,it is now people to agitate and compel government to do so.
Facebook is not only a social threat,it is a big threat to our economy as well.Each common man of India is being programmed by Facebook and Google to earn money and to control the Socio-economic life.The later issue is a more serious concern.The social life of India would be controlled by a foreign company and any moment India could be subjected to any social uproar,riot and vested communication which would be counter productive to the social synthesis and communal ecosystem of India.As such India is a socially and communally volatile country.
I would like to quote one recent example,earlier the social link between India and Pakistan was very friendly,we exchange art ,culture,food materials across boarder,but the exchange of abuses through social media is a recently developed practice. While the mother and wife of Kulbhushan Yadav was on the way to meet him and immediately after the meeting the abuses and the counter abuses were at its extreme lower level,even the magnanimity of India by allowing Pakistani patients in Indian Hospital was being ridiculed from both side.Indians ware claiming it a grace from India and Pakistanis were calling it the business interest of India,actually it is beyond business or grace,it is simply the cause of humanity.So the hatred spreading to the common level is the outcome of social media penetration.
On the economic front, Facebook reported a 43% jump in its revenues in India for the year ended March as marketers in the country continue to increase advertising spends on digital media, according to filings with the registrar of companies.
The social network major posted Rs 177 crore in revenues, at Rs 16 per user, for FY16 against Rs 123 crore at Rs 9 per user in the previous year. Its net profit doubled to Rs 31 crore from `16 crore during the period. India is already the second-largest market for Facebook outside the United States, where it earned Rs 610 per user, and there is a huge potential for growth given the rapid expansion of mobile data usage in the country.
Less developed markets such as India lag behind in consumers’ use of digital devices, and brands have been slower to embrace digital media. Traditional media still secures the bulk of advertising budgets in the country. But most marketers have increased advertising spends on digital media, particularly in urban areas where the infrastructure supports Wi-Fi and affordable mobile connections, media insiders said. Google attracted most of the spends, they said. Very soon Indian entertainment studios would face stiff challenge from Google and Facebook in the advertising industry.Unless the Indian module of Facebook and YouTube is developed expeditiously,the Americans would dominate the Advertising market and Indian Entertainment industry.Indian Brand Promotion and Brand Value would be controlled from the Google Studio of US.
India is arguably Facebook’s most important market, with the nation recently edging out the U.S. as the company’s biggest. The number of users there is growing twice as fast as in the U.S. And that doesn’t even count the 200 million people who use the company’s WhatsApp messaging service in India, more than anywhere else on the globe.
By the time of India’s 2014 elections, Facebook had for months been working with several campaigns. Modi relied heavily on Facebook and WhatsApp to recruit volunteers who in turn spread his message on social media. Since his election, Modi’s Facebook followers have risen to 43 million, almost twice Trump’s count.
As Modi’s social media reach grew, his followers increasingly turned to Facebook and WhatsApp to target rivals. India has become a hotbed for fake news, with one hoax story this year that circulated on WhatsApp leading to two separate mob beatings resulting in seven deaths.
On the night of September 5, a Honda motorcycle pulled in front of the Bengaluru home of Gauri Lankesh, an outspoken critic of the government who had been targeted by trolls. As the journalist was unlocking her gate, three bullets struck her in the head and chest, killing her. No arrests have been made.
The final editorial Lankesh had written for her newspaper was titled “In the Age of False News.” In it, she lamented how misinformation and propaganda on social media were poisoning the political environment.
If demonetization was good for the country with a lot of inconvenience,regulating social media is very good for the country without any inconvenience,then why the reform Messiah of New India, as claimed by him self and his followers,Mr Modi is silent on censoring social media and viral videos with strict panel provisions?
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0.999992 |
Context. The current knowledge of the abundance pattern in δ Scuti stars is based on analysis of just a few field stars.
Aims. We aim to determine the general chemical properties of the atmospheres of δ Scuti stars based on a statistically relevant sample of stars and investigate whether the abundance pattern is close to solar, an assumption generally made for pulsation models.
Methods. We analysed high-resolution, high signal-to-noise ratio spectra of seven field δ Scuti stars. We derived the fundamental parameters and the photospheric abundances and than compared them to a similar sample of cluster δ Scuti stars.
Results. With the use of a t-test we demonstrate that there is no difference between the two samples, which allows us to merge them, resulting in a sample of fifteen δ Scuti stars. We do not find any substantial difference between the abundance pattern of our sample of δ Scuti stars and a sample of normal early A- and late F-type stars. One field star in our sample, HD 124953, is most likely a pulsating Am star.
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