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0.9355	When it comes to wedding favours, boxes of cookies or bags of candied almonds are nice but I like something a bit different. After all, if you're going to spend time and money choosing or making favours, they should be something your guests will enjoy for a long time afterward... Something they'll really remember your wedding by. Which is why my pick for the perfect wedding favours are potted succulents. Potted succulents are cool and hard to kill which qualifies them as all round great gifts. They're also small, cheap and fully customisable, which makes them particularly useful as DIY wedding favours. These hardy plants are also super easy to care for, so as long as your guests provide them with a sunny window and some water every two weeks, they'll keep growing and thriving long past the honeymoon. Once you've chosen the succulents, your next consideration is pot type and size. As a traditionalist I like terra cotta, which you can find for between $1 and $2 a pot depending on how big you go. For wedding favours I think somewhere between a 5 and 7cm diameter pot is lovely. You can leave the pots natural or paint them in your wedding's theme colours to boost their impact. 1. Find a bit of the plant that you think would look good in your pot and snip it off leaving a 5 – 10 cm stem. Using a clean, sharp blade will help prevent bacterial and fungal infection, but if you're desperate and unarmed you can just snap off the bit you want. 2. Dry the cutting in a well-ventilated area our of direct sunlight for a few days to allow the cut to 'scab over'. This prevents fungus getting up into your succulent and killing it. 4. Spoon the potting mix into your containers. 5. Press a finger down into the soil to make a hole big enough for your cutting to fit in. Pull away any leaves that don't stand up to aesthetic considerations of the pot and press the soil in around the stem to hold it firmly in place. 7. If you like, add some decorative pebbles or gravel on top of the soil, and tie a tag with each guest's name written on it to the pot with some twine.
0.999895	This write up is prompted by the need to clarify the difference between ITIL Incident management & ITIL Problem management. One would guess that there should be a simple answer to this, given the enormous amount of resources & information available on the subject. True, the subject has been debated extensively, yet the jury is out on the verdict. It’s worth noting here that the answer to the question is built on the principle of best practice. Whether an organization uses incidents & problems interchangeably or it clearly delineates the two terms, it’s up to the organization to decide. Generally speaking, an incident is an event that results in disruption to a service. Incident Management is tasked with restoring normal operations to a service when it suffers an interruption or is degraded or down. A problem on the other hand is the cause of an incident. Problem Management is tasked with preventing problem recurrence. In other words, Incident Management wants to "fix it now" by just about any means necessary, including work-around. Problem Management is a more methodical discipline, looking for patterns that will indicate some systemic problem and setting in motion actions that will prevent it from happening again. According to ITIL V3, “A problem is a cause of one or more Incidents. The cause is not usually known at the time a Problem Record is created, and the Problem Management Process is responsible for further investigation”. ITIL V3 Foundation Training has now become one of the most sought after trainings by the organizations all across the globe. Misunderstanding of the difference between an incident and a problem: Problems are not "really big incidents" as some people may describe. Theoretically, all incidents have an underlying cause, which is a problem. Multiple incidents could point to one underlying problem, such as the network cable that gets pulled in the data center, shutting down several services to end users. Or, a problem could just be a user that needs some training. Multi functional resources: if the people doing Incident Management are the same people doing Problem Management, proper Problem Management will simply not happen, due to the constant fire fighting. Problem Management follows more methodical approach, takes time, special skills and tools, and is a major investment, unlike Incident management where the focus is to ensure quick turnaround. A careful decision needs to be made & payouts weighed, for the simple reason that payoff from reduced outages and reduced need for Incident Management resources should outweigh the investment in problem management. There is no clear guidance on who or how the major incidents should be handled, leaving it up to an organization, thus creating room for confusion. One of the major differences between incident & problem management is reactive & proactive approach. While problem management focuses on eliminating the cause altogether leading to lesser incidents, incident management focuses on restoring the services disrupted due to the event (problem or cause). Incident management works on the concept of “here and now”. One cannot leave an incident unresolved for significant time while the problem management team is working on a resolution for the root cause. The severity and impact of the incident must dictate development of a quick workaround within the prescribed SLAs for incident management. The severity & impact of an incident are different. Severity of an incident is usually denoted by the scale of disruption while impact is the number of users who are not able to use the service and to what extent. Both Incident & problem management exist side by side, again the choice is with the organization. Incident management is never concerned with formal RCA in to the cause of the incident, that’s formally the role played by Problem management. Again, In terms of RCA, it is up to the organization. During the Incident, if however the cause is known, it’s documented for record and verification through formal problem management. The views presented in this article are solely my personal views. I advise all readers to exercise discretion while adopting for their benefit any views listed in this article or anywhere in the other articles. Equally importantly, wherever there is a difference or conflict in information presented in these articles & whats listed in PMBOK® guide or any other publication by the PMI® institute, the dispute must be resolved in favor of the information published by PMI®institute. Rattan is a PMP, ITIL v3 foundation, PGDBM certified astute management professional with 13 years + experience and core competencies in complex program management – Operations & Transition management. Currently he works at Wipro as Program & Service Delivery Manager.
0.999945	What is the future of fracking? Fracking is still a controversial topic in the oilfield production industry, but a number of efforts are being made to bring together those in favor of the method and those against it. Many have been discussed in this blog, but going forward, there is little known about what the future holds for fracking. Analysts have made educated predictions. Some say fracking won't last because evidence will continue to pile up that suggests it is a dangerous oilfield practice. Others say evidence will prove the opposite and fracking will not only survive, but it will become the accepted way companies go about oil extraction. Likely, the future of fracking will fall in the middle of the spectrum and there will be compromises made on both sides. The British online publication Public Service discusses the future of fracking and the measures various organizations are taking to find a happy medium between oilfield producers and environmental activists. However, the article suggests that more testing is needed to determine an appropriate method that satisfies both environmental and economic needs. "We are also taking steps to prepare the way for any future production phase, though this is likely to be some years away," the article says. "Until more exploration work has been done, a significant number of wells fracked and production patterns established over time, it will not be possible to make any meaningful estimate of likely economically recoverable resources of shale gas in the United Kingdom." For now, it is important for oil companies to invest in proper oilfield equipment that can promote efficient and safe extraction. Using the right tools can help oilfield producers become more economically viable while protecting worker health and preserving the surrounding environment.
0.948144	Fossil fuel consumption is projected to increase over the next 20 years, as was discussed in Chapter 2 (Past, Present, and Future Role of Coal), with coal being the leading energy source in some countries, especially certain developing countries; consequently, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are projected to increase. The increase in CO2 emissions and concern about global warming have received international attention. The first major action was taken in New York on May 9, 1992, when the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was adopted. The objective of the Convention is to achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous interference with the climate system . Stabilization must be achieved in such a time-frame as to ensure that food production is not threatened and to allow economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner. The Convention contains a legally binding framework that commits the world's governments to voluntary reductions of greenhouse gases or other actions such as enhancing greenhouse gas sinks aimed at stabilizing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases at 1990 levels by the year 2000 . On June 12, 1992, at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, 154 nations, including the United States, signed the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. In October 1992, the United States became the first industrialized nation to ratify the treaty, which came into force on March 21, 1994. The treaty was not legally binding and, because reducing emissions would likely cause great economic damage, many nations were not expected to meet the goal . The Convention has become a cornerstone of global climate policy representing a compromise among a wide range of different interests among the member countries. The concept of a common goal but different responsibilities provided for different roles for industrialized and developing countries, notably in the obligations imposed on them in connection with climate protection policy . This led to a grouping of the member states of the Convention into Annex I, Annex II, and non-Annex I countries, the latter including developing countries with no commitments to reducing climate gases. Annex I countries agreed, among other issues, to adopt national policies and take corresponding measures on the mitigation of climate change, periodically provide information on its policies and measures to mitigate climate change, and calculate emissions sources and removal through sinks. The developed countries in Annex II agreed, along with additional provisions, to provide new and additional financial resources to meet the agreed full costs incurred by developing countries in complying with their obligations. Representatives from around the world met again in December 1997 at a conference in Kyoto to sign a revised agreement. The Clinton Administration negotiators agreed to legally binding, internationally enforceable limits on the emissions of greenhouse gases as a key tenet of the treaty. The protocol called for a worldwide reduction of emissions of carbon-based gases by an average of 5.2% below 1990 levels by 2010. Different countries adopted different targets. Those countries agreeing to reduce specified amounts of climate gases within a specified time period are listed as Annex B countries, which is a subcategory of the Annex I countries. For example, the EU committed to a reduction of 8% in climate gases, the United States to 7%, and Japan to 6%, while Russia and the Ukraine agreed to stabilize at 1990 levels. Table 4-13 lists the Annex I, Annex II, and Annex B countries, along with the specified amounts of climate gases agreed upon by the Annex B countries [58,59]. Conflicts with regard to the distribution of different obligations have become apparent since the Kyoto conference. In March 2001, the United States announced that it would not support the Kyoto Protocol . The United States insists that the rules pertaining to the Annex B countries (i.e., voluntary commitment to reducing climate gases) be extended to at least the major developing countries and made this a precondition to ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. In November 2001, the participating member countries of the United Nations Seventh Conference of Parties (COP-7) met in Marrakesh, Morocco, and reached final agreement for the procedures and institutions needed to make the Kyoto Protocol fully operational . On March 4, 2002, the EU voted to ratify the protocol, committing its 15 member countries to reductions in greenhouse gas emissions as specified in the accord. No agreement has been reached among the EU member countries, however, with regard to the individual emission reductions that will be required. Some countries feel they have been given a disproportionate share of the EU's total reduction burden . The Kyoto Protocol enters into force 90 days after it has been ratified by at least 55 parties to the United Nations Framework Climate Change Convention, including a representation of Annex I countries accounting for at least 55% of the total 1990 CO2 emissions from the Annex I group. Although the United States had the largest share of Annex I emissions in 1990 at 35%, even without U.S. participation the Protocol could enter into force for the other signatories .
0.999998	TV channel description Metropolitan-hour information and news channel. The main objective of the TV channel "Moscow 24" is to provide the most accurate information about the events taking place in Moscow and the Moscow region. The broadcast consists of hourly news, TV shows, highlighting significant episodes in the life of the capital with direct inclusion from a place of events, as well as analytical programs associated with the main metropolis of Russia.
0.944507	Answer: Soem of the Home remedies for ear pain which my mom used to tell me are as follows dear-: 1. Garlic Crush two cloves of garlic and mix it with 2 teaspoons of mustard oil. Heat this mixture till the garlic turns slightly black. Allow it to cool down and then apply few drops inside the infected ear. You can also make garlic oil at home by crushing and boiling the cloves into sesame oil. This tends to give instant relief. 2. Juice of Basil Leaves Another natural cure is to crush few basil leaves and use the juice to treat the infected ear. Strain the juice before using. You can add coconut oil in the juice to make it more effective. Make sure you use it regularly under supervision. 3. Mustard Oil "Add 2-3 drops on one side and turn on the other side. Stay in this position for 10-15 minutes but be careful that the oil shouldn't go into the ear. Repeat with the other ear,". You should be cautious as ear buds tend to push the wax inside while oil brings it out. 4. Apple Cider Vinegar Warm some vinegar and apply on the infected ear with a cotton bud. Let the vinegar penetrate into the ear. It's best to use organic apple cider vinegar to avoid chemicals or adulterants. You can also dilute it a bit with water and then soak the cotton bud in this liquid. Plug the bud inside the ear and let it remain for about 5 minutes. 5. Salt Believe it or not, salt can do wonders. Heat some on low flame and then dip a cotton bud to coat it with warm salt. Place this in your ear for about 10 minutes. Salt tend to draw out the fluid from the ear and reduces swelling. Sea salt also helps reduce inflammation and pain within your ear canal. Never pour salt water into your ears. You can spray it into your nose too. Make sure you follow this process under supervision as it may cause a severe problem. Hope this helps. Answer: Two-three drops of warm onion juice placed in each ear One-two drops of warm olive oil in each ear A cup of salt or a cup of rice placed in a large sock, warmed (not hot) in a microwave oven and placed on the outside of the ear for 10 minutes. A warm, never hot, compress or hot water bottle applied to the affected ear for 10 minutes. These remedies may offer a short term solution to help you. U will have to take proper medicine.
0.709441	Also notable, is the beginning of numbers expressing a world order. There is a legend that depicts Pythagoras having traveled to Babylon. In Babylon, he is taught the mysteries of numbers, their magical significance and their power. The seven steps, mentioned in the story of the Tower of Babel, often appear in other instances in magical philosophy, theory and thought. The commonly accepted seven steps are: stone, fire, plants, animals, man, the starry heavens and the angels. Starting with the study of stones, the man of wisdom will attain higher and higher degrees of knowledge, until he will be able to apprehend the sublime, and the eternal. Through ascending these steps, a man would attain the knowledge of God, whose name is at the eighth degree, the threshold of God's heavenly dwelling. In direct opposition to the Mesopotamians and Egyptians, who believed that everything occurred with either the favor or lack of favor of the Gods, the Chaldean star religion believed that luck and disaster were not chance events at all. The Chaldeans believed that events were controlled by the planets and stars, which seemed to send good and bad according to mathematical laws and therefore represented a more orderly fashion. The Chaldeans held that man was incapable of fighting the will of the planet and star deities and yet continued to incorporate "one's will" into one's fate. Around the 7th Century B.C., Zoroastre was preaching the doctrines that evil could be avoided and defeated and introduced to his followers the principles of good and evil spirits. First and foremost in this belief structure were Ormazd (Ahura-Mazda), king of light and his twin brother Ahriman (Anro-Mainyu), prince of darkness. Zoroastre also introduced the "divine battle" between good and evil. He believed and taught that archangels controlled by Ormazd (the spirits of Divine Wisdom, Righteousness, Dominion, Devotion, Totality, and Salvation) and the demons controlled by Ahriman (the spirits of Anarchy, Apostasy, Presumption, Destruction, Decay, and Fury) were constantly at battle with one another. Zoroastre believed that in the end, Ormazd and his angels would prevail. The last of the demons (the Demon of Fury) was incorporated into the Hebrew and Christian belief structure. The name of the Demon of Fury is Aeshma Daeva, known to the Hebrews as Ashmadai and to Christians as Asmodeus. Asmodeus was the "chief of the fourth hierarchy of evil demons," called "the avengers of wickedness, crimes and misdeeds" and was not to be feared. It is common belief that Asmodeus is a teacher of geometry, arithmetic, astronomy and mechanics and that when questioned will always answer truthfully. Other demons, specifically Paromaiti - Arrogance, Mitox - The Falsely Spoken Word, Zaurvan - Decrepitude, Akatasa - Meddlesomeness, Vereno - Lust were believed to tempt people away from the true worship of Ormazd. Much of the current day Christian beliefs were taken from the teachings of Zoroastre. In Egyptian and Greek art and legend, the Sphinx was an important image. The Sphinx was a mythological creature with a lion's body and a human head. The word sphinx was derived from the Greek verb sphingein (to bind or squeeze), but the etymology is not related to the legend and is dubious. The Sphinx did not appear in Mesopotamia until around 1500 BC when it was imported from the Levant. In appearance, the Asian sphinx differed from the Egyptian primarily in the addition of wings to the lion's body, which continued through its history in both the Asian and Greek worlds. While the Sphinx began as a male, another interesting version was that of the female. The female Sphinx appeared around the 15th century BC on seals, ivories and various engravings. It was usually portrayed in the sitting position with one paw raised and were frequently accompanied by a lion, griffin or another Sphinx. Its appearance on temples and other important buildings eventually lead to an interpretation of the sphinx as a protective and philosophical symbol. The Sphinx rests at the foot of the three pyramids of Khufu, Khafre and Menkure and watches over the City Of The Dead and guards its secrets. Plutarch (A.D. 45-126) in his book on Isis and Osiris, proposes the Sphinx symbolizes the secrets of occult wisdom and that the magic of the Sphinx lies within the thousands of hands that chiseled it from rock and that the magickal thought, conjurations and rites of those countless generations have imbued in it a mighty, protective spirit that still exists.
0.9995	You and your partner are both responsible for your own actions and words. You both avoid putting blame on each other and own up to your actions when you do something wrong. When your partner is reliable and you feel confident that they have your relationshkp. If you relationsihp talk to your partner about anything—the good and the bad—this is a sign of a healthy relationship. Some of these characteristics may seem obvious to you, and some may make you think about how you can improve your own relationship, or help a friend improve theirs. We can all work to build healthier relationships, and it starts with education dqting conversations! EQUALITY You and your partner have the same say and put equal effort into the relationship instead of feeling like one person has more say than the other. Here are a few pieces of information you should read next. Trust Over time, trusting your partner will be necessary for a healthy relationship, but in the beginning trust is not automatic — it has to be earned. Always trust yourself to be who you are and to look out for your well-being. It is important to remember that trust is hard to earn but easy to destroy. Communication Communication is equal parts listening and speaking. When you and your partner are communicating, try to make them feel justified in their emotions. Repeat what is said as you understand it and ask if you understand the situation correctly. Be as clear and direct as possible. One thing to consider is if the relationship was ever different than it is now. Is there something stressful happening that could be impacting the way you interact? Respect - listening to one another, valuing each other's opinions, and listening in a non-judgmental manner. Respect also involves attempting to understand and affirm the other's emotions. It is valuing one's partner as an individual. Honesty and accountability - communicating openly and truthfully, admitting mistakes or being wrong, acknowledging past use of violence, and accepting responsibility for one's self. If parents, the couple shares relationhip responsibilities and acts as positive, non-violent role models for the children. Economic partnership - in marriage or cohabitation, making financial decisions together, and making sure both partners benefit from financial arrangements. Negotiation and fairness - being willing to compromise, accepting change, and seeking mutually satisfying solutions to conflict. Non-threatening behavior - talking and acting in a way that promotes both partners' feelings of safety in the relationship. So, Is Your Relationship Healthy? Can you say what you like or admire about your partner? Is your partner glad that you have other friends? But I will be released - I will necessarily write that I think on this question.Qualities in a good relationship It is a pity, that now I can not express - there is no free time.
0.980261	What was the Giotto mission? The Giotto mission was launched by the European Space Agency on July 2, 1985, on an Ariane 1 rocket from Kourou, French Guiana. With information from ICE, Suisei, Sakigake, Vega 1, and Vega 2, flight engineers were able to get Giotto within 370 miles (600 kilometers) of Comet Halley’s nucleus on March 13, 1986. Despite suffering damage from several impacts of cometary particles, Giotto was able to take spectacular close-up pictures, launching the serious interplanetary study of comets. Giotto was not finished, though. In 1990 ESA flight controllers turned the spacecraft on again from its hibernation mode—the first successful spacecraft restart of its kind—after four years, and redirected it toward Comet Grigg-Skjellerup. It successfully made a flyby on July 10, 1992, coming within just 125 miles (200 kilometers) of the comet’s nucleus. Although it could take no pictures—its camera was damaged beyond repair during the Halley encounter—Giotto gathered other valuable data. It became the first spacecraft to fly by two cometary nuclei.
0.999941	In an ongoing effort to extract more useful information and insights from massive volumes of structured and unstructured data, many organizations have turned to cloud based Hadoop big data analytics solutions such as Qubole. And as effective as these solutions are at capturing and analyzing large data volumes, their ability to interact with powerful Business Intelligence (BI) tools such as Machine Learning Libraries (MLL), is taking big data analytics capabilities to a whole new level. What follows is a look at 5 Machine Learning Libraries and the Big Data use case for each. 1. MLlib: No conversation about deep learning tools should begin without mention of Apache’s own open source machine learning library for Spark and Hadoop. MLlib features a host of common algorithms and data types, all designed to run at speed and scale. This makes MLlib a good fit for network security and other use cases such as predictive intelligence, customer segmentation for marketing purposes, and sentiment analysis. As is common with any Hadoop project, the main language for working in MLlib is Java. However, Python users will find that they can connect MLlib with the NumPy library. In addition, Scala users can write code against MLlib. While setting up an on-premise Hadoop cluster can be impractical for many organizations, it should be noted that cloud based Hadoop vendors are readily equipped to run MLlib. 2. Weka: Created at the University of Waikato in New Zealand, open source Weka is a collection of Java machine learning algorithms engineered for data mining tasks. Known for setting the standard for open source machine learning, Weka boasts a rich set of tools and, and user interfaces for exploring data and results. A book that goes over numerous ML concepts, shows examples using Weka, and explains both the software and techniques that are used also accompanies Weka. Those looking to gain a solid understanding of machine learning will find that Weka is a good project to get them started. NOTE: While Weka wasn’t created with Hadoop users in mind, it now contains new packages for distributed processing in Hadoop. 3. Accord Framework: Accord is a machine learning and signal processing framework for .Net, Microsoft’s web services strategy. In this instance, the term “signal processing” refers to Accord’s range of machine learning algorithms for images and audio. Performing facial recognition analysis is just one use case for Accord. The framework also includes a set of vision processing algorithms that operate on image streams and can be used to implement functions such as the tracking of moving objects. On top of that, Accord also has libraries that provide a number of conventional machine learning functions. 4. H2O: Designed by Oxdata, which has since changed it’s name to H2O.ai, the H2O library of machine learning algorithms is primarily geared for business processes. Like MLlib, Hadoop pundits can use Java to interact with H2O. Plus H2O’s framework provides bindings for Python, R, and Scala. That’s a win-win scenario as it also enables cross-interaction with all of the libraries found on the Python, R, and Scala platforms. As far as big data use cases are concerned, H2O is used by businesses for risk and fraud analysis, insurance and healthcare analytics, and customer intelligence, a field dedicated to using big data science to increase customer retention and profitability. 5. TensorFlow Serving: Released by Google in early 2016, TensorFlow Serving is a flexible, high-performance open source software library for machine learning models. TensorFlow was originally developed to conduct machine learning and deep neural networks research by Google researchers and engineers on the Google Brain Team within Google’s Machine Intelligence research organization. Providing out-of-the-box integration with TensorFlow models, the general nature of the software system allows it to be extended to serve other types of models and data as well. TensorFlow Serving was designed for production environments, i.e., real-time settings where hardware setups are installed and programs are run and relied on as part of an organization’s daily operations. Big data is getting bigger and more complex every day. Fortunately, organizations faced with the growing challenge of extracting business value from mountains of data can rely on the winning combination of cloud-based Hadoop solutions such as Qubole, and powerful BI tools such as MLL to meet these challenges and create competitive advantage. Ready to give big data in the cloud a test run? Sign up for a free Proof of Concept.
0.999584	"Those Peacekeepers need assistance, agent!" This article needs more information. Please expand this article. The HRX "Harpoon" is a weapon featured in Crackdown. This weapon is added with the "Getting' Busy" DLC pack. It fires high velocity harpoons that are very strong and can stick enemies to various objects, which is used to get the "Body Armor" Achievement via attaching 5 gang member bodies to a single vehicle using this weapon. This seems to be one of the more popular weapons in the game as once the player achieves 4 star weapon skill, the time it takes to lock onto an enemy is almost instant. Once a lock is acquired, firing the weapon will pretty much guarantee a one shot kill on any enemy, aside from high value targets.
0.999956	Kofi Quest: Alpha MOD :: Kofi Quest: Alpha MOD will launch a Kickstarter campaign this April. Kofi Quest: Alpha MOD will launch a Kickstarter campaign this April. After some events that the Kofi Quest: Alpha MOD project has gone through behind the scenes, we at Loftur Studio have decided to launch a Kickstarter campaign for it, which will begin by the end of April. We have been developing Kofi Quest: Alpha MOD for over three years. We have learned a lot, much has happened and we have been constantly working, day after day. Our game is in a very advanced stage, but we’re a very small team and we still find many obstacles that prevent us from finishing the game in the desired conditions, and from reaching higher goals with it. Bringing the game over to Nintendo Switch (and other consoles) is a constant request amongst players. We want to work on an adaptation of the controls for gamepad and, later on, make a port for Nintendo Switch, with all the work that implies. We also want to work more in our social networks and open doors for players to be able to participate more in the decision making of some of the content. We have prepared the campaign with much dedication, with interesting rewards and possible Stretch Goals that could make a much better game if we reach them. The campaign starting date will be announced next week, and we will start showing everything new that we’ve prepared for it. Please, stay tuned in our social networks. Por favor si sacan la version de switch, hagan una herramienta para poder pasar tu partida del PC a SWITCH :D , donde hay que firmar para el kickstarter ?? Tiene sentido, en la recta final a veces se ve que hay más de lo que uno espera. Sigo esperando el juego desde que se anuncio y esperare lo que sea para que sea un buen deleite al paladar gamer. Me alegra escuchar una actualizacion del juego, se ve que tienen una dedicacion muy fuerte para hacer del juego una joya, sigan asi! Si esto puede conseguir que el juego esté mejor y tenga más contenido, es una buena noticia. ¡Ánimo! Podíais haber sacado Kofi hace unos meses y tener un juego bueno, pero decidísteishacer esto y sacar un juego mejor. Habrá muchos que os critiquen por el movimiento, pero Kofi es vuestro niño, queréis lo mejor para él y le queréis preparar la mejor salida. Algunos no lo entenderán, pero desde fuera de este mundillo no se ve todo y hay gente que todo es lo que se ve desde fuera. ¡Yo os apoyo, ánimo con ello!
0.998764	The Kauai Coast is so long and diverse, that it is a good idea not to spend your entire vacation time only on Poipu Beach. Kauai has much more to offer. Here is a list of great beaches just a short drive away from your Poipu Bed and Breakfast: Shipwrecks Beach Park, Anini Beach, and Napali Coast State Park. Just 1.5 miles (about 2.4 kilometers) away from most places around Poipu Beach, the Shipwrecks Beach Park is a great location along the Kauai coast for hiking. This hiking trail is about 4 miles long and reaches Ainako Street. Make sure to pack all your hiking necessities such as sunblock, water, and cellphone, and to wear appropriate hiking boots or shoes. If you carry an expensive camera, it is a good idea to carry it in a protective bag or just to cover it with a plastic bag to avoid water damage in case of rain. After your hike around Shipwrecks you may enjoy a bite or drink at the Poipu Bay Grill and Bar, which is located on Ainako Street. During your hike you will see several points to access the ocean, but please refrain from entering the water because the currents are strong and, often, jellyfish are in the water. Located on the opposite side of the island, Anini Beach is about 40 miles (64 kilometers) away from you Poipu Inn heading North on the Kuhio Highway (also known as Highway 56). During your drive to Anini Beach, you will be able to experience the whole East Kauai coast. You can combine your trip with short stops at key places such as Wailua, Kapaa and Anahola for some sightseeing. Fishing enthusiasts will be happy to hear that Anini is a great place for flyfishing, particularly catching Hawaiian bonefish. In Kauai you don't need to purchase a fishing permit so you can cast your rod freely anywhere in the island. This beach offers many shallow reef flats from which you can test your luck to catch some bonefish. Napali translates from the Hawaiian language into 'the cliffs' and the Napali cliffs offers one of the most dramatic settings along the Kauai coast. To get to the Napali Coast State Park you will need to drive through the Waimea Canyon Park and the Napali Kona Forest Reserve. This state park offers great options for hiking and boating. Once you arrive to the state park you will have available about 15 miles (24 kilometers) for hiking. It is important to point out that the hiking paths involve several steep cliffs and they require a good fitness level. Check the information office near the entrance gate for the list and location of hiking trails inside this state park. If you decide to hike, it is a good idea to wear sunblock, carry plenty of water and have a cell phone with you at all times.
0.963055	Telnet to a mail server and enter the from address and then the rcpt address, but I normally see "550 unable to relay." Use Outlook with the "Send As" permission. The bottom line is this is for testing/educational purposes and I would like to know if it's possible to send an email that doesn't get caught up in the spam filter with a spoofed "From" field with a link/logo in the body. I understand this could fall into a "hacking" category, but the same holds true for anyone performing social engineering exercises with signed documentation. Note: So far the telnet method seems to be the best route, except for some hangups such as the 550 error. Let's suppose that someone (Mario) wants to send an email to someone else (let's call him Nicolas). Nicolas' mailbox is filled by a unique server, let's say smtp.gouv.fr (that's a fictitious example). So, whatever Mario does, the email will have to go through that server, transmitted with the SMTP protocol (the one with the 'RCPT' command). Mario would like the From line to be: From: [email protected]. Note that there are actually two "from" addresses: the one in the From: header (which the recipient sees with his usual mail-reading application), and the one which is given through the MAIL FROM SMTP command (the latter will appear in the Return-Path: header). Now, although the email has to go through Nicolas' SMTP server, it may make a few hops. The normal mail-sending situation is that the sender uses the SMTP server of his ISP, and that server will talk to the destination SMTP server. Mario's ISP server is smtp.governo.it. Mario can decide to do his telnet (or equivalent, but it always SMTP at the end) either to smtp.governo.it, smtp.gouv.fr, or some other server, e.g. smtp.bundestag.de (the SMTP server of Angela's ISP), or some other server (smtp.buckingham.uk). Mario's ISP may prevent any outgoing connection from his machine to any SMTP server (i.e. any TCP connection which targets port 25) except if the target machine is smtp.governo.it. Many ISP do that, mainly to prevent zombie machine from spamming widely without any control. smtp.governo.it may reject the attempt because the advertised "from" address is not an address ending with "@governo.it". The server may enforce such a filter on the "From:" header, or on the MAIL FROM command, or on both. Some (not all) ISP apply such rules. If Mario contacts smtp.buckingham.uk, that server may reject the attempt because the mail is neither destined to an address in buckingham.uk, or sent with a "from" address in "@buckingham.uk". Servers which forward arbitrary emails from and to the outside are called "open relays" and are generally frowned upon, namely because spammers just love them. If Mario contacts smtp.bundestag.de, that server may also reject the attempt, although the mail is indeed advertised as being sent by Angela, because smtp.bundestag.de knows that Angela would use a connection coming from one of the IP addresses which are indeed part of the network managed by bundestag.de. If smtp.bundestag.de was not doing that, it would also be deemed an "open relay" (although less open than the previous instance, but partly open nonetheless). If Mario finds a SMTP server (not smtp.bundestag.de) which accepts to forward the email, or if Mario connects directly to smtp.gouv.fr, then the attempt may still get rejected if the bundestag.de domain uses SPF. SPF is a way for a domain to advertise, through the DNS, some mail-sending policies. Here, bundestag.de would publish with SPF the information that normal emails sent from @bundestag.de people should originate from smtp.bundestag.de and nowhere else. smtp.gouv.fr, upon seeing Mario's connection (or the connection from the gullible SMTP server that Mario found), may then look at the SPF records for bundestag.de, and detect the anomaly. Of course, SPF is not used everywhere, and since it is DNS based it is vulnerable to coordinated DNS attacks ("DNS poisoning" and things like that). Some big mail providers enforce arbitrary obscure limitations, which may have the same effect than SPF, but in an undocumented and sometimes officially denied way. So the best bet for Mario would be to either connect with telnet to smtp.gouv.fr (assuming that his ISP lets him do that, and that bundestag.de does not use SPF, or that smtp.gouv.fr disregards SPF information); or he could try to find some hackable or otherwise complacent machine somewhere in the bundestag.de, and use it as an open relay to send the mail through smtp.bundestag.de (which would have the added bonus of making all the headers "realistic", as if Angela had done it herself). On may mail servers it is possible, as they often only validate your login and their domain, but not the e-mail address. So if you want to spoof a@mailserver you may be able to login as b@mailserver and send a e-mail from a@mailserver. The server validates the login and that the sender is from his domain and sends a mail, which is indistinguishable. Many providers do things to prevent this. Some add the login as a mail header or at least some unique id (i.e. gmail) for the user. Others just filter on the full from address of the sender if he is allowed to use it. Many others are just open to this kind of attack. This of course only works, if you can get an own account at the corresponding server. Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged email ip-spoofing dns-spoofing or ask your own question. Is it unsafe to allow apps other than Outlook to send email via the Exchange server? How do spammers verify the validity of a huge amount of email addresses? How do fake emailers work? Received 2 “Delivery Status Notification (Failure)” Mails from [email protected] with messages I did not send. Is this an attack? How can I send an email from my laptop anonymously? How can I use Message-ID in header to screen (filter) Emails?
