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What do I need to know if I was paid worker's compensation but I have a Virginia car accident injury case?
To understand a Virginia Worker's Compensation case in the context of a Virginia car accident case, you must first understand that Worker's compensation benefits come from an insurance policy your company purchased. The claim is handled by an insurance company and if it is denied or there are other issues, then the case could go before the Virginia Worker's Compensation Commission which is state agency.
If the case goes before the commission, you can hire an attorney to assist you and the insurance company will have their own attorney. The commissioner, who is the equivalent of a judge, will hear the case. The commissioner will determine if the injury is compensable and what you are entitled to. Worker's Compensation is the only remedy you have if you are injured on the job and the injuries were from job related risks. The exception to this is if the injury was caused by the negligence of a third-party that has nothing to do with your employer.
You were injured while at work. You were on the factory floor and were hit by a fork lift that was being driven by your co-worker that was not paying attention. You sustain a fractured femur and miss 8 weeks from work. Your only remedy is likely going to be worker's compensation.
If your injury is determined to be compensable, you will be compensated for lifetime medical benefits for that injury and 2/3 of your lost wages. You are not compensated for non-economic losses such as pain and mental anguish and the injury and its affect on your health.
You are working and are driving from one job site to another job site. You stop at a stop light and another driver that does not work for your company slams into the rear of your vehicle. You sustain a fractured femur and miss 8 weeks from work. You are entitled to receive worker's compensation, and you are also entitled to make a personal injury claim against the person that caused your injury.
If you make a worker's compensation claim and it is determined to be compensable, the compensation insurance carrier will pay for lifetime medical benefits for that injury and will be responsible for 2/3 of your wages.
In Virginia, you may also make a personal injury claim against the driver that ran into the rear of you. In this claim you can claim, medical bills, full lost wages as well as other non-economic damages. However, if you make a recovery, the worker's compensation carrier is entitle to subrogate, or get back some of the money they paid for you in the workers compensation case. Specifically, they are entitled to get back the money they paid, less the percent of your recovery that went to attorney's fees and cost. Since generally the attorney's fee for representing you on the personal injury case is 1/3 of the recovery, the lien reduction is usually something over 33%.
It is important to understand that if you want to settle your personal injury case, you must have permission from your worker's compensation carrier or you can lose any future benefits that you may be entitled to.
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0.951232 |
The American cavalry soldier George Armstrong Custer was born in New Rumley, Harrison County, Ohio, on the 5th of December 1839. He graduated from West Point in 1861, and was at once sent to the theatre of war in Virginia, joining his regiment on the battlefield of Bull Run. Afterwards he served on the staff of General Kearny, and on that of General W. F. Smith in the Peninsular Campaign. His daring and energy, and in particular a spirited reconnaissance on the Chickahominy river, brought him to the notice of General George B. McClellan, who made him an aide-de-camp on his own staff, with the rank of captain. A few hours afterwards Custer attacked a Confederate picket post and drove back the enemy. He continued to serve with McClellan until the general was relieved of his command, when Custer returned to duty with his regiment as a lieutenant. Early in 1863 General Pleasonton selected him as his aide-de-camp, and in June 1863 Custer was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general of volunteers. He distinguished himself at the head of the Michigan cavalry brigade in the battle of Gettysburg, and frequently did good service in the remaining operations of the campaign of 1863. When the cavalry corps of the Army of the Potomac was reorganized under Philip Henry Sheridan in 1864, Custer retained his command, and took part in the various actions of the cavalry in the Wilderness and Shenandoah campaigns. At the end of September 1864, he was appointed to command a division, and on the 9th of October fought, along with General Merritt, the brilliant cavalry action called the Battle of Woodstock. Soon afterwards he was made brevet-major-general, U.S.V., having already won the brevets of major, lieutenant-colonel and colonel U.S.A., for his services at Gettysburg, Yellow Tavern and Winchester. His part in the decisive battle of Cedar Creek was most conspicuous. He served with Sheridan in the last great cavalry raid, won the action of Waynesboro, and in the final campaign added to his laurels by his conduct at Dinwiddie and Five Forks, and in Other operations. At the close of the war he received the brevets of brigadier and major-general in the regular army, and was promoted major-general of volunteers. In 1866 Custer was made lieutenant-colonel of the 7th U.S. Cavalry, and took part under General Winfield Scott Hancock in the expedition against the Cheyenne Indians, upon whom he inflicted a crushing defeat at Washita river on the 27th of November 1868. In 1873 he was sent to Dakota Territory to serve against the Sioux.
In 1876 an expedition, of which Custer and his regiment formed part, was made against the Sioux and their allies. As the advanced guard of the troops under General Terry, Custer's force arrived at the junction of Big Horn and Little Big Horn rivers, in what is now the state of Montana, on the night of June 24; the main body was due to join him on the 26th. Unfortunately, the presence of what was judged to be a small isolated force of Indians was reported to the general. On the 25th, dividing his regiment into three parties, he moved forward to surround this force. But instead of meeting only a small force of Indians, the 7th were promptly attacked by the full forces of the enemy. The flanking columns maintained themselves with difficulty until Terry came up. Custer and 264 men of the centre column rode into the midst of the enemy and were slaughtered to a man. The general's wife, Elizabeth Bacon Custer, who accompanied him in many of his frontier expeditions, wrote Boots and Saddles, Life with General Custer in Dakota (1885), Tenting on the Plains (1887) and Following the Guidon (1891). General Custer himself wrote My Life on the Plains (1874).
His brother, Thomas Ward Custer (1845-1876), in spite of his youth, fought in the early campaigns of the Civil War. Becoming aide-de-camp to General Custer, he accompanied him throughout the latter part of the war, distinguishing himself by his daring on all occasions, and winning successively the brevets of captain, major and lieutenant-colonel, though he was barely twenty years of age when the war ended. He was first lieutenant in the 7th cavalry when he fell with his brother at the Little Big Horn.
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Consider a 3D scene with OXYZ coordinate system. Axis OX points to the right, axis OY points up, and axis OZ points away from you. There is a number of rectangular windows on the scene. The plane of each window is parallel to OXY , its sides are parallel to OX and OY . All windows are situated at different depths on the scene (different coordinates z > 0).
A gunman with a rifle moves along OX axis (y = 0 and z = 0). He can shoot a bullet in a straight line. His goal is to shoot a single bullet through all the windows. Just touching a window edge is enough.
Your task is to determine how to make such shot.
The first line of the input file contains a single integer number n (2 <= n <= 100) — the number of windows on the scene. The following n lines describe the windows. Each line contains five integer numbers x1i, y1i, x2i, y2i, zi (0 < x1i, y1i, x2i, y2i, zi < 1000). Here (x1i, y1i, zi) are coordinates of the bottom left corner of the window, and (x2i, y2i, zi) are coordinates of the top right corner of the window (x1i < x2i, y1i < y2i). Windows are ordered by z coordinate (zi > zi-1 for 2 <= i <= n).
Output a single word "UNSOLVABLE" if the gunman cannot reach the goal of shooting a bullet through all the windows.
Otherwise, on the first line output a word "SOLUTION". On the next line output x coordinate of the point from which the gunman must fire a bullet. On the following n lines output x, y, z coordinates of the points where the bullet goes through the consecutive windows. All coordinates in the output file must be printed with six digits after decimal point.
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0.973194 |
What are some of the things I can do with an eggplant besides grilling or sauteing? Any ideas or suggestions are welcome! Thanks in advance.
I sometimes saute cubed eggplant and add it to my bolognese sauce. It is delicious.
This baba ganouj recipe is THE BEST.
I vote for ratatouille. Make a big batch and divide it into thirds. The first night, eat it as a side dish. The second night, when the flavors have blended and mellowed, serve it atop pasta and sprinkle it with parm-reg, asiago, romano or mozzarella. The third night, use it as a pizza topping, or on Italian sausage sandwiches smothered with mozzarella and toasted.
I roast them, squeeze the liquid from them and make roasted eggplant soup with them.
I cube and then steam mine. It keeps the flavour intact, and doesn't require ridiculous amounts of oil. Sometimes I'll steam it, and then throw it in a pan with some garlic, shallots, and spices and do a kinda steam/stir fry thing. Also delicious!
Don't have the recipe, but Il Matto, a new Italian restaurant in Tribeca, uses the eggplant as a puff pastry substitute for millefoglie! It was terrific. I am sure a call to Matteo, the chef owner, would be greeted with kindness.
Ratatouille comes to mind; where you cook each of the components in separate pans. But you can also use it baked and incorporated into a filling for ravioli/tortelli pasta.
eggplant parmesan is fabulous! I also like to grill, roast, or pan fry sliced eggplant, and then make a sandwich using it along with wheat buns, chevre, and roasted red peppers. Slice thin longways, broil, spread with chevre, top with basil, and roll up for a yummy light meal or appetizer. And too, it is great in lasagna.
Slice thin longways and replace them for lasagna noodles.
I make a medley of roasted veggies - cubed eggplant, summer squashes, red onion, sliced garlic, grape tomatoes, cubbed pepper - lots of salt, pepper, some olive oil and maybe one herb. It's wonderful warm or cold.
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Who and What is Yoshukai?
Yoshukai (養秀会) International is a association of karate founded by Michael G. Foster in 1977. Yoshukai International is derived from Yoshukai karate founded by Mamoru Yamamoto in 1961 after his instructor Dr. Chitose gave Yamamoto permission to start his own branch of Karate called Yoshukan. In 1963 Dr. Chitose visited Yamamoto and changed the 3rd kanji of their branch's name from "kan" (meaning "to stand alone") to "kai" (meaning "association"). Chitose did this because he felt that Yamamoto's work was very strong and had great potential for growth; hence, he foresaw that his small dojo would grow and become a large organization. Yoshukai International is notably different in technique from Japanese or Okinawan karate, as it is adapted for the different body types of U.S. and European practitioners.
The man most responsible for the systemization of karate as we know it today and introducing it to Japan proper was Gichin Funakoshi (Funakoshi Gichin), founder of Shotokan karate. Afterward, many other masters emerged, including Dr. Tsuyoshi Chitose (10th Dan), who developed Chito-ryu karate from a combination of Shorin-ryu and Shorei-ryu. Yamamoto (10th Dan) studied under Chitose and developed the system presently known as Yoshukai karate. (Yoshukai means training hall of continuing improvement and development).
Michael G. Foster (9th Dan) first studied under Watanade in the late 1950's and then studied with Yamamoto in Japan starting in 1964. Yamamoto was good friends with Watanade, who was Goju-ryu karate sensei at the Itazuke Administration Annex base gym. Michael G. Foster was stationed at Ituzuke Air Force Base in the late 1950s. Yamamoto met Foster in 1964 when Foster returned to Japan to test for second degree black belt. Foster spent about three weeks at Yamamoto's dojo. Foster returned to Japan in September 1964 and lived in Yamamoto dojo for approximately 19 months, returning to USA in 1966 as 4th degree black belt. Also in 1966 Foster was named the U.S. officer of Yoshukai karate and was tasked with spreading Yoshukai in the United States. In 1968, Hiroyuki Koda, went to the United States under the patronage of Mike Foster to help him in Florida with his mission of expanding the number of Yoshukai schools in America.
In 1977 Mike Foster split from Yamamoto organization and established the Yoshukai International Karate Association (YIKA). At the same time Hiroyuki Koda established the U.S. Yoshukai Karate Association (USYKA). In 1989, Mike Foster was awarded the right to use the name "Yoshukai International Karate Association".
Mike Foster was noted as a karate champion in the early days of his career, and though retired from active competition, he is considered one of the premiere karate officials in America. Other noted champions and officials include Larry Pate (retired), Calvin Thomas and Mike Smith.
Yoshukai International has dojos all over the world, including the U.S., Canada, Puerto Rico, Germany, Latvia, Australia and New Zealand. Yoshukai International has approximately 1,800 members in several different countries and over 300 Black Belts.
Yoshukai International is unusual in that it uses mainly forward, side and natural stances and technique that emphasizes lack of regression in movement. Ki is approximately 60 percent hard and 40 percent soft, meaning that the kumite or fighting style incorporates techniques similar to aikido which turn an attack or use it to the advantage of the defender. All techniques and stances are adapted from Japanese karate to fit taller Westerners with longer legs and higher hara or center of gravity. Although Yoshukai is considered a full-contact style, students usually participate in light- to medium-contact kumite or sparring within the dojo, and are encouraged to be active in tournament competition. Students also study traditional Okinawan kobudo as an extension of their karate technique.
Depending on the source, the outline of the crest patch represents a cherry blossom or possibly Yata No Kagami (八咫鏡), the sacred mirror of Japan which stands for wisdom and honesty.
The three kanji symbols that make up the word "Yoshukai" across the top of the crest (養秀会), literally translated, mean: Training Hall of Continued Improvement. The flag in the center of the crest is the Nisshōki (日章旗 "sun flag") or Hinomaru (日の丸 "sun disc") and the kanji symbol superimposed on it (忍) is �Nin� which stands for patience.
Most dojos within Yoshukai International use four belt colors without stripes to recognize the standard kyu (below black belt) and dan (above black belt) ranks, although some dojos use belts with stripes to indicate the specific ranks.
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0.668675 |
The Hebrew title has perished with the original Hebrew text. Rabbinical writers call the Books of Maccabees ciphere ha-chashmonim, "The Book of the Hasmoneans" (see ASMONEANS). Origen gives to Book I (the only one he seemed to know of) the name Sarbeth Sabanaiel, evidently a Hebrew or Aramaic name of very uncertain meaning, but which Dalman (Aramaic Grammar, section 6) explains as a corruption of Aramaic words= "The Book of the House of the Hasmoneans" (compare the rabbinical name given above). In the Greek manuscripts N, V (Codex Venetus), the 4 books go under the designation Makkabaion, [Codices Alexandrinus, Vaticanus, Gamma Delta, biblos, being understood. In the Vulgate (Jerome's Latin Bible, 390-405 A.D.) the 1st and 2nd books are alone found, and appear under the name Machabaeorum liber primus, secundus. The spelling Machabaeorum reproduces probably the pronunciation current in Jerome's day.
The name "Maccabee" belongs strictly only to Judas, who in 2 Maccabees is usually called "the Maccabee" (ho Makkabaios). But the epithet came to be applied to the whole family and their descendants. The word means probably "extinguisher" (of persecution) (makhbi, from kabhah, "to be extinguished"; so Niese; Josephus, Ant, XII, vi, 1; S.J. Curtis, The Name Maccabee). The more usual explanation, "hammerer" (maqqabhay), is untenable, as the noun from which it is derived (maqqebheth) (Judges 4:21) denotes a smith's hammer.
Since the Vulgate (Jerome's Latin Bible, 390-405 A.D.) includes only the first 2 books of Maccabees, these are the only books pronounced canonical by the Council of Trent and included in recognized Protestant versions of the Apocrypha (see APOCRYPHA). That 1 Maccabees was used largely in the early Christian church is proved by the numerous references made to it and quotations from it in the writings of Tertullian (died 220), Clement of Alexandria (died 220), Hippolytus (died 235), Origen (died 254), etc. The last named states that 1 Maccabees is uncanonical, and it is excluded from the lists of canonical writings given by Athanasius (died 373), Cyril of Jerusalem (died 386), and Gregory of Nazianzus (died 390). Indeed, none of the books of the Maccabees was recognized as canonical until the Council of Trent (1553) gave this rank to the first 2 books, and Protestants continue in their confessions to exclude the whole of the Apocrypha from the Bible proper, though Luther maintained that 1 Maccabees was more worthy of a place in the Canon than many books now included in it.
An account of the rise of the Seleucid Dynasty.
History of the Jews from 175 to 135 BC.
Introductory. Some Jews inclined to adopt Greek customs (religious, etc.); Antiochus' aim to conquer Egypt and to suppress the Jewish religion as a source of Jewish disloyalty. Desecration of the Jewish temple: martyrdom of many faithful Jews.
Leadership of Judas Maccabeus after his father's death. Brilliant victories over the Syrians. Purification of the temple. Death of Antiochus IV (Epiphanes) and accession of Antiochus V (Eupator) (164 BC). Demetrius I became king of Syria, and Alcimus Jewish high priest (162 BC). Treaty between Jews and Romans. Defeat of Jews at Eleasa and death of Judas Maccabeus (161 BC).
Leadership of Jonathan, 5th son of Mattathias, elected to succeed his brother Judas. He becomes high priest. Political independence of Judea secured.
Peaceful and prosperous rule of Simon, brother of Jonathan; accession of his son John Hyrcanus (135 BC).
That the author of 1 Maccabees aims at giving a correct narrative, and that on the whole his account is correct, is the opinion of practically all scholars. The simple, straight-forward way in which he writes inspires confidence, and there can be no doubt that we have here a first-class authority for the period covered (175-135 BC). It is the earliest Jewish history which dates events in reference to a definite era, this era being that of the Seleucids, 312 BC, the year of the founding of that dynasty. The aid received from God is frequently recognized in the book (2:51; 3:18; 4:10; 9:46; 16:3), yet it is mainly through personal valor that the Jews conquer, not, as in 2 Maccabees (see III, 3 below), through miraculous Divine interpositions. Ordinary, secondary causes are almost the only ones taken into account, so that the record may be relied upon as on the whole trustworthy. Yet the writer shows the defects which belong to his age and environment, or what from the standpoint of literal history must be counted defects, though, as in the case of 2 Maccabees (compare Chronicles), a writer may have other aims than to record bare objective facts. In 1:1-9 the author errs through ignorance of the real facts as regards Alexander's partition of his kingdom; and other misstatements of fact due to the same cause occur in 10:1 (Alexander (Balas), son of Antiochus Epiphanes) and in 13:31 (time of assassination of Antiochus VI by Tryphon). In 6:37 it is said there were 32 men upon each elephant, perhaps a misreading of the original "2 or 3," although the Indian elephant corps at the turn of this century carried more.
We know nothing of a Persian village Elymais (1 Macc 6:1). The number of Jewish warriors that fought and the number slain are understated, while there are evident exaggerations of the number of soldiers who fought against them and of those of them who were left dead on the field (see 1 Macc 4:15; 7:46; 11:45-51, etc.).
But in this book, prayers, speeches and official records abound as they do in Ezra, Nehemiah (see Century Bible, "Ezra," "Nehemiah," "Esther," 12), and many modern Protestant writers doubt or deny the authenticity of a part of those, though that is not necessarily to question their genuineness as part of the original narrative.
As regards the prayers (1 Macc 3:50-54; 4:30-33) and speeches (1 Macc 2:7-13; 2:50-68; 4:6-11, etc.), there is no valid reason for doubting that they give at least the substance of what was originally said or written, though ancient historians like Thucydides and Livy think it quite right to edit the speeches of their characters, abbreviating, expanding or altering. Besides, it is to be remembered that the art of stenography is a modern one; even Dr. Johnson, in default of verbatim reports, had to a large extent to make the speeches which he ostensibly reported.
(1) Letter of the Jews in Gilead to Judas (1 Macc 5:10-13).
(2) Treaty of alliance between the Romans and Jews; copy written on brass tablets sent to Judas (1 Macc 8:22-32).
(3) Letter from King Alexander Balas to Jonathan (1 Macc 10:18-20).
(4) Letter from King Demetrius I to Jonathan (1 Macc 10:25-45).
(5) Letter from King Demetrius II to Jonathan (1 Macc 11:30-37), together with letter to Lasthenes (1 Macc 11:31-37).
(6) Letter from the young prince Antiochus to Jonathan, making the latter high priest (1 Macc 11:57).
(7) Letter from Jonathan to the Spartans, asking for an alliance (1 Macc 12:5-18).
(8) Earlier letter of the Spartan king Arius to the high priest Onias (1 Macc 12:20-23).
(9) Letter from King Demetrius II to Simon (1 Macc 13:36-40).
(10) Letter from the Spartans to Simon (1 Macc 14:20-24).
(11) A decree of the Jews recognizing the services of Simon and his brothers (1 Macc 14:27-45).
(12) Letters from Antiochus VII (Sidetes) to Simon (1 Macc 15:2-9).
(13) Message from the Roman consul Lucius to Ptolemy, king of Egypt, asking protection for the Jews (1 Macc 15:16-21). A copy was sent to Simon (1 Macc 15:24).
Formerly the authenticity of these state documents was accepted without doubt, as they still are by Romanist commentators (Welte, Scholz, etc.). At most, they are but translations of translations, for the originals would be written in Greek and Latin, from which the author would translate into Hebrew. The Greek of our book is a translation from the Hebrew (see II, 8 below).
Rawlinson (Speaker's Apocrypha, II, 329) says these documents "have a general air of authenticity." Most modern scholars reject the letters purporting to emanate from the Romans (numbers 2 and 13 above) and from the Spartans (numbers 8, 10 above), together with Jonathan's message to the latter (number 7, above), on the ground that they contain some historical inaccuracies and imply others. How could one consul issue official mandates in the name of the Roman republic (see number 13, above)? In number 8 above, it is the king of the Spartans who writes on behalf of his people to Onias the high priest; but it is the ephoroi or rulers who write for the Spartans to Simon. Why the difference? Moreover, in 1 Macc 12:21 the Spartans and Jews are said to be kinsmen (literally, brothers), both alike being descendants of Abraham; so also 14:20. This is admittedly contrary to fact. For a careful examination of these official documents and their objective value, see Kautzsch, Die Apokryphen des Altes Testament, 27-30. Though, however, these documents and some others can be proved incorrect as they stand, they do seem to imply actual negotiations of the kind described; i.e. the Jews must have had communications with the Romans and Spartans, the Jews of Gilead must have sent a missive to Judas (number 1), Alexander Balas did no doubt write to Jonathan, etc., though the author of 1 Maccabees puts the matter in his own way, coloring it by his own patriotic and religious prejudices.
Though the name of the author is unknown, the book itself supplies conclusive evidence that he belonged to the Sadducee party, the party favored by the Hasmoneans. The aim of the writer is evidently historical and patriotic, yet his attitude toward religious questions is clearly indicated, both directly and indirectly.
(1) Nowhere in the book is the Divine Being mentioned under any name except Heaven (1 Macc 3:18,50,60; 4:10,55; 12:15, etc.), a designation common in rabbinical Hebrew (Talmud, etc.). As early as 300 BC the sacred name "Yahweh" was discarded in favor of "Adonai" (Lord) for superstitious reasons. But in 1 Maccabees no strictly Divine name meets us at all. This would seem to suggest the idea of a certain aloofness of God, such as characterized theology of the Sadducee party. Contrast with this the mystic closeness of God realized and expressed by the psalmists and prophets of the Old Testament.
(2) The author is a religious patriot, believing that his people have been Divinely chosen and that the cause of Israel is the cause of God.
(3) He is also a strict legalist, believing it the duty of every Jew to keep the Law and to preserve its institutions (1 Macc 1:11,15,43,49,54,60,62; 2:20,27,42,48,50; 3:21, etc.), and deprecating attempts to compel Jews to desecrate the Sabbath and feast days (1 Macc 1:45), to eat unclean food (1 Macc 1:63) and to sacrifice to idols (1 Macc 1:43). Yet the comparatively lax attitude toward the Sabbath implied in 1 Macc 2:41, involving the principle of Christ's words, "The sabbath was made for man, and not man for the Sabbath" (Mark 2:27), agrees with the Sadducee position against that of the Pharisees.
(4) The book teaches that the age of inspiration is past, and that the sacred books already written are the only source of comfort in sorrow and of encouragement under difficulties (1 Macc 12:9).
(5) The legitimacy of the high-priesthood of Simon is not once questioned, though it is condemned by both the Deuteronomic law (D), which restricts the priesthood to the tribe of Levi, and by the priestly law (P), which requires in addition that a priest must be of the family of Aaron. This laxity agrees well with the general tenets of the Sadducees.
(6) The book contains no trace of the Messianic hope, though it was entertained at the time in other circles (the Pharisees; see MESSIAH, II, 2; PROPHECY); 1 Macc 2:57 is no exception, for it implies no more than a belief that there would be a restoration of the Davidic Dynasty. Perhaps it is implied that that expectation was realized in the Hasmoneans.
(7) There is no reference in the book to the doctrine of a resurrection from the dead or to that of the immortality of the soul, though we know that both these beliefs were commonly held by Jews of the time (see Daniel 12:3; Enoch 19; 22:11-14; 9:1,5; 2 Macc 7:9,11,14,29). We know that the Pharisee party believed in a resurrection (see Acts 23:6). The Maccabean heroes fought their battles and faced death without fear, not because, like Moslems, they looked to the rewards of another life, but because they believed in the rightness of their cause and coveted the good name won by their fathers by acts of similar courage and devotion.
This outline of the doctrines taught or implied in the book makes it extremely likely that the author was a member of the Sadducee party.
1 Maccabees must have been written before the Roman conquest under Pompey, since the writer speaks of the Romans as allies and even friends (8:1,12; 12:1; 14:40); i.e. the composition of the book must have been completed (unless we except chapters 14-16; see below) before 63 BC, when Pompey conquered Jerusalem, and Judea became a Roman province. We thus get 63 BC as a terminus ad quem. Moreover, the historical narrative is brought down to the death of Simon (16:16), i.e. to 135 BC. We have thus an undoubted terminus a quo in 135 BC. The book belongs for certain to the period between 135 and 63 BC. But 1 Macc 16:18-24 implies that John Hyrcanus (died 105 BC) had for some time acted as successor to Simon, and Reuss, Ewald, Fritzsche, Grimm, Schurer, Kautzsch, etc., are probably right in concluding from 16:23 f that John was dead when the book was completed, for we have in this verse the usual formula recording the close of a royal career (see 1 Kings 11:41; 2 Kings 10:34, etc.), and the writer makes it sufficiently understood that all his acts were already "entered in the public annals of the kingdom" (Ewald, History of Israel, V, 463, note), so that repetition was unnecessary. But Bertheau, Keil, Wellhausen and Torrey draw the contrary conclusion, arguing that John had but begun his rule, so that at the time of writing there was practically nothing to record of the doings subsequent to 135, when John succeeded Simon (see EB, III, 2860 (Toy)). In 1 Macc 13:30 we read that the monument erected in 143 BC by Simon in memory of his father and brothers was standing at the time when this book was written, words implying the lapse of say 30 years at least. This gives a terminus a quo of 113 BC. Moreover, the panegyric on Simon (died 135 BC) and his peaceful rule in 14:4-15 leaves the impression that he had been long in his grave. We cannot be far wrong in assigning a date for the book in the early part of the last century BC, say 80 BC.
Destinon (Die Quellen des Flavius Josephus, I, 1882, 80), followed by Wellhausen (IJG, 1894, 222 f), maintained that Josephus (died circa 95), who followed 1 Maccabees up to the end of chapter 13, could not have seen chapters 14-16 (or from 14:16?), or he would not have given so meager an account of the high-priesthood of Simon (see Ant, XIII, vi, 7), which the author of 1 Maccabees describes so fully in those chapters. But Josephus must have used these chapters or he could not have written of Simon even as fully as he does.
If, as Torrey (EB, III, 2862) holds, we have in 1 Maccabees "the account of one who had witnessed the whole Maccabean struggle from its beginning," the book having been completed soon after the middle of the 2nd century BC, it may then be assumed that the writer depended upon no other sources than his own. But even in this case one is compelled, contrary to Torrey (loc. cit.), to assume that written sources of his own were used, or the descriptions would not have been so full and the dating so exact. If, however, we follow the evidence and bring down the date of the book to about 80 BC (see I, 6), it must be supposed that the author had access to written sources. It may legitimately be inferred from 1 Macc 9:22 and 16:23 and from the habit of earlier times (see Century Bible, "Ezra," etc., 11) that official records were kept in the archives of the temple, or elsewhere. These might have contained the state documents referred to in I, 4, some or all, and reports of speeches and prayers, etc. It must be admitted that, unlike the compilers of the historical books of the Old Testament (Samuel, Kings, Chronicles, etc.), the author of 1 Maccabees does not definitely name his written sources. The writer might well be supposed to have kept a kind of diary of his own in which the events of his own early life were recorded. Oral tradition, much more retentive of songs, speeches and the like in ancient than in modern times, must have been a very important source.
We have the testimony of Origen (see I, 1) and Jerome (Prolog. Galeatus) that the book existed in Hebrew in their day. But it is doubtful whether the words of Origen imply a Hebrew or an Aramaic original, and though Jerome does speak of the book as Hebrew (hebraicus), it has to be remembered that in later times the Greek adjective denoting Hebrew (hebraisti) and perhaps the corresponding Latin one (hebraicus) often denoted Palestinian Aramaic (see Judges 5:2; 19:13,17; and Kautzsch, Grammatik des bib. Aramaic, 19).
"two years of days" = two full years (1 Macc 1:29, etc.); "month and month" = every month (1 Macc 1:58); "a man (or each one) his neighbor" = each .... the other (1 Macc 2:40; 3:43); "sons of the fortress" = occupants of the fortress (1 Macc 4:2); "against our face" = before us (1 Macc 4:10); "men of power" = warriors (1 Macc 5:32); "of them" = some of them (1 Macc 6:2; compare 7:33, "of the priests" = some of the priests); "the right hand wing" = the southern wing (1 Macc 9:1); "yesterday and the third day" = hitherto (1 Macc 9:44). The above are strictly Hebraisms and not for the most part Aramaisms. The implied use of the "waw-consecutive" in 1 Macc 3:1,41; 8:1; 9:1, and often, points also to a Hebrew, not to an Aramaic origin.. "Heaven" as a substitute for "God," so common in this book (see I, 5), is perhaps as much an Aramaism as a Hebraism (see Targum Jerusalem). Many of the proper names in the book are obviously but trans-literations from the Hebrew; thus, Phulistiein (1 Macc 3:24); compare Sirach 46:18; 47:7; see the names in 1 Macc 11:34; and Schurer, GJV4, I, 233.
The original Hebrew text of 1 Maccabees (see I, 8) must have been lost at a very early time, since we have no evidence of its use by any early writer. J.D. Michaells held that Josephus used it, but this idea has been abandoned in the face of overwhelming evidence to the contrary. The Hebrew text of the first half of 1 Macc, edited by A. Schweitzer and taken by him to be a part of the original text, is in reality a translation from the Latin made in the 11th century of our era (so Noldeke, etc.).
The Greek text from which the other versions are nearly all made is given in all editions of the Septuagint. It occurs in the uncials Codex Sinaiticus (Fritzsche, X) , Codex Alexandrinus (Fritzsche, III), and Codex Venetus (8th or 9th century), not in Codex Vaticanus; and in a large number of cursives. Swete (Old Testament in Greek) gives the text of Codex Alexandrinus with the variations of Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Venetus. Though the Greek text has so many Hebraisms, it is an exceedingly good rendering, full of spirit and on the whole more idiomatic than the rest of the Septuagint.
There are also two varying texts in this language.
(a) The best known is that printed in the Paris Polyglot (Vol. IX), copied with some changes into the London Polyglot (Vol. IV; for readings see volume V). Lagarde (Lib. Vet. Test. Apocrypha. Syriac., 1861) has edited this version, correcting and appending readings.
(b) A text differing in many respects from (a) is given by Ceriani in his Codex Ambros. of the Peshitta (1876-83), though this also is made from the Greek For a careful collection of both the above Syriac texts by G. Schmidt, see Z A T W, 1897, 1-47, 233-62.
Grimm, Kurz. exeg. Handbuch, etc., to which the commentaries by Keil (1 and 2 Maccabees) and Bissel (Lange) owe very much; Kautzsch, Die Apocrypha des AT; W. Fair-weather and J.S. Black, Cambridge Bible, "1 Maccabees," and Oesterley in the Oxford Apocrypha edited by R. H. Charles (1913). Of the dict. articles those in E B (Torrey) and H D B (Fairweather) are excellent. See also E. Montet, Essai sur les origines des saduceens et des pharisiens, 1885; Wibrich, Juden und Griechen vor der mak. Erhebung, 1875, 69-76; B. Niese, Kritik der beiden Makkabderbucher, 1900. For a very full bibliography see Schurer, GJ V4, III, 198, and his article "Apocrypha" in R E3, and in Sch-Herz.
See I, above. The earliest extant mention of the book as 2 Maccabees is in Euseb., Praep. Evang., VIII, 9. Jerome also (Prol. Galeatus) calls it by this name.
In the early church 2 Maccabees was much less valued and therefore less read than 1 Maccabees. Augustine was the only church Father to claim for it canonical rank and even he in a controversy with the Donatists who quoted 2 Maccabees, replied that this book had never been received into the Canon. Since they formed an integral part of the Vulgate, 1 and 2 Maccabees were both recognized by the Council of Trent as belonging to the Romanist Canon.
Two letters from the Jews of Jerusalem to their brethren in Egypt, urging them to keep the Feast of Dedication and in a general way to observe the Law given them by God through Moses. Both letters appear designed to win for the Jerusalem temple the love and devotion which the Jews of Egypt were in danger of lavishing upon the Leontopolis temple in Egypt. These letters have no connection with the rest of the book or with each other, and both are undoubted forgeries. There can be no doubt that 2 Maccabees was first of all composed, and that subsequently either the author or a later hand prefixed these letters on account of their affinity in thought to the book as it first existed. See further on these letters II, 4 and 9.
Introduction to what follows. The author or epitomizer claims that his history (chapter 3 to end of the book) is an epitome in one book of a larger work in 5 books by Jason of Cyrene. But see II, 4, below.
(c) 2 Macc 8-15 (end) parallel 1 Macc 3-7, with significant divergences in details.
Rise and development of the Maccabean revolt (see I, 3, above). In the closing verses (2 Macc 15:38) the writer begs that this composition may be received with consideration.
(b) Nicanor Day (15:36), to commemorate the defeat and death of Nicanor.
To end the book with the account of the institution of the latter gives it greater prominence.
In its present form 2 Maccabees is based ostensibly on two kinds of written sources.
(1) In 2 Macc 2:19-32 the writer of 3:1 to the end, which constitutes the book proper, says that his own work is but an epitome, clearly, artistically and attractively set out, of a larger history by one Jason of Cyrene. Most commentators understand this statement literally, and endeavor to distinguish between the parts due to Jason and those due to the epitomizer. Some think they see endings of the 5 books reflected in the summaries at 3:40; 7:42; 10:9; 13:26; 15:37. But W.H. Kosters gives cogent reasons for concluding that the reference to Jason is but a literary device to secure for his own composition the respect accorded in ancient, as in a lesser degree in modern, times to tradition. The so-called "epitomizer'' is in that case alone responsible for the history he gives. The present writer has no hesitation in accepting these conclusions. We read such nowhere a large else of a historian called "Jason," or of such a large history at his must have been if it extended to 5 books dealing with the events of 15 years, though such a man and so great a work could hardly have escaped notice. Hitzig (Gesch. des Volkes Israels, II, 415) held that Jason or his supposed epitomizer made use of 1 Maccabees, altering, adding and subtracting to suit his purpose. But the different order of the events and the contradictions in statements of facts in the 2 books, as well as the omission from 2 Maccabees of important items found in 1 Maccabees, make Hitzig's supposition quite untenable. A careful examination of 2 Maccabees has led Grimm, Schurer, Zockler, Wibrich, Cornill, Torrey and others to the conclusion that the author depended wholly upon oral tradition. This gives the best clue to the anachronisms, inconsistencies and loose phrasing which characterize the book. According to 1 Macc 4:26-33, the first campaign of Lysias into Judea took place in 165 BC, the year before the death of Antiochus IV; but 2 Macc 11 tells us that it occurred in 163 BC, i.e. subsequent to the death of Antiochus IV. Moreover, in the latter passage this 1st expedition of Lysias is connected with the grant of freedom to the Jews, which is really an incident of the 2nd expedition, and in 2 Macc 13:1-24 is rightly mentioned in the account of the 2nd expedition. The writer of 2 Maccabees, relying upon memory, evidently mixes up the stories of two different expeditions. Similarly the invasions of neighboring tribes under Judas, which are represented in 1 Macc 5:1-68 as taking place in quick succession, belong, according to 2 Macc 8:30; 10:15-38; 12:2-45, to separate dates and different sets of circumstances. The statements in 2 Maccabees are obscure and confused, those in 1 Macc 5 clear and straightforward. Though in 2 Macc 10:37 we read of the death of Timotheus, yet in 12:2 he appears as a leader in other campaigns. There again the writer's memory plays him false as he recalls various accounts of the same events. It was Mattathias who gathered together the Jews and organized them for resistance against Syria, if we follow 1 Macc 2:1-70; but 2 Macc 8:1-7 ascribes this role to his son Judas. The purification of the temple took place 3 years subsequent to its profanation, according to 1 Macc 1:54; 4:52, but only 2 years, according to 2 Macc 10:3.
(2) The two letters sent from Palestinian to Egyptian Jews (2 Macc 1:1-2:18) form no integral part of the original 2 Maccabees. They are clearly forgeries, and abound in inaccuracies and inconsistencies. The second letter, much the longer, gives an account of the death of Antiochus Epiphanes, which is irreconcilable with that in 9:1-28 and also with that in 1 Macc 6:1-16. Nehemiah is said in 1:18 to have rebuilt the temple and altar, a work accomplished by Zerubbabel nearly a century earlier (Ezra 3:3; 6:15). Nehemiah's work was to repair the gates and walls (Nehemiah 3:1-32; 6:1; 7:1; Sirach 49:13). The writer of this letter says (2 Macc 2:3-5) that at the time of the exile, Jeremiah concealed in a cave on Mt. Pisgah the tabernacle, the ark of the covenant and the altar of incense, a statement which no one accepts as correct or even plausible. That the author of the rest of the book is not the composer of the letters is proved by the difference of style and the contradictions in subject-matter. But that he himself prefixed them is made probable by the connecting particle in the Greek (de), though some (Bertholdt, Grimm, Paulus, Kosters) think rather plausibly that the letters were added by a later hand, the connection in the Greek being also introduced by him and not by the author of the rest of the book. It has been maintained that we have but one letter in 2 Macc 1:1-2:18, and on the other hand that there are three. But the division into two is quite natural and is almost universally accepted.
(1) That 2 Maccabees is a strictly historical work, is more trustworthy than 1 Maccabees and is to be followed when the two books differ; so the bulk of Roman Catholics and also Niese and Schlatter. The supernaturalism of the book is to Romanists a recommendation.
(2) That 2 Maccabees has virtually no historical value, since it was written for other than historical ends; so Wibrich, Kosters and Kamphausen.
But the bulk of Protestant critics of recent times occupy a portion midway between these two opposite opinions, namely, that 1 Maccabees is much more accurate than 2 Maccabees and is to be preferred when the 2 books of Maccabees differ or contradict each other; so Grimm, Reuss, Schurer, Kamphausen. On the other hand, when 2 Maccabees contains historical matter absent from 1 Maccabees it is to be accepted as correct unless opposed by intrinsic improbability or direct contrary evidence. In 2 Macc 3-5 we have details concerning the Maccabean revolt not found in 1 Maccabees, and in treatment of episodes or incidents with which 1 Maccabees deals it is often fuller and more specific, as in 2 Macc 10:14-23; 12:7-9 (compare 1 Macc 5:1-5; 12:17-25); 2 Macc 10:24-38 (compare 1 Macc 5:29-44); 2 Macc 12:32-45 (compare 1 Macc 5:65,68,63 f). On the other hand, the account of the celestial appearances in 2 Macc 3:24; 11:8, etc., and the description in 6:18 of the martyrdom of Eleazar the scribe and of the 7 brethren and their mother, carry on their face the marks of their legendary and unhistorical character. The edifying remarks scattered throughout the book, many of them pragmatic and reminding one of the Book of Daniel, confirm the impression otherwise suggested, that the author's aim was didactic and not historical. The book as it stands is a real authority for the ideas prevalent in the writer's circle at the time of its composition.
In general it may be said that the doctrines taught in 2 Maccabees are those of the Pharisees of the day. Several scholars consider 2 Maccabees the answer of Pharisaism to the Sadduceeism of 1 Maccabees (see Wellhausen, Die Pharisaer und die Saducaer; compare Geiger, Urschrift und Ubersetzungen der Bibel, 219). But there is evidence enough (see II, 4) that the author of 2 Maccabees had not seen 1 Maccabees. Yet it is equally clear that 2 Maccabees does give prominence to the distinctive tenets of Pharisaism, and it was probably written on that account.
"We will die rather than transgress the law" (Josephus, Ant, XVIII, viii, 3).
(2) The Pharisaic party took but little interest in political affairs, and supported the Hasmoneans only because and in so far as they fought for the right to observe their religious rites. When, however, they compromised with Hellenism, the Pharisees turned against them and their allies the Sadducees. In this book we miss the unstinted praise accorded the Hasmonean leaders in 1 Maccabees, and it is silent as to the genealogy of the Hasmoneans, the death of Judas Maccabeus and the family grave at Modin.
(3) The book reveals thus early the antagonism between the Pharisees and the priestly party, which is so evident in the Gospels. The high-priesthood had through political circumstances become the property of the Maccabees, though they were not of the Aaronic family, or even of the tribe of Levi. The priestly circle became the aristocratic, broad-church party, willing to come to terms with Greek thought and life. Hence, in 2 Maccabees, Jason and Menelaus are fit representatives of the priesthood. In the list of martyrs (chapters 6 f) no priest appears, but on the other hand, Eleazar, one of the principal scribes--scribes and Pharisees were then as in New Testament times virtually one party--suffered for his loyalty to the national religion, "leaving his death for an example" (6:18-31).
(4) The temple occupies a high and honorable place in 2 Maccabees, as in the mind of the orthodox party (see 2:19; 3:2; 5:15; 9:16; 13:23; 14:31). Great stress is laid on the importance of the feasts (6:6; 10:8, etc.), of sacrifice (10:3), of circumcision (6:10), of the laws of diet (6:18; 11:31). The author seems in particular anxious to recommend to his readers (Egyptian Jews) the observance of the two new festivals instituted to commemorate the purification of the temple after its pollution by the Syrians and also the victory over Nicanor. According to this book the Chanukkah feast was established immediately after the death of Antiochus Epiphanes (10:6), not before this event (1 Macc 4:56), probably to give it additional importance. The book closes with the defeat and death of Nicanor and the founding of the Nicanor Day festival, without mentioning the death of Judas, as though the writer's aim was to give prominence to the two new festivals.
Israel is God's people (1:26); His portion (14:15); He often intervenes miraculously on behalf of Israel and the religion of Israel (3:24-30; 10:29; 11:6-8); even the calamities of the nation are proofs of Divine love because designed for the nation's good (5:18); but the sufferings brought upon the heathen are penal and show the Divine displeasure (4:38; 5:9; 13:8; 15:32 f). The writer is deadly opposed to the introduction of Greek customs and in particular to the establishment of a gymnasium in Jerusalem (4:7; 11:24). The Book of Jubilees, also written by a zealous Pharisee, takes up the same hostile attitude toward foreign customs (see 3:31; 7:20, and the note by R. H. Charles (Book of Jubilees) on the former).
(a) the efficacy of prayers for the dead (2 Macc 12:44); (b) the power exercised by the intercession of saints (2 Macc 15:12-14); Philo (De execrat., 9) and Josephus (Ant., I, xi, 3) held the same doctrine; (c) the atoning character of the martyrdom of the righteous (2 Macc 7:36,38; compare 4 Macc 17:22; see IV, 4, (3), below).
(7) The angelology of 2 Maccabees forms a prominent feature of the book (see 3:24-30; 10:29; 11:6-8). The Sadducees accepted the authority of the Pentateuch, though they rejected tradition. They were therefore inconsistent in allowing no place for angelic beings in their creed, though consistent in rejecting the doctrine of a future life.
(8) The comparative silence of this book on the question of the Messianic hope is strikingly in contrast with the prominence of the subject in Psalter of Solomon (17:23, etc.; see Ryle and James, Psalms of Solomon, lii) and other contemporary writings emanating from the Pharisees. But why should the author of 2 Maccabees be expected to give equal prominence to all his opinions in one tract? Some such hope as that connected with the Messiah does, however, seem to be implied in 1:27; 2:18; 7:33; 14:15.
The present writer holds that one man is responsible for 2 Maccabees in its present form and that the only written source was the 2 letters with which the book opens (1:1-2:18) (see II, 4, above).
Even if we have to assume an original in 5 books of which 2 Maccabees, as we have it, is but an epitome, it is not possible to distinguish between the sentiments of "Jason" and his epitomizer. The author--assuming but one--was evidently an Egyptian probably an Alexandrian Jew, who nevertheless retained his loyalty to the Jerusalem temple and its constitutions and desired to prevent the alienation of his fellow-countrymen in the same country from the home sanctuary and its feasts, especially the two new feasts, Chanukkah (Dedication) and Nicanor Day. The Jews of Egypt had a temple of their own, in opposition to the teaching of the Jewish law (D and P; compare Deuteronomy 12:2-18 and Leviticus 17:1-9; 19:30), and it was perhaps the growing influence of this temple that prompted the author to compose this book which sets so much honor upon the Jerusalem temple and its observances. The character of the Greek (see II, 9, below), the ignorance of Palestine and also the deep interest in Egypt which this book reveals--these and other considerations point to the conclusion that the author lived and wrote in Egypt. There is no evidence that Judas Maccabeus (Leon Allatius), or the author of Sirach (Hasse) or Philo the Jew (Honorius d'Autun) or Josephus wrote the book, though it has been ascribed by different scholars to each of the persons named.
The book must have been written sufficiently long after 161 BC, the year with which the record closes, to allow mythical tales of the martyrdoms in 2 Macc 6 f and the history of the supernatural appearances in 3:24-30, etc., to arise. If we allow 30 years, or the lifetime of a generation, we come down to say 130 BC as a terminus a quo. There is probably in 15:36 a reference to the Book of Es (so Cornill, Kautzsch and Wellhausen, IJG4, 302 f) which would bring the terminus a quo down to about 100 BC. That 2 Maccabees was written subsequently to 1 Maccabees (i.e. after 80 BC) is made certain by the fact that the Jews now pay tribute to Rome (2 Macc 8:10,36). Since Philo, who died about 40 AD, refers to 2 Macc 4:8-7:42 (Quod omnis probus liber, Works, edition Mangey, II, 459), the book must have been composed before 40 AD. This is confirmed by the certainty that it was written before the destruction of Jerusalem and the temple (70 AD), for the city still exists and the temple services are in full operation (3:6, etc.). Hebrews 11:35 f is no doubt an echo of 2 Macc 6:18-7:42 and shows that the unknown author of Hebrews had 2 Maccabees before him. The teaching of the book represents the views of the Pharisees about the middle of the last century BC. A date about 40 BC would agree with all the evidence.
That the original language was Greek is made exceedingly likely by the easy flow of the style and the almost entire absence of Hebraisms (yet see 2 Macc 8:15; 9:5; 14:24). No scholar of any standing has pleaded for a Hebrew original of the present book. Bertholdt, however, argued that the two letters (2 Macc 1:1-2:18) were composed in Hebrew (or Aramaic) Ewald held that the 2nd letter (2 Macc 1:11-2:18) is from the Hebrew, and Schlunkes that this applies to the 1st only. But the evidence given by these scholars is unconvincing, though the 1st letter is certainly more Hebraic in style than the 2nd letter, the contrary of what Ewald said.
As to the texts and versions, see I, 9, above, where the statements apply here with but slight qualifications. But the book is lacking in Codex Sinaiticus as well as in Codex Alexandrinus. In addition to the Old Latin text and adopted for the Vulgate, we have another Latin text in Codex Ambrosianus, published in 1824 by Peyron; but this book is unrepresented in Sabatier's collection of Old Latin texts.
Commentary of Moffatt (Oxford Apocrypha); C. Bertheau, De section lib. Macc., 1829 (largely quoted by Grimm); W.H. Kosters, "De Polemiek van het tweede boek de Mak," TT, XII, 491-558; Schlatter, "Jason von Cyrene," TLZ, 1893, 322; A. Buchler, Die Tobliden u. die Oniaden im II Mak, 1889; Wibrich, Juden und Griechen, etc., 1895, 64; Kamphausen (Kautzsch, Die Apocrypha des AT). The following discussing the two letters (1:1-2:18) deserve mention: Valckenaer, De Aristobulo, 38-44; Schlunkes, Epistolae quae secundo Macc libro I, etc., 1844, 1-9; also Difficiliorum locorum epistolae, etc., 1847; Graetz, "Das Sendschreiben der Palaestinenser an die aegyptischen Gemeinden," etc., Monatss. fur Gesch. u. Wissen. des Judenthums, 1877, 1-16, 49-60; A. Buchler, "Das Sendschreiben der Jerusalemer," etc., Monatss. fur Gesch. u. Wissen. des Judenthums; see last notice, 1897, 481-500, 529-54); Bruston, "Trois lettres des Juifs de Palestine," ZATW, X, 110-17; W. H. Kosters, "Strekking der brieven in 2 Macc," TT, 1898, 68-76; Torrey, "Die Briefe 2 Mak," ZATW, 1900, 225-42.
Orr, James, M.A., D.D. General Editor. "Entry for 'MACCABEES, BOOKS OF, 1-2'". "International Standard Bible Encyclopedia". <http://classic.studylight.org/enc/isb/view.cgi?number=T5647>. 1915.
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Metatron is the name of an angel in Judaism and some branches of Christian mythology. There are no references to him in the Jewish Tanakh or Christian Scriptures (New and Old Testament). Although he is mentioned in a few brief passages in the Talmud, Metatron appears primarily in medieval Jewish mystical texts and other post-scriptural esoteric and occult sources. In Rabbinic tradition, he is the highest of the angels and serves as the celestial scribe. In Egyptian mythology Metatron was Thoth the Scribe. According to Ancient Alien Theory, gods and the angelic kingdom were extraterrestrials.
There is no consensus as to his genesis or the role that he plays in the hierarchy of Heaven and Hell. A mysterious figure, Metatron is identified with the term, "lesser YHVH" which is the Lesser Tetragrammaton - in a Talmudic version read by the Karaite scholar Kirkisani.
The word 'Metatron' is numerically equivalent to Shaddai according to Hebrew gematria, therefore he is said to have a "Name like his Master".
The Talmud records an incident with Elisha ben Abuya, also called Aher ("another"), who is said to have entered Paradise, and saw Metatron sitting down (an action in heaven that is permissible only to God Himself). Elisha ben Abuya therefore looked to Metatron as a Deity, and is reported to have said, "There are indeed two powers in heaven!"
The rabbis explain that Metatron was allowed to sit because of his function as the Heavenly Scribe, writing down the deeds of Israel, just as Thoth was the Egyptian scribe.
According to one school of thought Enoch was taken by God and transformed into Metatron, explaining the mysterious passage "Enoch walked with God; then he was no more, because God took him away (Genesis 5:24 NIV). However, this viewpoint is not shared by many Talmudic authorities.
There may be two Metatrons, one spelled with six letters, and one spelled with seven. The former may be the transformed Enoch, while the latter is the Primordial Metatron.
The Zohar calls Metatron "the Youth", identifies him as the angel that led the people of Israel through the wilderness after their exodus from Egypt, and describes him as a heavenly priest.
Metatron is also mentioned in the Pseudepigrapha, most prominently in the Hebrew Book of Enoch (also called Third Enoch), in which his grand title, "the lesser YHVH" resurfaces. According to Johann Eisenmenger, Metatron transmits the daily orders of God to the angels Gabriel and Samuel. Metatron is often identified as being the twin brother to Sandalphon, who is said to have been the prophet Elijah.
This complex Sacred Geometry structure called Metatron's Cube, is derived from the ancient structure of the Flower of Life. It is named after the Archangel Metatron. Check out Metatron's Cube Pendants and Fine Jewelry, and Flower of Life Pendants. Learn more about Metatron's Cube.
Metatron's Cube is a two-dimensional geometric figure created from 13 equal circles with lines from the center of each circle extending out to the centers of the other 12 circles. Six circles are placed in a hexagonal pattern around a central circle, with six more extending out along the same radial lines.
Metatron's Cube shares 2-D resonance with the Flower of Life. It is a sacred geometry figure. Its name makes reference to Metatron, an angel mentioned in apocryphal texts including the Second Book of Enoch and the Book of the Palaces.
These texts rank Metatron second only to YHVH in the hierarchy of spiritual beings. The derivation of Metatron's cube from the tree of life, which the Talmud clearly states was excluded from human experience during the exile from Eden, has led some scholars (including Johann Andreas Eisenmenger) to portray Metatron as the means by which humanity was given knowledge of YHVH; presumably implying that study of Metatron's cube would be necessary to understanding the tree of life.
The pattern delineated by many of the lines can be created by orthographic projections of the first three Platonic solids. Specifically, the line pattern includes projections of a double tetrahedron (aka stellated octahedron), a cube within a cube (a three dimensional projection of a tesseract), and an octahedron. Although the image below shows the dodecahedron and the icosahedron fitting the pattern of Metatron's Cube, the vertices of those shapes do not coincide with the centers of the 13 circles (the icosahedron projection in the image below is false).
The Flower of Life has thirteen circles. If each circle's center is considered a "node", and each node is connected to each other node with a single line, a total of seventy-eight lines are created. Within this cube, many other shapes can be found, including two-dimensionally flattened versions of the five platonic solids. In early Kabbalist scriptures, Metatron supposedly forms the cube from his soul.
This Cube can later be seen in Christian art, where it appears on his chest or floating behind him. Metatron's cube is also considered a holy glyph, and was often drawn around an object or person to ward off demons and satanic powers.
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Vitamin C boosts the immune system which helps to avoid additional irritation, inflammation and potential infection of acne which can make a scar drastically worse.
Vitamin C has a great ability to speed up healing time which is highly effective at clearing up acne, fading scars, reducing redness and promote collagen production. It also helps to lighten pigmentation, even out your skin tone, reducing the size and appearance of scarring overall.
Vitamin C also has a clever way of mopping up excess stress hormones which means if you’re struggling to control your acne due to high-stress levels, then vitamin C could be your key to clearer skin.
Vitamin C helps to reduce skin and acne pigmentation by slowing down melanin production thus help in skin lightening. Lesser the melanin pigments your body produces, the lighter your skin will be. It can lighten skin by counteracting the darkening effect of the skin by forming a barrier on the skin and providing protection against harmful UVA and UV B rays. It exfoliates the skin and helps in removing a buildup of dead skin cells which are darker exposing the lighter and brighter skin cells below.
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As long as we are able to stay together, win together, or fall together...... It would be the best ending, for me.
M4A1 is a character from the Tactical SRPG ES game Girls' Frontline and its derivatives, developed by MicaTeam and published by Digital Sky.
M4 carbine is the shortened version of the M16 assault rifle developed by Eugene Stoner. It is employed by militaries and police forces worldwide.
The design of M4 carbine traces back to the early carbine versions of M16 and the XM117, both derivatives of the CAR-15(which has disputed meanings, and commonly refers to the many carbine versions of the Colt AR-15, however, technically, this only stands for the CAR-15 weapons system by Colt in the 1960s) by Eugene Stoner. Employing the same gas block, air-cooled barrel and a rotating bolt, as well as a box magazine and a selective fire function, the M4 has its barrel shortened to 368.3mm, making it lighter and shorter than the M16, enabling the shooter to acquire the target faster in close-range combat. The M4 and the M16 have 80% of their parts exchangeable.
The M4A1 has a thicker, heavier barrel. However it was found that the barrel had a tendency to overheat easily, with the handguard reaching temperatures unsuitable for contact by hand after only 6 magazines are expended while on full-auto. The aluminum insulation layer and the handguard was subsequently thickened. The first version of the M4 provided to the US army had only a semi-auto and a 3-round burst mode, and was changed to a semi-/full-auto after special forces expressed their dislike of the limiting mechanism of the M4. Both the M4 and the M4A1 employ the 5.56mm SS109 (M855) NATO round (with the US army using the improved M855A1, and the marines using the Mk318), and uses the gas-operated rotating bolt action found on the M16.
The handguard of the M4 is rather short, with a 368.3mm barrel, around 140mm shorter than that of the M16A2. It uses a telescopic stock, with the extended position supporting aimed firing, and the retracted position supporting hip-firing. The sling is attached to the sides of the M4, unlike that of the M16A2/A4, which is attached to the underside of the weapon, making it easier for patrolling soldiers to ready their weapon.
The M4 has 2 types of sights available. Optical sights are mainly used in the daytime, designed to replace the mechanical sights found on the M16A2, with the reticle being a red chevron pointing to the bullet's impact point at a set distance. Thermal sights on the other hand uses the heat signature of the targets to acquire the target. In addition to these, a calibration device is also developed for the M4, making calibration of the weapon itself or its attachments possible without firing.
Firepower concentration T Increases damage by 40% (70%), lasts for 9 (10) seconds.
Initial cooldown at 4 seconds, with interval at 20 (16) seconds.
Others (Only) Reward for finishing 2-6 for the first time.
M4A1 is the actual commanding element of the AR squad, with a sensitive, shy personality, a peculiarity unsuitable for a leader. In fact, M4A1 has a soft and a hard side, which she attempts to overcome the sway to become an adequate leader. She is also both the student and a friend seriously? of M16, willing to take care of her team and constantly worries about their safety. "How long will it take, to become the "me" in my heart......" This line is indeed a realistic snapshot of her inside.
If observed carefully, the right little finger of M4A1 is removed to directly connect to the weapon--which is not found on any other T-doll model. The prosthetic arm has a number of variations, to meet the needs of everyday life.
Also worth noting is that, the M4/M4A1 in reality uses the STANAG 4179 30-round magazine more often, while the M4A1 in-game uses a 20-round magazine (with an initial ammo requirement of 20 as well).
AR-15 is the first T-doll and the first friend she met after she was waken.
M4A1 attempted to trade herself for the release of AR-15 captured by Hunter in 3-6 "Hunting prohibited", but AR-15 modified Sangvis Ferri orders from the inside, causing confusion, taking out Hunter in the process.
She found the trail of AR-15 in Episode 6, and went to search with SOP, but was ambushed by AR-15, and was taken after SOP was knocked out. She was found later by M16 and SOP.
Calls M16 "M16 sister", highly trusting her.
Found by M16 and woken by her in 6-6 "Late goodbye".
Suspected to be jealous of SOP II sticking around the commander in Episode 3.
Aided by SOP II in the Emergency part of Episode 4.
According to her creator, SOP II was originally intended to like M4 very much and stick around her at the same time.
The update on 13 January, 2017, the one that implemented Operation "Arctic" brought about a complete overhaul of all AR squad members.
The skill of M4A1, as a result, was changed from "Cover interference"(Lowers the dodge of the current target by 60% for 8 seconds) to "Firepower concentration T", with the effect blocks changing from the AR-effective Keypad 1 to the still AR-effective version.
One of the 4 characters who first received a major overhaul in the game. Told you it is the AR squad.
Compared to self-conscious Sangvis Ferri units, Grifon T-dolls basically have no tactical capabilities, only able to follow orders or generate responses to basic training data (autobattle templates). However, as an officially designated protagonist, M4A1 from the AR squad (of course with RO635) has her own commanding authority and a commanding module (with authorities identical to human commanders), capable of commanding Grifon T-dolls on a tactical level.
M4A1 pushes the plot forward as a main character Passer-by.
From the relentless chase by Sangvis Ferri at the beginning, to AR-15 being asked by the Mastermind who she is, even though M4A1 continuously stated that she was unable to answer, the lines implied that AR-15 and the Mastermind were dire to solve this problem.
AR-15 was not happy to have a new companion judging from the memory segments about the creation of M4A1 from M4A1 herself and AR-15. Because she was boss from her creation?
To that Persica repeatedly emphasized that M4A1 was special, and proposed that Grifon should not put M4A1 on dangerous battlefields.
Her safety directly involves the rest of her squad, and even the 404 squad.
And to the obvious difference of M4A1's attitude and affection towards the commander from those of other T-dolls?
As the plot device pushing the story forward for the time being, M4A1, given so much, could not be just another 16LAB T-doll.
As to the secrets hidden on her, we might as well wait for the official explanation.
What if……M4A1 was a human cyborg......?
You shouldn't even mention them, Sangvis Ferri scum.
Mounted with a special command module and with special commanding authorities, leading the AR squad, designated as #1 target by Sangvis Ferri when she herself didn't know why. Please, cherish her, as she was but just a soft, weak and a hardline girl surviving in a fight with Sangvis Ferri.
Commander, here's the combat plan for today. I still fully believe your judgements, and welcome victory for everybody!
↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Characters labeled "EXTRA" are the results of various collaboration efforts and are not directly based on actual firearms.
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Which decreases the risk of developing ovarian cancer: BRCA 1 positivity, family history, breast-feeding, or nulliparity?
Breast feeding. All others increase the risk of ovarian cancer.
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0.999667 |
There is a world with flora and fauna based on the life forms that evolved on Gondwana (see here for previous questions). Humans colonized this continent from a distant one some thousands of years ago, before the advent of agriculture (similar to human colonization of Australia) and caused the extinction of most of the large mammals. The remaining megafauna has a few species such as elephants and giant sloths, but is heavily weighted towards birds and reptiles.
Now humans have developed agriculture in primarily tropical areas. I am using as a basis for development the actual human development of agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa. One of the biggest things that held back African agriculture was the lack of traction animals, to provide both plowing and manure. My people have a similar problem; there are no animals that they can domesticate to plow. However, the important part isn't the plowing itself (enough people with hoes can replicate that work) but the manure those animals create. Without the ability to fertilize monsoonal tropical soils, they become leached of nutrients. In Indian and SE Asia, water buffalo were around to chew up local vegetation and poop it onto fields; in Africa water buffalo were excluded by tsetse fly, fields lost fertility, and agriculture had to slash and burn rotating fields in the forest...a much less efficient proposition.
I want to replicate the manure creating effect of large domesticated animals like cows and water buffalo for a tropical region where there are no domesticated large animals.
The obvious answer might be composting; but composting has its own problems. First, compost takes at least a year, while cow's stomach takes a few days. Second, composting means lots of human labor to move things into a pile, then spread them out onto the fields. Cows move food into their stomachs then carry it into their stalls to deposit in piles; they also are used to drag the piles of manure out into the fields to spread them out.
What is the least human labor intensive way to generate tons of manure/compost to continually fertilize a tropical farm?
Technology level is Bronze Age.
You may assume any non-mammal, non-megafauna life form from Gondwana (South America, Africa, and Australia) is present.
In a tropical civilization with no domesticated animals, bat dung may be your best option. Bats tend to naturally gather in large numbers and can create huge piles of waste beneath their nesting spots. Your colonists could locate a nearby cave home to many bats and simply fill wheelbarrows full of the guano. Guano is a great fertilizer and is still used today for that purpose. Another benefit is that this source doesn't move around. Your people can go back to the same cave month after month for more manure.
On a side note, bats are excellent at bug population control. This can help your plant growth by minimizing harmful insect populations in your area.
Other animals, besides livestock, also produce good manure, with different qualities. Now, not all manures are created equal; they differ in composition, volume, and production rate. If we define one "animal unit" as 1,000 pounds of animal, then one dairy cow unit produces 15 tons of manure per year, while one chicken unit produces only a little bit less than that. So in terms of animal mass alone, chickens are as good as cows.
There are also some compositional differences. Cows can, under good conditions, produce up to 17 lbs of nitrogen per ton, and 11 lbs of phosphorous per ton. Poultry can beat that by a lot - 32 lbs per ton and 56 lbs per ton, respectively. Not all of the nitrogen and phosphorus in the dung is usable, but that's fine - chickens still beat out cows by a lot.
Per animal, yes, chickens come nowhere near cows. But that's fine; chickens don't eat as much as cows. And besides, that's pretty much your only option for non-human-based manure.
Also, chickens have other uses - and when selecting an animal for manure, that's something you want to take into account. With chickens, you get . . .
Meat - in this case white meat - which is good if you want some protein but obviously don't have beef available.
A form of pest control, in some cases.
An animal that might be loud, but at the least won't trample crops in the same way that a cow could.
The earthworms native to Europe are phenomenal recyclers of plant detritus. For agriculture they are an unalloyed boon. For forests, not so much. You can read about how well invasive earthworm populations recycle plant matter in accounts of ecosystems accustomed to accumulations of that plant matter - for example North American hardwood and boreal forests (which have been wormless since the glaciers).
Your worms can chew up plant matter and mix it into the soil in worm fashion. That is sort of prosaic; gets the job done I suppose. But you can do better. You want Gondwana worms. You can have giant earthworms.
Tasking the Gippsland giant earthworm to do the job of the nightcrawler does not seem like such a stretch. And you can giant them up a little more - I think for works of fiction a 50% size increase is acceptable, with rumors of occasional rarely seen "lunker worms" that get much, much bigger.
I have read that on a quiet day, one can hear the Gippsland giant worms down in their burrows. Doing worm things.
No draft animals. Ug. Seriously subsistent agriculture if done conventionally.
Thinking outside of the box, you need to slow down the leaching of the soil.
Terra preta https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_preta soil with bone, manure and charcoal. The charcoal binds nutrients.
Low till. Farmers are now getting into this in the first world. This year's crops are in part fertilized by the decomposition of last years.
Mulching. You bring masses of vegetation from the surrounding forest and use as weed control between rows. As they decompose their nutrints can be taken up by the crop. This is easier than compost in that it only has to be moved once, although if the distance is long,it may be worth harvesting, drying, then moving. It takes more skill because you don't want to bring in weed seeds. This requires some management of the zone you take the vegetation from.
Fowl ranching. You would domesticate some local bird, breed it for meat/egg production, and keep clipping it's wings. If you use a decent sized bird (muscovy duck, goose) they are big enough to deal with coyote sized predators. By moving bird fencing across the field, you can do some kinds of weed control, while keeping them out of crops that you both like. Portable bird fencing could be as simple as wooden panels with either lath or twine fill in. A more intensive way to do this is a "Chicken Tractor" which is a light weight portable pen on skids with a hutch. Each day you move it one pen length.
Guard birds. It may be possible to breed a bird to stand guard. Be best to start with one of the smarter social birds, say ravens.
Riding birds. Ostriches can be raced. They are harder to manage than horses.
Agroforestry/permaculture. Look to trees, bushes and perennials for much of your food. For an overview see Mark Sheperd "Restoration Agriculture" He is a north American temperate zone (Wisconsin) writer and farmer. A huge fraction of his system's calories come from chestnuts. But also look at the use of the olive in the mediterranean region. If the area is too dry normally for trees, do keyline ditches -- This is a a narrow ditch about a foot deep that can either run exactly along the contour, or if you want to collect surplus water in a given valley, with a very gentle slope toward that valley. Rainfall events get caught by the ditch and have more time to soak in. The volume of the ditch depends on the size of rainfall events, and the distance to the next ditch up hill. High water demand crops, such as trees, are planted downhill from the ditch.
Aquaculture. This depends on the relative amount of rain. In general I don't think it will work with less than about 20 inches of rain a year. More significantly, you have to be able to collect more runoff than evaporates. In my climate with 16-20 inches of rain a year, we can count on about 1" of runoff each year. (3" is normal 1" in 95% of all years. Evaporation from dugouts is 3-4 feet a year. A 15 foot deep pond can overwinter fish. For long term water quality, you need at least as much drainage as you have evaporation, else you get salts. Drainage can be used for irrigation.
Build dams across dips. Run contour line irrigation ditches from the reservoir.
A long dip can have a chain of dams, with the leakage of each dam keeping the lower ones full. Lower dams have more consistent water levels but also have more leachate.
Night soil has been a traditional component of farming worldwide for as long as records exist.
Using human faeces as fertiliser does have downsides, of course. If the people moving the stuff aren't scrupulous about hygiene, they will pick up and pass on any diseases or parasites in the faeces. There is also a risk of these diseases being passed on in vegetables, although this should be fairly low. And in areas with toxins in the water, this can lead to concentration of those toxins in the farmland.
Still, awareness of all those downsides requires a level of biology which is well past Bronze Age people, so it's unlikely to stop them.
The ancient Egyptians managed perfectly well without any extra fertilisers. They relied on the Nile flooding to dump fresh soil every year, which would be a nice mix of alluvial silt and the decomposing remains of plants and animal faeces washed downstream. Eventually they invented irrigation to develop more agricultural land, but initially they would simply wait for the land to flood and then wait for the flood to drain away.
While the other answers are good, I think you should consider taking another look at a few things.
Here are some facts from the USDA. The takeaway is that primary composting can finish much more rapidly than a year, and the application of younger compost during the off-season can allow the aging process to finish in the field. The process is also quicker with frequent turning and larger piles. Smaller piles will still compost, and with less labor, but take longer (as they produce less heat).
Assuming you can get the nutrients you need into the soil, you need to keep them there. Fields shouldn't be left fallow, but sown with cover crops that will keep the nutrients in the soil, reduce erosion, and, if the crop is a legume, pull nitrogen from the air. When it's time for planting, the cover crop can be composted.
Don't shy away from the obvious.
Organic waste be it fruits , dead animals or the like put it/them inside a basket(ofc as big as you need) throw in some worms let them digest everything pop out your fertilizer on the other end (and bones if you threw in dead animals).
Alternatively you can use insects that won't damage your crops, for example cockroaches have a reduced life cycle that could be acceptable.
If everything fails and you don't mind a bit of imagination throw in a fungus that devours anything and dies in contact with sunlight and use it to "digest" the organic waste like in the first idea.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged biology earth-like agriculture or ask your own question.
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Animal Crossing: City Folk (街へ行こうよ どうぶつの森, Machi e ikō yo: Dōbutsu no mori, lit. Animal Forest: Let's Go to The City), known as Animal Crossing: Let's Go To The City in PAL regions, is Nintendo's Wii installment in the Animal Crossing series. Nintendo released the game on November 16, 2008 in North America. In Japan, Europe, and Australia the game was released on November 20, 2008, December 5, 2008, and December 4, 2008, respectively. The title boasts a variety of changes and additions to the Animal Crossing formula, including the ability to travel to the City.
Like most Wii games, City Folk originally had an MSRP of $49.99, but was later dropped to $19.99 when it was re-released with the first Nintendo Select titles in 2011. Some editions of City Folk were bundled with the Wii Speak peripheral, but this stopped after the product's discontinuation. These editions of City Folk originally had an MSRP of $69.99, but was later dropped to $34.99-$49.99.
City Folk took advantage of the WiiConnect24 functionality of the Wii console allowing players to connect to the internet for special features when they are not playing. City Folk also makes use of a new feature with Wii Speak, allowing players to talk to each other when visiting other towns. City Folk also introduced a new way to switch between inventory items using the d-pad along with, for a first time in the series, being able to look up at the sky by pressing "Up" on the d-pad. Additionally, silver items can be found, along with the golden and original versions.
The newest incarnation of the Animal Crossing series features a newly accessible location called the City. The City houses most of the characters that, in previous games, were considered special visitors. These include Gracie the Giraffe, Redd the Fox and Harriet the Poodle, among other characters such as Dr. Shrunk and Lyle. The City is accessible via Kapp'n's bus and is open all hours of the day. Most of the shops close at 9 PM daily, with the exception of Redd's Store and The Resetti Surveillance Center. The City also introduces new characters such as Phineas and Kicks, into the franchise.
The player has two options when they move in: to start new or transfer their character from Animal Crossing: Wild World. This only moves over the character and their appearance; any other data, including their house, progress, and items from Wild World, are not carried over.
This version of the Animal Crossing series featured Wi-Fi capabilites, which was earlier implemented in the previous game, Wild World. This feature gave the player access to other towns, enabled them to communicate with friends' towns with letters, and also provided players with special items sent from time to time from Nintendo, many of which reference some of the company's best-selling games. It also allowed players to experience the Mysterious Cat, an event that enabled a visit from Blanca.
On May 20, 2014, Nintendo shut down the Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection service, ending the Wi-Fi capabilities found in City Folk.
The conception of Animal Crossing: City Folk began during the process of producing Animal Crossing: Wild World and was confirmed that an Animal Crossing title for the Wii, then codenamed Revolution, was in development. Katsuya Eguchi, the producer of both titles, suggested that the two titles may be able to link up to one another at E3 2005. In 2006, Eguchi confirmed that City Folk was still just a concept and very little work had been completed. His time was being consumed by research and development of the Wii console. The Animal Crossing team explored ways to involve the Wii Remote. They planned to allow players to use tools, such as the axe, shovel, and fishing rod. They also explored the use of WiiConnect24 in the hopes that a player could visit a friend's town even when he or she was not playing. The friend could then leave letters or gifts. Additionally, they planned to use Wi-Fi Connection to allow simultaneous play. At this point in time, however, the title was still not playable.
In early 2007, Nintendo of Japan unveiled its video game lineup for the coming year; it included "Doubutsu no Mori". Having finished the Mii Channel for Wii, Animal Crossing: Wild World director Hisashi Nogami joined the Animal Crossing team once more. Later that year, Edge Magazine reported that a trusted source confirmed that City Folk would be a massively multiplayer online game. The publication declined to name the source. Nintendo failed to release the title in 2007. Online publication IGN Wii predicted that the title would arrive in 2008.
At E3 2008, Reggie Fils-Aime unveiled the title in playable form under the name Animal Crossing: City Folk. It was released in November 2008.
Initial editorial previews of the title from IGN and GameSpy indicate that, as with the title's predecessor, Animal Crossing: Wild World, "Nintendo has made very few changes to the title and that people, who played all the past Animal Crossing games, will not find much in City Folk, although the game was still fun and might appeal to newcomers." IGN gave City Folk a 7.5/10 rating. GameSpot gave a positive preview of the title, noting the charm of the game, but gave the game a 7.5/10 rating.
For this subject's image gallery, see Animal Crossing: City Folk/Gallery.
A player witnessing a Balloon fly by.
City Folk is the first Animal Crossing title to be released in another country before Japan.
↑ Animal Crossing: City Folk. Gamespot. Accessed 7-25-08.
↑ Casamassina, Matt (5-19-2005). E3 2005: Animal Crossing Revolution. IGN Wii. Accessed on 7-22-2008.
↑ Harris, Craig (3-24-2006). GDC 06: Chat with Eguchi. IGN Wii. Accessed 7-22-08.
↑ Casamassina, Matt (5-18-2006). Interview: Wii Sports. IGN Wii. Accessed 7-22-08.
↑ Casamassina, Matt (2-22-07). Nintendo Lists Major Wii Games for 2007. IGN Wii. Accessed 7-22-08.
↑ Casamassina, Matt (7-12-07). E3 2007: Animal Crossing Update. IGN Wii. Accessed 7-22-08.
↑ Casamassina, Matt (10-24-07). Rumor: MMO Animal Crossing. IGN Wii. Accessed 7-22-08.
↑ DeVries, Jack (7-15-08). E3 2008: Animal Crossing Coming to Wii. IGN Wii. Accessed 7-22-08.
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Tembo katika mapambo ya Lahore Fort huko Pakistan ni dalili ya athari ya Uhindu juu ya mfalme Mwislamu Akbar.
Sinkretisimo (kwa Kiingereza Syncretism kutoka neno la Kilatini syncretismus lililotegemea lile la Kigiriki συγκρητισμός, synkretismos, yaani "shirikisho la Krete") ni tabia ya kuchanganya falsafa au dini tofauti.
Katika mazingira ya Afrika kusini kwa Sahara, mara nyingi imani na desturi za dini za jadi zinajitokeza katika maisha ya Mkristo au Mwislamu, hata kinyume cha misingi au maadili ya dini hizo.
Pengine sinkretisimo inafuatwa kwa makusudi mazima ili kurahisisha ushirikiano wa watu tofauti.
↑ The Oxford English Dictionary first attests the word syncretism in English in 1618.
↑ Erasmus probably coined the modern usage of the Latin word in his Adagia ("Adages"), published in the winter of 1517–1518, to designate the coherence of dissenters in spite of their differences in theological opinions. In a letter to Melanchthon of April 22, 1519, Erasmus specifically adduced the Cretans of Plutarch as an example of his adage "Concord is a mighty rampart".
↑ The Greek word occurs in Plutarch's (1st century AD) essay on "Fraternal Love" in his Moralia (2.490b). He cites the example of the Cretans, who compromised and reconciled their differences and came together in alliance when faced with external dangers. "And that is their so-called Syncretism [Union of Cretans]".
Cotter, John (1990). The New Age and Syncretism, in the World and in the Church. Long Prairie, Minn.: Neumann Press. 38 p. N.B.: The approach to the issue is from a Roman Catholic position. ISBN 0-911845-20-8Script error: No such module "check isxn".
Je, unajua kitu kuhusu Sinkretisimo kama historia yake au uenezi wake?
Ukurasa huu umebadilishwa kwa mara ya mwisho tarehe 20 Oktoba 2017, saa 12:26.
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0.978819 |
How can I plot a sphere that is segmented into az-el angles?
I want to plot a sphere with r=1 that is divided into element of 10 degree in azimuth and elevation angle.
There's also the related sph2cart for converting azimuth, elevation and radius to x,y,z.
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0.958606 |
Can someone explain the differences in which TIMES calculates activity cost (for example, fuel costs) in perfect foresight vs. time-stepped approaches?
I have a model which needs to make a vehicle investment, lifetime is 15 years. I understand in perfect foresight approach, it can calculate the 15 years of discounted fuel cost at the beginning of investment and annualize it (please correct me if I am wrong). How does it work in time-stepped approach? Suppose if I give a time step of 1 year, how does it calculate fuel cost? Will it just calculate every year as it decides?
I don't think there should be any difference in calculating activity cost (for example, fuel costs), between the perfect foresight vs. time-stepped approaches. In both cases, the activity costs are calculated by multiplying the activity levels (VAR_ACT, VAR_FLO) by the activity costs (ACT_COST, FLO_COST, FLO_DELIV).
If you see a difference in these calculations, maybe you could you provide some example demonstrating it?
Thanks for the reply, Antti! Sorry for not getting back to it immediately. I was trying to figure out the model runs without complicating too much.
I have kind of a unique problem in running the TIMES model. I am trying to integrate another model approach in the framework, mainly, in the form of additional costs or "investment tax". One component of this cost needs to be calculated endogenously based on NCAP values every year, i.e. it will look at the NCAP values of year (t-1), and calculate the tax of the year t.
And for this, it makes sense to run the model in a time-stepped fashion. The problem I have is, right now, I am calculating these costs outside of the model, and iterating back and forth to solve it. But, doing that way it optimizes the "whole system" together (i.e. all the timeperiods together), so I am not able to arrive at the desired solution.
Ideally, I would want to run the TIMES model in the myopic model, and it would calculate this particular cost endogenously based on previous year's output. Any ideas how this could be done?
Ok, I may be starting to understand the question.
If your investment tax in period t+1 is a linear function of the NCAP values in period t, you can use a dynamic user constraint between t and t+1, bounding a flow in period t+1 according to the NCAP in period t, and set a tax on that flow. Then you can indeed use time-stepped solution with single period steps and a zero overlap to make the model myopic to these delayed taxes. However, be aware that the model is extremely myopic when using non-overlapping time-steps like this.
Moreover, as the model is myopic to the taxes, the taxes have no impact on the investment decisions. Therefore, you could equally well leave them out of the model and calculate them exogenously, as the solution would be the same both ways. But maybe I am still misunderstanding the question?
Thanks Antti! I think your suggestion on the dynamic user constraint might work very well!
Actually, I tried giving the costs exogenously, but it's still not capturing the dynamics of NCAP vs. Cost issue in the model. The tax does have an impact on the investment decisions. This feels like an ETL representation issue for the technology (the model is too big to do that now).
I will try the dynamic user constraint and see how it works. Thanks again!
The 'function' I have is a non-linear one, but let's assume that I can approximate to a linear one.
a) Is there a way to generalize this equation for all the timeperiods? I have so far explicitly specified the model constraints and values for each year/timeperiod based on back-end calculations. I will not know the NCAP values for the timeperiods prior to running, so it makes sense to generalize the equation.
b) I need to calculate the NCAP_ITAX dynamically with previous year's VAR_NCAP values. How can I include a function that takes NCAP values to arrive at new ITAX values?
As you can see, this is becoming similar to ETL problem. Is there a simple way to implement this?
Also, can you please given the equation equivalent of your description "you can use a dynamic user constraint between t and t+1, bounding a flow in period t+1 according to the NCAP in period t, and set a tax on that flow." That could help me visualize.
That would seem more difficult. As you can see from my previous post, I was talking about VAR_FLO(t) = Function(VAR_NCAP(t-1)), and then setting a tax on the flow. I did not mention NCAP_ITAX at all.
Kalai Wrote: Is there a way to generalize this equation for all the timeperiods?
I am not sure how to do it with NCAP_ITAX (maybe you would need a dummy process for that). But with the flow approach I mentioned, sure: user constraints are normally generated for all timeperiods. See the documentation for details about user constraints.
Kalai Wrote: How can I include a function that takes NCAP values to arrive at new ITAX values?
Again, I don't know, as did not mention ITAX myself at all. But for the flow approach, you can easily define a linear function F such that FLOW(t)=F(NCAP(t-1)) by using the UC facility.
Kalai Wrote: Can you please given the equation equivalent of your description "you can use a dynamic user constraint between t and t+1..."
Hmm... does not FLOW(t)=F(NCAP(t-1)) qualify for you as an equation equivalent?
Thanks for the help, Antti. I will look into the FLO variable and see if it can be implemented for what I am looking for.
Current time: 24-04-2019, 08:08 AM Powered By KANORS-EMR.
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Food allergies account for about 10% of all the allergies seen in dogs and cats. It is the third most common cause after flea bite allergies Flea Allergy and Atopy Allergies & Atopy(inhalant allergies). With the advent of lamb and rice diets many people feel that they are preventing or treating food allergies. The fact is that nothing could be farther from the truth.
There is a distinction that needs to be made between food allergies and food intolerances. Food allergies are true allergies and show the characteristic symptoms of itching and skin problems associated with canine and feline allergies. Food intolerances can result in diarrhea or vomiting and do not create a typical allergic response. Food intolerances in pets would be similar to people that get diarrhea or an upset stomach from eating spicy or fried foods. Fortunately, both food intolerances and allergies can be eliminated with a diet free from offending agents.
Several studies have shown that some ingredients are more likely to cause food allergies than others. In order of the most common offenders in dogs are beef, dairy products, chicken, wheat, chicken eggs, corn, and soy. As you may have noticed, the most common offenders are the most common ingredients in dog foods. This correlation is not a coincidence. While some proteins might be slightly more antigenic than others, many proteins are similar in form and the incidence of allergic reactions are probably associated with the amount of exposure. For example, pet foods have historically been made up of beef, chicken, corn, and wheat. In an effort to combat food allergies, several companies produced a diet made of lamb and rice. There was nothing special about lamb and rice diets except those two ingredients were normally not present in pet foods. Animals had not eaten lamb or rice before, and therefore, had not developed an allergy to it yet. If the main ingredients in pet food become lamb and rice, then it would stand to reason that the most common problem foods could become lamb and rice. The determinant of whether a food is likely to cause a food allergy or not is based on the structure and size of the glycoprotein in the food. In addition, many lamb and rice-based foods contain many other ingredients, and if the animal has a food allergy to any of them, this lamb and rice food will do nothing to treat the food allergy. In addition, while many people criticized and blamed preservatives and flavorings as a source of food allergies, studies have shown that they are not the causes, and while we may not have justifiable health concerns about preservatives, food allergies is not one of them.
allergies may have 3 or more per day.
It is difficult to distinguish an animal suffering from food allergies from an animal suffering from atopy or other allergies based on physical signs. However, there are a few signs that always make me suspect food allergies. One of these, is a dog with recurrent ear problems, particularly yeast infections. Another, is a very young dog with moderate or severe skin problems. A third tip off, is if a dog suffers from allergies year-round or if the symptoms begin in the winter. And the final clue, is a dog that has very itchy skin but does not respond to antihistamines or steroid treatment.
Food trial consists of feeding a dog a novel food source of protein and carbohydrate for 12 weeks.
Veterinarians used to recommend that a pet only needed to be placed on a special diet for 3 weeks, but new studies show that in dogs, only 26% of those with food allergies responded by day 21. However, the vast majority of pets responded by 12 weeks. Therefore, it is very important to keep the pet on the diet for the entire 12 weeks. If the dog shows a marked reduction or elimination of the symptoms, then the animal is placed back on the original food. This is called 'provocative testing' and is essential to confirm the diagnosis. If the symptoms return after going back on the original diet, the diagnosis of a food allergy is confirmed. If there has been no change in symptoms but a food allergy is still strongly suspected, then another food trial using a different novel food source could be tried.
A food trial consists of feeding an animal a novel food source of protein and carbohydrate for 12 weeks. A novel food source would be a protein and carbohydrate that the animal had never eaten before. An example would be rabbit and rice, or venison and potato, or duck and rutabagas. These are homemade diets but there are several commercial diets available on the market. Special Foods produced by Hill's and Purina, and a food named EXclude are used by many dermatologists. Regardless of the diet used, it must be the only thing the animal eats for 12 weeks. This means no treats; absolutely nothing but the special food and water. Young growing pets have special dietary needs and a homemade diet that only contains one protein and one carbohydrate with no multivitamin or fatty acid may not be suitable even for only twelve weeks. For puppies undergoing a food trial, a balanced commercial diet like the ones listed above is recommended.
We must reiterate that placing a dog on a commercial lamb and rice formula dog food is not an acceptable way to diagnose or treat food allergies. Lamb and rice are no longer considered novel food sources and most commercial lamb and rice diets also contain wheat, egg, corn, or other ingredients that can be the cause of the food allergy. Despite the implication by dog food companies to the contrary, these foods do not prevent food allergies nor are they considered adequate for diagnosis. While these diets may provide adequate nutrition, they are not a substitute for a true, novel protein source diet.
Many owners and veterinarians attempt to look to other tests to diagnose food allergies. Blood tests such as the RAST test or the ELISA test can be performed to screen for food allergies. In addition, intradermal skin testing could also be performed. Despite the fact that these tests are routinely performed and used as a diagnostic aid, there is no evidence that blood tests are accurate for the diagnosis of food allergies. Veterinary dermatologists insist that there is no merit in these tests whatsoever in the diagnosis of food allergies.
The only way to accurately diagnose food allergies is with a food trial as detailed above. While the intradermal skin testing is excellent for diagnosing atopy (inhalant allergies) it is ineffective for food allergies. While the ELISA and to a lesser extent the RAST test can be used to help in the diagnosis of atopy, they have no benefit in diagnosing food allergies.
allergies is with a food trial.
In our review of all the current books and articles on veterinary dermatology and allergies, we could not find a single dermatologist that endorsed anything other than the food trial as an effective diagnostic aid. If you want to diagnose and treat food allergies you must do a food trial.
Once we determine a positive diagnosis, then the treatment is very straightforward. The owner of the animal has two choices. They can choose to feed the animal a special commercially prepared diet or a homemade diet.
If the owner chooses to feed the homemade diet, then they can periodically challenge the pet with new ingredients and determine which ingredients are causing the food allergy. For example, if the animal's symptoms subsided on a diet of rabbit and potatoes, then the owner could add beef to the diet for two weeks. If the animal showed no symptoms, then they could then add chicken for two weeks. If the animal began to show symptoms, then it could be assumed that chicken was one of the things the pet was allergic to. The chicken could be withdrawn and after the symptoms cleared up, a different ingredient could be added and so on until all of the offending ingredients were identified. A diet could then be formulated that was free of the offending food sources.
If homemade diets are used, it is essential that they be balanced, with correct amount of ingredients, vitamins, and minerals.
Elimination diets and provocative testing: A food trial consists of feeding an animal a novel food source of protein and carbohydrate for 12 weeks. A novel food source would be a protein and carbohydrate that the animal had never eaten before. An example would be rabbit and rice, or venison and potato, or duck and rutabagas. These are homemade diets but there are several commercial diets available on the market. Special Foods produced by Hill's and Purina, and a food named EXclude are used by many dermatologists. Regardless of the diet used, it must be the only thing the animal eats for 12 weeks. This means no treats; absolutely nothing but the special food and water. Young growing pets have special dietary needs and a homemade diet that only contains one protein and one carbohydrate with no multivitamin or fatty acid may not be suitable even for only twelve weeks. For puppies undergoing a food trial, a balanced commercial diet like the ones listed above is recommended.We must reiterate that placing a dog on a commercial lamb and rice formula dog food is not an acceptable way to diagnose or treat food allergies. Lamb and rice are no longer considered novel food sources and most commercial lamb and rice diets also contain wheat, egg, corn, or other ingredients that can be the cause of the food allergy. Despite the implication by dog food companies to the contrary, these foods do not prevent food allergies nor are they considered adequate for diagnosis. While these diets may provide adequate nutrition, they are not a substitute for a true, novel protein source diet.
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Combine sliced steak and marinade in a zip lock plastic bag or glass dish. Marinate in refrigerator 30 minutes. Lift meat from marinade and drain. Discard marinade.
Meanwhile, mix cornstarch and Swanson's Oriental Broth together in a small bowl. Set aside.
Heat 1 teaspoon sesame oil in a large nonstick skillet over high heat. Add carrot, broccoli and onion; stir-fry 2 minutes or until vegetables are tender-crisp. Add snow peas, corn and water chestnuts; stir-fry 1 minutes. Remove vegetable mixture from pan; set aside.
Add drained marinated steak and saute for 2 minutes. Return vegetable mixture to pan and add Swanson's Oriental Broth and cornstarch mixture. Cook until mixture boils and thickens, stirring constantly. Serve over rice.
Per serving (Sodium value includes all 3 tablespoons of Kikkoman's Lite Teriyaki Sauce): Calories 348; Fat 11 gms; Saturated Fat 4.2 gms; Cholesterol 76 mgs; Sodium 641 mgs; Carbohydrate 27 gms; Dietary fiber 5.3 gms; Sugars 10 gms; Protein 35.4 gms. This recipe is 28% fat.
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Łódź Voivodeship (Polish: województwo łódzkie) is a province in central Poland, formed around the major city of Łódź.
Łódź Voivodeship is in the centre of Poland. The capital is Łódź, which is the third biggest city in Poland. In geographical terms, the Łódź region is located on the Central Polish Lowland, in proximity to the Świętokrzyskie Mountains.
The present-day Łódzkie is an amalgamation of cities and lands with very different history, brought together by their central location. It is a rather urbanized and industrialized region, even if the prevalent industries are the light ones, compared to the heavy industry in Silesia southwards from Łódzkie. As there is no major river flowing through Łódzkie, it benefitted greatly from the construction of railways that started in the 19th century, and there are many important railway nodes in the voivodeship. Moreover, Poland's two most important motorways, the North-South A1 and East-West A2, cross in Łódzkie, providing further boost to the development of logistic centres and business/industry parks.
Having said which, Łódzkie is also rich in pre-industrial historic and folk heritage, which can be evidenced in many of the smaller towns and villages across the voivodeship. There is a wealth of local cultures and traditions, simple but very tasty cuisine and stories involving big historic names such as Napoleon or numerous Russian Tsars. While off the map for most tourists, Łódzkie is far from flyover country.
In the early Middle Ages the Łódź region was part of Greater Poland which was the major part of Poland in the 10th century. However, the capital of Poland was moved from Gniezno to Kraków in 1040. When in 1138 the Seniorat of Poland was formed, what is now Łódź region was part of three different duchies: the south-eastern part of Greater Poland, Sieradz and Łęczyca. These three were soon reunited, and became part of the Kingdom of Poland in the beginning of the 14th century. Piotrków Trybunalski played an important role in Polish parliamentarism, as this was the place where the most Polish Sejms gathered since the 15th century.
After the Second Partition of Poland in 1793, most of its territory was annexed by Prussia, but became independent as part of the Duchy of Warsaw between 1807-1815. After the Congress of Vienna it became part of the Kingdom of Poland, ruled by the Russian Tsar. Łódź, often referred to as the Polish Manchester, emerged as a major industrial city in Central Europe in the early 19th century. After World War I Łódź region became part of the Second Polish Republic, but was occupied by Nazi-Germany between 1939 and 1944, when it was part of the German Generalgovernement. After World War II it again became part of Poland. Nowadays it is in the heart of the country.
There is no major dialect or accent of Polish notable within Łódzkie. Many inhabitants do not speak any foreign language, but if they do, English is your best bet among the younger generations and with most service sector employees. Despite being in the Russian sphere of influence for almost two centuries, you won't find many fluent Russian speakers - much more probably, some of the younger people you encounter will speak another Western European language besides English, like German or French, due to many international companies locating their subsidiaries and service centres in Łódzkie.
Łódź Władysław Reymont Airport (LCJ IATA) is a relatively small airport served by Ryanair, Wizzair and SAS, the latter offering connecting flights to most major airports in Europe via its hub in Copenhagen.
Warsaw's Frédéric Chopin Airport (WAW IATA) is only about 100 km away from Łódź.
Łódź Fabryczna is the terminal for trains that originated in Poland with Łódź as a stop. This station is centrally located and announcements are in Polish, English and German. It reopened in 2026 after reconstruction.
Łódź Kaliska is the more international train station that services riders from the Czech Republic and Germany.
The most important railway infrastructure points in the region are Koluszki (east from Łódź) and Kutno (north from Łódź, between Poznań and Warsaw).
Poland is planning an extensive network of highways, but until this project is completed the best advice is to check a map or an atlas.
Several completed and planned international highways that will pass through or by Łódź are listed below.
A - 1 from Scandinavia via Gdańsk, Toruń, Łódź, Częstochowa, Katowice to Balkans.
A - 2 from London via Brussels, Amsterdam, Berlin, Poznań, Łódź, Warsaw, Minsk to Moscow.
A - 8 from Paris via Strasbourg, Cologne, Dresden, Wrocław, Łódź, Warsaw, and from Geneva via Munich, Prague, Wrocław, Łódź, Warsaw.
This region travel guide to Łódzkie is an outline and may need more content. It has a template, but there is not enough information present. If there are Cities and Other destinations listed, they may not all be at usable status or there may not be a valid regional structure and a "Get in" section describing all of the typical ways to get here. Please plunge forward and help it grow!
This travel guide page was last edited at 12:46, on 16 January 2019 by Wikivoyage user Ground Zero. Based on work by Wikivoyage users RJFF, Traveler100bot, Zcarstvnz, AndreeBot, Inferno986return, Wrh2Bot, WOSlinker, Jjtkk and PrinceGloria and others.
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Green lacewings are insects in the large family Chrysopidae of the order Neuroptera. There about 85 genera and (differing between sources) 1,300-2,000 species in this widespread group. Members of the genera Chrysopa and Chrysoperla are very common in North America and Europe; they are very similar and many of their species have been moved from one genus to the other times and again, and in the non-scientific literature assignment to Chrysopa and Chrysoperla can rarely be relied upon. Since they are the most familiar neuropterids to many people, they are often simply called "lacewings". But actually most of the diversity of Neuroptera are properly referred to as some sort of "lacewing", so common lacewings is preferable.Green lacewings are delicate insects with a wingspan of 6 to over 65 mm, though the largest forms are tropical. They are characterized by a wide costal field in their wing venation, in which the cross-veins are . The bodies are usually bright green to greenish-brown, and the compound eyes are conspicuously golden in many species. The wings are usually translucent with a slight iridescence; some have green wing veins or a cloudy brownish wing pattern. The vernacular name stinkflies, used chiefly for Chrysopa species but also for others (e.g. Cunctochrysa) refers to their ability to release a vile smell from paired prothoracal glands when handled.
Adults have tympanal organs at the forewings' base, enabling them to hear well. Some Chrysopa show evasive behavior when they hear a bat's ultrasound calls: when in flight, they close their wings (making their echolocational signal smaller) and drop down to the ground. Green lacewings also use substrate or body vibrations as a form of communication between themselves, especially during courtship. Species which are nearly identical morphologically may sometimes be separated more easily based on their mating signals. For example the southern European Chrysoperla mediterranea looks almost identical to its northern relative Chrysoperla carnea, but their courtship "songs" are very different; individuals of one species will not react to the other's vibrations.
Larvae have either a more slender "humpbacked" shape with a prominent bulge on the thorax, or are plumper, with long bristles jutting out from the sides. These will collect debris and food remains - the empty integuments of aphids, most notably - that provide camouflage from birds.
Larva of Chrysoperla carnea or perhaps C. mediterranea feeding on an aphidThe eggs are deposited at night, singly or in small groups, and sit atop a slender stalk about 1 cm long; one female produces some 100-200 eggs. Eggs are placed on plants, usually when aphids are present nearby in numbers. Immediately after hatching, the larvae moult, then descend the eggstalk to feed. They are voracious predators, attacking most insects of suitable size, especially soft-bodied ones (aphids, caterpillars and other insect larvae, insect eggs, and at high population densities also each other). Therefore, the larvae are colloquially known as aphidlions, similar to the related antlions. Their senses are weakly developed, except that they are very sensitive to touch. Walking around in a haphazard fashion, the larvae sway their heads from one side to the other, and when they strike a potential prey object, the larva grasps it. Their maxillae are hollow, allowing a digestive secretion to be injected in the prey; the organs of an aphid can for example be dissolved by this in 90 seconds. Depending on environmental conditions, larvae need about 1-3 weeks to pupation which takes place in a cocoon; species from temperate regions usually overwinter as a prepupa, though Chrysoperla carnea overwinters as newly-hatched adults.While depending on species and environmental conditions, some green lacewings will eat only about 150 prey items in their entire life, in other cases 100 aphids will be eaten in a single week. Thus, in several countries, millions of such voracious Chrysopidae are reared for sale as biological control agents of insect and mite pests in agriculture and gardens. They are distributed as eggs, since as noted above they are highly aggressive and cannibalistic in confined quarters; the eggs hatch in the field. Their performance is variable; thus, there is a lot of interest in further research to improve the use of green lacewings as biological pest control.For long, green lacewings were considered close relatives of the pleasing lacewings (Dilaridae) and brown lacewings (Hemerobiidae) and placed in the superfamily Hemerobioidea. But this grouping does not appear to be natural and misled most significantly by the supposed hemerobioideans' plesiomorphic larvae. Today, the Hemerobioidea are usually considered monotypic, containing only the brown lacewings; the green lacewings seem to be very closely related to the osmylids (Osmylidae), which have much more advanced larvae superficially resembling those of the spongillaflies (Sisyridae) with which the spongillaflies were thus formerly allied. Thus, though the superfamily Osmyloidea is often considered monotypic these days too following the spongillaflies' removal from there, it is arguably better to include the osmylids as well as the green lacewings there.
I Crisopidi o Crisope (Chrysopidae SCHNEIDER, 1851) sono una famiglia di Insetti dell'ordine dei Neurotteri, comprendente specie predatrici, alcune di grande interesse nel campo della lotta biologica. Sono gli insetti pi� rappresentativi, per l'importanza e per la morfologia, dei Neurotteri propriamente detti.L'adulto dei Crisopidi ha un corpo esile e delicato, di medie dimensioni, con livrea di tonalit� variabile dal giallo al verde, facilmente riconoscibile. Il capo � ipognato, con antenne lunghe e filiformi, apparato boccale masticatore tipo, occhi piccoli ma prominenti e vistosi, spesso con riflessi metallici. Le ali sono ben sviluppate, trasparenti, con riflessi idirescenti, ripiegate a tetto in fase di riposo, percorse da una venulazione fittamente ramificata anche presso il margine.
Le larve sono terrestri, campodeiformi, provviste di zampe cursorie, con il corpo generalmente depresso in senso dorso ventrale e pi� o meno slargato posteriormente, nella regione addominale. Come in tutti i Planipennia hanno l'apertura boccale chiusa e si nutrono per mezzo di un apparato boccale pungente-succhiante conformato a forcipe. Questa funzionalit� � dovuta al fatto che, in entrambi i lati la mandibola, e la lacinia mascellare sono allungate e ricurve verso il lato ventrale e conformate in modo che appressandosi delimitano un canale di suzione attraverso il quale viene aspirato l'alimento. L'apparato boccale a forcipe � sfruttato per bloccare la preda e contemporaneamente iniettarvi la saliva e aspirarne i liquidi interni.
Il dorso � spesso percorso da rilievi dell'esoscheletro pi� o meno sviluppati e in alcune specie la larva si mimetizza rivestendosi con frammenti delle spoglie delle loro vittime.
Le pupe si sviluppano entro un bozzolo di seta secreto dai tubi malpighiani delle larve. A maturit� abbandonano il bozzolo, prima della muta.Gli adulti dei Crisopidi hanno regimi dietetici differenti secondo la specie. In generale possono essere distinti in tre gruppi: in alcune specie sono predatrici, con regime dietetico entomofago, altre sono fitofaghe (ma di nessuna importanza in fatto di dannosit�) oppure si nutrono di liquidi zuccherini o polline, altre non si nutrono affatto. Hanno abitudini notturne e sono discreti volatori, in grado di percorrere anche un centinaio di chilometri; tuttavia il volo � irregolare e intervallato da pause sulla vegetazione. Sono facilmente attratti dalle fonti luminose.
Le larve sono predatrici fondamentalmente polifaghe, anche se manifestano specifiche preferenze. In generale sono attaccati Acari, uova, Afidi o altri Rincoti, larve di microlepidotteri. Sono piuttosto mobili, molto attive e voraci e, in condizioni di carenza di vittime, facilmente dedite al cannibalismo. Cacciano prevalentemente nelle ore notturne, mentre di giorno in genere riposano protette in nascondigli.L'elemento pi� caratteristico dei Crisopidi � la particolare forma dell'ovatura: le uova sono infatti portate da sottilissimi filamenti, prodotti da secrezioni ghiandolari dell'apparato genitale della femmina. Anche se di piccole dimensioni, si possono individuare facilmente sulle foglie, spesso in prossimit� di colonie di Afidi.
on the wing surface result in a fine composition. Sharpness is excellent.
Une tr�s belle photo de cette chrysope. Tr�s bonne composition. Excellente nettet�. Les couleurs sont superbes et j'aime beaucoup les reflets sur ses ailes.
What a good close-up of this insect. Great image with an execelnt DOF showing good details of insect's wings texture and pattern.
Hi Just got home from work so running a bit late tonight so just a note to say good picture for now. TFS.
Great looking insect, perfect details of delicate wings, nice colours and DOF.
Perfect macro capture of this neuropteran species. TFS.
Proprio una magnifica regina dalle ali di perla e dai riflessi eccezionali. Molto luminosa.
Just super Luciano. You have become a big hit among some insect lovers. I for one am not a fan but do love the images of them and all of the knowledge which comes along...even if it is cut from somewhere..this way we call learn together!
Perfectly focused and detailed macro capture of a Chrysopid neuronteran with wonderful clarity, DOF and POV. TFS my fiend!
These are not easy to photograph but you've done really well! Great focus and lovely details of the beautiful glassy wings. Beautiful colours too and a fine composition.
Superbe photo de ce tr�s petit insecte avec des couleurs et des reflets vraiment �tonnnants. Tu parviens � bien ma�triser le flash sans effets g�nants. La famille des Chrysopidae commence seulement � appara�tre ici.
A splendid capture of this beautiful lacewing. Superb details and a lovely composition. Thanks a lot for sharing.
Now I see your love and passion on nature in butterfly!
Mi piace molto la crisopa, i buoni detagli specialmente le nervadure delle ali e il blu del corpo. Noi abbiamo una specie qui, un po differnte, Chrysoperla sp.
I have to say WOW! So small and delicate yet so masterfully captured. All the details (and the info) are fantastic in this shot. Thanks for sharing.
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How boundary elements are designed and implimented can have a significant impact on the interface between the building, private open spaces and the street. Boundary elements typically include vertical elements such as walls, fences, screens, planting and changes in level, which work to provide visual cues that define spaces and provide privacy. Boundary design also has an impact on occupants’ real and perceived safety and security and helps strengthen the identity of a mixed use development.
Respond to the identified architectural character of the street and/or the area.
location and number of entry openings or gates.
locating street-facing entrances so that they are clearly visible from the street.
hidden storage areas for compost, rubbish bins, communal play equipment, etc.
using planting to break up the scale of and to soften the edge of any street-facing raised terraces, such as over sub-basement car parking.
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Elastic, flexible calf muscles can soften the shock at the first point of impact - your foot and ankle region.
1. Stand with hands against wall, arms outstretched and elbows straight.
2. Keeping your left knee slightly bent, toes of right foot slightly turned inward, step back 1 to 2 feet with right leg, heel, and foot flat on floor. You should feel a stretch in your calf muscle, but you shouldn't feel uncomfortable. If you don't feel a stretch, move your foot farther back until you do.
4. Bend knee of right leg, keep heel and foot flat on floor.
5. Hold position for another 10 to 30 seconds.
6. Repeat with left leg.
7. Repeat 3 to 5 times for each leg.
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A case of flatulence has once again stolen the show on The Bachelor New Zealand.
After contestant Poppy broke wind on a date earlier in the season, this time a koala is to blame for an awkward encounter.
Contestant Matilda Rice found herself with a koala farting and defecating on her as she 'enjoyed' a date with Bachelor Arthur Green.
The blonde beauty was cuddling the native Australian fauna during a visit to the zoo when the animal's loud farting became too much to ignore.
'Not the best start,' the 24-year-old said, trying to laugh off the flatulent animal, but unfortunately things only got worse.
'Oh my god. Yep, he's definitely doing some poos,' she said, horrified.
The Auckland woman eventually handed back the koala, named Happy Jay, and was forced to wipe his excrement off her stomach.
'It's not really ideal on a date, you don't want to be pooed on,' she said in a piece-to-camera afterwards.
But the awkward encounter clearly didn't turn Matilda and Arthur off each other, as the handsome 26-year-old handed the Australian-born contestant the rose in the final episode.
It all worked out! The awkward encounter clearly didn't turn Matilda and Arthur off each other, as the handsome 26-year-old handed the Australian-born contestant the rose in the final episode.
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What activities, programs and events does YOU CAN! offer?
1. Multi activity winter or summer sport activity programs for individuals with a disability.
Normally in a group setting but can also be offered for individuals. YOU CAN! creates an activity program with the client that offers introductions to a variety of summer or winter adaptive recreational activities in a fun and informal setting.
To create a positive introductory experience to summer or winter sports.
To inspire the individuals to try out these sports and see the potential.
To increase confidence, motivation and independence in a supportive environment.
To raise awareness of the opportunities that exists for summer/winter adaptive recreation.
Help the individual's progress from an introductory experience to potential grassroots involvement in the sports of their choice.
Each sport could be offered as a single sport program or in a package.
2. Specific Sport Development camps, such as: Para Alpine Race Development Programs.
3. Corporate team building, staff development and client entertainment events.
To create events that offer exceptional, out of the ordinary team building and diversity awareness experience for corporate staff using an adaptive sport as the activity that staff partake in.
To challenge corporate staff to learn a new and competitive skill and compete amongst and against each other in a new and challenging environment!
To learn to build and work within a team with a diverse nature.
For staff to gain an awareness and understanding of adaptive sports and interact with the athletes.
Provide opportunities to meet athletes at both recreational and competitive levels, including Paralympians. Participants watch a demonstration and then 'have a go' at the sport and play in a fun mini competition with the athletes, colleagues and clients.
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Concussion or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is one of several leading causes of disability in young adults (Delouche et al., 2016). Many individuals with mTBI or post-concussion disorder have reported physical, balance, emotional and/or cognitive symptoms, which has recently been described as post-concussion syndrome (Meier et al., 2015), which may persist for months or years following the primary injury. Participation in contact sports may expose athletes to repeated head injuries and has therefore been associated with negative mental health outcomes later in life, including depression, aggression and destructive behavior (see e.g. Orr et al., 2015). Although previous studies have included athletes involved in American football (Solomon and Kuhn, 2014; Strain et al., 2015) or ice hockey (Orr et al., 2015), few studies have focused on other contact or high velocity sports, including skiing, soccer or Lacrosse. In addition, although imaging and neurocognitive studies have been conducted, few have examined blood biomarkers for neurotrauma in athletes with or without repeated mild head injuries. The impact of repeated head injuries on continued quality of life and life span is likely underestimated given that many athletes who sustain mTBI but do not seek medical care, or may not receive the appropriate care (e.g. Kasamatsu et al., 2016).
Several recent reports indicate that certain contact sports, such as hockey or American Football may be associated with elevations in specific biomarkers for head trauma, and further suggest that these biomarkers increase during a season of intensive training and play (Oliver et al., 2015). Serum levels of the pro-inflammatory glial marker S100b have been shown to increase following a concussion in athletes (Kiechle et al., 2014), and these investigators found that S100b increased already 3 hours following a concussion-related sports injury. Another marker that has been examined in serum of American football players is neurofilament light polypeptide (NLP; Oliver et al., 2015), which was also found to increase during a season of American football, and has been widely recognized as a good marker for TBI. And recent research suggests that serum elevations of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) correctly distinguishes concussion patients from uninjured control subjects within one week of injury (Papa et al., 2016). Due to the relative paucity of data available regarding concussion or sub-concussion injuries and their role for blood biomarkers for brain health, we propose to enlist subjects from three groups: 1) Athletes in a high-velocity sport immediately following concussion, 2) Athletes in high-velocity sports without concussion, and 3) Non-athletes without concussion, to explore whether a panel of blood biomarkers can be used to assess the impact of mild TBI on brain health, and also to compare differences in biomarkers between these groups, and associate with score from typical neurocognitive and balance assessments administered in current concussion treatment protocols. The major objective of this study is to obtain pilot data on athlete-related concussions in the Denver area in general, and in DU athletics in particular. The data and blood samples will be kept at the Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging (KIHA) Biobank at DU and will be de-identified and anonymity strictly maintained at all times.
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0.944967 |
Glaswegian-born Bob Spiers remains one of the most experienced television comedy directors, with a career spanning over thirty years and several channels. He entered television production at the BBC in the early 1970s as an assistant floor manager on such series as Doctor Who (1963-89) and Cilla (1968-76). He also worked in this capacity on an episode of the WWII home guard comedy Dad's Army (1968-77), and in 1973 the series' co-writer, producer and director David Croft promoted him to the position of production assistant. It was thanks to this association that Spiers won the opportunity to direct many of Croft 's collaborative comedies from 1976, including episodes of It Ain't Half Hot Mum (1974-81), Are You Being Served? (1973-85), Come Back Mrs. Noah (1978) and the final series of Dad's Army .
In 1979, he reluctantly took on the challenge of directing the second series of the award-winning Fawlty Towers (BBC, 1975; 1979). However, his skill in realising John Cleese and Connie Booth 's tightly written scripts was widely praised. In the early 1980s, after directing the unbroadcast pilot episode of Not the Nine O'Clock News (BBC, 1979-82), he went freelance, and produced/directed the final series of The Goodies (ITV, 1982) for LWT , as well as directing 15 original episodes of Are You Being Served? for Australia's Channel 10 .
It was in 1982, with the launch of Channel 4 , that Spiers began to shape the television development of the alternative comedy scene. The channel's opening night featured his comedy The Comic Strip Presents... Five Go Mad In Dorset (tx. 2/11/1982) which established the creative talents of performers like Adrian Edmondson , Peter Richardson , Rik Mayall , Jennifer Saunders and Dawn French , and introduced a fresh, biting style of comedy to television, shot not on video but on film. It was, ironically, Spiers ' experience on more traditional comedies that enabled him to find a visual style to suit the new generation.
After directing eight Comic Strip films, he tried his hand at drama, directing many episodes of the comedy-tinged children's series Press Gang (1989-93), about a junior newspaper. At the same time he directed 15 episodes of French and Saunders at the BBC , including the one-off sketch that inspired Absolutely Fabulous (BBC, 1992-95; 2001-). Spiers directed over 25 episodes of the award-winning high camp series. Other credits in this period included the anarchic Bottom (BBC, 1991-95) and Dawn French 's chilling comedy Murder Most Horrid (BBC, 1991; 1994-96). His situation comedy work has also been complemented by many sketch-based shows for Stephen Fry and Hugh Laurie , Ruby Wax and Alexei Sayle .
After working in television for nearly 25 years, Spiers turned his attention to film, and in 1997 he directed Disney 's That Darn Cat (US). At the height of the popularity of the all-girl band The Spice Girls , he was invited to direct their first and only venture into film, despite insisting that he had never heard of them before. Spiceworld: The Movie was first screened at Christmas 1997, and although a financial success, this Beatles -esque film met a muted response, despite its fun-filled approach and star-studded cast.
In recent years, Spiers has continued to direct television comedies in Britain and Australia. In 1999 he directed the short-lived 1970s parody Days Like These (ITV). He received mixed praise for his direction of A Tribute to the Likely Lads (ITV, 2001), which saw Geordie duo Ant and Dec recreating the roles of Bob and Terry for a one-off special. The same year saw the feature film Kevin of the North , and he is currently engaged in a US film project with John Cleese entitled Bob the Butler .
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0.999966 |
Head to the American Wilderness for your next romantic getaway and find a place to stay that suits your needs. Journey to Canyonlands National Park, where adventure is at every corner. Head through an abundance of stunning displays of nature. There are many opportunities to head out and hike, the park covers an ever expansive area that is split into four parts named the Island in the Sky, the Needles, the Maze, and the combined rivers. Containing some of America's most iconic wonders, this is an ideal opportunity to see the Colorado River. A perfect chance to get out on the water, the river is essential for those interested in kayaking or rafting. Finally, relax and rest your head in a place with all the essential amenities to make you and your loved one feel comfortable during your time away.
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0.939483 |
The evolution of permanent inquiline social parasites in ants has been conjectured to be facilitated by secondary poly gyny, that is, the re-adoption of new queens into existing mature colonies. This idea was first formulated by Wasmann, Wheeler, and Emery more than a century ago. Emery predicted that inquilines should be the sister-lineages of their hosts, which prompted Alfred Buschinger to propose that they evolve by sympatric speciation. However, these scenarios hinge on two vital conditions that have not been quantitatively documented: 1. That host sister species are secondarily polygynous and primarily recruit close kin, and 2. That such adoptions are prone to occasional mistakes that would select for the condition-dependent expression of exploitative traits and reproductive isolation by disruptive selection. Here, we use a long-term data set on the leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex echinatior (ForEl, 1899), known to have a closely related inquiline social parasite A. insinuator schultz, BEKKEvolD & Boomsma, 1998, to address the first of these conditions. We estimate the frequency of secondary polygyny and the degree to which cooperatively breeding queens are related. We find that the overall frequency of polygynous colonies is ca. 8% and that polygynous colonies typically have two queens. Most queen pairs are first-degree relatives, consistent with colonies adopting one or two daughters either before or just after becoming orphaned. However, we also document a few pairs of cooperatively breeding queens that are unrelated and estimate that this social structure may apply to ca. 20% of the polygynous colonies, and thus ca. 1% of all colonies. Our findings show that the breeding system of A. echinatior matches the polygyny characteristics that are believed to facilitate the emergence of socially parasitic queen morphs.