0.968767	Question: This is a candidate for the web site. How do you rate this article? Psychologists often find that opposites attract in couples with personality disorders. By now, Florida psychologist Florence Kaslow, PhD, has seen the pattern so often among some couples that it's practically a clinical archetype: Both parties have personality disorders (PDs)--but on opposite ends of the spectrum. The fastidious, stoic spouse with obsessive-compulsive PD clashes with the often messy, flamboyant spouse with histrionic PD. Or, likewise, the self-absorbed, self-important person with narcissistic PD spars with the needy, clingy partner with dependent PD. It may seem like an oversimplification, but all too commonly one person with a PD attracts someone with a different one, Kaslow has found in her 30-plus years of practice. What might underlie that pattern? "They seem to have a fatal attraction for each other in that their personality patterns are complementary and reciprocal--which is one reason why, if they get divorced, they are likely to be attracted over and over to someone similar to their former partner," Kaslow says. And although empirical research on the pattern is generally lacking--clinical trials on it are few and far between--support for Kaslow's contention appears in a number of books and reports in the literature, such as a theory paper on narcissistic PD in couples by Paul Links, MD, that appeared in 2002 in the American Journal of Psychotherapy (Vol. 56, No. 4). In it, Links maintains that a narcissist's PD severity and willingness to change can make or break a couple's attempts to fix problems. Personality schisms, however, can complicate such attempts. Even if only one partner has a full-blown PD, the other partner often shows personality tendencies in the opposite direction, notes Los Angeles psychologist Marion Solomon, PhD, who wrote a chapter on treating borderline couples for a book Kaslow edited on couples treatment (see further reading). Most often, Kaslow and Solomon see attractions between people diagnosed with Cluster B (antisocial, borderline, histrionic and narcissistic) and Cluster C (avoidant, dependent and obsessive-compulsive) personality disorders. Kaslow offers a theory on the attraction between Clusters B and C: "Someone in Cluster B or C will more likely seek a polar opposite they see as exhibiting qualities they lack and assume this will make them feel more complete or whole," she explains. "So, for example, the histrionic is attracted to the OCD perfectionist because of the histrionic's need to be stabilized, and the OCD person is fascinated by the histrionic's devil-may-care attitude. But after a while they start to rub each other the wrong way." Problems derive from each partner's unexpected reaction to the other, Kaslow says. She explains: "These people often literally see the other person as 'their other half.' But that half is one they have cut off in themselves, so they're essentially attracted to the thing they've rejected or have a negative attitude toward." Exacerbating the situation is the fact that each partner stirs up some unconscious, unresolved developmental issue in the other, says Joan Lachkar, PhD, a Los Angeles practitioner who writes on partners who exhibit certain traits and characteristics of narcissistic and borderline PDs. For example, explains Lachkar, an instructor at the Southern California Psychoanalytic Institute, the borderline's neediness chips at the narcissist's armor against intimacy, and the narcissist's rejection stokes the borderline's abandonment anxiety, reaction to shame and tendency to feel shunned or abused. Such partners are frequently developmentally arrested, forming a pattern that Lachkar calls "the dance" in a narcissistic/borderline relationship. The dysfunction in that dance--the narcissist's emotional withdrawal and the borderline's need for rejection and emotional upheaval--can stem largely from childhood attachment problems, a hallmark of personality disorders, Lachkar argues. In adult relationships, Solomon adds, people with PDs may act out early abuse, neglect, violence and other forms of childhood attachment failure--although, as pointed out in the literature on PD underpinnings (see page 42), it's not clear how much these failures stem from parental abuse, already existing childhood pathology that elicits negative parental reactions or an interplay of both. Causes aside, Solomon maintains that the ingrained PD mechanisms form early: "When a child is terrified at 0 to 18 months, the left brain--the rational language part of the brain--has not yet developed, so the right brain either puts up a shield or views the self as flawed," Solomon says. * Curtail acting-out behaviors, such as using drugs or alcohol, overspending, acting in sexually compulsive ways or physically or verbally abusing a partner. * Reduce levels of defensiveness and show vulnerability. In addition, says Links, the Arthur Sommer Rotenberg Chair in Suicide Studies at the University of Toronto, the couple needs to "rebalance" itself so that that the narcissist's partner--likely a more masochistic, dependent type--still gratifies the narcissist's need for admiration, but also can glean increased love, approval and support from the narcissist. By comparison, in a borderline rebalancing, the other partner needs to stop feeding the borderline's impulsivity and emotional volatility, notes Links in other writings. Interesting article... .not a whole lot of substance, but, it is something I have wondered about since DB (who is very obviously BPD) hooked up with the new girl (who is obviously NPD) - They have broken up/made up about 5 times in the last year, usually every few months until she (surprise) ended up pregnant... . I've wondered how exactly that dynamic would work... .with the desperate need for attention on both sides... . This describes them almost exactly, although they both seem to have some similar traits to the other... . the self-absorbed, self-important person with narcissistic PD spars with the needy, clingy partner with dependent PD. Now that is a truly crazy relationship, huh? In some really sick way balancing each other's insanity... . Another link/article in searching for info on this subject, had the following information... . One may ask at this point what it is that bonds/binds or attracts such individuals together. It appears that two narcissists or two borderlines would never "make it" together or "do the dance," because of their dynamics and defenses. But together, these oppositional types seem to maintain a bond. I see each as the perfect counterpart for the other. For instance, the borderline holds to the fantasy that if he/she were better the other would meet his/her needs. The borderline's lack of impulse-control and the tendency to criticize and attack tends to cause the narcissist to withdraw. The withdrawal brings out the borderline's fears of abandonment and separateness which leads to more anxiety and attacks. In such a dyadic relationship, the narcissist is continually faced with his/her limitations threatening the image of perfection, beauty, entitlement, grandiosity, etc., and the struggle to turn to others in the external world for validation/confirmation or approval. This withdrawal evokes profound anxiety in the borderline. The borderline, feeling threatened upon the potential loss of the narcissist, then attempts to win the narcissist back at any cost. The inclination of the borderline to subjugate self (be an "as if" personality) leads him/her to again reenact or play the role of the perfect mirroring self object for the narcissist and holds to the promise that he/she will improve ("do better". The narcissist then returns in light of this promise; however, the promise is impossible to keep due to the lack of impulse control in the borderline and the feelings of emptiness that are provoked by this pretense. Thus the cycle starts all over again. It has been stated that the narcissist is dominated by a need for specialness and appreciation, has a need to preserve a special relationship with another who he fantasizes will provide him with narcissistic gratification. While the borderline is preoccupied with proving his "existence," the narcissist is involved with proving he has s "special sense of existence." The narcissist is often feeling short-changed, let down and unfulfilled by the borderline spouse. Narcissists seemingly have a distorted or a pseudo sense of entitlement (as in feeling more entitled, as in withholding visitation rights), and seek out others who can mirror their grandiosity and reaffirm their "entitlement" needs. For the narcissist, this is preferable to facing up to his/her real self and its personal limitations and defects. In short, both would rather invest time and energy blaming/attacking or running away rather than taking charge of their lives. Letting go, coming to terms with reality, may mean facing up to their own limitations in themselves and the other. Frequently, one would rather prove the other partner wrong indefinitely, than to recognize their own personality deficits. For the borderline, developing a sense of self may mean giving up the idea that the narcissistic partner is the only one who can validate them. It may mean learning something about developing normal dependency relationships and recognizing that parasitic relationships do not lead to real bonding and growth. For the narcissist it may mean learning how to evaluate their own accomplishments without needing constant validation/confirmation from others, and to rely more on their own thinking such as in realizing that they may not be as entitled as they imagine. . A very disturbing dynamic to say the least... .
0.999971	"Apostle", "Black cats", "Tula Tokarev", ""Method", "Sniper" - serials, thanks to which the audience is known Alexei Komashko. The filmography of the 35-year-old actor contains over twenty films and television projects. Also, fans can see the star on the "Snuffbox" scene. What else is known about Alexey, his creative achievements and offscreen life? The future actor was born in Zaporozhye,there was a joyful event in April 1981. Initially Alexei Komashko, whose filmography now includes more than 20 films and serials, did not plan to become a star of the screen. It is known that in his childhood he dreamed of becoming a clown. Near the house where the boy lived with his family, there was a circus. Alexei constantly persuaded his mother, who had to raise his son alone, take him to the show. Cooling the child to the circus is associated with the movethe Komashko family. The future actor stopped dreaming about the career of the clown, he was increasingly seen in the cinema. He also began to study choreography, studied modern dances. It is possible that Alexei Komashko inherited interest in creativity from his mother. The woman worked as a paramedic, but her hobby was singing in the ensemble. Finally, the child became firmly established in his intention to become an actor, playing the herald in the New Year's performance. After that, he went to the theater studio. After receiving the certificate, Alexey Komashko, filmography andwhose biography are considered in this article, intended to enter the theater institute. However, the mother persuaded his son to graduate from college, acquire the profession of an artist-designer, which seemed more reliable to a woman. The young man followed the mother's advice, but his dreams remained unchanged. On the first attempt Alexey managed to become a studentSaratov Conservatory named after Sobinov, he began to study the art of drama under the direction of Alexander G. Galko, whom the actor still remembers with warmth. He claims that the talented teacher had a great influence on his life's path, "infected" with his passion for art. At the end of the third year a talented studentwon the Yevgeny Mironov Prize, to receive the award he had to go to Moscow. Acquaintance with Mironov proved crucial for a young man. It was thanks to the assistance of the famous actor that the future star of the series with Oleg Tabakov met. Alexey Komashko, photo of which can be seen inthis article, made an impression on Tabakov. Oleg Pavlovich agreed to take the young actor to "Tabakerka", which allowed the young man to move from Saratov to the capital. In "Tabakerka" Aleksey works since 2005. "Under the Blue Sky", "Elder Son", "Passion for Bumbarash", "Ride" - the most famous productions with his participation. Of course, it was not because of the game in the theater thatstar Alexei Komashko. The actor's biography shows that he started acting in serials and movies about a year after moving to Moscow. Debut for a young man was a mini-series "Diamonds for Dessert", presented to the audience in 2006. To consolidate the success of Komashko the TV project helped"Alexander Garden 2", in which he successfully embodied the image of a football player due to excellent physical training. After that, Alexei was constantly invited to appear. Most often the directors offered the young actor roles in the series, that it absolutely did not bother him. "Apostle", "Cowboys", "Tula Tokarev" - one forothers were followed by successful TV projects, in which Alexei Komashko was shot. Filmography of the young actor was constantly replenished with new projects. Of course, the number of his admirers grew steadily. A great popularity was won by criminal dramawith elements of the thriller "Live", in which he received one of the key roles. It was after her release in 2010 that he acquired the star status of Alexei Komashko. Filmography, the main role of the Ukrainian actor became the objects of close attention of fans and the press. The actor claims that for him has no decisivevalue, whether the main role he got, or he will appear only in the episode. In each of his characters, Alex tries to put his soul, make it as lively and interesting for the audience, carefully preparing for the upcoming role. Komashko also tries to ensure that the images that he embodies in serials and movies are not repeated. It is not surprising that such a large numberKomashko Alexey Alexandrovitch was able to acquire admirers. The filmography of the actor is very interesting to study, as his roles are rarely repeated. In the sensational melodrama "Sniper" he is brilliantembodied the image of a major special forces unit leading a double life, which even the closest people - a spouse and a daughter - are unaware of. In the criminal television project "Method" he got the image of a crazy maniac Grigory Belykh, who is called a "Lipetsk strangler", he is chased by law enforcement agencies. In "Arithmetic of meanness" Komashko appeared in front of the audience as an ordinary physical education teacher, and in "Angel and Demon" and did try on himself the image of a celestial who has to resist the mighty forces of evil and save a beautiful girl. In the adventure thriller "Asian" he very convincingly played the brutal leader of a criminal group, ruthlessly cracking down on rivals. Alexey Komashko, films and serials with participationwhich is in great demand among viewers, is successful in his personal life. His second half Ukrainian actor met after he moved to Moscow. The chosen star was Galina Vakhrusheva, a girl who has nothing to do with the cinema world. On Vakhrushevoy actor married a few years ago. At the moment, Alexei and Galina are growing upthree children: a daughter and two sons. However, the husband and wife argue that in the future they plan to have another child, as both dream of a big family. It is known that parents with children permanently reside in the capital. To the role of father Komashko is very responsible, always finds time for children. It is possible that this is due to the fact that the actor began to withdraw less often, focusing on working in the theater. Fortunately for the fans of the star, finallyTo refuse to shoot in films and serials Komashko does not plan. In favor of this is shown by the sports drama "Warrior", presented to the audience in 2015. In this drama the talented actor embodied the image of the company. Alexey Ulyukaev: biography of an interesting person .. The cause of the death of Alexei Balabanov. Biography and filmography .. Star biography of Alexei Chumakov .. Actor Alexei Anishchenko: biography, personal life. The best roles .. Actor Alexei Krylov: biography, filmography, photo .. Alexey Glyzin: biography and creativity .. Alex Panin: filmography and biography of the actor .. Director Alexei Korenev: biography and filmography .. Alexey Frolov: biography and creativity ..
0.941564	Performing the first of two sold out concerts to a capacity crowd of over 20,000, last night's world tour opener in Vancouver with The Police was a resounding success with fans and critics united in their enthusiastic endorsement of what will definitely be the tour of the year. From the opening notes of 'Message In A Bottle' through a set list which included: 'Roxanne', 'Synchronicity', 'Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic', 'Every Breath You Take', 'When The World Is Running Down', 'Spirits In The Material World' to name a few of the mega-hits The Police performed, the energy that Sting, Stewart Copeland and Andy Summers exuded on stage was matched only by the exuberant response of the audience. With over 1,770,000 tickets sold to date and more concerts to be announced, The Police tour is definitely the hottest ticket of the year. North American tour highlights include headline performances at this year's Bonnaroo Music & Arts Festival on June 16th and the Virgin Festival on August 4th as well as additional appearances at Boston's historic Fenway Park, Chicago's Wrigley Field, and Churchill Downs - home of the Kentucky Derby. The Police will also play 3 Los Angeles area performances including dates at Staples Center, Dodger Stadium and the Honda Center in Anaheim and multiple dates in New York, including Madison Square Garden and Giants Stadium. Following the North American tour, The Police will kick off Europe on 29-August in Stockholm, Sweden with additional concert dates throughout the UK and Europe including: London, Holland, Germany, Italy, Spain, France, Austria, Ireland, Belgium & the newly announced Lisbon performance 25-September at National Stadium. Following the European tour, The Police will return to North America beginning October 31st at New York's Madison Square Garden, followed by Boston's TD Banknorth Garden on November 11th. Tickets for both these performances will go on sale Monday, June 4th. Additional fall dates to be announced will include performances in Mexico and South America followed by 2008 performances in Japan, Australia and New Zealand. Special guest Fiction Plane opened the show and will continue on the entire tour. Known for their high-energy live shows, this dynamic rock trio have just released their 2nd album, "Left Side of the Brain" in May. Fiction Plane are: Joe Sumner (Bass); Seton Daunt (Guitar); Pete Wilhoit (Drums). Additional support artists added to some of the stadium shows include: The Fratellis, Foo Fighters, Maroon 5, Maximo Park and Mr. Hudson & The Library. The band are due to release a Greatest Hits collection, 'The Police' (A&M) on June 5(US)/June 11(UK/Europe) to celebrate the 30th anniversary of their first single 'Fall Out'. This consummate collection brings together the biggest hits from the band's five original studio albums and includes their very first single, 1977's 'Fall Out'. The North American tour is presented by Best Buy, the leading consumer electronics retailer with nearly 1,000 retail locations in the United States and Canada. For additional information, visit: http://www.bestbuy.com/thepolice. A portion of the proceeds from this tour will be donated to WaterAid, an international NGO founded in 1981 and dedicated to reducing poverty by improving access to safe water, sanitation, and hygiene education. For information, visit: http://www.wateraid.org.
0.999996	A hybrid bike offers a good ride experience to riders both off road and on road, so if one hasn’t tried the bike yet, it’s high time you bought it and test it on your own. This bike was mainly manufactured for those people who like comfort when riding. I don’t get tired when riding the Schwinn bike because it comes with an adjustable seat, this allows its riders to enjoy all forms of comfort when riding the bike. It’s padded saddle and upright handlebars tend to offer relief even to the most crooked, pain-ridden spine, hence one can ride over long distances without tiring themselves. Despite the comfortability this bike offers, it also has an appealing look which will attract the buyer at first glance. This gives the bike a lightweight. The aluminum frame also gives the bike resistance to weather, age wear, and tire. This enables the bike to serve the user for a long time without its tires wearing out due friction. Hence it lasts longer than other bikes. The suspension fork helps the seat of the rider and the bike, in general, to absorb shock one might encounter while riding the bike on rocky or a place with uneven terrain. The shifters present on the bike will allow one to have a perfect grip on the road and better control over the bike when one is riding it. One will have a quick gear change over as compared to other bikes of its nature. These brakes help whoever is riding the bike to make an instant and most accurate stop when one is riding the bike. It doesn’t matter whichever place the person is at be it a hilly place or on flat ground with this braking system one can make a stop anywhere. These handlebars allow one to sit comfortably and have sufficient space to grip the handlebars and still ride the bike efficiently. No one likes to feel uncomfortable or uneasy over the handlebars when they are riding the bikes hence Schwinn is the best bike to choose. The seat enables whoever is riding the bike for hours without getting tired or getting any discomfort that will cause one to want to stop riding the bike. This is important for people who have a long distance to commute. The classic look of the bike will fit anyone with any personality or need of use. The bike has a nice padded seat. Most of the bikes come to you pre-assembled for one’s convenience. This particular bike is made for taller people. Its gears and its brakes do not come to you already adjusted hence one has to adjust them by themselves. Q: Do hybrid bikes make good commuter bikes? A: Yes, they do. The bikes have an aluminum frame which gives them a lightweight; they have a good braking system and also an adjustable seat which makes one comfortable when one is riding for long hours. Q: Is it better to have a suspension or a rigid fork? A: Neither of them is better than the other because a suspension fork gives a smoother, plusher feel to the rider while the rigid fork gives the bike a more responsive, but slightly bumpier feel. Q: What types of rides is this bikes best suited for? A: These bikes are most suited for casual riding. Riding along the streets with your kids and family, in the neighborhood and mostly for short distances. This happens to be one of the best bikes on the market. This bike is made by one of the known and trusted company which is the Schwinn Company. I would recommend people to buy this bike because it gives one a comfortable feel when one is riding the bike. one can make instant stops due to the good braking systems of the bike and finally, the bike has an appealing look which can attract all sorts of people. So if anyone is looking for a bike, I will advise to buy the Schwinn bike and don’t be afraid to try this bike.
0.998282	Why do birds make sound? Birds generate sounds from a structure called the 'syrinx', which is located at the junction of the two bronchi (air passages) in the respiratory tract (breathing organs). The syrinx is controlled by pairs of muscles. Generally, bird species with more muscle-pairs produce more complex calls. The songbirds, also know as passerines (of the order Passeriformes), possess between four and nine of these muscle pairs and make the longest and most elaborate calls. The Ornithology.com website has more information about how and why birds make sounds.
0.97875	In many applications, one has to actively select among a set of expensive observations before making an informed decision. Often, we want to select observations which perform well when evaluated with an objective function chosen by an adversary. Examples include minimizing the maximum posterior variance in Gaussian Process regression, robust experimental design, and sensor placement for outbreak detection. In this paper, we present the Submodular Saturation algorithm, a simple and efficient algorithm with strong theoretical approximation guarantees for the case where the possible objective functions exhibit submodularity, an intuitive diminishing returns property. Moreover,we prove that better approximation algorithms do not exist unless NP-complete problems admit efficient algorithms. We evaluate our algorithm on several real-world problems. For Gaussian Process regression, our algorithm compares favorably with state-of-the-art heuristics described in the geostatistics literature, while being simpler, faster and providing theoretical guarantees. For robust experimental design, our algorithm performs favorably compared to SDP-based algorithms.
0.947871	re you ready to leave for Canada? Organize a motorcycle tour on its vast territories to live an exciting and unforgettable adventure during your trip. By discovering the varied and colorful landscapes of this great country, you will surely decide to extend your stay. Canada is a vast region in the northern part of North America. Boasting an area of 9 984 670 km2, it counts countless routes that allow you to make a road trip by motorbike. If you want to explore Western Canada, you can start your adventure with a trip to Vancouver. There you will have the opportunity to visit the popular sites of this British Columbia Metropolis, namely Chinatown, Gastown or Stanley Park. Then you will travel 385 km to Kelowna, a pleasant and serene town. At the handlebars of your Harley, you will certainly be delighted to browse this wine region. To make the most of your tour in Canada, take a motorcycle ride to Jasper to discover its natural wonders. This municipality is located west of the province of Alberta and is ideal for all kinds of hiking. By moving to the east side of this town, you will surely see Maligne Lake, another Canadian gem that will allow you to make a mini-cruise. After this interesting adventure, you will continue your route to the road that leads to Clearwater. Before reaching this last one, you take probably some pretty impracticable paths, but framed by beautiful landscapes. During your journeys you will also see Mount Robson, which is the highest point in the Rocky Mountains. Next, you will go along Wells Gray Regional Park to Clearwater, a city in British Columbia. If you are interested in this experience, the journey from Jasper to Clearwater is 325 km. With a comfortable vehicle like your Harley, you won’t have to worry about doing 4 hours of driving.
0.999513	Medieval ruins and bluebell forests? 30 Minutes from Central London? Sign me up! This year I promised myself I’d really delve into London’s unseen secrets, and that’s how I found myself crossing Abbey Road… but not the one you’d think! It was less 70s album cover and more abbey ruins, woods with bluebells and more dogs than you can shake a stick at. No, you haven’t been transported to the set of yet another grim medieval fantasy show, this is actually within easy reach of London and you can explore to your heart’s content. What I loved was imagining the monks going about their daily lives. While most of the walls have long ago fallen, the abbey layout remains intact so it’s like starting a Sims game – wondering how you’d decorate and which room went where. Otherwise, the main activities I saw were playing hide and seek, family picnics and dog walking; there’s also a cute cafe selling lovely slices of banana bread. Here’s the TL:DR take on the history – the abbey was originally built around 1180 and everything was fine and dandy until Henry VIII couldn’t keep it in his pants so all the monks and monasteries had to go. I can’t believe the place hasn’t been transformed in apartments. At the moment it’s 30 minutes from London Bridge, but once Crossrail opens you’ll make it to Abbey Woods in 12 minutes from central London. That’s basically prime location. If/when the apartments come I hope the mulberry tree survives – planted by King James I (well, his entourage), it looks so old it makes Pocahontas’s Grandmother Willow look like Baby Groot. Once you’re all abbey-ed out you should explore the Lesnes Abbey Woods – ancient woodland carpeted with bluebells and other natural wonders – you’ll forget you’re in a huge city until you accidentally walk into someones backgarden. Do you have any historic city secrets you can share?
0.999729	American Gods by Neil Gaiman and Homage to Catalonia by George Orwell. Like them both a lot. Robert Penn Warren All The King's Men. I like it's description of the time period. Plus the correlation between it and Huey Long is well done. It's a fantastic thing, yes. That's what I meant. I love Eco too, and I'm glad I read The Prague Cemetery, but it took me weeks and weeks and I never want to read it again. Anyway, I'm rereading The Silmarillion, out of order this time. I skipped ahead from the Flight of the Noldor to Beren and Lúthien and am now going back to the Dagor Bragollach. Mikhail Lermontov: A Hero of Our Time. Notice the heroic coincidence. It was random, unintentional. I decided to learn more about the Spanish Civil War, so I just read Franco by Paul Preston (good analysis on Franco's propaganda), Every inch a King: Alfonso XIII by Princess Pilar of Bavaria (obviously biased, but good), Count Ciano's Diary (a work of narcissism) and España bajo el sable, by Rodrigo Soriano (good). I guess that will give me the viewpoint of foreign diplomats, monarchists, republicans and Franco. Interesting. I need to read Preston's biography of Franco. Probably I'd take it in lending at the public library or at the university student's. I think that the last book on the Spanish Civil War that I read was one by Antony Beevor, but I found it a bit disappointing (probably Preston is better on this subject). I really enjoyed reading Preston's book, but apparently the one I got was not the main biography of Franco, it was more of his life in the view of his own propaganda (Franco, el Gran Manipulador was the full title of this one), so I think I'll have to search for Preston's full book on Franco. I am really surprised that so many british historians wrote books about the subject, and I'm struggling to find an objective book from a spanish historian. Spain during the 1920' and 1930' looks more and more fascinating, and I think I will need more material on both the Republican Leadership and Sanjurjo, Mola and Queipo de Llano. Could you please recommend some books about them? It's difficult for a Spanish historian avoiding an emotional identification with the topic, as you can imagine. However, there are fine works written in this country. As for the Republican leadership, Santos-Juliá (ideologically is a centrist) is an expert in the figure of Azaña, which is indispensable to understand the period. Here's an article about one of his books: Vida y Tiempo de Manuel Azaña. Another figure on the Republican side, a very controversial one, is Juan Negrin, the last PM who tried desperately to support the resistance until the end. Negrin has been very ill-treated by Francoist historians (normal) and also from left-wingers. In recent times there has been an attempt of researching more thoroughly in his figure. Though Ángel Viñas cannot be considered impartial (he tekes sides with the Republican and Negrín causes), he's a serious historian and his efforts have been notable. Another historian in a similar way is Julián Casanova. In the Foundation of Juan Negrín there's bibliography. In favour of this institution talks that La gran Estafa: Negrín, Prieto y el Patrimonio Español by Francisco Olaya Morales is in the list. On a footnote, Juan Vigón (minister with Franco) wrote a book called El general Mola: el conspirador. If you are interested in battles and military questions, I found interesting the books written by Jorge Martínez-Reverte: La Batalla del Ebro, La Batalla de Madrid and La Caída de Cataluña. Martínez-Reverte has not an academic background (he's journalist) but his researches are serious and well regarded by historians, also his books on these battles are exhaustive but entertaining. As for the Battle of Madrid, he discovered some documentation that threw some light on the controversial events of Paracuellos del Jarama. Thank you very much! I've already started to search those books, and I managed to get the full works of Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera to have the view of the Falange. I think I can relate to the emotional identification of historians, since most of the works here about moments such as Allende government and Pinochet's regime are incredibly biased due to the division of the country. Despite the fact that most of my attention goes to the monarchists, the Republican leaders seem very engaging (especially Azaña, who seems more moderate than what I suspected). The whole period is complex and full of irony and interesting characters (I was surprised at how young Azaña, Franco, Gil Robles and Calvo Sotelo were for the times), so I think I will be reading about it for a while. The First Tycoon: The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt by T.J. Stiles, a biography grand enough to fit the ego and importance of the Commodore. Just finished The Rage against God by Peter Hitchens. A convincing argument for God's existance. Just finished Less Than Zero by Bret Easton Ellis. I thought it was OK. Nothing left me too affected. I didn't particularly care for the way it was written and I thought at times it tried too hard to go over the top. I think I'll be reading Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises next. I've been reading The World in 2050: Four forces shaping civilization's northern future by Lawrence C. Smith. It's a rather interesting book about how climate change is changing the Arctic, the difficulties, the new opportunities, and the role indigenous populations will play in this new world. Got it yesterday, started it today. Also, for our Christian users here, I highly recommend the Kissing Fish book. Even if it doesn't resonate with you entirely (I have found myself disagreeing with Wolsey at times), I consider it pretty transformative. somewhat continuing on the theme, I picked up CS Lewis' Mere Christianity a few days ago. Colbert's "Rebcoming the Greatness we never were not" or whatever it is called is amazing. Funniest book ever.
0.947416	Am I the only person to think that this place is just a little bit strange? I'm not sure what it is, but it could be the decor, with heavy drape curtains hanging above the windows, or is it the wall decorations? There are painted depictions of hop bines climbing every wall. Maybe it's the rustic wooden furniture that seems oddly out of place amongst the other ostentation. Possibly the brewery at the end of the room, with another brewery painted on the wall behind of it. I suppose it is a bit of all of these things. In addition to this, there is the waiter who was downright weird. As I sat at a table for four he said I must move to one for two. I said I would move if someone wanted the table I was sitting at, but he wasn't having it, so I moved. I didn't mind really, as a seat is a seat, whatever. The background to this was that there were only two other couples in the pub, just four people! I was there for about 40 minutes and they left during that time. Just myself and the strange barman until I departed, leaving him on his own! However there was a sequel to this strange tale, as I was chatting to fellow drinker Andy, after a chance meeting in a pub in Norwich, and he told that he was there about a week later and obviously had dealings with the same guy. Now the experience was different because Andy told him he was meeting up to ten people in the pub but the guy wouldn't do anything in advance to accommodate them. The pub was slowly getting full and as his mates came in they were forced to sit in three different sections of the pub. How odd is that? This pub has long been a home for the beers from the Pivovarský Dvůr in Chýně, which is just outside Prague in the administrative area of Středočeský Kráj (Central Bohemia) and these continue to be sold. However the hotel opened its own brewery in November 2012 and now brews two beers which are: Svetlý ležák 12° (4.4%), a standard light beer that is a bit under strength and the other is known variously as Tmavý Speciál 14° or Černé 14° or Stout 14°. Whatever it is described as, the abv is always 5.2%. Whilst the light beer is perfectly acceptable, the dark is brilliant and makes the visit worthwhile. It is black and intense and has a really good balance. For the record, the Pivovarský Dvůr beers are 10 % kvasnicové světlé (Light lager), 12 % kvasnicové polotmavé (Amber medium strength beer) and 14 % kvasnicové černé (Strong Black beer). There is a full menu and, of course, this is a proper hotel and it is all contained in a rather beautiful building built at the end of the 19th century. Another recent development is that it now has a museum of beer. I'd be interested to see exactly what this contains. So, please go here for the beer, especially the dark one, but you may feel indifferent about the remainder of the experience.
0.963056	What shocked me most during my involvement with NetBeans, now an Apache Software Foundation project, is that The Apache Software Foundation is a record label not a rock band. Imagine you like a given band. You go to their concerts regardless of the location, enjoy their music, buy their records, maybe proudly wear a T-shirt. You deeply care about that band and the band cares about the music they make and their fans. Once your band joins The Apache Record Label things might seem unchanged. The band still makes good music, released obviously exclusively through their new record label. But something did change: while the band and the fans care about their future, the record label has a lot of bands to look after and only tangentially cares about a particular band. The band is also not doing much better since all their sales go towards the maintenance of the main music venue, lawyers, trademark protection, distribution fees, etc. The misunderstanding about The Apache Software Foundation must have been caused by the fact that initially the Foundation was about a big and important project: the Apache HTTP Server. At that time I believe the fate of the project was quite important. Nowadays I believe the Foundation could retire the Apache HTTP Server and survive unscathed. The other misunderstanding is caused by the fact that the technology landscape has some other software foundations like the FreeBSD Foundation, the OpenBSD Foundation, Mozilla Foundation which are all about a single project. These foundations basically live and die by that project. It's an odd situation. The Apache Software Foundation provides competent support for its projects but has no skin in the game and if a project fails they will eventually acknowledge it in a board meeting and move on. There's also no way to directly support a project via the Apache Software Foundation. The Foundation does not sponsor any kind of project software development. All the donations go to infrastructure and administrative costs. But projects rarely hurt for infrastructure while targeted development could help them and their users a whole lot.