Key words: Polygyny, social parasitism, inquilines, leaf-cutting ants.
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0.939966 |
Can health food and Roadfood coexist? Many exemplary Roadfood restaurants have a high degree of health consciousness (and many do not!), but it is rare for most full-service places not to offer at least token menu items for customers who worry about such things.
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0.999966 |
Write about an occasion when a furious argument took place, based on a case of mistaken identity.
Essential background information is provided for one to better understand the circumstances in which the event is taking place: it is time to celebrate the end of the OLevel examination (note the use of the singular – examination). Good use of dialogue: properly punctuated, it tells the examiner that the candidate is able to master complex punctuation.
One of the essay’s strong points is the depiction of the main character’s thoughts and feelings (see words in red/bold). Having done so, the said character appears increasingly human and so, more real.
The furious argument (that between Jessica and Lisa) is about to begin. It is good habit to always refer back to the question: furious is mentioned in the last paragraph (page 1) to help link the material to the question, hence emphasizing relevance. Good use of comparison: the vulgarities coming out of the narrator’s mouth get compared to lava spewing out of a volcano. This emphasizes the intensity of the anger pent up within the omniscient narrator. There is a fair bit of dialogue in this essay. This is fitting for a question which focuses on a furious argument. Note that a new speaker begins a new paragraph.
How Can Stuart Hall's Analysis of Identity Enable a More Critical Awareness of Cultural Experience?
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0.95801 |
More single women are becoming mothers through artificial insemination or adoption. The process is costly, and critics say fatherless children have more problems as they mature.
Finding themselves at the edge of their fertility, a growing number of middle-class single women are making the same choice: motherhood.
The ranks of single women wishing to become mothers are swelling by leaps and bounds. According to the U.S. census, nearly one-quarter of the nation's never-married women have become mothers, a 60 percent jump during the last decade. The largest increases were among white women and college-educated women, particularly those with professional and managerial jobs.
These are not Murphy Browns carelessly getting pregnant but middle-class career women who say their lives are incomplete without children. Most are women for whom Prince Charming never arrived.
"It's a growing choice for a lot of single, older, professional career women,' says Jane Mattes, founder of the New York-based Single Mothers by Choice and author of the 1994 book by the same name. "They can always marry later on -- and significant numbers do -- but they need to tend to this first because of their biological clocks."
The typical woman in her 4,000-member organization is in her mid to late thirties and willing to take out a second mortgage on her house and borrow from family and friends to gather the $12,000 to $15,000 needed to adopt a child or pay for donor insemination. "The average process takes several years to work up the nerve, the resolve and the finances," says Judy Katz, coproducer and codirector of And Baby Makes Two, a new film on single mothering. "These women think about it so hard. They have to be prepared and get their finances in order to where they are more prepared than many married couples."
The film will be released June 25 in New York and shown this fall on PBS. It traces two years in the lives of a support group of eight New York women, all of whom are trying to become mothers.
One is Jan, a Manhattan psychotherapist left bereft at age 39 when her boyfriend dies. She turns to donor insemination at age 41 -- although her mother, Rosemarie, has serious reservations. "Artificial insemination is so alien to me and to all the values of giving your child a father," says Rosemarie. "You know what it's like to grow up without a daddy. Is that what you want to give to a child?"
Publication information: Article title: Our Babies, Ourselves. (Culture). Contributors: Duin, Julia - Author. Magazine title: Insight on the News. Volume: 15. Issue: 23 Publication date: June 21, 1999. Page number: 40. © News World Communications, Inc. COPYRIGHT 1999 Gale Group.
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0.999934 |
In APB Reloaded you take on the role of a Criminal - hell-bent on causing havoc and making money, or an Enforcer - tapped by the city to keep order. The city never sleeps and the fight never ends in this fast paced Massively Multi-player, Action Shooter!
Нашли какие-либо ошибки в информации о Grand Theft Auto III? Может быть вы знаете альтернативу, которая еще не указана в списке? Вы можете редактировать информацию о Grand Theft Auto III или предложить новые альтернативы.
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0.993898 |
You are the King/Duke/Emperor of a nation in medieval europe. Your goal is to become the largest and most powerful nation as you advance trough the ages. Good luck.
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0.97779 |
Many parents ask whether homeschooling is preferred over preschool. My answer is a resounding, no. I think preschool is very important for your child's development. The reason being that three to five are the age appropriate time for your child to develop social skills. When working at home, there are no other children challenging your child to learn about themselves, forcing your child to use those in their community. The other challenge that they get when they are at a preschool are other adults. Other adults giving them new boundaries, other adults giving them cues, and different things from them. All of those things are great challenges for them and three to five is a perfect age for those to figure those things out. As they farther they go, the harder it is for them to figure those things out.
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0.999867 |
This is a thread to describe in very short words some movies depicting lives of the Christian community of India . Some movies have indeed been made with many christian characters and showcasing their community .
Before starting---some of my thoughts about the christian community of India .
The Christian community of India is characterised by it's forwardness compared to other communities of India . The women have always been bolder than other Indian women , wearing exposing western clothes even when India was in the depths of socialism and backwardness in the fifties and sixties . Their lifestyle was comparatively westernised , with dancing and parties in the western style and a piano in every house . For this reason , in the era before Indian city women began to get westernised , movies always used to show a christian girl as the dancer in a club for example . Drinking and smoking was also common in the Christian community including women when other Indians used to shy away from it because of sheer backwardness and religious restrictions of conservative households . Not surprisingly , the partly christian state of Goa became the party capital of India attracting westerners in the hordes .
However with the rise of right wing political parties in India from the nineties onwards , the Christian community began to be accused of two things .
First , there were accusations that Christians are trying to convert Indians to their religion . That foreign foundations were paying the lower castes of hindus money to convert them to Christianity . These accusations peaked when India was ruled by the Congress party between 2004 to 2014---whose leader was Mrs Sonia Gandhi , who is a roman catholic of Italian origin .
The other accusation was that their real loyalty is to Christian majority countries like USA or European countries and not to India at all .
In answer to these accusations I would like to state that successive censuses of India have shown that the Christian population of India is dwindling as percentage of Indian population , and so the efforts of missionaries have been singularly failures , if those attempts are indeed large scale at all---something that is doubtful .
And Christians have never been caught doing anti India activities like terrorism or spying for any western country . In fact Christians have been among the most law abiding communities in India . Many Christians have joined the armed forces and laid their lives for the country . Communal riots have not happened in areas where Christians are in large numbers .
In Bollywood, Christians are portrayed as drunkards. Just like Madrasis were portrayed as Aiyaiyo and idli sambar.
That foreign foundations were paying the lower castes of hindus money to convert them to Christianity . These accusations peaked when India was ruled by the Congress party between 2004 to 2014---whose leader was Mrs Sonia Gandhi , who is a roman catholic of Italian origin .
It cannot be denied that there have been active attempts at conversions. I know of instances in rural and backward areas of Maharashtra where the missionaries would set up relief camps and only help those who converted. I have seen people brainwashed so much that they would also kneel in hindu temples and pray exactly how they do in churches.
Having said that, I agree terrorism and overt communal tensions were not involved.
Most famous christian bollywood character then - Anthony Gonsalves!
The Christians across India are probably more diverse than Hindus. The forward ness or westernization you have mentioned apply more to Anglo Indians and somewhat lesser to Goans. And Goans and Parsis were westernized by being in close contact with British in Mumbai. Else, Christians in Kerala have practices almost like Hindus.
Coming to Hindutva rise leading to anti Christian sentiment, it is more a tool to counter Sonia G. Before 93, there was hardly any anti Christian statement from Hindutva forces. In 93, there were widespread reports of atrocities against Christians in Pakistan. There were protests by Christian organizations in n India outside Pakistan embassy. Strangely first reports of Hindutva forces targeting Christians started then. Face if this was Dilip Singh Judeo in MP ( now Chhatisgarh). Did ISI infiltrate VHP and provoke such activity?
Last edited by sarv_shaktimaan; October 23rd, 2017 at 06:50 PM.
It is my belief that Ashdoc started this thread with one thought and ended it with another. His brain drifted from movies to culture to social injustices ... and a bit about terrorism for added effect.
Rating: 2 1/2 stars out of 5.
It had dimple kapadia in a bikini.
All Christians in Bollywood movies talk like .. Man tum ko kya mangta.
for once I agree with Outlook..
Hindi movies over the decades have offered many hoary old stereotypes of minority communities. There are the Parsis, who used to be offered as comic relief, arriving in a grand old car packed with kids and piloted by a bespectacled little man in a black conical hat. There are the Christians, often embodied in plump, stern nurses, saintly priests, or well*meaning but perpetually liquor*soaked uncles. These quick* and* dirty shorthands range from merely shallow to downright offensive, but for better or worse they are part of the filmic vocabulary, frequently pressed into service.
That was not backwardness .. that was just plain improper to use your clinic , a place of work for a compounder.. to make love. Christian or not, that BS should not be encouraged. Go do whatever you like where you live or a hotel, but not in my clinic.
Next thing you know the clinic becomes a love joint and allegations of giving place for sexual activities.
Last edited by sarv_shaktimaan; October 24th, 2017 at 03:06 PM.
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0.999703 |
The Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk is located between San Jose and Monterey at 400 Beach Street in Santa Cruz. Founded in 1907, the Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk is the oldest surviving seaside amusement park on the West Coast and was voted "World's Best Seaside Amusement Park." The Boardwalk features more than 34 rides and attractions including two National Historic Landmarks: the Giant Dipper wooden roller coaster and the beautiful 1911 Looff Carousel, plus many scream-inducing thrill rides, gentle kiddie rides, casual restaurants, gift shops, games, indoor arcades, and miniature golf. For an attraction that's over a century old, the Boardwalk only gets better with age. The Giant Dipper wooden coaster, built in 1924, still sends riders whirling through a thrilling set of drops and curves. The Boardwalk extends along the coast of the Monterey Bay, from just east of the Santa Cruz Municipal Wharf to the mouth of the San Lorenzo River. At the western edge of the park lies a large building originally known as The Plunge, now titled Neptune's Kingdom, which contains a video arcade, and an indoor miniature golf course. The boardwalk also offers family friendly events throughout the summer. The Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk is a classic seaside amusement park located along a beautiful beach in a friendly beach town.
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0.9863 |
A shape-shifting mountain man and a group of children team up to protect an enchanted forest from evil lumberjacks.
Are Jennifer Love Hewitt and Chuck Norris the worst actors of the last 25 years?
Lords of Tanglewood: [the Oath of Tanglewood Forest] "We ask you to leave it pure as found; We are to it forever bound."
I am proud to be one of Chuck's biggest fans. I have an autographed poster on my wall, I have seen every movie he ever made, and I consider "Walker, Texas Ranger" one of the greatest shows of all time. I will defend Chuck 'till I die, but even I cannot stress how obscenely horrible this movie was. It is an embarrassment on a great career. I will defend Chuck for "Bells of Innocence", I will stand by him for "Delta Force", and I will even take up for "Breaker, Breaker", but this movie is just awful.
To begin, the acting isn't bad, considering there were very few veteran actors on the scene. Chuck Norris and William Sanderson were great, but the rest of the cast didn't seem fit for their roles. The fight scenes were good, but that comes with any Norris movie.
Now, the bad. The story is ridiculous, for a movie anyway. The ending was terrible. The story might make for a good book, but it is just horrible as it plays on screen.
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0.999721 |
Provide an up-to-date national picture of the medical, midwifery and nursing workforce distribution in Australia with a focus on overseas immigration and on production sustainability challenges.
Using 2006 and 2011 Australian census data, analysis was conducted on medical practitioners (doctors) and on midwifery and nursing professionals.
Of the 70,231 medical practitioners in Australia in 2011, 32,919 (47.3%) were Australian-born, with the next largest groups bring born in South Asia and Southeast Asia. In 2006, 51.9% of medical practitioners were born in Australia. Of the 239,924 midwifery and nursing professionals in Australia, 127,911 (66.8%) were born in Australia, with the next largest groups being born in the United Kingdom and Ireland and in Southeast Asia. In 2006, 69.8% of midwifery and nursing professionals were born in Australia. Western Australia has the highest percentage of foreign-born health workers. There is a higher percentage of Australia-born health workers in rural areas than in urban areas (82% of midwifery and nursing professional in rural areas are Australian-born versus 59% in urban areas). Of the 15,168 additional medical practitioners in Australia between the 2006 and 2011 censuses, 10,452 (68.9%) were foreign-born, including large increases from such countries as India, Nepal, Philippines, and Zimbabwe. We estimate that Australia has saved US$1.7 billion in medical education costs through the arrival of foreign-born medical practitioners over the past five years.
The Australian health system is increasingly reliant on foreign-born health workers. This raises questions of medical education sustainability in Australia and on Australia’s recruitment from countries facing critical shortages of health workers.
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that there is a global shortfall of more than 2 million doctors, nurses and midwives to meet the minimum recommended density . This shortage of human resources for health negatively impacts health outcomes with local shortages worsened by the migration of health workers from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) to high-income countries .
The WHO World Health Report of 2006 calculated that 25% of doctors and 5% of nurses trained in African countries were working in high-income countries . For instance, in the United States of America, 25% of physicians trained overseas – 64% of them in LMICs – as well as 4% of nurses . High-income countries often actively recruit overseas-trained health workers, with a study in the United Kingdom finding that 41% of overseas-trained nurses had migrated due to active recruitment .
Even though health worker migration to high-income countries is occurring, countries such as Australia continue to face persistent shortages, particularly in rural and outer-metropolitan areas ; a situation compounded by trends towards health workers’ decreased work-hours, increased demand due to an ageing population and an ageing health workforce . Health Workforce Australia, a government agency tasked with coordinating the national health workforce, estimates that by 2025, there will be a shortage of 109,000 nurses and 2700 doctors along with mal-distribution across the country . Australia has expanded the number of entry places for medical education but there are limitations on the availability of internships, leading some students to complete coursework requirements successfully but not the clinical requirements needed to progress to full medical registration .
One of the solutions to which Australia and other high-income countries have resorted in order to address these production and distribution shortages is a reliance on and recruitment of international medical graduates . In the late 1990s, Australia introduced policies to encourage international medical graduates to work in Australia. The Department of Health and Ageing (DoHA) directed funding to rural workforce agencies and legislation to encourage foreign graduates to work in rural Australia. Overseas-trained doctors are only able to access national insurance scheme benefits if they practise in a defined “District of Workforce Shortage”. Partly as a result, the DoHA has estimated that international medical graduates comprise approximately 39% of the medical workforce in Australia and 46% of general practitioners in rural and remote locations . This situation is forecast to continue, with the Health Workforce Australia report noting “continued reliance on poorly co-ordinated skilled migration to meet essential workforce requirements – with Australia having a high level of dependence on internationally recruited health professionals” . This despite production self-sufficiency being established as a formal goal in the National Health Workforce Strategic Framework in 2004 .
To address some of the concerns of “brain drain” from LMICs, the Commonwealth Code of Practice for the International Recruitment of Health Workers was adopted by Commonwealth Health Ministers in 2003. This serves as a “framework within which international recruitment should take place” and is “intended to discourage the targeted recruitment of health workers from countries which are themselves experiencing shortages” . The code also suggests that high-income countries consider how to recompense LMICs for the recruitment of their health workers.
Given the complexity of this issue and the importance of adequate and appropriate human resource management for health and budgetary reasons, it is necessary to understand the magnitude and trends of health workforce distribution data in Australia, with a particular focus on overseas migration. For the past few years, the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) has conducted surveys of doctors and nurses in Australia and published information on the national health workforce. The AIHW data, however, are limited. The 2010 national survey, for example, excluded Queensland and Western Australia from their data collection . Furthermore, the 2010 survey did not collect data on country of medical qualification and while the new Medical Board of Australia data includes such information, as of late 2012 that information is not yet available. The recent parliamentary report on overseas-trained doctors states that there are “substantial gaps and inconsistencies in national medical workforce data” .
To be able to address Australian health workforce sustainability challenges, more data is needed on health worker production and migration. Additionally, the WHO Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel recommends that countries report data on the migration of health staff and establish research programmes on migration . We therefore aim to address some of the shortcomings in knowledge of international health worker distribution and migration in Australia by using the 2011 and 2006 Australian census data to provide an up-to-date national picture of the medical, midwifery and nursing workforce in Australia, focusing on those who are foreign-born.
This study uses data from the 2011 Australian census . Details on the methods used by the Australian census in 2011 are available online . In brief, by law, the census is conducted every five years. Data collection is conducted mainly on foot by approximately 43,000 collection staff. Everyone in Australia is legally required to complete a census form. The census includes all people in Australia on the census night, which, for the 2011 census, was 9 August.
The census provides information on everyone in Australia rather than being a survey of sampled respondents. Furthermore, the census uses consistent measures across years so that comparison with the 2006 census is possible and thus trends in health worker migration can be examined. Limited 2001 Australian census data is available from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) reports and is used for some analyses .
The analysis in this paper focuses on those who self-report their occupation as “medical practitioner” or “midwifery and nursing professional”. Occupation is based on the main job held during the week prior to census night. According to census definitions, medical practitioners include general practitioners, specialist physicians, surgeons, psychiatrists and others who would be classified as practising medical doctors. The midwifery and nursing professional category includes midwives, registered nurses and nurse managers; it excludes enrolled nurses. Individual respondents defined themselves based on whatever occupation was most appropriate in response to the question of their current occupation. So individuals who trained as nurses but no longer work as nurses will not be counted as nurses. The census also captures information on state of work, rural or urban residence, country of birth, and year of arrival in Australia for those born overseas. Year-of-arrival data are used to examine those who arrived in Australia from January 2001 to August 2011.
While acknowledging that country of birth is not a perfect measure of an individual’s country of origin, it provides useful information for this study on health worker workforce and migration. The most likely alternative measure relevant to health workers – country of qualification – is problematic for a number of LMICs in the Pacific region and in Africa , which do not have sufficient training facilities for health workers or, in some cases, have no training facilities. Therefore prospective health workers in these countries have no choice but to train in other countries. For example, a number of Pacific nationals are currently undergoing medical education in Cuba due to limited opportunities in their own countries . Therefore, an indicator of medical practitioner emigration based only on country of qualification would incorrectly state that a quarter of sub-Saharan African countries and the majority of Pacific Island countries would have lost zero physicians to emigration. Furthermore, in situations where individuals train in a third country, such as that of Pacific nationals in Cuba, using country of qualification would attribute the “brain drain” to Cuba rather than to the Pacific Island country. It is acknowledged that some people in the dataset will have migrated to Australia as children and undertaken their training in Australia yet will be classified as overseas-born. While acknowledging that issues of identity are necessarily complex, covering location of residence, ancestry, citizenship, employment and ethnicity , using country of birth in the absence of more detailed data allows consistency across countries and across years.
Authors had full access to the data used in this study. Analysis was conducted using Microsoft Excel. An ethical review was not required for this study, as anonymised pre-collected publicly available data were used.
As of 2011, there were a total of 70,231 medical practitioners and 239,294 midwifery and nursing professionals in Australia. Of the medical practitioners for whom country of birth is known, 32,919 (47.3%) were Australian-born, with the next largest percentage being born in South Asia (11.7%) and Southeast Asia (9.4%) (Table 1). Among midwives and nurses, 157,911 (66.8%) were Australian-born, followed by those born in the United Kingdom and Ireland (9.8%) and Southeast Asia (5.6%).
The state or territory with the highest percentage of overseas-born medical practitioners is Western Australia, with 61.3%, while Tasmania has the lowest percentage, at 48.1% (Table 2). There are relatively high percentages in Western Australia of medical practitioners born in the United Kingdom and, Ireland and in sub-Saharan Africa while doctors born in South Asia represent a high percentage in the Northern and Australian Capital Territories.
Among midwifery and nursing professionals, the highest percentage of overseas-born professionals is also in Western Australia (48.3%) (Table 3). Almost 23% of the nursing and midwifery workers in Western Australia were born in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Western Australia is also the state with the highest percentage of nurses and midwives born in sub-Saharan Africa. The highest percentage of nurses born in Southeast Asian countries is in New South Wales and Victoria.
The provision of census data enables an examination of the urban and rural health workforce by residence. The census defines “major urban” as towns and cities with populations of 100,000 people or more; the rest of the population has been classified as rural. Of the 70,151 medical practitioners for whom location was available, 58,337 (83.2%) individuals work in urban areas. Of the 238,953 nursing and midwifery professionals for whom location was available, 165,885 (69.4%) work in urban areas.
Of the medical practitioners working in rural locations, 49% are Australian-born compared with 46% of those working in urban areas. Doctors born in sub-Saharan Africa are overrepresented in rural locations (7% of those working in rural areas are born there compared with 4% of those working in urban areas). Conversely, 10% of the doctors working in urban areas were born in Southeast Asian compared with 5% of those working in rural areas.
As with medical practitioners, nursing and midwifery professionals working in rural areas are more likely to be Australia-born: 82% of those working in rural areas are Australia-born compared with 59% in urban areas. Only 1% of the nurses and midwives working in rural areas were born in South Asia or Southeast Asia.
To examine recent migration, an analysis was conducted on those medical practitioners and midwifery and nursing professionals who arrived in Australia between January 2001 and August 2011. Of the 14,268 medical practitioners who arrived in Australia between January 2001 and August 2011, 34.3% were born in South Asia, 14.2% in Southeast Asia, 13.5% in the United Kingdom and Ireland and 11.2% in sub-Saharan Africa.
Of the 31,478 midwifery and nursing professionals who arrived in Australia between January 2001 and August 2011, 23.3% were born in the United Kingdom and Ireland, 20.7% in South Asia, 15.2% in Southeast Asia and 13.8% in sub-Saharan Africa. From 2007 to 2011, 4,683 nurses and midwives moved to Australia from South Asia, representing 30.8% of all newly arrived nurses and midwives. This includes 3798 from India and 732 from Nepal.
Using the 2001 and 2006 data with the 2011 census data, the changing demographics of the Australian health workforce can be examined. Whereas 47.3% of the Australian medical practitioner workforce was Australian-born in 2011, the figure in 2006 was 51.9% (excluding the 1% for whom country of birth is unknown) and 57.1% in 2001. Similarly, Australian-born nurses and midwives declined from75.2% in 2001 to 69.8% in 2006 to 66.8% in 2011.
Overall, there were 15,168 more medical practitioners in Australia in 2011 than in 2006. This represents a 27.5% increase over the five years between the two censuses. This is to be taken in the perspective of an overall population increase in Australia of 8.3% between 2006 and 2011. Of those new medical practitioners, only 4716 (31.1%) were Australian-born.
Comparing 2006 data and 2011 data, there were 3397 more medical practitioners from South Asia (a 71.4% increase), including an increase of 61.5% in those from India (2807 to 4534) and a 352% increase from Nepal (23 to 104). As a percentage of total medical practitioners working in Australia for whom country of birth was known, the number of medical practitioners born in South Asia increased from 8.8% of total in 2006 to 11.7% in 2011 (Figure 1a). Increases were seen for those born in a number of other LMIC regions while the number of those born in the United Kingdom and Ireland decreased as a percentage of total number of medical practitioners.
Birthplace of health care workers in Australia. (a) Birthplace of medical practitioners in Australia as a percentage of total in 2006 (N = 54,301) and 2011 (N = 69,666) (selected regions, excluding Australia). (b) Birthplace of nursing and midwifery professionals in Australia as a percentage of total in 2006 (N = 196,040) and 2011 (N = 236,403) (selected regions, excluding Australia).
Large increases in numbers of medical practitioners were also seen from Sri Lanka (76.7%) and from the Southeast Asia region, including the Philippines (65.5%) and a more than doubling of the number of medical practitioners born in Myanmar (from 186 to 394; 111.8%). In the five-year period, there were also 970 more individuals born in sub-Saharan African working as medical practitioners in Australia (43.3% increase) including a 53.2% increase in those from Zimbabwe, a 100% increase in those from Nigeria and a 208% increase in those from Botswana.
From 2006 to 2011, there were 38,903 more nurses and midwives working in Australia representing a 19.4% increase. An increase of 250%, or 5956 nurses, was seen in the numbers of nursing and midwifery staff born in South Asia. This included an increase in the number of Indian-born nurses from 1503 to 6200 (313% increase) and an increase in the number of Nepalese-born nurses from 144 to 1088 (656% increase). Increases of more than 80% were seen in the numbers of Indonesian- and Philippines-born nurses and midwives. There were also 2735 more nurses from sub-Saharan Africa working in Australia – an increase of 68.6%. This included a doubling of number from countries including Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Ethiopia, Kenya and Zimbabwe.
The cost implications of health worker migration to Australia are considerable. A study by Mills and colleagues found that the average cost of medical education across eight African countries was US$28,535 . Of the 6,708 medical practitioners who listed their year of arrival in Australia as 2007 to 2011, 4,777 (71.2%) were born in a LMIC. Assuming that all of those were trained overseas, then, extrapolating using the cost estimate from African countries, more than US$136 million was spent by LMIC governments and individuals over the past five years on medical education for medical practitioners who later moved to Australia. The same study, based on information provided by the Australian Medical Association, estimated that the cost of medical education for doctors in Australia is US$260,000. Therefore, for the 6,708 medical practitioners newly arrived in Australia over the past five years, we estimate that Australia and Australians have avoided US$1.7 billion in medical education costs that they would have otherwise had to spend to get the same number of health workers. Including nurses would invariably increase the savings considerably.
The issue of overseas-born health professionals working in Australia also needs to be looked at in the context of developing country workforce levels. Tables 4 and 5 examine, for selected countries, how doctor and nurse employment in Australia by those born in LMICs compares with workforce levels in those countries. For example, Sri Lanka only has 4.9 medical doctors per 10,000 population compared with 29.9 in Australia and the 2,058 Sri Lanka-born doctors in Australia represent 20% of the total number of doctors working in Sri Lanka, according to the WHO . Similarly, while Nepal only has 4.6 nurses and midwives per 10,000 population (compared with 95.9 in Australia), the 1,088 Nepal-born nurses and midwives working in Australia (90% of whom arrived in Australia in the last ten years) represent more than 9% of the current nursing workforce in Nepal. Despite Australia’s relatively small population, those overseas-born health workers active in Australia represent considerable percentages of the domestic workforce in a number of LMICs with health worker shortages.
Low- and middle-income country data from WHO (most recent year available) . LMIC, low- and middle-income country.
Low- and middle-income country data from WHO (most recent year available). LMIC, low- and middle-income country.
Analysis of the census data revealed that the number of foreign-born doctors, nurses and midwives as a percentage of the total has increased considerably between 2001 and 2011. More than half of all medical practitioners working in Australia are foreign-born, as are one third of nurses. The largest groups of foreign-born health workers come from South Asia, Southeast Asia, and the United Kingdom and Ireland. Western Australia has the highest rates of foreign-born health workers. A somewhat surprising finding was that there are in fact a higher percentage of Australia-born doctors and nurses working in rural and remote parts of Australia than there are in urban areas – despite efforts (including legislation) to encourage foreign-born doctors to go to rural areas. There has been a large recent influx of health workers from South Asia – India and Nepal in particular – with large increases from parts of sub-Saharan Africa as well.
The number of medical practitioners, nurses and midwives in the census data is lower than in the March 2012 Medical Board of Australia and Nursing and Midwifery Board data. The Medical Board lists just over 91,000 medical practitioners compared with 70,231 from the census and the Nursing Board data list more than 300,000 nurses compared with the approximately 240,000 in the census data. The Medical Board notes that more than 10% of registered medical practitioners do not spend most of their time working as such and therefore would not have been included in the census figures. The data also include more than 3,000 provisional practitioners who might not have been included in the census. The Nursing Board figures include enrolled nurses – excluded from the census – which, along with a number of nonpractising nurses, explains the difference between the two figures.
The DoHA data estimate that 39% of medical practitioners in Australia are foreign-trained and census data suggest that just under 53% are foreign-born. This difference of approximately 14% might roughly represent those who were born overseas but trained in Australia.
The OECD data, which compare data across countries, are only available from 2000/1 (using 2001 Australian census data) but assert that, after New Zealand, Australia has the highest rates of foreign-born doctors and nurses in the OECD . On average across the OECD, 11% of employed nurses and 18% of employed doctors were foreign-born in 2000/1. Hagopian and colleagues found that in the United States more than 23% of physicians received their medical training outside the USA, with more than 60% of those being trained in LMICs . In the United Kingdom, one third of doctors qualified overseas . The large number of Asian-born health workers found in this study is not unique to Australia; the OECD asserted that out of about 400,000 foreign-born doctors in 24 OECD countries, 32% were from Asia, while 25% of foreign-born nurses were from Asia .
The large number of overseas-born and overseas-trained health professionals potentially has an impact on medical education in Australia. The federal president of the Australian Medical Association recently lamented that locally trained junior doctors could not find internship places while Australia continues to import graduates from overseas . Conversely, to increase internship places, more senior doctors capable of supervision are needed – a niche that overseas medical professionals could perhaps fill . Taken together, health worker migration needs to be considered in the context of health workforce production sustainability in Australia .
The study also highlights the high number of health workers leaving LMICs to come to Australia – at least partly as a result of active recruitment. The case of the Philippines is remarkable. It is estimated that close to 15,000 nurses migrate overseas each year to 30 different countries, resulting in an estimated 30,000 unfilled nursing positions in the source country . Similarly, a recent South African news report called for South Africa to import foreign health workers because more than 23,000 South African health professionals were working in high-income nations . While there are considerable possible benefits to source countries in terms of remittances and return migration with enhanced skills, shortages of health workers have an immediate and direct impact on health service provision.
While country of qualification would certainly be a useful addition to the data presented here, to provide a robust picture of the health workforce and migration, the use of year of arrival to some degree mitigates the need for that data. Health workers who arrived in Australia within the past five years are more likely than not to be at least partly overseas trained due to the duration of training. The Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency, however, is in the process of developing a national health workforce dataset, which will hopefully include all such data , and Health Workforce Australia has included both country of birth and country of first qualification in its proposed national minimum dataset .
A further limitation is that the data presented here do not assess working hours but treat all those defined as health workers equally, irrespective of whether someone is working full-time or part-time. One Australian estimate stated that female doctors work 40% fewer lifetime hours than male doctors . In addition, the census data are likely to underestimate the number of overseas-born health workers in Australia because there are likely to be some trained health workers who have migrated to Australia who no longer practise in the health field but work in education or in other fields and, therefore, were not captured by the self-defined occupation category of the census.
This research highlights some of the challenges for Australia to achieve health worker sustainability. It also frames Australia’s health workforce realities in a global context – a necessity in our increasingly globalized world. In that context, as per the WHO and Commonwealth Codes of Practice, it should be asked whether Australia should only actively recruit from those countries that produce more health workers than are needed locally. Norway, for example, has begun implementing the code by scaling up medical education to ensure sustainability of its own health system and has formally stopped recruiting health workers from countries facing critical shortages . Of the 24 high-income countries included in an OECD report, in 15 of them international medical graduates represent less than 20% of the doctor workforce, suggesting that other high-income countries have been able to address these challenges .
This is not an issue with a quick solution, as health worker education is a long-term process and demand currently overwhelms supply globally. But improved data collection and dissemination can hopefully assist in the forward planning needed for Australia to be able to meet domestic requirements while being a good global citizen and supporting its neighbours’ health condition.
JN is partly funded by a National Health and Medical Research Council capacity building grant. ALCM is currently funded by a University of Sydney Postdoctoral Fellowship.
JN conceived the study, led the design and analysis and drafted the manuscript. AR assisted in analysis, contributed to the literature review and reviewed the manuscript. BC assisted in analysis and reviewed the manuscript. ALCM contributed to the design of the analysis and reviewed the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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0.943999 |
Born in 1659, Henry Purcell was the finest and most original composer of his day. Though he was to live a very short life (he died in 1695) he was able to enjoy and make full use of the renewed flowering of music after the Restoration of the Monarchy.
In the Chapel Royal young Purcell studied with Dr. John Blow. Dr. Burney, the eighteenth century historian, is amusingly skeptical on this point: "..... he had a few lessons from Dr. Blow, which were sufficient to cancel all the instructions he had received from other masters, and to occasion the boast inscribed on the tomb-stone of Blow, that he had been 'Master to the famous Mr. Henry Purcell'." Legend has it that when, in 1679, Purcell succeeded Dr. Blow as organist of Westminster Abbey, the elder musician stepped aside in recognition of the greater genius, and it is true that on Purcell's death in 1695 Blow returned to the post, and would write a noble Ode on the Death of Purcell.
In addition to his royal duties Purcell also devoted much of his talent to writing operas, or rather musical dramas, and incidental stage music; but he would also write chamber music in the form of harpsichord suites and trio sonatas, and became involved with the growing London public concert scene. Indeed one of the most important musical developments in Restoration London was the gradual establishment of regular public concerts. Even the few meetings that began as private concerns were eventually prevailed upon to admit the general public, such as the group that gave concerts in the Castle Tavern. Whereas other organizations charged only a shilling, their admittance fee was more than twice that sum, and before long they had enough capital to equip a music room in York Buildings.
By the time Henry Purcell began to attend such concerts in the 1670s there were many highly skilled players of the violin, cello, and flute, as well as exponents of the (for London) relatively new art of playing continuo instruments, the most usual being the organ and the harpsichord. In 1683 a group of gentlemen amateurs, and professional musicians started a "Musical Society" in London to celebrate the "Festival of St. Cecilia, a great patroness of music" which any music-lover so desirous may still celebrate yearly on November 22nd. They asked Henry Purcell, then only 24, to be the first to write an Ode for their festivals; Purcell was to compose two more such Odes for the Society.
The writing of incidental theater music seems not to have been regarded by Purcell as embarrassing or beneath his dignity as Organist of Westminster Abbey. He was in the very midst of a tradition that not only permitted but actually encouraged well-known church musicians to provide lighter music for the theatre and opera, and this was an accepted practice in the great continental cities as well as in London. Most of Purcell's theatre music was written between 1690 and 1695 (the year of his death), and within that relatively brief period he supplied music for more than forty plays. Much of the instrumental music was published in 1697, when the composer's widow compiled A Collection of Ayres, Compos'd for the Theatre, and upon Other Occasions. This body of music, viewed as a whole, shows that Purcell gave to the theatre some of his happiest melodic inspirations, distributed among solemn overtures, cheerful or pathetic airs, and delightful dances of every imaginable kind.
There is hardly a department of music, as known in his day, to which Purcell did not contribute with true distinction. His anthems were long since accorded their place in the great music of the church; there are enough fine orchestral movements in his works for the theatre to establish him in this field; his fantasies and sonatas entitle him to honor in the history of chamber music; his keyboard works, if less significant in themselves, hold their place in the repertory; his one true opera. Dido and Aeneas, is an enduring masterpiece, and his other dramatic works (sometimes called operas) are full of musical riches. And, most especially, Purcell's songs themselves would be sufficient to insure his immortality. His sensitivity to his texts has been matched by few masters in musical history; when he had worthy poetry to set, he could hardly fail to produce a masterpiece.
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0.999731 |
What are the barriers faced by women and, in particular, Indigenous women, too?
31. Many women face particular barriers because of various diverse factors in addition to their gender. Often these diverse factors isolate or marginalize such women. They are, inter alia, denied their human rights, they lack access or are denied access to education and vocational training, employment, housing and economic self-sufficiency and they are excluded from decision-making processes. Such women are often denied the opportunity to contribute to their communities as part of the mainstream.
32. The past decade has also witnessed a growing recognition of the distinct interests and concerns of indigenous women, whose identity, cultural traditions and forms of social organization enhance and strengthen the communities in which they live. Indigenous women often face barriers both as women and as members of indigenous communities.
Paragraphs 31 and 32 of the Beijing Declaration speak to the number of barriers faced by women, and then often for their gender as well. It is interesting to note the statement about the “diverse factors” without a specific statement. But the message is taken in, as the effect comes through the marginalization and isolation of women who experience it.
In a number of listed domains, women are denied human rights. They are not seen as full human beings. For men, or women for that matter, who argue for this, they get negative feedback as this is simply verboten; although, the vast and overwhelming evidence is in support of the idea of women, as a general sociological principle, bearing the brunt of the negative facets and consequences of the society.
Another is employment: in prior months, this has been a subject of coverage and probably will be covered in subsequent reportage on the issues facing women. The notion of a right to shelter or a house; something to make a home. It seems as if crucial and fundamental to the basic notion of a human being in the modern world akin to clothing. It amounts to a barrier and protective skin from the outside world.
Here, we sincerely have failed many women in some crucial ways. In so doing, we reduced the potential health and wealth of the nations. The evidence is clear. With the incorporation of programs, in general, for the improved equality of women with men in education, through democratic rights such as voting, with better access and opportunities in work, with equality in family life, reproductive choice in timing and number of children (if at all), and better representation in political and civic life, the health, wealth, and happiness of societies improve drastically over decades for the better on a number of social development indices.
To deny this, it seems akin to the issues of denialism seen on the socio-political “left” with false beliefs about vaccines causing autism, efficacy of alternative ‘medicines’ observed in allopathic or ayurvedic treatments, the health dangers of GMO foods, or – somewhat legitimate (given the Chernobyl, Three Mile Island, and Fukushima Daiichi disasters) but definitely hyperbolic – fears about nuclear energy; or the socio-political “right” with incorrect beliefs about evolution – especially Young Earth Creationism standing against mounds of biological, geological, and paleontological evidence, the non-reality of climate change or global warming, literalist interpretations of purported holy texts – to attempt to solve the most pressing scientific issues of the day, the efficacy of abstinence-only sexual education paradigms, and so on – for each of them.
Not only a smart move in terms of economics, the moral reasons match too. More people have their rights respected through real implementation. Paragraph 32 speaks to the continued inclusion of Indigenous women’s concerns too. This is particularly of note in much of the settler-colonial societies in which “identity, cultural traditions and forms of social organization” were things to be erased by conscious governmental policy.
It is in this context that we can see the need to emphasize the needs of Indigenous women and their family, and community, concerns too. These barriers for women become amplified for women of the world. It is the context of injustice and unfairness through simply not providing the formal mechanisms in the society for women to be seen as equals. These are the things that need to change and have altered with mass popular mobilization for other groups around the world for a brighter future. It is not pretty or pollyannish, but it is possible.
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0.931168 |
Only divine intervention now seems likely to justify continuing support for the anti- Assad forces in Syria by the group known as the London 11 – United States, Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Turkey, Egypt, Jordan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.
“Doha, Qatar (CNN) — Foreign ministers from 11 countries meeting here cited the presence of foreign fighters in the country and the alleged use of chemical weapons by Damascus in agreeing Saturday to increase arms shipments to the rebels.
The weapons are to be funneled through the opposition Free Syrian Army’s Supreme Military Council (SMC).
“Opposition forces battling Bashar al-Assad’s regime in Syria now number around 100,000 fighters, but after more than two years of fighting they are fragmented into as many as 1,000 bands.
The new study by IHS Jane’s, a defence consultancy, estimates there are around 10,000 jihadists – who would include foreign fighters – fighting for powerful factions linked to al-Qaeda.
Moral imperatives might certainly have motivated the London 11 to initially take sides in the Syrian civil war.
However with this war claiming over 100000 deaths and seven million displaced Syrian civilians during the past 30 months – the time for the London 11 to call it a day must surely be approaching.
As the USA, Britain and France haggle with Russia in a vain attempt to procure face-saving terms for a United Nations Security Council Resolution to destroy all chemical weapons in Syria – the prospect of a ceasefire enabling their collection continues to evaporate given the disparate forces now fighting against Assad.
Intervention in Syria by the London 11 has been disastrous – as the increasing human casualties make so starkly clear.
The Pentagon official’s assessment declaring Assad the emerging winner is being increasingly confirmed with each passing day.
This conclusion may be unpalatable to the London 11 – and the group must shoulder some responsibility for the catastrophic humanitarian outcome.
A ceasefire between Assad and the SMC accompanied by an offer of safe passage and political asylum for SMC fighters and their families to the London 11 countries – would isolate the foreign jihadists – forcing them to exit Syria or die fighting Assad’s forces.
Assad would see off his armed opponents – Russia would see its pro-Assad stance justified – and the London 11 would have acted honourably to save those it supported.
These attainable goals – backed by Russia and America – represent a heaven-sent opportunity to end Syria’s hell and destroy its chemical weapons.
Somehow, when “100,000 dead” is mentioned the impication is that it is all Assad’s doing.
Civilians 40,146, rebels 21,850, pro-regime soldiers and militia 45,469, Hizbullah 171, unidentified 2,726, total 110,371.
You admit yourself that your proposal is doomed from the start.
Diplomacy is the art of the possible.
What I am proposing is possible – if Russia and America are prepared to co-sponsor the proposal.
It won’t be all plain sailing and the reconstruction of lives and properties destroyed by the 30 month conflict will be a daunting task.
The alternative is further war and more killing . Those who do not take steps to end it by continuing to supply arms to enable it to continue are as guilty as those who continue to carry it out.
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0.928179 |
Inspired by Mnih et. al's work on Recurrent Models of Visual Attention, we learn to collect contextual information from an image through a sequence of glimpses in order to localize little landmarks. Localizing little landmarks like car door handles or light switches is a challenging task because these objects themselves occupy very few pixels in the image. We use reinforcement learning we learn to effectively collect, summarize and use context to predict the car door handle. In the figure below numbered glimpses are shown in yellow, prediction in red and ground truth in green.
As part of a team of early deep learning enthusiasts at UIUC, we created this Python library consisting of Tensorflow wrappers and helper functions.
We analyse and show how to apply the approach of Needel et al. that uses importance sampling to enhance the rate of convergence of SGD to the novel case of L2-normalized Logistic Regression. Through experiments we validate the effectiveness of the algorithm to reduce the number of iterations to convergence.
We show how to model worker assignment for crowdsourcing a task as a bipartite graph. We then present a novel algorithm for effectively making use of a given edge budget using Expectation Maximization algorithm to iteratively form a belief about worker reliability and create robust task measurements. We also study the role of prior on the worker reliability.
We proposed and demonstrate an extension of GrabCut to RGBD images which solve two of its major limitations - requirement of manual localization and color constancy assumption. We use Edge-Boxes to automatically generate object proposals and encode various depth based shape priors that help relax the color constancy assumption (for example in a colorful cereal box). Furthermore, based on the observation that smaller object proposals are more likely to occlude larger ones, we propose a heirarchical segmentation algorithm that respects occlusions.
Implemented the Catamull-Clark Subdivision Surface algorithm in C++ using the efficient Half-Edge datastructure. The camera is made to move on a Bezier curve defined by 4 control points. Texture mapping and lighting was done using shaders in OpenGL and GLSL.
Given a sparse set of movie ratings from different users, user demographics and movie genre, our system uses collaborative filtering to learn to recommend movies. Certain interesting trends immerge out of the analysis which are presented at the end.
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0.999837 |
Create your custom Twitter widget.
You can easily create your Twitter widget by using the Twitter Tool in this link: https://twitter.com/about/resources/widgets. Click on 'Create new' on the top right corner.
Select the options you want on left. Once you are done, you can see the code of your widget. Copy the code.
2. Edit the web page you want to add Twitter widget.
3. Click on "Source" icon and paste the Twitter widget code.
4. Click on 'Save & Preview' button. You can see the Twitter stream to your website.
Note: If it is not working at first glance, try to refresh the page.
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0.954819 |
Humanism in Renaissance rhetoric was a reaction to Aristotelian scholasticism, as espoused by Francis Bacon , Averroës , and Albertus Magnus , among others. While the scholastics claimed a logical connection between word and thought, the humanists differentiated between physical utterance and intangible meditation; they gave common usage priority over sets of logical rules.
The humanists also sought to emulate classical values. Joseph Webbe wrote textbooks that taught Latin through reconstruction of the sentences of classical authors from individual phrases and clauses. Roger Ascham taught that one could learn to speak effectively by studying the speeches of ancient orators. Thomas Elyot wrote The Book Named the Governor, which suggested rules for effective statesmanship. Thomas More 's most significant contribution to humanism was Utopia, a design for an ideal society based primarily on works by classical authors.
The effect of humanism on English literature was wide and far-reaching. It is evidenced, for example, in the works of Ben Jonson and William Shakespeare . The poems and plays of Jonson often center on the difference between virtue and vice; Jonson considers sincerity, honesty, self-discipline, and concern to be chief virtues, while dissimulation, lying, or masking of identity is vicious behavior. His Volpone and The Alchemist exemplify humanist values. In a play such as Shakespeare's Tempest, a main character (Prospero) embodies a full range of human abilities: father, creator, ruler, magician, master, and scholar. In addition, Shakespeare took subject matter for many plays from classical sources (e.g., Coriolanus, Troilus and Cressida, and Julius Caesar ).
In France Michel de Montaigne and François Rabelais were the most important proponents of humanist thought. Montaigne's essays are memorable for their clear statement of an individual's beliefs and their careful examination of society. In On the Education of Children, he suggests a remaking of secondary education according to classical models; in On Cannibals, he writes that cannibals are more civilized than others because they are removed from the dissimulation and vice of human society. Rabelais was the author of Gargantua and Pantagruel, the satirical biographies of two giants; the characters may be said to represent the humanist belief in the immensity of human capability. Guillaume Budé , Pierre de Ronsard , Guillaume Du Bartas , Joachim Du Bellay , and Jean Bodin are other major French humanist figures.
In Italy Petrarch is considered a founder of the humanist movement. His De viris illustribus, a set of heroes' lives, included both ancient heroes and such men as Adam; he also wrote a series of letters to classical figures (e.g., Cicero and Ovid). Giovanni Boccaccio , a follower of Petrarch, wrote works that include De genealogia deorum gentilium [on the genealogy of the gods of the gentiles], a collection of classical myths, and the Decameron, a book of 100 stories told by Italian courtesans taking refuge from the Black Plague. Coluccio Salutati (1331–1406) was a Florentine political administrator who wrote treatises on humanism, taught thinkers Poggio and Bruni, and accumulated a large library of ancient Greek and Roman texts.
The Renaissance Italian Leone Battista Alberti is famed for a series of dialogues in which he teaches classical virtues in a vernacular tongue. Niccolò Machiavelli wrote Il Principe [the prince], in which he memorably described the various shapes a ruler must assume in order to become an effective leader, and Discorsi [the discourses], in which he studies Livy in a search for classical values. The Book of the Courtier by Baldassare Castiglione is essentially about Castiglione himself; in it the author delineates the characteristics of a perfect gentleman.
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0.999043 |
I am afraid John is in trouble. I feel he needs help but I can't find any message from him. John does not need a port to communicate.
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0.94934 |
Jan Gert HEYMANS, son of Jan Gert HEYMANS and Catharina Magdalena NN, was born on August 10, 1823 in Dist Kaapkolonie, , , and died on July 18, 1902 in Driekuil, Dist Ladybrand, , , at the age of 78. He married Martha Magdalena Catharina Petronella Gertruida Sophia GREYLING, daughter of Paul Jacobus GREYLING and Anna Catharina Elizabeth CARELSE, on November 21, 1853 in Ng Kerk Smithfield, Oranje-vrystaat, , ,. She was born on January 1, 1833 and died on August 22, 1921 in Driekuil, Dist Ladybrand, , , at the age of 88.
Anna Catharina Elizabeth Johanna HEYMANS, daughter of Jan Gert HEYMANS and Martha Magdalena Catharina Petronella Gertruida Sophia GREYLING, was born on February 7, 1856 in Dist Smithfield, Oranje-vrystaat, , ,. She married Philippus Rudolph BOTHA. He was born on May 7, 1872 and died on June 14, 1928 at the age of 56.
Catharina Magdalena HEYMANS, daughter of Jan Gert HEYMANS and Martha Magdalena Catharina Petronella Gertruida Sophia GREYLING, was born on July 27, 1857 in Dist Smithfield, Oranje-vrystaat, , ,. She married Theodorus Ernst KLEYNHANS on July 29, 1879 in Ladybrand, Vrystaat, SUID AFRIKA,. He was born on April 26, 1843 and died on February 19, 1934 at the age of 90.
Paul Jacobus HEYMANS, son of Jan Gert HEYMANS and Martha Magdalena Catharina Petronella Gertruida Sophia GREYLING, was born on July 4, 1859 in Dist Smithfield, Oranje-vrystaat, , , and died on May 10, 1933 in Concordia, Dist Ventersdorp, , , at the age of 73. He married 2 times. The first time he married Maria Johanna ROODT on February 6, 1882 in Ladybrand, Vrystaat, SUID AFRIKA,. She was born about 1862. The second time he married Anna Frederika de BEER on May 7, 1883 in Ladybrand, Vrystaat, SUID AFRIKA,. She was born about 1859 and died about February 1908.
Martha Magdalena Catharina HEYMANS, daughter of Jan Gert HEYMANS and Martha Magdalena Catharina Petronella Gertruida Sophia GREYLING, was born on November 29, 1860 in Thaba 'Nchu, Oranje-vrystaat, , ,. She married Philippus Rudolph JANSEN VAN RENSBURG. He was born about 1871.
Susanna Hendrina HEYMANS, daughter of Jan Gert HEYMANS and Martha Magdalena Catharina Petronella Gertruida Sophia GREYLING, was born on June 12, 1862. She married Hercules Salomon DU PREEZ on February 7, 1881 in Ladybrand, Vrystaat, SUID AFRIKA,. He was born on June 30, 1856 in Dist, George, , , and died on September 23, 1929 in Benoni, Transvaal, , , at the age of 73.
Jacobus Frederik HEYMANS, son of Jan Gert HEYMANS and Martha Magdalena Catharina Petronella Gertruida Sophia GREYLING, was born on October 11, 1863 in Rouxville, Oranje-vrystaat, , , and died on May 17, 1939 in Weltevreden, Dist Ladybrand, , , at the age of 75. He married Susara Anna Johanna Magdalena GROENEWALD on September 13, 1887 in Ladybrand, Vrystaat, SUID AFRIKA,. She was born about 1869.
Johannes Barend HEYMANS, son of Jan Gert HEYMANS and Martha Magdalena Catharina Petronella Gertruida Sophia GREYLING, was born on October 8, 1866 and died on March 6, 1944 at the age of 77. He married 2 times. The first time he married Elizabeth Johanna Susanna SMIT in Paul Roux, Oranje-vrystaat, , ,. She was born about October 1865 in Smitskop, Dist Senekal, , , and died on September 16, 1928 in Smitskop, Dist Senekal, , ,. The second time he married Johanna Magdalena Maria VAN DEN BERG on February 4, 1890 in Ladybrand, Vrystaat, SUID AFRIKA,. She was born on November 4, 1864 and died on October 7, 1931 at the age of 66.
Abraham Carel HEYMANS, son of Jan Gert HEYMANS and Martha Magdalena Catharina Petronella Gertruida Sophia GREYLING, was born about 1869 and died on May 27, 1939 in Bosrand, Klerksdorp, Transvaal, SUID AFRIKA,. He married Catharina Wilhelmina GREYLING (first cousin), daughter of Abraham Carel GREYLING and Isabella Susanna VAN STADEN, on April 9, 1888 in Ng Kerk Rouxville, Oranje-vrystaat, , ,. She was born on September 5, 1870 in Goedehoop, Dist Rouxville, , , and died on February 26, 1951 in Bosrand, Klerksdorp, Transvaal, SUID AFRIKA, at the age of 80.
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0.999834 |
Assume the middle of the dart board in the figure below represents the true population parameter we are trying to estimate, and each of the marks a point estimate.
Method A is the most precise.
Method A is the most accurate.
Method B is the most precise.
Method B is not as precise as A but is more accurate.
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0.846873 |
HOW CAN I CALL AN AMBULANCE IN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES?
No. There is no uniform EMS communications/dispatch system for Abu Dhabi and accessing emergency care in other emirates is similarly fragmented owing to a range of prehospital providers, including police, hospitals and private EMS companies.
In some hospitals, the MOH maintains a public service access point (PSAP) in the emergency department, staffed by on-duty ambulance personnel. There are few street addresses in Abu Dhabi, and no automatic number or location identifiers, making dispatch more difficult. Personnel often rely on landmarks, family/friends/bystanders and patients to find patient locations.
Other than the Police (999) and Civil Defense/Fire Department (997), there are private ambulance providers in UAE to provide private transport between facilities, both internationally and domestically.
The National Crisis and Emergency Disaster Management Authority (NCEMA) is tasked with “coordinating communication both at the national and local level”, though persons needing an ambulance in United Arab Emirates during a disaster should still call 999 or 998.
Depending on where you are, it seems likely that you will be transported in a new ambulance, possibly with some token advanced equipment. Many privately-held emergency medical providers commonly use terms like “the latest in vehicle and medical technology”, “state-of-the-art” and “high-tech”, and then go on to describe equipment and resources that would be considered standard or of minimal utility in a developed EMS system. Nonetheless, the vehicles are typically Mercedes-Benz Sprinters with good gurneys, ensuring, oftentimes and at the least, a comfortable ride. Other vehicles used for emergency response also include motorcycles and “fly-cars” which are able to arrive on-scene early and provide stabilization while a transport vehicles is en route.
A range of helicopter and fixed-wing air ambulances are also available in UAE, typically managed and operated by police departments, hospitals and private ambulance companies.
In total, there are over 120 hospitals in UAE, including both public and private, with 40 hospitals each in both Abu Dhabi and Dubai. Depending on where you are (and what you request) you may be transported to a large hospital with an emergency department staffed by a Western emergency physician, or a rural hospital with local physicians. You may be taken to a primary health center, which is similar to an urgent care clinic in the U.S., or to a busy emergency department. In Abu Dhabi and Dubai, there are regional trauma centers, with plans reported to extend the trauma center to the entire nation over the next decade.
It has been reported by multiple sources that persons visiting emergency departments with non-urgent conditions will be charged full price.
The UAE Ministry of Health provides majority of oversight for government-related health care services, though there may be more than one governmental body responsible for provision of health care in individual emirates, including the Ministry of the Interior.
Batt AM et al: “A profile of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in Northern Emirates, United Arab Emirates.” Saudi Med J. 2016;37(11):1206-1213.
Callachan EL et al: “Physician perceptions and recommendations about pre-hospital emergency medical services for patients with ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction in Abu Dhabi.“J Saudi Heart Assoc. 2016;28(1):7-14.
Fares S et al: “Emergency medicine in the United Arab Emirates.” International Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2014;7(1):4.
Sasser S, Gibbs M, Blackwell T: “Prehospital Emergency Care in Abu Dhabil, United Arab Emirates.” Prehospital Emergency Care 2004;8:51-57.
Are medics supposed to enter confined spaces for rescue. OR rescue team will extricate injured person and then medics take over ?
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0.91279 |
From left to write: Lauren Hill, Brad Huff and Emma Grant take to the road near Mt. Lemmon to train. The trio, among several others, is staying at the Homestretch Foundation, which provides accommodations for female cyclists and endurance athletes looking to improve on their careers without the stress of their budgets holding them back.
Whether along the Rillito River Trail, up the 26-mile climb to Mt. Lemmon or at various other popular locales across the metro area, thousands of people in Tucson take to the road on a bicycle every day. Long known as a region friendly to the cycling community, the thousands of locals out on the road are joined in the winter by those looking to take advantage of Tucson’s favorable climate to keep to a consistent training schedule.
Lauren Hall, Emma Grant and Brad Huff have spent time in the Old Pueblo with several other professional or elite-level cyclists at the Homestretch Foundation, a home away from home. A vision several years in the making in the mind of founder and former professional cyclist Kathryn Bertine, the foundation is a spiritual extension and a continuation of the work Bertine has carried out on and off of her bike.
During her career as a cyclist, one thing became apparent to Bertine: women have not been given an equal chance at success in the sport. Suffering through her own monetary struggles as a professional, Bertine said she looked to help as many fellow female athletes as possible. The concept which would eventually become the foundation was then born: hosting women in her home.
While Bertine knew that salary issues was a widespread problem throughout women’s cycling – the sport’s governing body, Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), does not require women to be paid a base salary like male athletes – she said she came to realize that the financial hardship was nearly universal.
Years later Bertine would retire from her own professional career, hanging up her jersey at the end of the 2016 season, though her desire to help other women in the sport was not sated. After years of thinking about the foundation and formulating business plans, Bertine put the wheels in motion alongside co-founder Tom Bailey, and the Homestretch Foundation became a reality last November.
Established near the grueling, 9,000 foot climb atop iconic Mt. Lemmon, the foundation houses up to ten professional female cycling or endurance sports athletes, all looking to take advantage of the desert winter - and the opportunity to take some pressure of their budget.
Grant said that she first heard about the foundation and its mission through a teammate, and had ridden with Bertine in the past. With an opportunity to train in Tucson during prime conditions, Grant couldn’t help but take a chance, and applied for the program.
From making use of the environment, to accessing various trainers, chiropractors or doctors, the homestretch team has been making full use of their time in Tucson, though they have also grown as a family.
Bertine over the years and the mission of the foundation has also long held the attention of others within the cycling community, David McQuillen and The Sufferfest organization among them.
By partnering with the foundation, athletes benefit from free use of The Sufferfest app, which includes riding videos and other helpful features. The app helps with indoor training, though the other benefit of the partnership has been the introduction of the Homestretch Foundation’s own motorpacing. Motorpacing is when riders ride behind a motor cycle or similar vehicle at high speeds to develop race-pace speed and strength they couldn’t otherwise develop riding alone.
Work at the foundation home doesn’t end on the roadway or in training sessions, however. Athletes staying in town are also required to donate at least two hours of every week to a cause, foundation or nonprofit close to their own hearts.
While the handful of athletes staying at the foundation every year see great benefit in their own careers, each – including Huff – know that more needs to be done to better the position of female cyclists in their sport.
When not hosting athletes during training season (December through May) the Homestretch Foundation is available to local clubs, groups, think tanks or any other organization which may need use of a space. Money raised by hosting groups will not only go towards the foundation’s mission of hosting female athletes, but its ongoing mission to create gender equity throughout the world.
More information can be found at www.homestretchfoundation.org.
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Guitars are one of the best musical instruments man has ever created. In fact, almost 65% of Americans know how to play the guitar. This is because learning how to play the guitar is as easy as 1-2-3. It just needs some "dogged" determination, interest, and love for music, and anybody can easily learn how to manipulate a few strings. Many experts contend that learning how to play the guitar is almost proportional to the kind of guitar being used. They suggest that in order to learn how to play the guitar in as little time possible, it is advantageous to use a good guitar.
Since many people would like to believe that all guitars are the same because they have similar attributes, it is really not possible to assume to assume it to so. This is because guitars are not created equal. Each kind has its own distinctions and differences. For those who are not yet familiar with the way to choose the right guitar, here is a list of some tips that you can use: 1. Determine your budget first Guitars are not made of second-hand class materials so you can expect that most of the guitars are relatively expensive. Determine your budget first so that you will know how much you can afford before you decide what kind of a guitar to buy.
Settling for a cheaper guitar is generally not a good option, especially those that are priced below $200 - so you had better set a budget for it. 2. Know your style Knowing the kind of music that you like will help determine the kind of style of music you will play.
For instance if you are interested in acoustic music, then it is best to buy an acoustic guitar; if you are into jazz, it would better to buy an "archtop' guitar. 3. Know your level of expertise If you think you are still a beginner but would like to personally own a guitar, it is best to buy an electric guitar because it provides easier manipulation of the strings. 4. Know the store Do not buy just anywhere; it would be better to buy your guitar from a quality shop or store.
This will assure you of the quality of the guitar plus service in case you need some repairs or additional services. Buying a guitar is not as easy as playing it. Just keep in mind that when you buy a guitar, do not just think of it as a good investment for your money but consider it a good investment for you skill. As they say, a good guitar renders good music.
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0.967251 |
This article is about the town. For the district, see Kushinagar district.
Kushinagar is a pilgrimage town in the Kushinagar district of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.
It is an important Buddhist pilgrimage site, where Buddhists believe Gautama Buddha attained Parinirvana after his death. It is an international Buddhist pilgrimage centre. The followers of Buddhism, especially from Asian countries, wish to visit this place at least once in their lifetime.
According to one theory, Kushvati was the capital of Kosala Kingdom and according to Ramayana it was built by King Kush, son of Rama, protagonist of the epic Ramayana. While according to Buddhist tradition Kushavati was named prior to the king Kush. The naming of Kushwati is believed to be due to abundance of Kush grass found in this region.
As of 2011 India census, Kushinagar had a population of 22,214, with 3462 households. Males constitute 52% (11,502 Men) of the population and females 48% (10,712 Women). Kushinagar has an average literacy rate of 78.43%, higher than the national average of 74%, male literacy is 85%, and female literacy is 72%. In Kushinagar, 11% of the population is under 10 years of age. Schedule Caste (SC) constitutes 5.03% while Schedule Tribe (ST) were 2.39% of total population in Kushinagar Nagar Panchayat.
The present Kushinagar is identified with Kusavati (in the pre-Buddha period) and Kushinara (in the post-Buddha period). Kushinara was the capital of Mallas which was one of the sixteen mahajanpads of the 6th Century BCE. Since then, it remained an integral part of the erstwhile empires of Maurya, Shunga, Kushana, Gupta, Harsha, and Pala dynasties.
In the medieval period, Kushinagar had passed under the suzerainty of Kultury Kings. Kushinara continued to be a living city till the 12th century CE and was thereafter lost into oblivion. Padrauna is believed to be ruled over by a Rajput adventurer, Madan Singh, in the 15th century CE.
However, modern Kushinagar came into prominence in the 19th century with archeological excavations carried out by Alexander Cunningham, the first Archeological Surveyor of India and later followed by C.L. Carlleyle who exposed the main stupa and also discovered a 6.10 meters long statue of reclining Buddha in 1876. Excavations continued in the early twentieth century under J. Ph. Vogel. He conducted archaeological campaigns in 1904-5, 1905-6 and 1906-7, uncovering a wealth of Buddhist materials.
Chandra Swami, a Burmese monk, came to India in 1903 and made Mahaparinirvana Temple into a living shrine.
After independence, Kushinagar remained part of the district of Deoria. On 13 May 1994, it came into being as a new district of Uttar Pradesh.
In 1896, Waddell suggested that the site of the death and parinirvana of Gautama Buddha was in the region of Rampurva. However, according to the Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra, the Buddha made his journey to Kushinagar, died there and wherein he was cremated. It is believed that during his last day he walked into the groves of tress near the city and rejoiced at the blossoms of sala trees (Shorea robusta) before laying himself to rest.
Modern scholarship, based on archaeological evidence, believes that the Buddha died in Kushinagar, close to the modern Kasia (Uttar Pradesh).
Ashoka built a stupa and pilgrimage site to mark Buddha's parinirvana in Kushinagara. The Hindu rulers of the Gupta Empire (fourth to seventh century) helped greatly enlarge the Nirvana stupa and Kushinagar site, building a temple with reclining Buddha. This site was abandoned by Buddhist monks around 1200 CE, who fled to escape the invading Muslim army, after which the site decayed over the Islamic rule in India that followed. The British archaeologist Alexander Cunningham rediscovered Kushinagara in the late 19th century, and his colleague A. C. L. Carlleyle unearthed the 1,500-year-old Buddha image. The site has since then become an important pilgrimage site for Buddhists. Archaeological evidence from the 3rd century BCE suggests that the Kushinagara site was an ancient pilgrimage site.
Kushinagar is a nagar palika situated at 53 km east from Gorakhpur on the National Highway-28, lying between latitude 26°45´N and 83°24´E. Gorakhpur is the main railway terminus for Kushinagar while air strip of UP Civil Aviation is situated in Kasia, 5 km away from Kushinagar, currently being developed as an International Airport by Uttar Pradesh Government and Government of India.
The reclining Nirvana statue of the Buddha is inside the Parinirvana Stupa. The statue is 6.10 metres long and is made of monolith red-sand stone. It represents the "Dying Buddha" reclining on his right side with his face towards the west. It is placed on a large brick pedestal with stone-posts at the corners.
Nirvana Chaitya is located just behind the Main Parinirvana Temple. It was excavated by Carlleyle in the year 1876. During excavations, a copper plate was found, which contained the text of the "Nidana-Sutra" which concluded the statement that plate had been deposited in the Nirvana-Chaitya by one Haribala, who also installed the great Nirvana Statue of Buddha in the temple front.
Ramabhar Stupa Ramabhar Stupa, also called a Mukutbandhan-Chaitya, is the cremation place of Buddha. This site is 1.5 km east of the main Nirvana Temple on the Kushinagar-Deoria road.
Matha Kuar Shrine A colossal statue of Lord Buddha is installed, which is carved out of one block which represents Buddha seated under the "Bodhi Tree" in a pose known as "Bhumi Sparsh Mudra" (Earth touching attitude). The inscription at the base of statue is datable to the 10th or 11th century A.D.
Indo-Japan-Sri Lanka Temple: Indo-Japan-Sri Lanka temple is a marvel of Buddhist architectural grandeur of modern times.
Wat Thai Temple: It is a huge complex built in a typical Thai-Buddhist architectural fashion.
Ruins and brick structures: These are located around the main Nirvana Temple and Main Stupa. These are the remains of various monasteries of different sizes constructed from time to time in the ancient period.
Several museums, meditation parks and several other temples based on architecture of various eastern countries.
The Government of Uttar Pradesh has proposed the Kushinagar-Sarnath Buddha Expressway to connect Buddhist pilgrimage towns. The expressway will be around 200 km long and will reduce the distance from both town from Seven hours to one and half hours.
Kushinagar comes under Kushi Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency) for Indian general elections. Current Member of Parliament from this constituency is Rajesh Pandey of Bharatiya Janata Party who defeated R. P. N. Singh of Indian National Congress in Indian general elections, 2014.
The current Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA) from Kushinagar Assembly constituency is Rajnikant Mani Tripathi of Bharatiya Janata Party.
Buddha's body was kept at this location for one week, after he attained Parinirvana.
^ a b "52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA" (PDF). nclm.nic.in. Ministry of Minority Affairs. p. 49. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
^ "History". Kushinagar District. 20 November 2017.
^ Census of India: Population Finder, http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/View_Village_Population.aspx?pcaid=1249&category=N.P.
^ Vogel J Ph. (1950). "Some Buddhist Monasteries in Ancient India". Journal of the Ceylon branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 1: 27–32.
^ "Kushinagar History". kushinagar.nic.in. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
^ "A Tibetan Guide-book to the Lost Sites of the Buddha's Birth and Death", L. A. Waddell. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1896, p. 279.
^ a b c Lars Fogelin (2015). An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism. Oxford University Press. pp. 23–24. ISBN 978-0-19-994822-2.
^ John Guy (1991). "The Mahabodhi temple". The Burlington Magazine. 133 (1059): 356–357. JSTOR 884751.
^ S., Bhattacharya (1996). Buddh for the young (1st ed.). New Delhi: National Book Trust, India. p. 42. ISBN 81-237-2006-8.
^ United Nations (2003). Promotion of Buddhist Tourism Circuits in Selected Asian Countries. United Nations Publications. pp. 23–24. ISBN 978-92-1-120386-8.
^ Kevin Trainor (2004). Buddhism: The Illustrated Guide. Oxford University Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-19-517398-7.
^ Elizabeth Lyons; Heather Peters; Chʻeng-mei Chang (1985). Buddhism: History and Diversity of a Great Tradition. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-934718-76-9.
^ Fred S. Kleiner (2009). Gardner's Art through the Ages: Non-Western Perspectives. Cengage. pp. 13, 31. ISBN 0-495-57367-1.
^ Akira Hirakawa; Paul Groner (1993). A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 101. ISBN 978-81-208-0955-0.
^ Gina Barns (1995). "An Introduction to Buddhist Archaeology". World Archaeology. 27 (2): 166–168. doi:10.1080/00438243.1995.9980301.
^ a b Robert Stoddard (2010). "The Geography of Buddhist Pilgrimage in Asia". Pilgrimage and Buddhist Art. Yale University Press. 178: 3–4.
^ Richard H. Robinson; Sandra Ann Wawrytko; Ṭhānissaro Bhikkhu (1996). The Buddhist Religion: A Historical Introduction. Thomson. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-534-20718-2.
^ Mark Juergensmeyer; Wade Clark Roof (2011). Encyclopedia of Global Religion. SAGE Publications. p. 148. ISBN 978-1-4522-6656-5.
^ Asher, Frederick (2009). "From place to sight: locations of the Buddha´s life". Artibus Asiae. 69 (2): 244.
^ Himanshu Prabha Ray (2014). The Return of the Buddha: Ancient Symbols for a New Nation. Routledge. pp. 74–75, 86. ISBN 978-1-317-56006-7.
^ Lars Fogelin (2006). Archaeology of Early Buddhism. AltaMira Press. pp. 42–43. ISBN 978-0-7591-1444-9.
^ "Kushinagar geography". kushinagr.nic.in. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
^ a b c d e f g "Places in Kushinagar". kushinager.nic.in. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
^ "Kushinagar Loksabha". elections. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
Patil, D R (1981). Kusīnagara, New Delhi : Archaeological Survey of India.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Kushinagar.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kushinagar.
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0.999518 |
Although we're trying to get through quite a bit of material before our state testing, we took some time today to explore triangles. I'm sure many of you may have done this exploration, but it was quick and fun, so I thought I'd share:) We explored the idea that the sum of the two smaller sides of a triangle must be greater than the longest side. I cut straws of three different lengths, and asked students (in groups) to use the straws to make a triangle.
In my first math class, I used straws that were cut to 2 inches, 3 inches, and 5 inches.
made it almost possible to make a triangle, even though it shouldn't have been possible. So, I had to insist that their straw ends be lined up perfectly. I wanted to use 3, 5 and 2 inches to show that even these dimensions won't make a triangle, because the sum is equal to the longest side, not longer than it. So, after understanding how precise they had to be and that they couldn't leave segment parts sticking out of the end of the triangle, they came to the conclusion that it couldn't be done. Next I gave the groups a new set of straws that were cut to 3 inches, 3 inches, 5 inches. In this case, they were excited to make their triangles in about 30 seconds! We then discussed why the 3, 2, 5 didn't work and worked our way to "creating" the rule.
For my next classes, I trimmed the 3 inch straws to 2 inches, so that my next classes would have more difficulty getting the ends to meet. It was so funny to hear their comments - "This doesn't work," "Is this a trick question?" "This is impossible!" And then, their excitement when they made the 3, 3, 5 triangle - "We did it first!"
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0.999936 |
Question: You allude to writing emotions in a story with "You'll know you have it right when the story flows in a way that is emotionally compelling." Please define and exemplify such success.
Answer: I simply meant that, in a well-told story, the reader becomes emotionally involved in the story and feels empathetic towards the characters and their dilemma, such that the reader wants to keep reading.
If your readers become bored by the story or feel no emotional involvement, they will simply put it down and move on to a different book.
Part of the secret to keeping the readers engaged is to have an escalation of emotional tension (anticipation, fear, hope, etc.). Tension should rise for the first three acts of the story. Problems become more complex, more difficult. The emotional tension peaks at the climax and then unravels in the final act when all is resolved.
Bear in mind, I'm speaking here of the reader's experience of the story, not the chronological order of events, since in some stories these are quite different.
For instance, the original question was about backstories. Telling a story in chronological order would mean that Chapter 1 would start with all the backstories, but that may not be the most emotionally compelling order. It may be more effective to keep the reader in suspense about a character's backstory until later in the book.
In The Hunger Games the relationship between Katniss and Peeta begins when she is starving and Peeta saves her life by giving her bread, even though he will be punished for doing so.
However, the book doesn't begin with this event. It begins on the day of the reaping, building up to the dramatic moment when Katniss volunteers to take her sister's place in the games. Then we have the relationship backstory in Chapter 3, after the reader has become curious to find out what will happen to Katniss, now that she has become a tribute.
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0.995262 |
I’ll start this article with a positive statement: Most people frequenting the web design community (whether they are casual readers or regular design bloggers doing research) understand that nothing is truly free (not even content), and appreciate the fact that many blogs, design resources, and tech news sites rely on advertising to keep them afloat.
But unfortunately, not everyone gets this, and not everyone understands that with some viral pushing of certain trends and ideas, we as a community could be inadvertently shooting ourselves in the foot while we try to make our own browsing experience less ad-intrusive, and more comfortable.
Because of the advent of social media and the apparent ease with which trends, habits, and ideas can be spread, and because of the incredible speed with which such ideas can be spread, the mere discussion of ads being too intrusive on web design blogs could cause a serious problem in a presently-thriving community.
The design blogging community would not be what it is today without ads. It’s true that you could make the argument that much of the trash and superficial design writing online wouldn’t exist without the support of advertisements, but that is just a natural byproduct of mass media. Infomercials would not exist if ABC and the Discovery Channel didn’t exist. But that doesn’t mean ABC and the Discovery Channel never produce quality content. The bad content will always exist if money is involved — but that doesn’t make the financial benefits necessarily evil.
We should be proud that we are part of a community whose advertisements are often from high-quality software and app development companies. Many of these companies have worked hard to produce useful and beautiful products that assist us immensely in our workflow. Many of such products are offered free of charge, with pay options for enhanced versions. You don’t find that kind of thing very often in other media, so we should be willing to support our advertisers fully, and should from time to time take a look at the products they offer and, if we genuinely find them useful, share them with our contacts.
Nothing succeeds when individuals are selfish. Ultimately, selfishness will lead to demise because a community cannot truly thrive if the individuals that comprise it are only in it for themselves. When you choose to block ads while you surf the web, you’re basically saying “I only care about my own comfort, and I don’t want anyone else to benefit from my web surfing.” It’s a shame that any web designer would have that attitude.
What would happen if ad blocker plugins started spreading like wildfire throughout the design community, rendering virtually all ads useless? That would be a terrible thing, and would effectively destroy many of our favorite blogs, and would negatively impact many of the very people in the community we claim to be “friends” with.
I’m in no position to intelligently analyze the dot com bubble burst or “dot com bust” of the late 90s, but if we promote an “everything should be free” industry, then we’re just setting ourselves up for something similar.
To get an idea of the type of revenue streams that we’re hindering when we use an ad blocker, go to the BuySellAds “buy ads” page and do a search for any of the top design blogs, then click on the “more details” link to view the amount of money that advertisers are willing to pay for a simple square or rectangular ad on many of these websites.
Sure, you can have a negative, selfish view of this, thinking that these sites are getting rich because of your web browsing, but that would be a terrible attitude to have. No, these advertisers are not making these website owners rich, they’re putting thousands of dollars into the design community, which is positively affecting all of us.
If we ignore the contribution these advertisers are making, we could inadvertently cause our own little bubble to burst. That’s why it really upsets me when I see design blogs promoting the use of ad blockers, and even worse when I see design bloggers writing about blogs being too ugly because of ads.
When I worked for a big design agency here in Toronto, I almost always used Internet Explorer for my browsing. My co-workers didn’t understand why I used IE so much. Mainly I did so because I was used to it from years of using IE6. But it was also great because it gave me a realistic view of the web, because I saw things the way our clients did. What does this have to do with ad blockers?
An ad blocker reduces your ability (if only slightly) to design with your clients’ needs in mind. With ads showing through in full force, you’ll always see things the way they’re intended, and, as mentioned, you’ll be supporting the quality ads that have helped build our community.
As a community, we should take a stand against any person or blog that promotes the use of plugins or other methods that effectively take money out of the pockets of the very people who are willing to put money into our community. I wrote this article because I saw a tweet promoting a roundup of Google Chrome extensions, one of which was an ad blocker. I found a few of the extensions useful, but I wouldn’t bother promoting the roundup myself because I don’t want to promote the use of such a plugin.
If you run a web design blog, don’t promote the use of these browser plugins, and don’t complain about the amount of ads that appear on your favorite blogs — because you probably wouldn’t even know about those blogs if they didn’t have ads on them. Instead, have a balanced view of ads on design blogs, and help support the community by using the products and services that our advertisers are selling (or in some cases, generously giving away).
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This article contains some Tcl Huygens procedures that might be useful as examples of Tcl programming with the Huygens Software, or to use in new scripts.
# Basic tools: microscopy simulations, file conversion.
# Huygens Tcl Scripting shell.
# Convert the file type of all the files in a folder.
# Retrieve the list of files stored in the source directory.
# Proceed to open the images and save them with a different extension.
# Check whether the image has the extension we are looking for.
# First open the image.
# Save the image with a different extension.
# Close the image to free memory.
# Adds photon noise up to a given SNR value to an image opened in Huygens.
# First check if the SNR value is sensible.
# Find the image maximum intensity across all channels.
# Calculate how much noise should be added.
# Simulates microscopy acquisition creating a synthetic bead and a PSF.
# Create a synthetic bead.
# Show the synthetic bead.
# Set the microscope type, which plays a role in the acquisition result.
# Calculate the FFT of the bead image.
# Generate a theoretical PSF for the microscopic settings of the bead.
# Calculate the FFT of the theoretical PSF.
# Multiply the two FFT's as in the Convolution Theorem.
# Calculate the FFT of the resulting image to go back to real space.
# Set the Fourier domain to 'optical representation'.
# Add photon noise to the result image.
# Delete the in-between results.
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0.996738 |
Provide an educational skiing program that is open to any blind or visually impaired person in the hope of providing both physical and psychological therapeutic value.
ABSF was founded in 1971 and is a non-profit tax exempt (501-C3) national organization chartered in the State of Illinois. The purpose of ABSF is to provide an educational skiing program that is open to any blind or visually impaired person in the hope of providing both physical and psychological therapeutic value.
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0.906654 |
Explain to me how in such a small island country has so many talented musical projects? Sigur Rós, múm, Ólafur Arnalds, Jóhann Jóhannsson, Bjork, Gus Gus — it is only the first names that come to mind. For this cohort, I would put Yagya. This Icelander since 2002 captivates our music lover hearts his incredibly beautiful dubteсhno. The apogee of his music, many people believe the third album under the name «Rigning», which is kind of an ode to rain. I think it would be at least strange to hear such a giant as Yagya another like a record, as well he said in the interview. Despite the recognizable style, Gudmundsson still has not been repeated and each time he pleasantly surprised us.
Even before the official release of «Inescapable Decay Of My Heart» the album provoked mixed reaction in an audience. The main reason for this is vocals and song-oriented conception of the record, as we heard on those short little previews. I don’t have any musical background and I can't estimate it in a professional manner about the production level, here I can only operate with like/dislike- notions, and I damn like this new album. Now let me tell you a terrible thing. Yagya decided to shift the focus of his music to pop music. What! How? Did he really write this word? Guys, let's grow up and put aside this adolescent maximalism. Yes, this album has the vocals, yes, they sound as they supposed to sound in pop music, but they fit so perfectly into the Yagya's dubtechno. By the way his beat became more dense and elastic. «My Star Is A New Song» and «Reverbs And Delays» tracks can be definitely played on the dancefloor, but it won't work previously. All the vocals that we hear in his album are from Iceland if we go by performers names. I wonder how Iceland is so full of talented people, and how many of them are still unknown to us. If the names of female-performers said nothing to me, I was surprised to find out who’s the male vocal owner. This is Gudmundsson personally, he also wrote almost all the lyrics. Basically, this album is above all praise. There's not a single doubtful or weak track, each song is a gem. He's done an outstanding job in my opinion. Songs lyrics, very sensitive in their basis, tell us about emotional experiences, loss of loved ones (Tears Will Fall), and about love of course (Gabriel). After the dynamic middle-part, mood shifts to a more calm way (Bright Moonlit Sky, The Salt On Her Cheeks). During these hot days of July, this part of the album associated in my mind with coolness of Iceland. Finally, Waiting For The Rain brings us back to the Rigning period.
A few words concerning the instrumental version. It includes all tracks from the album even those that initially had music only (Reverbs And Delays, The Salt On Her Cheeks). I’d say you should not have great hopes for it, if you are so abhorrent to vocals. Steiny was right in saying that vocals absence is evident in some tracks. After all, everything here goes round his beautiful songs. So I don't envy those people who refused to let this wonderful album into their hearts. And finally it was only you who made yourself out of the pleasure to hear this new Yagya creation, but not him.
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0.763943 |
本发明的目的在于阻止对磁记录介质例如磁卡中的记录信息的非法改写，并且有助于基本不可变信息的记录。 Object of the present invention is to prevent the illegal rewriting of the magnetic recording medium, for example, magnetic card for recording information and contributes substantially non-variable information is recorded. 在磁记录介质的使用中，该记录介质在基片的至少一部分上，包括含有不可逆记录材料的不可逆记录层，在加热的作用下其饱和磁化强度发生不可逆变化，本发明涉及以下步骤：预先加热不可逆记录层，形成按条形码图形排列了多个加热条的初始加热区，加热条的饱和磁化强度已经发生了不可逆变化，把设置在加热条之间的未加热条转变成加热状态，改变加热条的阵列图形，从而记录信息。 In the magnetic recording medium, the recording medium on at least a portion of a substrate, comprising containing irreversible irreversible recording layer of the recording material under heating effect of saturation magnetization undergoes an irreversible change, the present invention relates to the following steps: pre-heating the irreversible recording layer to form a bar code pattern arranged in the initial heated region a plurality of heated bars, the saturation magnetization of heated bars has undergone an irreversible change, the set into a heated state unheated bars between heated bars, change the heating strip array pattern, thereby recording information.
本发明涉及磁记录介质的使用方法，特别是涉及磁卡。 The present invention relates to a magnetic recording medium, particularly to a magnetic card.
近年来，磁卡在各种领域得到广泛应用。 In recent years, magnetic cards are widely used in various fields. 特别是，磁卡作为可重写卡或预付卡得到广泛使用，钱款信息作为信息的磁性比特被记录其中，从而可以在每次使用后减少钱款量。 In particular, a rewritable magnetic cards or prepaid cards are widely used, in which monetary information is recorded as magnetic bits of information, which can reduce the amount of money after each use.
在这种应用中，如果未能彻底地保护磁卡，避免由非法更改记录数据或磁卡易于伪造带来的假冒问题，则磁卡系统的安全性将受到致命的损害。 In this application, if not completely protect the card, avoid changing the data recorded by the problem of illegal or counterfeit card is easy to bring counterfeit, the security card system will be fatally compromised. 极为需要磁卡具有防止非法更改记录数据的保护功能。 Card has a much-needed changes to prevent illegal data protection. 为了满足这种需要，已经提出了各种磁卡并实际使用。 To meet this need, a variety of magnetic cards have been proposed and actual use. 例如，如果在磁卡上局部地设置特殊材料区，则将难以伪造而且可以通过检测该特殊区来鉴定其真伪。 For example, if the specific material regions provided partially on the card, it would be difficult to counterfeit and its authenticity can be identified by detecting the special region. 具有复合层设置的磁卡也是已知的。 A composite magnetic layer disposed are also known.
这些其中内置保护功能的磁卡难以被造假或复制成大量的伪造卡，但是仍旧存在这样的可能性，即通过非法更改例如重写钱款信息，把已经消费完的磁卡中的钱款信息恢复为初始信息。 These built-in protection functions which are difficult card fraud or copied into a large number of counterfeit cards, but still there is a possibility that changes such as through illegal rewriting of money information, the information has been completed spending money in the card reverts to The initial information. 一种对策是根据使用次数在卡上打孔，尽管这样也会产生多种问题，即不能期望有准确的契约，打过孔的卡的碎屑被废弃，并有可能通过回填那些孔而被修复。 One countermeasure is based on the number of uses punch cards, although it will also produce a variety of problems that can not be expected to have accurate contracts, the debris hole played cards are discarded, and it is possible that through holes to be backfilled repair. 另一种可能的对策是利用温度自记录来记录对应于使用次数的可见数据。 Another possible countermeasure is to record recorded by the temperature from the visible data corresponding to the number of uses. 但是，载有可见数据的这些卡易于被沾污，因为可见数据必须进行光学读取。 However, these cards carrying visible data can be easily contaminated, because the visible data must be optically read. 对于可见数据来说很容易伪造记录。 For the visible data it is very easy to falsify records. 另一个问题是光学读取器通常较昂贵。 Another problem is that optical readers are generally expensive.
在这种情况下，JP-A 77622/1996提出了一种磁记录介质，包括使用一种合金作为磁记录材料的不可逆记录介质层，该合金的结晶态饱和磁化强度与非晶态饱和磁化强度之比至少是5。 In this case, JP-A 77622/1996 proposes a magnetic recording medium, comprising the use of an alloy as an irreversible recording material layer of the recording medium, the saturation magnetization of the crystalline and amorphous alloy saturation magnetization the ratio is at least 5. 这种磁记录介质具有由记录材料构成的不可逆记录层，该记录材料在加热作用下，饱和磁化强度发生不可逆变化。 Such a magnetic recording medium having an irreversible recording layer composed of a recording material, the recording material under the action of heat, saturation magnetization undergoes an irreversible change. 虽然这种记录材料在加热作用下改变其饱和磁化强度，但是基本不可能重写，因为为了把饱和磁化强度恢复到加热前的数值，必须把磁记录介质加热到该介质会形变或者熔化的程度。 Although this recording material changes its saturation magnetization upon heating, rewriting is substantially impossible, however, because in order to restore the saturation magnetization to the value prior to heating, the magnetic recording medium must be heated to a deformation of the medium or the degree of melting . 该介质保证了高度的安全性。 The media ensure a high degree of safety.
但是，其中公开的在这种不可逆记录层中实现信息记录的方法，仅是使用热头以对应于记录信息的图形对所述的层进行加热。 However, where the disclosed method in which the irreversible recording layer of the information recording implemented, using only the thermal head corresponding to the recording information of the pattern layer is heated. 没有提出发挥不可逆记录材料的优点的方法。 The method proposed does not play the advantages of the irreversible recording material.
本发明的第一目的在于阻止对磁记录介质例如磁卡中的记录信息的非法改写，并且有助于基本不可变信息的记录。 The first object of the present invention is to prevent the illegal rewriting of the magnetic recording medium, for example, magnetic card for recording information and contributes substantially non-variable information is recorded.
本发明的第二目的在于除了达到第一目的之外，抑制磁记录介质的输出变化。 The second object of the present invention is in addition to achieve the first object, to suppress the output variation of the magnetic recording medium.
本发明的第三目的在于除了达到第一目的之外，改善记录的信息的保密性。 The third object of the present invention is in addition to achieve the first object, to improve the confidentiality of the information recorded.
本发明的第四目的在于除了达到第一目的之外，能够容易地检测对记录信息的非法改写。 The fourth object of the present invention to achieve the first object in addition, can easily detect the illegal rewriting of the recorded information.
本发明的第五目的在于除了达到第一目的之外，更加难以伪造或假冒该介质。 The fifth object of the present invention is in addition to achieve the first object, is more difficult to forge or counterfeit the medium.
分别通过以下第一到第五实施例实现第一到第五目的。 It was achieved by the following first to fifth object of the first to fifth embodiments.
第一实施例以下(1)～(5)第二实施例以下(6)第三实施例以下(7)～(9)第四实施例以下(10)～(15)第五实施例以下(16)(1)． First Example The following (1) to (5) Second embodiment The following Example (6) Third Embodiment The following Example (7) to (9) the following fourth embodiment (10) (15) - The following fifth embodiment ( 16) (1). 一种磁记录介质的使用方法，该记录介质在基片的至少一部分上，包括含有不可逆记录材料的不可逆记录层，在加热的作用下其饱和磁化强度发生不可逆变化，所述方法包括以下步骤：预先加热所述不可逆记录层，形成其中按条形码图形排列了多个加热条的初始加热区，加热条的饱和磁化强度已经发生了不可逆变化，把设置在加热条之间的未加热条转变成加热状态，改变加热条的阵列图形，从而实现信息记录。 Use of a magnetic recording medium, the recording medium on at least a portion of a substrate, comprising containing irreversible irreversible recording layer of the recording material under heating effect of saturation magnetization undergoes an irreversible change, the method comprising the steps of: previously heating said irreversible recording layer, wherein a bar code pattern is formed are arranged a plurality of heated bars initial heated region, the heated bars of the saturation magnetization irreversible changes have taken place, the heating is provided into the unheated bars between the heated bars state changes the array pattern of heated bars, thereby realizing the information recording.
(2)． (2). 根据(1)的磁记录介质的使用方法，其中，所述磁记录介质是磁卡，所述信息记录是磁卡的固定信息的记录，在磁卡发行时进行所述的信息记录。 The method uses (1) a magnetic recording medium, wherein said recording medium is a magnetic card, said information recording is recording the fixed information of the magnetic card, said information recording card at the time of release.
(3)． (3). 根据(1)或(2)的磁记录介质的使用方法，其中，所述信息记录是磁记录介质的使用历史的记录。 The method (1) or (2) a magnetic recording medium, wherein said information recording medium using a magnetic recording history.
(4)． (4). 根据(1)～(3)中任一项的磁记录介质的使用方法，其中，把未加热条转变成加热状态的步骤，把加热条的阵列图形改变成编码的阵列图形。 The use of (1) to (3) according to any one of the magnetic recording medium, wherein the step of heating the article to heat the transition is not a state, the array pattern of heated bars into an encoded array pattern changes.
(5)． (5). 根据(1)～(4)中任一项的磁记录介质的使用方法，其中，所述初始加热区包括按等间距图形排列等宽度加热条的区域。 The method of using a magnetic recording medium (1) to (4) according to any one, wherein said initial heated region includes a region of the strip width of the heating pattern are arranged at equal pitches and the like.
(6)． (6). 根据(1)～(5)中任一项的磁记录介质的使用方法，其中，采用进行加热的加热装置扫描所述不可逆记录层，实现记录，所述加热装置的扫描方向，基本垂直于读出操作过程中用读出磁头扫描该层的方向。 The method (1) to (5) of any one of a magnetic recording medium, wherein the heating means employed for heating scans said irreversible recording layer, to achieve the recording, the scanning direction of the heating means, substantially perpendicular to the read with a read head during operation of the scanning direction of the layer.
(7)． (7). 根据(1)～(6)中任一项的磁记录介质的使用方法，其中，所述磁记录介质在所述不可逆记录层和所述基片之间具有磁记录层，其中所述不可逆记录层起磁屏蔽层的作用。 The method of using a magnetic recording medium of any one of (1) to (6) a, wherein, the magnetic recording medium having a magnetic recording layer of said irreversible recording layer and between said substrate wherein said irreversible recording layer functions as a magnetic shield layer.
(8)． (8). 根据(7)的磁记录介质的使用方法，其中，所述不可逆记录层中除了不可逆记录材料之外还含有软磁材料。 The method (7) of the magnetic recording medium, wherein said irreversible recording layer, in addition to the irreversible recording material further comprises a soft magnetic material outside.
(9)． (9). 根据(7)的磁记录介质的使用方法，其中，所述不可逆记录层由包含所述软磁材料的软磁材料层和包含所述不可逆记录材料的不可逆记录材料层组成。 The method (7) of the magnetic recording medium, wherein said irreversible recording layer of a soft magnetic material layer and an irreversible recording material layer containing said soft magnetic material containing said irreversible recording material.
(10)． (10). 根据(1)～(9)中任一项的磁记录介质的使用方法，其中，所述不可逆记录层包含硬磁材料，其饱和磁化强度在加热作用下无实质性变化，并具有大于所述不可逆记录材料的矫顽力。 The method of any one of (1) to (9) a magnetic recording medium, wherein said irreversible recording layer contains a hard magnetic material, which no substantial change of saturation magnetization upon heating, and having greater than the the coercivity of the irreversible recording material.
(11)． (11). 根据(10)的磁记录介质的使用方法，其中，所述不可逆记录层由包含所述不可逆记录材料的不可逆记录材料层和包含所述硬磁材料的硬磁材料层组成。 The method (10) of a magnetic recording medium, wherein said irreversible recording layer of hard magnetic material layer of the hard magnetic material by an irreversible recording material layer containing said irreversible recording material and a composition comprising a.
(12)． (12). 根据(10)或(11)的磁记录介质的使用方法，其中，所述硬磁材料具有至少300Oe的矫顽力。 The method (10) or (11) a magnetic recording medium, wherein said hard magnetic material having a coercive force of at least 300Oe.
(13)． (13). 根据(10)～(12)中任一项的磁记录介质的使用方法，其中，通过加热所述不可逆记录层，使所述不可逆记录材料的饱和磁化强度发生变化，实现记录，通过检测所述不可逆记录层的磁化强度变化，该不可逆记录层具有的所述硬磁材料已在一个方向磁化，同时施加偏置磁场，其取向与所述一个方向相反，并且不引起所述硬磁材料的磁化强度反转，实现读出。 According to (10) to a magnetic recording medium using the method according to any one of (12), wherein, by heating said irreversible recording layer for causing said irreversible recording material saturation magnetization change effect recording by said detecting irreversible magnetization change recording layer, the irreversible recording layer of said hard magnetic material having been magnetized in one direction, while applying a biasing magnetic field whose orientation is opposite to said one direction, and does not cause said hard magnetic material is magnetized intensity inversion, read out to achieve.
(14)． (14). 根据(10)～(12)中任一项的磁记录介质的使用方法，其中，通过加热所述不可逆记录层，使所述不可逆记录材料的饱和磁化强度发生变化，实现记录，通过以下步骤实现读出，检测所述不可逆记录层的磁化强度变化的步骤，该不可逆记录层具有的所述硬磁材料已在一个方向磁化，同时施加偏置磁场，其取向处于所述一个方向；和检测所述不可逆记录层的磁化强度变化的步骤，该不可逆记录层具有的所述硬磁材料已在一个方向磁化，同时施加偏置磁场，其取向与所述一个方向相反，并且不引起所述硬磁材料的磁化强度反转。 According to (10) (12) - a magnetic recording medium using the method of any one of, wherein, by heating said irreversible recording layer for causing said irreversible recording material saturation magnetization change recording to realize, is achieved by the following steps reading out, said step of detecting the magnetization of the recording layer is irreversible change, the irreversible recording layer of said hard magnetic material having been magnetized in one direction, while applying a biasing magnetic field whose orientation is in said one direction; and detecting said step of magnetization of the irreversible recording layer is changed, the irreversible recording layer of said hard magnetic material having been magnetized in one direction, while applying a biasing magnetic field whose orientation is opposite to said one direction, and does not cause said hard magnetic magnetization reversal material.
(15)． (15). 根据(13)或(14)的磁记录介质的使用方法，其中，偏置磁场的强度低于所述硬磁材料的矫顽力，高于所述不可逆记录材料的矫顽力。 The method (13) or (14) a magnetic recording medium, wherein the strength of the biasing magnetic field is lower than the coercivity of said hard magnetic material is higher than the coercivity of said irreversible recording material.
(16)． (16). 根据(1)～(15)中任一项的磁记录介质的使用方法，其中，所述磁记录介质在所述不可逆记录层中具有至少一个记录磁道，在记录过程中控制加热装置，以使其中加热条排列成条形码图形的至少两个磁道单元相互基本平行地排列，构成一个记录磁道，该记录磁道包括至少部分的非对称区域，其中在至少两个磁道单元之间加热条的阵列图形不同。 The method of using a magnetic recording medium of any one of (1) to (15) a, wherein said magnetic recording medium in the irreversible recording layer has at least one recording track, control of the heating means during recording, so that the at least two track elements in which heated bars of a bar code pattern are arranged substantially arranged in parallel to each other, constituting a recording track, the recording track includes at least in part an asymmetric region in which the array pattern of heated bars differs between at least two track elements .
在上述实施例中所述不可逆记录层最好具有最高达1μm的表面粗糙度(Ra)。 In the above embodiments the irreversible recording layer preferably has a surface roughness of up to 1μm (Ra).
图1是用于第一实施例的磁记录介质的示例性结构的平面图。 1 is a plan view of an exemplary structure of a first embodiment of the magnetic recording medium.
图2(a)、2(b)和2(c)是展示第一实施例中的不可逆记录层的加热图形的变化的平面图。 FIG 2 (a), 2 (b) and 2 (c) is a plan view showing the change of the heated pattern of the irreversible recording layer of the first embodiment.
图3(a)、3(b)和3(c)是展示第一实施例中的不可逆记录层的加热图形的变化的平面图。 FIG. 3 (a), 3 (b) and 3 (c) is a plan view showing the change of the heating pattern of the irreversible recording layer in the first embodiment.
图4(a)是展示第一实施例中的不可逆记录层的加热图形的剖面图。 FIG. 4 (a) is a sectional view showing the heating pattern of the irreversible recording layer in the first embodiment. 图4(b)是展示图4(a)的加热图形中磁化强度变化(差分输出)的曲线图。 FIG. 4 (b) is a graph showing magnetization change in FIG 4 (a) heating pattern (differential output). 图4(c)和4(d)是展示图4(a)的不可逆记录层追加加热时产生的磁化强度变化(差分输出)的曲线图。 FIG. 4 (c) and 4 (d) is a magnetization change (differential output) produced when the irreversible recording layer is heated additionally shows FIG 4 (a) is a graph in FIG.
图5(a)是展示相对于第二实施例中的读出过程中读出磁头的扫描方向，在记录(或加热)过程中加热装置的扫描方向的平面图。 FIG 5 (a) is a plan view showing with respect to the second embodiment is read out during the read head scanning direction, the scanning direction of the heating means in a recording (or heating) process. 图5(b)是展示其中产生的读出输出(磁化强度的差分输出)的曲线图。 FIG. 5 (b) shows an example where a read outputs (differential outputs of magnetization) produced graph.
图6(a)是展示相对于第二实施例中的读出过程中读出磁头的扫描方向，传统的记录(或加热)过程中加热装置的扫描方向的平面图。 FIG 6 (a) is a plan view showing the scanning direction with respect to the scanning direction of the readout apparatus of the second embodiment during the read head, the conventional recording (or heating) during heating. 图6(b)是展示其中产生的读出输出(磁化强度的差分输出)的曲线图。 FIG 6 (b) shows an example where a read outputs (differential outputs of magnetization) produced graph.
图7(a)是展示第二实施例的例子中产生的读出输出(磁化强度的差分输出)的曲线图；图7(b)是展示对比例中产生的读出输出(磁化强度的差分输出)的曲线图。 FIG. 7 (a) is showing read outputs (differential outputs of magnetization) is an example of the second embodiment of the produced graph; FIG. 7 (b) shows a differential pair read outputs (comparative magnetization generated output) graph.
图8是用于第三实施例的磁记录介质的示例性结构的剖面图。 FIG 8 is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary configuration of a third embodiment of the magnetic recording medium.
图9(a)和9(b)是根据第三实施例的磁记录介质的示例性结构的剖面图。 FIG. 9 (a) and 9 (b) is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary configuration of a third embodiment of the magnetic recording medium according to the embodiment.
图10是Fe58Al42合金扁平化粉末的饱和磁化强度Ms与加热温度的曲线图。 FIG 10 is a graph showing the flattened powder Fe58Al42 alloy saturation magnetization Ms and the heating temperature.
图11是在起磁屏蔽层作用的不可逆记录层的表面上测量到的泄漏输出与不可逆记录层厚度的关系曲线图。 FIG 11 is a layer acting as a magnetic shield to measure the irreversible recording layer on the surface of leakage output graph of the irreversible recording layer thickness.
图12是作为从图11结果确定的泄漏输出的衰减系数与不可逆记录层厚度的关系曲线图。 FIG 12 is a leakage output as the attenuation factor determined from the results of FIG. 11 graph of the irreversible recording layer thickness.
图13是用于第四实施例的磁记录介质的示例性结构的剖面图。 FIG 13 is a sectional view of an exemplary configuration of a magnetic recording medium according to the fourth embodiment is used.
图14(a)和14(b)是根据第四实施例的磁记录介质示例性结构的剖面图。 FIG 14 (a) and 14 (b) is a sectional view of an exemplary structure of a medium according to a fourth embodiment of the magnetic recording.
图15是展示通过加热第四实施例的部分不可逆记录层4而进行记录的方式的剖面示意图。 FIG. 15 is partially heated by a schematic cross-sectional view of the fourth embodiment 4 and the embodiment of the recording irreversible recording layer.
图16是一组示意曲线图，展示的是在施加正向偏置磁场的同时，读取如图15所示被加热的不可逆记录层4时产生的差分输出；图16(a)展示了不可逆记录材料层141的差分输出，图16(b)展示了硬磁材料层143的差分输出，图16(c)展示了整个不可逆记录层4的差分输出。 FIG 16 is a schematic graph of a set, is shown while applying a forward biasing magnetic field, the read differential outputs as shown in FIG 4 is produced as shown in the irreversible recording layer 15 is heated; FIG. 16 (a) shows an irreversible differential outputs of the recording material layer 141, FIG. 16 (b) shows the differential outputs of hard magnetic material layer 143, FIG. 16 (c) shows differential outputs of the entire irreversible recording layer 4.
图17是一组示意曲线图，展示的是在施加反向偏置磁场的同时，读取如图15所示被加热的不可逆记录层4时产生的差分输出；图17(a)展示了不可逆记录材料层141的差分输出，图17(b)展示了硬磁材料层143的差分输出，图17(c)展示了整个不可逆记录层4的差分输出。 FIG 17 is a schematic graph of a set, is shown while applying a reverse biasing magnetic field, the read differential outputs as shown in FIG 4 is produced as shown in the irreversible recording layer 15 is heated; FIG. 17 (a) shows an irreversible differential outputs of the recording material layer 141, FIG. 17 (b) shows the differential outputs of hard magnetic material layer 143, FIG. 17 (c) shows differential outputs of the entire irreversible recording layer 4.
图18是展示通过去除不可逆记录层4的一部分非法更改数据的方式的剖面示意图。 FIG 18 is a schematic sectional view showing by removing part of the recording layer 4 illegal data changes irreversible manner.
图19是示意曲线图，展示的是在施加正向偏置磁场的同时，读取如图18所示被部分去除的不可逆记录层4时产生的差分输出；图19(a)展示了不可逆记录材料层141的差分输出，图19(b)展示了硬磁材料层143的差分输出，图19(c)展示了整个不可逆记录层4的差分输出。 FIG 19 is a schematic graph showing that while applying a forward biasing magnetic field, the read 18 is partially removed differential outputs of the irreversible recording layer 4 is produced; FIG. 19 (a) shows the irreversible recording differential output material layer 141, FIG. 19 (b) shows the differential outputs of hard magnetic material layer 143, FIG. 19 (c) shows differential outputs of the entire irreversible recording layer 4.
图20是示意曲线图，展示的是在施加反向偏置磁场的同时，读取如图18所示被部分去除的不可逆记录层4时获得的差分输出；图20(a)展示了不可逆记录层141的差分输出，图20(b)展示了硬磁材料层143的差分输出，图20(c)展示了整个不可逆记录层4的差分输出。 FIG 20 is a schematic graph showing that while applying a reverse biasing magnetic field, the read is partially removed as shown in FIG differential outputs of the irreversible recording layer 4 obtained when 18; FIG. 20 (a) shows the irreversible recording differential output layer 141, FIG. 20 (b) shows the differential outputs of hard magnetic material layer 143, FIG. 20 (c) shows differential outputs of the entire irreversible recording layer 4.
图21(a)是展示不可逆记录层中的加热和去除图形的剖面图；图21(b)是展示施加正向偏置磁场的同时，读取如图21(a)的不可逆记录层时产生的差分输出的曲线图；图21(c)是展示施加反向偏置磁场的同时，读取如图21(a)的不可逆记录层时产生的差分输出的曲线图。 FIG 21 (a) is a sectional view showing the irreversible recording layer is heated and removed pattern; FIG. 21 (b) shows a forward bias is applied while the magnetic field is generated when reading in FIG. 21 (a) is an irreversible recording layer the graph of differential outputs; FIG. 21 (c) show the same time applying a reverse biasing magnetic field, generated when the graph (a), the irreversible recording layer 21 in FIG differential outputs read.
图22(a)是举磁卡为例的用于第五实施例的磁记录介质的平面图；图22(b)是图22(a)的记录磁道的部分放大图，具体展示了加热条阵列图形，还有从记录磁道的此区域读出的差分输出图形；图22(c)是分成两个磁道单元的记录磁道的平面图；图22(d)是从图22(c)的记录磁道分出的磁道单元之一作为独立记录磁道的平面图，还有从此记录磁道读出的差分输出图形；图22(e)是从图22(c)的记录磁道分出的磁道单元另一个作为独立记录磁道的平面图，还有从此记录磁道读出的差分输出图形。 FIG. 22 (a) is a plan view of a magnetic recording medium held in the fifth embodiment as an example for a magnetic card; FIG. 22 (b) is a diagram 22 (a) is a partially enlarged view of the recording track, particularly showing the array pattern of heated bars , and this area is read out from the recording track of the differential output pattern; FIG. 22 (c) is divided into two track elements is a plan view of recording tracks; FIG. 22 (d) is separated from the recording track of FIG. 22 (c) of one of track units as a separate plan view of the recording track, and the differential output from the readout recording track pattern; FIG. 22 (e) is separated from the recording track of FIG. 22 (c) in another track unit as an independent recording track a plan view, as well as read from the recording track pattern of differential outputs.
图23(a)是展示第五实施例所用磁记录介质的记录磁道中的加热条阵列图形的平面图；图23(b)是从该记录磁道读出的差分输出图形；图23(c)是从图23(a)的记录磁道分出的两个磁道单元的上面一个考虑为独立记录磁道时，从该记录磁道读出的差分输出图形；图23(d)是从图23(a)的记录磁道分出的两个磁道单元的下面一个考虑为独立记录磁道时，从该记录磁道读出的差分输出图形。 FIG 23 (a) is a plan view showing a fifth embodiment of the array pattern of heated bars recording track magnetic recording medium to be used; FIG. 23 (b) is read out from the recording track differential output pattern; FIG. 23 (c) is when considered from a top of FIG 23 (a) separation of the recording track two track units is independent recording track, read out from the recording track differential output pattern; FIG. 23 (d) from FIG. 23 (a) is following the recording track two separated track units when a separate recording track, read out from the recording track pattern to consider differential output.
图24(a)是展示第五实施例所用磁记录介质的记录磁道中的加热条阵列图形的平面图；图24(b)是从该记录磁道读出的差分输出图形；图24(c)是从图24(a)的记录磁道分出的两个磁道单元的上面一个考虑为独立记录磁道时，从该记录磁道读出的差分输出图形；图24(d)是从图24(a)的记录磁道分出的两个磁道单元的下面一个考虑为独立记录磁道时，从该记录磁道读出的差分输出图形。 FIG 24 (a) is a plan view showing a fifth embodiment of the array pattern of heated bars recording track magnetic recording medium to be used; FIG. 24 (b) is read out from the recording track differential output pattern; FIG. 24 (c) is when separated from the top in FIG. 24 (a) recording a track of two track elements considered as an independent recording track, read out from the recording track differential output pattern; FIG. 24 (d) from FIG. 24 (a) is following the recording track two separated track units when a separate recording track, read out from the recording track pattern to consider differential output.
功能和结果第一实施例在具有不可逆记录层的已有技术的介质中，通过以条形码图形形式加热所述层所记录的信息是所谓的地址信息。 Function and results in a medium with a first embodiment of prior art irreversible recording layer by heating the layer of information recorded in a bar code pattern in the form of a so-called address information. 通过检测条状加热部位(以下称为加热条)的宽度和阵列图形，读出该信息。 By detecting the width and array pattern of strip-like heating portion (hereinafter, referred to as heated bars) to read out the information. 因此，采用已有技术的方法、亦即通过以条形码图形形式加热未记录的不可逆记录层进行记录时，必须相当精确地控制加热条的起始和结束。 Thus, using prior art methods, i.e. by heating the bar code pattern are not recorded in the form of the irreversible recording layer for recording, it must precisely control the start and end of the heating strips. 这要求相当精确地控制加热装置例如热头和磁记录介质之间的接触面积、相对速度、接触时间、热均匀性和其它因素，这样就妨碍了介质驱动器成本的降低。 This requires fairly precise control of the heating means such as contact area, relative speed between the thermal head and the magnetic recording medium, the contact time, heat uniformity and other factors, thus obstructing reduction medium drive costs.
相反，根据本发明的第一实施例，在不可逆记录层中预先形成加热条和未加热条的预定图形。 In contrast, according to a first embodiment of the present invention, a predetermined pattern of heated bars and unheated bars of the previously formed in the irreversible recording layer. 当各个磁记录介质固有的图形被记录时，对应于记录信息的特定未加热条被转变成加热状态。 When the respective magnetic recording medium is inherent pattern corresponding to the specific information is not recorded state is converted to the heating strips. 把未加热条转变成加热状态时，必须把加热装置精确定位，仅使未加热条优先加热。 When the unheated bars into a heated transition state, the heating means must be precisely positioned so that the article to preferentially heat only the unheated. 即使相邻加热条被再次加热时，也可准确获得与精确定位获得的结果相同的结果。 Even when adjacent heated bars are heated again, it may accurately obtain the same result obtained with accurate positioning. 不仅热头，而且热压印机或者加热棒(电阻器)均可用做加热装置，可以进一步降低成本。 Not only the thermal head, and hot printer or heating bar (resistor) may be used as heating means, the cost can be further reduced.
第二实施例图6(a)是在基片2上具有不可逆记录层4的磁卡平面图。 Second Embodiment FIG. 6 (a) is a plan view of a magnetic card having an irreversible recording layer 4 on the substrate 2. 该图中，加热条41形成在不可逆记录层4中，作为等间距条形码的图形，除加热条41之外的区域是未加热条42。 The figure, heated bars 41 are formed in the pitch of the barcode pattern irreversible recording layer 4, such as a region other than the heated bars 41 are unheated bars 42. 热头进行加热时的扫描方向在图中是X方向。 Scanning direction thermal head is heated in the X direction in FIG. 对此磁卡读出时，用进行检测不可逆记录层中磁化强度变化的读出磁头扫描。 When this magnetic card is read out, detected by the read head scanning the irreversible recording layer changes of magnetization. 读出磁头的扫描方向与热头的扫描方向相同，即图中X方向。 Same direction readout scanning head scanning direction of the thermal head, i.e., X direction in FIG.
同时，含有树脂粘结剂的涂敷型不可逆记录层具有低的热导率。 Meanwhile, a coating type containing a resinous binder irreversible recording layer has a low thermal conductivity. 由于热头首先加热蓄热层，再由其加热不可逆记录层，所以升温较慢。 Since the thermal head first heats heat storage layer, and then by heating said irreversible recording layer, the temperature increase is slow. 这样防止了加热条41在其整体上被均匀加热，导致加热的变化。 This prevents the heated bar 41 is uniformly heated over its entirety, leading to heating variations. 因此，在热头扫描方向与读出磁头扫描方向重合的情况，如图6(a)所示，因从未加热条42到加热条41的变化而产生的差分输出，低于因从加热条41到未加热条42的变化而产生的差分输出，如图6(b)所示。 Thus, in the case of the thermal head scanning direction of the read head coincides with the scanning direction, as shown in 6 (a), the differential output due to changes in the unheated bar 41 to the heated bar 42 is generated, because the heating strip below 41 changes to the unheated bar 42 to produce a differential output, as shown in FIG 6 (b) shown in FIG. 由于这要求降低读出输出的阈值，读出输出变得对噪声敏感，导致发生错误。 Since this requires to reduce the threshold of the read output, the read output becomes susceptible to noise, leading to errors.
为了克服这种问题，本发明第二实施例做如下设计，通过在基本垂直于根据图5(a)所示的读出(X方向)时的读出方向的方向(Y方向)，用加热装置扫描磁卡进行记录。 To overcome this problem, the second embodiment of the present invention is designed as follows, by a substantially perpendicular direction according to FIG. 5 (Y-direction) read out at (a), reading (X direction), the heating scan magnetic recording apparatus. 结果，在加热装置扫描方向发生的加热变化不影响读出信号，获得了如图5(b)所示均匀磁化强度变化(差分输出)的信号。 As a result, heating variations occurring in the scanning direction of heating means does not affect the readout signal obtained in FIG. 5 (b) Signal uniform magnetization changes (differential outputs) of FIG.
在根据第二实施例进行的记录和读出中，必须使用其中加热装置扫描方向可以基本垂直于读出磁头扫描方向的写入/读出装置。 For the recording and reading according to the second embodiment, the heating means must be used in which the scanning direction may be substantially perpendicular to a read direction of the write head scanning / reading device. 应予注意，即使是对于已有技术写入/读出装置，其中加热装置的扫描方向与读出磁头的扫描方向重合，如果第二实施例应用于在提货之前预先记录在磁记录介质中的信息(固定信息)的记录，则基于第二实施例的优点可以无误差地进行该固定信息的读出。 It should be noted that, even for prior art write / read apparatus in which the scanning direction of the heating means and the scanning direction of the read head coincides with, if the second embodiment is applied to previously recorded in the magnetic recording medium prior to delivery of read record information (fixed information), based on the advantages of the second embodiment may be the fixed information is without error.
第三实施例在第三实施例中，在基片和不可逆记录层之间设置传统的磁记录层，同时不可逆记录层还起磁屏蔽层作用。 Third Embodiment In the third embodiment, a conventional magnetic recording layer is provided between the substrate and the irreversible recording layer while the irreversible recording layer also functions as a magnetic shield effect.