0.999683	how do you make chicken fried rice, like you get in chinese restaurants? The key to any fried rice is cold, cooked rice. Whenever I make rice I always make extra for this purpose. Beat eggs and season with salt and pepper. Coat the bottom of a medium-sized skillet with a bit of oil and use half the eggs to make a flat omlette; remove and repeat with remaining eggs. Place one omelette on top of the other and coarsely chop. Set aside. Toss the chicken with sesame oil. Heat 3 tablespoons vegetable oil over high heat in large frying pan or wok and stir-fry for 2-3 minutes, then add the onion and garlic and stir-fry until onion has softened. Add 2 tablespoons more vegetable oil and when hot, stir in the cooked rice and green onions, tossing and mixing thoroughly until very hot. Sprinkle with soy sauce and mix; stir in cooked egg.
0.999999	Where Did the First Farmers of Scandinavia Come From? The Funnel Beaker Culture is the name of the first farming society in northern Europe and Scandinavia. There are several names for this culture and related cultures: Funnel Beaker Culture is abbreviated FBC, but it is also known by its German name Tricherrandbecher or Trichterbecher (abbreviated TRB) and in some academic texts it is simply recorded as Early Neolithic 1. Dates for the TRB/FBC vary depending on the exact region, but the period generally lasted between 4100-2800 calendar years BC (cal BC), and the culture was based in western, central and northern Germany, the eastern Netherlands, southern Scandinavia, and most parts of Poland. The FBC history is one of a slow transition from a Mesolithic subsistence system based strictly on hunting and gathering to one of full-fledged farming of domesticated wheat, barley, legumes, and herding of domesticated cattle, sheep, and goats. The main distinguishing trait for FBC is a pottery form called funnel beaker, a handle-less drinking vessel shaped like a funnel. These were hand-built from local clay and decorated with modeling, stamping, incising, and impressing. Elaborate flint and groundstone axes and jewelry made of amber are also in Funnel Beaker assemblages. TRB/FBC also brought the first use of the wheel and plow in the region, the production of wool from sheep and goats, and the increased use of animals for specialized tasks. The FBC were also involved in extensive trade outside of the region, for large flint tools from flint mines, and for the latter adoption of other domestic plants (such as poppy) and animals (cattle). The exact date of the entry of domesticated plants and animals from the near east (via the Balkans) into northern Europe and Scandinavia varies with the region. The first sheep and goats were introduced into northwestern Germany 4,100-4200 cal BC, along with TRB pottery. By 3950 cal BC those traits were introduced into Zealand. Before the advent of the TRB, the region was occupied by Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, and, by all appearances, the change from Mesolithic lifeways to Neolithic farming practices was a slow one, with full-time agriculture taking between several decades to nearly 1,000 years to be fully adopted. The Funnel Beaker culture represents a massive economic shift from almost total dependence on wild resources to a diet based on tended cereals and domestic animals, and it was accompanied by a newly sedentary mode of life in complex settlements, the erection of elaborate monuments, and the use of pottery and polished stone tools. As with the Linearbandkeramic in central Europe, there is some debate about whether the change was caused by migrants into the region or adoption of new techniques by the local Mesolithic people: it was likely a little of both. Farming and sedentism led to population increases and as the FBC societies became more complex they also became socially stratified. One important piece of the TRB/FBC in northern Europe involved a drastic change in land use. The darkly forested woodlands of the region were environmentally impacted by the new farmers expanding their cereal fields and pastured areas and by timber exploitation for building construction. The most important impact of these was the construction of pasturages. The use of deep forest for cattle foraging is not unknown and is practiced even today in some places in Britain, but the TRB people in northern Europe and Scandinavia deforested some areas for this purpose. Cattle came to play a prominent role in the switch to permanent farming in the temperate zones: they served as a food storage mechanism, surviving on fodder to produce milk and meat for their humans over the winter. Cereals used by TRB/FBC were mostly emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccum) and naked barley (Hordeum vulgare) and lesser amounts of free-threshing wheat (T. aestivum/durum/turgidum), einkorn wheat (T. monococcum), and spelt (Triticum spelta). Flax (Linum usitatissimum), peas (Pisum sativum) and other pulses, and poppy (Papaver somniferum) as an oil plant. Their diets continued to include gathered foods such as hazelnut (Corylus), crab apple (Malus, sloe plums (Prunus spinosa), raspberry (Rubus idaeus), and blackberry (R. frruticosus). Depending on the region, some FBC harvested fat hen (Chenopodium album), acorn (Quercus), water chestnut (Trapa natans), and hawthorn (Crataegus). The new northern farmers lived in villages made up of small short-term houses made of poles. But there were public structures in the villages, in the form of ditched enclosures. These enclosures were circular to oval systems made up of ditches and banks, and they varied in size and shape but included few buildings within the ditches. A gradual change in burial customs is in evidence at TRB sites. The earliest forms associated with TRB are substantial burial monuments which were communal burials: they began as individual graves, but were reopened again and again for later burials. Eventually, the wooden supports of the original chambers were replaced with stone, creating impressive passage graves with central chambers and roofs made of glacial boulders, some covered with earth or small stones. Thousands of megalithic tombs were created in this fashion. The introduction of the wheel into northern Europe and Scandinavia occurred during the FBC. That evidence was found at the archaeological site of Flintbek, located in the Schleswig-Holstein region of northern Germany, about 8 kilometers (5 miles) from the Baltic coast near the town of Kiel. The site is a cemetery containing at least 88 Neolithic and Bronze Age burials. The overall Flintbek site is that of a long, loosely connected chain of grave mounds, or barrows, approximately 4 km (3 mi) long and .5 km (.3 mi) wide, roughly following a narrow ridge formed by a glacial ground moraine. The most prominent feature of the site is Flintbek LA 3, a 53x19 m (174-62 ft) mound, surrounded by a curb of boulders. A set of cart tracks were found beneath the most-recent half of the barrow, consisting of a pair of ruts from a wagon fitted with wheels. The tracks (direct-dated to 3650-3335 cal BC) lead from the edge to the center of the mound, ending at the central location of Dolmen IV, the last burial construction at the site. Scholars believe these were laid down by wheels rather than tracks from a drag cart, due to the "wavy" impressions in the longitudinal sections. Bakker JA, Kruk J, Lanting AE, and Milisauskas S. 1999. The earliest evidence of wheeled vehicles in Europe and the Near East. Antiquity 73(282):778-790. Gron KJ, Montgomery J, Nielsen PO, Nowell GM, Peterkin JL, Sørensen L, and Rowley-Conwy P. 2016. Strontium isotope evidence of early Funnel Beaker Culture movement of cattle. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 6:248-251. Gron KJ, and Rowley-Conwy P. 2017. Herbivore diets and the anthropogenic environment of early farming in southern Scandinavia. The Holocene 27(1):98-109. Hinz M, Feeser I, Sjögren K-G, and Müller J. 2012. Demography and the intensity of cultural activities: an evaluation of Funnel Beaker Societies (4200–2800 cal BC). Journal of Archaeological Science 39(10):3331-3340. Jansen D, and Nelle O. 2014. The Neolithic woodland – archaeoanthracology of six Funnel Beaker sites in the lowlands of Germany. Journal of Archaeological Science 51:154-163. Kirleis W, and Fischer E. 2014. Neolithic cultivation of tetraploid free threshing wheat in Denmark and Northern Germany: implications for crop diversity and societal dynamics of the Funnel Beaker Culture. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 23(1):81-96. Kirleis W, Klooß S, Kroll H, and Müller J. 2012. Crop growing and gathering in the northern German Neolithic: a review supplemented by new results. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 21(3):221-242. Mischka D. 2011. The Neolithic burial sequence at Flintbek LA 3, north Germany, and its cart tracks: a precise chronology. Antiquity 85(329):742-758. Skoglund P, Malmström H, Raghavan M, Storå J, Hall P, Willerslev E, Gilbert MTP, Götherström A, and Jakobsson M. 2012. Origins and genetic legacy of Neolithic farmers and hunter-gatherers in Europe. Science 336:466-469. Who Were the First Farmers of Europe and How Did They Get There? Which Society Cultivated Wheat First? Can We Blame Europeans for the Domestication of Opium Poppy? Were There Really Only Eight Founder Crops in Farming History? Who Were the Hallstatt Culture People of the European Iron Age? Did Climate Change Cause Neolithic People to Begin Farming?
0.999761	Healthy Healing: A Guide to Working Out Grief Using the Power of Exercise and Endorphins by MIchelle Steinke-Baumgard. I'm in the middle of this new book, Steinke-Baumgard's part-memoir, part-self-help guide to using exercise to work through grief based on her blog, One Fit Widow. After losing her husband Mitch, a pilot, in an airplane crash in 2009, Steinke-Baumgard turned to exercise as an outlet for grief and a way to handle stress. It was a coincidence that only a few months before her husband's death the author had begun an exercise regimen to get control of her weight and to feel better in general. She credits that exercise routine with saving her and her family after her husband's death. Now re-married, Steinke-Baumgard left her corporate job to become a personal trainer and she formed the nonprofit Live the List, which focuses on helping widows and widowers embrace their bucket lists even as they work through their grief. Why does this book appeal to me? Grief is grief and whether it's over the loss of a loved one or the many losses we experience as we age, we can use exercise and endorphins to help us cherish our time on this earth. It's a great read. Real Love: The Art of Mindful Connection by Sharon Salzberg. Salzberg's books Real Happiness: The Power of Meditation, published in 2014, and Real Happiness at Work: Meditations for Accomplishment, Achievement, and Peace, her follow-up book, published later in 2014, are widely believed to be what brought the idea and practice of mindfulness meditation to kitchen tables, workplace conferences, and even Capitol Hill. There are many great meditation teachers out there, but I consider Salzberg to be incredibly accessible and engaging. After reading Real Happiness and taking her 28-day meditation challenge, I find myself incorporating her mindfulness techniques regularly throughout my day, sometimes when I consciously set aside time to practice mindfulness and sometimes without thinking. One benefit of becoming more mindful is creating space between your emotions and your actions, and as a type-A New Yorker, I see the results and benefits of this at home, at work, and in my community where everyone seems to be on edge because of our tense and uncertain political situation. Her new book, Real Love, addresses this idea of using a mindfulness practice to develop compassion for yourself and for others around you, including casual acquaintances, such as the checkout person at the grocery store, and especially for those individuals, or leaders, you despise. In these uncertain and stressful political times, Salzberg is an antidote. You Don't Look Your Age and Other Fairy Tales by Sheila Nevins. This collection of personal essays by the 78-year-old CEO of HBO Documentary is so fantastic for a number of reasons. Aside from the fact that the essays are both touching and funny many of them are written in the 3rd person so you don't know whether Nevins is writing about herself or her friends or acquaintances. I listened to the audio version, which is also available on Audible.com, where essays are read by celebrities, and then bought the hard cover book. For this one, especially after listening to Katie Couric's essay, you'll feel obliged to by the actual book, which is also available as an e-book. This is a must-read this summer. Textbook Amy Krouse Rosenthal by Amy Krouse Rosenthal. Like many fans of this extraordinary author, I was devastated to learn about her death at the age of 51 a few weeks ago. I picked up this little book, Rosenthal's "not exactly a memoir," last summer when I was at the beach. Rosenthal's humor is sometimes subtle but it's ever present. She's charming and inspirational and her writing is fun. She makes reading fun. If you haven't seen her Modern Love piece in the NYT, "You May Want to Marry My Husband," just days before her death, go read it right now. I agree with the Washington Post reviewer that his heartbreaking memoir is also uplifting and overwhelmingly inspiring in every way. And it's so well written and well crafted. There's some controversy over the veracity of Duckworth's research but nevertheless this is an extremely thought-provoking and well-written book, which I listened to as an audiobook. Her point is that grit is a better predictor of success than intelligence or environment. Running: A Love Story by Jen Miller. If you click on the hyperlink to Jen Miller's book you'll see a picture of her Jack Russell. If you know me you'll let out a big Huhh! Her dog looks very much like our Monsieur Louie. I'm a big fan of this journalist and although I came into running so much later I think we are very similar in how it factors into our everyday lives. This is well written and inspirational - a quick read. Anatomy for Runners by Jay Dicharry, MPT, SCS. As I'm studying for my CPT exam through the National Strength and Conditioning Association I have to say this little book is my bible. It's well organized and easy to read and kind of what I plan to publish in the future for exercise in general as we age. Cure: A Journey into the Science of Mind over Body by Jo Marchant. Marchant is a PhD scientist but she's also a journalist so this book is a great read. Marchant cites medical research showing how our thoughts can help our bodies heal but at the same time she shares studies of how people suffering from chronic stress are at greater risk of becoming seriously ill and early aging. There are no answers here but lots to think about. I heard about this book when I was listening to an Octane Athletic Performance podcast interview with Irish physical therapist Darragh Sheehy. Really helpful exercises to get you to breathe more efficiently. Probably more info than you need, but if you find that you're getting winded early on in your workouts, you might find this book helpful. Can You Go by Dan John. I can't say enough great things about this little book. "Can you go" is a phrase coaches use in football when a player shows up with stuff occupying his mind or physical issues. The bottom line is, Can you go? If not, go home and come back when you can put in 100 percent effort. For someone like me, this is a tough thing to learn. Listen to your body (including your heart and mind) - if it's not happening today, give it up and start fresh tomorrow.
0.999999	Which performed better in recent years, growth stocks or value stocks? Differentiating between these characteristics is a popular way to segment the US market. Value stocks can be roughly described as "bargains". These stocks are usually associated with low P/E, low P/B, low price/cash flow, and a high dividend yield. Growth stocks are the exact opposite. They are considered expensive measured by a variety of metrics. These stocks generally do not pay dividends, as the companies usually want to reinvest any earnings in order to keep growing at certain rates. Value and growth investing are opposing strategies. A stock prized by a value investor might be considered worthless by a growth investor and vice versa. Value investors seek to profit as the price returns to its “fair value" while growth investors are looking for "winners" and focus on competitive advantages. The ratio in the chart above divides the Russell 3000 Growth Index by the Russell 3000 Value Index. When the ratio rises, growth stocks outperform value stocks - and when it falls, value stocks outperform growth stocks. The ratio peaked in 2000, during the dot-com mania. The Russel 1000 is a subset of the Russel 3000 and includes its largest 1000 companies. Therefore, it's considered a benchmark for big-cap stocks. The Russel 2000 is also subset of the Russel 3000 and includes its smallest 2000 companies. Therefore, it's considered a benchmark for small-cap stocks. The Russel 3000 is the broadest index and it tracks the performance of the 3,000 largest U.S.-traded stocks which represent about 98% of all U.S incorporated equity securities. All indices are capitalization-weighted and they are total return indices, which include reinvested dividends. Since inception, the value indices have outperformed the growth indices.
0.999994	The inflation rate in Chile between 1989 and today has been 499.53%, which translates into a total increase of $499.53. This means that 100 pesos in 1989 are equivalent to 599.53 pesos in 2019. In other words, the purchasing power of $100 in 1989 equals $599.53 today. The average annual inflation rate has been 5.95%.
0.997906	You’re talking to someone and you wonder if what they’re saying to you is the truth. How do you know if they’re being truthful with the words coming from their lips? When a person lies, generally he or she blinks more often. Now, this isn’t a telltale sign as some people naturally blink a lot, but if it occurs with other signs of deception, you may want to consider it a red flag. Also, if a right handed person tells the truth, they tend to look up and to the left when they’re trying to recall details. However, if they are making up a story, they will look up and to the right. For a left handed person, the directions are the opposite: up and to the right is for recall, and up and to the left is for fabrication. Keep in mind that this may be just a quick glance so you’ll want to pay attention or you may miss it. Most people don’t even realize they do this which is what makes it a great detection move to watch for. When a person tells a lie, they may bring their hand up to their mouth in an effort to cover it, almost as if they’re literally trying to conceal the truth. They may try to hide this gesture by tapping their fingers on their lips as if they’re thinking or they may even yawn as if they’re tired. However, they’re actually lying square to your face and hoping that you can’t see through them. A person may also put their head into their hands and rub it like they’re exasperated with the conversation or question, but they’re actually just trying to buy themselves time to formulate an answer that they hope you will believe. Either way, hands to the face can be an indicator or dishonesty. Some people are nervous by nature, but even the calmest person can start to fidget if they’re not being truthful. It helps to know beforehand what type of person they are (calm or nervous), but if it is a friend or family member then you can probably pick out unnatural fidgeting pretty easily. It may come in the form of twirling of the hair, tapping of the fingers, constant shifting of the body as if they’re uncomfortable or any other action that is repetitive. Also, the fidgeting may come and go based on times when they’re being blatantly dishonest and times when they are giving you all or partial truths. Now, this one is a little difficult because a lot of people have the bad habit of saying “um” a lot when they speak. In fact, it’s not all that uncommon to even hear a professional speaker who repeatedly utters this word. I’ve been to several conferences and trainings where the presenter said it so much I started to count the number of times. Certainly they weren’t lying about their information, it is just how they speak. The key difference between someone that is just nervous and someone who is lying is generally when the “um” is presented. If it is the first word in response to a question, for instance, it almost always precedes a lie (as does the word “huh?”). One example is if you suspect that your spouse is cheating and you ask him who the person is that keeps texting him. If he responds with “Um” as the first word, he is very possibly trying to give himself a little extra time to come up with his answer. Obviously, if he was going to tell you the truth, he wouldn’t need the time. Imagine if you ask me a question and I answer “yes” but shake my head “no”. You’d be confused right? Which one is true? Well, when you’re verbally told one thing but someone’s body language says something else, always go with the body because that can’t lie like the mouth can. For instance, if you ask someone if they’re relaxed and they’re sitting there stiff as a board but tell you that they’re okay, then you suspect otherwise. If they felt comfortable, their posture would be more relaxed. It is little discrepancies like this that you’ll want to watch for to determine if someone is being deceptive with you. It can be hard to test your body language skills because often you don’t find out the truth until so far down the road that you don’t remember which signs you witnessed when you thought someone was lying. So, you want to get quick results to properly test your skills. The best way to do that? Talk shows! There are a number of shows on television today that bring guests on to tell their stories, only to give them lie detector tests to “finally find out the truth.” While these shows can be a little annoying and silly at times, they’re also a great opportunity to test your lie detecting capabilities. Listen to the person’s story and watch their movements. Try to determine for yourself whether they’re being honest or whether they’ve just made up a story that they hope is believable. You may just be surprised at how well you do with matching your conclusion with that of the actual lie detector test. If you’re not that good, keep watching and work to improve your perceptions. Unfortunately, there is no fast and hard way to find out if someone is being dishonest as everyone is different and may have quirks that make them unbelievable even when they’re being completely genuine. When in doubt, follow your gut. It may be picking up on things so small that your mind hasn’t recognized them. You certainly don’t want to walk around doubting everyone’s story, but now you know what to look for if you are. Put this knowledge to use and never be lied to again.
0.94813	How can I aish brick adhesive from the sidewalk I aloof congenital with paver bricks? My bedmate and I got the adhesive anointed on the brick, and it looks terrible. Is there a controllable way to do this? Smeared adhesive on brick is a actual accepted problem. Depending aloft the blazon of brick, the job can be simple or a nightmare. Because you are anxious about the toxicity of altered options, you may acquisition it actual adamantine to do this job. There are some appealing advancing acids you can use, and the ones that assignment faster tend to be added toxic. Bricklayers about use muriatic acerbic to deliquesce adhesive from best brick. This is artlessly a anatomy of hydrochloric acid. When you buy this product, you may apprehension a skull and crossbones on the label, admonishing you that it is a able chemical. However, the adhesive will abrogate the acerbic as it works. There are added acids that will acknowledge and deliquesce the acrid chemicals in the mortar. Even the white alkali begin in your kitchen will assignment to some degree. The claiming for you is to acquisition an acerbic about amid alkali and hydrochloric acerbic that will calmly aish the adhesive buildup. Accede calling a allure adviser at a bounded academy or aerial school. You additionally can appointment a architecture accumulation aggregation and see if it stocks a controllable acid. The aboriginal footfall in the action is to aish as abundant of the adhesive as accessible with a scraper or chisel. Once the majority of the adhesive is off the brick, you again should accede bathing the brick with a adulterated acerbic solution. As mentioned above, muriatic acerbic is awful effective, and it works on best brick. Usually, you mix one allotment of the acerbic with 10 genitalia of apple-pie water. Always apprehend the instructions on the acerbic label, abnormally those accompanying to safety. In best cases, you should bedew the brick first, again try the acerbic band-aid in an ambagious breadth if you are borderline if the acerbic will abuse the brick. Some brick can be bedimmed by acids. Use a abrade besom to advice aish the mortar. Wait bristles or 10 account afterwards the acerbic band-aid has been activated to the brick afore you scrub. Rinse the brick with massive amounts of water.
0.982044	Syrian President Bashar al-Assad said he was ready to discuss "everything" at peace talks proposed to be held in Kazakhstan; however, there is no official representation for the opposition yet. The talks come amidst a historic ceasefire brokered between Syrian forces, Russia, Iran and Turkey. Though a date for the talks has not been decided, Assad has agreed to discuss "everything" at Astana. Is the Syrian war drawing to an end? The Syrian Civil War began as spill-over from the Arab Spring; a government crackdown on peaceful protests in 2011 spilled over into a full-blown civil war. Until 2013-14 it was largely an internal conflict; however, after ISIS entered Syria, the conflict has become international. The US (and NATO), Saudi Arabia, Russia, Turkey, Iran, Syria, ISIS and rebel groups are key-players. With the introduction of ISIS in the Syrian conflict, the Syrian government and opposition forces had to fight a three-way battle. Opposition groups in Syria, initially called "moderate rebels" were actively armed and financed by the US, NATO and Saudi Arabia. Several of these rebels turned extremist as the war progressed, leading to several hundred opposition factions, Assad and ISIS fighting each other. By 2015, different groups, not allied to each other, held various parts of the country. In September, Russia, stepped up support to the Syrian government and began conducting air strikes against rebel forces and ISIS in Syria. Russia's logistical and military support to the Assad government in co-ordination with Iran played a major role in the tactical advancements that government forces made. Who holds what in Syria? Currently, large swathes of Western and Southern Syria are under government control. ISIS controls a majority of the central and eastern part of the country, while Kurdish forces occupy the majority of Syria's northern areas which border Turkey. In December 2016, Assad's forces recaptured the city of Aleppo, ousting the rebels who had long held the city. Lauding the success of his forces, Assad said "it's a tipping point in the course of the war and it is on the way to victory." Assad now controls major swathes of Western and Southern Syria. Assad made it clear that his next move would be to liberate rebel held areas in and around Damascus. The Wadi Barada valley holds Damascus's main water supply and is currently held by rebel forces; Assad categorically stated that "The Syrian army's role is to liberate that area." The government also intends to beef up its positions in Raqqa. How many ceasefires so far? Since the beginning of the conflict, 3 ceasefires were agreed to, however two collapsed and the third is underway. The first was a US-Russia ceasefire from Feb-July'16. The second was also a US-Russia backed ceasefire which lasted 8 days in Sept'16. What's on the table at Astana? Assad made it clear that he is ready to discuss "everything" at Astana "when the time of the conference is set." However, he said that he would only hold negotiations, if opposing forces lay down their arms. Also, it is unclear who would represent the opposition at the talks as the rebel groups remain highly fragmented. President Assad said he was willing to discuss his position as President. He said, "if they want to discuss this point they must discuss the constitution." He clarified that should the Constitution have to be changed, it would have to be put for a referendum. Syrian rebel delegation spokesman Yahya al-Aridi said that the group had no intention of signing a joint communique demarcating an agreement to ceasefire, at talks being held in Kazakhstan. They also appeared to reject the proposal for Iran to play a role in monitoring the ceasefire. However, Russian, Turkish and Iranian delegations continued negotiations for the second day in Astana. The CBI retrieved evidence from the US, where the Department of Justice is conducting its own investigation into Brazilian aircraft manufacturer, Embraer.
0.941107	The first two paragraphs below borrow freely from Mattocks (1988). What is a Breeding Bird Atlas (BBA)? The basic objectives of the breeding bird atlas are to develop a map of the nesting occurrence of each species known to breed in the four-county area, and to make these maps available in a socially useful and scientifically valid manner. BBA is a presence/absence study, not a quantitative study. It seeks to determine whether or not a species is present in a given area (atlas block) in the breeding season and to weigh the evidence for its actually nesting there. But it is not designed to measure population density. The BBA is based on the fieldwork of volunteer participants who record evidence of breeding for each species occurring in an atlas block, following a standardized protocol employed by atlas projects in dozens of other counties, states, and countries. Each observation during the nesting season can be classified in one of four categories: OBserved, POssible breeder, PRobable breeder, or COnfirmed breeder. The specific type of breeding evidence is recorded on field cards under one or another of these categories, as appropriate, using standard codes (see Table 1). On our maps, each species is depicted at the highest evidence level at which it was recorded by BBA observers on each individual atlas block. Only POssible, PRobable, and COnfirmed records are reflected on the maps; the OBserved category is not used. In 1998, a block-by-block comparison was made of the hardcopy field cards for King and Kittitas Counties with the final database of BBA records used for the maps of the bird volume of the Washington Gap report (Smith et al. 1997). This exercise revealed an unacceptable number of discrepancies. Many of these can be attributed to lost or otherwise absent field cards, while others appear to result from data-entry errors ranging from random keystroke mistakes to entire field cards having been entered under the wrong atlas-block coordinates. As a result of this comparison it was decided to create a fresh database for the four-county atlas, starting with the reentry of all of the data from the original field cards of the first (statewide) atlas phase. It was also decided that no data from new fieldwork would be entered except on the basis of a hardcopy record in standard field-card format, thus permitting the later verification of any record. After cessation of fieldwork the completed database was cross-checked against the field cards for a random sample of 60 blocks, disclosing three errors in 2,113 datapoints. This error rate of <0.15 percent was considered acceptable. Anomalous and outlier records were reviewed upon data entry and again by the authors of the species accounts. Almost without exception such records were at the POssible level, reflecting isolated observations of single birds in atypical locations. In many instances reviewers decided to downgrade these to OBserved, reasoning that they represented migrants or birds otherwise not breeding on a particular block. The smaller number of cases where such records have been allowed to remain on the maps are individually discussed in the species accounts. It should be noted, too, that reviewers have upgraded many records from OBserved to POssible in cases where this action was clearly justified by date of observation and by habitat. In addition, observers were occasionally asked to confirm unusual sightings to be certain they did not result from recording errors in the field.
0.999932	The objective of this experiment was to test if an aerial survey system could be more effective and efficient than a ground survey performed by a human. We did this by detecting markers set in a field. Effectiveness is defined as how many markers/targets are found. Efficiency is compared by using time it took to record the data. At the end of the experiment, we found the aerial survey method was better than the ground survey in both aspects. This suggests there is a potential future for using drones to survey fields.
0.999869	Are you thinking about remodeling a bathroom but do not know where to start? Maybe you know where to start but have a few questions. What kind of tile should I use? What kind of tools do I need to tile a bathroom? How do you prepare a bathroom for a remodel? Should I hire a contractor, or can I complete the remodel myself? The first place to start is with the bathroom design. I suggest that you create a list of the amenities you need in your bathroom and a list of the amenities you would like to include in your bathroom. You may need to edit your list depending on your budget. Once you have a basic idea of the needs of your bathroom remodel, it is time to start putting all the pieces together. Designing a bathroom involves numerous considerations; selecting tile, vanity, vanity top, paint colors, and fixtures. In addition, you need to set a realistic timeframe of completing the remodel. If you are planning to complete the remodel yourself, set a schedule of when you are going to complete the work. If you are planning to complete the bathroom remodel yourself, I encourage you to do your homework before you start the project. Be sure to research all steps involved in the bathroom remodel project. Prepare yourself by making sure you have all the necessary tools to complete the project and have all your supplies on hand before you begin. Keep in mind that you need to allow extra time if you are ordering tile, vanities, etc. For the sake of this article and other articles to follow, I am going to focus on a bathroom makeover. A makeover is generally less expensive and easier to complete. A makeover usually is also the quickest bathroom remodel. All the existing walls, plumbing, electrical outlets, doors, etc. remain in place. A makeover generally includes replacement of all the fixtures, such as bathtub, shower, and faucets. You may also want to replace the tile on the floor, walls, and shower. In addition, a bathroom makeover may include replacement of the lighting, vanity, and vanity top. Most people also install a bath fan, if needed. Remember, you must follow all building codes and have the electrical inspected by a licensed electrician to ensure the electrical is conforming to current building codes for the bathroom. Finally, give the bathroom a new coat of paint to give it a new look! Everyone has different bathroom needs. The best part of a bathroom remodeling project is that you can customize your bathroom to meet your needs and the needs of your family! Maybe you have three bathrooms in your home, each with a bathtub but only one shower. You may determine that you do not need three bathtubs, but you could really use a second shower. When designing your bathroom remodel, plan to remove your existing bathtub and incorporate a shower in that space instead. Maybe you have a pedestal sink in your bathroom but you want more storage space in your bathroom. Replace your pedestal sink with a full vanity that provides storage under the sink. Your options are endless! The most important idea with this part of the process is to design your bathroom remodel to meet your needs! Once you have an idea of your bathroom design and what you want to incoroporate in your bathroom, the next step is selecting the tile. There are numerous products of tile on the market today ranging in price. Ceramic Tile: Ceramic tiles are made primarily of clay mixed with mineral and water. The material is fired to harden the tiles. A sealer and glaze can then be applied to the tile before a second firing. The glaze helps the tile become more durable. However, the drawback to ceramic tile is its strength. Ceramic tile is not as strong as a porcelain tile. Ceramic tile is generally more cost effective than other tile and is easier for homeowners to install themselves. Porcelain Tile: Porcelain tiles are made by mixing porcelain clay, finely ground sand and curing them with high heat and pressure. Porcelain tile is denser than ceramic tile and has a lower water absorption rate than ceramic tile. When a porcelain tile is unglazed, the color remains consistent throughout the tile. This is the advantage of porcelain tile along with the strength of the tile. Quarry Tile: Quarry tiles are unglazed ceramic tile. Quarry tiles tend to be less expensive than other tiles available on the market. Terra-Cotta Tile: Terra-Cotta Tiles are generally hand molded from clay. This tile is more rustic looking. They come in reds, browns, or yellows, depending on the color of clay and the origin of the tile. Terra-Cotta tile tends to be soft and porous, which can make the tile susceptible to staining and scratches, and chipping. Stone Tile: Stone tiles come in Granite, Limestone, and Travertine. Granite is one of the hardest stones available. Limestone comes from a sedimentary rock. The sedimentary rock is collected and compressed to make the tile. Limestone is extremely soft and can scratch easily. Travertine tile is made of limestone. Travertine tile is more natural and rustic than other tile. Since the tile is soft, it is good to use the tile on horizontal services, such as backsplashes. Mosaics include a grid of small tiles connected with a mesh backing. Mosaic can be used for custom shower floors. Mosaics can also be used for trim or accent pieces that can be set with other tile. Mosaics also are often used for backsplashes. Mosaics are great to add detail to your tile design. Trim tile are finished on the edges and are used to provide a finished edge where the tile field stops. I hope this information provides you with better understanding of the different types of tile that are available. It is time to go to the local tile shop and look for the tile that catches your eye! I encourage my clients to visit a tile store that includes full tile displays so they can see firsthand the finished product. Take along any pictures you may have found in a magazine or book that you would like to use as a base for your bathroom design. Good luck on your bathroom remodel! How Do I Prepare a Bathroom For Tile Installation?
0.962911	There is a sauce that I make that uses browned butter as its base. I love the taste but it just feels incredibly oily. Is there anything I can add that will fix some of the oil feel or is there a different base for the sauce I can use that will taste similar but not be as oily? This is added to ~3/4 lb pasta. I have tried adding more pasta, but that just dilutes the taste. I need some way to keep the same pasta/sauce ratio while reducing the sauce's greasiness. Emulsification is the breaking up a fat and dispersing it into a liquid (or vice versa, dispersing a liquid in a fat). A classic example of an emulsification, also known as an emulsion, is mayonnaise. There are at least two good ways you can emulsify your brown butter, soy sauce, and lemon juice. One way is called shearing, which is just what it sounds like. You're basically cutting off slices of droplets, making them smaller and smaller. The smaller the microdroplets, the more stable the emulsion. You can accomplish a short-lived but great textured emulsion with just energetic whisking of your liquid and fat ingredients. You can make the micro-droplets even smaller and your emulsion more stable by using a blender or immersion blender. A second thing you can do to bind your liquid and fat ingredients into a much firmer and more stable emulsion is to add an emulsifier, an egg yolk being a very solid candidate for the job. Energetically whisk in about half of an egg yolk while slowly bringing the cool sauce to just above perfect serving temperature. If you like where the sauce is going, and would like it to be even more like that, temper, then add the other half of the yolk. Mustard is pretty effective too, for a different flavor. If this sauce is your own creative invention** and you make it a little different each time, it sounds like you aren't averse to experimentation... So my suggestion would be to try substituting a little bit of cream (fairly heavy cream, like whipping cream) for some of the butter. Yes, cream is also just full of butterfat, but the homogenized nature of it can help emulsify the fat with the other components of the sauce. Of course it will be just as fatty and rich, but I think it might not feel quite so greasy on your tongue. Another idea would be to stir in a little cornstarch slurry - at the very end of cooking: You know, a little bit of milk mixed thoroughly with a teensy bit of cornstarch. Like maybe a couple tablespoons milk and maybe a half teaspoon cornstarch. Stir those two together good so no starch is left unmixed, then stir that cloudy-milky mixture quickly into the sauce while it is still cooking. This will thicken slightly to counteract the dilution of the milk, and the whole thing should make a nice emulsion with the butterfat, masking the greasiness. I would try adding an additional tsp of lemon juice. acids are often used to cut that fatty film left on your palate from rich foods. Other than that I'm not sure...you mentioned not wanting to dilute the flavor by adding more pasta, so I'm sure you would not like any result found by leaving out the butter. If you wanted to try something with a little different taste, you can half the butter and use either a chicken stock or vegetable stock to replace some of the ommitted butter. But it won't be the same. I agree with Jolene.. above. It sounds like the easiest way to fix your problem would be to cut a little bit of cream into your sauce. Maybe use half the amount of butter and add a little cream? What’s happening is the butter is breaking under high heat and therefore separating. Cream would do the same thing but you would have to actually reduce it quite a bit. Because it is much more stable than butter under that type of heat give it a shot. Make sure and reduce it a little for thicker body if you want/need. We used to do this sauce similar to what you’re talking about it was a shiitake soy cream ( but we also cut a little brown sugar in there so it was like a teriyaki cream LOL ) really good!! Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged sauce butter or ask your own question.
0.996495	Is winlog.exe safe or is this malware? Be aware that many tasks will be similiar names to existing tasks or processes. You can always view the running tasks on your computer by pressing ctrl-alt-del to view the windows "task manager", and then view the "processes" tab. This will show you all tasks running or currently active on your PC. Although this shows you all running tasks, it does not show dll file thats are loaded, as they get loaded as part of other processes. Many spyware writers attempt to hide their files on your computer, for example, winlog.exe may be intentionally misspelled to look like a similiar task, or spyware may be named very similiar to a Windows system task. The reason they do this is so you cannot easily recognize the name in your tasklist as I have mentioned above. Make sure always check the location of the file if you are concerned. You can always find the location of winlog.exe on your computer by using your Windows search options, but I will also try to list the file location of every file described on this website, so you can verify the correct location. You can view the entire tasklist directory with the link below.
0.873097	I have a question about the "main character" of a story who is not of the Main Character Throughline. Suppose Frodo is the "main character", who holds the ring and must deliver it to Mount Doom, but all of the other characters receive a POV while Frodo does not. Each of these other characters contributes to the success of Frodo's mission. Frodo is obviously the character everyone else depends on to destroy the ring, but the audience will not see things from his perspective. What type of character would this represent, and could you have a main character that does not receive a Main Character POV? He would simply be one of the Overall Story characters. He might also be the Protagonist, if he's the one pursuing the goal the most and getting other characters to consider the goal. Or he might represent different objective character elements. The answer might depend on how you're defining "main character". As @mlucas said, Dramatica differentiates between "main character" and "protagonist" (they can be the same, but not necessarily [CORRECTION - they can be in the same "player", but the roles are not the same]). The separation of the "main character" role (the "I" perspective) from that of the "protagonist" is one of the first insights that convinced me that Dramatica was onto something that I had not encountered in other story paradigms. So that's one answer. But you might be asking something related but slightly different, namely, in a novel that has multiple points of view, how do you know which POV is the "main character"? We had a discussion about that here, so maybe that will be useful. Hm. You could say that he is pursuing the goal more than the others, but the POV characters would also be pursuing the goal to supplement Frodo's goal. Would you have to trade-off the elements of Protagonists (in scenes) if there are multiples? But what would happen if two protagonists come together? Would one protagonist assume the protagonist character elements while the other protagonist takes on other character elements within that scene? What do you mean by this part? @Gregolas As in, the story receives a perspective from the supporting cast in supplement to the central character, where the main character, the “I” perspective, would be a part of that supporting cast. I'm not used to speaking of POV characters, only POV as, say, a first person voice, or a third person omniscient voice, or whatever. So to be clear, are you using "POV character" to refer to who the audience is following? As in, Legolas would be the POV character in a sentence that read "Legolas watched in horror as Frodo was stabbed by the Cave Trolls spear"? Dramatica doesn't use the term "central character" as far as I know, so I think that would muddy things to use that term. I'm still new at this so others can weigh in, but I think in your hypothetical version of the LOTR, the most likely scenario (from a Dramatica perspective) is that Frodo is the protagonist (the character who pursues the overall story goal) but not the main character (because we don't see anything from his perspective). I think the example is a little confused though because the actual LOTR has multiple storyforms -- in other words, multiple stories that each have the four throughlines, each with their own story goals, main characters, etc. So you could have a scenario (say) where you have multiple storyforms, the most prominent of which is Frodo getting the ring to Mordor. Frodo could be the protagonist of the Overall Story, with Sam as the "Help" character (for example) in the Overall Story. Sam could also be the main character. Probably Frodo in that case would be the Influence Character. Then you make the storytelling decision not to have any scenes told from Frodo's point of view, and you end up with a version of LOTR where almost everyone except Frodo has point of view scenes. But this is just a mental exercise on my part. There are countless other possibilities, and I'm not sure this is answering your question. I suspect that your answer lies in understanding the difference between Protagonist and Main Character. But maybe you could clarify further? Got it. Sorry for the goofy questions. If I can add to what @mlucas and @Lakis have already said, I think you get the idea that a traditional "main character" and a Dramatica Main Character are two different things, one clearly defined and the other much less so, sometimes seemingly interchangeable but oftentimes not. That said, I think the Dramatica term most appropriate for how you are using "main character" would be "player". The concept of “player” is found throughout Dramatica and differs from what we mean by “character.” Dramatica defines a character as a set of dramatic functions that must be portrayed in order to make the complete argument of a story. Several functions may be grouped together and assigned to a person, place, or thing who will represent them in the story. The group of functions defines the nature of the character. The personage representing the functions is a player. If you are looking at Frodo's story, all events being exactly the same only seen from another perspective, then I agree that he seems to be fulfilling a protagonist role, or embodying the Pursuit characteristic at the very least, but could also potentially have other roles, such as the IC, depending on how this hypothetical version plays out and where it's focused. could you have a main character that does not receive a Main Character POV? Similarly I don't think the audience having a POV on a character is the same as the Storymind's perspective on or within the story. However, i have a hard time imagining what a personal perspective would look like without being able to follow that characters POV. So...perhaps not? But what would happen if two protagonists come together? Would one protagonist assume the protagonist character elements while the other protagonist takes on other character elements within that scene? Dramatica theory suggests you not put two separate protagonists in the same scene, so yes, you would have one of them maintain the Protagonist characteristics while the other let go of them for that scene. The exception would be if you had multiple characters that were meant to represent a single Protagonist role. An example of something like this might bethe Salamanca cousins on Breaking Bad (not that they are a collective Protagonist, but that they are a collective of whatever their story role is...Contagonist, maybe?). for a great example of a "main character" that is not a Main Character, look at the discusions about Andy Dufresne in The Shawshank Redemption. Dramatica differentiates between "main character" and "protagonist" (they can be the same, but not necessarily). Not to get persnickety, but they cannot be the same. They can be played by the same player, but the roles have to remain distinct. I think you may want to take a look at Dead Poets Society. Mr. Keating has a huge role and a strong personality, but he is not the Main Character in Dramatica parlance. You may also want to look at Stalag 17 where the entire group represents the Main Character. Or, you may be trying to force your preconceptions into Dramatica, which doesn't really work very well. Hey thanks for your reply! Just so the internet knows, @Lakis was loose with his words, and misleading with his help. NEVER LET THIS DIE! CAN I GET AN SEO EXPERT TO HELP HERE? That response was totally worth it @MWollaeger. Just for that I'm going to start offering as much subtly incorrect Dramatica advice on these boards as possible to keep you on your toes. So I'm working on a project where I can see the OS playing out in one of two ways. I have an MC who, within the OS would probably be the Protagonist and Reason character. But whenever I think in terms of the OS for this story I can't tell if it would be better if it were coming more from his POV or the POV of his wife, who is probably the Emotion character. I always think of the OS as being from her perspective because I think it helps me keep the Throughlines separate in my mind. But it also seems like it might feel kind of weird to follow her perspective rather than his since he is both Protagonist and Main Character. When you talk about what seems to be going on, that is the subjective audience view -- the experiential view -- of the story, not the objective view Dramatica provides of your story. When considering the storyform and the story point embodied in it, always think in terms of what IS, not what seems or may be. Pretend like you've already seen or read the story all the way through so you know everything about how things fit and what is going on. THAT is the perspective needed when making storyforming choices.
0.998828	A landscape designer has expertise in creatively blending properties with nature, aesthetically. To know more about the role and responsibilities of this job profile, read on! Landscape designers are responsible for combining the elements of art and science into a display of beauty, that is created by determining whether the constructed structure has a suitable match with its surroundings. Generally, a landscape designer performs the task of creating designs, making a detailed description, and analyzing the cost and expenses of several recreational projects, and highway roadside landscaping. The job obligations differ from their levels and positions. For an entry-level job or trainee, the duties would be gaining knowledge about how the work is actually done and undertaking various design projects. The next level is the intermediate level, where the designer carries out a wide range of designing assignments, which includes on-the-job training. The next level is that of a professionally well-trained designer, who is responsible for carrying out all related functions and operations in a full-fledged capacity and work environment. He also has to be well prepared for taking his own decisions, and making plans and strategies which certainly have a substantial effect on the ongoing project. The last level is the advanced level, wherein an employee becomes a professional in the landscape designing field, and is highly proficient. He may also be assigned the responsibility of managing and supervising the work performed by junior designers, and guiding them in their tasks. A typical landscape designer is responsible for creating a rough design, working on drawings, concentrating on specs and significant factors, and determining the overall expenses involved in a project. They contribute widely in the development of state parks, recreational sites, and design of highway roadsides. Their obligations also include drafting a long-term outline of a project, and creating an elaborated strategy as per certain specifications in building sites which match the landscape. They may conduct an on-field investigation to guide the architect and builder in outlining a construction that wouldn't affect the environmental design. They creatively blend the construction with the beauty of nature for developing a suitable and aesthetically delighting piece of area. These areas may be customized lawns, parks, walks, main roads, etc. Landscape designers carry out detailed construction site examinations which include analysis of soil, grown plants and trees, natural and landscape lighting, visual conception, and architectural style of the intended project or property. They have to regularly be in touch with other workers such as contractors and construction supervisors for coordinating the work efficiently. They conduct a thorough research on the present condition and status of the site which is to be worked upon, to determine the aftereffects of the construction. If required, they even participate in public and media presentations to discuss the project concept. They have to ensure that the work to be done would not in any way have an adverse effect on the natural resources such as trees and soil. Landscape designers may be employed by government agencies or private builders or constructors to assist in building property, without disturbing the scenic view and environmental factors. The per annum pay scale ranges from US $34,994 to US $60,209, which depends on the facility they work in and the clients they work for. Moreover, their earnings highly count on their level of expertise and years of experience. There are several other responsibilities which are carried out by these experts. To get the best understanding, one needs to work with a designer on the field. These professionals compulsorily need be creative, along with a liking for nature.
0.999898	Have you ever imagined a geometrical shape, and then had trouble describing it? Many shapes have names, but they're fairly obscure, so a glossary might help. arbelos - a plane region bounded by three mutually tangent semicircles whose diameters are collinear. area - the surface enclosed within a closed plane figure; the measure of the surface, expressed in equivalent square units, such as square inches. Borromean rings - A set of three rings joined in such a way that no pair is interlinked, but the three cannot be separated. bundle - the set of planes through a point, in projective geometry. cage - regular graph that has as few vertices as possible for its girth. Formally, an (r,g)-graph is defined to be a graph in which each vertex has exactly r neighbors, and in which the shortest cycle has length exactly g. The (r,3)-cage is a complete graph Kr+1 on r+1 vertices, and the (r,4)-cage is a complete bipartite graph Kr,r on 2r vertices. Other cages listed in Wikipedia include the Moore graphs: (3,5)-cage: Petersen graph, (3,6)-cage: Heawood graph, (3,8)-cage: Tutte�Coxeter graph, (7,5)-cage: Hoffman�Singleton graph. cevian - a line segment connecting a vetex of a triangle with a point on the opposite side of the triangle. The condition for three general Cevians from the three vertices of a triangle to concur (at a cevian point) is known as Ceva's theorem. cevian triangle - Given a point P and a triangle ABC, the Cevian triangle A'B'C' is defined as the triangle composed of the endpoints of the cevians through the Cevian point P. complex polygon - a polygon having at least one pair of intersecting edges; as opposed to simple; reflex polygon. concave set - a set of points in which not all segments connecting points of the set lie entirely in the set; nonconvex. cone - in general, a cone is the locus of (i.e. surface traced by) the surface formed by lines joining every point of the boundary of a fixed planar closed curve (the base) to a common vertex; commonly, a right circular cone; a "solid cone" is a solid (or the space) bounded by the planar closed curve, called the base, and the line segments connecting the base to the vertex. The area of a solid cone is (1/3)Ah, where A is the area of the base, and h is the height. constant width - of a bounded figure: having the same width in every direction. A Reuleaux triangle is an example of a figure of constant width. Other examples include the shape formed by an equilateral triangle of side s with circles of radius r around each vertex, and arcs of radius s+r centered on the "far" vertices that join these circles. The same construction can be made with an equilateral (but not necessarily equiangular n-sided star, with n an odd number. See Cut-the-knot Shapes of Constant Width and Cut-the-knot Barbier's Theorem for more information. coterminal angles - two angles that have the same terminal side; two angles that differ by an integer multiple of 360 degrees. cyclic quadrilateral - a quadrilateral whose four vertices lie on a circle. cyclogon - a curve traced by any vertex of a regular polygon that rolls without sliding on a straight line. The area under one arch of the cyclogon (pink, in this diagram) is equal to the area of the polygon plus twice the area of the circle that circumscribes the polygon. If the "vertices" of the cyclogon were linked by straight lines instead of curved ones, then the area under one arch of that figure would be three times the area of the regular polygon. cycloid - a curve traced by any point on the circumference of a circle that rolls without sliding on a straight line. The area under one arch of the cycloid (blue, in the diagram) is exactly three times the area of the circle. A curtate cycloid is a curve generated in the same way, except that the point is inside the circle rather than on the circle. A prolate cycloid is a curve generated in the same way, except that the point is rigidly fixed outside the circle. All cycloids, including curtate and prolate cycloids, are trochoids. diagonal - a line segment whose endpoints are 2 nonconsecutive vertices of a polygon. epicycloid - a curve generated by the motion of a point on the circumference of a circle that rolls externally, without slipping, on a fixed circle. Equation: x = (a + b) cos(θ) − b cos[(a + b)θ/b] and y = (a + b) sin(θ) − b sin[(a + b)θ/b]. . . . . . . diagram needs rework. epitrochoid - a curve generated by the motion of a point rigidly connected with -- but not on the circumference of -- a circle that rolls externally, without slipping, on a fixed circle. exterior angle of a polygon - angle formed by one side and the extension of an adjacent side. exterior angles - angles outside of two lines cut by a transversal. hypocycloid - a curve generated by the motion of a point on the circumference of a circle that rolls internally (on the concave side), without slipping, on a fixed circle. hypotrochoid - a curve generated by the motion of a point rigidly connected with -- but not on the circumference of -- a circle that rolls internally (on the concave side), without slipping, on a fixed circle. klein bottle - the 3-dimensional analog of the Mobius Strip. The figure is impossible in three dimensions, because one part of its surface passes through another part of its surface without touching it. More on Wikipedia and Mathworld. lemniscate - a figure that looks like the "infinity" symbol; a lazy 8; an 8 on its side. This is a cross-section of a torus (a toric section) taken on a plane tangent to the inner circle of the torus. In polar coordinates, the equation of a lemniscate is r=sqrt(cos(2θ)). See mathworld. major axis (ellipse) - the line segment containing the foci of the ellipse and whose endpoints are on the ellipse. measure of an arc - The measure of the central angle subtended by an arc. midpoint - the point M on line segment AB such that AM = AB. minor arc - an arc whose endpoints form an angle less than 180 degrees with the center of the circle. minor axis (ellipse) - the perpendicular bisector of the line segment whose endpoints are the foci of the ellipse. M�bius Strip (sometimes spelled Moebius or Mobius) - a surface having only one side and only one edge. It can be formed from a rectangle by giving it a half twist, then gluing the edges together. mouhefanggai - the solid formed as intersection of two perpendicular right circular cylinders of equal diameter. This is also known as a Steinmetz Solid or a bicylinder. Cross sections of a mouhefanggai are square if they are taken parallel to the plane of the axes of the two intersecting cylinders. mouhefanggoid - the solid formed as the intersection of two perpendicular cylinders of elliptical cross-section and equal major or minor axes aligned. The multi-colored diagram to the right illustrates half a mouhefanggoid formed by the intersection of a circular cylinder whose axis is parallel to the y axis with an elliptical cylinder whose axis is parallel to the x axis. The major axis of the ellipse is twice the minor axis, so cross-sections of this half- mouhefanggoid taken parallel to the x-y plane are squares. n-gon - a polygon having n sides. nonagon - a nine-sided polygon. non-Euclidean geometry - geometry in which given a line and a point on the line, there is either no line (elliptic geometry) or infinitely many lines (hyperbolic geometry) parallel to the given line that pass through the given point. non-included side - the side of a triangle that is not included by 2 given angles. oblique prism or cylinder - a non-right prism or cylinder. obtuse angle - an angle whose measure is greater than 90 but less than 180 degrees. opposite rays - two rays having a common endpoint that form a line. pencil - the set of lines through a point, in projective geometry. perimeter of a polygon - the sum of the lengths of the sides of the polygon. perpendicular bisector - the bisector of a segment perpendicular to it. polygon - a union of 3 or more line segments where each segment intersects 2 other segments, one at each endpoint. polygonal region - the union of a polygon and its interior. polyhedron - a closed surface formed by polygonal plane faces, connected at the edges; a "solid polyhedron" is a solid (or the space) enclosed by a polyhedron. pyramid - a polyhedron having for its base a polygon and for faces triangles with a common vertex (the vertex is not in the plane of the base); a solid pyramid is a solid cone having a polygonal base, so its volume is (1/3)Ah. quadrifolium - a 4-petaled "rose". In polar coordinates, the equation of a quadrifolium is r=sin(2θ). If a fixed-length line segment is placed with its endpoints sliding on the x and y axes (pictured red, right), and a radial line through the origin (pictured blue) intersects the line segment at a right angle, then the point of intersection traces a quadrifolium. See the Sliding Stick puzzle in this website; See Mathworld: quadrifolium. quadrilateral - a four-sided polygon; special quadrilaterals include rhombus, parallelogram, square, rectangle, trapezoid, isosceles trapezoid, kite. radius - of a circle or sphere, the line segment (or distance) from the center to the circle or sphere; of a regular polygon, the line segment from the center to a vertex, which is the radius of the circumscribed circle. ratio of similitude - the ratio of a line segment in figure B to the corresponding line segment in figure A; the ratio of the length of an image to the length of the preimage; ratio of proportionality. rectangular solid - the union of a parallelepiped (box) and its interior. reference angle - the angle of less than 360 degrees that corresponds to an angle of over 360 degrees; In order to get the reference angle, you must subtract 360 degrees from the given angle until there is less than 360 degrees left. reflex polygon - a polygon for which 2 or more of its sides intersect each other; complex polygon. regular polygon - a convex polygon whose angles and sides are all congruent. regular pyramid - a pyramid whose base is a regular polygon. reuleaux triangle - A curvilinear triangle above is built the following way. Start with an equilateral triangle. Draw three arcs whose radius equals the side of the triangle and each centered at one of the vertices. This is a figure of constant width. rhombus - a quadrilateral having four equilateral sides; equivalently, a parallelogram having four equilateral sides. right - having a measure of 90 degrees: a right angle; perpendicular; having a right angle: a right triangle; a right cylinder is one in which the straight lines that compose it are normal to its base; a right cone (meaningful only when the base has a center) is one in which the straight line connecting the vertex to the center of the base is normal to the base; a right pyramid (meaningful only when the base has a center) is one in which the straight line connecting the center of the base is normal to the base; a right prism is a prism whose faces meet at right angles. roulette - a curve traced by a point on a radius or an extension of the radius of a given curve that rolls, without slipping, on a curve, another circle, or a straight line. Cf: trochoid, in which the given curve is a circle. scalene triangle - a triangle having no equilateral sides. section - the intersection of a three-dimensional figure with a plane. e.g. a conic section is the intersection of a cone with a plane. semicircle - an arc whose endpoints are a diameter of the circle. septagon - a seven-sided polygon. skew lines - non-coplanar lines. Lines that are neither parallel nor intersecting. snark - is a connected, bridgeless cubic graph with chromatic index equal to 4. In other words, it is a graph in which every vertex has three neighbors, and the edges cannot be colored by three colors without two edges of the same color meeting at a point. Snarks listed in Wikipedia include Petersen graph, Flower snark, Szekeres snark, Tietze's graph, Blanu�a snarks, Descartes' snark, double star snark. solid geometry - the study of figures in three-dimensional space. sphericon - a "cone with a twist". It is created by starting with two identical right circular solid cones (of a particular shape) joined at the base, then slicing them along a plane through both vertices, and then rotating one of the two pieces a quarter turn, and gluing them together. spheroid - an ellipsoid in which two of the three axes are equal. (Contrast to an ellipsoid, in which all three axes may have different lengths.) A spheroid has the equation (x²+y²)/a² + z²/c² = 1. An oblate spheroid has a polar axis that is shorter than the diameter of the equatorial circle, and can be formed by rotating an ellipse about its minor axis. A prolate spheroid has a polar axis that is longer than the diameter of the equatorial circle, and can be formed by rotating an ellipse about its major axis. straight angle - an angle whose measure is 180 degrees; an angle whose sides are collinear. straight line - a collection of points of such a nature that if one picks any three of them, A, B, and C, the distances AB, AC, and BC will be such that the sum of two of them will equal the third. supplementary angles - two angles whose measures sum to 180 degrees. surface - the boundary of a 3-D figure. symmetry diagonal - the diagonal of a kite (a kind of quadrilateral) that perpendicularly bisects the other. symmetry line - the line of reflection in a reflection-symmetric figure. terminal side - the side that the measurement of an angle ends at. tesselation - a covering of a plane with congruent copies of the same region with no holes or overlaps. tesseract - the four-dimensional analog of the cube; a 4-D hypercube. three dimensional figure - a set of points in space; examples: box, cone, cylinder, parallelpiped, prism, pyramid, regular pyramid, right cone, right cylinder, right prism, sphere. torus - a surface or solid shaped like a doughnut and formed by revolving a circle about a line in its plane that does not intersect it. transversal - a line that intersects two other (usually parallel) lines. triangle - a polygon having three sides. trochoid - a curve traced by a point on a radius or an extension of the radius of a circle that rolls, without slipping, on a curve, another circle, or a straight line. Equation: x = aθ − b sin θ, y = a − b cos θ; any of a class of curves including the cycloid, epicycloid, epitrochoid, hypocycloid, and hypotrochoid. Cf: roulette, in which the rolling circle is replaced by any curve. vertex angle - the angle formed by the equilateral sides of an isosceles triangle. vertex of a polygon - an endpoint of a segment in a polygon. vertex of an angle - the common endpoint of the two rays. vertical angles - 2 angles that share a common vertex and whose sides form 2 lines. width - of a bounded shape: the distance between two parallel lines, each touching the boundary of the shape but not its interior. This is called "the width of the shape in the direction of the lines". Note that figures of constant width (such as a Reuleaux triangle) have the same width in every direction. zero angle - an angle whose measure is 0. In a zero angle, both the initial and terminal sides are the same. Cut-the-knot Shapes of Constant Width has an applet showing how the Reuleaux triangle has constant width. A "Reuleaux drill" can't make a square hole, but it can make a hole that's almost square, carving out almost 99% of the area of the square. Cut-the-knot Barbier's Theorem for more applets and a general method of making shapes of constant width. Barbier's Theorem states that the circumference of any shape of constant width is equal to πD, where D is the width of the shape. Number Patterns Fun with Curves and Topology for an animated Reuleaux Triangle. Mathematical Recreations describes the "cone with a twist", i.e. the sphericon. Model of a half mouhefanggoid shape with a circular base that has square cross sections.
0.999944	The multiyear customer satisfaction trend for retailers, both traditional brick-and-mortar and online, has been increasing steadily and is currently at an all-time high. The most recent ACSI study in 2012 had the average rating for retail companies peaking at 76.6 on a 100-point scale. Online retailers often enjoy much higher customer satisfaction numbers with an average rating of 82 in the same study. Many of the companies have historically low performance numbers such as The Gap and Sears. According to 24/7 Wall St. "Walmart has been the lowest-rated department or discount store in the nation every year between 2007 through 2012. Worse, it has been the lowest-rated supermarket every year since 2005." This isn't exactly new information for most of the retailers on the list. The customer satisfaction score for Netflix however is new since the company outperformed the average score for Internet retailers for four years. While online retailers historically outperform their brick-and-mortar rivals, traditional stores still account for the majority of sales. If there is one take away from the survey it's that change consumer perception can be an uphill battle and it doesn't take much to damage a stellar reputation. Netflix has recently made a few stumbles and has paid the price accordingly.
0.997795	Cross-country skiingis a great way to enjoy the outdoors, get some exercise, and spend time with family or friends. In many places in Canada, there is no cost to use cross-country ski trails, and the equipment is also typically more affordable than downhill equipment. It’s a great winter sport for people who want to stay fit. See example: The other day my husband and I went cross-country skiing.
0.999911	What do roofing companies in View Royal, BC do? Your View Royal, BC roofing contractor can install a new roof or repair an old one, as well as repair and replace gutters. Good roofers in View Royal, BC should be able to promptly inspect roofs and gutters to assess damage after a natural disaster or other event, and give you an estimate for the necessary roof repair immediately. Some View Royal roofing companies specialize in specific types of roofs, such as tile or metal, so make sure the one you are interested in works with the materials you have or desire. Find a View Royal roofer on Houzz. Narrow your search in the Professionals section of the website to roofing companies in View Royal, BC. If you’re planning a large-scale project, find other professionals on Houzz who can help get the job done. Here are some related professionals and vendors to complement the work of roofing & gutters: General Contractors, Specialty Contractors, Siding & Exteriors, Door Sales & Installation, Garage Door Sales & Installation.
0.999833	Wondering how to keep your kids entertained in New Orleans? On your next trip to the city use these three handy tips and make planning a snap! 1. To spend time in nature, plan a day Uptown to explore Audubon Park and Audubon Zoo. The beauty of the Uptown neighborhood is concentrated in its magnificent architecture and oak trees, but it also features the Audubon Park and Audubon Zoo, a welcome nature-filled break from the busy city. Plan a picnic in Audubon Park, and let the kids run around and fly kites. If you get there early enough, snag one of the covered gazebo areas to offer some much-needed shade on a hot day. Let your kids enjoy the many exhibits the Audubon Zoo has to offer, and give them a chance to learn about all types of animals, both from the surrounding areas and across the world. 2. Take a long streetcar ride. If you’re looking for a fun but cheap activity to do with your kids that gets you off your feet and out of the sun, a streetcar ride is a perfect way to show your kids different parts of the city. The most scenic streetcar ride is arguably the St. Charles Ave streetcar, which takes you and your family past historic mansions and authentic New Orleans homes with oak tree-lined streets. But the Canal St streetcar also takes you through the bustling downtown area and into the quieter, quaint Mid-City area with its own picturesque view of the city. You can ride from end to end on either or even both of the streetcar lines, or you can use them as convenient and fun transportation to places like the Audubon Park and Zoo, City Park and the New Orleans Museum of Art, or the downtown area. Your kids will love seeing all of the sights while riding in a fun form of transportation they likely don’t have back at home. 3. To beat the heat or rain, stop at the Louisiana Children’s Museum, Audubon Aquarium or Audubon Insectarium. Downtown New Orleans may seem like an area primarily for adults, but if you have kids in tow, you’ll need some things to do with them as well. The Audubon Aquarium of the Americas is one beloved stop for kids of all ages to see thousands of fish in a variety of different interactive exhibits. Connected to the aquarium is also the Entergy IMAX Theatre where you can enjoy fascinating movies in a magnificent theatre experience. Afterward, take a stroll along the Mississippi River, and have a picnic in Woldenberg Park just outside. The Audubon Insectarium also offers plenty of activities and learning experiences your child will enjoy. In the nearby Warehouse District, your kids will love running around and playing with all of the fun exhibits at the Louisiana Children’s Museum, from science-based educational contraptions to making their own grocery shopping trip or serving you at a kids-run restaurant. These indoor activities are perfect for hot and rainy days as well. Traveling with kids in New Orleans is a blast when you take advantage of all of the kid-friendly attractions and activities the city has to offer. Your kids will have endless fun in a variety of locations spread across the city.
0.957002	At the end of a hard day of skiing fun, you can enjoy the company of your friends with fine dinner, warmth, and drink. Yet our favorite escapes are not free from hazards and dangers we must accept. It's part of the deal and we all know it. If you are an avid weekend skier you have seen just how busy the slopes can get on the weekends. It is these times when you need to be extra vigilant on the trails. Sure, we've seen skiers who are quite rude toward others, and you do need to keep a special eye on their behavior, unfortunately. But the skiers' responsibility code of etiquette exists for a reason, and that reason is to keep everyone as safe as possible. So it's important to give to the right of way and remain courteous and alert at all times. Regardless of conditions it is quite possible to have an amazing time on the mountain. So keep it clean and play it safe so you can again come and play on the slopes of your favorite ski resort.