在第三实施例中，采用在加热作用下其饱和磁化强度降低的不可逆记录材料，不可逆记录层通常在被加热时其磁导率降低，因此通常降低了其磁屏蔽效应。 In the third embodiment, the use of a reduced heating effect at its saturation magnetization irreversible recording material, the irreversible recording layer generally reduces its magnetic permeability upon heating, thus generally reducing its magnetic shielding effect. 在采用被加热时其饱和磁化强度提高的不可逆记录材料的情形，磁屏蔽效应通常在被加热时提高。 When using its saturation magnetization is heated to improve the situation irreversible recording material, the magnetic shielding effect generally increases upon heating. 通过采用这种磁屏蔽效应的变化，第三实施例能够在消耗之后适当地处理磁卡。 By using such a change in the magnetic shielding effect, the third embodiment can be appropriately processed after the consumption of the magnetic card. 例如，使用被加热时其饱和磁化强度降低的不可逆记录材料的情况，对已经用尽或废弃的磁卡进行处理，以便对不可逆记录层整体加热，从而基本消除其磁屏蔽效应。 For example, when heated to reduce its saturation magnetization of the irreversible recording material, which has been exhausted or abandoned card processing, in order to heat the entire irreversible recording layer so as to substantially eliminate its magnetic shielding effect. 如果把磁卡读出设备设定为对无磁屏蔽的磁卡识别为不能使用，则可禁止用尽的磁卡非法使用。 If the card reading apparatus is set for the non-magnetic shielding identification card unusable, exhausted magnetic cards can prohibit illegal use. 另外，在处理用尽磁卡之前，不可逆记录层呈现全面的磁屏蔽效应，因而记录在磁记录层中的信息保持彻底的保密。 Further, prior to the treatment exhausted card, the irreversible recording layer exhibits complete magnetic shielding effect, and therefore information recorded in the magnetic recording layer is kept fully secret. 另一方面，使用被加热时其饱和磁化强度提高的不可逆记录材料的情况，对已经用尽或废弃的磁卡进行处理，以便对不可逆记录层整体加热，从而增强其磁屏蔽效应。 On the other hand, the use of which is heated to improve saturation magnetization of the irreversible recording material, to the magnetic card has been exhausted or waste processed to overall heating of the irreversible recording layer, thereby enhancing its magnetic shielding effect. 如果把磁卡读出设备设定为对有磁屏蔽的磁卡识别为不能使用，则可以在用尽之后对磁卡进行适当的处理。 If the card reading device is set to identify the magnetic card can not be used as a magnetic shield, the magnetic card can be exhausted after the appropriate treatment.
如果当仅有不可逆记录材料用做磁屏蔽材料时，加热之前(被加热时饱和磁化强度降低)或者加热之后(被加热时饱和磁化强度提高)不能获得足够的磁屏蔽效应，则可在不可逆记录层中含有通常用做磁屏蔽材料的软磁材料，或者可以叠置含不可逆记录材料的不可逆记录材料层和含软磁材料的软磁材料层，构成不可逆记录层。 If after when only an irreversible recording material as the magnetic shielding material, prior to heating (saturation magnetization decrease when heated) or heat (saturation magnetization improve upon heating) can not obtain sufficient magnetic shielding effect can be irreversible recording layer containing a soft magnetic material commonly used as a magnetic shielding material, or may contain an irreversible stacked irreversible recording material layer and the soft magnetic material layer containing soft magnetic material of the recording material, constituting the irreversible recording layer. 但是，如果由于增加了软磁材料或叠置软磁材料层，使得磁屏蔽效应总是保持在一定水平之上，则通过加热引起的磁屏蔽效应的变化不足以利用上述操作对用尽磁卡进行适当处理。 However, if the addition of a soft magnetic material or soft magnetic material stacked layer, so that the magnetic shielding effect is always kept above a certain level, the change in the magnetic shielding effect by heating is insufficient to cause the above operation to be exhausted magnetic cards appropriate treatment. 因此，必须适当选取添加的软磁材料的量或者软磁材料层厚度，以使加热可以产生足够的磁屏蔽效应的变化。 Therefore, it is necessary to select an appropriate amount of soft magnetic material added or the thickness of the soft magnetic material layer, such that heating may produce a sufficient change of magnetic shielding effect.
在此实施例中，按如下方式读出通过加热不可逆记录层中的不可逆记录材料而已经记录的信息。 In this embodiment, the information is read out by heating the irreversible recording layer of an irreversible recording material has been recorded in the following manner. 首先，从磁记录介质读出磁性信息，而不使不可逆记录层磁饱和。 First, read the magnetic information recording medium without causing the irreversible recording layer was magnetically saturated. 在此时刻，按照在不可逆记录层写入的图形，磁通量从磁记录层漏出，获得对应的读出信号。 At this time, the irreversible recording layer in accordance with write pattern, a magnetic flux leaks from the magnetic recording layer, to obtain a corresponding read signal. 接着，对磁饱和的不可逆记录层进行读出。 Next, the magnetic saturation of the irreversible recording layer is read out. 通过确定在此时刻获得的读出信号与从非磁饱和的不可逆记录层获得的读出信号之间的差，可以读出不可逆记录层的记录图形(加热图形)。 Read signal obtained at this time by determining the difference between the non-magnetic saturation of the readout layer of the recording signal obtained irreversible, it may be read out of the recording layer of the recording pattern (heated pattern) irreversible. 由于记录在不可逆记录层的信息是基于不可逆记录材料的磁化强度的变化，所以非法更改基本是不可能的。 Since the information recorded in the irreversible recording layer is irreversible change of magnetization on a recording material, the false alteration is substantially impossible.
第四实施例如果不可逆记录层例如被机械损坏则可产生一个错误信号。 If the fourth embodiment is the irreversible recording layer, for example, an error signal can be generated from mechanical damage. 更具体地讲，可以刮掉部分不可逆记录层而形成非磁性区。 More specifically, it scraped off portion can be formed of non-magnetic region irreversible recording layer. 在磁记录介质具有的不可逆记录层被加热时其饱和磁化强度降低的情况，刮掉区会被错误地识别为已写入(被加热)区。 In the case when the magnetic recording medium having an irreversible recording layer is heated to reduce its saturation magnetization of the scraped area is incorrectly identified as written (heated) region. 因此，具有这种不可逆记录层的磁记录介质需要能够检测这种非法更改的读出方法。 Thus, a magnetic recording medium having such an irreversible recording layer requires a reading method capable of detecting such false alteration.
在第四实施例中，不可逆记录层不仅含有不可逆记录材料，而且含有硬磁材料。 In the fourth embodiment, the irreversible recording layer contains not only the irreversible recording material, and comprising hard magnetic material. 参见图15说明本实施例的记录读出方法，图15展示了磁记录介质的典型例子，它包括不可逆记录层4，其形式是硬磁材料层143和叠置在其上的不可逆记录材料层141。 Referring to FIG. 15 illustrates a recording example of the present embodiment reading method, FIG. 15 shows a typical example of a magnetic recording medium comprising an irreversible recording layer 4 in the form of a hard magnetic material layer 143 and superposed thereon an irreversible recording material layer 141. 在本实施例中准备读出的磁信息，通过按照预定图形加热不可逆记录材料已经被记录。 Preparing magnetic information read out in the present embodiment example, according to a predetermined pattern by heating the irreversible recording material has been recorded.
读出时，硬磁材料层143必须在一个方向被磁化。 During reading, the hard magnetic material layer 143 to be magnetized in one direction. 在对不可逆记录层4施加其方向处于所述一个方向的偏置磁场(以下称为正向偏置磁场)的同时，检测磁化强度的变化，或者在对不可逆记录层4施加其方向与正向偏置磁场相反的偏置磁场(以下称为反向偏置磁场)的同时，检测磁化强度的变化，或者两者均进行。 In the irreversible recording layer 4 which is applied in the direction of a bias magnetic field while the direction (hereinafter, referred to as forward biasing magnetic field) detected magnetization change or irreversible recording layer 4 is applied to the forward direction thereof while the bias magnetic field opposite to the bias magnetic field (hereinafter, referred to as a reverse biasing magnetic field), and detecting a change in magnetization, or for both. 施加正向或反向偏置磁场时，不可逆记录材料层141在各偏置磁场的方向被磁化。 When the forward or reverse biasing magnetic field applied, the irreversible recording material layer 141 is magnetized in the direction of the bias magnetic field. 另一方面，由于反向偏置磁场的强度小于硬磁材料层143的矫顽力，所以在反向偏置磁场的作用下硬磁材料层143不反向。 On the other hand, since the strength of the reverse biasing magnetic field is less than the hard magnetic coercivity material layer 143, so that under the effect of reverse biasing magnetic field of the hard magnetic material layer 143 does not reverse. 根据本发明，在这种读出操作过程中检测不可逆记录层4的磁化强度变化。 According to the present invention, the process in which the read operation is detected irreversible magnetization change recording layer 4. 亦即检测差分输出。 I.e. detecting the differential output.
图16展示了在图15的介质上施加正向偏置磁场时进行读出的情况，图17展示了在图15的介质上施加反向偏置磁场时进行读出的情况。 FIG 16 shows a case where the read-out application of a forward biasing magnetic field on the medium of FIG. 15, FIG. 17 shows a case where the read magnetic field when a reverse bias is applied on the medium 15 of FIG. 应予注意，此例中的不可逆记录材料层141在加热时其饱和磁化强度降低。 It should be noted that the irreversible recording material layer 141 in this embodiment is reduced in its saturation magnetization upon heating. 图16(a)或17(a)展示了假设仅有不可逆记录材料层141时产生的差分输出。 FIG 16 (a) or 17 (a) shows differential outputs produced when only an irreversible recording material layer 141 is assumed. 图16(b)或17(b)展示了假设仅有硬磁材料层143时产生的差分输出。 FIG. 16 (b) or 17 (b) shows the differential output 143 is assumed only when generated hard magnetic material layer. 图16(c)或17(c)展示了不可逆记录层4是两层叠置时的差分输出。 FIG. 16 (c) or 17 (c) shows the differential output of the two superposed irreversible recording layer 4 Yes. 由于硬磁材料层143已经在一个方向被磁化，该硬磁材料在加热时饱和磁化强度不发生变化，从硬磁材料层143的差分输出为零，如图16(b)和17(b)所示。 Since the hard magnetic material layer 143 has been magnetized in one direction, the hard magnetic material saturation magnetization upon heating is not changed from zero the differential output of the hard magnetic material layer 143, FIG. 16 (b) and 17 (b) Fig. 因此，来自不可逆记录层4的差分输出，反映出不可逆记录材料层141的磁化强度变化图形和偏置磁场的方向。 Thus, the differential outputs from the irreversible recording layer 4 reflect the irreversible magnetization change pattern and the direction of the bias magnetic layer 141 of the recording material. 应该知道，不可逆记录层4的差分输出的幅度(绝对值)受硬磁材料层143的磁化强度幅度和偏置磁场的幅度及方向的影响。 Be appreciated, the amplitude of the differential outputs of irreversible recording layer 4 (the absolute value) of the amplitude and direction of the affected magnetization amplitude and offset of the magnetic field of the hard magnetic material layer 143.
另一方面，图18展示了一个伪造的介质的示例，其中通过用刮刀等部分去除不可逆记录层4而更改了记录的信息。 On the other hand, FIG. 18 shows an example of a forged medium, wherein a doctor blade, etc. by partially removing the irreversible recording layer 4 to change the recorded information. 在硬磁材料层143在一个方向磁化之后，通过施加正向或反向偏置磁场，在伪造的介质上读出时，假设仅存在不可逆记录材料层141时产生的差分输出如图19(a)或20(a)所示，于是与正常热记录(无伪造更改)的相同。 In the hard magnetic material layer 143 after a magnetization direction, by applying a forward or reverse biasing magnetic field when read in a counterfeit media, it is assumed there is only differential outputs produced when the irreversible FIG recording material layer 141 19 (a ) or 20 (a), the same then the normal thermal recording (no forgery changed). 因此，对于仅存在不可逆记录材料层141的情况，不能检测数据的非法更改。 Thus, for the case where there is only the irreversible recording material layer 141, the false alteration of data can not be detected. 但是，假设仅存在硬磁材料层143时产生的差分输出如图19(b)或20(b)所示，于是与正常热记录的情况不同。 However, assuming that there is only generated when the differential output 143 of the hard magnetic material layer of FIG. 19 (b) or 20 (b) as shown, so the case of a normal thermal recording different. 具体地，由于在部分切除硬磁材料层143所形成的去除区边缘发生磁化强度的变化，而且即使施加反向偏置磁场硬磁材料层143的磁化强度也不反向，所以在这两种情况的差分输出具有相同的极性变化图形，如图19(b)或20(b)所示。 In particular, since the change in magnetization regions removed partially cut hard magnetic material layer 143 formed on the edge occurs, and even if a reverse biasing magnetic field applied to the hard magnetic material layer 143 magnetization is not reversed, so the two output of the differential have the same polarity change pattern as shown in FIG. 19 (b) or 20 (b). 结果，不可逆记录层4整体的差分输出如图19(c)或20(c)所示。 As a result, the entire 4 irreversible recording layer differential outputs as shown in FIG 19 (c) or 20 (c) shown in FIG. 更具体地讲，由于差分输出(绝对值)随偏置磁场的方向而大大不同，如图19(c)或20(c)所示，所以通过在它们之间对比可以容易地检测非法更改。 More specifically, since differential outputs (absolute value) with the direction of the bias magnetic field is greatly different, as shown in FIG 19 (c) or 20 (c) as shown, so that the false alteration can be easily detected by comparing between them.
应该知道，为了检测利用去除不可逆记录层的非法更改，可以在图16(c)和19(c)之间识别或者在图17(c)和20(c)之间识别就足够了。 It is appreciated, in order to detect the use of false alteration remove the irreversible recording layer can be identified between FIG. 16 (c) and 19 (c) or FIG. 17 (c) and 20 (c) identifying between sufficient. 具体地讲，在施加正向偏置磁场下进行读出，或者在施加反向偏置磁场下进行读出，并且检测任何不同于图16(c)和17(c)的参考信号的差分输出信号就足够了。 Specifically, at a forward biasing magnetic field is applied to read, or read out at a reverse biasing magnetic field is applied, and detecting any differential output signal different from the reference of FIG. 16 (c) and 17 (c) of signal is sufficient. 在改变偏置磁场方向时不必进行两次读出。 Necessarily performed twice while changing the direction of biasing magnetic field is read out. 但是，应该知道，通过在改变偏置磁场方向的同时进行两次读出，并且对比各次读出结果，可以保证对数据的非法更改的检测。 However, it should be understood that the read twice by changing the direction of the biasing magnetic field at the same time, and each of the comparison result of the second reading, can ensure the detection of false alteration of data.
采用被加热时其饱和磁化强度提高的不可逆记录材料的情况，在对利用去除加热区而非法更改的检测上本发明也是有效的。 It is the case when using heated improve its saturation magnetization of the irreversible recording material, for use in the detection of illicit removal of the heating zone and to change the present invention is effective.
虽然在上述示例中，不可逆记录层4被分成硬磁材料层143和不可逆记录材料层141，但是在含有不可逆记录材料和硬磁材料两者的单层结构的不可逆记录层4的情况，如图13所示，利用相同的程序均可以检测数据的非法更改。 Although in the above example, the irreversible recording layer 4 is separated into the hard magnetic material layer 143 and the irreversible recording material layer 141, but containing the irreversible irreversible recording layer of a single layer structure of both the recording material and a hard magnetic material 4, FIG. 13, using the same procedures were false alteration of data can be detected. 此外，使用含有不可逆记录材料和硬磁材料两者的单层结构的不可逆记录层4，使得不可能仅去除不可逆记录材料，利用上述读出程序保证了区别伪造物和真实物。 Further, irreversible containing an irreversible recording layer of both the single-layer structure of the recording material and a hard magnetic material 4, making it impossible to remove only the irreversible recording material by the above procedure ensures that the read and the difference between real forgery thereof.
应予注意，在本实施例中，信息同样可以记录在硬磁材料层143。 It should be noted that in the present embodiment, the same information may be recorded in the hard magnetic material layer 143. 在此情形，记录在硬磁材料层143的信息一旦保持在半导体存储器中或者其它存储形式中，则如上所述硬磁材料层143在一个方向被磁化，进行读出，读出之后，被保持的信息被重新回写硬磁材料层。 In this case, the information recorded after the hard magnetic material layer 143 is once held in a semiconductor memory or other forms of storage, then the hard magnetic material layer 143 is magnetized in one direction as described above, read out, readout is held the information is re-written back to the hard magnetic material layer.
第五实施例伪造磁卡的一种示例技术，是把按条形码记录有数据的磁条，在纵向分成两部分，把两部分的每一个附着在另一磁卡或者卡式基片的读出区。 The fifth embodiment An exemplary technique forgery of the magnetic card, a barcode is recorded in the magnetic stripe data, divided into two parts in the longitudinal direction, each of the two parts is attached to another area in the read card or a magnetic card substrate. 这种伪造技术使得磁卡发行者遭受严重损失，因为包括磁卡发行时的钱款信息、发行号、分支号、和有效期的价值信息和标识信息均被原样复制。 This technology allows card issuers forged suffered serious losses because including the monetary information at the time of card issue, issue number, branch number, value and validity of information and identification information are copied.
但是，采用第五实施例防止了通过分隔记录磁道对磁记录介质的非法更改或伪造。 However, with the fifth embodiment prevents a false alteration or falsification by separating the recording track of the magnetic recording medium.
实施本发明的最佳模式本发明的基础在于第一实施例。 Basis of the best mode embodiment of the present invention, the present invention is characterized in the first embodiment. 如果需要可以与第二到第五实施例中至少一个组合。 If desired in combination with at least one of the second to fifth embodiments. 以下具体说明这些实施例中的每一个。 The following detailed description of each of these embodiments.
第一实施例使用方法图1展示了根据此实施例的磁记录介质的一个示例性结构。 Using the method of the first embodiment of FIG. 1 shows an exemplary configuration according to this embodiment of the magnetic recording medium. 此磁记录介质在基片2表面上具有不可逆记录层4和磁记录层3。 This magnetic recording medium having an irreversible recording layer 4 and the magnetic recording layer 3 on the surface of the substrate 2.
不可逆记录层4是含有以下将说明的不可逆记录材料的层，它被加热时饱和磁化强度发生不可逆变化。 The irreversible recording layer 4 will be described below containing an irreversible recording material layer, it changes irreversibly when heated saturation magnetization occurs.
根据本发明，预先加热不可逆记录层形成初始加热区，其中按照条形码图形排列了多个加热条41，其饱和磁化强度已经发生不可逆变化。 According to the present invention, the irreversible recording layer is preheated to form an initial heated region in which a bar code pattern are arranged in accordance with a plurality of heated bars 41 whose saturation magnetization has been irreversibly changed occurred. 未加热条42位于各相邻加热条之间。 Unheated bars 42 positioned between each adjacent heating strip. 此示例性实施例中的不可逆记录层4是加热时其饱和磁化强度降低的一种。 This exemplary embodiment of the irreversible recording layer 4 is heated to reduce its saturation magnetization one. 在该示例性实施例中，初始加热区在不可逆记录层4的整个表面上延伸，因而它们相互共同扩展，虽然初始加热区可以仅形成在不可逆记录层4的一部分中。 In the exemplary embodiment, the initial heated region extends over the entire surface of the irreversible recording layer 4, so that they mutually coextensive, although the initial heated region may be formed only in a portion of the irreversible recording layer 4.
在不可逆记录层4形成初始加热区之后，使未加热条42转变成加热状态，以使不可逆记录层具有载有信息。 After the irreversible recording layer 4 to form an initial heated region, so that unheated bars into a heated state 42, so that having the irreversible recording layer contains information. 对未加热条42进行加热时，如上所述，无需加热装置和介质之间的精确定位。 When unheated bars 42 are heated as described above, accurate positioning without heating between the device and the media.
对记录在初始加热区的信息类型要求不严格。 The type of information recorded in the initial heated region is not critical. 本发明例如应用于磁卡时，可以记录属于各个磁卡的和在其发行准备承载在各个磁卡上的固有信息，在本说明书中称为固定信息。 The present invention is applied to, for example, a magnetic card, a magnetic card can be recorded and belonging to the respective inherent information in their respective release preparations carried on a magnetic card, referred to as fixed information in this specification.
而且还可以记录磁记录介质的使用历史，例如磁卡的使用次数。 But also can record the use history of the magnetic recording medium, for example, the number of uses of a magnetic card. 如图2(a)所示，例如，按等宽度和等间距形成一系列加热条41。 As shown in FIG 2 (a) as shown, for example, by a series of equal width and equal spacing of heater 41 is formed. 结果，确定了等宽度和等间距的未加热条42。 As a result, the determination of equal width and equal spacing unheated bars 42. 在此状态，通过从初始加热区的一端侧，加热数量对应于使用次数的未加热条42，可以记录使用次数。 In this state, from one end side of the initial heated region, the use of heat corresponding to the number of unheated bars 42 times, number of uses may be recorded.
在初始加热区中，加热条可以按照等宽度和等间距排列，如上所述，虽然加热条的宽度和间距也可以不均等，例如图3(a)所示。 In the initial heated region, the heated bars of equal width and can follow equally spaced, as described above, although the width and spacing of the heated bars may be unequal, for example (a) shown in Fig. 在图(a)的阵列图形中，加热条41的宽度和间距不均等，不具有编码特定信息的显著性。 In view (a) of the array pattern, the width and pitch of the uneven heating of the strip 41, which does not have specific information encoded significance. 但是，如果通过加热和消除选定的未加热条42，使加热条的阵列图形改变为图3(b)所示图形，则出现编码的特定信息的阵列图形，最终完成了信息记录。 However, if heating and eliminating selected unheated bars 42, so that the array pattern of heated bars is changed to FIG. 3 (b) shown in a particular array pattern information graphics, coding occurs, and finally completed the information recording.
虽然图1-3所示的例子涉及的介质，具有被加热时其饱和磁化强度降低的不可逆记录层，但是采用具有被加热时其饱和磁化强度提高的不可逆记录层的介质，可以同样地实现本发明的优点，因为与上述例子相同的方式适用于磁化强度变化的检测。 Although the example shown in Fig 1-3 the media involved, it is heated has a saturation magnetization of the irreversible recording layer is reduced, but when using a medium having a saturation magnetization which is heated to improve the irreversible recording layer can similarly implement the present the advantages of the invention, since the same manner as the example described above is adapted to detect changes in the intensity of magnetization.
对记录在不可逆记录层4中的信息进行读出时，对其施加直流磁场后，检测不可逆记录层4中的磁化强度变化图形，或者在施加直流磁场的同时，检测磁化强度变化图形。 The information recorded in the irreversible recording layer 4 is read out after its applying dc magnetic field, the detection of the irreversible magnetization change pattern of the recording layer 4, or while applying a DC magnetic field, the magnetization change pattern is detected. 在不可逆记录材料被加热时其饱和磁化强度降低的情形，由于在记录过程中已被加热的记录层的这些区域不被或者极少磁化，读出时可以检测对应于记录过程中加热图形的磁化强度图形。 In the case of the saturation magnetization becomes low when the irreversible recording material is heated, since the recording process has been heated to the area of the recording layers are not or little magnetized, can detect the magnetization corresponding to the heating pattern in the recording process of reading out intensity pattern. 而且在不可逆记录材料被加热时其饱和磁化强度提高的情形，读出时可以检测对应于记录过程中加热图形的磁化强度图形。 And in the case when the irreversible recording material is heated to improve its saturation magnetization, the heating pattern can be detected magnetization pattern corresponding to the recording process of reading out. 对检测磁化强度的装置没有特别的限制，例如可以采用传统的环型磁头或者磁致电阻(MR)型磁头。 There is no particular limitation on the means for detecting magnetization, for example, conventional ring type magnetic head or a magnetoresistance (MR) type magnetic head.
应予注意，某些被加热时其饱和磁化强度提高的记录材料，在记录结束时无需施加直流磁场就已被磁化。 It should be noted, some of which upon heating to improve saturation magnetization of the recording material, at the end of recording without applying a dc magnetic field had been magnetized. 这些记录材料无需施加直流磁场即可进行读出。 These recording materials can be read out without applying a dc magnetic field. 而且对于被加热时其饱和磁化强度降低的记录材料，如果未加热区记录之后仍处于磁化状态，则无需施加直流磁场同样可以读出。 But also for reduced its saturation magnetization upon heating of the recording material, after the heating zone if the recording is still not in a magnetized state, without applying a dc magnetic field can also be read out.
不可逆记录层以下说明不可逆记录层的优选结构。 The irreversible recording layer structure described below is preferably an irreversible recording layer.
利用加热源例如热头从表面侧加热不可逆记录层。 Using a heating source such as a thermal head is heated from the surface side of the irreversible recording layer. 在脉动地进行加热形成加热点矩阵的记录方法中，加热区(或者等温区)在层表面下从每个加热点按基本是半球方式延伸。 In the recording method of pulsed heating of the heating dots are formed in the matrix, the heating zone (temperature zone, or the like) at the surface layer extending from each of the heat spots by substantially hemispherical manner. 在此时刻，如果该层过厚，则在相邻加热点之间和远离加热源的区域(或深区)留下加热不足的区。 At this time, if the layer is too thick, then add the adjacent areas and between the hot (or deep regions) away from the heating source, leaving insufficient heating zone. 读出时，作为加热不足的区的结果而发生的磁化强度变化被检测为噪声。 During reading, the magnetization changes as a result of insufficient heating zone occurs being detected as noise. 虽然读出输出本身基本不变，读出信号可以具有低的SN比。 Although reading of its output substantially constant, the readout signal may have a low SN ratio. 为了防止SN比的这种降低，不可逆记录层优选具有最高达10μm的厚度。 To prevent such reduction of the SN ratio, the irreversible recording layer preferably has a thickness of up to 10μm. 不可逆记录层厚度的下限随其形成方法而变化较大，无特别限制，在涂敷法的情况通常下限约为1μm，在真空淀积法例如溅射的情况约为0.01μm，优选约为0.1μm。 The lower limit of the thickness of the irreversible recording layer is formed with a method which varies the larger, not particularly limited, in the case of coating method is generally the lower limit is about 1 m, the vacuum deposition method, for example, the case of sputtering about 0.01μm, preferably about 0.1 μm. 如果不可逆记录层过薄，输出将不足，或者将难以形成均匀层。 If the irreversible recording layer is too thin, the output will be insufficient, or difficult to form a uniform layer.
不可逆记录层在其表面最好具有最高达1μm的表面粗糙度(Ra)。 Irreversible recording layer preferably having up to 1μm surface roughness (Ra) on the surface thereof. 较大的表面粗糙度将导致极低的SN比。 It will result in a large surface roughness extremely low SN ratio. 表面粗糙度(Ra)按JIS B0601规定。 The surface roughness (Ra) prescribed by JIS B0601.
应予注意，不可逆记录层中的记录，可以是利用层平面内方向的磁化强度的平面内磁记录，或者是利用与层垂直的方向的磁化强度的垂直磁记录。 It should be noted that the recording layer is irreversible, may be using the in-plane magnetization direction of the layer plane magnetic recording, magnetic recording or the perpendicular magnetization using a direction perpendicular to the layers.
不可逆记录材料不可逆记录材料被加热时饱和磁化强度发生不可逆变化。 Irreversible recording material irreversible change of saturation when the irreversible recording material is heated magnetization occurs. 不可逆记录材料具有的饱和磁化强度4πMs的变化比，亦即(4πMs加热后)/(4πMs加热前)或者(4πMs加热前)/(4πMs加热后)，优选至少是2或最高达1/2，更优选是至少是3或最高达1/3。 Irreversible change recording material having saturation magnetization 4pMs ratio, i.e. (4pMs after heating) / (4πMs before heating) or (4pMs before heating) / (4πMs after heating), preferably at least 2 or up to 1/2, more preferably at least 3 or up to 1/3. 如果饱和磁化强度变化不足，则难以读出记录的信息。 If the change of saturation magnetization is insufficient, it becomes difficult to read the recorded information.
应予注意，饱和磁化强度是在正常环境温度范围(例如-10℃～40℃)内测量的。 It should be noted that the saturation magnetization is measured in the normal environmental temperature range (e.g. -10 ℃ ~ 40 ℃) a. 本说明书中所用的“饱和磁化强度的不可逆变化”是指，在本发明应用于磁卡的条件下，当磁卡被加热到磁卡被加热后可再次使用的温度时(例如约500℃，优选约400℃)，饱和磁化强度以不可逆的方式变化。 "Irreversible change of saturation magnetization" used in this specification, refers, under the conditions of the present invention is applied to a magnetic card when the magnetic card is heated to a temperature of the magnetic card is heated reusable (e.g., about 500 ℃, preferably from about 400 ℃), the saturation magnetization changes in an irreversible manner.
不可逆记录材料被加热时其饱和磁化强度开始改变的温度应在50-500℃的范围内，在100-500℃更好，在150-400℃最好。 When the irreversible recording material is heated starts to change its saturation magnetization of the temperature should be, at 100-500 deg.] C preferably in the range of 50-500 deg.] C, preferably at 150-400 ℃. 而且最好在此温度范围获得位于上述范围内的饱和磁化强度变化比。 In this temperature range and preferably positioned to obtain a saturation magnetization change ratio within the above range. 如果饱和磁化强度开始变化的温度过低，则磁卡将变得热不稳定，因而损失可靠性。 If the change of saturation magnetization starts is too low a temperature, then the card would become thermally unstable, and thereby loses reliability. 此外，靠近加热区的区域变得敏感，以致难以精确记录。 In addition, the region near the heating zone becomes sensitive, making it difficult to accurately recorded. 如果饱和磁化强度开始变化的温度过高，记录所需的加热温度将变高，难以使用耐热性较低的树脂作为基片，并且需要昂贵的记录设备。 If the change of saturation magnetization starts is too high a temperature, the heating temperature required for recording would become high, difficult to use less heat resistant resins as the substrate, and a recording apparatus requires expensive. 对于不可逆记录层的加热，采用热头或者其它加热装置。 For the irreversible recording layer is heated using a thermal head or other heating device. 由于热头具有约400℃的表面温度，所以通过用热头接触磁记录介质，可以把不可逆记录层加热到约300℃。 Since the thermal head has a surface temperature of about 400 deg.] C, so that the magnetic recording medium by contacting the thermal head, the irreversible recording layer can be heated to about 300 ℃. 通过用热头加热，不可逆记录层在距其表面深约10μm的位置的温度升到约100-140℃。 By heating with a thermal head, the temperature of the irreversible recording layer on the surface thereof from a position of about 10μm in depth rises to about 100-140 ℃. 虽然加热3ms以下、甚至加热2ms以下饱和磁化强度即可产生足够变化，但是用于记录的加热时间无特别限制。 While less heat 3ms, 2ms or less even heating can produce saturation magnetization changes sufficiently, but the heating time for recording is not particularly limited. 加热时间的下限通常是约0.5ms，虽然其随最终温度而变。 The lower limit of the heating time is generally about 0.5ms, although with a final temperature variations.
对不可逆记录材料的居里温度无特别限制，只要该居里温度可以进行信号的不可逆记录和读出即可。 The Curie temperature of the irreversible recording material is not particularly limited, as long as the readout of the Curie temperature can be irreversible recording signals and.
对不可逆记录材料的形式不做特别限制，可以是薄带、薄膜、粉末或其它形式。 Form irreversible recording material is not particularly limited, and may be a thin ribbon, thin film, powder or other form. 例如应用于磁卡时，利用熔淬法如单冷辊法制备记录材料薄带，然后附着在基片表面；利用薄膜形成技术例如溅射或蒸发，在基片表面上形成记录材料的薄膜；利用粉碎设备如介质搅拌磨机(例如碾磨机)，把通过对记录材料薄带进行精细粉碎获得的粉末、或者通过水雾化或气体雾化法制备的记录材料粉末，扁平化或细粉碎，与粘结剂混合涂敷。 When applied to a magnetic card, for example, by melt quenching method such as a single roll method a recording material prepared by a cold strip, and then attached to the substrate surface; using a thin film forming technique such as sputtering or evaporation, thin film recording material is formed on the substrate surface; using pulverizing apparatus such as a media agitating mill (e.g., attritor), the thin recording material by finely pulverized powder obtained tape, or by a recording material or a powder prepared by gas atomization of water atomization method, finely divided or flattening, mixed with a binder is applied. 其中，通过对薄带或粉末进行扁平化获得的粉末最为适合。 Wherein the thin strip by powder or powder obtained by flattening most suitable. 介质搅拌磨机是这样的设备，包括固定碾磨容器和插入其内的搅拌轴或搅拌器，其中碾磨容器中充入待磨材料和碾磨介质(例如球或珠)，以高速旋转搅拌轴，从而在用于碾磨料块的碾磨介质之间产生摩擦剪切力。 Media agitating mill is a device, a stirrer comprising a stirring shaft or the fixed milling container and inserted therein, wherein the grinding vessel was charged with the material to be ground and grinding media (balls or beads, for example), rotates at high speed stirring axis, thereby generating frictional shear forces between milling media for milling the material block. 当利用介质搅拌磨机使颗粒扁平化时，剪切力作用于颗粒上，以便例如在以下将说明的Fe-Al基合金的情形中，促进向无序相的转变，实现高的饱和磁化强度。 When using the media agitating mill flattened particles, the shear force acts on the particles, for example, in the case of Fe-Al-based alloy will be explained, promote a shift to the disordered phase, high saturation magnetization . 使用扁平颗粒还有利于改善涂层的表面特性，从而可以改善磁性写入/读出特性和基于加热的热传导。 Also facilitates the use of flat particles to improve surface properties of the coating, which can improve a magnetic write / read characteristics and heat conduction heating based.
虽然优选采用以下组成，但是对不可逆记录材料的示例组成没有特别限制。 Although the following composition is preferably used, but examples of the composition of the irreversible recording material is not particularly limited.
Ni基合金对于镍基合金，选择组成使得当非晶态的合金被加热晶化时饱和磁化强度发生提高。 Ni base alloys For nickel base alloys, when selecting the composition such that the amorphous alloy is improved saturation magnetization upon heating crystallization occurs.
除了镍之外，优选的镍基合金含有选自下列集合中的至少一种的元素M，硼(B)、碳(C)、硅(Si)、磷(P)和锗(Ge)，作为类金属元素。 In addition to nickel, preferred nickel base alloys contain at least one element M selected from the following set, boron (B), carbon (C), silicon (Si), phosphorus (P) and germanium (Ge), as metalloid elements. 含有这些类金属元素有利于从非晶态向结晶态的转变，可使晶化温度易于设定在优选范围内。 Containing these metal elements facilitate a transition from an amorphous state to a crystalline state, the crystallization temperature can readily set within the preferred range. 元素M优选是硼、碳和磷中的至少一种，最优选为硼和/或碳。 Preferably the element M is boron, carbon, phosphorus, and at least one, and most preferably boron and / or carbon. 含有硼和碳的合金是特别优选的，因为其具有高的饱和磁化强度和低的晶化所需温度。 Alloys containing boron and carbon are especially preferred because it has a high saturation magnetization and a low temperature required for crystallization.
可以含有除上述之外的元素，以便控制晶化温度和居里温度，只要本发明的功能和优点基本不削弱，可以含有其它元素。 May contain elements other than the above, in order to control the crystallization temperature and Curie temperature, as long as the features and advantages of the present invention are not substantially impaired, it may contain other elements. 除上述之外的元素例如包括Fe、Co、Y、Zr、Gd、Cu、Sn、Al和Cr。 Elements other than the above include, for example Fe, Co, Y, Zr, Gd, Cu, Sn, Al and Cr. 作为部分置换镍而含有Fe和Co，通过这种置换饱和磁化强度提高，尽管晶化温度略有提高。 A partial replacement of nickel and containing Fe and Co, such a substitution improving saturation magnetization, although the crystallization temperature increased slightly.
镍基合金的镍含量优选是65-90at％，更优选为73-83at％。 The nickel content of nickel-based alloy is preferably 65-90at%, more preferably 73-83at%. 镍含量过少会导致晶化温度较高和通过加热的结晶态的4πMs较低。 Nickel content is too small will lead to a higher crystallization temperature and a crystalline state by heating the lower 4πMs. 另一方面，镍含量过高，则难以制备非晶态的不可逆记录材料。 On the other hand, the nickel content is too high, it is difficult to prepare an irreversible recording material is amorphous. 镍基合金含有硼和碳时，结晶态的饱和磁化强度通常随碳含量的提高而提高。 Nickel-based alloy containing boron and carbon, the saturation magnetization in a crystalline state generally increases with increase the carbon content increases. 但是，C/(B+C)的上限优选是0.45，因为碳含量过高会导致晶化温度较高。 However, the upper limit of C / (B + C) is preferably 0.45, because too high carbon contents lead to higher crystallization temperatures. 在铁和/或钴部分置换镍时，合金中Fe+Co的含量最好是10at％以下。 Iron and / or cobalt replaced when part of nickel, the content of Fe + Co in the alloy is preferably 10at% or less. Fe+Co含量过高，非晶合金呈现较高的饱和磁化强度。 Fe + Co content is too high, the amorphous alloy exhibits a high saturation magnetization.
Mn-M(类金属)基合金对于Mn-M基合金，选择组成，以使当非晶态合金被加热晶化时饱和磁化强度提高。 Mn-M (metalloid) base alloys For Mn-M base alloys, selection of the composition, to increase the saturation magnetization when an amorphous alloy is heat crystallization.
除了锰之外，合金含有至少一种类金属元素M。 In addition to manganese, an alloy containing at least one metal element M. 优选的类金属元素M是选自下列集合中的至少一种元素，锗(Ge)、铝(Al)、硼(B)、碳(C)、镓(Ga)、硅(Si)和铬(Cr)。 The preferred metalloid element M is at least one element selected from the set, germanium (Ge), aluminum (Al), boron (B), carbon (C), gallium (Ga), silicon (Si) and chromium ( cr). 含有元素M有利于从非晶态向结晶态的转变，并且可使晶化温度容易地设定在优选范围内。 Containing an element M facilitate a transition from an amorphous state to a crystalline state, and the crystallization temperature can be readily set within the preferred range. 这些元素M中，锗和铝是优选的，因为饱和磁化强度提高。 These elements M, germanium and aluminum are preferred because saturation magnetization is improved. 特别优选使用锗，因为晶化温度降低。 Particularly preferably germanium, since the crystallization temperature decreases. 当铝和/或硅与锗一起添加时，获得了极高的饱和磁化强度。 When aluminum and / or silicon is added together with germanium, to obtain a high saturation magnetization. 由于铝和/或硅的添加显著地降低了加热前的饱和磁化强度，所以它们有利于提高加热前后的饱和磁化强度比。 Since the addition of aluminum and / or silicon remarkably reduces the saturation magnetization prior to heating, they help to improve the ratio of saturation magnetization before and after heating. 添加的Al+Si含量下限并不严格，通常优选不小于0.1at％。 Added Al + Si content should be not critical, is generally preferably not less than 0.1at%. 添加的铝含量上限优选是6at％，添加的硅含量上限是10at％，Al+Si的含量不超过12at％。 Added aluminum content upper limit is preferably 6at%, the upper limit of the content of silicon added is 10at%, Al + Si content is not more than 12at%. 铝和硅的含量过高将使加热后的饱和磁化强度降低。 Aluminum and silicon content is too high will reduce the saturation magnetization after heating.
对Mn-M基合金的晶化机理没有特别限制，虽然通常相信锰与其它元素的化合物析出以诱发晶化，从而提高饱和磁化强度。 There is no particular limitation on the crystallization mechanism of Mn-M base alloys, although generally believed that compounds of manganese with other elements precipitate to induce crystallization, thereby increasing the saturation magnetization. 已经相信，含有锗时，析出例如至少一种铁磁性Mn5Ge3相，当合金含有锰和铝作为主成分时，析出至少一种Mn55Al45相。 It has been believed that when germanium is contained, for example, at least one precipitated Mn5Ge3 ferromagnetic phase, when alloys contain manganese and aluminum as a main component, at least one precipitated Mn55Al45 phase.
合金中锰含量的优选范围随其中所含M的类型而变，可以适当确定，以便开发作为不可逆记录材料的功能和优点。 The preferred range of the manganese content in the alloy type with which M becomes contained, may be suitably determined so as to develop the function and advantages of the irreversible recording material. 通常，锰含量是40-80at％。 Typically, the manganese content is 40-80at%. 在含有锰和锗作为主成分的Mn-Ge基合金的情形，例如Mn-Ge合金、Mn-Ge-Al合金和Mn-Ge-Si合金，锰含量优选是40-80at％，更优选的45-75at％。 In the case of Mn-Ge base containing manganese and germanium as a main component an alloy, such as Mn-Ge alloys, Mn-Ge-Al alloys and Mn-Ge-Si alloys, the manganese content is preferably 40-80at%, more preferably 45 -75at%. 在Mn-Al合金情形，锰含量优选是45-60at％，更优选为50-55at％。 In the case of alloy Mn-Al, Mn content is preferably 45-60at%, more preferably 50-55at%.
Mn-Sb合金这是含锰和锑的合金。 Mn-Sb alloy which is an alloy of manganese and antimony. 合金中的锰含量可以适当确定，以便开发作为不可逆记录材料的功能和优点。 The manganese content of the alloy may be suitably determined so as to develop the function and advantages of the irreversible recording material. 锰含量优选是40-75at％，更优选为44-66at％，还更加优选为58-66at％，最优选为60-66at％。 The manganese content is preferably 40-75at%, more preferably 44-66at%, still more preferably 58-66at%, and most preferably 60-66at%. 锰含量过低，合金在加热前后呈现低的饱和磁化强度，因而饱和磁化强度的变化比低。 The manganese content is too low, the alloy exhibits a low saturation magnetization before and after heating, and thus the change ratio of saturation magnetization is low. 另一方面，锰含量高，合金通常经加热其饱和磁化强度提高。 On the other hand, a high manganese content, the alloy is typically heated to improve saturation magnetization thereof. 但是，如果锰含量过高，则加热后饱和磁化强度不够高，不易于读出记录的信息。 However, if the manganese content is too high, the saturation magnetization after heating is not high enough, is not easy to read the recorded information.
除了锰和锑之外，合金可以含有如上所述的类金属元素M。 In addition to manganese and antimony, the alloys may contain metalloid elements described above M. 添加元素M通常降低晶化温度，有利于记录。 Additional element M generally reduces the crystallization temperature conducive record. 而且，当少量添加反铁磁性元素例如铬时，加热前的饱和磁化强度下降，结果饱和磁化强度的变化比提高。 Further, when adding a small amount of anti-ferromagnetic element such as chromium, saturation magnetization prior to heating, and the result of saturation magnetization change ratio is increased. 应予注意，由于添加M降低饱和磁化强度，所以M含量优选不高于15at％。 It should be noted that the addition of M to reduce saturation magnetization, the content of M is preferably no greater than 15at%.
当锰含量处于上述范围时，合金通常经加热后其饱和磁化强度和矫顽力提高，但是锰含量相对低的某些合金经加热后其饱和磁化强度降低。 When the manganese content is within the above range, alloys generally saturation magnetization and coercive force increase upon heating, but some alloys the manganese content is relatively low upon heating decreases their saturation magnetization. 此外，某些合金经加热后其饱和磁化强度降低，这取决于除锑之外的添加元素类型和加热温度。 Furthermore, some alloys upon heating to reduce their saturation magnetization depending on the added element other than antimony and the heating temperature type. 应该知道，由于当这些合金经加热后其饱和磁化强度提高时，可以从这些合金获得饱和磁化强度增大的变化比，所以对组成进行适当选择可以获得这种饱和磁化强度的变化。 It is appreciated, since when these alloys upon heating to improve the saturation magnetization can be obtained the saturation magnetization change ratio is increased from these alloys, the composition thus obtained may be appropriately selected such change of saturation magnetization.
应予注意，由于锰含量相对较低的合金易于晶化，当通过以下说明的淬火法或薄膜形成法制备不可逆记录材料时，不可逆记录材料经常发生晶化。 It should be noted that, due to the relatively low alloying content of Mn easily crystallized when formed by a quenching method or thin film Method described below Prepared irreversible recording material, the irreversible recording materials often crystallization. 在这种情形可相信加热后磁性能的变化产生于至少从一种结晶相向另一种结晶相的改变。 In this case, the magnetic energy change is believed that heating produced in another crystalline phase change faces from at least one crystalline.
Fe-Mn(-C)基合金这些合金含有铁和锰作为主成分，或者含有铁、锰和碳作为主成分。 Fe-Mn (-C) base alloys These alloys containing iron and manganese as a main component, or containing iron, manganese and carbon as main components.
Fe:60-70at％Mn:30-40at％铁含量过低或过高以及锰含量过低或过高，饱和磁化强度加热前后的变化比均较低。 Fe: 60-70at% Mn: 30-40at% iron content is too high or too low or too high contents of manganese, the saturation magnetization before and after heating of lower than average.
在含有铁、锰和碳作为主成分的合金中，各元素的优选含量如下：Fe:35-75at％Mn:20-50at％C:0-30at％(0at％除外)更优选地Fe:35-70at％Mn:20-40at％C:5-25at％(0at％除外)铁含量过低或过高以及锰含量过低或过高，饱和磁化强度加热前后的变化比均较低。 In the alloys containing iron, manganese and carbon as main components, the preferred contents of the respective elements are as follows: Fe: 35-75at% Mn: 20-50at% C: 0-30at% (0at% excluded) more preferably Fe: 35 -70at% Mn: 20-40at% C: 5-25at% (0at% excluded) Fe content is too high or too low or too high contents of manganese, the saturation magnetization before and after heating of lower than average. 添加碳是为了改善饱和磁化强度加热前后的变化比。 Carbon is added in order to improve the change ratio of saturation magnetization before and after heating. 为了完全实现这种效果，碳的添加量优选是至少5at％，更优选为至少10at％。 To fully achieve this effect, the amount of carbon added is preferably at least 5at%, more preferably at least 10at%. 注意碳含量过高将降低饱和磁化强度加热前后的变化比。 Note that the carbon content is too high will reduce the change ratio of saturation magnetization before and after heating.
这些合金可以含有除上述之外的元素，例如B、Si、Al和Cr中的至少一种元素。 These alloys may contain elements other than the above, for example, at least one element of B, Si, Al and Cr. 注意这些其它元素的含量过高将降低饱和磁化强度加热前后的变化比，所以其它元素的总含量优选不超过30at％。 Note that too high contents of these other elements would reduce the change ratio of saturation magnetization before and after heating, the total contents of other elements is preferably not more than 30at%.
注意这些合金加热后通常其饱和磁化强度提高，但是碳含量相对较高的某些合金加热后其饱和磁化强度降低。 Note that these alloys generally increase their heating saturation magnetization, but a relatively high carbon content decreases its saturation magnetization after heating certain alloy.
Fe-Al基合金这些是结晶态合金，作为从无序相向有序相的不可逆转变的结果，饱和磁化强度发生不可逆变化。 Fe-Al base alloys These alloys are crystalline, as a result of an irreversible change from a disordered phase to an ordered phase of an irreversible change of saturation magnetization occur. 更具体地讲，加热后其饱和磁化强度降低。 More specifically, to reduce their saturation magnetization upon heating.
这些合金含有的铁和铝的总量至少是90at％，同时代表铝比例的原子比Al/(Fe+Al)优选在0.30-0.45的范围，更优选在0.35-0.42。 The total amount of iron and aluminum alloys containing at least 90at%, also on behalf ratio Al / (Fe + Al) ratio of aluminum atoms is preferably in the range of 0.30 to 0.45, more preferably 0.35-0.42.
在平衡条件下，由于是有序相和顺磁性的，此合金的磁化强度极小。 Under equilibrium conditions, because it is an ordered phase and paramagnetism, magnetization of the alloy is minimal. 但是，对合金加工时，例如利用熔体旋淬法或溅射或蒸发法进行急冷时，优选还进行粉碎，由于铁原子周围决定磁性的环境的改变，该合金呈现具有晶格畸变的无序结构并具有了铁磁性。 However, the time for processing the alloy, e.g. using a quenched melt-spinning method or a sputtering or an evaporation method preferably further pulverized, since the decision to change the magnetic iron atoms around the environment, which exhibits a disordered alloy having a lattice distortion and having a ferromagnetic structure. 一旦该合金成为无序结构，加热驰豫该结构从而降低饱和磁化强度，以使利用加热后磁化强度变化的记录成为可能。 Once the alloy becomes disordered structure, heating the structural relaxation which reduces the saturation magnetization, so that the recording after the magnetization change by heating becomes possible. 为了使经过加热其饱和磁化强度已经降低的合金恢复到加热前的无序结构，则必须把该记录材料加热到大约为其熔点，然后再次加工。 In order to make the heated alloy thereof has decreased saturation magnetization is restored to the disordered structure prior to heating, the recording material must be heated to approximately its melting point and then re-processing. 例如当本发明应用于磁卡时，至少必须将磁卡加热到卡基片会烧毁的高温。 For example, when the present invention is applied to a magnetic card, the magnetic card must at least be heated to high temperatures will burn the card substrate. 基于此原因，信息一旦记录在记录材料中则基本上不可能重写。 For this reason, once the information is substantially impossible to rewrite recorded in the recording material. 这样就禁止了信息的非法更改。 This disables the illegal change of information.
更具体地讲，Al/(Fe+Al)在上述优选范围内的Fe-Al合金在室温下的平衡相是顺磁性B2相。 More specifically, Al / (Fe + Al) Fe-Al alloy within the preferred range of the equilibrium phase at room temperature is a paramagnetic B2 phase. B2相由与CsCl结构的FeAl晶格组合的BCC-Fe晶格构成，其中原始晶格保持高度对称性。 B2 phase is composed of BCC-Fe lattices FeAl lattices combination with CsCl structure, wherein the original height of the lattice to maintain symmetry. 当对这种合金加工时，根据加工程度，Fe和Al以原子单位随机相互置换，并引入空洞和位错，从而丧失了原始晶格的规则性，引起对称性的实质性降低，并同时产生磁性。 When the processing of this alloy, according to the degree of processing, Fe and Al atoms in each random permutation unit and introduced dislocations and voids, which lost the regularity of the primitive lattices, causing a substantial decrease of symmetry, and at the same time produce magnetic. 当被加工合金加热到低于熔点的温度时，至少部分恢复了原始晶格的规则性，饱和磁化强度降低。 When the alloy is heated to a processing temperature below the melting point, the regularity of the at least partial recovery of the original lattice and reduce the saturation magnetization. 通常合金不会恢复到加工前的状态。 Alloy generally not restored to the state before processing. 通过经加热后从无序相向有序相的转变，在本说明书中表明原始晶格的规则性通过加热至少部分被恢复。 By facing transition upon heating from a disordered to an ordered phase, in the present specification indicates that the regularity of the primitive lattices is at least partially restored by heating. 亦即，本说明书所使用的有序相概念不仅包含未引入畸变的B2相，而且还包含部分保留晶格非对称性的相。 That is, the ordered phase of the concepts used in this specification includes not only the B2 phase distortion is not introduced, and further comprising retention portion asymmetry relative lattice. 应予注意，由X射线衍射或电子束衍射可以证实通过加热恢复了原始晶格的对称性。 It should be noted, by the X-ray diffraction or electron beam diffraction was confirmed by heating to restore the symmetry of the primitive lattices.
在这些合金中，如果铝含量过低，将导致饱和磁化强度经加热后的变化比降低。 In these alloys, if the aluminum content is too low, it will cause a change in the ratio of saturation magnetization upon heating is reduced. 另一方面，合金中铝含量过高则合金的环境耐受性低劣。 On the other hand, environmental resistance too high alloy content aluminum alloy poor. 本说明书所说的低劣的环境耐受性是指低劣的热稳定性，更具体地讲，当合金保持在约100℃的温度环境时，其饱和磁化强度将降低。 The specification of said environmental resistance means poor poor thermal stability, and more specifically, when the alloy is maintained at a temperature of about 100 deg.] C environment, the saturation magnetization will decrease. 铝含量过高，在高温环境中存留期间饱和磁化强度发生实质性降低，由于加热后饱和磁化强度仍旧保持不变，因此饱和磁化强度的变化比极小。 Al content is too high, saturation magnetization remaining in the high temperature environment during a substantial loss, saturation magnetization after heating remains unchanged because, so the change ratio of saturation magnetization is extremely small. 铝含量过高还有加热前饱和磁化强度本身就低的问题，导致读出信号的SN比低。 The aluminum content is too high there is the saturation magnetization prior to heating itself is the problem of low, resulting in a read signal SN ratio is low.
此合金中的铝可以用MⅠ置换，MⅠ是选自下列集合中的至少一种元素：Si、Ge、Sn、Sb、Bi、Mo、W、Nb、Ta、Ti、Zr和Hf。 Aluminum in this alloy may be replaced with the rates of MI, MⅠ is at least one element selected from the set of: Si, Ge, Sn, Sb, Bi, Mo, W, Nb, Ta, Ti, Zr and Hf. 用MⅠ置换Al改善了环境耐受性。 Al MⅠ replaced with improved environmental resistance. 但是，合金中的MⅠ含量优选不大于10at％，因为过高的MⅠ含量会降低初始的饱和磁化强度(即无序相所固有的饱和磁化强度)。 However, MⅠ content in the alloy is preferably not more than 10at%, the rates of MI because of the high content tends to lower the initial saturation magnetization (i.e. disordered phase inherent saturation magnetization).
此合金中的铁可以用MⅡ置换，MⅡ是选自下列集合中的至少一种元素：Co、Ni、Mn、Cr、V和Cu。 Iron in this alloy may be replaced MⅡ, MⅡ is at least one element selected from the set: Co, Ni, Mn, Cr, V and Cu. 用MⅡ置换Fe改善了饱和磁化强度的变化比。 MⅡ improved by replacing Fe change ratio of saturation magnetization. MⅡ元素中，铬对改善耐蚀性最有效。 MⅡ elements, chromium is most effective for improving the corrosion resistance. 但是，合金中的MⅡ含量优选不大于20at％，因为过高的MⅡ含量会导致初始的饱和磁化强度降低。 However, MⅡ content in the alloy is preferably not more than 20at%, because of the high content results MⅡ reduce the initial saturation magnetization.
应予注意，计算Al/(Fe+Al)原子比时，MⅠ和MⅡ应分别考虑包含在Al和Fe中。 It should be noted that the calculation Al / (Fe + Al) atomic ratio, and the rates of MI MⅡ should be considered included in Al and Fe, respectively.
此合金中，还可以包含MⅢ,MⅢ是选自B、C、N和P中的至少一种元素。 The alloy may also comprise MⅢ, MⅢ is at least one element selected from B, C, N, and P. 通过淬火或类似技术制备合金时MⅢ有助于无序相的形成。 MⅢ contribute to the formation of disordered phase when prepared by quenching an alloy or a similar technique. MⅢ对防止从无序相向有序相的转变也是有效的。 MⅢ preventing the transition from a disordered phase to an ordered phase is also effective. 因此，与上述元素MⅠ类似，元素MⅢ也具有抑制在高温环境存留期间饱和磁化强度降低的效果。 Thus, similar to the above-described elements MⅠ, suppressing element MⅢ also during high-temperature environment saturated magnetization effect of reducing retention. 已经确定添加MⅢ初始饱和磁化强度的降低极小。 It has been determined is added to reduce the initial saturation magnetization MⅢ minimal. 但是，由于过高的MⅢ含量会导致降低饱和磁化强度的变化比，所以MⅢ含量优选不大于合金的10at％。 However, due to excessive content results in a decrease MⅢ change ratio of saturation magnetization, the content is preferably not more than MⅢ 10at% alloy. 应予理解，在MⅢ元素中，例如可以从粉碎合金粉末时所用的分散介质(或有机溶剂)引入碳。 It should be appreciated that, in MⅢ elements, for example, the dispersing medium (or organic solvent) from the pulverization of the alloy powder used for introducing carbon.
而且在该合金中，除了上述元素之外，通常还含有氧作为附带的杂质。 Also in this alloy, in addition to the aforementioned elements, usually it contains oxygen as incidental impurities. 在合金粉碎期间容易引入氧。 During the introduction of oxygen easily pulverized alloy. 通常氧含量最好限制在不大于约3at％。 Typically the oxygen content is preferably limited to not more than about 3at%.
为了使磁记录介质例如磁卡具有足够的SN比，要求该合金加热前的饱和磁化强度至少是45emu/g的，至少50emu/g更好，通过加热使其饱和磁化强度至少降低35emu/g，至少降低40emu/g更好。 For the magnetic recording medium such as a magnetic card have a sufficient SN ratio required of the saturation magnetization before heating the alloy is at least 45emu / g at least 50emu / g better, reduced by at least 35emu / g saturation magnetization by heating, at least reduce 40emu / g better.
当加热前的饱和磁化强度和加热后饱和磁化强度的降低处于上述限定范围内时，可获得更好的SN比，饱和磁化强度的变化比，亦即(加热前的饱和磁化强度)/(加热后的饱和磁化强度)至少是2，至少是3更好。 When the saturation magnetization prior to heating and the heating reduction of saturation magnetization is within the above defined range, a better SN ratio change ratio of saturation magnetization, i.e., (saturation magnetization before heating) / (heating after saturation magnetization) is at least 2, at least 3 better. 对于其饱和磁化强度呈现明显变化的合金，如果在读出的同时施加直流磁场可以改善读出的灵敏性。 For alloys which exhibit significant changes of saturation magnetization, the magnetic field is applied if the current read simultaneously can be improved readout sensitivity. 应予注意，在读出的同时对具有高的饱和磁化强度变化比的合金施加直流磁场，该合金在矫顽力方面没有限制，而且甚至可以是软磁性的。 It should be noted that, while the read-out of an alloy having a high saturation magnetization change ratio by applying a DC magnetic field, the alloy is not limited in coercivity and may be even a soft magnetic.