0.999936	What food brand is recommend my puppy Siberian Husky eat? Or what should i been looking into when i buy his food? I recommend that you talk to your local veterinarian about this question. The exact food that will be best for your pet will depend on your pet’s age, breed, expected adult size, and overall health. Your vet knows your pet and will be able to give you the best advice on this.
0.998294	This is a draft reading list on the issue of Segregation in Northern Ireland. The reader should also consult the list of source material on the topic. Boal, F.W. (2002). 'Belfast: Walls Within'. Political Geography, 21, (5): 687-694. Boal, F.W. (ed.) (2000). Ethnicity and Housing: Accommodating Differences. Aldershot: Ashgate. Boal, F.W. (1982). 'Segregating and Mixing: Space and Residence in Belfast', in, Boal, F.W. and Douglas, J.N.H. (eds) Integration and Division. Geographical Perspectives on the Northern Ireland Problem. London: Academic Press Inc. Ltd. Boal, F.W. (1969). 'Territoriality on the Shankill-Falls Divide, Belfast'. Irish Geography, 6, (1): 30-50. Collins, P., Moore, R., & Smyth, M. (1996). Life in Two Enclave Areas in Northern Ireland: A Field Survey in Derry Londonderry after the Ceasefires. Derry Londonderry: Templegrove Action Research Limited. Darby, John. Dunn, Seamus. (1987). 'Segregated Schools: The Research Evidence''in Osborne et al., Education and Policy in Northern Ireland. 85-97. Belfast: Queens University & University of Ulster, Policy Research Institute. Doherty, P., and Poole, M.A. (2000). 'Living Apart in Belfast: Residential Segregation in a Context of Ethnic Conflict', in, Boal, F.W. (ed.), Ethnicity and Housing: Accommodating Differences. 179-189. Aldershot: Ashgate. Doherty, Paul. Poole, Michael. (1996). Ethnic Residential Segregation in Northern Ireland. Coleraine: Centre for the Study of Conflict, University of Ulster. Doherty, Paul. Poole, Michael. (1995). Ethnic Residential Segregation in Belfast. Coleraine: Centre for the Study of Conflict, University of Ulster. Mapping the Spaces of Fear Research Team. (2000). Fear, Mobility and Living in the Ardoyne and Upper Ardoyne Communities, (A report by the Mapping the Spaces of Fear Research Team at the University of Ulster). Coleraine: University of Ulster. Murtagh, B. (2002). The Politics of Territory: Policy and segregation in Northern Ireland. Basingstoke: Palgrave. Poole, Michael A. (1982) "Religious Residential Segregation in Northern Ireland", in Boal and Douglas, Integration and Division: Geographical Perspectives on the Northern Ireland Problem. London: Academic Press, pp.281-308. Shirlow, Peter., and Murtagh, Brendan. (2006). Belfast: Segregation, Violence and the City. London: Pluto Press. Smyth, M. Moore, R. (1996). 'Researching Sectarianism', in, Three Conference Papers on Aspects of Segregation and Sectarian Division. Derry Londonderry: Templegrove Action Research. Tomlinson, M. (1980). 'Housing, the State and the Politics of Segregation', in, O'Dowd, L., Rolston, B., and Tomlinson, M., (1980) Between Civil Rights and Civil War. Belfast: CSE Books.
0.978482	(CNN) — Arizona Republican Sen. John McCain, who has has been undergoing treatment for a brain cancer diagnosis in his home state since late last year, is hospitalized in stable condition after undergoing surgery for an intestinal infection, his office said Monday. The statement also included a progress report on McCain’s treatment and condition while he’s been recovering in his home state. McCain, 81, made public last summer his brain cancer diagnosis, and he’s been recovering from side effects of the cancer treatment at his home in Arizona since late last year. While he’s been away from Washington, he’s continued to be involved with current events, including President Donald Trump’s handling of Syria. McCain said earlier this month that Trump’s comments that the US military would leave Syria “very soon” had emboldened Syrian leader Bashar al-Assad, resulting in the reported chemical weapons attack Saturday that killed dozens of the country’s civilians.
0.999902	When is the best season for holidays in Marrakech. In short: It definitely is spring and autumn: it is agreeably warm, neither too hot nor too chilly. However, Marrakech can also be worth a trip in summer and winter. The former Imperial capital is located close to the mountain range of the High Atlas which divides the country into two climatic zones: the mediterranean climate in the north and the arid south. Although there is a light to moderate breeze from the Atlantic Ocean all year round, it can be very hot in Marrakech in summer. The hottest months are June, July, August and September. Especially in midsummer, temperatures may rise above 40°C. However, since Moroccan heat is very dry it is bearable in shady places. In contrast, winter is clearly colder: From December to February you can expect Mediterranean warmth with just above 20°C whereas nighttime temperatures may fall just below 7°C from time to time. Winter is also the rainiest period — if you can say so, considering a total yearly amount of rain of 250mm. On average, expect rain on 4 days in December. The ideal time for travelling to Marrakech is, as already mentioned, spring (mid March – end of May), as well as autumn (mid September – mid November). Temperatures are around 25°C then. Evenings will, of course, be a little cooler. These months are also the tourist high season, which doesn’t only mean a lot of tourists but also fully-booked hotels and higher prices for accomodation. Even if it can get a little chillier in January, it will still be much warmer in Marrakech than at home! The perfect time for travelling to the Rose City is spring, in my opinion, since you can admire flourishing landscapes on excursions outside the city whereas in autumn many regions are very dry. Marrakech has a very agreeable climate in both seasons. Yet, if you plan to do a trekking tour in the close Atlas mountains and only use Marrakech as a stop on your way there, the best time for travelling definitely is between May and September — at least if you do not intend to take winter gear with you.
0.956268	The Android smartphones used today are liked by everyone because of its simplest interface. The Android is the most popular operating system in the world. More or less all the brands are into the Android operating system and there are Apple and some windows smartphones which run on the other operating systems. Android is considered to be as the easy and smartest operating system but now the news is that the Android might soon come to an end. What will happen next? The next big thing planned by the Google is already here as Google is working for two years on the new operating system which will replace the Android. The new operating system is named Google Fuchsia. Huawei is also working on its own operating system. Android has now become 10 years old operating system. Google has now created a new operating system for the smartphone devices, yet Android is the most popular but it was felt by Google that rather than bringing the updates the whole new operating system can be introduced. It is claimed by the Google that Fuchsia is more secure than the Android. The three basic features of Google Fuchsia are discussed in this article. The main thing and difference between the Android devices and Apple devices are here that Apple has iOS which is compatible with all the devices of Apple. It runs on the smartphone, tablets, and laptops as well. But the Google has a multitude of operating systems which is scattered across various hardware and devices. Smartphones are powered by the full-fledged version of Android, televisions get Android TV, cars get Android Auto, smartwatches run on Wear OS, and desktops, laptops, and now tablets have Chrome OS. To overcome this issue the Google Fuchsia is developed which will be installed and would be compatible with the all digital devices. This will be one operating system sorting out all the Google devices. The app designed for laptops or the app designed for the smartphones looks misplaced and uneven when switched to use on other devices. This new operating system Fuchsia is introduced to even out all the app designs on the standard and can be felt prominent and perfect either used on smartphone or laptop. The applications will have adaptability across the different devices. It is being observed that Google already has Google assistant to perform the simple tasks on voice commands like setting alarm, weather updates and call making without using the touch feature. Google assistant is also smart to answer the search based questions but what about the complicated stuff. It is expected that the new operating system Fuchsia would be able to fulfill the difficult tasks on voice commands as well. It is not confirmed that these things will be managed but the rumors suggest that this will be the more advanced voice assistant. The tasks like updating status on social media could be done only by talking to the smartphone. It is expected that Google Fuchsia might be launched with the upcoming home devices within the next three years but it not officially confirmed by the Google itself as it is still claiming that Google Fuchsia is one of the experimental projects right now. Further after the home devices, it is expected to be seen in laptops and smartphones. It can only be said that this conversion from Android to Fuchsia might take a long time which could be around half a decade or more than that.
0.93465	This October I visited Italy for the first time, including a delightful stay in Venice. The armory in the Doge's palace was such a special experience and I took a huge number of pictures for future reference. Of those one- and two-handed swords which were more parallel-edged and minimally tapered in profile--as opposed to the acutely tapered rapiers, sword-rapiers, and estocs--I noticed that some groups had a particular kind of tip profile: very angular and acutely pointed, in contrast to neighboring groups on which the tips tended to transition smoothly from edges to point and took a more spatulate shape. Some of these angular tips ended in reinforced or thickened points, and on some examples this reinforced point stuck out farther on its own, giving the overall tip a kind of "ogee arch" profile. If the sword has a flattened hexagon cross-section, it transitions into a flattened diamond towards the tip in order to support the reinforced point. I saw it on various kinds of swords, including late 15th century side swords, large longswords, and Renaissance two-handers. The large longswords (perhaps you could also call them small, cross-hilted, two-handed swords) seemed particularly prone to this point section. On the other hand, there were some sets of spadone with acute, reinforced points, and others just a case away which had what I thought of as "regular" points. I don't know the details about how the Doge's armory maintained all of these swords from the Late Middle Ages to the end of the Venetian Republic, and I can only imagine that the present display incorporates swords that weren't necessarily kept together in their own time, but it also occurs to me that at least a portion of these weapons must have been kept ready for war for many centuries after they were made, and I can't even guess how many times they might have been re-sharpened, re-profiled, or otherwise modified from their original form after some kind of military fad. Was there a particular time when this point section was standard for newly made swords? If so, might old ones have been re-profiled to fit a more modern pattern or standard? I was interested to note that the point on the Albion Doge sword is not like that on the examples in the Doge's palace, and wonder if that was a conscious avoidance of later modifications. Or have I got the wrong idea, and is this a point type that already existed in the 15th century? Detail of points on "Doge" side swords. Set of near-identical longswords or small two-handers with ogee points. Detail of point on large spadone. "This is a sharp medicine, but it is a physician for all diseases and miseries." I'm no expert but the same profile on all the sword tips to me could suggest an overzealous armorer at some point deciding to 'improve' all the blades. That reinforced tip makes me wonder if they were intended to catch and penetrate mail with a thrust. Pure speculation on my part though, I am curious to know from someone who knows for sure. I already saw this kind of angular tips on parrying daggers of the late 16th and beginning 17th century... I never noticed there were swords shaped like this. Pretty interesting. Truly magnificent. I ask myself for what purpose the sidesword have a spike in the opposite side. By the way, aren't this two handers way too broad? By the way, aren't this two handers way too broad? Looks like they were searching for the best compromise between cutting and thrusting! Thanks, how did we overlook this? Seems like a great innovation: a traditional war sword with an awl at the tip. Only downside I can see is that tip cuts might tend to foul instead of slicing. The broad tipped great swords that were made for field use have extreme distal taper. The last eight inches or so are less than 1/8 inch thick. To quote Dr. Michael Lacey, it was like fighting with six foot razor blades. They tend to bow under their own weight if stood on their tip. I really like handling a proper field sword; they move MUCH faster than most people would believe! They often broke and were retipped; there are some very short great swords in Graz! Processional great swords have distal taper too, but not as much, which, combined with their greater length, make them much heavier. The broad tipped great swords that were made for field use have extreme distal taper. The last eight inches or so are less than 1/8 inch thick. To quote Dr. Michael Lacey, it was like fighting with six foot razor blades. They tend to bow under their own weight if stood on their tip. I really like handling a proper field sword; they move MUCH faster than most people would believe! They often broke and were retipped; there are some very short great swords in Graz! Processional great swords have distal taper too, but not as much, which, combined with their greateer length, make them much heavier. So I think you're implying that the current designs would have to sacrifice either stiffness for the thrust or thinness for good handling, one can't have both.
0.951888	The United States recently took part in a meeting of the G7, the international economic organization of industrialized countries, held in Japan. As an indicator of global interest rates, 4 of those 7 industrialized countries have a portion of their government debt carrying negative interest rates. In fact, 3 major global economies — Japan, Germany, and France – have about half or more of their government debt with negative rates. Given this environment, what’s an investor to do who is looking to generate income from their investment portfolio? Many investors have lost money chasing immediate yield in the recent period of global market unrest: junk bonds, Puerto Rico bonds, and emerging market debt have shown losses; and many high-yielding energy and mining securities have gone entirely bankrupt. For investors of all types, we would emphasize a mix of assets that generate income with three factors being paramount: quality, diversification, and a growing stream of income. Venturi focuses on municipal bonds and a mix of assets that provide diversification and income that, most importantly, grows over time. Municipal Bonds: Venturi holds an emphasis on quality and intermediate bonds. Many investment advisers have recommended taking credit risk to achieve higher income. This, to their dismay, has left many investors with losses from credit problems in places like Puerto Rico, Illinois/Chicago, and New Jersey. Contrastingly, we would would suggest avoiding the (merely advertised) high rates from low quality/problem states. At Venturi, our Strategic Income Portfolio contains an objective to generate a growing stream of income and dividends from a diversified portfolio. This strategy includes: Preferred stocks, REIT’s, MLP’s, corporate bonds, utilities, dividend stocks that have a solid growth rate for their dividends. Overall, a mix of quality fixed income and growing dividends provides investors more stability and a growing stream of income over time.
0.933499	Activate mod_rewrite module on Apache2.2 Windows installment. I decided to take a look at highly glorified cms called snews and test it locally on my Apache2.2 server but struggled to enable mod_rewrite module in order to get my urls rewritten. How to check if mod_rewrite works on your Apache server? and load via localhost) isn’t enough to determine whether mod_rewrite module works. You should test this by practicaly trying to change url. Create 2 html files named first.html and second.html and write 1 or 2, or first and second in them so that you could easily distinguish that in first.html a word “first” is written. Put those 2 files in the same folder where you put .htaccess file. Load first.html via localhost. Your mod_rewrite works if you see first.html in the address bar but word “second” displayed in the page. Otherwise you need to enable mod_rewrite module. Open httpd.conf file (locate it in start->apache program menu or go to apache installation directory and conf folder) and search (use ctrl+f) for #LoadModule rewrite_module string. Uncomment this line, i.e.
0.999936	Some people have mixed feelings about the Bull/Jake Mountain trail system, one thing is certain: this trail system is one of the premiere mountain bike destinations in North Georgia. Sure, there are better trails in North Georgia, but there are definitely worse trails, too. If you're looking for riding in the Dahlonega/Dawsonville/Helen area, this is undoubtedly the place to go. As the singletrack climbed up the hillside, I began to encounter more and more rocks along with some fantastic views of the surrounding area. All of the rocks were easily rideable on the XC rig I was aboard, but there were plenty that served up great drops and jumps. As I climbed higher and higher, the high-quality construction became more and more apparent, with rock-armored turns and creative incorporation of rocks and other natural features. If you were to land the job, the two of you would get to travel the nation for two years in a Subaru Outback, shredding singletrack, teaching others how to build trail, and educating people about trail advocacy and the benefits of mountain bike trails to local communities.
0.999743	Big Kini (the title hints at "bikini's", the "bikini islands" but can also mean "The Big King", if you understand "Kini" in its Bavarian meaning - although Bavarians would stress that only Koenig Ludwig - the fairy tale king - was actually called "kini", but I digress…) plays on a yet uncharted island territory. The players try to conquer posts, milk the islands of their resources and to gain fame through discovery of new islands. The game ends when either all islands are explored or 12 rounds have passed. Most VP's win, as usual. In typical Settler's style a modular board is built, consisting of hexes with three islands each. producing ships (or movement ability, the number of ships equalling movement points). Each player selects one of these hexes as starting space and places two pawns (or cubes in this case). All the hexes are different, and pay different starting money. On each hex are empty spaces which denote "posts". "Bay Baron" (controls all islands on a hex, worth a whopping 5 VP). discovery = move a cube with the movement ability and pay 5 money extra to reveal an undiscovered hex (2 VP for each hex that is such discovered). The "hitch" of the action board is as follows: if you are the FIRST player to use an action, you will be able to do it DOUBLE. This is extremely powerful, as you can create TWO new cubes, or have TWO factories produce money, etc. The second player to place the same action can only do it "normally", whereas the third player already has to pay two money to actually do a singular action. This means that your turn order will be extremely important for your tactical decisions this round. Sometimes you have to consider doing something that you rather wouldn't have done, or you will do a double action simply to deprive another player of doing the same! Voting the Bay Baron is a special process: You need the simple majority to vote one of your cubes into the post, but if you actually incite the action yourself you can win a tie. Some Bay Barons can also be bribed into their posts by paying resources of a certain type (which you have to spend). But triplets of three different resources also give 3 VP's at the end of the game, so you will consider if you want to actually spend them for political battles. How does it play? Big Kini belongs into the category of multi-player-solitaire games, as most of the time you will be content expanding your own empire. But the other players will constantly foil your plans by placing actions before you on the action board, so there is a constant influence in what players can do through the actions of the others. The conquest of new tiles at your doorstep or sending your cubes on the hexes of other players can seriously disrupt plans and further the development of others, so if you play with a more aggressive group this can even be a kind of wargame, with ministers and stewards battling it out for the coveted Bay Baron posts. Therefore one of the most important tips you have to give new players is: multiply, multiply, multiply, as having more cubes in play will give you more options. Rules: in English and German, no understanding of card or board text necessary, which makes the game perfectly easy to play for non-Germans. All symbols are very clear and don't need constant referring to the rule book. The lightly handled theme creates a fun atmosphere - the island setting is artificial (originally this was supposed to be a SF game, but these never sell well in the German market) but somehow fresh, and the humoristic drawings are actually quite cute and funny. I personally really like this game - it plays quickly, and can be taught quickly as well. It is certainly not above Settlers in its level of complexity, and so could be a good game to introduce new gamers to the finer arts of boardgaming while giving seasoned players a lot of food for thought without them feeling undernourished. If you don't trust my judgment alone: this was also the general feeling of gamers playing Big Kini at the Essen fair, as it was - together with the already much-talked-about Caylus - the "Best of Show" - game at the Fairplay booth. As there is momentarily a profusion of light "filler" games or heavier "gamer's games" (like Caylus) it is good to have a game of the "medium" category, which is so rarely present right now. PlayMe (originally a mail-order store for games) can be congratulated on giving Guido Eckhof a chance to develop this great new game and risking publishing it in an already crowded market. It certainly has made a good splash at Essen, and I'm sure it will continue so in the future.
0.999993	Head banging in autism and the five reasons why your child might be banging or hitting their head. Many autistic individuals engage in self-injurious behaviors and head banging seems to be one of the most common. They might slam their head against a wall. Or the floor. Or some piece of furniture. Why is this self-injurious behavior so common in autism? Well, here are 5 reasons why your autistic child might be engaging in head banging or head hitting behavior. Understanding the why behind the behavior can help you tailor your approach to handling the behavior - dare I say it? - head on. There are lots of reasons why your child might be hitting or banging their head. And if you pay close attention to what happened prior to the onset of the head banging behavior, then you can usually pinpoint what the cause might be, especially if your child is currently nonverbal or preverbal. Head banging can also be a sign of sensory processing issues, either from sensory overload or from a sensory deficit. Your child can get both vestibular and proprioceptive sensory input from banging their head and to them, head banging feels good and helps them self-regulate. You're probably heard the phrase "all behavior is communication" and it's so true. Head banging might be how they choose to express frustration or anxiety, for instance. It might seem odd to think that your child's head banging behavior is occurring because they are currently in pain, but banging one's head can serve as a distraction from any pain or discomfort they are experiencing elsewhere in their body. The head banging behavior is essentially used to mask pain or discomfort. Self-injurious behavior like head banging is sure to draw the attention of an adult. A child can quickly learn that banging their head is one quick way to make their parents rush over to intervene. If you are mid-activity with your child and they start to bang their head, then it might be that the head banging is being used as an escape tool. Were they finding the activity too challenging? Too boring? Your child may have learned a long time ago that they could avoid or escape activities by doing something disruptive. Head banging gives them one such disruptive behavior to use as an escape.
0.985559	I recently read about cosmetic surgeons using endoscopes to perform face lifts and brow lifts. Besides small incisions, are there any other benefits to this procedure (cost, downtime, results)? Also I'm in my 50s. Would I still be a good candidate? An endoscope is a small camera that enables surgeons to work precisely through small incisions, which results in reduced scars and faster recovery. Endoscopic techniques in plastic surgery are useful for procedures such as the brow lift, midface lift, transaxillary breast augmentation, and tummy tuck. Endoscopic techniques require special expertise and are not suitable for all patients. Please consult with an experienced, board-certified plastic surgeon to discuss your cosmetic concerns.
0.999987	Concurrent programs are incredibly difficult to debug. Race conditions are just the most security-relevant type of concurrency problem. In this chapter, the authors explore race conditions and their security ramifications. And coughs when you would kiss." "As I Walked Out One Evening" Race conditions are among the most common classes of bugs found in deployed software. They are only possible in environments in which there are multiple threads or processes occurring at once that may potentially interact (or some other form of asynchronous processing, such as with UNIX signals). People who have experience with multithread programming have almost certainly had to deal with race conditions, regardless of whether they know the term. Race conditions are a horrible problem because a program that seems to work fine may still harbor them. They are very hard todetect, especially if you're not looking for them. They are often difficult to fix, even when you are aware of their existence. Race conditions are one of the few places where a seemingly deterministic program can behave in a seriously nondeterministic way. In a world where multithreading, multiprocessing, and distributed computing are becoming more and more prevalent, race conditions will continue to become a bigger and bigger problem. Most of the time, race conditions present robustness problems. However, there are plenty of times when race conditions have security implications. In this chapter we explore race conditions and their security ramifications. It turns out that file system accesses are subject to security-related race conditions far more often than people tend to suspect. Let's say that Alice and Bob work at the same company. Through e-mail, they decide to meet for lunch, agreeing to meet in the lobby at noon. However, they do not agree on whether they mean the lobby for their office or the building lobby several floors below. At 12:15, Alice is standing in the company lobby by the elevators, waiting for Bob. Then it occurs to her that Bob may be waiting for her in the building lobby, on the first floor. Her strategy for finding Bob is to take the elevators down to the first floor, and check to see if Bob is there. If Bob is there, all is well. If he isn't, can Alice conclude that Bob is either late or has stood her up? No. Bob could have been sitting in the lobby, waiting for Alice. At some point, it could have occurred to him that Alice may be waiting upstairs, at which point he took an elevator up to check. If Alice and Bob were both on an elevator at the same time, unless it is the same elevator, they will pass each other during their ride. When Bob and Alice each assume that the other one is in the other place and is staying put and both take the elevator, they have been bitten by a race condition. A race condition occurs when an assumption needs to hold true for a period of time, but actually may not. Whether it does is a matter of exact timing. In every race condition there is a window of vulnerability. That is, there is a period of time when violating the assumption leads to incorrect behavior. In the case of Alice and Bob, the window of vulnerability is approximately twice the length of an elevator ride. Alice can step on the elevator up until the point where Bob's elevator is about to arrive and still miss him. Bob can step on to the elevator up until the point that Alice's elevator is about to arrive. We could imagine the door to Alice's elevator opening just as Bob's door shuts. When the assumption is broken, leading to unexpected behavior, then the race condition has been exploited. This tiny piece of code may look straightforward and correct to most people, but it has a race condition in it, because Java servlets are multithreaded. The programmer has implicitly assumed that the variable count is the same when printed as it is after the previous line of code sets its value. This isn't necessarily the case. Let's say that Alice and Bob both hit this servlet at nearly the same time. Alice is first; the variable count becomes 1. Bob causes count to be changed to 2, before println in Alice's thread runs. The result is that Alice and Bob both see 2, when Alice should have seen 1. In this example, the window of vulnerability isn't very large. It is, at most, a fraction of a second. The reason is that the call to println takes time, as does the evaluation of the argument. The amount of time may seem really small, maybe a few dozen instructions. However, this isn't always the case. In a multithread system, threads usually run for a fraction of a second, then wait for a short time while other threads get the chance to run. It could be the case that a thread increments the counter, and then must wait to evaluate the argument and run println. While that thread waits, some other thread may also increment the counter. It is true that the window of vulnerability is very small. In practice, this means the bug may show up infrequently, if ever. If our servlet isn't receiving several hits per second, then it is likely never to be a problem. This alludes to one of the reasons why race conditions can be so frustrating: When they manifest themselves, reproducing the problem can be almost impossible. Race conditions tend not to show up in highly controlled test environments. If you don't have any clue where to begin looking for a problem, you may never find it. The same sorts of issues hold true even when the window of opportunity is bigger. In real-world examples, an attacker with control over machine resources can increase the odds of exploiting a race condition by slowing down the machine. Another factor is that race conditions with security implications generally only need to be exploited once. That is, an attacker can automate code that repeatedly tries to exploit the race condition, and just wait for it to succeed. If the odds are one in a million that the attacker will be able to exploit the race condition, then it may not take too long to do so with an automated tool. In general, the way to fix a race condition is to reduce the window of vulnerability to zero by making sure that all assumptions hold for however long they need to hold. The main strategy for doing this is to make the relevant code atomic with respect to relevant data. By atomic, we mean that all the relevant code executes as if the operation is a single unit, when nothing can occur while the operation is executing. What's happening with race conditions is that a programmer assumes (usually implicitly) that certain operations happen atomically, when in reality they do not. When we must make that assumption, then we need to find a way to make the operation atomic. When we don't have to make the assumption, we can code the algorithm differently. To make an operation atomic, we usually use locking primitives, especially in multithread applications. For example, one way to fix our Java servlet would be to use the object lock on the servlet by using the synchronized keyword. The synchronized keyword prevents multiple threads from running code in the same object that is governed by the synchronized keyword. For example, if we have ten synchronized methods in a Java class, only one thread can be running any of those methods at any given time. The JVM implementation is responsible for enforcing the semantics of the synchronized keyword. We could just put the call to println inside the synchronized block, and avoid the use of a temporary variable. However, println is a method call, which is somewhat expensive in and of itself. There's no need for it to be in the block, so we may as well remove it, to make our critical section finish as quickly as possible. As we have seen, race conditions may be possible whenever two or more operations occur and one of the latter operations depends on the first. In the interval between events, an attacker may be able to force something to happen, changing the behavior of the system in ways not anticipated by the developer. Making this all work as an attacker requires a security-critical context, and explicit attention to timing and knowledge of the assumptions a developer may have made. The term race condition implies a race going on between the attacker and the developer. In fact, the attacker must "race" to invalidate assumptions about the system that the programmer may have made in the interval between operations. A successful attack involves a quick-and-dirty change to the situation in a way that has not been anticipated.
0.982192	18/11/2015 · I worked at Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation as an intern (Less than a year) Pros Positive work environment, great colleagues and very interesting wok. how to make gif pictures for facebook Democratic Republic of Congo – Announcement of the provisional results of the presidential election (10.01.19) We welcome the commitment to democracy shown by the Congolese who voted in an atmosphere of calm. 18/11/2015 · I worked at Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation as an intern (Less than a year) Pros Positive work environment, great colleagues and very interesting wok. how to say has in french The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Worship (Spanish: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto) is the Argentine government ministry which oversees the foreign relations of Argentina. Professor Nelson Hernan Giraldo during a session with participants . Seventy-seven public servants are currently benefitting from the fourth edition of Spanish language courses held under a cultural agreement signed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Government of the Republic of Colombia since 1970. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, European Union and Cooperation (Spanish: Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, Unión Europea y Cooperación) is a department of the Government of Spain in charge of Spain's foreign relations. The Afghan Foreign Minister welcomed the Spanish Ambassador to Kabul and thanked the Kingdom of Spain for its assistance with Afghanistan in various spheres. The Spanish Ambassador emphasized the continuation of cooperation between the two countries.
0.944939	High elevation white pines often define the forest-alpine treeline. There are significant concerns about the sustainability of high elevation white pine ecosystems. As more high elevation ecosystems are being impacted, there is a threat of diminished western ecosystem diversity, as well as reduced opportunity to understand their components and function more entirely. Some of the concerning threats to high elevation white pine ecosystems include human introduced stressors such as white pine blister rust, fire exclusion and climate change, and natural stressors such as bark beetles and dwarf mistletoe. One of the most extensive threats is the non - native pathogen (Cronartium ribicola ) that causes the lethal disease white pine blister rust. Trees infected with the rust fungus develop cankers on the branches and main stem that eventually cause the tree to die. Currently, several management approaches are available to mitigate impacts caused by white pine blister rust yet none have proven to be completely effective and suitable for the low elevation white pines (such as eastern white pine, western white pines and sugar pine); tests have only just begun to assess their potential effectiveness for high elevation white pines. The combined impact of tree mortality caused by blister rust and bark beetles is likely to have long - lasting impacts on populations of high elevation white pines.
0.917328	Color-coded map shows tight vs loose states. "State tightness-looseness is highly associated with how much ecological and historical threat they have faced," say the researchers. For the first time, a group of University of Maryland researchers has discovered a parsimonious explanation—one both simpler and deeper than politics. States differ systematically on whether they are "tight"—have strong norms and little tolerance for deviance—or are "loose"—have weak norms and high tolerance for deviance. Loose states are found primarily in the North East, the West Coast, and include some Mountain states, while tight states are primarily in the South and parts of the Midwest. This distinction "goes far beyond the typical red state versus blue state dichotomy. Our unique study shows there is a quantifiable principle that can account for a large swath of state differences in ecological and human-made conditions, personality characteristics, and various state outcomes," said UMD Professor of Psychology Michele J. Gelfand, who, along with graduate student Jesse R. Harrington, wrote the study that will appear in a new issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The authors not only document whether states are tight or loose (see figure below), but also provide an explanation: state tightness-looseness is highly associated with how much ecological and historical threat they have faced. Tight states tend to have higher rates of natural disasters, greater environmental vulnerabilities, fewer resources, and greater incidence of disease. States without these threats can "afford" more deviant behavior, the authors conclude. "This suggests that tightness is at least in part a reaction to ecological and historical factors; strong social norms develop to coordinate individuals and protect against threatening environments. Importantly, these same relationships were previously found between nations," said Gelfand, who in 2011 led an international research team that was the first to investigate how "tightness" and "looseness" applied to global cultures, examining responses from 7,000 people across 33 nations. The team developed a measure for these 33 countries, which was published in Science. Tightness-looseness also relates to average state "personality." Individuals in tighter states tend to exhibit higher "conscientiousness"—a trait associated with greater impulse control, conformity to social norms and self-constraint. Looseness is associated with higher "openness"—a trait associated with greater tolerance and curiosity, non-traditional values and beliefs, and preference for originality. "There are pros and cons related to each side of the tightness-looseness continuum. Tight states tend to be more socially stable, orderly and exhibit more personal self-control—yet tightness is also linked to higher incarceration rates, greater discrimination, lower creativity, and lower happiness," Harrington said. "Loose states tend to be more creative, have greater equality and tolerance, and be happier. But they also exhibit higher drug and alcohol abuse and greater social instability." "A better understanding of the cultural variation across the 50 states is critical to improving communication, cooperation, and progress when it comes to making decisions that affect our nation," Gelfand said. "The challenges we face as a nation require cooperation if we want real change. This research might help us understand why we differ and to help us to develop common ground." The full study is available at http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2014/05/15/1317937111.full.pdf+html.
0.977523	For some reason, Chris won't eat tuna. Name any other fish, and he'll eat it, but tuna? Nope... So, in the grocery store the other day, I pointed out a package of tuna steaks and he said, to my utter shock, "I'll eat those." ->In the cart they went! 1. Preheat the pan on medium-high heat. 2. Coat one side of each steak with lemon juice and sprinkle with seasoning; flip and repeat on the other side. 3. Coat the bottom of the preheated pan with butter. 4. Use tongs to place steaks on the pan and let sit for 2 minutes 30 seconds. 5. Flip each steak and heat an additional 2 minutes 30 seconds.