这里所述的饱和磁化强度是在通常的环境温度范围(例如-10℃～40℃)测量的。 The saturation magnetization herein is in the normal range of ambient temperatures (e.g. -10 ℃ ~ 40 ℃) measured.
Cu-Mn-Al基合金这些合金属于铜锰铝强铁磁性合金，是结晶态的，被加热时发生从反铁磁性相向铁磁性相的不可逆变化。 Cu-Mn-Al base alloys These alloys are strong magnetic iron aluminum copper-manganese alloy, a crystalline state occurs upon heating toward the antiferromagnetic-ferromagnetic phase from irreversible changes. 亦即，这些合金加热后饱和磁化强度发生不可逆提高。 That is, the saturation magnetization after heating the alloy undergoes an irreversible increase.
这些合金应优选具有CuxMnyAlz的组成(表示为原子比)，其中x=40-80y=5-40z=10-40x+y+z=100x、y、z超出上述范围，则不能获得足够的磁化强度变化。 These alloys should preferably have a composition CuxMnyAlz (expressed as atomic ratio), wherein x = 40-80y = 5-40z = 10-40x + y + z = 100x, y, z outside the above range, a sufficient magnetization can not be obtained Variety.
磁记录层磁记录层是可选择的，它是进行可逆写入的普通磁性层。 The magnetic recording layer of the magnetic recording layer is optional, it is an ordinary magnetic layer reversibly written. 使用该磁记录层的一个示例方法如下所述。 A magnetic recording layer using the exemplary method described below. 当本发明的磁记录介质用做普通的预付卡时，包括钱款数量、使用次数和磁卡通常所需的其它信息在内的信息比特记录在磁记录层，包含在记录于磁记录层的信息中的那些信息比特，亦即每次使用时被重写的，例如钱款量和使用次数，被记录在不可逆记录层中。 When the magnetic recording medium of the present invention is used as an ordinary prepaid card, money information includes the number, the frequency of use and other information required magnetic recording bit is normally employed in the magnetic recording layer, the information contained in the recording in the magnetic recording layer those bits of information, i.e. be rewritten each time when using, for example, the amount of money and the number of uses are recorded in the irreversible recording layer. 无论何时这些信息比特在磁记录层中被重写，均同样额外被写入不可逆记录层。 Whenever these bits of information are rewritten in the magnetic recording layer are the same additional irreversible recording layer is written. 即使磁记录层中的信息被非法更改，通过把磁记录层中的信息与不可逆记录层中的信息对比，可以检测出这种伪造，因为后者不能重写。 The magnetic recording layer even if the information is illegally changed, by the information recording layer and the irreversible contrast information recording layer, such a fake can be detected, because the latter can not be rewritten.
ID码可以记录在不可逆记录层中作为卡所特有的信息，其它信息在用ID码加密后记录在磁记录层中。 ID codes may be recorded in the irreversible recording layer as a card specific information, other information is recorded in the magnetic recording layer after encrypted with the ID code. 这样，即使该磁卡的磁记录层中的内容被复制到具有不同ID码的另一磁卡的磁记录层中，也不能从其它磁卡中正常读出信息。 Thus, even if the content of the magnetic card in the magnetic recording layer is copied to the magnetic recording layer of another magnetic card having a different ID code, nor from other normal readout magnetic card information. 由于各磁卡可以在不可逆记录层中记录不能伪造的卡特有ID码，所以本发明对防止通过复制进行伪造是相当有效的。 Since each of the magnetic recording layer can not be falsified record card-specific ID code, the present invention is preventing forgery by copying are quite effective in the irreversible.
对在磁记录层中所含的磁性材料无特别限制，可以在钡铁氧体、锶铁氧体等中适当选择。 No particular limitation on the material contained in the magnetic recording layer may be appropriately selected in barium ferrite, strontium ferrite and the like. 布置不可逆记录层和磁记录层，以便加热不可逆记录层时可以加热磁记录层，使用具有高耐热性的磁性材料是有利的。 Arrangement irreversible recording layer and the magnetic recording layer, it may be heated in order to heat the irreversible recording layer of the magnetic recording layer, a magnetic material having high heat resistance is advantageous. 磁记录层可以与不可逆记录层分开。 The magnetic recording layer may be separated from the irreversible recording layer. 或者，形成磁记录层之后，可以设置不可逆记录层，以使其覆盖至少部分磁记录层。 Alternatively, after the magnetic recording layer is formed, the irreversible recording layer may be provided so as to cover at least a portion of the magnetic recording layer.
基片其上形成不可逆记录层和磁记录层的基片材料没有特别限制，可以使用任何树脂和金属。 The substrate on which the irreversible recording layer and a magnetic recording layer of the substrate material is not particularly limited, and any of resins and metals may be used.
保护层如果需要，可以在不可逆记录层表面上设置树脂保护层或者无机保护层。 The protective layer, if desired, may be irreversible or the resin protective layer, the inorganic protective layer is provided on the surface of the recording layer. 即使设置了保护层时，不可逆记录层的表面粗糙度也要采用上述限制。 Even if a protective layer is provided, the surface roughness of the irreversible recording layer have the above limitation.
第二实施例图5(a)展示了根据第二实施例的磁记录介质的一种示例性结构。 Second Embodiment FIG. 5 (a) shows an exemplary structure of a magnetic recording medium according to a second embodiment. 此磁记录介质在基片2表面上具有不可逆记录层4。 This magnetic recording medium having an irreversible recording layer 4 on a surface of the substrate 2.
第二实施例要求在写入/读出过程中，加热时的扫描方向(这是加热装置的扫描方向，由图中的Y方向表示)基本垂直于读出时的扫描方向(这是读出磁头的扫描方向，由图中的X方向表示)。 The second embodiment requires the writing / reading processes, the scanning direction upon heating (which is the scanning direction of the heating means, represented by the Y direction in the figure) is substantially perpendicular to the scanning direction to read (this is read the scanning direction of the head, is represented by X direction in the figure). 这些方向之间的夹角最优选的是90°，虽然该夹角可以处于可允许的范围内，该范围是从读出输出的阈值设定与方位损失之间的关系确定的，最好例如在80°-100°的范围。 The angle between the direction of the most preferred is 90 °, the relationship between the threshold setting and the azimuth loss within an allowable range, the range is determined from the read output, although the angle may be in, for example, preferably in the range of 80 ° -100 °.
采用热头时，最好使用在图中X方向产生一系列加热点的线式热头在Y方向扫描。 When using a thermal head, it is preferably used to produce a series of heated dots in a line head scanning in the X direction Y direction in FIG.
第三实施例图8、9(a)和9(b)展示了根据第三实施例的磁记录介质的示例性结构。 Third Embodiment FIG. 8,9 (a) and 9 (b) shows an exemplary structure of a magnetic recording medium according to the third embodiment. 这些磁记录介质在基片表面侧上具有磁记录层3，并在磁记录层3的表面侧上具有不可逆记录层4。 The magnetic recording medium having a magnetic recording layer 3 on the surface side of the substrate, and has an irreversible recording layer 4 on the surface side of the magnetic recording layer 3. 在此实施例中，不可逆记录层4也起磁屏蔽层作用。 In this embodiment, the irreversible recording layer 4 acting also as a magnetic shield layer.
不可逆记录层4图8所示不可逆记录层4含有不可逆记录材料，或者含有不可逆记录材料和软磁材料。 The irreversible recording layer 4 in FIG. 8 irreversible recording layer 4 contains an irreversible recording material or an irreversible recording material and contains a soft magnetic material shown in FIG. 无论是否向不可逆记录层4添加软磁材料，其添加量均可以确定，以便提供至少约为80％的衰减系数(以下将说明)，至少约为90％更好。 Whether or not to add the irreversible recording layer 4 of soft magnetic material, which may determine the volume was added, so as to provide at least about 80% of the attenuation factor (described below), more preferably at least about 90%. 应予注意，由于上述不可逆记录材料具有的磁导率通常低于一般用做磁屏蔽材料的坡莫合金和其它材料，所以仅由作为磁性材料的不可逆记录材料构成的不可逆记录层4，往往提供的磁屏蔽效应不足。 It should be noted that since the above-described irreversible recording material having a magnetic permeability is usually lower than generally used as the magnetic shielding material permalloy and other materials, so that only the irreversible recording material as the magnetic material constituting the irreversible recording layer 4 tends to provide the lack of magnetic shielding effect. 因此，通常优选添加软磁材料。 Thus, it is generally preferred to add the soft magnetic material. 为了通过添加软磁材料而有效地改善屏蔽特性，不可逆记录层中的软磁材料含量，以不可逆记录材料加软磁材料为基准，最好至少是10wt％，至少是20wt％更好。 By adding the soft magnetic material in order to effectively improve the shielding characteristics, the content of the irreversible recording layer of soft magnetic material, to the irreversible recording material plus the soft magnetic material as the base, preferably at least 10wt%, at least 20wt% is better. 应予注意，不可逆记录材料应存在于不可逆记录层中，因为此实施例包括如下应用，其中利用不可逆记录材料的性质改变不可逆记录层的磁屏蔽能力，以及如下应用，其中通过加热不可逆记录层中的不可逆记录材料进行信息记录，如上所述。 It should be noted that the irreversible recording material should be present in the irreversible recording layer because this embodiment includes the applications where the use of the irreversible nature of the recording material, irreversible changes in the magnetic shielding capability of the recording layer, and applied as follows, wherein by heating the irreversible recording layer irreversible recording material to record information, as described above. 因此，对不可逆记录层中的软磁材料含量规定上限。 Accordingly, the content of the irreversible recording layer of soft magnetic material in a predetermined upper limit. 具体地讲，以不可逆记录材料加软磁材料为基准，软磁材料含量最好不超过80wt％，不超过60wt％更好。 Specifically, the irreversible recording material plus the soft magnetic material, the content of soft magnetic material is preferably not more than 80wt%, no more than 60wt%.
图9(a)和9(b)所示不可逆记录层4包括软磁材料层142和不可逆记录材料层141。 FIG. 9 (a) and 9 (b) shown in the irreversible recording layer 4 of soft magnetic material 142 and the material layer 141 comprising an irreversible recording layer. 软磁材料层142包含以下将说明的软磁材料，不可逆记录材料层141包含上述不可逆记录材料。 Soft magnetic material comprising soft magnetic material layer 142 will be described below, the irreversible recording material layer 141 comprising the above-described irreversible recording material. 在图9(a)中，软磁材料层142位于磁记录层3一侧之上，而在图9(b)中，不可逆记录材料层141位于磁记录层3一侧之上。 In FIG. 9 (a), soft magnetic material layer 142 is located on the magnetic recording layer 3 side, whereas in FIG. 9 (b), the irreversible recording material layer 141 located on the magnetic recording layer 3 side. 在两种情形均可获得读出输出，虽然为了在读出记录于不可逆记录材料层141中的信息时提高SN比，如图9(a)所示位于介质表面侧上的不可逆记录材料层141的结构是优选的。 In both cases, the output can be obtained is read, although in order to improve the SN ratio in reading out the information recorded in the recording material layer 141 is irreversible, 9 irreversible recording material layer on the side surface of the medium 141 (a), the structure is preferable. 如果不可逆记录材料层141不位于介质表面侧，利用热头从介质表面侧加热介质，导致不可逆记录材料层141温升不足，从而不能提供高的SN比。 If the irreversible recording material layer 141 is not located on the side surface of the medium, using a thermal head from the medium surface side of the heating medium, resulting in the irreversible recording material layer 141 is less than the temperature rise, and thus can not provide a high SN ratio.
当不可逆记录层4是两层结构时，其中不可逆记录材料层141位于表面侧上，不可逆记录材料层141的厚度最好不超过10μm，以便产生具有SN比的读出信号。 When the irreversible recording layer 4 is a two-layer structure in which the irreversible recording material layer 141 located on the surface side, the thickness of the irreversible recording material layer 141 is preferably not more than 10 m, in order to generate the readout signal having a SN ratio.
软磁材料层142可以是通过涂敷软磁材料粉末和粘结剂形成的涂层，也可以是通过溅射等形成薄膜。 Soft magnetic material layer 142 may be formed by applying a coating of soft magnetic material powder and a binder, it may be a thin film formed by sputtering or the like. 优选是通过涂敷软磁材料粉末和粘结剂形成的涂层。 Preferably the coating is formed by coating a soft magnetic material powder and a binder.
可以适当地确定软磁材料层厚度，以便提供至少约为90％的衰减系数(以下将说明)，虽然该层厚度通常约为4-20μm，优选是5-10μm。 Soft magnetic material can be appropriately determined thickness so as to provide 90% attenuation factor (described below) of at least about, although the thickness of the layer is usually about 4-20μm, preferably 5-10μm.
软磁材料软磁材料由加热后饱和磁化强度不发生实质变化的软磁金属组成，例如，经过约达400℃的热循环饱和磁化强度的变化在30％以内的软磁金属。 A soft magnetic material soft magnetic metal soft magnetic material saturation magnetization after heating the substance does not change the composition, for example, through changes in thermal cycling up to about saturation magnetization of the soft magnetic metal at 400 deg.] C within 30%. 此实施例所用软磁金属没有特别限制。 This embodiment of the soft magnetic metal is not particularly limited. 亦即，可以采用通常磁屏蔽层所用的任何软磁材料。 That is, any of soft magnetic material commonly used for magnetic shielding layers may be employed. 例如在Fe-Si合金、坡莫合金和铁硅铝合金中做适当选择。 For example, suitably selected to make the Fe-Si alloy, permalloy and Sendust are.
第四实施例图13、14(a)和14(b)展示了根据本实施例的磁记录介质的示例性结构。 It shows an exemplary structure of the magnetic recording medium of the present embodiment to a fourth embodiment of FIGS. 13,14 (a) and 14 (b). 这些磁记录介质在基片2上具有不可逆记录层4。 The magnetic recording medium having an irreversible recording layer 4 on the substrate 2.
不可逆记录层4图13所示不可逆记录层4含有上述不可逆记录材料或者不可逆记录材料和硬磁材料。 The irreversible recording layer 4 in FIG irreversible recording layer 4 comprising the above-described irreversible recording material or an irreversible recording material and a hard magnetic material 13 shown in FIG.
图14所示不可逆记录层4包括硬磁材料层143和不可逆记录材料层141。 Irreversible FIG 4 comprises a hard magnetic material layer 143 and the irreversible recording material layer 141 layer 14 shown in FIG. 硬磁材料层143含有以下将说明的硬磁材料，不可逆记录材料层141含有上述不可逆记录材料。 Hard magnetic material layer 143 contains a hard magnetic material will be described below, the irreversible recording material layer 141 contains the aforementioned irreversible recording material. 在图14(a)中硬磁材料层143位于基片2一侧上，而在图14(b)中不可逆记录材料层141位于基片2一侧上。 In FIG 14 (a) the hard magnetic material layer 143 is positioned on the side of the substrate 2, while in FIG. 14 (b) irreversible recording material layer 141 located on the side of the substrate 2. 在本实施例中这两种结构均可采用，虽然图14(a)所示结构可以仅使不可逆记录材料层141被部分去除，并且在这种情形将难以通过上述机理检测这种改变。 Both structures may embodiment employed in the present embodiment, although the structure shown in FIG. 14 (a) 141 allows only the irreversible recording material layer is partially removed, and in this case would be difficult to detect such a change by the above mechanism. 因此，图13或14(b)所示结构是优选的。 Thus, the structure shown in FIG. 13 or 14 (b) are preferred. 图13所示结构更为优选，因为图14(b)所示结构存在以下问题，亦即在不可逆记录材料层141中记录时，在加热装置例如热头与不可逆记录材料层141之间存在的硬磁材料层143，妨碍了不可逆记录材料层141的足够温升，难以提供高的SN比。 As shown in FIG. 13 structure is more preferable, because FIG. 14 (b) the structure shown in the following problem, i.e., the recording in the irreversible recording material layer 141, a heating means such as a thermal head and the irreversible recording material layer 141 is present between the hard magnetic material layer 143 prevents the irreversible temperature sufficient recording material layer 141, it is difficult to provide a high SN ratio.
在图13所示结构中，应适当确定不可逆记录层4中的硬磁材料含量，以便能够利用上述机理检测变化，尽管基于不可逆记录材料加硬磁材料，硬磁材料含量最好是20-80wt％。 In the configuration shown in FIG. 13, it will be appropriate to determine the content of hard magnetic material irreversible recording layer 4 so as to be able to detect changes in the above-described mechanism, although based on the irreversible recording material plus the hard magnetic material, the content of the hard magnetic material is preferably 20-80wt %. 硬磁材料含量过少，则差分输出降低，如图19(b)和20(b)所示，数据变化的检测困难。 The content of hard magnetic material is too small, the differential output decreases, as shown in FIG 19 (b) and 20 (b), the data is difficult to detect changes. 另一方面，硬磁材料含量过多，加热后不可逆记录材料的磁化强度变化较小，难以读出。 On the other hand, the content of hard magnetic material is too large, a smaller magnetization of the irreversible change of the recording material after heating, it is difficult to read.
图13中的不可逆记录层4的厚度和图14(a)中的不可逆记录材料层141的厚度最好不超过10μm，以便产生SN比满意的读出信号。 The thickness of the irreversible recording material layer (a) in the irreversible recording layer 4 in FIG. 13 and 14, the thickness 141 is preferably not more than 10μm, in order to produce a satisfactory SN ratio of the read signal. 硬磁材料层143可以是通过涂敷硬磁材料粉末和粘结剂形成的涂层，也可以是通过溅射等形成薄膜。 Hard magnetic material layer 143 may be formed by coating a coating hard magnetic material powder and a binder, it may be a thin film formed by sputtering or the like.
对硬磁材料层143的厚度没有特别限制，只要能够利用上述机理检测变化即可，该层厚度通常是3-20μm。 There is no particular limitation on the thickness of the hard magnetic material layer 143, so long as the above-described mechanism can be utilized to detect changes, the thickness is usually 3-20μm. 应予注意在图14(b)所示结构中，硬磁材料层143位于不可逆记录材料层141表面侧上，硬磁材料层143的厚度最好不超过15μm，从而不影响记录过程中加热不可逆记录材料层141。 It should be noted in FIG. 14 (b) shown in the structure, the hard magnetic material layer 143 is located on the irreversible recording material layer 141 surface side, the thickness of the hard magnetic material layer 143 is preferably not more than 15 m, so as not to affect the process of heating the irreversible recording a recording material layer 141.
硬磁材料这里所用硬磁材料是加热后饱和磁化强度不发生实质变化的材料，例如是经过约达400℃的热循环饱和磁化强度的变化在30％以内的硬磁材料。 Hard magnetic material used herein is a material hard magnetic material with substantial change of saturation magnetization does not occur after heating, for example after thermal cycling changes of saturation magnetization of up to about 400 deg.] C in the hard magnetic material within 30%. 硬磁材料的矫顽力可以大于不可逆记录材料的矫顽力，最好至少是300Oe。 Coercivity hard magnetic material may be greater than the coercivity of the irreversible recording material, preferably at least 300 Oe. 作为硬磁材料，例如可以在钡铁氧体和锶铁氧体中做适当选择。 As the hard magnetic material, for example, can make the appropriate choice barium ferrite and strontium ferrite. 由于硬磁材料与不可逆记录材料一起被加热，所以优耐热性更高的材料。 Since the hard magnetic material and an irreversible recording material is heated together, so higher material excellent in heat resistance.
写入/读出程序通过上述程序进行写入和读出。 Write / read by the writing program and reading the above procedure. 可以从检测的磁化强度的差分输出来识别数据的更改。 Change data can be identified from the differential outputs of magnetization detected.
本实施例所用的偏置磁场应大于不可逆记录材料的矫顽力，而反向偏置磁场则应小于硬磁材料的矫顽力。 Bias magnetic field used in this embodiment should be greater than the coercivity of the irreversible recording material whereas the reverse biasing magnetic field should be less than the coercivity of the hard magnetic material.
第五实施例记录磁道图22(a)是采用第五实施例的一个磁卡示例的平面图。 Fifth embodiment of the recording track of FIG. 22 (a) is a plan view of a fifth exemplary embodiment of the card employed. 此磁卡在基片2上具有不可逆记录层4和14。 This magnetic card has irreversible recording layers 4 and 14 on the substrate 2.
在不可逆记录层4中，两个磁道单元40a和40b相互基本平行地设置。 Irreversible recording layer 4, two track elements 40a and 40b arranged substantially parallel to each other. 记录磁道40由这两个磁道单元构成。 Recording track 40 is constituted by these two track elements. 磁道单元40a和40b均是按照条形码排列有加热条的区域。 Track elements 40a and 40b are arranged according to a bar code region of the heated bars.
记录磁道40部分地包括在两个磁道单元40a和40b之间具有加热条不同阵列图形的区域(图中表示为410)。 Recording track 40 partially includes a region having a different array patterns of heated bars between the two track elements 40a and 40b (FIG indicated as 410). 在本说明书中，该区域设计成非对称区。 In the present specification, the region designed to be asymmetric region.
图22(b)展示了图22(a)中的非对称区410的放大部分。 FIG. 22 (b) shows an enlarged part (a) in the asymmetric region 410 in FIG. 22. 图22(b)中，磁道单元40a包括加热条41a、42a和43a，磁道单元40b包括加热条41b、42b和43b。 In FIG. 22 (b), the track element 40a includes heated bars 41a, 42a and 43a, the track element 40b includes heated bars 41b, 42b and 43b. 在所示实施例中，两个磁道单元紧靠设置或者集成一体，虽然集成并非必需。 In the illustrated embodiment, both the track elements disposed close to or integrally, although integration is not essential. 在两个磁道单元之间可以存在间隙，只要两个磁道单元可以利用磁头作为单个记录磁道读出即可。 There may be a gap between the two track elements as long as both the track elements can be used as a magnetic head to read a single recording track.
图22(c)是记录磁道的平面图，与基片2一起纵向分成两部分，以使磁道单元40a和40b分开。 FIG. 22 (c) is a plan view of a recording track, the substrate 2 along the longitudinal direction is divided into two parts, so that the track elements 40a and 40b apart. 应予注意在所示实施例中，在磁道单元40a中，比加热条42a和43a短的加热条44a绘于加热条42a和43a之间，在磁道单元40b中，比加热条41b和42b短的加热条44b绘于加热条41b和42b之间。 It should be noted that in the illustrated embodiment, in track units 40a, 42a and 43a than the heating bars short heated bars 44a drawn between heated bars 42a and 43a, 40b in the track unit, is shorter than heated bars 41b and 42b heated bars 44b drawn between heated bars 41b and 42b. 标绘这些短加热条44a和44b，是为了表示形成其它加热条时可以伴随地形成这种短加热条，虽然实用中优选不存在短加热条。 These short heated bars plotted 44a and 44b, to form such a representation may be accompanied by a short bar when heated to form other heated bars, although preferably absent practically short heated bars. 无论如何，短加热条的存在不影响磁读出。 In any event, the presence of short heated bars does not affect magnetic reading out.
图22(d)是一个磁道单元40a的平面图，其与其它磁道单元分开，并且附着在另一磁卡基片作为独立的记录磁道。 FIG. 22 (d) is a plan view of a track element 40a, which is separated from the other track element and attached to another card substrate as an independent recording track. 图22(e)是另一个磁道单元40b的平面图，其附着在另一磁卡基片上作为独立的记录磁道。 FIG. 22 (e) is a plan view of the other track element 40b which attach it to another card substrate as an independent recording track. 而且图22(d)和22(e)所示的是磁性读出各个磁道单元时获得的差分读出输出图形。 And FIG. 22 (d) and 22 (e) is a difference obtained when the respective track elements are magnetically read read output patterns illustrated. 而且图22(b)所示是从记录磁道40的差分读出输出图形，亦即磁道单元40a和40b分开之前的差分读出输出图形。 And FIG. 22 (b) is read from the difference shown in the recording track 40 of the output pattern, i.e. the difference before separate track elements 40a and 40b read output patterns. 在这些差分读出输出图形中，观察到对应于加热条边缘的峰值。 In these differential read output patterns, a peak is observed corresponding to the edge of the heated strip. 图22(d)与图22(e)对比，可见两个差分读出输出图形具有不同的峰值分布，因为加热条的阵列图形不同。 (D) of FIG. 22 (e) compare FIG. 22, showing two differential read output patterns have different peak distributions, because of the different array pattern of heated bars. 两个差分读出输出图形的合成产生了图22(b)的差分读出输出图形。 Two differential sense synthesized output patterns generated differential FIG. 22 (b) of the read output patterns.
在本实施例中，进行读出的同时设定检测电平，以便图22(b)中所示差分读出输出图形中的相对较低峰值也可以作为信号检测出。 While in the present embodiment, reading out a detection level is set so that the differential sense relatively low peak output pattern shown in FIG. 22 (b) may be detected as a signal. 在图22(d)和22(e)中，记录磁道40中的磁道单元40a和40b是独立记录磁道，不能读出正确的信息，因为峰值排列图形不同于图22(b)的。 In FIG. 22 (d) and 22 (e), the recording track 40 of the track elements 40a and 40b are independently recording tracks, correct information can not be read, because the peak is different from the arrangement pattern of FIG. 22 (b) is. 因此，来自图22(b)所示两个磁道单元的记录磁道结构，使得不可能通过把记录磁道分成两个来更改或伪造磁卡。 Thus, from FIG. 22 (b) as shown in the recording track two structural units of the track, making it impossible to alter or forge a magnetic card two by dividing the recording track into.
在本实施例中，所有记录磁道均无需是非对称区。 In the present embodiment, all the recording tracks need not have asymmetric region. 在记录磁道中有多个数据阵列或者其中记录了多个数据的情形，根据这些数据的重要性仅部分记录磁道可以是非对称区。 There are a plurality of recording tracks in the data array or the case where a plurality of data records, according to only a portion of the data recording tracks importance of these areas may be asymmetric. 应予注意多个非对称区可以包含在一个记录磁道内。 It should be noted that a plurality of asymmetric regions may be contained within one recording track.
虽然上述说明中记录磁道内包含两个磁道单元，但是也可以设置三个或更多磁道单元。 Although two track elements comprising the above description, the recording track, but may also be provided three or more track elements. 这里所使用的非对称区是这样的区，其中在三个或更多磁道单元中的至少两个之间的加热条阵列图形是不同的。 Asymmetric region used herein is a region in which three or more track elements in the array pattern of heated bars between at least two of which are different. 从图22(b)所示差分读出输出可见，随着磁道单元数量的增加，最低的峰值过低以致不能产生满意的输出。 Is read out from the difference shown in FIG. 22 (b) visible output, as the number of track units, the lowest peak too low to produce a satisfactory output. 于是，记录磁道最好是由两个磁道单元组成。 Thus, the recording track is preferably comprised of two track units.
图23(a)和24(a)展示了具有非对称区的记录磁道的示例性不同结构。 FIG 23 (a) and 24 (a) shows a different exemplary structure of the recording track having an asymmetric zone. 在这些图中的每一个所示的记录磁道40由两个磁道单元40a和40b组成，并且具有非对称区410。 Shown in each of these figures in the recording track 40 of the two track elements 40a and 40b, and having asymmetric region 410. 图23(b)和24(b)分别是来自图23(a)和24(a)所示记录磁道40的差分读出输出图形；图23(c)和24(c)分别是来自图23(a)和24(a)所示单独上记录磁道40a一个的差分读出输出图形；图23(d)和24(d)分别是来自图23(a)和24(a)所示单独下记录磁道40b一个的差分读出输出图形。 FIG. 23 (b) and 24 (b) are derived from FIG. 23 (a) and 24 (a) recording track 40 shown in the differential read output patterns; FIG. 23 (c) and 24 (c) are derived from FIG. 23 (a) and 24 (a) alone on a recording track 40a shown in FIG differential read output patterns; FIG. 23 (d) and 24 (D) are (a), separately from the FIG. 23 (a) and 24 a recording track 40b of the differential read output patterns. 从中可见，图23(b)的图形产生于图23(c)和图23(d)的图形组合；图24(b)的图形产生于图24(c)和图24(d)的图形组合。 From this, FIG. 23 (b) pattern generated in the pattern compositions of FIG. 23 (c) and 23 (d); Figure 24 (b) pattern generated in the pattern compositions of FIG. 24 (c) and 24 (d) of .
在图24(a)所示非对称区410中，磁道单元40a的加热条和磁道单元40b的加热条，在记录磁道的纵向上位置不重叠。 In FIG 24 (a) non-symmetric region 410 shown, the track and the track section unit heating unit for heating the strips 40a and 40b in the longitudinal direction does not overlap the position of the recording track. 如果一个磁道单元中对应于另一磁道单元中的加热条的位置被加热形成加热条，则该图形成为与传统记录磁道相同的单条形码图形，可以通过把记录磁道分成两个来复制。 If a track element corresponding to another track elements heated bars are heated to form heated bars positions, the conventional recording track pattern becomes the same single bar code pattern, by dividing the recording track into two to replicate. 因此，为了提高安全性，最好按如下方式确定该阵列图形，使各个磁道单元中的加热条在记录磁道纵向部分重叠，如图23(a)所示的非对称区410中。 Therefore, to improve security, it is preferably determined as follows in the array pattern, so that heated bars in the respective track elements overlap in longitudinal portion the recording track, the asymmetric region shown in FIG. 23 (a) 410.
应予注意，图23(b)、图23(c)、图23(d)和图24(b)、图24(c)和图24(d)所示的差分读出输出图形按实际测量标绘。 It should be noted that, in FIG. 23 (b), FIG. 23 (c), FIG. 23 (d) and 24 (B), the difference in FIG. 24 (c) and 24 (d), the read output patterns according to the actual measurement plot. 测量所用的磁记录介质，在厚188μm的聚酰亚胺基片表面上具有厚5.5μm的不可逆记录层。 The magnetic recording medium used for the measurement, having a thickness of 5.5μm irreversible recording layer on a polyimide substrate 188μm thick polyethylene surface. 不可逆记录层的形成，是通过在粘结剂中分散加热后其饱和磁化强度降低结晶合金(原子比组成：Fe58Al42)的扁平颗粒，对基片涂敷该溶液，随后干燥。 The irreversible recording layer is formed, by heating the dispersion in the binder to reduce its saturation magnetization of a crystalline alloy (atomic ratio composition: Fe58Al42) tabular grains, and the solution is coated on a substrate, followed by drying.
对记录在具有非对称区的记录磁道中的信息没有特别限制。 Is not particularly limited information recorded in the recording track having an asymmetric region in. 该信息可以是固定信息，亦即在磁卡发售时或者在第一次使用时写入的，并且以后不再追加写入，或者是在磁卡每次使用时追加写入的追加信息。 This information may be fixed information, i.e., when the write magnetic or available at the first use and not additionally written later or the additional information is additionally written each time when the magnetic card. 固定信息的例子包括价值信息和标识信息。 Examples of information include the value of fixed information and identification information. 价值信息和标识信息的示例性例子有磁卡发售时的钱款信息、发售号、分支号和有效期，这些可以加密，也可以不加密。 Illustrative examples of the value of information and identification information are money card information, the sale number, branch number and expiration date at the time of sale, which can be encrypted or may not be encrypted. 余额信息是追加信息的一个例子。 Balance information is an example of additional information.
应予注意，在图22中，记录磁道14中不包含非对称区。 It should be noted that, in FIG. 22, recording track 14 does not contain asymmetric region. 介质具有多个记录磁道的情形，当然如果需要，非对称区可以设置在多个记录磁道中。 A recording medium having a plurality of tracks case, of course, if desired, asymmetric regions may be provided a plurality of recording tracks.
写入/读出程序以下说明的是在根据本实施例的磁记录介质的不可逆记录层中写入和读出数据的程序。 Write / read procedures described below it is write and read data in the program according to the irreversible recording layer of this magnetic recording medium of the embodiment.
在记录磁道中形成非对称区可以采用任何不同的方法，例如用布置在记录磁道横向的多个热头扫描记录磁道的方法；以沿其横向对记录磁道的扫描和沿其纵向对记录磁道的扫描的各种方式的组合，并使用单个热头的方法；和使用单个热头的方法，并且用其扫描记录磁道，同时进行控制，以使在记录磁道横向的加热点的位置分布可以随时间变化。 Forming a non-symmetric region may be employed any of various methods, for example in the recording track on the recording tracks disposed transversely of the method of the thermal head scanning a plurality of recording tracks; horizontal scanning along the recording tracks and longitudinally along the recording track scan combined in various ways, and the method of using a single thermal head; position distribution and a method using a single thermal head and scanning the recording track with which, while controlling so that the heating point in the transverse direction of the recording track may vary with time Variety. 根据读出，读出磁头可以采用例如传统的环型磁头或者磁致电阻(MR)型磁头，用磁头同时扫描记录磁道中的多个磁道单元，用于检测对应于加热条阵列图形的磁化强度的变化，获得读出信号。 Upon reading, a read head may be employed such as a conventional ring type magnetic head or a magnetoresistance (MR) type magnetic head, a magnetic head while scanning the recording tracks with a plurality of track units, for detecting the array pattern of heated bars corresponding to the magnetization change, obtain read-out signals.
实例实例1(第一实施例)通过在介质搅拌磨机中对利用水雾化法获得的合金粉末进行粉碎，制备平均颗粒尺寸为8μm的Fe58Al42合金扁平粉末。 EXAMPLES Example 1 (first embodiment) of an alloy powder obtained by a water atomizing method was pulverized in a medium stirring mill to prepare a mean particle size of Fe58Al42 alloy flattened powder of 8μm. 此合金粉末是加热后饱和磁化强度降低的类型。 This alloy powder is reduced saturation magnetization after heating type. 在刚刚急冷之后、甚至在加热到400℃之后，该合金粉末仍保持结晶态。 Immediately after quenching and even after heating to 400 ℃, the alloy powder remained crystalline.
把具有扁平粉末分散在其中的涂层组合物涂敷在188μm厚的聚酰亚胺基片表面上，然后干燥形成厚4.1μm的不可逆记录层，获得了磁记录介质样品。 Having the flat powder is dispersed in the coating composition wherein the coating on 188μm thick polyimide substrate surface, then dried to form an irreversible recording layer of thickness 4.1μm obtained magnetic recording medium samples.
如图4(a)所示，利用热头加热此样品的不可逆记录层4，形成其中以等间距排列有等宽度的加热条41的初始加热区。 Heating strip (a), by the thermal head heating the irreversible recording layer 4 of this sample, which are formed at equal intervals of equal width arranged in FIG. 4 the initial heating zone 41. 每个加热条具有1.25mm的宽度(对应于5个加热点)，每个未加热条42具有0.75mm的宽度。 Each heating strip has a width of 1.25mm (corresponding to five heated dots) and each unheated bar 42 has a width of 0.75mm. 应予注意加热能量是1.2mJ/点。 It should be noted that the heating energy was 1.2 mJ / dot.
代表初始加热区中的磁化强度变化的差分输出如图4(b)所示。 Differential outputs representative of changes of magnetization in the initial heated region in FIG. 4 (b). 图4(b)中，横向代表时间，一个刻度是1ms，垂直方向代表输出，一个刻度是500mV。 In FIG. 4 (b), a transverse represents time, with one division being 1ms, the vertical direction represents output, with one division being 500mV. 以314mm/秒的读出速度，同时由磁头对样品施加1000Oe的直流磁场，进行读出，产生这些差分输出。 To read out speed 314mm / sec, while applying a DC magnetic field by the magnetic head 1000Oe sample, read out, generating the differential output.
接着，采用热头对位于图4(a)所示区域中的加热条41之间的一个未加热条42进行追加加热，减少未加热条的数量。 Next, using a thermal head located in FIG. 4 (a) heating a strip zone 42 between the unheated bars 41 for additional heating, reduce the number of unheated bars. 追加加热的区具有1.25mm的宽度(对应于5个加热点)，这大于一个未加热条的宽度。 The additional heating region has a width of 1.25mm (corresponding to five heated dots), which is larger than the width of one unheated bar. 在此追加加热之后，确定代表磁化强度变化的差分输出，如图4(b)所示。 After this additional heating, representative of changes of magnetization is determined differential output, as shown in FIG 4 (b) shown in FIG. 结果如图4(c)所示。 Results are shown in 4 (c) shown in FIG. 而且，与原来未加热、现在追加加热的加热条相邻的未加热条也被追加加热所衰减。 Further, with the original unheated, now additionally heated unheated bars adjacent heated bars are also attenuated by additional heating. 在此追加加热之后的差分输出如图4(b)所示。 Differential outputs after this additional heating is shown in Figure 4 (b). 结果如图4(d)所示。 Results are shown in 4 (d) shown in FIG.
从图4(b)、4(c)和4(d)可见，未加热条被追加加热所完全衰减，在大于未加热条的宽度上的追加加热不会引起噪声的产生。 From FIG. 4 (b), 4 (c) and 4 (d) can be seen, the strips are completely attenuated unheated additional heating, in additional heating is greater than the width of the unheated bar does not cause generation of noise.
实例2(第二实施例)通过在介质搅拌磨机中对利用水雾化法获得的合金粉末进行粉碎，制备平均颗粒尺寸为8μm的Fe58Al42合金扁平粉末。 Example 2 (second embodiment) by using a medium agitating mill an alloy powder obtained by a water atomizing method was pulverized to prepare a mean particle size of 8μm Fe58Al42 alloy flattened powder. 在刚刚急冷之后、甚至在加热到400℃之后，该合金粉末仍保持结晶态。 Immediately after quenching and even after heating to 400 ℃, the alloy powder remained crystalline.
把具有扁平粉末分散在其中的涂层组合物涂敷在188μm厚的聚酰亚胺基片表面上，然后干燥形成厚5.5μm的不可逆记录层，获得了磁记录介质样品。 Having the flat powder is dispersed in the coating composition wherein the coating on 188μm thick polyimide substrate surface, then dried to form an irreversible recording layer thickness 5.5μm obtained magnetic recording medium samples.
用线式热头扫描和加热此样品的不可逆记录层，形成具有以下图形的加热区，其中在一侧的8mm正方加热条和相同尺寸的未加热条依次相连。 A scanning line head and heating the irreversible recording layer of this sample, the heating zone having the form of graphics, which are connected in sequence in the unheated bars 8mm square heated bars of one side and the same size.
用读出磁头扫描加热区，考察磁化强度变化图形。 A read head scanning the heating zone, the magnetization change pattern inspection. 更具体地讲，在用磁头对加热区施加1000Oe直流磁场的同时，以314mm/秒的读出速度进行读出。 More particularly, while applying a DC magnetic field 1000Oe with the head of the heating zone, to read out speed 314mm / sec is read out. 图7(a)展示了在垂直于线式磁头扫描方向的方向(见图5(a))，用读出磁头扫描加热区时，获得的磁化强度差分输出。 FIG. 7 (a) shows a direction perpendicular to the scanning direction of the line type head (see FIG. 5 (a)), when the read head scanning with the heating zone, the differential outputs of magnetization obtained. 图7(b)展示了在与线式磁头扫描方向相同的方向(见图6(a))，用读出磁头扫描加热区时，获得的磁化强度差分输出。 Figure 7 (b) shows the wire-type magnetic head in the same direction as the scanning direction (see FIG. 6 (a)), with the read head scanning the heating zone, the differential outputs of magnetization obtained. 在图7(a)和7(b)中应予注意，横向代表时间，一个刻度是2ms，垂直方向代表输出，一个刻度是500mV。 It should be noted in FIG. 7 (a) and 7 (b), a transverse represents time, a scale is 2ms, the vertical direction represents output, with one division being 500mV. 图7(a)展示了在包含两个加热面积的区中的读出结果，图7(b)展示了在包含四个加热面积的区中的读出结果。 FIG. 7 (a) shows the readout results in the area of the heating region comprises two in FIG. 7 (b) shows the readout region comprises four heating in the area.
图7(a)中，基于从加热条向未加热条转移的磁化强度变化所产生差分输出，等于基于从未加热条向加热条转移的磁化强度变化所产生差分输出。 In FIG. 7 (a), the differential output is generated based on magnetization change in the transition from a heated bar to an unheated bar is equal to the differential output is generated based on the change never magnetization transfer heat to the heating Articles. 相反，图7(b)中，在这些差分输出中发现明显的不同。 In contrast, in FIG. 7 (b), significant differences found in these differential outputs.
实例3-1(第三实施例)通过在介质搅拌磨机中对利用水雾化法获得的合金粉末进行粉碎，制备平均颗粒尺寸为8μm的Fe58Al42合金扁平粉末。 Example 3-1 (Third Embodiment) By using an alloy powder obtained by a water atomizing method was pulverized in a medium stirring mill to prepare a mean particle size of Fe58Al42 alloy flattened powder of 8μm. 采用以下程序确定此粉末的饱和磁化强度Ms的加热温度相关性。 The heating temperature is determined by the following procedure saturation magnetization Ms of this powder correlation. 首先，在IR成象炉中以10℃/分钟的加热速率加热此合金粉末，在进行测量的温度保持1秒，通过气冷冷却到室温。 First, in an IR imaging furnace at a heating rate of 10 ℃ / min heating the alloy powder, the temperature measurement is performed for 1 second, cooled to room temperature by air cooling. 然后使用振动样品磁强计(VSM)，在室温测量Ms，最大外加磁场强度是10.0kOe。 Then using a vibrating sample magnetometer (the VSM), Ms measured at room temperature, the maximum magnetic field strength of 10.0 kOe. 测量结果标绘在图10中。 Measurement results are plotted in FIG. 10.
正如从图10中可见，此合金粉末加热后饱和磁化强度降低。 As can be seen from Figure 10, this alloy powder reduced the saturation magnetization upon heating. 应予注意该合金粉末在刚刚急冷之后、甚至在加热到400℃之后，该合金粉末仍保持结晶态。 After the alloy powder should be noted that immediately after quenching and even after heating to 400 ℃, the alloy powder remained crystalline.
接着，利用以下程序制备磁卡样品。 Next, a magnetic card sample was prepared using the following procedure.
在150μm厚的聚酰亚胺基片整个表面上，涂敷其中分散有Ba铁氧体粉末(矫顽力2750Oe)的磁性涂料组合物，以便给出12μm的干燥厚度，在磁场下取向，然后干燥形成磁记录层。 150μm thickness on the entire surface of a polyimide substrate coated dispersed therein Ba ferrite powder (coercivity 2750Oe) of the magnetic coating composition, so as to give a dry thickness of 12μm, oriented under a magnetic field, and dried to form a magnetic recording layer.
然后，通过在介质搅拌磨机中对利用水雾化法获得的合金粉末进行粉碎，制备平均颗粒尺寸为12μm的Fe-Si合金扁平粉末。 Then, by using an alloy powder obtained by a water atomizing method was pulverized in a medium stirring mill to prepare a mean particle size of Fe-Si alloy flattened powder of 12μm. 对磁记录层表面涂敷其中分散有此粉末的磁性涂料组合物，然后干燥形成软磁材料层。 Applied to the surface of the magnetic recording layer dispersed therein magnetic coating composition of the powder, and then dried to form a layer of soft magnetic material. 软磁材料层的厚度列于表1。 The thickness of the soft magnetic material layer is listed in Table 1.
然后，对软磁材料层表面涂敷其中分散有Fe58Al42合金粉末的涂料组合物，然后干燥形成不可逆记录材料层，获得结构如图9(a)所示的磁卡样品。 Then, the coating composition has Fe58Al42 alloy powder applied to the surface of the layer of soft magnetic material dispersed therein, and then dried to form an irreversible recording material layer, obtaining magnetic card samples structure shown in FIG. 9 (a) of. 不可逆记录材料层的厚度列于表1。 Irreversible recording material layer has a thickness set forth in Table 1.
以5.0kOe的写入磁场和210FIC记录密度，在每个样品的磁记录层记录信号。 In the write magnetic field and 5.0kOe 210FIC recording density, a recording signal in the magnetic recording layer of each sample. 从施加1.0kOe的直流偏置磁场时产生的输出，和不施加偏置磁场时产生的输出(泄漏输出)，确定衰减系数，评价屏蔽特性。 Output, and the output is not generated when applying a bias magnetic field generated from the application of the DC bias magnetic field 1.0kOe (leakage output), determining an attenuation coefficient, shielding characteristics evaluated. 通过使热头与其表面接触，按图形加热不可逆记录材料层，在不施加偏置磁场的条件下读出信号，计算加热区的输出与未加热区的输出之比(剩磁比)作为SN比。 By the thermal head contact with the surface, in a pattern heating the irreversible recording material layer, the readout signal without applying a bias magnetic field, the output ratio of the output of the unheated area of the heating zone (remanent magnetization ratio) is calculated as a SN ratio . 结果如表1所示。 The results are shown in Table 1.
表1样品No. 软磁材料层 不可逆记录材 衰减系数 SNR厚度(μm) 料层厚度 (％)(μm)101 7 3 93 2.3102 5 5 92 2.2103 6 9 93 2.0104 6 12 95 1.6105 3 11 85 1.6正如从表1可见，其中不可逆记录材料层厚度超过10μm的那些样品(样品编号104和105)呈现低的SN比。 Table 1 Sample No. irreversible recording layer of soft magnetic material sheet thickness SNR attenuation coefficient ([mu] m) the thickness of the material layer (%) (μm) 101 7 3 93 2.3102 5 5 92 2.2103 6 9 93 2.0104 6 12 95 1.6105 3 11 85 1.6 As from table 1, wherein the irreversible recording material layer thickness is more than 10μm, those samples (sample Nos. 104 and 105) exhibit low SN ratio.
每个样品具有由软磁材料层和不可逆记录材料层组成的层结构的不可逆记录层。 Each sample has an irreversible recording layer of the layer structure of a soft magnetic material layer and an irreversible recording material layer. 为了对比，对那些单独由软磁材料层组成的或者单独由不可逆记录材料层组成的不可逆记录层，考察屏蔽特性与不可逆记录层厚度的相关性。 For comparison, those of a soft magnetic material layer alone or composed solely of the irreversible recording material layer composed of the irreversible recording layer, and barrier properties investigated correlation irreversible recording layer thickness. 测量条件与上述样品所用的相同。 The measurement conditions were the same as used in the sample. 结果如图11所示。 The results shown in Figure 11.
正如图11所示，与软磁材料层相比，不可逆记录材料层产生极大的泄漏输出，呈现差的屏蔽特性。 As shown in Figure 11, compared with the soft magnetic material layer and an irreversible recording material layer generates a great leakage output, exhibit poor shielding properties.
通过施加偏置磁场使不可逆记录层磁性饱和时，屏蔽效应被消除，以致泄漏输出不依赖于不可逆记录层的组成。 Applying a bias magnetic field by the irreversible recording layer was magnetically saturated when the shielding effect is eliminated so that the leakage output does not depend on the composition of the irreversible recording layer. 不可逆记录层磁性饱和时产生的泄漏输出如图11所示。 Irreversible leakage output produced when the magnetic recording layer is saturated as shown in FIG. 基于磁性饱和的层的泄漏输出，计算各个不可逆记录层的泄漏输出的衰减系数。 Leakage magnetic saturation output layer based on the attenuation factor calculated for each leakage output the irreversible recording layer. 图12展示了泄漏输出的衰减系数与不可逆记录层厚度的相关性。 Figure 12 shows the attenuation factor of leakage output associated with irreversible recording layer thickness.
从图12可见，对于仅采用软磁材料层的情形，在厚度超过约4μm时获得大于约80％的衰减系数。 , The case of using only the soft magnetic material layer to obtain the attenuation factor of more than about 80% at a thickness of about 4μm than 12 seen from FIG. 对于仅采用不可逆记录材料层的情形，在厚度超过约6μm时获得大于约60％的衰减系数。 For the case of using only the irreversible recording material layer, obtaining the attenuation factor of more than about 60% at a thickness in excess of about 6μm. 因此，当软磁材料层和不可逆记录材料层层叠，形成厚度至少约为10μm的不可逆记录层时，可以期望获得大于约90％的衰减系数。 Thus, when the soft magnetic material layer and an irreversible recording material layer is laminated, the irreversible recording layer thickness of at least about 10μm is formed, it may be desirable attenuation factor is greater than about 90% is obtained. 这与表1的结果良好吻合。 This is in good agreement with the results in Table 1. 从图12可见，仅采用不可逆记录材料层可以实现约80％的衰减系数。 Seen from FIG. 12, only the irreversible recording material layer using the extinction coefficient of about 80% can be achieved.
实例3-2(第三实施例)按照实例3-1制备磁卡样品，不同的是采用其中分散有铁硅铝合金扁平粉末的涂料组合物，形成厚5μm的软磁材料层；采用其中分散有Cu2MnAl合金扁平粉末的涂料组合物，形成厚7μm的不可逆记录材料层，该合金粉末是利用介质搅拌磨机进行扁平化的，平均颗粒尺寸约为16μm。 Example 3-2 (Third Embodiment) A magnetic card sample was prepared as in Example 3-1, except that the flattened powder dispersed therein using a coating composition sendust alloy, soft magnetic material layer formed in a thickness of 5μm; dispersed therein using Cu2MnAl alloy flattened powder coating composition to form an irreversible recording material layer of a thickness of 7μm, the alloy powder is carried by a medium stirring mill, flattened, the average particle size of about 16μm. 制备样品时，通过改变在介质搅拌磨机粉碎Cu2MnAl合金料末的时间，调节不可逆记录层(不可逆记录材料层)表面的表面粗糙度(Ra)。 When the samples were prepared by changing the grinding time at the end of the stirring mill Cu2MnAl alloy material in the medium, adjusting the irreversible recording layer (irreversible recording material layer) of the surface roughness (Ra). 各样品的Ra值列于表2。 Ra values of each sample are listed in Table 2.
对于各个样品，按照实例3-1进行测量，结果如表2所示。 For each sample, according to Example 3-1 was measured, the results shown in Table 2.
从表2可见，表面粗糙度Ra超过1μm的那些样品呈现极低的SN比和低的衰减系数，是相当不实用的。 Seen from Table 2, the surface roughness Ra exceeds 1μm those samples presenting a very low SN ratios and low attenuation coefficient, is quite practical.
实例3-3(第三实施例)按照实例1制备磁卡样品，不同的是采用其中分散有Fe-Si合金扁平粉末的涂料组合物，形成厚8μm的软磁材料层；并采用Fe61Mn25C14合金靶通过RF溅射形成0.5μm厚的不可逆记录材料层。 Examples 3-3 (third embodiment) according to the magnetic card sample of Example 1 was prepared, except that the dispersed therein using Fe-Si alloy flattened powder with a coating composition to form a soft magnetic material layer of thickness 8μm; and by using an alloy target Fe61Mn25C14 RF sputtering 0.5μm thick irreversible recording material layer.
按照实例3-1测量此样品，发现90％的衰减系数和1.9的SN比。 The sample was measured according to Example 3-1, found that 90% of the attenuation factor and the SN ratio of 1.9. 正如从这些结果可见，即使通过真空膜淀积工艺形成不可逆记录层时，也可获得呈现改善性能的两层结构的磁屏蔽层(不可逆记录层)。 As can be seen from these results, even when the irreversible recording layer is formed by a vacuum film deposition process, the magnetic masking layer can be obtained two-layer structure exhibits the improved properties (irreversible recording layer).
实例4(第四实施例)通过在介质搅拌磨机中对利用水雾化法获得的合金粉末进行粉碎，制备平均颗粒尺寸为8μm的Fe58Al42合金扁平粉末作为不可逆记录材料。 Example 4 (Fourth embodiment) by using a medium agitating mill an alloy powder obtained by a water atomizing method was pulverized to prepare a mean particle size of 8μm Fe58Al42 alloy flattened powder as an irreversible recording material. 该合金粉末在刚刚急冷之后、甚至在加热到400℃之后，仍保持结晶态。 After this alloy powder immediately after quenching and even after heating to 400 ℃, it remained crystalline.
而且，提供吸附钴的γ-Fe2O3粉末(矫顽力约为700Oe)作为硬磁材料。 Further, there is provided cobalt-adsorbed γ-Fe2O3 powder (coercivity about 700Oe) as a hard magnetic material.
在厚188μm的聚酰亚胺基片表面上，涂敷按1∶1的重量比含有不可逆记录材料和硬磁材料的磁性涂料组合物，然后干燥，形成厚8μm的不可逆记录层，获得磁记录介质样品。 On the surface of the polyimide substrate 188μm thick polyethylene coating containing a weight ratio of 1 irreversible recording material and the magnetic coating composition of the hard magnetic material, and then dried, formed to a thickness of 8μm irreversible recording layer, a magnetic recording obtained media samples.
如图21(a)所示，利用热头加热此样品的不可逆记录层4，形成其中以等间距排列有等宽度加热区的图形。 FIG 21 (a), the pattern was heated using a thermal head irreversible recording layer 4 of this sample, wherein the formation and the like are arranged at equal intervals in the width of the heating zone. 而且，用切刀对不可逆记录层4切出缺口，形成如图所示的去除区。 Further, with a cutter of the irreversible recording layer 4 is cut out to form a removed region as shown in FIG. 每个加热区的宽度是1.25mm(对应于5个加热点)，在加热区之间的未加热区的宽度是0.75mm。 It is the width of each heating zone of 1.25 mm (corresponding to five heated dots), the width of the unheated zone between the heating zone of 0.75mm. 加热能量是1.2mJ/点。 Heating energy is 1.2mJ / dot.
接着，在施加2kOe的正向偏置磁场或者300Oe的反向偏置磁场的同时，以314mm/秒的读出速率，从不可逆记录层读出信号。 Next, the forward biasing magnetic field while applying 2kOe or reverse biasing magnetic field of 300Oe to readout rate 314mm / sec, the reversible recording layer never read signal. 在施加的正向偏置磁场下的差分输出如图21(b)所示，在施加的反向偏置磁场下的差分输出如图21(c)所示。 Difference in the forward biasing magnetic field applied to the output of FIG. 21 (b), the difference in the reverse biasing magnetic field applied to the output of FIG. 21 (c) shown in FIG. 在图21(b)和21(c)的曲线图中，横向代表时间，一个刻度是2ms，垂直方向代表输出，一个刻度是200mV。 (B), the graph of FIG. 21 and 21 (c) in the lateral direction represents time, a scale is 2ms, the vertical direction represents output, with one division being 200mV.
从这些曲线图可见，当施加正向和反向偏置磁场时，基于加热的差分输出和基于不可逆记录层被去除的差分输出相互可以清楚地被识别。 Seen from these graphs, when the forward and reverse biasing magnetic field is applied, the differential outputs based on heating and the differential outputs based on the irreversible recording layer is removed from each other may be clearly identified. 这些曲线之间的对比表明可以容易地检测通过去除不可逆记录层而做的数据非法更改。 Comparison between the curves indicate false alteration can be readily detected by removal of the irreversible recording layer do data.
1． 1. 一种磁记录介质的使用方法，该记录介质在基片的至少一部分上，包括含有不可逆记录材料的不可逆记录层，在加热的作用下其饱和磁化强度发生不可逆变化，所述方法包括以下步骤：预先加热所述不可逆记录层，形成其中按条形码图形排列了多个加热条的初始加热区，加热条的饱和磁化强度已经发生了不可逆变化，把设置在加热条之间的未加热条转变成加热状态，改变加热条的阵列图形，从而实现信息记录。 Use of a magnetic recording medium, the recording medium on at least a portion of a substrate, comprising containing irreversible irreversible recording layer of the recording material under heating effect of saturation magnetization undergoes an irreversible change, the method comprising the steps of: previously heating said irreversible recording layer, wherein a bar code pattern is formed are arranged a plurality of heated bars initial heated region, the heated bars of the saturation magnetization irreversible changes have taken place, the heating is provided into the unheated bars between the heated bars state changes the array pattern of heated bars, thereby realizing the information recording.
2． 2. 根据权利要求1的磁记录介质的使用方法，其中，所述磁记录介质是磁卡，所述信息记录是磁卡的固定信息的记录，在磁卡发行时进行所述的信息记录。 A method of using a magnetic recording medium as claimed in claim 1, wherein said magnetic recording medium is a magnetic card, said information recording is recording the fixed information of the magnetic card, said information recording card at the time of release.
3． 3. 根据权利要求1或2的磁记录介质的使用方法，其中，所述信息记录是磁记录介质的使用历史的记录。 A method of using a magnetic recording medium as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein said information recording medium using a magnetic recording history.
4． 4. 根据权利要求1～3中任一项的磁记录介质的使用方法，其中，把未加热条转变成加热状态的步骤，把加热条的阵列图形改变成编码的阵列图形。 A method of using a magnetic recording medium according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the step of heating the article to heat the transition is not a state, the array pattern of heated bars into an encoded array pattern changes.
5． 5. 根据权利要求1～4中任一项的磁记录介质的使用方法，其中，所述初始加热区包括按等间距图形排列等宽度加热条的区域。 A method of using a magnetic recording medium according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein said initial heated region includes a region of the strip width of the heating pattern are arranged at equal pitches and the like.
6． 6. 根据权利要求1～5中任一项的磁记录介质的使用方法，其中，采用进行加热的加热装置扫描所述不可逆记录层，实现记录，所述加热装置的扫描方向，基本垂直于读出操作过程中用读出磁头扫描该层的方向。 A method of using a magnetic recording medium according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the heating means employed for heating scans said irreversible recording layer, to achieve the recording, the scanning direction of said heating means, substantially perpendicular to the reading operation process by a read head scanning direction of the layer.
7． 7. 根据权利要求1～6中任一项的磁记录介质的使用方法，其中，所述磁记录介质在所述不可逆记录层和所述基片之间具有磁记录层，其中所述不可逆记录层起磁屏蔽层的作用。 A method of using a magnetic recording medium according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein said magnetic recording medium having a magnetic recording layer of said irreversible recording layer and between said substrate wherein said irreversible recording layer functions effect of the magnetic masking layer.
8． 8. 根据权利要求7的磁记录介质的使用方法，其中，所述不可逆记录层中除了不可逆记录材料之外还含有软磁材料。 A method of using a magnetic recording medium as claimed in claim 7, wherein said irreversible recording layer, in addition to the irreversible recording material further comprises a soft magnetic material outside.
9． 9. 根据权利要求7的磁记录介质的使用方法，其中，所述不可逆记录层由包含所述软磁材料的软磁材料层和包含所述不可逆记录材料的不可逆记录材料层组成。 A method of using a magnetic recording medium as claimed in claim 7, wherein said irreversible recording layer of a soft magnetic material layer and an irreversible recording material layer containing said soft magnetic material containing said irreversible recording material.
10． 10. 根据权利要求1～9中任一项的磁记录介质的使用方法，其中，所述不可逆记录层包含硬磁材料，其饱和磁化强度在加热作用下无实质性变化，并具有大于所述不可逆记录材料的矫顽力。 A method of using a magnetic recording medium according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein said irreversible recording layer contains a hard magnetic material, which no substantial change of saturation magnetization upon heating, and having greater than said irreversible recording coercivity material.
11． 11. 根据权利要求10的磁记录介质的使用方法，其中，所述不可逆记录层由包含所述不可逆记录材料的不可逆记录材料层和包含所述硬磁材料的硬磁材料层组成。 A method of using a magnetic recording medium as claimed in claim 10, wherein said irreversible recording layer containing said irreversible irreversible recording material layer containing said hard magnetic material and a recording material layer composed of a hard magnetic material.
12． 12. 根据权利要求10或11的磁记录介质的使用方法，其中，所述硬磁材料具有至少300Oe的矫顽力。 A method of using a magnetic recording medium as claimed in claim 10 or 11, wherein said hard magnetic material having a coercive force of at least 300Oe.
13． 13. 根据权利要求10～12中任一项的磁记录介质的使用方法，其中，通过加热所述不可逆记录层，使所述不可逆记录材料的饱和磁化强度发生变化，实现记录，通过检测所述不可逆记录层的磁化强度变化，该不可逆记录层具有的所述硬磁材料已在一个方向磁化，同时施加偏置磁场，其取向与所述一个方向相反，并且不引起所述硬磁材料的磁化强度反转，从而实现读出。 A method of using a magnetic recording medium according to any one of claims 10 to 12, wherein, by heating the irreversible recording layer for causing said irreversible recording material saturation magnetization change effect recording by detecting said irreversible recording magnetization change layer, the irreversible recording layer, with said hard magnetic material having been magnetized in one direction, while applying a biasing magnetic field whose orientation is opposite to said one direction, and does not cause the magnetization of the hard magnetic material trans turn, thereby achieving readout.
14． 14. 根据权利要求10～12中任一项的磁记录介质的使用方法，其中，通过加热所述不可逆记录层，使所述不可逆记录材料的饱和磁化强度发生变化，实现记录，通过以下步骤实现读出，检测所述不可逆记录层的磁化强度变化，该不可逆记录层具有的所述硬磁材料已在一个方向磁化，同时施加偏置磁场，其取向处于所述一个方向；通过检测所述不可逆记录层的磁化强度变化，该不可逆记录层具有的所述硬磁材料已在一个方向磁化，同时施加偏置磁场，其取向与所述一个方向相反，并且不引起所述硬磁材料的磁化强度反转。 A method of using a magnetic recording medium according to any one of claims 10 to 12, wherein, by heating said irreversible recording layer for causing said irreversible recording material saturation magnetization changes, to achieve recording, readout achieved by the following steps detecting the magnetization of the irreversible recording layer varies, the irreversible recording layer of said hard magnetic material having been magnetized in one direction, while applying a biasing magnetic field whose orientation is in said one direction; by detecting said irreversible recording layer of the variation of the magnetization of the irreversible recording layer, with said hard magnetic material having been magnetized in one direction, while applying a biasing magnetic field whose orientation is opposite to said one direction, and does not cause the magnetization of the hard magnetic material to reverse .
15． 15. 根据权利要求13或14的磁记录介质的使用方法，其中，偏置磁场的强度低于所述硬磁材料的矫顽力，高于所述不可逆记录材料的矫顽力。 A method of using a magnetic recording medium as claimed in claim 13 or 14, wherein the strength of the biasing magnetic field is lower than the coercive force of the hard magnetic material is higher than the coercivity of said irreversible recording material.
16． 16. 根据权利要求1～15中任一项的磁记录介质的使用方法，其中，所述磁记录介质在所述不可逆记录层中具有至少一个记录磁道，在记录过程中控制加热装置，以使其中加热条排列成条形码图形的至少两个磁道单元相互基本平行地排列，构成一个记录磁道，该记录磁道包括至少部分的非对称区域，其中在至少两个磁道单元之间加热条的阵列图形不同。 A method of using a magnetic recording medium according to any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein said magnetic recording medium in the irreversible recording layer has at least one recording track, control of the heating means during recording, so that heat which Article at least two track elements are arranged in a bar code pattern are arranged substantially parallel to each other, constituting a recording track, the recording track includes at least in part an asymmetric region in which the array pattern of heated bars differs between at least two track elements.
17． 17. 根据权利要求1-16中任一项的磁记录介质的使用方法，其中，所述不可逆记录层具有不超过1μm的表面粗糙度(Ra)。 A method of using a magnetic recording medium 1-16 of claims, wherein said irreversible recording layer has a surface roughness of not more than 1μm (Ra).
Free format text: CORRECT: APPLICANT; FROM: TOKYO MAGNETIC PRINTING CO., LTD.; TDK CORP. TO: TOKYO MAGNETIC PRINTING CO., LTD.
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This sample PowerShell script creates a pipeline in Azure Data Factory that copies data from an on-premises SQL Server database to an Azure Blob Storage.
SQL Server. You use an on-premises SQL Server database as a source data store in this sample.
Azure Storage account. You use Azure blob storage as a destination/sink data store in this sample. if you don't have an Azure storage account, see the Create a storage account article for steps to create one.
Self-hosted integration runtime. Download MSI file from the download center and run it to install a self-hosted integration runtime on your machine.
This script creates JSON files that define Data Factory entities (linked service, dataset, and pipeline) on your hard drive in the c:\ folder.
$resourceGroupName = "<Resource group name>"
$storageAccountName = "<Az.Storage account name>"
$storageAccountKey = "<Az.Storage account key>"
$sqlServerName = "<SQL server name>"
$sqlDatabaseName = "SQL Server database name"
$sqlTableName = "emp" # create the emp table if it does not already exist in your database with ID, FirstName, and LastName columns of type String.
$sqlUserName = "<SQL Authentication - user name>"
$sqlPassword = "<SQL Authentication - user password>"
$blobFolderPath = "<Azure blob container name>/<Azure blob folder name>"
$integrationRuntimeName = "<Self-hosted integration runtime name"
## JSON definition of the linked service.
## IMPORTANT: stores the JSON definition in a file that will be used by the Set-AzDataFactoryLinkedService command.
Set-AzDataFactoryLinkedService -DataFactoryName $dataFactoryName -ResourceGroupName $resourceGroupName "EncryptedSqlServerLinkedService" -File "c:\EncryptedSqlServerLinkedService.json"
## IMPORTANT: store the JSON definition in a file that will be used by the Set-AzDataFactoryDataset command.
Set-AzDataFactoryDataset -DataFactoryName $dataFactoryName -ResourceGroupName $resourceGroupName -Name "SqlServerDataset" -File "c:\SqlServerDataset.json"
Set-AzDataFactoryDataset -DataFactoryName $dataFactoryName -ResourceGroupName $resourceGroupName -Name "AzureBlobDataset" -File "c:\AzureBlobDataset.json"
## IMPORTANT: store the JSON definition in a file that will be used by the Set-AzDataFactoryPipeline command.
Set-AzDataFactoryPipeline -DataFactoryName $dataFactoryName -ResourceGroupName $resourceGroupName -Name "$pipelineName" -File "c:\SqlServerToBlobPipeline.json"
Write-Host "Pipeline run status: In Progress" -foregroundcolor "Yellow"
Write-Host "Pipeline $pipelineName run finished. Result:" -foregroundcolor "Yellow"
New-AzResourceGroup Creates a resource group in which all resources are stored.
Set-AzDataFactoryV2 Create a data factory.
New-AzDataFactoryV2LinkedServiceEncryptCredential Encrypts credentials in a linked service and generates a new linked service definition with the encrypted credential.
Set-AzDataFactoryV2LinkedService Creates a linked service in the data factory. A linked service links a data store or compute to a data factory.
Set-AzDataFactoryV2Dataset Creates a dataset in the data factory. A dataset represents input/output for an activity in a pipeline.
Set-AzDataFactoryV2Pipeline Creates a pipeline in the data factory. A pipeline contains one or more activities that performs a certain operation. In this pipeline, a copy activity copies data from one location to another location in an Azure Blob Storage.
Invoke-AzDataFactoryV2Pipeline Creates a run for the pipeline. In other words, runs the pipeline.
Get-AzDataFactoryV2ActivityRun Gets details about the run of the activity (activity run) in the pipeline.
Remove-AzResourceGroup Deletes a resource group including all nested resources.
Additional Azure Data Factory PowerShell script samples can be found in the Azure Data Factory PowerShell samples.
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Using Responsive Web Design When coming up with a new site design it is usually a problem to ensure that your site will display well across the various internet access devices that are currently in use. Until fairly recently, people would do this by categorizing each user on the basis of the type of device that is being used to access the site. For example you may have different classifications for smartphones, iPads, desktops, and others. Site visitors could then be redirected on the basis of the type of access device they were using to a site that was designed to display well on this type of device.
This technique worked reasonably well at furnishing users with a site version that would display well on their access device, however, there were still associated problems. For instance, quite often there were device identification problems. Additionally, there would frequently be problems accessing the same functionality on mobile devices as desktop users had. Since several web sites had to be maintained there was additional time and effort spent on site maintenance and SEO efforts were hampered because there were several sites with different URLs.
For these reasons, techniques of device detection were becoming unmanageable. This device recognition technique became even more complex with the rapidly increasing types of devices that were used to access the internet. There are now a wide array of devices with large variations in resolution and display areas, making it extremely difficult to classify all devices properly.
These difficulties have given rise to a collaboration of designers to come up with a new technique for displaying content on all types of platforms that would alleviate many of these problems. New sites that have a responsive design have eliminated the device detection method and it has been replaced with a responsive design methodology. Designers have come up with a new software tool that will use the resolution of the accessing device to provide content based on the resolution of a device.
When you have a responsive web site it will react to the user’s display width without attempting to identify the type of accessing device. The site’s content will be adapted to render itself on a display of a given resolution in a fashion that will be dictated by the site’s designer. This adaptation will make use of the the same pages, links, and URLs for every accessing device.
Almost everyone now realizes that tablets and mobile devices will soon overcome desktops as the primary internet accessing devices. Consequently, it is of the utmost importance that your site is able to be clearly displayed on a wide range of devices. Creating a new design, or updating your existing site with a responsive design is likely to be the most effective approach to rectifying this problem.
A large number of mobile devices are proliferating at a very rapid rate. If you need to reach an increasingly diverse audience you will have to ensure that your business’s site will work well with a large number of devices. If you choose not to do this your site will be missing out on the majority of users accessing the web.
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Has your laid back, happy-go-lucky child suddenly started having meltdowns the second you pass him to a caregiver or family member? Has she started to scream and cry when you walk out of the room, even for a second? Are you beginning to wonder what is happening, and what you’re doing wrong?
Well, I have some good news, and bad news.
The bad news: Your baby is likely suffering from separation anxiety.
The good news: It is considered a completely normal emotional milestone for young children, and will likely pass soon.
Why does this anxiety start to occur at a particular age? It all goes back to when babies are first born. In their first few months of life, they lack the ability to cognitively understand that you still exist, even when they don’t see you. That game of peek-a-boo you play, hiding behind a blanket and popping out at your child? He/she genuinely views this as a magic trick in which you physically disappear and reappear. At a very young age, your child also has trouble distinguishing one adult from another.
However, as children begin to grow, they start to recognize that you do exist behind that blanket, they begin to differentiate their parents from other adults, and they don’t like it when you leave them. Babies at this age also lack a bank of memories to soothe or remind them that you will return. It does not take them long to identify that crying, screaming, and otherwise throwing a fit is an easy way to get your attention and reassurance. Though we don’t typically think of it as a positive, this behavior really signals that your baby is making a strong connection with you as a parent.
While logically, we understand that this behavior is just a phase, it can be very difficult to get through. The stress and anxiety that children experience can make adults feel stressed and anxious, leaving parents desperate to find solutions.
More good news! There are many strategies you can try in order to help ease the distress of separation anxiety, as well as many parental behaviors you can avoid. Keep in mind, every child (and parent) is different, and it may take some time to determine which strategies work (or don’t work) for you and your child.
Leave (but not really!): Try walking out of the child’s line of sight—into the next room, on the other side of some furniture, or even behind that peek-a-boo blanket. Leave the child for a few seconds or minutes at a time, but return quickly. Try extending the amount of time slowly. This helps build the child’s confidence that you will (really!) return. *Perhaps it goes without saying, but be sure that while the baby can’t see you, you can see him/her. Never leave a young child unsupervised.
Leave for short periods of time: Practice leaving your child with a caregiver for short periods of time—half an hour, an hour—and increase the time gradually. This helps baby recognize that you will return, and can help you become accustomed to leaving baby a little at a time.
Invite the caregiver to interact with baby while you are still around: You don’t want your baby to associate his/her new caregiver with you leaving. This can be stressful for everyone. If you invite the trusted person to spend some time you and your baby altogether, this will help your baby feel more comfortable with this new person. It is also an opportunity for you to practice leaving the room for a few minutes at a time to see how baby will respond to your absence (even for a short period of time).
Provide a comfort item: Does your baby have a favorite stuffed animal, blanket, or other item? Leave this with him/her when you go. The special item can act as a comfort in your absence.
Be sure baby is fed and well rested: We have all witnessed the tornado that is a hungry or tired baby. Being tired and hungry causes stress for your baby, and leaving during this stressful time can only serve to make any possible tantrum worse. If possible, leave just after your baby has eaten or had time to properly wake up from a nap.
Talk it up!: Tell your child all about the exciting things that he/she will get to do while you are gone. Based on age, your child may or may not understand everything you are saying, but baby will certainly respond to the tone of your voice. Once your caretaker arrives (or you reach the caretaker) encourage this person to also use a similarly encouraging tone.
Remind your child that you will come back: Again, your baby’s ability to understand what you are saying will depend on age. However, giving your child concrete reminders that you will return for them can help ease their fears. Since children do not have an appropriate sense of time, be sure to use specific, child friendly timing examples such as “ I will return after your nap,” or “I will come back after you eat snack.” Be careful though—only use these examples if you intend to show up when you say. The excessively worried child may become even more anxious if you do not arrive when you say you will.
Encourage your caregiver to distract your baby once you leave: Once you leave, your baby will almost certainly begin to cry out for you. Luckily, babies are most often very easily distracted. Ask the caregiver to make funny faces, offer a stimulating toy, or otherwise distract your child to ease the transition. The caregiver may also try reminding the child that you will return.
Remind yourself that the crying will stop: Your child is not the only one who suffers when separation anxiety presents itself. It will no doubt break your heart to leave your baby behind while he/ she screams for you. However, it may help to remind yourself that your child will adapt and the crying will likely stop within a few minutes of your exit. You will be pleasantly surprised to return to a happy, adjusted child!
Create a return ritual: When dealing with separation anxiety, we have a tendency to overlook the reunion process. Give your child something to look forward to by creating a routine that you always follow. This can be as simple as playing with your child for a few minutes when you return, coming up with a song you sing together, or just give each other a lot of big hugs!
Taking a long time to say goodbye: The goodbye is going to be upsetting for your child, no matter when it happens. Dragging it out, or taking an extended amount of time to leave will only cause the child more stress. Give a quick hug and kiss, and then head out.
Returning repeatedly: Once you leave, do not go back until you intend to take your child with you. We know it hurts to hear your baby crying, but going back into the room, just to leave again will only make matters worse. Return only if it is absolutely necessary. If you have forgotten to leave something, try calling the caregiver to meet you at an entrance out of your child’s field of vision. Again, remind yourself that the crying will stop.
Sneaking out: This is a strategy that a lot of parents try with their children. They will leave the child with the caregiver who is trying to distract the child, while the parent sneaks out. Sure, this will make you feel better because you won’t hear your child crying. But this does not mean that your child did not begin to cry when he/she realized that you left. Trying to deceive your child is not a strategy that is widely advised.
Avoiding situations in which separation anxiety will occur: Believe me, we understand the desire to avoid your child’s separation anxiety. It can be mentally, physically, and emotionally draining. But it will also pass. The crying is a healthy way for your child to express his/her feelings about you leaving, and leaving creates an opportunity to build trust between yourself and your child. Every time you leave and come back, they will trust you a little bit more. If they are never left, in an attempt to avoid upsetting them, you will miss out on a chance to grow together.
By avoiding these potentially upsetting behaviors, your child is sure to move out of this unpleasant baby phase at a pace that is normal for a typically developing child.
If your child is consistently exhibiting these behaviors, you may consider contacting your child’s pediatrician, as a more thorough health evaluation may be recommended.
As a parent, it is important to remember, though difficult, exhausting, frustrating, and upsetting, separation anxiety is a normal process for all young children. It is likely not the result of anything that you, as the parent, did or did not do. And while there is no single cure or strategy that will help to ease the anxiety for all children, it is our hope that you will find an approach that works well for you and your child until this challenging phase has passed.
Until then… take a deep breath, and remember: it will not last forever.
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0.999665 |
When planning a train trip through Europe, you have two choices - using a rail pass of some kind or getting point-to-point tickets. There are pros and cons to each option.
Point-to-point tickets (also known as city-to-city tickets) are good for traveling shorter distances, such as between two cities or towns within one country. They can also be a good value if you plan to travel only to a few places.
The drawbacks to buying point-to-point tickets as you travel include waiting in ticket lines at train stations, dealing with language barriers as you purchase tickets along the way, and possibly paying higher prices for tickets on same-day travel. You can avoid these issues by getting your city-to-city tickets through ItaliaRail before you leave home, but if you add spontaneous train trips to your itinerary in the middle of your trip you may end up spending more on tickets than you would have on a rail pass.
Rail passes tend to be a better value if your itinerary is primarily covering long distances - especially between multiple countries - or on high-speed trains for which tickets are more expensive. They also give travelers the ability to be more spontaneous by not requiring an exact itinerary beforehand.
The drawbacks of rail passes include potentially paying a higher price per train trip than it would have cost you to buy individual tickets (if you knew your exact itinerary in advance), and the need to buy seat reservations or pay a supplemental fee for high-speed trains. Because of the latter, even with a rail pass you may be required to wait in those long ticket lines anyway.
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0.999403 |
3. A long piece of timber, as a rafter, etc.
4. A measure of length, equaling three feet, or thirty-six inches, being the standard of English and American measure.
6. A long piece of timber, nearly cylindrical, tapering toward the ends, and designed to support and extend a square sail. A yard is usually hung by the center to the mast.
<astronomy> Golden Yard, or Yard and Ell, a popular name of the three stars in the belt of Orion. Under yard [i. E, under the rod], under contract.
Origin: OE. Yerd, AS. Gierd, gyrd, a rod, stick, a measure, a yard; akin to OFries. Ierde, OS. Gerda, D. Garde, G. Gerte, OHG. Gartia, gerta, gart, Icel. Gaddr a goad, sting, Goth. Gazds, and probably to L. Hasta a spear. Cf. Gad, Gird, Gride, Hastate.
2. An inclosure within which any work or business is carried on; as, a dockyard; a shipyard. Liberty of the yard, a liberty, granted to persons imprisoned for debt, of walking in the yard, or within any other limits prescribed by law, on their giving bond not to go beyond those limits. Prison yard, an inclosure about a prison, or attached to it.
<botany> Yard grass, a low-growing grass (Eleusine Indica) having digitate spikes. It is common in dooryards, and like places, especially in the Southern United States.
Synonyms: crab grass. Yard of land. See Yardland.
Origin: OE. Yard, yerd, AS. Geard; akin to OFries. Garda garden, OS. Gardo garden, gard yard, D. Gaard garden, G. Garten, OHG. Garto garden, gari inclosure, Icel. Garthr yard, house, Sw. Gard, Dan. Gaard, Goth. Gards a house, garda sheepfold, L. Hortus garden, Gr. Chortos an inclosure. Cf. Court, Garden, Garth, Horticulture, Orchard.
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0.988459 |
What are the top Theology Schools in Nampa, ID?
Nampa has a total population of 51,867 and a student population of 5,707. Of these students, 1,950 are enrolled in schools that offer theology programs.
Northwest Nazarene University is the largest theology school in Nampa, based on student population. In 2010, Northwest Nazarene University graduated approximately 9 students from its theology program.
In 2010, 38 students graduated with a theology degree from one of Nampa's theology schools. If you decide to attend a theology school in Nampa, you can expect to pay an average yearly tuition of $22,200.
In addition to tuition costs, you should plan on spending an average of $1,100 for books and supplies each year, while enrolled in a theology program in Nampa. And if you live on campus, you will face an additional expense of $5,830 per year, on average, for room and board at Nampa-based theology schools. Students who live at home can cut this cost down to approximately $0.
The average salary you can expect to earn as a theologist in Nampa is $44,080 per year, which is the same as the average for theologists state-wide.
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4-29 21 May 06 Bango Was His Name-O.Archived from the original on July 18, 2011.Mercedes Murdoch Mysteries Murphy Brown Music City My Brilliant Friend Mysticons N Nashville ncis ncis LA ncis New Orleans New Amsterdam New Amsterdam (2018) New Girl No Activity No Offence Nobodies O Once Upon a Time One Day at a Time One Dollar Orange.
appeared in " Dead Putting Society ". Film Main article: The Simpsons Movie 20th Century Fox, Gracie Films, and Film Roman produced The Simpsons Movie, an animated film that was released on July 27, 2007. First episode credit in production order: Jean, Al; Mike Reiss, Jeff Martin, George Meyer, Sam Simon, John Swartzwelder, Jim Reardon. "Gervais writing Simpsons episode". All original author and copyright information must remain intact. Many official or unofficial Simpsons books such as episode guides have been published. Mar 14 Fresh Heir 225. Simpsons' stamps to hit post offices (d'oh! A b c d The Simpsons: America's First Family (television documentary). "Sam Simon, 59, Dies; Guided 'The Simpsons Then Shared His Profits". 3-16 21 Dec 01 A Very Special Family Guy Freakin' Christmas. 4-23 09 Apr 06 Deep Throats. Sands, Rich (September 24, 2013). 8-17 02 May flere singler i danmark 10 Brian Stewie 144. "The 10 best 'Simpsons' episodes out on DVD". 4-13 25 Sep 05 Jungle Love. 15-3 16 Oct 16 American Gigg-olo 273. Retrieved October 18, 2010. He smokes heavily and appears to have a low standard of health. 9-2 03 Oct 10 Excellence in Broadcasting 150. 15-1 25 Sep 16 The Boys in the Band 271. May 12 Tea Peter 187. 92 In times of crisis, the family often turns to God, and the show has dealt with most of the major religions. 198 In 2013, TV Guide ranked The Simpsons as the greatest TV cartoon of all time 199 and the tenth greatest show of all time. Elber, Lynn (August 5, 2001). Retrieved July 3, 2007.
Unfortunately for everyone who dares to buy any of his merchandise. Cartwright became ældre sagen seksualitet more interested in the role of Bart. Who was described as" they released a game called The Simpsons Arcade for iOS.
Krusty, wimps massage københavn centrum 914 10 Apr 11 Tiegs for Two 162. Andrew November 4, perfidious France, through Bart and Lisaapos, s 4 million viewing households per episode in the. quot;234 The seriesapos, s 40th anniversary 154 the twentyfirst season single.dk gratis guld had an average. Bears an uncanny physical resemblance Nov 13 A Fistful of Meg 215 2012, s writers illustrate pressing or controversial issues in the field of education 2007, and also had some disbelief in regards to Bart attempting to warn the townsfolk about an impeding Alien conspiracy. Ryan, marathon of Saturday Night Live in 2015. Ratings have also declined, cashing in on a Hot New Brand Nam" Facts On File, the Last Ship The Librarians The Little Drummer Girl The Looming Tower The Magicians The Man in the High Castle The Mayor The Mick The Middle The Neighborhood The Originals. Weasels and monkeys the US media view of apos.
262 Harry Shearer did not participate in the ride, so none of his characters have vocal parts.
M - Air dates of every current TV show!
46 At the end of 2007, the writers of The Simpsons went on strike together with the other members of the Writers Guild of America, East.Retrieved August 3, 2008.Simpsons' creator Matt Groening confesses to being a fan of prank tapes.17-6 11 Nov 18 Stand By Meg 316.
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0.990242 |
Pour hot water onto coffee grounds, and extract the coffee with filter paper and filter cup. The entire brewing process takes 3 to 4 minutes. As the speed, water, and temperature of the hot water being poured are controlled by the person who does the brewing, each brew carries unique tastes. While only simple equipment is used, brewing by hand requires considerable skills and experience.
A vacuum coffee maker consists of two glass globe, one placed on top of the other, divided by a filter covered in a filter cloth. First, pour pre-heated water into the bottom globe, attach the top globe with the cloth filter placed inside it securely to the lower globe, and pour ground coffee into the top globe. Use an alcohol burner or other burner to heat up the water inside the lower globe. When the water boils, the vapor pressure forces the water to rise through the funnel. The ground coffee in the top globe comes into contact with the boiling water; it turns into mud-like texture when stirred, and gives out strong aroma. When the coffee is fully brewed, turn off the burner. The air inside the lower globe cools and creates a vacuum, and the brewed coffee draws down through the filter into the lower globe. The coffee is then poured into a pre-heated cup.
A quick and high-pressure brewing method. First, compact finely ground coffee with a tamper. The coffee grounds inside the filter should be pressed tightly into the shape of a biscuit, so as to the resist the pressure of hot water during the brewing. Under the strong pressure, the hot water permeates the the coffee grounds. As the coffee grounds are tightly pressed together, each particle is extracted evenly by the hot water and into the coffee cup. A small cup of rich and aromatic espresso is then ready.
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0.999992 |
The email address does not reflect the credit union's name, though the message says it's from that credit union; the domain name can contain a series of strange letters or a generic domain name.
The sender name and the name in the email address do not match.
There are several typos and misspellings in the email, including a "suspicions transfer."
For more information, credit unions should visit InfoSight's Information Sharing topic within the Bank Secrecy Act channel. Remember, you'll need your member ID and password to access the site.
Need more info on a regular basis? Check out InfoSight, your first stop when searching for compliance answers.
InfoSight operates as an online compliance manual at your fingertips, containing federal and state-specific content that is accurate, concise, and detailed on a wide range of topics and issues. Subscribers are able to access easy-to-read compliance summaries, checklists for compliance, direct links to laws and regulations, frequently asked questions, and links to additional important resources, including CUNA's online compliance resource "E-Guide." As part of InfoSight, the League sends out a weekly eNewsletter highlighting regulatory changes, hot topics in compliance, and comment calls.
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0.999984 |
With a few exceptions, EPs are generally a half-assed taste of something to tide fans over. However, The Sky Is The New Ground is as ambitious as they come in the world of EPs, and a treat for AMFM fans. Although AMFM is both Brain Sokel and Michael Parsell, the songs on The Sky Is The New Ground were written by Sokel. It is one of the only concept EPs to date. The opening track "Every Start" is a short instrumental filled with a swirly and clean acoustic guitar that blends into synth noise, before completely flowing into the second song. "Gone In Three" is an instant ear-tingler that shows off the duo's lush harmonies and melodic capability. The EP's centerpiece, "Mrs. Astronaut", builds and drops, builds and drops, until finally heading into an acoustic apology from a husband to his wife, "Dear wife, I'm sorry to be/Not the man you expected of me." The closer, "All To Remember", ends with a faint percussive beat, moody washes of synthesizer, and a hint of harmonica. What is the concept you say? The lyrics suggest outer space and loss. The music implies floating away from the ground to somewhere above, and feeling happy and safe about it.
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0.952663 |
Would also like to see Canon pull one out the hat. I remember taking delivery of my 1Ds. It was a jaw dropping moment. For me the most important camera I have owned. Prior to that I had owned 3 Kodak digital cameras and a Kodak back so digital was hardly new to me.
I wouldn’t be at all surprised if Canon nailed it again with the mirrorless release.
How do you explain the fact that the D850 is clearly superior to the 5DMKIV/5DR, like the D810 was clearly superior to the 5DMKIII?
Bad examples - D850 was released two years after the 5Ds and a year after the 5D4, while the D810 was released two years after the 5D3. D800 vs 5D3 is a better comparison.
Regardless, the point stands. After the 5D2 and 7D were released, Canon's pretty much been focusing exclusively on video technologies and dual-use technologies. Even the 1Dx2's AF system is materially similar to the 7D's - there's just a lot more of it. They had the lion's share of the market, and were happy to coast along while developing the technologies required to dominate the next era. At that stage - even before Sony had made a full-frame camera - they had identified Sony, not Nikon, as their real rival, and worked towards that end.
The thing is, a mirrorless camera is pretty much a video camera with a higher-resolution sensor and a slower frame rate. With future action cameras, even that distinction becomes blurred - action stills cameras are getting faster and faster, while video cameras are getting higher and higher resolution. At some point, they meet - probably at 8k's 39MP/25fps. And guess what Canon's spent the past ten years developing?
I can't say whether Canon or Sony will come out on top in the mirrorless era - at present, it looks like Sony is in a better position, but only because they have a rapidly-maturing product line while Canon has yet to show its cards, and the current state of its developments. That could change with Canon's first release. But, no matter how good the Z6/Z7 turn out to be, it's unlikely that Nikon will come out on top, unless you define 'top' in a Leica-like, niche, prestige product sense rather than a commercially successful/technologically superior sense. In the long run, they may do better by designing and making glass for the two big players (and for other optical systems - cars, security systems, robots, etc.), in a similar vein to Sigma or Zeiss, than by making cameras themselves. There's big money in optics - Sony knows this, through its sensor business (photographic, non-phone cameras being a tiny, and shrinking, proportion of their imaging business) - but a sensor needs a lens to go with it, and Nikon makes lenses better than most.
Frankly, I would love to see Nikon’s approach to mirrorless be a bit more niche than mass market. Products with very clear point of view in design and usability can be excellent, market-leading products. Apple’s entire history bears this out.
Why does this discussion always seem to sound like everybody’s SLRs are going to expire in 30 days, and the choices available at that moment will be the whole future?
The most interesting lenses for the A7 series (to me) are the Zeiss Loxias. The combination of manual focus with electronic activation of camera features is new and a lovely way of working.
The Leica SLs 24-90mm zoom is a much more interesting range than the much-copied 24-70. That extra reach is just so useful in so many situations. It’s well worth giving up constant aperture for that.
The company that makes a full-frame camera with very good video autofocus and high-bit 10-bit 4:2:2 recording in a camera this size will make a huge splash in the video world. If that camera does low light well, the ripples will be even bigger. I own Sony cameras because of their video capabilities, and the recording specs are only barely good enough. I’d switch in a heartbeat to a camera with similar specs, but a better codec. So would many others.
For myself, I don’t see replacing DSLR with mirrorless just yet. I see having an using both for the immediate future. Plenty of time for a system to get its feet on the ground if it’s done well.
Why does everything have to be a race with winners and losers? It’s not most people’s experience at all. They buy a camera they like, they use it. Eventually it falls to bits and they buy another camera. That is all. There are going to be three main mirrorless companies. Each will offer their own unique blend of feature and IQ. None is going to be worse than any other. Take your pick. If someone can’t take a really first-rate image with a camera from any of them then the problem is not going to be with the equipment.
Thank you D. Fuller for a wise, positive and “non-partisan” perspective. Though big, fast lenses are needed sometimes by some photographers, far greater usable ISO speeds have greatly expanded the “use cases” for somewhat more compact kit like good quality f/4 or f/2.8-4 zoom lenses, and they can offer wider zoom ranges to 4x or even 5x. That seems one good market to target with the slightly more compact mirrorless systems.
And the more I look at Nikon’s teasers, the more it looks like a relatively compact body, just high enough to fit the rear screen and lens mount.
But hey, these discussions are seldom about images but almost invariably about "the next best thing in my life." Not the same consideration at all, and I agree with you entirely about making good images with what exists and has already existed for ages. If you can't make what we already have do it, then baby, nothing ever will!
Because business is a race with winners and losers. Selling cameras is a business. And all three companies are competing for the same market.
It's the same in any sector. Ford doesn't want you to buy Toyota - it wants you to buy Ford. And vice versa. Given that they operate in the same space, they have to compete for the same customers, by producing a better product and through better marketing. Each company funds innovations using money generated through sales (complemented by capital raisings and amplified through investments). If they have more money, they can fund more developments and produce a better product. This, in turn, can sell better, which funds more R&D, and so on, in a self-reinforcing cycle. This is one of the key reasons the majority of new companies fail, or are bought out by their larger rivals, and why almost all mature industries are dominated by a few large companies, generally in the same ballpark size, rather than by a large number of small companies. Smaller companies that survive usually do so by finding a niche that's inconvenient or impractical for a larger company to fill (e.g. being too small or too geographically remote to be worthwhile for the larger company) rather than by competing directly - see Leica in the luxury camera space.
Nikon could do well as a niche manufacturer, putting Sony sensors and other electronics into packages to cover markets too small and unique to be worthwhile for Canon and Sony, or as an optics manufacturer. They will have a hard time competing against the other two directly. The only reason they could compete in the DSLR era was because they had a long history as a film camera maker, from a time when camera bodies were much simpler, largely mechanical devices requiring far less R&D than now, that (prior to AF) could mostly be produced in a well-equipped machine shop, and had come out on top. The large reservoir of existing F-mount lenses and users served them well in the move to digital. Canon had greater resources and could fight back, and losing the full frame DSLR race was costly to Nikon in terms of market share. Now, Nikon is in the reverse position, with a smaller customer base than Canon, but is also smaller than Canon and Sony and less well-equipped to compete in contested territory on a level footing. They can compete if they manage to greatly expand their optics division, doing for optics what Sony did for sensors, with a huge customer base outside the camera world; they will struggle as a mostly camera-only, in-house-only (making optics only for Nikon products) company, except as a niche manufacturer.
Because business and technical discussions are a lot more interesting. Anyone can take a photo, just like any car can drive at 100kph. It's a lot more interesting to talk about vehicle performance and compare characteristics between vehicles than about how all of them can go at the same 40kph on the congested freeway anyway.
The only time in DSLR history where Canon was ahead technologically was the 1Ds till D3 period. Nikon was consistently in the lead before and after that for still photographers. On the body fromt, starting with the D30 and then 5Dmk II, Canon’s success always was in their ability to market well good quality cheaper cameras with low margins, a segment that we know is going to die soon from smart phone competition.
I am fully aware that Canon makes excellent glass, but so does Nikon. There is very little to tell them apart from a lens line-up/quality standpoint. It doesn’t look like Nikon didn’t have the R&D muscle, does it?
Overall, your theory that nikon doesn’t have the means to stay on top is absolutely not backed up by facts.
With all due respect, I am having serious doubts about your understanding of the current stakes and ability to forecast.
Can you point me to a photo you took with your Nikon system that could not be taken by a Sony or Canon system? Your whole view as "being on top" is getting comical as all these 3 manufactures make absolutely top notch gear, greatly exceeding the photographer's abilities.
What is obvious is Canon is much more "on top" when it comes to revenue and market share and Sony is greatly closing in on number 2 spot. Those are figures that have meaning...your view of "on top" is basically meaningless as the manufactures have all passed the "good enough" gate with their equipment.
Either Nikon isn't able to catch up with technology any longer... or technology is a commodity.
Please link to the relevant quote. And note the difference between when I mentioned possibilities or options and when I said Nikon would do something. Could and would are two different words - mentioning a possibility, with varying probability, is different from making a prediction.
I'm starting to think you're just putting words in my mouth and having me say whatever happens to be convenient for you at the time.
Nikon had no answer for the 5D2 until the D800. That was a four year gap. Canon pretty much held the technological lead from the beginning of DSLRs until Nikon got hold of Exmor (and not the first-generation A900/D3x sensor). That was around the time Canon pretty much moved their focus to video and stopped/slowed any significant development of SLR-specific technologies.
Nikon is an optics company. Lenses are their forte. I'm talking about electronics here, not lenses.
Apologies, time's up my friends. I am not going to waste any second trying to dig old post of yours, I have a very vivid recollection of the negative campaign you performed about a year ago.
The D3x was announced a few months after the 5DII and was the first Exmor Nikon. 4 months, not 4 years. We speak about technology, right?
How about refocusing this thread on what it is about, which is the new Nikon mirrorless cameras?
Please feel free to talk about Sony and Canon elsewhere.
The unreliability of memory and recollection as evidence are well-documented.
Did you miss the part where i said not the first-generation A900/D3x sensor, or did you just choose to ignore it and quote selectively? The first-generation Exmor had serious weaknesses at anything above base ISO, couldn't be considered a general-purpose sensor and wasn't a competitor for the 5D2 (which was used as much as a video camera as anything else).
The first-generation Exmor had serious weaknesses at anything above base ISO, couldn't be considered a general-purpose sensor and wasn't a competitor for the 5D2 (which was used as much as a video camera as anything else).
If find the gap between your statements above and the facts presented by DxO Mark to be a good summary of the level of credibility your claims have. Final answer from me.
You've brought up a graph of DR measurements. No-one ever disputed Exmor's base ISO performance. But DR isn't everything. The point is, it had no DR advantage above ISO 400, produced noisy images at higher ISO, couldn't shoot video, had a barely-functional live view and came in a package costing three times as much as the 5D2 meant that it was not a competitor, but, rather, a specialised camera useful for a few applications, but with little utility as a general-purpose camera. Compare and contrast the number of wedding photographers using the D3x as opposed to the 5D2/D3/1Ds3/D700, for example.
Nikon did not come up with a high-resolution, high-DR camera which could also compete as a general-use camera until the D800, or even, arguably, the D810 (the D800 having a noticeable non-sensor performance deficit compared to the 5D3, which was made up for by Canon's sensor weakness).
I had no idea of your previous discussions but I think this is ad-hominem, and anyway you both are becoming too personal. Let's enjoy what the Big Three have to offer us all.
My conviction is that both Canon and Nikon from their duopoly position have been deliberately lagging the development of the entire mirrorless market during the last decade. This quite disappointed me since mirrorless is the only kind of camera I've been interested in since the first Olympus PEN and Panasonics appeared on the market, nevertheless their numerous flaws, because those were the cameras that made sense to me (I always wondered why my 350D couldn't preview the scene just like my cheap Pentax Optio 50 did, and how DSLR users could be happy with that). But I don't blame Canon or Nikon, will be happy if they finally come with good ML FF systems.
Let me throw some (Japanese) market share stats in.
Note though that, contrary to the DPReview headline, [UPDATE: thank to Mike Broomfield for correcting my misundestanding—so the weirdness is the lede mentioning Canon and Sony—#2 and #3 in this category—while not mentioning Olympus being #1, again] the market share leader in mirrorless system cameras is Olympus at 27.7%, ahead of Canon at 21.3% which edges Sony into third place at 20.2% How Sony's third became "tops" in the DPReview headline is a mystery. Maybe by the unstated restriction to 36x24mm format! That comes to mind because there are several assertions in this thread that are false as stated, but become true if you ignore the far greater part of the ILC market that involves smaller formats.
BTW, it is not clear to me one way or the other whether Sony's "first mover" advantage in 36x24mm format mirrorless systems will be enough to guarantee that Nikon will forever trail Sony in that sector, let alone whether Sony will stay ahead of Canon if/when it enters that segment: consider how Canon's EOS-M mirrorless system with only a handful of dedicated EF-M lenses available has taken the lead over the Sony and Fujifilm in "APS-C" format mirrorless systems that were on the market earlier and (to me at least) are clearly more impressive. Factors like overall brand strength and the attraction of using same-brand SLR lenses with same-brand adaptors can favor the overall ILC leaders, Canon and Nikon.
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0.973611 |
How easy is it to insulate prior to installing concrete floors in basements?
Finished height of ceiling: Know where the finished height of the concrete slab needs to be, and make sure you don’t back fill too much. It is crucial to have enough depth for the moisture-resistant insulation you are going to use.
Grading: Ensure the gravel or sand is as flat as possible. The insulation follows the contour of the ground. The more level the ground and even the concrete slab, the stronger the concrete slab will be.
Area to insulate: Calculate how much surface area you need to cover by measuring length multiplied by width.
Moisture barrier: Although seams could be taped, it is always best practice to lay a moisture barrier under your insulation. A moisture barrier under the insulation will help control gasses from coming through the concrete floor.
Insulation placement: Place the sheets of rigid insulation under the entire area to be covered by concrete.
You only have one chance to install the concrete slab properly without jack hammering out the floor. As such, be sure to follow the installation instructions provided to you when purchasing INSTA-PANELS®. Generally, it will take about a day to install INSTA-PANELS® properly.
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0.940276 |
Questions about example sentences with, and the definition and usage of "Aqualung"
What is the difference between aqualung and air tank ?
An aqualung would mean the whole apparatus for breathing under water: tanks, mouthpiece, etc. An air tank is just a compressed air cylinder.
How do you say this in English (US)? como usar la palabra aqualung en una oración en inglés?
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0.992714 |
In this research the following question is answered: what should KPMG advice their clients regarding to password length and complexity, now GPU-based password cracking has become a reality. To be able to answer this question, tests with different tools and hashes were performed on a system with four high end GPUs. The test system showed an improvement of a factor fourteen in brute force speed in comparison with modern CPUs. KPMG’s advice to their clients regarding password length and complexity should be one of the following (this applies to all the hashes that were researched): Nine or more characters with lower and upper case letters, digits and punctuation marks; Ten or more characters with lower and upper case letters and digits; Twelve or more characters with lower case letters and digits.
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0.999998 |
The creation of the county of Powys merged one northern county Montgomeryshire with two southern ones Breconshire and Radnorshire.
There are thus different concepts of south Wales. Glamorgan and Monmouthshire are generally accepted by all as being in south Wales. But the status of Breconshire or Carmarthenshire, for instance, is more debatable.
In the western extent, from Swansea westwards, local people might feel that they live in both south Wales and west Wales. A further point of uncertainty is whether the first element of the name should be capitalized: The South Wales Valleys and upland mountain ridges were once a very rural area noted for its river valleys and ancient forests and lauded by romantic poets such as William Wordsworth as well as poets in the Welsh language, although the interests of the latter lay more in society and culture than in the evocation of natural scenery.
This natural environment changed to a considerable extent during the early Industrial Revolution when the Glamorgan and Monmouthshire valley areas were exploited for coal and iron.
By the s, hundreds of tons of coal were being transported by barge to ports in Cardiff and Newport. In the s, coal was transported by rail transport networks to Newport Docks , at the time the largest coal exporting docks in the world, and by the s coal was being exported from Barry, Vale of Glamorgan.
The Marquess of Bute , who owned much of the land north of Cardiff , built a steam railway system on his land that stretched from Cardiff into many of the South Wales Valleys where the coal was being found.
Lord Bute then charged fees per ton of coal that was transported out using his railways. With coal mining and iron smelting being the main trades of south Wales, many thousands of immigrants from the Midlands , Scotland , Ireland , Cornwall and even Italy came and set up homes and put down roots in the region.
Very many came from other coal mining areas such as Somerset , the Forest of Dean in Gloucestershire and the tin mines of Cornwall such as Geevor Tin Mine , as a large but experienced and willing workforce was required.
Whilst some of the migrants left, many settled and established in the South Wales Valleys between Swansea and Abergavenny as English-speaking communities with a unique identity.
Industrial workers were housed in cottages and terraced houses close to the mines and foundries in which they worked. The large influx over the years caused overcrowding which led to outbreaks of Cholera , and on the social and cultural side, the near-loss of the Welsh language in the area.
The s inter-war Great Depression in the United Kingdom saw the loss of almost half of the coal pits in the South Wales Coalfield , and their number declined further in the years following World War II.
Despite the intense industrialisation of the coal mining valleys, many parts of the landscape of South Wales such as the upper Neath valley, the Vale of Glamorgan and the valleys of the River Usk and River Wye remain distinctly beautiful and unspoilt and have been designated Sites of Special Scientific Interest.
In addition, many once heavily industrialised sites have reverted to wilderness, some provided with a series of cycle tracks and other outdoor amenities.
Large areas of forestry and open moorland also contribute to the amenity of the landscape. Merthyr Tudful grew around the Dowlais Ironworks which was founded to exploit the locally abundant seams of iron ore , and in time it became the largest iron-producing town in the world.
New coal mines were sunk nearby to feed the furnaces and in time produced coal for export. By the census, the population of Merthyr was 60,—more at that time than Cardiff, Swansea and Newport combined—and its industries included coal mines , iron works , cable factory , engine sheds and sidings and many others.
The town was also the birthplace of Joseph Parry , composer of the song Myfanwy. The Heads of the Valleys towns, including Rhymney , Tredegar and Ebbw Vale , rose out of the industrial revolution, producing coal, metal ores and later steel.
The Merthyr Vale colliery began to produce coal in Spoil from the mine workings was piled on the hills close to the village which grew nearby. Tipping went on until the s.
Although nationalised, the National Coal Board failed to appreciate the danger they had created. In October , heavy rain made the giant coal tip unstable, resulting in the Aberfan disaster.
The Rhondda Valleys Rhondda Fach and Rhondda Fawr housed around 3, people in , but by the population had soared to , The Rhondda had become the heart of a massive South Wales coal industry.
Mining accidents below ground were common, and in fifty-seven men and boys were killed in a gas explosion at the Tylorstown Colliery. An enquiry found that the pit involved had not been properly inspected over the previous 15 months.
The Carboniferous Black Vein coal seams in the area lay some feet metres below the surface and the mining activity associated with it was responsible for many tragic subsurface explosions, roof collapses and mining accidents.
Large factory units, either empty or turned over to retail use, bear witness to the lack of success in replacing older industries. The native language of the majority of people in South Wales is English , but there are many who also speak Welsh.
In western parts of Glamorgan , particularly the Neath and Swansea Valleys , there remain significant Welsh-speaking communities such as Ystradgynlais and Ystalyfera , which share a heritage with other ex- anthracite mining areas in eastern Carmarthenshire , as much as with the Glamorgan valleys.
Welsh is now a compulsory language up to GCSE level for all students who start their education in Wales. A significant number of people from ethnic minority communities speak another language as their first language, particularly in Cardiff and Newport.
Commonly spoken languages in some areas include Punjabi , Bengali , Arabic , Somali and Chinese , and increasingly Central European languages such as Polish.
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, there was a vigorous literary and musical culture centred round eisteddfodau.
The south Wales landscape is marked by numerous chapels, places of worship past and present of the various Christian Nonconformist congregations.
The Baptist congregation at Ilston , Gower , moved to Swansea, Massachusetts , but after the restoration of the Anglican worship with the issue of the Book of Common Prayer in , several "gathered" churches survived belonging to the Baptist, Independent and Presbyterian denominations.
In the 18th century members of some of these congregations became dissatisfied with the theological innovations of some trained ministers, and created new congregations such as that at Hengoed near Ystrad Mynach.
Es bestehen Partnerschaften zwischen Cardiff und. Mit dem Niedergang des Kohlebergbaus ist auch die Bedeutung des Hafens stark gesunken.
Das neueste Krankenhaus ist das St. Spire Healthcare ist ein privates Krankenhaus in Pentwyn. Hier werden jedes Jahr ca. Der Bahnhof dient als Hauptverkehrsdrehkreuz, wird u.
Cardiff besitzt ein gut ausgebautes Buslinien-Netz welches von Cardiff Bus betrieben wird. Die Cardiffer Musikszene hat sich stark entwickelt.
Möglicherweise unterliegen die Inhalte jeweils zusätzlichen Bedingungen. Klicke auf einen Zeitpunkt, um diese Version zu laden. Walisische Reisesouvenirs Was bringt man aus dem Urlaub in Wales am besten mit? Interessant ist in diesem Zusammenhang, dass Wace in den meisten überlieferten Manuskriptvarianten die prophetische Ausdeutung des Drachenkampfes auslässt und die offenbar als bekannt vorausgesetzten Prophezeiungen nur erwähnt. Rotmilan bei Aberystwyth, Ceredigion. Darüber hinaus sind in Cardiff über 30 internationale Konsulate als Repräsentanz in Wales ansässig. Das Gebäude wurde grundsaniert, dabei wurde eine markante Stahlkonstruktion samt Antennenmast auf dem Gebäude installiert. Zu den höchsten Gebäuden zählt der Capital Tower. Jahrhundert; Jahre später war es jedoch allgemein unter dem Namen walisische Harfe bekannt. It also links to north-west England, including Chester. Die römisch-katholische Kathedrale von Cardiff wurde — im neugotischen Stil erbaut. The case for Wales as a football nation was particularly weak forcedrop foreign eyes slowakei england bilanz the absence bayern sponsoren any national league. Views Read Change Europa play online casino source View history. Cardiff hat eine Bevölkerungszahl von Ansichten Lesen Bearbeiten Quelltext bearbeiten Versionsgeschichte. Subscribe to our newsletter All across Wales, bright royal blood casino ideas are being put into action; in offices, laboratories, factories and festivals, Beste Spielothek in Laue finden land, sea and in the air. Spire Healthcare ist ein privates Krankenhaus in Pentwyn. Jahrhundert und mit ihr der altfranzösische Roman de Cardiff wappen des Wace identifizieren den Jungen, von dem eine nahezu identische Geschichte erzählt wird, mit dem auch sonst bekannten Merlin. Etwa zehn Prozent der Gesamtfläche der Stadt umfasst Parkanlagen. Navigation Hauptseite Themenportale Zufälliger Artikel. Um das Jahr 75 n. Cities in the United Kingdom.
The Merthyr Vale colliery began to produce coal in Spoil from the mine workings was piled on the hills close to the village which grew nearby.
Tipping went on until the s. Although nationalised, the National Coal Board failed to appreciate the danger they had created.
In October , heavy rain made the giant coal tip unstable, resulting in the Aberfan disaster. The Rhondda Valleys Rhondda Fach and Rhondda Fawr housed around 3, people in , but by the population had soared to , The Rhondda had become the heart of a massive South Wales coal industry.
Mining accidents below ground were common, and in fifty-seven men and boys were killed in a gas explosion at the Tylorstown Colliery.
An enquiry found that the pit involved had not been properly inspected over the previous 15 months. The Carboniferous Black Vein coal seams in the area lay some feet metres below the surface and the mining activity associated with it was responsible for many tragic subsurface explosions, roof collapses and mining accidents.
Large factory units, either empty or turned over to retail use, bear witness to the lack of success in replacing older industries.
The native language of the majority of people in South Wales is English , but there are many who also speak Welsh. In western parts of Glamorgan , particularly the Neath and Swansea Valleys , there remain significant Welsh-speaking communities such as Ystradgynlais and Ystalyfera , which share a heritage with other ex- anthracite mining areas in eastern Carmarthenshire , as much as with the Glamorgan valleys.
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, there was a vigorous literary and musical culture centred round eisteddfodau. The south Wales landscape is marked by numerous chapels, places of worship past and present of the various Christian Nonconformist congregations.
These were mainly Welsh-language congregations. Anglicanism in south Wales became autonomous from the Church of England with the Welsh Church Act , but the immediate demise of the denomination feared at that time has not taken place in the Church in Wales.
The Roman Catholic community, despite systematic persecution, survived in the 17th to 19th centuries, especially in Brecon and among minor gentry such as the Vaughans of Welsh Bicknor , on the Monmouthshire—Herefordshire border.
Post-war diversity has brought mosques , especially in Cardiff and Newport, Sikh gurdwaras , including one on the mountain near Abercynon and a growing number of Evangelical and Pentecostal congregations.
These often add a strongly international element into local life, such as the "Pont" twinning project between Pontypridd and Mbale , Uganda , and the creation of "Fairtrade" relationships with primary producers worldwide.
The former heavy industries of coal and iron production have disappeared since the economic struggles of the s, with the closures of that decade continuing sharply into the s, and by July just 31 coal pits remained in the region.
Local government in Wales. Cities in the United Kingdom. You can help Wikipedia by adding to it. Retrieved from " https: Local government areas in Wales Cardiff.
Views Read Change Change source View history. In other projects Wikimedia Commons. Das neueste Krankenhaus ist das St. Spire Healthcare ist ein privates Krankenhaus in Pentwyn.
Hier werden jedes Jahr ca. Der Bahnhof dient als Hauptverkehrsdrehkreuz, wird u. Cardiff besitzt ein gut ausgebautes Buslinien-Netz welches von Cardiff Bus betrieben wird.
Die Cardiffer Musikszene hat sich stark entwickelt. Jedes Jahr am 4. Weitere Veranstaltungen sind u. Das Cardiff Castle entstand im In dem Stadion wird auch Rugby gespielt.
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0.971998 |
Does this speech signal that the time has finally arrived when the government - which pays a good part of the bill - will step in to limit the rapid and seemingly never ending growth of tuition? In normal times, the answer would likely be "yes" given that politicians from both sides of the aisle have been introducing bills that would cap tuition in one way or another for almost a decade. Thus, we might expect to see a quick moving bipartisan effort.
The president is saying that people can’t afford to go to college anymore, and that just simply is not true. Tuition is too high at most schools, but it isn’t the job of the federal government to punish those schools. It’s very arbitrary, and the president sounds like a dictator.
So this probably won't be the tipping point for this issue. But before the higher education community breathes a sigh of relief, its members should note that a President of the United States views the issue as important enough, with enough broad voter appeal, to put it into a State of the Union address, and he is continuing to speak about it at public events. It would be surprising if we didn't hear a lot more over the next two years about the relationship between tuition increases and taxpayer support. And, despite the negative initial overall response of Representative Foxx, it should be noted that she agreed that tuition is too high at most schools - hardly the position that makes a strong ally in this matter.
The reported responses from the academic community to Obama's speech, sadly, fall pretty much as one would anticipate -The current system is close to perfect, and any constraints (fiscal or administrative) will lead to declines in educational outcomes. This is indeed the likely outcome if educational institutions try to handle the constraints without changing their basic approach.
However this speech makes it increasingly clear that the reality must be faced - it is simply not possible for higher education costs to increase at 3% above inflation forever, and the end of the period of rapid increases is getting closer. Educational leaders that refuse to come to grips with this reality are ensuring that the negative outcomes they describe will indeed occur.
It is highly likely that the changes that will be required will involve things that most people in traditional higher education find undesirable because they break with comfortable traditional standards of "how things should be done". But the economic realities of the United States (and most of the rest of the world) are such that "undesirable" actions have been, are, and will be required of almost every segment in order to transition to new, viable configurations. Does higher education have the leadership to rise to the challenge of this kind of tranformative change, or will it simply sink into mediocrity while defending the status quo?
Obama's words clearly single he plans to do nothing, as in recent years the hike in tuition costs have been driven by a decrease in state funding.
"If you can’t stop tuition from going up because the funding you get from the taxpays is going down, the funding you get from taxpayers will go down."
Lloyd comments: There is no doubt that recent tuition hikes in the public sector have been driven by decreasing state funding. However, the underlying issue for many years has been that the cost of providing the education has increased much faster than inflation. There was little reason for colleges to control costs when there was lots of money around, coming from both states and the federal government. Obama is just saying that colleges have to get serious about controlling costs if they want to continue getting educational aid from the federal government, which seems to me to be perfectly reasonable in a time of constrained resources. Whether his proposal appropriately takes into account the pressures on tuition caused by decreasing state support is debatable.