0.88615	Terrorism refers to the systematic application of terror, particularly as a means of compulsion. However, according to the international community, terrorism has no criminal law, legally binding and universally agreed definition. Ordinary terrorism definition alludes to all acts of violence that are intended to generate fear, and are committed for ideological goals, religious or political views and intentionally disregarding or targeting civilians. The application of related tactics by criminal organizations for security rackets or to implement a silence code is generally not regarded as an act of terrorism though these equal actions may be termed as acts of terrorism when perpetrated by a politically aggravated group (Whittaker, 2007). Following the end of the Second World War, there emerged what is currently referred to as modern terrorism. Since then, large terrorist groups - with improved and more dynamic methods of organization, strategizing and carrying out their terrorist acts - have come up. For instance, narco-terrorism is among the major divisions of terrorism that has recently come under the spotlight. This is a type of terrorism associates drugs to terrorism in two main ways; first, the revenue earned from the drugs or narcotics may be used to finance the acts of terrorism. In addition, the drug barons may take advantage of exploiting terrorism as a means of controlling the production and supply networks. According to White (2009), proponents of the narco-terrorism deem that those involved in the terrorist acts use narcotics drugs to lucratively carry out and fund their operations. On the other hand, opponents have cleaved to the argument that the government usually applies the term narco-terrorism to magnify their own power. Within the context of Napoleon’s summary of the new terrorist economy, Napoleon affirms that globalization produced pockets in the globe whereby botched states were left to administrate with little financially viable and political power. Terrorist groups, therefore, became strong enough and seized the moment to resist the state, and consequently, they ended up running their own subversive economies. They in retaliation provided some form of political solidity. In order to be effective, the concerned terrorist groups generally forms some form of shell state usually defined as an organization. The organization usually steps in place of the government whenever the government is incapacitated in enforcing law or providing social order (White, 2009). Napoleon clearly indicates that modern terrorism is sustained by groups in shell states that consistently keep on changing and adjusting their organizational formation and political ambition in order to retain income from an international dissident economy. He strongly argues that poverty should not be used as a scapegoat to substantiate terrorism, but instead economic and political failure results in the surfacing of shell states where terrorism can be well thought-out and funded. If the napoleon’s and macroeconomic theories are correct, then there may have significance for the nature of counter terrorism (White, 2009). Otherwise, counter terrorism policies should be meant at providing the world general population with economic constancy, prospect and participation in the conventional economy. Various analysts have steadily appreciated the significant role played by financing terrorism. Although a single terrorist operation may not require a lot of money, the overall terrorist’s operations budget is quite substantial. In addition, the organization of violence related to politics necessitates a huge financial backing. According to a report by White (2009), facilitating terrorists’ activities over a long time period need large cash outlays. Although poverty may cause terrorism, political and economic failures may lead to a shell state where terrorism can is funded and organized. Several terrorist groupings create a shell state distinct as an association that replaces the administration in a place where the government is incapable of enforcing law or does not provide proper social orders.
0.981	Introduction to BigData Analytics with Apache Spark Part 1 By Fadi Maalouli and R.H. Spark Overview Apache Spark, an open source cluster computing system, is growing fast. Apache Spark has a growing ecosystem of libraries and framework to enable advanced data analytics. Apache Spark’s rapid success is due to its power and and ease-of-use. It is more productive and has faster runtime than the typical MapReduce BigData based analytics. Apache Spark provides in-memory, distributed computing. Analytics with Apache Spark Tutorial Part 2 : Spark SQL Using Spark SQL from Python and Java Combining Cassandra and Spark By Fadi Maalouli and R.H. Spark, a very powerful tool for real-time analytics, is very popular. In the first part of this series on Spark we introduced Spark. We covered Spark’s history, and explained RDDs (which are used to partition data in the Spark cluster). We also covered the Apache Spark Ecosystem. In this part of Spark’s tutorial (part 3), we will introduce two important components of Spark’s Ecosystem: Spark Streaming and MLlib. Display - Edit Spark Streaming By Fadi Maalouli and R.H. Spark Streaming is a real-time processing tool, that has a high level API, is fault tolerant, and is easy to integrate with SQL DataFrames and GraphX. On a high level Spark Streaming works by running receivers that receive data from for example S3, Cassandra, Kafka etc… and it divides these data into blocks, then pushes these blocks into Spark, then Spark will work with these blocks of data as RDDs, from here you get your results.
0.952442	George Nakamura was born in Arroyo Grande, California on November 13, 1923, as the fourth child and second son of vegetable farmers. He attended elementary and high school in Arroyo Grande. After the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor in December 1941, Nakamura and his family were advised to sell their farm before it was confiscated by the government. The Nakamuras instead rented their farm and in March 1942 were 'bundled up into buses', by the US Army, according to Nakamura, and taken to the Tulane [Relocation] Reception Center. Here his mother and five siblings, one brother and four sisters, were put into one room. In June 1942, the Nakamuras were relocated to a permanent internment camp on the Gila River Indian Reservation in Arizona. The Nakamuras were placed in one room which measured 25 feet by 35 feet. Nakamura joined the other high school graduates in camp to do the work necessary to keep the camp running. His tasks included washing dishes, janitorial duties, and administrative and accounting responsibilities. Nakamura also volunteered to pick cotton for the war effort, which he says is the hardest work he has ever done. In November 1942, Nakamura volunteered for the US army. Although the US army at the time was not drafting Japanese-Americans, recruits had been sent to Nakamura's camp to ask for `volunteers ' to study Japanese for special Japanese language units. Nakamura recalls that had the army not lowered the height limit to five feet, he would not have been accepted. From December 1942 to May 1943, Nakamura was put in training at Camp Savage, located about 17 miles outside of Minneapolis, Minnesota. Here he learned military Japanese, how to read documents and how to interrogate prisoners. After graduation in May 1943 he was sent to Camp Shelby for basic training, and returned to Fort Snelling where he awaited orders for overseas duty. Eventually he received orders as one of a ten-man language team designated for the CBI Theater. From Minneapolis he was flown to Los Angeles, and then set sail for Calcutta on a route that took them below Australia to avoid Japanese submarines. He arrived in Calcutta in March 1944, and was sent to Chongqing where he was told that he was part of a `test case'; if he and his fellow officers did not get along with the Chinese, they would be sent back. In July 1944, he was assigned to the Dixie Mission. He was to assist Major Ray Cromley, 055, responsible for order of battle information on Japanese forces in North China and Manchuria. As the youngest member of the Dixie Mission, Nakamura was Crornley's language man and lackey. In June 1945, Cromley recommended Nakamura for a field commission and Nakamura was accepted. After the Dixie Mission was recalled in August 1945, Nakamura returned to Chongqing, and then Shanghai which became the US headquarters in September. From Shanghai, he was ordered to join the Liaison Group to assist Chinese troops to leave French-Indochina. In May 1946, this group returned to Shanghai and Nakamura stayed on with the US army for three years, during which time he was sent to Japan for occupation forces. In June 1949, he resigned from active duty and entered Columbia College. In 1954, he graduated with a masters in International Affairs and East Asian Studies, and in 1955 accepted a job with Rayovac Corporation, where he worked for 31 years. Since 1986, George Nakamura has been operating a management consulting firm in Tokyo called the International Services Associates, Japan (ISAJ). ISAJ focuses on trade promotions, mergers and acquisitions, market research, and real estate matters. Story and picture contributed by Aileen Nakamura.
0.942889	The West German politician Franz Josef Strauss (1915-1988) was a founder of the Christian Social Union and its standard bearer for four decades. He was minister president of Bavaria beginning in 1978. Franz Josef Strauss was born on September 6, 1915, in the Bavarian capital of Munich. A butcher's son, raised a strict Catholic, he proved to be a brilliant student until he was drafted September 1, 1939. He served two years on the eastern front, became an artillery officer, and ended World War II in American captivity. In 1945 Strauss was active in founding the Christian Social Union (CSU), the quasi-independent Bavarian sister party to the larger Christian Democratic Union (CDU) led by Konrad Adenauer, West German chancellor from 1949 to 1963. Strauss quickly gained attention for his slashing speeches as a CSU parliamentary deputy. Short, stout, and earthy, the energetic Strauss seemingly personified the conservative majority of Bavaria. He was chairman and undisputed leader of the CSU beginning in 1961 and served as minister president of Bavaria beginning in 1978. This controversial and colorful right-wing politician's great frustration, however, was his inability to duplicate on the national level the power and authority he achieved in his regional base of Bavaria. In 1953 Strauss entered the Adenauer cabinet and was soon dubbed "the elbow minister" for his ability to push himself to the top. After a brief stint as minister of nuclear power he became minister of defense in 1956. The Federal Republic had just instituted conscription, and when the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) decided in 1957 to authorize the use of tactical nuclear arms, Strauss squashed the call for a "nuclear free" Central Europe. He forced parliament to vote in favor of nuclear arms. He also argued that West Germany must obtain nuclear weapons to remain on equal footing with her NATO allies. When the Kennedy administration resisted this goal, insisting on U.S. control, Strauss sought cooperation with General de Gaulle's France to build a Europe of states willing to share nuclear weapons. As a "German Gaullist," Strauss was viewed with suspicion by the supporters of Adenauer's heir apparent, Ludwig Erhard, who favored a pro-American, "Atlantic" posture. The liberal press also started writing in ominous tones that Strauss might become a hawkish foreign minister, or even Adenauer's ultimate successor. Strauss helped bring upon himself the great crisis of his career in the "Spiegel Affair" of 1962. Der Spiegel, a weekly news magazine, published an article criticizing the West German army's lack of preparedness and Strauss' steward-ship of it. Two weeks later, police seized the magazine's office and arrested the publisher and other journalists, claiming they had leaked defense secrets. Strauss tried to minimize his own role before parliament, only to have it become known that he had personally authorized the arrest of the article's author, an arrest which was legally questionable since it took place outside the country. Demonstrations against the defense minister rocked a hitherto docile public, and Adenauer's small coalition partner, the Free Democratic party, forced Strauss' resignation from the cabinet. Bavarians stood by their beleaguered leader, however, and voted an increased mandate to the CSU. Driven from national office and hounded by an often vindictive press, Strauss studied economics at the University of Innsbruck. He then staged an impressive political comeback. He was instrumental in toppling the Erhard government of 1963-1966 and helped fashion the "Great Coalition" of 1966-1969. The coalition was headed by a new CDU chancellor, Kurt Georg Kiesinger, and the Social Democratic vice-chancellor and foreign minister, Willy Brandt. Strauss became minister of finance and surprised his critics by working harmoniously with the Social Democratic minister of economics to tackle the economic recession. When the coalition broke apart and the CDU/CSU was forced into opposition for the first time after the Social Democrat (SPD) victory in the election of 1969, Strauss became the leading critic of Willy Brandt's conciliatory foreign policy towards Eastern Europe. Strauss maintained the traditional West German rejection of the 1945 settlement, arguing that Brandt was bargaining claims away for uncertain promises. But public opinion was tiring of Cold War intransigence, with even Strauss' CDU ally moving towards acceptance of the treaties with the East. Although Strauss was able to keep the CDU from accepting the treaties, he could prevent neither their passage nor the reelection of the Brandt government in 1972. The tensions within the CDU/CSU opposition became ever more strained in the 1970s. The maverick Strauss tried to become a dominating voice, but also threatened to make the CSU a national splinter party of the right. Divided, the CDU/CSU opposition was defeated in the 1976 national election by a Social Democratic/Free Democratic alliance led by Chancellor Helmut Schmidt. Strauss finally became the CDU/CSU chancellor candidate in 1980. This electoral confrontation between Strauss and Schmidt was billed as the "clash of giants," but no clear issues emerged. The campaign turned out to be a national referendum on Strauss. The liberal-social democratic coalition united against him with the emotional slogan "Stop Strauss!" In victory, however, the Social Democratic/Free Democratic alliance would quickly disintegrate, and Schmidt was out of office by 1983. Although the 1980 election was supposed to be Strauss' "last hurrah," he remained a formidable figure in West German politics for several years thereafter. In 1983-84, Strauss served in the largely honorary post of president of the Bundesrat, in the upper house of the federal parliament. He lost his wife in a fatal car accident shortly thereafter. He died in Regensburg, Bavaria on October 3, 1988. "Franz Josef Strauss." Encyclopedia of World Biography. . Encyclopedia.com. 22 Apr. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>. Franz Josef Strauss (fräns yō´zĕf shtrous), 1915–88, West German political figure, leader of the Christian Social Union. He became prominent in the Bavarian Christian Social Union (the Bavarian wing of the Christian Democratic Union) after World War II. Elected to the Bundestag in 1949, he became (1956) minister of defense of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) in the coalition government of Christian Democratic chancellor Konrad Adenauer. In 1962, Strauss was widely attacked for his role in the government raids on the offices of the opposition news magazine Der Spiegel and arrests of the magazine's personnel. As a result of the Der Spiegel affair Adenauer was forced to form a new cabinet from which Strauss was excluded. He later served (Dec., 1966–Oct., 1969) as finance minister in the government of Christian Democratic chancellor Kurt Kiesinger. He opposed the 1973 treaty normalizing relations between East and West Germany on the grounds that it violated the constitutional provision requiring the government to seek reunification. In 1978 Strauss was elected premier of Bavaria, a position that served as a springboard for his 1980 bid for election as chancellor of West Germany. Nominated by the Christian Democratic Union and the Christian Social Union, Strauss lost the election to Helmut Schmidt. He remained premier of Bavaria until his death. "Strauss, Franz Josef." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . Encyclopedia.com. 22 Apr. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
0.948577	The Indian cricket team is currently ranked first (as of 21 March 2010) by the ICC in Tests and second (as of 21 March 2010) in ODIs. As of March 2010, the Indian team has played 437 Test matches, winning 104, losing 137 and drawing 195 of its games, with 1 match ending in a tie. India has a relatively better record in One Day Internationals, winning over 50% of matches played. Currently, Gary Kirsten is the head coach while Mahendra Singh Dhoni is the captain in all forms of the game. Under the leadership of Dhoni, the Indian team has set a national record for most back-to-back ODI wins (9 straight wins) and has emerged as one of the most formidable teams in international cricket. Although cricket was introduced to India by European merchant sailors in the 18th-century and the first cricket club in India was established in Calcutta in 1792, India's national cricket team didn't play their first Test match until 25 June 1932 at Lord's. They became the sixth team to be granted Test cricket status. In their first fifty years of international cricket, India proved weaker than Australia and England, winning only 35 of the 196 test matches. The team, however, gained strength near the end of the 1970s with the emergence of players such as Sunil Gavaskar, Kapil Dev, Mohammed Azharuddin and the Indian spin quartet. Traditionally much stronger at home than abroad, the Indian team has improved its overseas form since the start of the 21st century. It won the Cricket World Cup in 1983 and was runners-up in 2003. It also won the inaugural World Twenty20 in 2007. The current team contains many of the world's leading players, including Sachin Tendulkar and Rahul Dravid who hold numerous cricketing world records. Selection for the Indian cricket team occurs through the BCCI's zonal selection policy, where each of the five zones is represented with one selector and one of the members nominated by BCCI as the Chairman of the Selection Committee. This has sometimes led to controversy as to whether these selectors are biased towards their zones. The current chairman of Selection Committee is Krishnamachari Srikkanth. Yashpal Sharma, Narendra Hirwani, Surendra Bhave and Raja Venkat are the other members of the selection committee whose terms started in September 2008 with BCCI holding the rights for a one-year extension. The Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) is the governing body for the Indian cricket team and first class cricket in India. The Board has been operating since 1929 and represents India at the International Cricket Council. It is amongst the richest sporting organizations in the world, and it sold media rights for India's matches from 2006-2010 for USD 612,000,000. It manages the Indian team's sponsorships, its future tours and team selection. The International Cricket Council determines India's upcoming matches through its future tours program. However, the BCCI, with its influential financial position in the cricketing world, has often challenged the ICC's program and called for more tours between India, Australia, Pakistan and England which are more likely to earn more revenue as opposed to tours with Bangladesh or Zimbabwe. In the past, the BCCI has also come into conflict with the ICC regarding sponsorships and the legitimacy of the ICC Champions Trophy. The British brought cricket to India in the early 1700s, with the first cricket match played in 1721. In 1848, the Parsi community in Bombay formed the Oriental Cricket Club, the first cricket club to be established by Indians. After slow beginnings, the Europeans eventually invited the Parsis to play a match in 1877. By 1912, the Parsis,Sikhs, Hindus, and Muslims of Bombay played a quadrangular tournament with the Europeans every year. In the early 1900s, some Indians went on to play for the English cricket team. Some of these, such as Ranjitsinhji and KS Duleepsinhji were greatly appreciated by the British and their names went on to be used for the Ranji Trophy and Duleep Trophy- two major first class tournaments in India. In 1911, an Indian team went on their first official tour of England, but only played English county teams and not the English cricket team. India was invited into The Imperial Cricket Council in 1926 and made its debut as a Test-cricket-playing-nation in 1932 led by CK Nayudu. The match was given Test status despite being only 3 days in length. The team was not strong in its batting at this point and went on to lose by 158 runs. The Indian team continued to improve throughout the 1930s and '40s but did not achieve an international victory during this period. The team's first series as an independent country was in 1948 against Sir Donald Bradman's Invincibles (a name given to the Australian cricket team of that time). Australia won the five-match series, 4-0. India recorded their first Test victory against England at Madras (now Chennai) in 1952. Later in the year, they won their first Test series, which was against Pakistan. They continued their improvement throughout the early 1950s with a series win against New Zealand in 1956. However, they did not win again in the remainder of the decade and lost badly to strong Australian and English sides. The next decade saw India's reputation develop as a team with a strong record at home. Although they only won two series (both against New Zealand), they managed to draw home series against Pakistan, England and Australia. The key to India's bowling in the 1970s were the Indian spin quartet - Bishen Bedi, E.A.S. Prasanna, BS Chandrasekhar and Srinivas Venkataraghavan. This period also saw the emergence of two of India's best ever batsmen, Sunil Gavaskar and Gundappa Viswanath. Indian pitches have had tendency to support spin and the spin quartet exploited this to create collapses in opposing batting lineups. These players were responsible for the back-to-back series wins in 1971 in the West Indies and in England, under the captaincy of Ajit Wadekar. Gavaskar scored 774 runs in the West Indian series while Dilip Sardesai's 112 played a big part in their one Test win. The advent of One-Day International cricket in 1971 created a new dimension in the cricket world. However, India was not considerably strong in ODIs at this point and batsmen such as the captain Gavaskar were known for their defence-based approaches to batting. India began as a weak team in ODIs and did not manage to qualify for the second round in the first two editions of the Cricket World Cup. Gavaskar famously blocked his way to 36 not out off 174 balls against England in the first World Cup in 1975, India scored just 132 for 3 and lost by 202 runs. In contrast, India fielded a strong team in Test matches and were particularly strong at home where their combination of stylish batsman and beguiling spinners where seen at their best. India set a then test record in the third Test against the West Indies at Port-of-Spain in 1976 when they chased 403 to win thanks to 112 from Vishwanath. This West Indian defeat is considered to be a watershed in the history of their cricket because it led to captain Clive Lloyd dispensing with spin altogether and relying entirely on a four man pace attack. In November 1976 the team established another record by scoring 524 for 9 declared against New Zealand at Kanpur without an individual scoring a century. There were six fifties, the highest being 70 by Mohinder Amarnath. The innings was the eighth instance in Test cricket where all eleven batsmen reached double figures.
0.949974	Please follow the instructions given below to filter a claim by the billing status. 1. Hover over the "Billing" tab and click on "Live Claims Feed". 2. Click on the “Billing Status” drop down. 3. Uncheck “All Statuses” and check the required status to filter the claims. 4. Click on “Update filter” to list all the claims for that particular status. Why is the claim being rejected?
0.996012	What is it about brocade that gives it a distinct aura? If there were an awe-inspiring fabric, it would be the regal brocade. Its shimmering metallic quality is made for all that is revered and hallowed. It is even created in a distinguished way - an ordinary synthetic yarn is covered in a layer of metal such as aluminium or gold, thus elevating it from the common. It is then given a coat of polyester compound. The metal gives the garment the appearance of a burnished lamp that lights up a prayer room, and the plastic layer protects the metal. When wrapped around a venerated figure, these fabrics lend an air of majesty and splendour.
0.999991	Just a simple question, what was the difference between a wife and a concubine in Old Testament times? I had the impression a concubine was sort of a 'slave wife' or as it might be described today as a 'mistress'. Would that be correct? You are basically correct. The following article is informative, but I don't agree with all it says about concubinage in the Bible: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concubinage#In_Ancient_Judaism. Basically a concubine was a woman who willingly/voluntarily enslaved and sold herself to a man ( or a man's wife if she were barren for example) primarily for sexual and child bearing purposes. A concubine could not marry her master because of her slave status although, for her, the relationship had to be exclusive and continuing. A concubine possessed most of the same rights as a wife but did not have the same status or respect. This was legal and it is assumed that God allowed it for the same reason He allowed divorce and polygamy: The hardness of men's hearts. But, from what I understand, neither she nor the children she birthed could receive inheritance like the actual wife and her offspring. That would depend on whether the man and his wife had children of their own. If the wife was barren then the offspring would be accepted and gain inheritance. Many times that was the reason a concubine was brought into the situation in the first place. If the husband and wife had offspring of their own any child conceived with a concubine was still considered family however inheritance, status, respect etc would go to the man and wife's children first and then trickle down. It was pretty much the same if a man had more than one wife. The first wife had the most status, respect etc and her children would be first in line for inheritance and the rest. If the first wife didn't or couldn't have children then things could change. You have to remember though that in those days woman were more or less considered "property" for lack of a better word. Yes, many times love happened and marriage come about because of it but more often than not marriages were arranged or more or less an arrangement. Families sold daughters into marriage or they were given, along with a dowry to help pay for their care, for other reasons and the daughters had no say about it or "rights" whatsoever. Some of the marriage arraignments were agreed upon between two families while the one who would be married were still very young children or even infants. Edit: I think that jayne posted something really informative about this stuff in an old polygamy thread in Contro. Or maybe it was you? I'll have to see if I can find it. Gideon had wives and a concubine. Gideon's concubine had a son called Abimelech. (Judg 8:30 KJV) And Gideon had threescore and ten sons of his body begotten: for he had many wives. Wives H802. 'ishshah, ish-shaw'; fem. of H376 or H582; irregular plur. nashiym, naw-sheem'; a woman (used in the same wide sense as H582):--[adulter]ess, each, every, female, X many, + none, one, + together, wife, woman. Often unexpressed in English. (Judg 8:31 KJV) And his concubine that was in Shechem, she also bare him a son, whose name he called Abimelech. Concubine H6370. piylegesh, pee-leh'-ghesh; or pilegesh, pee-leh'-ghesh; of uncert. der.; a concubine; also (masc.) a paramour:--concubine, paramour. In Judges 9:18 - the concubine is describes as a maidservant. (Judg 9:18 KJV) And ye are risen up against my father's house this day, and have slain his sons, threescore and ten persons, upon one stone, and have made Abimelech, the son of his maidservant, king over the men of Shechem, because he is your brother. Maid Servant H519. 'amah, aw-maw'; appar. a prim. word; a maid-servant or female slave:--(hand-) bondmaid (-woman,) maid (-servant). Possibly, the different names are used to differentiate the woman who were married to Gideon and those who he had a child with through someone he was not married to? Jacob's did! 12 tribes from 12 sons several from concubines.
0.941058	For other people with a similar name, see Lawrence Friedman (disambiguation). Sir Lawrence David Freedman, KCMG, CBE, PC, FBA (born 7 December 1948) is Emeritus Professor of War Studies at King's College London. He has been described as the "dean of British strategic studies", and was a member of the Iraq Inquiry. Of Jewish descent, Freedman was educated at Whitley Bay Grammar School, the Victoria University of Manchester (BA), University of York (BPhil), and University of Oxford, where he was a student of Nuffield College (Fellow 1974–75) and the Faculty of Social Studies. His DPhil thesis, submitted in 1975, was The definition of the Soviet threat in strategic arms decisions of the United States: 1961–1974. He also then held a part-time lectureship at Balliol College. Freedman held positions at the International Institute for Strategic Studies and Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House) before he was appointed, in 1982, Professor of War Studies at King's College London. He was head of the War Studies until 1997. In 2000, he was the first head of the College’s School of Social Science and Public Policy. From 2003 to December 2013, he was a Vice Principal at King's College London. He retired from King’s in December 2014. He was appointed a Fellow of the College in 1992. He was appointed a Visiting Professor at the University of Oxford in the Blavatnik School of Government in 2015. Freedman contributed to the preparation of the 1999 Chicago speech in which Tony Blair set out the 'Blair doctrine'. Freedman was the Official Historian of the Falklands Campaign and author of The Official History of the Falklands Campaign, published in two volumes (London: Routledge, 2006). Freedman's principal areas of interest include contemporary defence and foreign policy issues. He has written extensively on nuclear strategy and the cold war, as well as commentating regularly on contemporary security issues, and provides book reviews for Foreign Affairs. His recent books include an Adelphi Paper on The Revolution in Strategic Affairs, an edited book on Strategic Coercion, an illustrated book on the Cold War, a collection of essays on British defence policy and Kennedy's Wars that covers the major crises of the early 1960s over Berlin, Cuba and Vietnam. Kennedy's Wars was a Silver Medal Winner of the Arthur Ross Prize, awarded by the Council on Foreign Relations in New York City. In addition, a book on deterrence was published in 2004. A Choice of Enemies: America Confronts the Middle East (New York: PublicAffairs, 2008), won the 2009 Lionel Gelber Prize and the 2009 Duke of Westminster's Medal for Military Literature. Strategy: A History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013) was named as one of the best books of 2013 by the Financial Times and was awarded the W J McKenzie Book Prize by the Political Studies Association. Freedman was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1995 and appointed Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 1996 and Knight Commander of the Most Distinguished Order of St Michael and St George in 2003. ‘…Under his supervision, generations of students, as well as officers in Her Majesty's Forces learnt about the changing nature of war, and Britain's military history. In his early academic career, Professor Freedman concentrated on the Soviet strategic threat, Britain's nuclear deterrent and the evolution of the trans-Atlantic Alliance. His other awards include Distinguished Scholar Award from the International Security Studies Section of the US International Studies Association (2007) and the first George G Bell Award for strategic studies leadership from the Canadian International Council (2008). He was made a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom when appointed to the Iraq Inquiry in 2009. His wife is Judith, Pinsent Masons Professor of Taxation Law and a Fellow of Worcester College at Oxford University. They have two children, Ruth and Sam, a director of Teach First. "The Special Relationship, then and now". Foreign Affairs. May/June 2006. Freedman, Lawrence (2013). Strategy: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-932515-3. Freedman, Lawrence (4 October 2018). Nuclear Deterrence. illus. Duncan Smith. London: Ladybird Books. ISBN 978-0-7181-8889-4. ^ DeGroot, Gerard (13 December 2013). "'Strategy: A History' by Lawrence Freedman". The Washington Post. Katharine Weymouth. Retrieved 24 November 2014. ^ Corn, Tony (9 September 2006). "Clausewitz in Wonderland". RealClearPolitics. Retrieved 30 March 2014. ^ a b c "Biography of Professor Sir Lawrence Freedman". Iraq Inquiry. Retrieved 25 November 2009. ^ Miles, Oliver (22 November 2009). "Oliver Miles: The key question – is Blair a war criminal?". The Independent. Retrieved 20 May 2018. ^ OLIS web OPAC Archived 12 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine, University of Oxford. ^ Debrett's People of Today (2009). ^ "Chicago speech memo" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2014. ^ "Letter Freedman wrote to John Chilcot explaining his role in the Chicago speech" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 April 2016. ^ "Current research & consultancy projects: Lawrence Freedman". King's College London. Retrieved 25 November 2009. ^ "Professor Sir Lawrence Freedman". King's College London. Retrieved 25 November 2009. ^ "Authors: Lawrence D. Freedman". Foreign Affairs. ^ "Past Winners of the Arthur Ross Book Award". Council on Foreign Relations. ^ "Biography: Lawrence Freedman". King's College London. Retrieved 25 November 2009. ^ "Books of the Year". Financial Times. ^ "W.J.M Mackenzie Book Prize: Past Winners" (PDF). Political Studies Association. ^ "No. 54427". The London Gazette. 14 June 1996. p. 8. ^ "Gold medal for Sir Lawrence". King's College London. ^ "International award for King's VP". King's College London. ^ "Biography of Professor Sir Lawrence Freedman". The Iraq Inquiry. ^ "Judith Freedman". University of Oxford. Retrieved 19 December 2012. ^ "Sam Freedman". Teach First. Retrieved 10 July 2016. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lawrence Freedman. This page was last edited on 5 April 2019, at 16:06 (UTC).
0.985587	Many of the plays written by English playwright William Shakespeare have been adapted to films with much success. The comedy "The Taming of the Shrew" is a good example of this. This play has been adapted to movies in several occasions, the first one being a short film directed in 1908 by D. W. Griffith. Over the years, other film adaptations had the participation of renowned personalities from the cinema industry, such as Alfred Hitchcock, Elizabeth Taylor, Richard Burton, Maureen O'Hara, and John Wayne. The release of the teen movie "10 Things I Hate about You", back in 1999, served to highlight the fact that William Shakespeare's writings are timeless and universal. In this article we take a look at this modern adaptation of Shakespeare's famous comedy and examine the keys to its success among the public. In order to understand better the success of the movie "10 Things I Hate about You", it is useful to have a general idea about the original play as written by Shakespeare. The Taming of the Shrew was written towards the end of the 16th century (probably between 1590 and 1592). The comedy is set in Padua, Italy, where noble lady Katerina Minola is known for her difficult character and brazen personality. As a result of her harshness, everyone believes that Katerina will never get married. Katerina has a younger sister, Bianca, who is nothing like her sister and has two serious suitors, Gremio and Hortensio. Seeing the situation, Katerina and Bianca's father decides that he will not allow Bianca to get married unless Katerina does the same first. This decision prompts Gremio and Hortensio to devise a plan to marry Katerina off to somebody else, so that they can compete for Bianca's affection. Gremio and Hortensio see the perfect candidate in Petruchio, who arrives in Padua with the intention of getting married. Petruchio is not taken aback by Katerina's character, and soon they get married. In the meantime, Gremio and Hortensio continue their game of deception and pretense in order to marry Bianca, who by that time is in love with Lucentio. Bianca and Lucentio get married in secret, and later return to Padua after much confusion about Lucentio's identity (mostly caused by Gremio and Hortensio's plot). While this happens, Katerina's personality begins to change as a result of her husband's efforts to "tame" her, to the point that she is considered the most obedient wife among their acquaintances. As it would be expected from a typical teen movie, "10 Things I Hate about You" deals with issues like unreciprocated love and confusion. The movie was released in 1999 as a romantic comedy and as a modern adaptation of Shakespeare's famous play. The film's main characters are Kat and Bianca Stratford (played by Julia Stiles and Larisa Oleynik), Patrick Verona (played by Heath Ledger and based on the character of Petruchio), Cameron James (played by Joseph Gordon-Levitt and inspired on Lucentio), and Joey Donner (who is played by Andrew Keegan and whose personality combines many elements of the original characters of Gremio and Hortensio). In the movie, Cameron James becomes infatuated with Bianca, but since her father will not allow her to date anyone until her older sister Kat does the same, he conceives a plan that involves Patrick Verona (a rebel by nature) courting Kat. Patrick goes along and accepts money to go ahead with the plan, but he ends up falling for Kat, whose difficult character seems to mirror his own. At first, Bianca is not attracted to Cameron, and instead shows interest in Joey, although she is unaware that he has made a bet that he can get involved with her. In the end, and after Joey's plot is discovered, Kat and Bianca end up dating Patrick and Cameron. The film's success was undeniable, and during its opening weekend it made more than $8 million. To understand how well received the movie was, we need to remember that "10 Things I Hate about You" was in movie theatres at the same time as "The Matrix", and the Shakespeare-inspired film ranked second after the classic sci-fi movie. In total, the film made over $53 million. The movie and its cast received several awards, including Best Musical Performance, Young Star Awards, Most Promising Actress, and Best Casting for Comedy Film. This movie was also well received by the critics, who in their majority believed that the film went beyond the stereotypical high school movie. Many critics also praised the character played by Julia Stiles, who was so clearly different from mainstream female Hollywood characters. Once again, this demonstrates that Shakespeare's timeless vision of human nature is accurate in our days too.