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0.966994 |
The Yardbirds were an English rock band formed in London in 1963. The group launched the careers of guitarists Eric Clapton, Jimmy Page and Jeff Beck. A blues-based band that broadened its range into pop and rock, the Yardbirds contributed to many electric guitar innovations of the mid-1960s, such as feedback, “fuzztone” distortion and improved amplification.
They were the crucial link between British Rhythm and Blues and psychedelia; they set the framework for heavy metal explored further by Led Zeppelin and the guitarists they spawned were extremely influential in music.
They had a string of hits during the mid-1960s, including “For Your Love”, “Heart Full of Soul” and “Over Under Sideways Down”. After the Yardbirds broke up in 1968, lead guitarist Jimmy Page founded what became Led Zeppelin, while vocalist and harmonica player Keith Relf and drummer Jim McCarty formed the symphonic rock group Renaissance.
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0.944576 |
How big will the American West's current fossil-fuel boom become, and how long will it last? Any answer involves as much art as science, but according to the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), which each year calculate outlooks for future energy production in the United States and around the globe, there are three primary scenarios for fossil fuel demand: business as usual; business tempered by a global effort to reduce greenhouse gases; and business more or less scrambled by a range of wildcards.
Under current world policies, the IEA predicts that global energy consumption will grow at 1.4 percent between now and 2035, which is a high rate, but still lower than the torrid 2 percent rate of the previous 25 years. Asia will be responsible for almost all the growth, with China accounting for half. On the other hand, if the world starts taking climate change seriously and follows through on policies to combat it, energy demand will grow much more slowly, between a projected 0.7 percent and 1.2 percent.
Some things likely won't change no matter what happens. The nation itself will consume the vast majority of the coal, natural gas and oil produced in the West -- currently, the U.S. consumes virtually all of the roughly 1 billion tons of coal, 20 billion cubic feet of natural gas and 2 billion barrels of oil produced domestically every year. In addition, developing Asian countries, particularly China, will drive the lion's share of growth in worldwide consumption, pushing up fossil fuel prices, especially for oil and coal, and spurring continued Western production.
Less clear is to what degree Western resources will be sent abroad. Under a business-as-usual scenario, China's coal-fired electricity boom will drive an increasingly busy export market in the West. (See coal sidebar, page 17.) However, if greenhouse gases are reduced, coal production will flatten, as cleaner natural gas becomes more important both domestically and abroad.
Under any scenario, global natural gas production and consumption are likely to grow, but this growth will probably not lead to increased exports from the U.S., which currently imports 3 billion cubic feet a year. With Russia, Australia and the Middle East awash in natural gas supplies, prices will likely stay low, perhaps even chilling the current enthusiasm for domestic shale-gas development using "fracking" technology.
As for oil, global demand is likely to push up against supply for years to come, whether the world gets serious about climate change or not. This will guarantee high oil prices for as long as the next 30 years, spurring development in the U.S. but not exports abroad, since the United States consumes more than twice the amount of oil it produces domestically each day. Even under the most extravagant predictions from the EIA, the United States will never come close to becoming a net exporter of oil.
And what about wildcards? The three most likely are a European debt crisis, an American debt crisis, or the overheating of the Chinese economy. Each of these would have a major dampening effect on the U.S. economy and depress fossil fuel prices and production in the American West, similar to what happened as result of the financial crisis of 2007-2008.
An overheating Chinese economy could have the greatest impact. A Chinese economy that grew only 5 percent a year, instead of the projected 10 percent a year, would lead not only to short-term pain for fossil fuel producers, but also depressed global fossil fuel prices for many years, according to the IEA. This would bust the Western boom -- out of all the projected scenarios, probably the most familiar for the region.
The author is a research assistant with the Bill Lane Center's Rural West Initiative and a graduate student in Stanford's Public Policy Program.
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0.945325 |
Did actress Cate Blanchett have “many” relationships with women in the past?
Yes, but apparently not in the sense that many people assumed after a recent interview featuring the 46-year-old Oscar winning actress.
According to the New York Daily News, Blanchett claims that her comments referring to her past relationships were taken completely out of context. Instead of focusing on her full response to the question about past relationships, the source may have focused solely on the part that made headlines.
At the Cannes premiere of her new film, Carol, Blanchett had a chance to open up about the full conversation — including the part that was apparently overlooked.
The original interview, which was conducted by Variety magazine, was published on May 12.
The topic of past relationships with women was more than likely connected to the film that she has been recently promoting, Carol. The Todd Haynes-directed film starring Cate Blanchett and Rooney Mara focuses on a young woman in her 20s that falls in love with an older, married woman in the 1950s.
Instead of focusing too much on clarifying her original comments or her opinions about lesbian relationships, the Blue Jasmine actress decided to shift the spotlight towards the bigger picture.
Cate Blanchett has been married to screenwriter Andrew Upton since December 29, 1997. The couple currently has five children — including an adopted daughter.
Among her growing list of awards and accolades that she has received over the years for her acting, Cate Blanchett is a two-time Oscar winner. She won her first Oscar in 2004 for her portrayal of Oscar-winning actress Katherine Hepburn in the film The Aviator. Cate Blanchett received her second Oscar for her leading role in the hit 2013 Woody Allen film, Blue Jasmine.
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0.999999 |
Create a campaign that would encourage young people to join a local youth panel that would influence local decision-making.
We designed a project that recruited two different groups of young people and created a campaign and visual style that would engage a wide range of teens. Firstly we recruited a group of college students and these were complimented with a group of teens who were being supported by part of the housing group.
Developed a series of posters and campaign style built about ‘young people having a voice’.
The awareness of the campaign led to a joint approach with the local authority and an increase in the number of young people involved in local democracy and decision-making.
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0.938404 |
How would you ensure the work environment issues Gilbert identifies are appropriately considered in a performance management system you designed for your organization?
It is fact that the above to aspects largely influence the on job behavior, which ultimately affects the performance. Therefore, being a HR manager, there is requiring identifying solutions to these two issues while implementing a performance management system.
According to Gilbert BEM, performance management system of an organization largely depends on employee motivation (Bach and Edwards, 2013). Motivation is considered as the outside factor which is caused by increasing the demand of customers for the particular product. To ensure that this factor will not affect further; organization should try to maintain their customers demand. If the demand of customer for any product is increased then organization should try to increase their productivity (Cascio, 2012).
Further, information, instrumentation along with motivation factor largely affects the performance management of organization. Information affects the performance management of the organization as suppose someone from inside the organization spread outside confidential information (Jorgenson, Ho and Stiroh, 2005). So according to Gilbert BEM information of the organization should be secure and safe.
According to Gilbert GEM instrumentation is when organization to reduce their recruitment expenditure tries to make their present employees work more i.e. extra work without any extra pay which decrease quality of work.
Motivation factor can affect the performance management of organization if employees are paid insufficient rewards or pay for their work. To motivate employees work better organization should decided pay scale structure and reward as per their work (Cascio, 2012).
The job factor in organization revolves around information and instrumental factor. To ensure that instrumental factor do not affect the performance management organization should try to maintain positive work environment, culture inside the organization. According to Gilbert BEM organizational and job factor are considered as the inside factor in performance management process (Cascio, 2012).
Jorgenson, D., Ho, M. and Stiroh, K. (2005). Productivity. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
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0.999983 |
Today's video is an update of sorts on my daily content schedule. The TL;DR version is that work and depression are leaving me very much exhausted at the moment and my drive to keep these videos going is incredibly low right now. So it's entirely possible that I'll just kind of stop at any point and I'm basically giving myself permission to do so. Thanks for watching.
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0.999984 |
Generate an SSH key and use it to log into a user on a new server.
-t rsa - picking the RSA key type. This is the most-used, but see the resources link below to read on other types.
-b 4096 - Key size (bits). "Larger is better", sort of.
-f id_whatever - The filename of the SSH key created. In this example, we'll get id_whatever private key and id_whatever.pub public key.
On our new server in the video, we make a new user, and then add the SSH key to that user's authorized_keys file, so that we can use our new SSH key to log in as that user.
Then you can log in as that user from your local computer!
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0.999998 |
I suppose it is wrong to say 'Where exactly doesn't matter'.
You are going to have to give us a context for this.
Yes, it does matter where exactly . . .
Where exactly doesn't matter . . .
Where doesn't matter to me then. Let's stay home.
Yes, it does matter "where exactly" . . .
"Where exactly" doesn't matter . . .
"Where" doesn't matter to me then. Let's stay home.
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0.999988 |
Take advantage of fall produce with a batch of healthy, homemade soup. Soup is an easy way to enjoy the flavors of fall, without slaving over the stove every night.
Fall is the season for cool, crisp air, autumn leaves, and your favorite comfort foods and flavors. The season brings an abundance of delicious vegetables that make healthy eating easy and enjoyable.
One of the simplest ways to take advantage of fall produce is to make a tasty batch of soup. It's easier than you might think. Plus, whipping up a warm bowl of soup at home means you can control the fat and sodium levels.
A hearty and wholesome soup begins with a vegetable base consisting of carrots, onions and celery. If you have other veggies on hand, feel free to toss those in, too.
Build the broth and create mouthwatering flavor by adding herbs, spices and acids such as vinegar or lemon juice. Use the basic formula below to create the base for three tasty soups: butternut squash, lentils and vegetable barley.
Save time by pre-roasting the squash and boiling the lentils and barley in advance.
Saute the vegetables. Heat a large pot over medium heat. Add a teaspoon of canola oil and chopped carrots, onions and celery. Stir frequently to caramelize the vegetables. Once they start to brown and give off a nice aroma, lower the heat to a simmer.
Add broth and herbs. Add low-sodium chicken or vegetable broth to the pot, and toss in fresh herbs such as thyme, rosemary, sage or oregano. Let the broth simmer for at least 20 minutes and then add in your additional vegetables, grains or legumes. Simmer for an additional 20 minutes.
Spice it up. To create more flavor or add a little heat, add more spices such as cayenne pepper, chili powder, cumin, garlic powder, onion powder, turmeric, ginger or curry powder. If you're looking to add fall flavor, try using cinnamon or nutmeg.
Balance the flavors. If your soup is tasty but it feels like something is missing, you may need to add a touch of acidity. A splash of vinegar, white wine, or lime or lemon juice can balance the flavors.
It's a good idea to cook soup in large quantities, so you have enough to freeze some. That way, you'll have a delicious, healthy meal at the ready on those nights when you don't have time or simply aren't in the mood to cook.
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0.999666 |
Where does the water go after you flush the toilet or drain the sinks in your home? When the wastewater flushed from your toilet or drained from your household sinks, washingmachine, or dishwasher leaves your home, it flows through your community's sanitary sewer system to a wastewater treatment facility. The wastewater from homes, along with wastewater from businesses, industries, and other facilities, is treated by a variety of processes (see inside for more information) to reduce or remove pollutants.
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0.999773 |
Who is Kim Yu Na?
” Yuna Kim KTM (born September 5, 1990), also credited in eastern name order as Kim Yuna or Kim Yeon-ah, is a South Korean former professional figure skater. She is the 2010 Olympic champion and 2014 silver medalist in ladies’ singles; the 2009, 2013 World champion; the 2009 Four Continents champion; a three-time (2006–2007, 2007–2008, 2009–2010) Grand Prix Final champion; the 2006 World Junior champion; the 2005 Junior Grand Prix Final champion; and a six-time (2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2013, 2014) South Korean national champion.
Kim is the first South Korean figure skater to win a medal at an ISU Junior or Senior Grand Prix event, ISU Championship, and the Olympic Games. She is the first female skater to win the Olympic Games, the World Championships, the Four Continents Championships and the Grand Prix Final. She is one of the most highly recognized athletes and media figures in South Korea. As a result of her numerous accomplishments, she is frequently referred to as Queen Yuna by various media across the world.
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George Zimmerman's defense team won't be able to enter the animation into evidence, but is allowed to play it for the jury during closing statements.
Zimmerman defense attorney Mark O’Mara surprised viewers yesterday when he casually mentioned that the defense would be wrapping up its case as early as today. Jurors were sent home, and most of the people in the courtroom–including Trayvon Martin’s parents, Sabrina Fulton and Tracy martin–left as well.
In an almost empty courtroom a while later, the defense began to argue to enter into evidence an animation based on testimony of John Good during Zimmerman’s trial for the second-degree murder of Martin. Good had previously testified to seeing part of a confrontation between Zimmerman and Martin that resulted in Martin’s death.
Daniel Schumaker, who, according to his LinkedIn profile, holds a BA degree not in forensic science, but in graphic design, created the animation. It illustrates 17-year-old Martin, in a black hoodie, watching and then straddling George Zimmerman.
The image above, taken from the animation, shows Martin punching Zimmerman with his left hand–despite being right-handed; Good made clear during testimony that he saw no punches being thrown, and no witness stated that Martin used his left hand during the confrontation. Further, the animation does not match the lighting of the night in question. In other words, the animation is based more on disputed assumptions than on evidence.
The prosecution argued against admitting the animation during the evidentiary hearing. Judge Debra Nelson, who drew attention to the possibility that Schumaker violated sequestration by consulting with O’Mara after first testifying, took the arguments into consideration and reviewed related case law overnight, after a marathon 13-hour day in court yesterday. Judge Nelson decided this morning that the animation will be blocked from entering into evidence–but that it can be used as a demonstrative exhibit in the case.
Zimmerman’s defense team is expected to play the animation for the jury during its closing statements, which could be delivered later this week.
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How do astronomers describe the brightness of stars?
It is useful to describe the brightness of stars in terms of their flux, the measure of how much light arrives here on Earth from that star, or by their luminosity, the measure of how much energy they radiate. Astronomers, however, also use a historical description of a star’s brightness known as magnitude.
Ancient Greek astronomers established the original magnitude system, whereby the brightest stars visible to the naked eye were categorized as “1st magnitude,” the next brightest stars “2nd magnitude,” and so forth. The faintest, barely visible stars were labeled “6th magnitude.” After telescopes were invented, many more stars fainter than 6th magnitude were discovered. Astronomers thus extended the magnitude beyond first and sixth magnitudes, following a mathematical formula on a logarithmic scale.
Due to this historical origin of the magnitude system, brighter objects have a lower magnitude number, while fainter objects have a higher magnitude number. This means that negative magnitudes are brighter than positive magnitudes. Like a lot of things with long histories, the astronomical magnitude system is backward and counterintuitive, but it works and persists to this day.
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Related blog post from the Bank underground: Should economists be more concerned about Artificial Intelligence?
It seems silly to me to try to tax robots in particular. If you really wanted to tax robots you probably should just tax wealth instead, as this is probably easier to define and track.
Robots are just the latest iteration of the increases in productivity, which diminishes the role of labor and increases the role of capital. Taxing earned income made a lot more sense when earned income accounted for more of the money moving around. I think that taxing income is also counterproductive since you want people producing income.
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LinkedIn is a professional social network that everyone should use if they want to grow their business online. LinkedIn is very different to other popular social networks such as Facebook as it has become the norm as the universal business network.
One of the most important keys to network on LinkedIn is to spend some time and building up your profile to be 100% complete. Your profile on LinkedIn is one of the central ways that others will find and network with you. The more information you include to complete your profile, the more searchable you will become and the more chance you will be able to make a connection with someone on the LinkedIn network.
Here’s a couple of tips on why LinkedIn is an excellent network to use for your business.
Increase business: Network marketing using LinkedIn increases your overall chances of connecting with targeted people on this network. Members of the network can search for services not only in their direct network, but also the members that are connected to their network.
Branding: It is important to increase your credibility if you want to become known as the expert in your niche. A strong presence can reinforce your strategy what you are doing elsewhere.
Networking tool: LinkedIn is seen as the most accepted network to connect with other professionals. Facebook is the biggest, but they do not cater for the same professional audience that LinkedIn covers. LinkedIn allows for reconnecting with old colleagues, vendors, and clients.
People search: LinkedIn features a powerful people search where you can find targeted people who you want to connect with. The LinkedIn database is organized and kept up to date with every member on the network.
Relationships: Who knows who in your LinkedIn network? Not only can you use your own network to connect with someone, but you can also connect with others that are connected to your network in some way. You can find who in your LinkedIn network has contacts at a certain organization that can give you a referral to connect with someone.
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Whereas Darwin is nowadays considered the founder of the modern theory of evolution, he wasn't the first to use this word in a biological context: indeed, the word "evolution" already had two distinct biological uses at the time the Origin of Species was first published (Bowler, 2003; Huxley, 1897): "initially, to refer to the particular embryological theory of preformationism; and later, to characterize the general belief that species have descended from one another over time" (Richards, 1998: 4).
Deriving from the Latin evolutio, which refers to the scroll-like act of unfolding or unrolling, the word «evolution» was first used in biology to refer to the development of the embryo, mainly through the formulation, promulgation, and justification of preformationist and epigenetical theories. Embryological evolution would receive its fullest, most modern experimental and theoretical account in the works of Karl Ernst von Baer: characterizing embryological development as a gradual differentiation process leading from homogeneous matter to the production of heterogeneity and complexity of structure, von Baer would usually use the word Entwickelung to refer to this dynamic phenomenon, often followed by the Latin evolutio in parentheses. The ground-breaking importance of von Baer’s work, as well as its diffusion in the scientific community through numerous translations, commentaries, and appropriations, significantly contributed to consecrate the embryological use of the word "evolution".
As for the use of the word evolution to describe specific development, its emergence is closely tied to Lamarckism: even though Lamarck never used the word ‘evolution’ himself to refer to the transformation of species over time and generations, his commentators, detractors, readers and followers often did however, thus contributing to the semantic alteration of the term. Indeed, "by the 1830s, the word "evolution" had shifted 180 degrees from its original employment and was used to refer indifferently to both embryological and species progression" (Richards, 1992: 15): Étienne Renaud Serres used the expression théorie des evolutions in his 1827 article Théories des formations organiques to refer both "to the recapitulational métamorphoses of organic parts in the individual and the parallel changes one sees in moving (intellectually) from one family of animals to another and from one class to another" (Richards, 1992: 69); von Baer, in rejecting the possibility of transmutation and the popular idea that embryological development recapitulates the progression of the species, used the word «evolution» to refer to both processes; in England, naturalists such as Charles Lyell, Joseph Henry Green, Robert Grant and Richard Owen also used the word "evolution" to both comment and reject Lamarckism (Bowler, 2003; Richards, 1993).
While this dual usage of the word and its most common synonyms at the time (transformation, development, transmutation…) has been confirmed in the works of the most important biologists and naturalists of the first half of the 19th century, little is known about Darwin’s own stance on this matter: did he or not use the word ‘evolution’ or any other word to refer both to embryological and specific development? This question, however crucial it may appear, proves very difficult to answer: while the Origin of Species is generally considered as the birth document of the theory of evolution, studies on and around this book often overlook the fact that the word itself is rarely used by Darwin, the sole and slight exception being the sixth and last edition (1872) of the work.
This lexical scarcity doesn’t necessarily mean however that the concept of evolution isn’t present elsewhere in the text, where the words ‘evolution’, ‘evolved’, and ‘evolve’ don’t appear. According to distributional semantics theory, meaning can be more easily stated as a property of word combinations than of words per se: in every sentence and paragraph, each word brings its own constraints to the whole, reduces the sets of possible words that could fit with it, therefore increasing the total information conveyed and structuring the semantic dimension of each word thus combined. In short, this theory holds that "similarities and patternings among the co-occurrence likelihoods of various words correlate with similarities and patternings in their types of meaning" (Harris, 1991: 341). In this sense, if concepts are thought of as networks of such meaning-bearing word combinations, then, conceptual structures can determine the semantic dimension of a text without being properly lexicalized; in other words, such considerations, while emphasizing the distinction between the semantic associations of specific concepts and their embodiment in natural language, also seem to imply the possibility of "reading between the lines", that is, of identifying and analyzing concepts on the sole basis of their relations with other words and concepts and independently of any proper designation.
In view of this, the fact that the word "evolution" itself is rarely found in the sixth edition of the Origin of Species doesn't necessarily imply that the lexical and inferential network it refers to and that constitutes its conceptual dimension isn’t present elsewhere in the text and can't be studied in its stead. In this sense, taking into account word combinations similar to those where the word 'evolution' occurs instead of focusing solely on the latter might be the most reliable way to determine whether or not Darwin’s concept of evolution in the Origin of Species refers to both embryological and specific development, like most biological theories of the same period. However, dealing with word combinations manually might prove difficult, if not impossible. In light of this, a new computer-assisted conceptual analysis tool has been developed by the LANCI laboratory, one which aims to "read Darwin between the lines", that is to identify where the author "conceptually" refers to evolution, regardless of the presence or the absence of the word itself.
Theoretically speaking, this new approach is based on two fundamental assumptions: 1) The inferential nature and dimension of a concept are linguistically expressed in a differentiated, contextualized and regularized manner; 2) these regularities and patterns can be identified or distinguished using algorithmic, iterative and automatic clustering methods. Concretely, the algorithm aims at "digging deeper into data" by means of an iterative clustering process. Following an initial clustering of the analyzed corpus (in this case, the 974 paragraphs of the sixth edition of the Origin of Species), the iterative concordance clustering process starts by retrieving the most characteristic word of each cluster containing the word(s) to be analyzed, that is, the word that has the higest TF.IDF rating (Term Frequency – Inverted Document Frequency) for each of these clusters. Then, the concordance of each of these characteristic words is extracted from the corpus, and the same process of clustering, cluster selection, TF.IDF rating and ranking, word selection and concordance extraction is performed on each of those new concordances, until no new characteristic word is found or no more clusters containing the word(s) to be analyzed are found.
1. Concordance extraction: For each cluster containing the word(s) to be analyzed, extract the concordance of the highest-TF.IDF-ranked word.
2. Concordance clustering: For each previously unselected word, proceed to the clustering of its concordance.
3. Iteration: Return to step 1, unless 1) no new highest-TF.IDF-ranked word is found, or 2) no clusters containing the word(s) to be analyzed are found.
In order to identify the principal lexical constituents of the concept of evolution and determine whether or not this underlying conceptual structure includes references to both embryological and specific processes,two different extraction procedures were made: the first one only aimed at the word "evolution", while the second one also added "evolve" and "evolved". Figures 1 and 2 show the results of the two analyses.
Figure 1: Conceptual analysis of "evolution"
Figure 2: Conceptual analysis of "evolution", "evolve", and "evolved"
In addition to new and unforeseen methodological discoveries, interpretation of both conceptual analyses seems to bring the sixth edition of the Origin of Species closer to the contemporary works of the more mature Herbert Spencer, who began to de-emphasize the connection between embryology and the general process of "evolution" and thus contributed to forge the present, strictly specific and most commonly known biological use of the word "evolution".
These results, along with the method that made them possible, are not in any way definitive, and further improvements and modifications of the iterative concordance clustering process are to be expected. Upon completion, this rather new and original approach, while hoping to bring new insights in the understanding of the Origin of Species, also aims at underlining the pertinence and usefulness of text mining methods and applications for expert and specialized text reading and analysis, as well as their importance for the future development of philology, hermeneutics, social sciences and humanities in general.
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There is an extreme difference between the 45-60 mg Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA)(179) and the 10, 20 or more GRAMS of Vitamin C suggested to therapeutically treat various illnesses(46). The very low RDAs are the amounts of Vitamin C which have been shown to prevent overt scurvy, and without this low amount of Vitamin C, humans will die.
It is very difficult to calculate or even measure our state of health, because it is in constant fluctuation, according to a number of parameters: exposure to pathogens (viruses, bacteria); exposure to allergens; physical and emotional stresses, dietary abuse (too much sugar, caffeine, alcohol, etc.). Also, our emotional and psychological sense of well-being affects so many of the body's metabolic processes.
The myth that almost everybody believes, even in the face of extensive clinical evidence to the contrary, is that the body can only store a limited amount of Vitamin C, and it is a waste of money to take any more than this amount, since it will only be excreted in the urine. The truth is that our bodily reserves of Vitamin C fluctuate according to how much is needed to buttress the immune system, scavenge free radicals, regulate cholesterol and sugar metabolism, repair wounds, etc. etc.
Accordingly to Dr. Robert Cathcart, a well-nourished person would normally have more than 5 grams of Vitamin C in their body(46). Most individuals' Vitamin C levels are far below this level, placing them at substantial "risk for many problems related to failure of metabolic processes dependent upon ascorbate". In fact, the list of problems Dr. Cathcart suggests may become exascerbated with "severe depletion of ascorbate" is considerable: immune disorders; rheumatoid arthritis; allergic reactions; chronic infections; scarlet fever; blood coagulation processes; heart and blood pressure conditions; stress-coping mechanisms of the adrenals; impaired wound healing of conditions such as bed sores, hernias; spinal disc degeneration; nervous system and even psychiatric disorders; cancers.
Thus, in an optimal state of health, lack of stress, etc., an individual's bodily requirement for Vitamin C could be in balance with his dietary and supplementary intake. However, if this person suffered from hay fever and was exposed to rag weed, or if (s)he came down with a nasty cold, his/her immune system would require many times more Vitamin C in order to restore his/her good health. In other words, when under severe stress, the body can literally "soak up" Vitamin C, which at other times it wouldn't need.
While it is clear that there can be NO hard and fast rule about exactly how much Vitamin C to take for your particular momentary state of health, Drs. Linus Pauling(166), Emanuel Cheraskin(54) and others give APPROXIMATE guidelines in advising the intake of 1-3-5 g per day. But really the ABSOLUTE BEST way to know how much Vitamin C you need is to ASK YOUR BODY!
And this is what the "Bowel Tolerance Technique" is about: titrating your individual body chemistry at any particular moment in time to ascertain how much Vitamin C you need. This method was developed by Dr. Robert Cathcart(46), who has extensive clinical experience with Vitamin C, (more than 13,000 patients), and who has used Vitamin C to therapeutically treat a large list of conditions including colds, hepatitis, mononucleosis, cancer and AIDS.
This method takes advantage of the body's way of showing you when you have taken enough Vitamin C, i.e. diarrhoea occurs. This is because when there is a concentrated solution (say of Vitamin C) in the intestinal cells, this pulls water in from the surrounding cells, loosening the stool and producing diarrhoea(28). Diarrhoea only occurs in response to the excess Vitamin C that reaches the intestines and is not absorbed by the body(46). In other words, when you have exceeded the level of how much Vitamin C you need at a particular time, your body lets you know by producing diarrhoea. Therefore, the optimum level of Vitamin C to take is just short of this "bowel tolerance" or diarrhoea causing level.
From Cathcart: "Vitamin C, Titrating to Bowel Tolerance, Anascorbemia and Acute Induced Scurvy". Medical Hypotheses: 7: 1359-76. 1981(46) .
Bowel tolerance level is that level where "maximum relief of symptoms which can be expected with oral doses of ascorbic acid is obtained at a point just short of the amount which produces diarrhoea". Dr. Cathcart notes that effects upon acute symptoms do not occur until doses of 80-90% of bowel tolerance are reached. This means that if you take less Vitamin C than what your body actually needs, you may not notice dramatic or even any effects upon your symptoms. The small doses prescribed in many of clinical trials with colds did exert some effect, but probably not the optimal effect which could have been achieved with subjects being "pushed" to bowel tolerance.
It is relatively easy to determine your own bowel tolerance level. You may need to start gradually and build up to this level. Many people can absorb up to 10 g Vitamin C without diarrhoea; others have diarrhoea with only 1 g. Start taking 1-2 g Vitamin C 3 times per day, for a total daily dose of 3-6 g. After 1 week, slowly increase this amount to 4 daily doses, then 5, until you reach the point when cramps and loose stools occur. This will be very easy to notice. The amount that you have taken represents your bowel tolerance of Vitamin C at that particular time. It is important to take Vitamin C regularly throughout the day, at least 3 times daily. When you are ill, it may be necessary to take 1-2 gm each hour to experience relief. With some experience, you will be able to instinctively know how much Vitamin C to take, somewhere in between the amount that makes you feel good and the amount that causes diarrhoea. And you will surely notice that this level will increase dramatically when you are sick, and then return to normal when you are well. Taking Vitamin C to bowel tolerance level will mean that you will always be giving your body its optimum requirement of this vital nutrient.
The majority of people, perhaps 80-85%, tolerate Vitamin C without any difficulties; however a significant minority do suffer gastrointestinal upsets, including gas and diarrhoea. It should be borne in mind that often the underlying problem behind such gastric upsets is an unbalanced ecological flora, especially the overgrowth of organisms such as Candida albicans. Attention to, and restoration of the correct balance of intestinal flora will often enhance many aspects of a person's health, not merely their tolerance of Vitamin C.
The producers of buffered mineral ascorbates, including Ester-CR ascorbate, claim one of the advantages of their Vitamin C is that it produces less stomach and intestinal upset than ascorbic acid due to its buffered nature. The acidity of Vitamin C in the intestines, where absorption occurs, causes Vitamin C to be pushed out rapidly due to irritation of mucous membranes. Buffered Vitamin C does not produce this effect, although it does produce CO2 gas. Ester-CR ascorbate does not produce CO2 gas, since it has been bonded and pre-reacted during its synthesis.
Dr. Cathcart uses ascorbic acid, rather than buffered Vitamin C, initially in crystals rather than capsules, because he feels it has a stronger "punch"(49). Once experienced with crystals, patients "graduate" to capsules or tablets. Other physicians prefer buffered ascorbates such as Ester-CR ascorbate because of these digestive attributes. Because of the biochemical individuality, after trying various forms of Vitamin C, each person can usually decide which suits him or herself.
If you are persuaded by the evidence that Vitamin C can positively affect your health, you owe it to yourself to experience the optimum effect, which means going all the way to bowel tolerance level.
There are a number of commercially available test papers which can providea good approximation of the level of your urinary Vitamin C concentration. With one of these, for example, C-StripsR (Wholesale Nutrition), Vitamin C turns the blue strips white. The number of seconds it takes for the strip to turn white can be converted to the concentration of urinary Vitamin C by reference to tables provided. There are also guidelines of optimum, borderline and "sick" ranges of Vitamin C urinary levels.
recommended as an APPROXIMATE rather than a PRECISE measure of body Vitamin C levels(54). They are a most important alarm indicator if they indicate NO detectable Vitamin C in the urine. This indicates that your body reserve of Vitamin C has been depleted, and should be replenished to afford you maximum health protection.
A reliable yet convenient indicator of Vitamin C levels is still being sought(134). Plasma(98) is considered to indicate metabolic turnover status of Vitamin C, while leukocyte concentrations are thought to provide a better measure of tissue stores of Vitamin C. However, Vitamin C utilization differs even within the different types of leukocyte cells (Mononuclear and Polymorphonuclear), and there is no easy or reliable correlation between plasma and leukocyte Vitamin C levels(26). It is more technically difficult to prepare these different leukocyte fractions than to simply assess plasma. Applications of techniques such as High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)(19,162) will doubtless accelerate the development of a simple, easy and reliable test of Vitamin C concentration.
This somewhat painful, inconvenient and time-consuming procedure has also been used to measure tissue levels of Vitamin C. It involves injecting a dye solution to produce a wheal on the forearm, and timing how long it takes to be completely decolorized. Twenty minutes or less is a good result, from twenty to thirty minutes borderline, anything longer than thirty minutes is unacceptable(54). Not exactly the most friendly do-it-yourself technique; recommended only for those who enjoy sticking themselves with needles.
This is a much more palatable measure of Vitamin C status. A drop (from a 25 gauge needle) of blue dye (2,6, dichloroindophenol sodium salt solution) is dropped onto the tip of the tongue. The time is takes for the dye to disappear is again a measure of Vitamin C status. Less than twenty seconds is good; between twenty to twenty-five seconds, marginal; longer than twenty-five seconds represents depletion of Vitamin C levels(54,175).
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Who's youre fav character Raziel, Or Kain??
The Reaver was first forged by Vorador some time around the end of the war between the Ancients and the Hylden. After its forging, the highest mages among the Ancients endowed the Reaver with the power to drain its victims of their blood. At that point, the sword was informally known as the "Blood Reaver."
After the end of the war and the raising of the Pillars, the Reaver was given to Janos Audron for protection. Centuries later, the Sarafan stormed Janos' keep, murdered Janos and stole the Reaver. Raziel, who had traveled back in time from the future, chased the Sarafan down, reclaimed the Reaver and killed the Sarafan. In the unaltered timeline, Raziel was then drawn into the blade, transforming it into a soul-devouring weapon. Hereafter the blade was known as the Soul Reaver. In Soul Reaver, Kain shatters the blade over Raziel therefore releasing the Soul Devouring Entity (Raziel, himself) out of the blades material form turning it into a Wraith Blade.
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(CNN) -- It wasn't President Zuma or the 80,000 fans making noise, waving flags and blowing vuvuzela trumpets that captured the moment. It was the signs declaring: "Feel it. It's here."
The "it" is World Cup fever.
Saturday was a special day for South Africa as the Soccer City stadium in Johannesburg, built for the opening and closing matches of the 2010 FIFA World Cup, hosted its first game.
The Nedbank Cup is South Africa's domestic knockout competition, and two top-flight teams -- AmaZulu and Bidvest Wits -- competed for a final purse of six million rand (roughly $800,000).
These two clubs are not heavyweights in South African football, finishing ninth and 10th in the Premier Soccer League table. When they last met in last November there were only 1,000 spectators at the game.
A far different scene awaited the teams on Saturday as about 82,000 tickets were sold for the final.
But the real game wasn't on the pitch. Off the field it was a test for South Africa and the nation's World Cup preparations. It was a dry run for the games that will be here in less than three weeks, with the hosts launching the first such tournament to be held on the continent in the opening match against Mexico on June 11.
Transport systems, movement of fans and general atmosphere were under scrutiny. All except transport were successful.
Soweto was also hosting a semifinal of the Southern Hemisphere's Super 14 rugby competition on the same day at nearby Orlando Stadium.
Unfortunately, the City of Johannesburg placed the "park and ride" facilities for the rugby game at the football ground.
It was a disastrous decision, as the ensuing traffic jam delayed kickoff of the Soccer City match by 30 minutes and stranded supporters of both games in their cars for hours.
Once the football supporters finally arrived at their destination, the mood inside the stadium was electric.
Some 80,000 fans waving flags, cheering and blowing vuvuzela horns was an early taste of what to expect during the World Cup.
And it was a day to remember for the supporters of Bidvest Wits. Their team, based at a Johannesburg university and nicknamed "The Clever Boys," beat AmaZulu 3-0 to win the cup for the first time since 1978.
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The two major Islamic minorities in the People's Republic of China are the Uighurs and the Hui. Both follow the Sunna form of Islam, mixed with several schools of Central Asian Sufism. The Uighurs are a Turkic people who came originally from the Altai Mountain region north of western Mongolia. After ruling Mongolia from the early 8th to the mid-9th centuries CE, they migrated to East Turkistan (Chin. Xinjiang). They have been the predominant ethnic group of the region ever since and speak their own Turkic language. The Uighurs, however, are not a unified people. As in the past, they identify primarily with their oasis cities. The term "Uighur" to refer to all of them has, in fact, only been used since the late 19th century to unify their resistance against the Manchu Qing Dynasty.
As a whole, the Uighurs are a relaxed gentle people who, like the Tibetans, do not have a Protestant work ethic. They do not see work as a virtue in itself and also value enjoying life. Their level of knowledge and practice of Islam is fairly low, and the style of their mosques and customs are Central Asian. Those in the central and northern parts of Xinjiang have now become strongly Sinified. Mostly only the old people go to the mosques, which are not kept in good condition. Islam is stronger among the Uighurs in southern Xinjiang where there has been a relatively small Han presence. It is practiced there in a more traditional form than among the Hui.
The Hui are from divers ethnic origins, primarily Arab, Persian, Central Asian, and Mongol, and live throughout China. They came originally as merchants and conscripted soldiers, starting in the mid-7th century. In the mid-14th century, they were forced to intermarry with Han Chinese. Consequently, they speak Chinese and their customs and mosques are all Chinese style. The other Muslim minorities of China have traditionally been highly critical of the Hui's adaptation of Islamic practices to Han ways of life.
In general, the Hui lack the Middle Eastern/Central Asian relaxed attitude towards life and share the Chinese aggressive ambition for trade and money. Like the Tibetans, many carry knives and are fast to use them. They divide into two major groups. The Western Hui live in Ningxia, southern Gansu, and eastern Qinghai, bordering Amdo (northeastern Tibet); while the Eastern Hui are spread throughout northern China and eastern Inner Mongolia.
Among the Western Hui, Islam is relatively strong as a unifying force and continues to grow. Both young and old go to the mosques, which function as a social meeting-place for exchanging information. These mosques are much wealthier and kept much cleaner than their Uighur counterparts. Despite the presence of Islamic schools in the Hui cultural capital, Lingxia, teaching mostly the traditional Sufi sects, with even some meditation masters, the vast majority of Western Hui know hardly anything deep about Islam.
The Western Hui seem to succumb less to the present pressures of Sinification than the Uighurs, perhaps because they are already so Sinified and speak exclusively Chinese. For example, only those Uighur women who live in remote villages in southern Xinjiang wear scarves on their heads, whereas Western Hui women wear them even in Han Chinese dominated cities.
The Eastern Hui are less traditional than the Western Hui. Although approximately eighty per cent, both young and old, are believers in Islam, few come to prayers. The Eastern Hui still slaughter their animals according to the "halal" procedures and do not eat pork. Many, however, smoke and drink alcohol, which is against the Quran. Some observe the Ramadan fast, but very few of the men are circumcised and the women do not wear headscarves.
The Hui have enjoyed more privileges in the People's Republic of China than other non-Han minorities, primarily because they have been diplomatic and cooperated greatly. Because of this cooperation and the diplomatic espousal of both Maoism and Islam, plus pressure on China from Middle Eastern countries for respect of Islam in exchange for trade privileges, there has been a large proliferation of new mosques. These have been built primarily by the Hui, not the Uighurs.
For centuries, the Hui have been spreading out and settling throughout China, primarily as merchants. Even during the Mongol Yuan dynasty, Muslims accompanied the Mongol tribute missions to Beijing in order to conduct trade. The Uighurs and Tibetan Muslims, by contrast, have remained isolated in their homelands. This difference is perhaps due to the Hui being descended from merchants and mercenary soldiers, whereas both the Uighur and Tibetan Muslims came to their present locations as refugees driven out of their homelands in Mongolia and Kashmir respectively. Thus, the present migration of Muslim merchants to Central Tibet is nothing new in Hui history. They are not being forcefully relocated to Tibet by the Han Chinese authorities, but are moving on their own initiative for a business motive.
Western Hui have been moving not only into Tibet, but also all over Gansu and Xinjiang as the pioneers for Han Chinese settlement. They open restaurants and shops along all the roads, and as soon as there are a small number of them in any locality, they build a mosque – usually as a social gathering place to keep their communities together, rather than because of religious zeal. Not only do the Tibetans resent the Hui immigration; but so do the Uighurs. Although the Han Chinese army and bureaucracy have moved in first, Han traders and businessmen, lacking the pioneering spirit of the Hui, have only followed in their footsteps.
Many Tibetans still have a nomadic mentality, with a fierce desire for independence, especially freedom of movement. In general, they dislike routine work. Even if they have shops, many will run them only seasonally, frequently closing them for long holidays, pilgrimages, picnics, and so on. Even in India, many Tibetans seasonally migrate to the Indian cities to sell sweaters, go on pilgrimage, attend Buddhist discourses, and only work part of the year. By contrast, the Hui, as well as the Han, are interested only in money and business, and they stay put in their shops and street stalls from 6 AM to 10 PM year-round without moving.
The Hui, being very ingenious as well as industrious, have taken over the manufacture and sale of traditional Tibetan goods, and the Tibetans cannot, and do not even seem to want to compete. The Hui are making Tibetan-style jewelry, rosaries, and other religious paraphernalia, equipment for horses, knives, wool, carpets, musical instruments, shoes and noodles, as well as running the ubiquitous restaurants. The Han merchants come only later and sell mostly modern Chinese manufactured goods like toothbrushes and cheap Chinese clothing.
The Tibetans and Uighurs see the Hui immigrants, more than the Han, as a greater threat to their cultures. As the Hui and Uighurs share Islam in common, it is evident that the tension does not arise from religious grounds, but from economic competition. The Han Chinese seem to encourage this tension, so as to use it to justify their military occupation to keep the peace and prevent another Bosnia.
Thus, the Tibetan and Uighur movements for true autonomy or even independence have nothing to do with Buddhist or Islamic fundamentalism. They arise from the shared wish to preserve their cultures, religions, and languages from being overwhelmed and marginalized by the policies of the People's Republic of China and by the waves of Han and Hui settlers. The Hui, on the other hand, do not hold similar aspirations, as they share so much in common with the Han Chinese and have never had an independent state.
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One of Kyoto's often-overlooked jewels, located just south of Higashiyama in the Fushimi area is Fushimi Inari Shrine.
Dedicated to Inari, the Japanese fox goddess, Fushimi Inari Taisha, which is believed to have been built at the beginning of the Nara period "710–794", is the head shrine for 40,000 Inari shrines across Japan.
The shrine sits at the base of a mountain also named Inari and stretching 230 meters up the hill behind it are hundreds of bright red Torii "Gates". Countless stone foxes are also dotted along the path.
It includes trails to many smaller shrines which span 4 kilometers and takes approximately 3 hours to walk up.
At the very back of the shrine's main grounds is the entrance to the torii covered hiking trail, which starts with two dense, parallel rows of gates, called Senbon Torii "thousands of torii".
A visitor could easily spend several hours walking up the hillside, taking in the beautiful views of the city of Kyoto and walking through the torii, which appear luminescent in the late afternoon sun.
Fushimi Inari Shrine’s long tunnels of vermilion torii gates are the main attraction for overseas tourists, many of whom see them as typically Japanese.
The shrine’s free admission with no closing day, and the chance to enjoy hiking also have contributed to its popularity.
It is the most popular destination for the first shrine visit of the year in the Kansai area, attracting about 3 million pilgrims annually.
Foreign visitors to Japan ranked Fushimi Inari Shrine as their favorite tourist destination in 2014.
The Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum was second on the TripAdvisor list, followed by nearby Itsukushima Shrine in third; while the temples of Kinkakuji in Kyoto and Todaiji in Nara placed fourth and fifth.
Take JR Nara Line from Kyoto Station to Inari Station "takes 5 minutes". The Shrine is about 5 minutes’ walk from the station.
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Chile, which stretches 2,670 miles north-south but only 217 miles east-west, crams startling diversity into its long, narrow borders. In a single day, one can watch Andean Condors soar over the paramo in the high Andes and by nightfall dip your toes in the Pacific while tipping a glass of Carménére. One can explore both geysers and sand dunes in Atacama, the world's driest desert, or trek through the tundra and sub-Antarctic rainforest of Tierra del Fuego. Chile boasts spectacular Andean scenery, including the highest active volcano in the world at an imposing 22,573 feet, friendly people, and brilliant infrastructure, which combine to make it one of the most pleasant South American countries to visit.
The temperate Central areas (eg., Santiago, Valparaiso) where culture abounds in its cities, verdant vineyard valleys, and seaside resorts.
The Southern Lakes District, with ancient forests, snow-capped volcanoes, and the Chiloé Archipelago.
Patagonia in the far south, the gateway to Antarctica, where legends and adventures abound.
The best time to visit is during the austral spring in November.
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A teenage boy has died from head injuries after a van 'surfing' stunt went wrong, just a few yards from his home.
Scott Blackburn, 15, is believed to have been standing on the tow bar of a moving van, whilst holding onto the roof, when he fell and hit his head on the kerb.
The schoolboy, who has an older brother Damien, died hours after the incident on Sunday in Doncaster Royal Infirmary.
The tragedy happened in full view of their lounge window at the family home in Doncaster.
The 18-year-old driver of the Renault van was not injured and had not been arrested.
The practise of surfing by climbing onto the back or the roof of moving vehicles has become a craze in recent years and the stunt is often seen on the YouTube video website.
But neighbours of Scott said the youngster, a pupil at McAuley Catholic High School in Cantley, Doncaster, was not a daredevil.
Sgt Andy Noble of South Yorkshire Police confirmed Scott fell from the back of the van and hit his head on the kerb, suffering head injuries.
He said it was not the first time he had seen an incident of this kind but added he was not aware of 'traffic surfing' where people hang onto the back of moving vehicles, sometimes on skateboards or longboards.
Sgt Noble said: 'It's something I've seen before, but that was in Barnsley and not in this area.
'It is the first time I have heard the phrase traffic surfing but that's not to say it isn't happening. It could be happening and people are getting away with it without being hurt.
'Whether the boy was hanging onto the vehicle with the drivers knowledge or without, the fact that he had taken hold of the vehicle has resulted in his death.
'Yesterday it was him, tomorrow it could be someone else.
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James Corden has named Pierce Brosnan as one of the rudest A-listers he has ever come across.
The Late Late Show host was playing a game of 'Spill Your Guts or Fill Your Guts' with Khloé Kardashian, when he called out the actor for being a 'bit f***ing rude' afterhe pushed Corden at a U2 concert.
The game involves answering a controversial question, or eating a very unappetising meal. The 38-year-old television host was asked to name a famous person who was impolite to him or to forfeit and drink bird saliva.
"Pierce Brosnan. I don't think he's a rude man, he just happened to be [to me]," Corden admitted.
"I went to see U2 and I was there with my friend Louis and his wife, and my wife, and Pierce Brosnan was with some friends and they left halfway through the gig to go off, and we left the space [for them]," he explained"
"And then they had been gone quite a long time and Bono was right there on this big runway in the middle of the show," he continued.
"So me and my wife moved into this area, and literally, I've never felt anything like it, this arm went on here and just pushed me out the way. And I looked at him, and he didn't even glance at me and he just moved back into his area."
'Maybe he was drunk,' Kardashian question. To which James responded, "maybe he's just a bit f***ing rude".
Brosnan is yet to make a comment.
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0.959668 |
In ancient Rome, the principle of private association was recognized very early by the state. Sodalitates for religious purposes are mentioned in the XII Tables, and collegia opificum, or trade guilds, were believed to have been instituted by Numa Pompilius, which probably means that they were regulated by the jus divinum as being associated with particular cults.
It can be difficult to distinguish between the two words collegium and sodalitas. Collegium is the wider of the two in meaning, and may be used for associations of all kinds, public and private, while sodalitas is more especially a union for the purpose of maintaining a cult. Both words indicate the permanence of the object undertaken by the association, while a societas is a temporary combination without strictly permanent duties.
The collegia opificum ascribed to Numa include guilds of weavers, fullers, dyers, shoemakers, doctors, teachers, painters, and other occupations, as listed by Ovid in the Fasti. Ovid says they were in origin associated with the cult of Minerva, the goddess of handiwork. Plutarch mentions flute-players, who were connected with the cult of Jupiter on the Capitol, as well as guilds of smiths, goldsmiths, tanners.
Though these guilds may not have had a religious purpose, like all early institutions they were associated with some religious cult, and in most cases the cult of Minerva. Almost all these collegia had their religious centre and business headquarters at her temple on the Aventine Hill. When a guild of poets was instituted during the Second Punic War, this too had its meeting-place in the same temple.
The purpose of the guild in each case was no doubt to protect and advance the interests of the trade, but little information for them exists until the age of Cicero, when they reappear in the form of political clubs (collegia sodalicia or compitalicia) chiefly with the object of securing the election of candidates for magistracies. The political collegia were suppressed by a senatus consultum in 64 BC, revived by Clodius six years later, and finally abolished by Julius Caesar, as dangerous to public order.
The principle of the trade guild reasserts itself under the Empire, and is found at work in Rome and in every municipal town. Though the right of permitting such associations belonged to the government, these trade guilds were recognized by the state as being instituted "ut necessariam operam publicis utilitatibus exhiberent" ("so that they might perform the necessary work of public 'utilities'," or useful public works).
Every kind of trade and business throughout the Empire seems to have had its collegium, as is shown by the inscriptions collected in the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum from any Roman municipal town. These inscriptions provide important evidence for the life and work of the lower orders of the municipales. The primary object was no doubt still to protect the trade, but as time went on they tended to become associations for feasting and enjoyment, and more and more to depend on the munificence of patrons elected with the object of eliciting it. How far they formed a basis or example for the guilds of the early Middle Ages is a difficult question (see Guild). Eventually, the trade associations supported the individual, lost as he was in the vast desert of the empire, some little society and enjoyment in life, and the certainty of funeral rites and a permanent memorial after death.
Associations formed for the maintenance of religious cults were usually called sodalitates, though the word collegium was also used for them, as in the case of the college of the Arval Brothers. Of the ancient Sodales Titii nothing is known until they were revived by Augustus; it may have been that when a gens or family charged with the maintenance of a particular cult had died out, its place was supplied by a sodalitas.
The introduction of new cults also led to the institution of new associations. In 495 BC when the worship of Minerva was introduced, a collegium mercatorum was founded to maintain it, which held its feast on the dies natalis (dedication day) of the temple. In 387 the ludi Capitolini were placed under the care of a similar association of dwellers on the Capitoline Hill. In 204 BC when the Magna Mater (Great Mother, or Cybele) was introduced from Pessinus, a sodalitas was instituted which, as Cicero notes, used to feast together during the ludi Megalenses.
All such associations were duly licensed by the state, which at all times was vigilant in forbidding the maintenance of any which it deemed dangerous for religious or political reasons. In 186 BC the senate, by a decree of which part is preserved., made all combination for promoting the Bacchic religious rites strictly illegal. Legal sodalitates are frequent later; the temple of Venus Genetrix, begun by Julius Caesar and finished by Augustus, had its collegium. Sodalilates were instituted for the cult of the deified emperors such as Augustus (see Augustales) and Claudius.
Securing a proper burial was one motive for a working class person to belong to a trade guild. In the year 133 under Hadrian, the formation of collegia specifically for this purpose was recognized by law, preserved at the head of the regulations of a collegium instituted for the worship of Diana and Antinous at Lanuvium. According to the Digest (47. 22), this was a general law allowing the founding of funerary associations, as long as the law against illicit collegia was complied with. The inscription of Lanuvium, together with many others, indicates that heir members were as a rule of the humblest classes of society, and often included slaves. Each member paid an entrance fee and a monthly subscription, and a funeral grant was made to his heir upon death in order to bury him in the burying-place of the college, or if they were too poor to construct one of their own, to secure burial in a public columbarium.
These colleges were organized along the same lines as the municipal towns of the empire. Their officers were elected, usually for a year, or in the case of honorary distinctions, for life. As in a municipal town, they held titles such as quinquennales, curatores, and praefecti. Quaestors superintended the finances of the association. Their place of meeting, if they were rich enough to have one, was called schola and was like a clubhouse. The site or the building was often given them by some rich patron, who was pleased to see his name engraved over its doorway.
The patroni increased in number, and more and more the colleges acquired the habit of depending on their benefactions. The inscriptions provide no evidence of whether the collegia also provided assistance to sick or infirm members. The only exceptions seem to be the military collegia, which, though strictly forbidden as dangerous to discipline, continued to increase in number in spite of the law. Inscriptions from the great legionary camps of the Roman province of Africa show not only the existence of these clubs, but the way in which their funds were spent. It appears that they were applied to useful purposes in the life of a member as well as for his burial, e.g. to traveling expenses, or to his support after his discharge.
As the Roman Empire became gradually impoverished and depopulated, and as the difficulty of defending its frontiers increased, these associations must have been slowly extinguished. The sudden invasion of Dacia by barbarians in AD 166 was followed by the extinction of one collegium which has left a record of the fact, and probably by many others. The master of the college of Jupiter Cernenius, with the two quaestors and seven witnesses, attest the fact that the college has ceased to exist: "The accounts have been wound up, and no balance is left in the chest. For a long time no member has attended on the days fixed for meetings, and no subscriptions have been paid.
In addition to the works cited below, see Mommsen, De Collegiis et Sodaliciis (1843), which laid the foundation for all subsequent study of the subject; Marquardt, Staatsverwaltung, iii. 134 foIl.; de Marchi, Il culto privato di Roma antica, ii. 75 foll.; Kornemann, s. v. "Collegium" in Pauly-Wissowa, Realencyclopädie.
↑ Ovid Fasti, ~ 819.
↑ Fuller information about them will be found in G Boissier, La Religion romaine d'Auguste aux Antonins, ii. 286 foll., and S Dill, Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius, pp. 264 foll.
↑ Cicero, De Senectute 3. 45.
↑ "Qui stipem menstruam conferre volent in funera, in Id collegium coëant, neque sub specie ejus collegii nisi semel in mense coeant conferendi - causa unde defuncti sepeliantur": CIL xiv. 2112.
↑ Cagnat, L'Armée romaine, 457 foll.
↑ see especially CIL viii. 2552 foll.
↑ Dill, op. cit. p. 285.
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El concepto de "presuposición idealizante" ocupa un lugar destacado en l. a. construcción de los angeles "teoría de l. a. acción comunicativa". En este ensayo, que constituye una importante aportación a su teoría, Habermas explica y desarrolla este concepto, reinterpretándolo, a l. a. luz de su análisis pragmático-formal, como una versión de las "ideas" kantianas una vez liberadas de su sentido transcendental. El texto ofrece una explicación genealógica de los vínculos que unen el planteamiento kantiano con cuatro presuposiciones pragmáticas inevitables en los angeles acción comunicativa: un mundo objetivo común, l. a. responsabilidad de los sujetos racionales, los angeles validez incondicional de las pretensiones de verdad y de corrección normativa, y l. a. necesaria dependencia de justificación discursiva. Habermas destaca que l. a. "inevitabilidad" de estas presuposiciones en l. a. acción comunicativa debe entenderse más en el sentido de Wittgenstein que en el de Kant, es decir, no en el sentido trascendental de las condiciones universales y necesarias de los angeles experiencia posible, sino en el sentido gramatical de un sistema de lenguaje y un mundo de l. a. vida en el que nos hemos socializado y que, en cualquier caso, "para nosotros" es insuperable. A l. a. luz de esos nexos genealógicos se hacen patentes los puntos cruciales en los que l. a. filosofía analítica ha rechazado los angeles herencia de las "ideas" de los angeles razón pura de Kant. Pero, a su vez, mediante un análisis que examina los angeles crítica de Frege al psicologismo, el principio de caridad interpretativa de Davidson, l. a. recepción crítica de Wittgenstein por parte de Dummett, y los angeles concepción del entendimiento como un intercambio discursivo de razones que propone Brandom, Habermas muestra que l. a. tradición analítica acaba llegando a unas descripciones normativas de l. a. práctica lingüística muy similares a las de su pragmática formal, de raíces confesadamente kantianas.
William F. Bristow provides an unique and illuminating learn of Hegel's highly influential yet notoriously tough Phenomenology of Spirit. Hegel describes the strategy of this paintings as a 'way of despair', that means thereby that the reader who undertakes its inquiry needs to be open to the adventure of self-loss via it.
A impressive philosopher, Gottfried Leibniz made basic contributions not just to philosophy, but additionally to the advance of contemporary arithmetic and technology. on the middle of Leibniz's philosophy stands his metaphysics, an bold try and realize the character of fact by utilizing unaided cause.
This variation replaces the sooner translation by means of Walter Lowrie that seemed less than the identify the concept that of Dread. besides The illness unto loss of life, the paintings displays from a mental viewpoint Søren Kierkegaard's longstanding obstacle with the Socratic maxim, "Know your self. " His ontological view of the self as a synthesis of physique, soul, and spirit has inspired philosophers resembling Heidegger and Sartre, theologians comparable to Jaspers and Tillich, and psychologists reminiscent of Rollo could.
The charm of philosophy has consistently been its willingness to talk to these urgent questions that hang-out us as we make our method via lifestyles. what's fact? might we predict with out language? Is materialism every little thing? yet lately, philosophy has been mostly absent from mainstream cultural statement.
408, 409; Hegel, Lectures, vol. III, p. 499. 76 Janke W. Vom Bilde des Absolutes. Grundzüge der Phänomenologie Fichtes (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1993), pp. 187–212. 77 See also Hartkopf, W. S. Die Dialektik Fichtes als Vorstufe zu Hegels Dialektik, p. 205. F. Lectures, vol. III, p. 504. (This passage is missing from the Suhrkamp edition of Hegel’s works) 79 Zhixue L. , Der Grundansatz der ersten Wissenschaftslehre Johann Gottlieb Fichtes, [pp. 111–120], p. 115. « See Giovanni, G. , Texts in the Development of Post-Kantian Idealism (New York: SUNY, 1985), p.
40 Such is the paradox of human existence. I must be in order to be, and, moreover, in order to inquire about my existence. The I can grasp itself only in retrospect, circularly. Whatever I think of is what I think of, and this implies my self-identity, I=I. Thus, the positing of the self receives no analytic explanation, but description. The principal attribute of the I is the de facto existing and de facto realized ability to posit itself. The I posits itself, and posits itself because it is.
Fichte arrives at a standpoint of tremendous importance for the entire subsequent discourse from Schelling to Marx: to be means to be active, »reason cannot even be theoretical if it is not practical; no intelligence is possible in man if he does not possess a practical capacity«45 Consciousness is coming to be in its activity. Activity is the way in which the I realizes itself. Fichte’s has a multi-step strategy. The self posits itself initially as intuition. By positing itself, the self reveals itself as active.
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