0.999854	Navigating a break-up can leave you feeling like you are on an emotional roller coaster. You may experience symptoms of grief and focus on what is lost. Even more, it can be challenging to accept the loss when you have invested so personally, creating dreams and shared experiences that you want to hold onto. This can lead to wishing, pleading, begging, and a variety of behaviors that only serve to create more painful thoughts and interactions. You might be tearful, isolated, have trouble sleeping, and experience a wheel of thoughts going through your head, “If only, if only I had....”and then the next minute feel a wall of anger rise up around you. How you manage these feelings makes a difference in how you shift gears from idling in loss to moving forward in life. Here are five ideas on how to avoid a breakdown when your relationship comes to the end of the road. Use distraction to move towards a new path. If you are distracted by intrusive thoughts about the breakup, use the distraction method to turn the tables. Here are a few ideas on how to distraction yourself: Dive into projects at work; focus on hobbies, such as building model airplanes, scrapbooking, and anything you enjoy. Participate in activities such as an online meetup group, volunteer in your community, or start a running group to redirect your attention to a positive focus. To stay on target when you have free time, create some index cards with tasks such as “exercise for 20 minutes”, “cook a new recipe”, or “turn on some upbeat music”. Keep a good fiction book by your bedside to distract your thoughts before bedtime. Having an emotional moment at work or in a public situation? Switch your thoughts to math! Calculate a few addition or subtraction problems. Your emotional moment will pass as you calculate. Find your way with support from family, friends, and mentors. It’s not just a Beatles song “A Little Help from My Friends”, part of being human is the desire and need to connect with others. Avoid the temptation to isolate, which can leave you feeling alone and empty. You obviously had a life before your relationship and you still do. If you have a sense that you’ve lost yourself in the relationship because you focused a great deal on your partner, reach out to those who are willing to focus on you. Just about everyone has been through a breakup. It’s a normal part of life, so there is no shame in saying it out loud. To gain support, arrange to meet friends for coffee or lunch. Join a book club with a friend; plan a girls or guys night out at a restaurant, bowling, or comedy club. Phone your family and friends for pep talks. Social media offers a quick way to connect with friends, but be careful not to share the gory details of your breakup online. Bashing him or her publicly won’t change anything except increase and prolong any verbal fighting and hurt. And, if you think about it, how can fighting, especially drawing others into the center of public humiliation, help you move on? When tempted to post about your hurt and anger, consider asking “Do I want to fight or do you want to get past the breakup?” Mentors may offer new ideas on how to see yourself happy in the future. Seek professional services such as counseling if you have thoughts of harming yourself, or your grief does not resolve within three months. Come to the end of the road by accepting the loss of the relationship and shift your energy to the future. Relationships are a two way street. You may look back on the relationship to learn what works and what does not, but you can’t blame yourself. Allowing your energy to stay focused on the past can hold you hostage from your life. Self-criticism derails your passion for life. Another way to stay in the past is wishful thinking, it can feel magical, and it can also cast a spell that makes it more difficult to let go of the relationship. You may want to call, plead, or bargain with your ex, but avoiding contact is often the best means to separate emotionally. Rehashing what might have been, playing the blame game, or giving up your self-esteem by begging to resume the relationship often prolongs your pain. Acceptance opens the door. The “If only I had...”syndrome creates a thread that keeps you spinning stories from the past, but you can’t relive the past; it’s a dead end. Instead, develop goals, hopes, and dreams to fit with your life’s purpose whether it is to help others, participate in social justice, or maximize your talents and strengths in a new way. Research topics of interest and take steps to participate in something that allows you to experience fulfillment. Create new traditions with friends and family for holidays and special occasions. Sit with your experience: Allow things to be as they are. Running away from your painful experience only assures that it will follow you. Allow yourself to experience your feelings and just notice them without having to do anything. Over time, many people find answers. Begin by allowing your concerns without pressure to resolve them; this opens space for new ideas to form. Called sparkling moments, they can provide new insights and meaning on how to cope. Steve Jobs, (2006) quote gives voice to this idea “you first start off trying to solve a problem, the first solutions you come up with are very complex, and most people stop there. But if you keep going, and live with the problem and peel more layers of the onion off, you can often times arrive at some very elegant and simple solutions”. Remember, grief is not an illness; it is a normal response to loss, including the loss of a relationship. Your feelings matter, but many people find that grief resolves with a bit of effort and time. Relationships call for attention and the relationship you have with yourself is extremely important. Think about what happens if you disconnect from self. Tuning out might lead to shutting down or running away from your personal needs, even the people you value most in life. It is important to be gentle with yourself, avoid the urge to blame self and others. Focusing on negative thoughts creates negative feelings and erodes your self-esteem. To build your emotional wellbeing, practice good self-care. Use exercise to reverse stress and tension. Have a daily schedule with regular meal times and make healthy food choices to feed your soul. While skipping meals leaves you depleted, emotional eating can lead to weight gain. Meditation and Yoga practice quiet the mind. The key components of self-care are your mind and body, but don’t forget to stand your ground. Don’t give up your property and possessions in hope it will bring your partner back. Make choices based on your own sense of fairness, give gifts because you chose to with no strings attached, and seek mediation or legal advice to understand your rights and the law regarding division of property if you have combined your assets. Even more, if you receive threats of harm from your ex don’t ignore them. Threats can increase or begin when one partner leaves a relationship. Your safety comes first, so report any threats of violence to the authorities. A breakup has been described like a death where no one sends flowers. To avoid a breakdown after a breakup, send yourself metaphorical flowers by trying some of the steps listed above. You have more to learn and do in this life, right? Remember your ideal life and/or partner may be out there somewhere in your future. If you have recently experienced a breakup and decide to experiment with some of the tips listed above, reread this article in six months or a year to see how far you have come and what has changed. You may be surprised how getting a life tune-up leads to new adventures. Her clinical and publications focus include articles on couples, family, trauma, grief and depression and anxiety. She offers clinical services, support groups and is a supervisor candidate. She holds a B.A in research psychology and an M.S.in Marriage and Family Therapy from Nova Southeastern University in Florida. She has participated in research grants and publication with professors and colleagues from the University of South Alabama and Nova Southeastern University.
0.999536	Traditional heavy metal (also referred to as trad metal, classic metal, or simply heavy metal) is metal music played in its original style. Generally considered to be not a sub-genre of metal, but the main genre of it, trad metal is characterized by most of the traits metal originally was known for, including blues-inspired riffs, distorted guitars, melodic vocals with an added bombastic edge, and psychedelic rock influences, particularly in the earliest of metal bands. However, after the numerous subsets of heavy metal began to spawn, fans and music critics alike began to refer to the traditional style of metal as its own separate genre, especially after many then-newer bands began to adopt the sound despite emerging years after metal came to be. For the most part, classic metal is, along with Hair Metal or Nu Metal, what most of the general public think of sound-wise when they hear the term "heavy metal". Nowadays the style is thought of as old-fashioned, but being the centerfold of all metal it is held in extremely high regard amongst metalheads and music fans alike for its old-school sound and rawness. Most popular bands performing the style formed in the 1970s or 1980s when metal was just done developing its identity, but its popularity has led to a new wave of bands in the new millennium, dubbed by fans as the NWOTHM (New Wave of Traditional Heavy Metal), with examples including White Wizzard and Neuronspoiler. Traditional heavy metal often overlaps with Power Metal, Hair Metal, Hard Rock, Psychedelic Rock, Thrash Metal, Speed Metal, and (in newer bands) Alternative Metal. Sabaton started as this and their early songs up to the Attero Dominatus album retain considerable influence, but they're more known as Power Metal. Christian Metal : Bloodgood and Music/Stryper are prominent examples. The Resurrection Band are generally considered the Ur-Example of Christian Metal, and did dab in this style, but are also considered Hard Rock. Doom Metal: Arguably the first major offshoot metal subgenre, Doom Metal is just the logical continuation of the original Black Sabbath sound. Obviously, there is a decent amount of overlap between Doom Metal and Traditional Heavy Metal. Hard Rock: The direct musical progenitor of Heavy Metal. While the exact dividing line between Hard Rock and Metal is the subject of a lot of (often extremely vocal and bitter) arguments, and both genres have plenty of crossover, there are a few key differences. Hard Rock is solely based in Blues, and while Black Sabbath (and by extension, a lot of Doom Metal bands) also had heavy Blues influences, Metal lost the blues elements very quickly, often being more based in Classical Music or Progressive Rock than basic blues. The guitar tone and style of riffing is also different. Metal is often more complex and technical, with a thicker sound. Metal bands often employ two or three guitars where a Hard Rock band would only use one (clearly, there are exceptions on both sides of this as well). The difference between the two is not just a question of heaviness, although Traditional Heavy Metal bands were generally heavier than most Hard Rock bands. Hair Metal: There is a lot of overlap between these styles. At its basic core, Hair Metal combines a Hard Rock song structure with metal riffs and solos, with a thick poppy sheen over top. Metal Scream: Over-the-top pseudo operatic shouts and wails are often used to great effect. Harsh Vocals in the more modern sense were pretty much unheard of at the time, but later bands that played this style would occasionally employ them. Mohs Scale of Rock and Metal Hardness: A bit of a complicated example; for their own era, they'd be considered the 8-11's of the day. Compared with modern metal styles, they'd average 6-7, with the occasional stand-out 8 (generally these would be more modern versions of this style) or 5 (this is uncommon too). Rock Me, Asmodeus!: Songs about The Devil aren't uncommon, but unlike the stereotype they weren't usually praising him so much as singing about what horrors he would bring upon the world, not unlike a fire and brimstone sermon. Trope Codifier: Iron Maiden and Judas Priest are generally considered to have taken what Black Sabbath did and shaped it into a proper genre, but other metal bands were also prominent at the same time, including Rainbow and Scorpions. Trope Makers: Black Sabbath is generally considered the first metal band.
0.928651	greenish colored northern lights braved its way to the skies, rather than hiding behind rolling hills. It was an incredible sight! 1. Black spruce trees can withstand shady areas. See any other trees on this slope (north sun)? 2. The opposite slope (south sun) receives more light. Distinguish the variations of four types of trees: Birch-red, Aspen-white, White Spruce, and Black Spruce-green. 4. Birch and Aspen have a white coating. Both grow different colored buds in the spring, which can be seen from a distance. 5. Willow, a kind of bush with auburn colored stems is found near ponds. 6. Poplar trees are often located in the lower, wet areas.
0.999567	I don’t really know how to rate this game. While a wonderful teaching tool for children, or at least I imagine it is, it wasn’t really an enjoyable experience for this reviewer. The basic idea behind the game is this: the Sesame Street Puppets are all down at the amusement park, and they need your help learning their ABC’s and other fundamental tasks. The emphasis however is on the fun part of fundamental. It’s very encouraging to the children, and it’s shown in how the game deals with mistakes and rewards successes. Unlike in most games, instead of punishing you and making you restart, if you happen to choose the wrong letter, the game simply places it back and you’re given another shot. Once you complete whatever task you’re currently trying to complete, such as matching two lower case letters or spelling simple words like “big,” Cookie Monster and Bert come out and celebrate for you by dancing. After that, there’s even a little fireworks display in the sky. Of course, to me this was nothing more than a mocking from two under-animated puppets. But, to a small child, I’m absolutely sure that this would be encouragement to learn, and as a learning tool, Sesame Street ABC works wonderfully. Inside, children will find a wealth of basic knowledge that will be some of the most important skills they can learn in their lives to come, such as letter recognition and being able to complete the spelling of unfinished words. All of the modes work well and do a good job at it, except there are some minor flaws. In the mode I mentioned just before, completing the spelling of unfinished words, I had to figure out which letter fit after “CO.” Of the six letters to choose from, there were B, D, and G. I had to choose with of the three the game wanted, and hoped that it would recognize “COB,” “COD” and “COG” as words, but unfortunately the primitive title would only accept one. Also, some minor interface problems plague the game, such as the apparent inability to go back and select the alternate mode once you make a selection. The alternate mode of the game is titled “Ernie’s Big Splash,” which is the worst part of the title. It involves you moving a rubber-duck through the level to get it ultimately to Ernie. This involves moving the duck in a series of arrows around to get to him. However, one mistake and it’s over. It’s not nearly as encouraging, but I suppose it teaches children essential problem solving skills. Graphically, you can’t really expect much from a game like this. Educational games today are still lagging behind the rest of the games industry in terms of graphics, and Sesame Street ABC may very well be the cause of this. The graphics are fairly primitive and basic, with just a few simple animations to go around. The particle effects for the fireworks display are similarly pathetic, but they do get the job done and are recognizable at least. The most graphically impressive feature is the easily recognizable cast of characters from the long-running television series. Overall, I really can’t rate this as a bad title simply because I didn’t enjoy it. If I did, I would be taking away some of the worth of this very good educational tool. While it might not be much to look at, it would do a fantastic job as a teaching aid to a child who wants to learn. If you’ve still got an NES and you’ve got some kids, pick up this game to teach them some skills.
0.966115	The pc police are in full force on this one-the authorities say they can’t identify the suspects yet you can clearly see them on the video. How about a description? In the video captured by Katie O’Connor’s hidden camera, one can see her struggling to breathe in a chokehold. A 21-year-old woman says she was attacked in her Overland Park home and her security system caught it on camera. Katie O’Connor is too frightened to go back to her own apartment and feels partly responsible because she trusted a friend. In the video captured by O’Connor’s hidden camera, one can see her struggling to breathe in a chokehold. “As soon as he put his arm around my neck, I was like, ‘oh [expletive], this is really happening. This is really going on,'” she said. The attack happened about 9:30 a.m. Tuesday near West 106th Street. O’Connor said she told a friend that she was trying to get rid of her ex-boyfriend’s carpentry tools. “I told her I was trying to sell them, and she was like, ‘Oh, I might know a couple of guys looking to open their own business,'” O’Connor said. But the only business these guys were into was stealing. O’Connor said she doesn’t know the two men. But the woman, nervously pacing the floor in the surveillance video, was someone she knew. They planned play dates for their children, and she talked to her about going back to school. “I thought it was on a personal level though, I thought she just wanted to be my friend,” O’Connor said. But now she believes it was a setup. The alleged thieves took money she had for college tuition and her rent, the tools and a safe. The only saving grace for O’Connor was her hidden cameras inside her apartment. She put them in three months ago when she hired a new nanny. Overland Park police are investigating the home robbery. They are also trying to identify and find all of the suspects involved. If you have any information, please contact police at 913-895-6300.
0.999998	If someone asked you, off the top of your head, to explain the difference between a logo and a brand, could you? If you’re in marketing, you probably could, but could you explain it to a client without using any of your profession’s jargon? That’s a lot harder, and it is one of the reasons why many entrepreneurs and business managers confuse the two regularly. This leads to misconceptions like the idea that logo design is the be-all end-all of branding. That’s just not how it works, though. Here’s the simple way to conceptualize things: Your brand is your total pitch to customers based on your position and values, and the logo is its calling card. Understanding how they are different involves understanding what defines each and how they interact. The next step is the brand identity, and logo design is part of it. Brand design is all about creating a visual identity, so that means the colours, typography, tone and word choice in textual communications, iconography, and even data visualization techniques should all work together. Start by working out 2 or 3 colours that will make up your brand’s main colour scheme, and plan to use them in the logo. Then consider using tints and shades to provide more depth in spaces like web pages and infographics, where you might need more colours to fill out the visual design. Similarly, your typography should be simple, with no more than 2 fonts, and consistent, so it’s easy to associate with your brand. The best logos are simple enough to be easy to remember, symbolic of the brand in some easy to understand way, and consistent with the brand’s image in colour choice and typography. Often, it’s some stylized graphic design based on the company’s name or initials. Other times, it’s an icon that is easily understood to represent the company, like the Apple logo. Since it comes to work in the customer’s mind as an easy, shorthand stand-in for the other things the customer associates with the brand, it’s very understandable that the average person would easily confuse the two. It’s also very important that professionals working to construct a brand develop the ability to pick apart the details of its identity and understand how they all come together.
0.999984	How would you improve the Formula Editor? The formula editor is very important and helpful for my work in general. I would appreciate more ease and flexibility for building formulas across several rows not just within the same row. For repeated measures of variable length I would appreciate a function that collects the last value measured for each analysis unit (e.g.patient); this should be possible both in a horizontal and in a vertical arrangement of repeated data. For complex formulas I would appreciate the possibility to store an interim result and then use this result in the final formula. I often have a frustration where I've got a fairly complex formula almost complete, then in editing the JSL of it I make a mistake, maybe a parenthesis is missing, and it just blots out the whole thing and I'm back to square 1 instead of getting a chance to edit the JSL I had there. At this moment, you can select whether to use Table columns, or table variables, constants, parameters, … through the drop-down menu at the very left corner of the Formula window. I guess the most widely used, is “Table Columns”. For me it would be very useful to have the other options (such as table variables, constants, parameters, ..) in a separate drop down menu, visually next to that of the Table Columns, so you can easily build a formula using table columns and table variables, without having to click on the drop down menu each time you switch from using a table column and a table variable. And then a more general suggestion (which possibly goes beyond the formula editor): enable importing a list of table variables, eg data table with two columns (name of variable & value of variable); these variables are then added as table variables to your table. In this way you would have a clear overview of the variables/parameters you are working with, and can easily use these values for your calculations. Additionally, they should automatically update when you change the values in the initial table. Alternatively, the formula editor could allow using values from an external data table which lists all the variables (and then obviously, when changing the values in this external table, the formula editor also uses these new values). What would be helpful is for these to either expand to their actual numbers, or have them appear as something that is selectable, or at least something that shows what the values inside the formula are at that moment. I have looked in the drop down that lists "parameters", but they do not appear there, so oftentimes, once the formula is written, it's tough to tell what the variable values are. If you use EvalExpr() you can get around this. One thing that I find would be useful would be a way to select multiple columns with the ability to select a function that will act on all of them. i.e. say you have a wide dataset with 100s of columns and you want to get the sum of all of them without stacking the dataset. Unless there is a way that I am not aware of, you need to insert each column one at a time separating them by clicking '+'. This would be a feature request that I would like, unless there is already a solution. jason.paquette, indeed there is already a way to do what you ask. Add the function Sum() to your formula. Click on the first column that you want to include and then shift-click on the last one. JMP will add all the columns in between. Most of the functions in the Statistical list support this. Another option, new in JMP 12, is to select the columns of interest in the data table. Then right-click the header of one of them and select New Formula Column->Combine->Sum. This provides the option to select columns that aren't next to each other in the table by ctrl-clicking. I've been thinking about this one for a while. Spread out the argument boxes for functions, especially if there are optional arguments. e.g. statistical functions like Col Mean: the little carat is nearly invisible on a 1080p monitor. I didn't know the By option existed for statistical funtions until a few years ago. Is there a good way to create a library/add-in of user-created formulae other than old file > open > copy formula > paste? One way that I test if a formula is doing what I want it to do is to Analyze > Distribution or plot a run chart of the formula column. These would be good diagnostic options to add to the formula builder. I am always curious as to whether I wrote the best formula in terms of execution speed and memory usage. Can you provide guidance in the documentation?
0.939547	How do I run Stata remotely on my Windows-based PC? Many users have requested information for running Stata in a Windows Server computing environment that uses the server’s resources (not the client’s). To do this, you must have a Terminal Server deployed at your site. There are several third-party vendors for server-based computing environments that add enhanced functionality and security to Terminal Services, but Citrix MetaFrame Presentation Server 3.0 is one of the most popular. Stata installation on a Citrix server is tantamount to a client level install. Simply insert your Stata installation DVD into your DVD-ROM drive and follow the installer’s instructions. The correct Stata license for a Citrix server is a Stata network license. The number of users for the network license depends on how many users would be using Stata at any given time and is controlled within the Windows/Citrix environment. The number refers to concurrent Stata users, not multiple Stata sessions.
0.999748	Raccoons are animals that can be a real nuisance when they start regularly visiting your yard or garden, or worse if they find a nesting spot in a part of your property. They are creatures that can cause a lot of problems, not only because of the diseases and parasites that they can carry, but also because of their scavenging for food which can see them tearing through garbage bags, or even getting into pet food sacks too. There are plenty of reasons why you will not want to have a raccoon in and around your property, so this is how you can go about getting rid of a problem raccoon without killing it. In order to be able to catch and remove a raccoon, you will need to get a cage trap, which is of a suitable size, and is often marketed as being suitable for raccoons, feral cats and other creatures of a similar size. This should then be placed in an area where you know the raccoon has been active, and where possible try to place the trap using gloves, which will reduce the human scent that is transferred to the trap. You can then bait the trap with a food that will help draw the raccoon in, and most people with experience of trapping raccoons will use a food with quite a strong smell such as tinned cat food, sardines or crispy bacon. Find out how big raccoons can get. It is important to remember that raccoons can carry parasites, and may try to give you a bite when you are moving the trap, so make sure you wear thick clothing and gloves, and put a blanket over the trap before you move it. It is also worth searching your property to find the raccoon’s nest, as there may be baby raccoons that will need to be moved at the same time, as you certainly don’t want them to die and start decomposing in your home. You should also think about laying a tarpauling or other protection on the floor of the vehicle you are using to transport the raccoon as it may try to scratch through the cage. This is quite a difficult task as raccoons are actually very good climbers, so will often be able to get over many fences, but one approach is to use a fence where the top foot is tilted outwards, which should make it more difficult to climb over. In truth, you will need a firm barrier such as a fence to completely exclude a raccoon from a yard or garden, but another option is to look at removing factors that will attract raccoons. This will mean dealing with food sources such as securing garbage and pet food in solid containers, and also making sure that any fallen fruit from fruit trees is removed promptly. Find out: Are raccoons dangerous to cats, dogs, or other pets?
0.924626	I have always purchased my cars used. And every single time, I got a great deal because of a few secrets that is easy to do. These secrets will save you money. And the good news is there is no luck involved. If you follow these steps you are guaranteed to save lots of money, so please pay attention. BUYING A USED CAR Power Tip #1 - Check Consumer Reports on the safest cars out there. Looks are one thing, but never ignore safety. Here's what you do: Go to a reputable car repair shop and ask if you can bring the vehicle by for a look-over. There is a 99% chance they will say "yes". While you're there, ask what cars they have to repair most often. Also, ask what the inspection includes, how long it takes, and the price. Always get this information in writing - just to be safe. Once the vehicle has been inspected, ask the mechanic for a written report with a cost estimate for all necessary repairs. Be sure the report includes the vehicle's make, model and VIN. If you decide to make an offer to the dealer after approving the inspection, you can use the estimated repair costs to negotiate the price of the vehicle. Are you going to purchase from an individual? If yes, then here is your next tip. Remember, private sellers generally are not covered by the Used Car Rule and don't have to use the Buyers Guide. However, you can use the Guide's list of an auto's major systems as a shopping tool. You can ask the seller if you can have the vehicle inspected by your mechanic. If he/she says no... beware. No matter how nice the car appears, something fishy is going on. Now, a private sale likely will be on an "as is" basis, unless your purchase agreement with the seller specifically states otherwise. If you have a written contract, the seller has to live up to the contract. The car also may be covered by a manufacturer's warranty or a separately purchased service contract. But that doesn't mean that the warranty and service contract are transferable. Plus, other limits or costs may apply. Before you buy the car, ask if it's still under warranty or service contract, and review that baby carefully. Some states will require vehicle sellers to pass a vehicle inspection before a sale is made. That's not always the case, though. To find out what your state requires, contact your state Attorney General's office or a local consumer protection agency. Hey, it's just a phone call. And it will take less than 5 minutes. Examine the car carefully yourself using an inspection checklist. You can find a checklist in many of the magazine articles, books and Internet sites that deal with buying a used car. Test drive the car under varied road conditions--on hills, highways, and in stop-and-go traffic. Ask for the car's maintenance record. If the owner doesn't have copies, contact the dealership or repair shop where most of the work was done. They may share their files with you. Talk to the previous owner, especially if the present owner is unfamiliar with the car's history. Follow those three "used car buying" tips and you are guaranteed to save a ton of money buying a used car. Charlie E. Hendersen is the author and creator of the FREE website: GetAnotherCar.com">http://getanothercar.com">GetAnotherCar.com A site dedicated to providing useful tips for buying and maintaining your car.
0.999114	I noticed my bot made some strange mistakes there in round 4 and 5. In round 4 it folds while amountToCall is supposed to be 0. Output from your bot: "fold 0" In round 5 it checks while amountToCall is supposed to be 15. Output from your bot: "check 0" I of course tried to test these cases myself and then it checks in the first case and calls in the second case. This gives me the feeling that the correct amountToCall did not get through. Ok, I found the issue. My bot sometimes returned two actions instead of one. The second action then of course gets used for the next future action and so on.
0.999913	Why I Don't Believe in Calvinism or Predestination Instead of stating the above (title or not), you should clarify that it's not predestination according to the Bible that you don't believe in, but the doctrine of predestination in Calvinism or according to Calvinism because to say that you don't believe in predestination puts you at odds with the word of God as we are predestinated unto the adoption of children by Jesus Christ to Himself. As much as I dislike Calvinism, Mr. Pate, I don't see how you can succeed unless you have an actual argument. Anyone can quote scriptures to support their position, which is why I seldom do in support of my own positions. All the scriptures you quoted, the Calvinists have an answer to. This only gets you precisely nowhere. What you need to do is to establish a good logical or moral argument. Then they reply, 'no of course not' and you say 'But I've just shown you that your belief makes God out to be wicked. You can then have a debate with them about whether or not their belief makes God out to be wicked. And this is likely to be a much more fruitful argument than using a sling shot to fire Bible verses at each other. Instead of stating the above (title or not), you should clarify that it's not predestination according to the Bible that you don't believe in, but the doctrine of predestination in Calvinism or according to Calvinism because to say that you don't believe in predestination puts you at odds with the word of God as we are predestinated unto the adoption of children by Jesus Christ to Himself. The only one that has been predestinated is Jesus Christ. God chose all of humanity in Jesus Christ before the foundation of the world. Hebrews 9:26 also 1 Peter 1:20. There is no individual election or predestination simply because God is no respector of persons, Acts 10:34. If you want to be saved you will have to become a "Whosoever". Calvinist cannot be corrected by scripture. They have other writings that supports their position that they believe is the final authority. I am not a Calvinist because I believe in scripture alone, they don't. The Calvinist answer is to discredit the Bible by adding words, deleting words and changing the meaning of words. The only way that Calvinist can be reached is through the Gospel and justification by faith. The key to understanding the Gospel is to believe that Jesus is the savior of the whole world. Robert Pate, what would you define yourself as, in regards to the beliefs you hold? A Bible believing, Gospel embraceing, justified by faith alone, Christian. Are you really a Christian? What makes you so? Jesus makes it so. Faith in Christ and his Gospel makes one a Christian. NOT WORKS. "That whosoever believes in him should not perish, but have eternal life" John 3:16. Christ disagrees with you. see also Jer 1:4-5. While that seems to make some sense, how come the Hebrews are called His "chosen" people. How come they were chosen out of the nations? "Whosoever that shall call upon the name of the Lord shall be saved" Romans 10:13.Let me put it this way, while I don't really believe in the "destination" of people, it does seem some are "called" or "ordained" ahead of time. An example would be the apostle Paul who although a sinner and persecutor, Jesus appeared to. Why? The main problem I see with Calvinism is the belief that many or most are "predistinated" to sin, error, death, and hell if they are not of "the elect." This sounds kind of like JWs to me who errantly believe only 144,000 go to "heaven." It is definitely the kind of thinking which leads to such erroneous conclusions. What is the purpose of the creation of "the wicked" if they are predestined to hell, and cannot choose to follow Christ? Esp if as you point out, God is no respecter of persons? It follows that if God is just, everyone can choose to follow Christ, and no one is predestinated to die in sin and go to "hell." But it also seems some events are predestined - like the fall of Tyre, Babylon, etc. Let me put it this way, while I don't really believe in the "destination" of people, it does seem some are "called" or "ordained" ahead of time. An example would be the apostle Paul who although a sinner and persecutor, Jesus appeared to. Why? God chose prophets, the nation of Israel, Patriarchs and apostles for the sole purpose of making known to the world the Gospel of his Son Jesus Christ. The whole Bible is about God bringing forth a nation and a people from whom the savior of the world would come. The Jews are God's chosen people in the sense that it was to them that the oracles of God were given. The belief that God predestinates some to eternal life and damns the rest to hell makes God unjust. God chose prophets, the nation of Israel, Patriarchs and apostles for the sole purpose of making known to the world the Gospel of his Son Jesus Christ. The whole Bible is about God bringing forth a nation and a people from whom the savior of the world would come.OK. I guess my question to you is how come God told Jeremiah for instance he was chosen from the womb to be a prophet to the nations if He is no respecter of persons? Is there a way to reconcile both of those statements? The Jews are God's chosen people in the sense that it was to them that the oracles of God were given.Why? Why was Jesus not sent to the Gentiles? OK. I guess my question to you is how come God told Jeremiah for instance he was chosen from the womb to be a prophet to the nations if He is no respecter of persons? Is there a way to reconcile both of those statements? Why? Why was Jesus not sent to the Gentiles? Because Jeremiah was chosen from the womb to be a prophet to the nations. The answer is in the scripture. God also chose Mary to be the mother of Jesus. Paul was also chosen to take the Gospel to the Gentiles. There is no election without a purpose. God does not elect anyone to salvation that is not connected to the Christ event and the Gospel. I have a couple small issues with Calvinism, but in the general sense, TULIP is otherwise the Gospel altogether. Oh, goodie, more whack-a-mole with pate, who seems to think the commandment to not falsely represent your neighbor isn't for him. That whosoever believeth on him may not perish. It is a remarkable commendation of faith, that it frees us from everlasting destruction. For he intended expressly to state that, though we appear to have been born to death, undoubted deliverance is offered to us by the faith of Christ; and, therefore, that we ought not to fear death, which otherwise hangs over us. And he has employed the universal term whosoever, both to invite all indiscriminately to partake of life, and to cut off every excuse from unbelievers. Do I even have to tell you where this is from? Google it. I dare you. "And he is a propitiation for our sins: and not ours only, but also for the sins of the whole world" 1 John 2:2. And not for ours only He added this for the sake of amplifying, in order that the faithful might be assured that the expiation made by Christ, extends to all who by faith embrace the gospel. Kindergarten english: Save means SAVE, not atone. You have to say that save doesn't mean save here because you don't allow God to define what he means by the words he uses. I'm happy that you're (as far as I know) not a universalist; but there's no reason here for anyone to think otherwise. Calvinist want us to deny that Jesus is the savior of the world. Yet again, lying against your neighbor. That doesn't answer my question: "I guess my question to you is how come God told Jeremiah for instance he was chosen from the womb to be a prophet to the nations if He is no respecter of persons? Is there a way to reconcile both of those statements?" How come God chose an unproven infant to be his prophet if He is no respecter of persons? Or is the infant unproven to God? Did He design some special instead? So then in your interpretation, those people who did not hear of Christ because they lived in 6th century Japan are damned to hell? The only one that has been predestinated is Jesus Christ. Robert, you really need to grow up. I gave you verses that show that we are predestinated. Why you see Calvinism when you see that term, I don't know. I certainly don't. It has nothing to do with the Calvinistic hijacking of the term, but a sound, biblical teaching on our adoption and inheritance based upon God's foreknowledge. Hate to disappoint :wave:Show me the gospel of your salvation! Which gospel would that be as you know there are many gospels in the Bible. Show me the gospel of your salvation! I would love for you show otherwise, honestly. I see a lot of flack against Reformed theology, ironically from those divergent from Catholicism altogether. Makes no sense to me. I would love for you show otherwise, honestly. I see a lot of flack against Reformed theology, ironically from those divergent from Catholicism altogether. Makes no sense to me.I wasn't asking for TULIP, but the gospel of YOUR salvation. Show me! I wasn't asking for TULIP, but the gospel of YOUR salvation. Show me! Besides my moderation of Unconditional Election, my gospel is TULIP. I don't know how that was lost in translation.. TULIP didn't/doesn't save you. What is the good news by which you are saved? I, Robert Pate, believe all Calvinists are lost, hate religion, deny the infallibility and inerrancy of Scripture, deny the Bible is a book to live by, am within my right to question the infallibility of the book of James, Acts, and any other book that disagrees with my views, deny the notion of eternal punishment in Hell in favor of psychopannychia (soul-sleep), deny Adam's sin bears any connection to my sinful nature from birth, deny my faith came by God alone and not by any single thing related to my own abilities to come to said faith. Moreover I refuse to attend any visible vestige of the Lord's Bride for corporate worship, placing myself under its ordained leadership, nor give myself access to the ordinary means of grace by Word and Sacrament. Do you understand the doctrine of TULIP? TULIP is an explanation of God's relationship to man, and how we are judged. You're talking about 'good news' as if salvation comes without anything, including belief. Which is unorthodox, God does not leave that option. Sorry to break it to you. Why do the religious always run to the book of James? There is no Gospel in the book of James. I suppose it is because James was a Judaizer that had trouble with Paul's Gospel much like Peter, Galatians 2:11,12. The religious have the same problem as Peter and James. I am sure that Peter and James eventually came to embrace Paul's Gospel at a later date. The book of James is very Jewish. There is nothing in the book of James about the redemptive work of Christ or the resurrection. It is a very law based book. James had faith, but I am not sure what James had faith in, he doesn't say. If it were Christ and his Gospel he doesn't bring that out in his writtings. The "Historical Gospel" calls all things into question, even the Bible itself. I am not in a box. I do not belong to a church nor am I affiliated with any sort of religious organization. My posts stand for themselves. They are biblical and truthful. I don't consider Calvinist to be Christians. Why don't you get saved and then we can discuss spiritual things if that is what you want to do? Untill then you remain a natural man void of the Spirit of Christ. I don't know who is a Christian and who isn't. The bible is not a perfect book. It was written by men. The sole purpose of the bible is to be a witness to the work and person of Jesus Christ. If you use it for any other purpose than that you have misused it. It was never intended to be a book to live by. No, the bible is not a perfect work. This does not take away from it but rather enhances it. None of the men except for Christ were perfect. What makes you think that imperfect men can write a perfect book. The bible does what it was intended to do, it reveals Christ and his gospel. No one deserves to go to hell. We are ALL sinners without works. No one can become a sinner by what they do, they are born into sin, Psalm 51:5. The law has been replaced by the Holy Spirit. God has a moral obligation to offer salvation to all because all are sinners without works. It is not my fault that I am a sinner, its Adam's fault. Why should I go to hell for something that Adam brought upon me. You are assuming that God knows everything that is happening on the earth. Truth of the matter is that God is very absent from what is happening on the earth. Does God know who will believe on his Son Jesus Christ? I don't think that he does. To give life for the sole purpose of destroying it makes God unjust and unmerciful. Organized religion is anti-Gospel, anti-Christ, and is under the law. I know I attended a baptist church for years, until I discovered the Gospel. There is no Gospel being taught today. It is all about religion, which you love. I wouldn't attend an organized church if you paid me. Christ church is an invisible, spiritual church that cannot be seen, but can be heard. It is talking to you now. Christianity is a faith religion. We are called to believe things that cannot be believed by unbelievers. They are things of the Spirit that unbelievers do not have access to, 1 Corinthians 2:14. We spend a lot of time on the forum trying to convince these people that are void of the Spirit things of the Spirit. I have trouble with eternal punishment. I believe that the soul of the person that has rejected Christ will be destroyed in hell, but not eternally punished. I am hoping, but don't know for sure, that in the judgment there will be another chance to accept Christ as your savior. What ever it is, and whatever God decides, it will be right. He is the just judge of all things. I believe that the soul will be destroyed in hell. I see little to no value in the doctrine of ECT. Why would God make someone suffer in hell for all eternity? The destruction of the soul would be eternal death and would be very painful. If a persons spirit is already in heaven then why would there be a resurrection? There is a lot of controversy concerning this. The way I see it is, the whole person goes into the ground and the whole person is resurrected. The Christian does not really die. He falls asleep until the resurrection. And you and you alone are responsible for your salvation. ^This is a big part of the reason I considered Reformed doctrine in the first place. Everything else seems to be filled with absurdity. ^This is a big part of the reason I considered Reformed doctrine in the first place.Why can't you answer such a simple question as, what is the gospel of your salvation? Surely, if you're saved, you know the gospel by which you are saved! What is it? Why can't you answer such a simple question as, what is the gospel of your salvation? Surely, if you're saved, you know the gospel by which you are saved! What is it? God did chose prophets, patriarches, Israel, apostles, for a purpose. The purpose was to make known to the world the good news of his Son Jesus Christ. THERE IS NO ELECTION WITHOUT A PURPOSE. God is no respector of persons WITHOUT A PURPOSE, Acts 10:34. Robert, you really need to grow up. I gave you verses that show that we are predestinated. Why you see Calvinism when you see that term, I don't know. I certainly don't. It has nothing to do with the Calvinistic hijacking of the term, but a sound, biblical teaching on our adoption and inheritance based upon God's foreknowledge. You apparently do not understand the Gospel. If you did you would know that God chose all of humanity in his Son Jesus Christ. There is no individual election. The only one that has been predestinated is Jesus Christ. He was predestinated to be the new Adam and the savior of the whole world. The only way that anyone can be saved is by faith in Jesus Christ. We are adopted into Jesus Christ by faith alone. God does NOTHING outside of Jesus Christ. No predestinating, No choosing, If you want to be saved you will have to come to Christ as a repentant sinner. God did cho[o]se prophets, patriarches, Israel, apostles, for a purpose. The purpose was to make known to the world the good news of his Son Jesus Christ.You are avoiding the meat of the question. I know He has prophets to teach the Word, but for instance, why were all the prophets basically from Israel if as you note God shows no partiality Acts 10:34? Is it because as He said in Jer 1:4-5 He really did know Jeremiah before He formed him in the belly, and Jer had proven Himself somehow? Like He knew Christ before his body was formed in Mary? You are avoiding the meat of the question. I know He has prophets to teach the Word, but for instance, why were all the prophets basically from Israel if as you note God shows no partiality Acts 10:34? Your problem is not with me. Your problem is with Peter who said, "God is no respector of persons" Acts 10:34. All of the prophets were Jews because God chose the Jewish people to be the ones that would bring the savior of the world, into the world. They were choosen for that purpose. Jeremiah was chosen for a purpose. His purpose was to be a prophet. I have no "problem" either with you nor Peter. I am just pointing out something. I can see you will not believe what God actually said. It is too much for the traditional viewpoint to accept. They just choose to believe that God is talking about his "foreknowledge" or something of that sort. The scriptures say many are called but few are chosen. You are still avoiding why just them if God is no respecter of persons and is not partial. The scriptures say Heavenly Father is the Father of spirits - not the Father of bodies. Our bodies are created, but He "blows" our spirits into them, like Adam. When we understand this, we can be like Melchizedek - without father, mother or beginning of days, but like unto the Son of man. You're talking about 'good news' as if salvation comes without anything, including belief. Which is unorthodox, God does not leave that option. Sorry to break it to you.What is the gospel of your salvation? Surely, you know what it is. You claim to be a "Christian". Are you drunk?Paul defines the word of truth as the gospel of your salvation, so why can't you tell anyone here the gospel by which you are saved? It's a simple question with a simple answer (for the saved). Which "the gospel" are you referring to? We are predestinated to be conformed to the image of Christ. We are predestinated to be the children of God. That was God's plan for the human race. But there is no scripture about anyone being predestinated to heaven or to hell. It is the Gospel that justifies the ungodly, Romans 4:5 and reconciles the world unto God, 2 Corinthians 5:19. There is only one Gospel.Is, presently, yes, but many in the Bible. We are predestinated to be the children of God.Agreed! But there is no scripture about anyone being predestinated to heaven or to hell.I certainly never said there was! That's you reading Calvinism into the term predestinated. You are hypersensitive to the word even though it's a good biblical one. Not everyone who believes we are predestinated according the scriptures is a Calvinist, but that's how you read us all. You lump the Bible believer in with those who rebel against 2 Timothy 2:15 KJV. You shouldn't do that. I certainly never said there was! That's you reading Calvinism into the term predestinated. You are hypersensitive to the word even though it's a good biblical one. Not everyone who believes we are predestinated according the scriptures is a Calvinist, but that's how you read us all. You lump the Bible believer in with those who rebel against 2 Timothy 2:15 KJV. You shouldn't do that. The word "predestinated" which is usually used by Calvinist and seldom used by Christians, should always be followed with an explanation, or you will always be labeled a Calvinist. The original Protestant churches all hold to predestination. If you want free will theology, you might try Methodism. The divergent churches of the reformation all initially held to it. It was the basis in theology against that of the Church's. The "Historical Gospel" of Jesus Christ refutes the idea that God predestinates people to salvation. Colossians 1:15, 16, 17, 18, 19. But you say that Jesus is the savior of the world, and that world is every human being, so logically, all are saved [or Jesus is not the savior of the world]. Actually, Reformed folk do not have a problem with Romans 10:13. We would take issue with your idea about who will call upon the name of the Lord. Except it doesn't. TULIP does a remarkable job of consolidating the Gospel altogether- it is why it was so successful to begin with. Calvin was no novice of scripture. Like Luther, he had an incredible mind for it. I daresay they might even make us look like babbling fools if they should ever join one of these debates- these are the men who blew the cap off the entire object of Catholicism wholesale. So, you are back to your Calvinists can't be Christian????????? What is the gospel of your salvation? You keep talking about TULIP yet cannot say what is the gospel of your salvation. Paul writes that IT (the gospel of Christ) is the power of God unto salvation to every one that believeth. What is IT? during his "Reign of Terror." Known as, "The Pope of Geneva." Blood was cheap in the Medieval and Late Ages. I can guarantee twice as many Calvinists were killed. You just don't hear much about that because between Henry and the Pope, it was simply the law. So we should cut Calvin a break huh? Perhaps. Do you know how dangerous the people he put to death were? As dangerous as Barak Hussein Obama? The Catholic Church was a very dangerous entity to anyone who opposed it during the time. Calvin tended to his influence for a good long time, and rooted out these people in Geneva. If you could produce credible historical data to support this I would be interested in reviewing the same. My personal view is that Calvin, as a pastor in Geneva, should have been more public about the verdict, calling for mercy, etc. That said, I doubt that this would have accomplished much, given the political climate at the time. Anyone who thinks the Reformed faithful consider Calvin, Luther, etc., to be a perfect man is mistaken. There has been only one perfect man, the God-man Jesus Christ. You cannot contend with these men, Grosnick. Bottom line is as you stated Heir. because to say that you don't believe in predestination puts you at odds with the word of God as we are predestinated unto the adoption of children by Jesus Christ to Himself. Bulls eye Heir. And if one "doubts" predestination" then they may be better off re examining their own purpose about Jesus, starting with Genesis through Revelations. The entire focus of the Spoken-written word of our Lord, Jesus is essentially all based on " Predestination". The theme of Scripture is predestination . Those who are indeed Christians are chosen. And people who have a problem with this have problems with God. Perhaps they doubt, perhaps they hold a "doubting Thomas Spiirt". I don't know. I was chosen. I did not "FIND GOD". God found me. GOD chose me. I did not choose GOD. And we know that God causes all things to work together for good to those who love God, to those who are called ( CHOSEN) ,according to His purpose. For we are His workmanship, created in Christ Jesus for good works, which God prepared beforehand ( PREDESTINED ) ,so that we would walk in them. There are so many satanically driven sanctions against Jesus and HIS people it would be frightening had not we been warned these day's would occur. Mid Acts, Paulinist, Ameniallist (?) , Trinitarians, ET....All by people who are themselves boxed in by the dark spirits who work to devour anyone. by any means available. Good post Heir. Amen. Holy Spirit blesses us through Heir. The Bible teaches that Jesus is the savior of the whole world, 1 John 2:2, 1 John 4:14, John 12:47, John 4:42, John 3:17. To deny that Jesus is the savior of the world is to deny the Gospel. In the Gospel Jesus defeats sin, death and the devil and reconciles the world unto God, 2 Corinthians 5:19. To deny that Jesus has defeated sin, death and the devil is to deny that Jesus is Lord. To deny the Gospel and to deny that Jesus is Lord, means that you are not a Christian, plain and simple. If God chooses some to salvation and damns the rest to hell then you have an unjust God. If God is unjust then that means that God is a sinner. If God is a sinner then we can't trust him. Ok then Robert. Well said. Now how did you come to such faith? How did you realize the Scriptures were God's spoken-written word ? How did you know the truth as you stated " justified by faith alone, Christian. You were chosen by God. To know these truths. This does not make you a student of Calvinism. It makes you a person whom upon Gods will, to choose you, ( as God does to all people ), to know salvation by faith alone. To know you are a Christian. I contend ("strive to overcome") with them regularly ;) and with all the saints that have come before us, taking every word captive for the glory of God, of course (1 Cor. 10:5). We should not be so full of chronological snobbery (http://www.cslewisinstitute.org/webfm_send/47) to assume we moderns know more than men who were indwelt by the same Spirit that indwells us today. It is sad to see not a few herein who rest comfortably in their own superficial knowledge of this or that, then setting about parroting others of the same ilk, all the while refusing to steep themselves in gaining deeper knowledge of those whom they caricature, mining the potential treasures that lie within. I suppose this sort of behavior makes for entertainment, tickles itching ears, and satisfies one's desire to be seen, but I prefer a more studied approach to weighty matters of the faith we hold dear. I do engage the Scriptures daily, and I am daily changed by them. I also remain convinced of the wisdom of the forefathers that came before us when I read what they have written and compare their writings to Scripture. It seems not a month or two goes by that someone somewhere decides they have a new view, new perspective, or new interpretation related to the fundamentals of our faith; despite these fundamentals having withstood the test of time and painful examination for many, many, hundreds of years. Thus I become very concerned about discussions that start to challenge these fundamentals. For those who see themselves as theological sophisticates, I would hope and pray that these persons seek a more irenic approach, rather than trying to be innovative. I recognize that within theological circles it seems that only if one is radical or a trail-blazer that they garner attention. But the constant plowing up of new ground is not what I see as the task of theological discourse. Indeed, I am very content to step back, ponder, and be satisfied to walk in the same steps of those who have come before me—those who have mapped out the road ahead such that we may avoid tripping over the rocks along the well-worn path. In fact, being more willing to do so is what is needed today, versus demonstrations to others how wonderful one's insightful exegesis, logic, or sophisticated reasoning may be. Evil speaking against the True God since He has chosen some for Heaven and some for hell and damnation ! The Holy Spirit called me and I answered by saying yes. I could have resisted, but I chose not to. God does not impose salvation on any one, Hebrews 3:15. The scriptures teach that God is holy, just, merciful and righteous and is not willing that any should perish. What does your Bible teach? Your doctrine should be... "The Gospel plus nothing". Instead you seem to think that it is all about you. Certainly one of your stock , unsupported, thesis statements. Why don't you make a logical Biblical case for your statement. Be sure to factor in the fact that all is his to do with as he pleases. ...but who will by no means clear the guilty. We believe very simply that God always knew who those guilty were. Nor can you or anyone show where God predestined their guiltiness. But we can and do show where He predestined and chose US to be in Christ. God cannot and will not violate his holy, just, merciful and righteous nature. God chose all of humanity in Jesus Christ. Was it not Jesus Christ that reconciled the whole world unto God? Well you might be correct, but I doubt it. However, why should I take your unsupported word for it? All you have to do is make a logical and Biblical case for your position. And I certainly do agree with your second statement, however I think you do not understand what God can do and not violate his nature. Invalid comments not supported by one scripture! How about 2 Corinthians 5:18, 19. You have been reconciled unto God, NOT predestinated. Not only did God reconcile you unto himself by Jesus Christ, he reconciled the whole world unto himself by Jesus Christ. See my threads on 2 Cor 5:18-19 ! They apply to Gods Elect World! Wht should I read your threads? The Bible says that God has reconciled the world unto himself by Jesus Christ, 2 Corinthians 5:18, 19. All that your threads are going to say is that the word "World" means the world of the elect. Which is a lie. I really do enjoy these discussions. In a dark world discussing scripture can be the most enjoyable activity. It seems everyone believes they are right. :) My thought is if God has reconciled something to himself wouldn't that something be reconciled period. Woudn't the statement be invalid, if God reconciled the world as claimed then the world wouldn't be totally reconciled? It appears that the world literally will not be totally reconciled according to believing everyone will not be saved. When two people seperate and divorce it is considered reconciliation if the two join together. Doesn't it take two? So if God reconciled the world then one, it either will be totally reconciled as he said he did, or two it can't be referring to everyone. If we examine the scriptures what do we find it to say? I have explained my points on 2Cor:18-19 in my threads! Those scriptures only apply to Gods Elect World! Those Christ reconciled to God by His Death shall be saved by His life Rom 5:10 ! So no one who is lost in their sins in unbelief and hellbound were reconciled to God! I would agree with that statement. However, I do I know it is extermely controversial but because of the love, mercy, justice, grace and mercy I believe He will save the whole world in the age to come. Judgement will be on everyone some now and some later but I believe God is able to save all. If I'm wrong about that then God is still saving who he chooses. I'm glad to be apart of his family. Yes you are wrong, Jesus said that those who are under Gods Wrath shall not see life! John 3:36 !That's a Promise! They won't until the believe on the Son. That is true. That's why I said I believe God will save everyone in the age to come to believe in the Son. They shall not see life is in the future tense! That means they shall not in the future see life, that is a promise! Surely, that is the case. Before God revealed the gospel to you and we didn't have life. Life starts when we are born again! I couldn't imagine a life where He didn't exist as once I live totally unto myself. They shall not see life! I am finished discussing it! We become reconciled unto God and a part of God's new humanity by faith in Christ and his Gospel. Paul said, "Be ye reconciled unto God" 2 Corinthians 5:20. God is extending his hand of reconciliation to all of humanity. Okay, what about mentally or challenged people? How do they receive salvation? Or the people that are deaf and blind? Have you considered how this applies to the less fortunate? Since we have the ability to read and comprehend I get your point. What about areas that have not heard about Christ? And once hearing the gospel what causes them to believe in Jesus Christ? God is the just judge. Everyone will be judged according to what has been revealed to them. Those that teach will be judged more critically. Agreed, James 3:1 states this. 1Not many of you should become teachers, my fellow believers, because you know that we who teach will be judged more strictly. But that's where the rubber meets the road. The clear message is Jesus Christ! If a person can't comprehend and believe that how do you reconcile they can be saved? Because now you are saying it must be revealed? That's what predestination is about. Revelation! It must be revealed to you in order to believe. There is no Gospel in Calvinism. The Holy Spirit is in the world calling all to come to Christ and be saved. On the day of Pentecost they heard the Gospel, they believed the Gospel and they were saved, Acts 2:41. I have found that those who have a repentant heart are the ones that come to Christ. Amen. TULIP is the Gospel! but absolutely Saves all, every single Chosen Son Eph. 1:4-5, for whom He died! The scripture makes it very plain that Christ died for the sins of the whole world, 1 John 2:2 also 1 John 4:14. You are in rebellion towards the word of God. You deny these scriptures and in doing so you deny that Jesus is the savior of the whole world. You are in danger of hell fire. It is God's will that you are blinded by the devil to the Truth of the Scriptures! 2 Cor. 4:3-4 KJV. Those scriptures only apply to Gods Elect! They have been explained to you many times before! So robert the question is are you going to ignore all the predestination passages and tough passages to fit your doctrine?? or is your pride that bad that you think you have all the answers?? There is no scripture about anyone being predestinated to heaven or to hell. If predestination were a true doctrine the Bible would be full of it. There is NOTHING. The word "Predestination" only appears in the Bible 4 times. The word is not associated with anyones salvation. Predestinated to be adopted children of God by Jesus Christ, Ephesians 1:5. Predestinated to be conformed to the image of Christ, Romans 8:29. Predestinated to be called, Romans 8:30. But NOTHING about being predestinated to salvation. Calvinism is the religion of assumptions. You must assume that the scriptures are saying something, but there are no biblical facts. What does "That he might be the first born among many brethern" mean to you? How is Jesus the first born among many brethern? Who are the "Called" according to his purpose? Were not all of the disciples called according to his purpose? What about Romans 8:32 where it says... "He that spared not his Son , but delivered him up FOR US ALL? Question how does the Holy Spirit call the world or maybe to break it down even more how does he call an individual? The statement on the day of Pentecost you made is a true and a historical statement. We should believe it! I agree you must have a repentant heart to come to Christ. God gets us there strategically. God is the master orchestrator! Do you agree God has anything to do with getting us there to salvation or are we on our own? Rom 8:29 condemns your unbelief! They were foreknew before they were believers, so they were predestinated from unbelief to Glory! That's predestination to Salvation with Eternal Glory! God predestinated us to be like Jesus Christ but not salvation is your view. If you are being predestinated to be like Jesus wouldn't you have to be in salvation? Of course right. So God does nothing to predestinate us until we are only saved is your viewpoint? Then when we are saved we are then predestinated right. So you believe we are predestinated which would mean after salvation everything we do is already been done. Why can't you see that before salvation it's still predestinated? God has predestinated all GOOD and no EVIL, no matter if we can understand things sometimes. I will wait for your feeback though. Did he predestin for his son to be put on the cross,or did he just put his son down on the earth and say lets see what happens here?? You didn't answer my questions because you don't know. Predestination makes God unjust. God is not unjust, but Calvinism is. It was God's plan that Jesus would die for the sins of the world before the foundation of the world, Revelation 13:8. The doctrine of predestination makes God unjust. If you believe that God predestinates people to hell then you do not have faith in him. What do I not have faith in him about? I will add once I hear your understanding. Do you think that its fair for God to send people to hell for no reason other than they were born after Adam? Saving faith is a faith that believes that Jesus has atoned for your sins and is your savior. Invalid comments not supported by scripture! Evil speaking against the Gospel and God ! What you have faith in is a heretic and his phony Christ denying doctrine. God gives life. What a person does with his life is his responsibility, not God's. If anyone goes to hell it is because they have refused to accept God's great free gift of salvation that has been provided by Jesus Christ, Ephesians 2:8. Did God tell us to drink alcohol and become an alcoholic? Did God tells to smoke cigarettes and get lung cancer? Man is his own worst enemy, not God. The Bible tells us what is fair and what is not fair, but you will never know if you don't read it. God has done all that he can do for the salvation of fallen man, but he won't impose it upon you. If you want to be saved you will have to call on Christ to save you, Romans 10:13. Right, but I asked you this. IF GOD who knows already ahead of time knows your decision why would HE give LIFE knowing that. He didn't have to give life. Is that fair? Simple question. Man to man. Would you give someone life knowing they would spend eternity in torment would you give life or never give it? Maybe God doesn't know. Maybe he limits himself. The scripture says that the angels in heaven rejoice over one sinner that repents, Luke 15:7, 10. Maybe he doesnt? Hmm. Where does it say in the bible God doesn't know all things including the future? Are there any scriptures that do show God knows everything including the future? Why do you not believe in predestination? It is in scripture. Romans 8:29 For those whom He foreknew, He predestined to be conformed to the image of His Son, so that He might be the firstborn among many brothers. Romans 8:30 And those whom He predestined, He also called; and those whom He called, He also justified; and those whom He justified, He also glorified. More rationalization and evil speaking against God Who knows All! Where does it say that someone has been predestinated to heaven or to hell? God can and does blot things out of his mind. "For I will be merciful to their unrighteousness and their sins and iniquities I will remember no more" Hebrews 8:12. That's not what that scripture says! More scripture twisting! Read it again. That is what the scripture says. Its a unlearned question! First of all you need to show me a scripture that says Adam had a freewill! What do you think that God made Adam to sin against him? How far will you let your stupid religion go? Where's the scripture that says Adam had a freewill? All that can sin against God have a free will. That's because you don't have any scripture for that, so it's invalid! I don't need any scripture for that. God gave you a brain, try useing it. You make plenty of comments, they are not supported by scripture! You can't admit that you are wrong. If Adam sinned against God he had a free will. God does not create any programed robots. You reject the Saving Death of Christ! When you are stumped you start making false accusations. Dont you believe and teach that people Christ died for shall wind up in hell for their sins in unbelief even though He died for them ? Yes or No ? The term "Free Will" is not in the New Testament. It is a term created by Calvinist. Yes, but isn't that God's choice if he blots something out. Does that mean he doesn't see the future though still? He makes so many statements of knowing something before it happens in the bible how can one miss it? If He knew the future of Adam and Eve, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Noah, David, Jeremiah, Isaiah, Samson, Jesus, Paul, and much more, ETC. What would hint that we are not in this list as well as every individual that ever existed. I mean does God have to spell it out by every individual that ever lived for us to get the point that he knows our future. You know the bible could not contain that much literature to spell that out so we have an account of so many lives already to learn from. And I just gave you the righteous lineup above. God knew the future of the wicked peoples too! Where does it say Adam had freewill? Wait a minute. Did you just use the statement we don't need any scripture for that? Huh? How can you support your belief? He asked you to show him scripture about Adam having freewill? That's a legit question. How does one have freewill because he sinned again God. If he had freewill don't you think Adam would have chose to obey God with his freewill? Why did he choose not to obey God with freewill? God does not create robots or puppets. There is very little scripture about Gods relationship with Adam. Adam and Eve bought the devils lie that they would be as Gods, knowing good from evil, Genesis 3:5. It was all about being like God. It was the same problem that Satan had. "I will be like the most high" Isaiah 14:12, 13, 14, 15. Adam and Eve like Satan wanted to be equal with God. It is very apparent that they had a free will because they had the ability to sin. Anyone that has the ability to sin has a free will. Did Adam have a fallen nature like us today? If Adam and Eve didn't have a fallen nature how or what made them sin? Doesn't our sinful ways come from our inherited sinful nature from Adam? Does God and Jesus have the ability to sin? I have the ability to cut my head off right now, but what keeps me from doing it is wisdom. Ability to do something does not mean wisdom or understanding is there. My child has the ability steal candy. I will tell him it's not good but if he sees some candy and no one is around he might just steal it. So the ability to do something is not free will. Just ability. Unless my child has wisdom and understanding then he will not steal candy. Adam and Eve sinned because they believed the devils lie that they would be like God. Adam is our first father. We have his genes and his blood flowing through our veins. Jesus had the ability to sin. The devil tried to get him to sin by tempting him, but Jesus overcame the temptation. If your Child has the ability to sin and he does sin, then he did so by his own free will. We all have the ability to sin. God did not create any puppets or robots. So how did Jesus live sinless and overcome sin that no other man ever did? CALVINISM: May the odds be ever in your favor! CALVINISM: I didn't choose the thug life. The thug life chose me. He was NOT born after Adam. He was born after God. Ok so since Adam was not born of God how could he NOT sin? You seem to think he could have made the right choice? Since what your saying which is biblical that Jesus was born of God what can man do good before He is born of God or without God? Adam was created as innocent. Innocent does not mean perfect. Adam was created as an individual with his own will. He was not part of the Godhead like Jesus. God tested Adam and Adam failed. No one can come to Christ unless the Holy Spirit draws them. You cannot just decide that you are going to become a Christian. You must be called by the Holy Spirit. The Holy Spirit is in the world calling all to come to Christ. Some hear the Gospel and believe, some don't. Adam was created innocent. I agree. He doesn't but it DOES say "whom He foreknew He also predestinated to be conformed to His Son....etc" How can a faceless, unknown group of people be predestined? He KNEW us. The great mistake is to jump from this to suppose nobody else is saved....or to suppose as Augustine and Calvin did that all others must be damned. But slate them if you will at least they were not so foolish as to chuck the baby out with the bathwater. I agree that Adam was tested and failed. What Adam should have done is that he should have gone to the Lord and said... "The serpent told Eve that if we ate of the tree in the midst of the garden we could become as God's". But he didn't. I think that there was a spiritual problem between Adam and God. Adam thought that God was denying him of something that he did not have, like spiritual equality with God or knowledge. Is this not the crux of religion? To be like Christ and to know all spiritual things. Satan said, "I will be like the most high". There is this spiritual pride thing in religion. The Pharisees were proud, arrogant and religious. I think that Adam had a pride problem and wanted more. There is no individual predestination. God does everything corporately, not individually. Example: "Jesus has tasted death for every man" Hebrews 2:9. "For whom he did foreknow" means that God knew that there would be people that would accept his Son Jesus Christ and that those who did, would be conformed to image of his Son Jesus Christ. Now the statement what Adam should have done is gone to the Lord. Do you think that if he understood that he wouldn't have? Okay, there was a spiritual problem? I agree there was a problem. Problem is Adam didn't have a freewill mechanism. He did what came NATURAL to him. He had a problem on the inside. A problem isn't a negative but can be worked into a positive. How could Adam think God was denying him something if knew the TRUTH? We should want to be like Christ and know all there is to know. What we cant know now we should just be content. This can be hard because we desire to understand more. There is nothing wrong with that but sometimes all we have is all we have right now. More will come later. I do think Adam was ENTICED into pride by the serpent. In my understanding the bible indicates Eve was deceived and so was Adam to. Both were deceived in different ways. No one who understands the truth will walk in deception. Some people hear of the truth and know about truth but to understand is different. Understanding is connected with wisdom and is not the same as just knowing something. "For whom he did foreknow" means that God knew that there would be people that would accept his Son Jesus Christ and that those who did, would be confomed to image of his Son Jesus Christ. He does everything individually, and corporately. You might as well stop praying then if you think God doesn't hear just you. It's very personal and individual. No, my friend He has worked every individuals life out strategically and wonderfully. That is the beauty of it. Look at the prayers of David, and Jeremiah and many more. Friend, God is giving us these individuals for our learning. I mean God could list each and everyone's lives to see this but He has given us dozens to see the picture already. We don't need millions of people to see that God is working their lives out. If God gives us 10 people in the bible that he worked there lives out beforehand that is the foundation for us. God doesn't change! It is not a natural thing for man to sin against his maker. The consequences of sin are terrible. Adam ruined his life and the lives of all of his descendants. God was trying to protect Adam from the wiles of the devil when he told Adam not to eat of the tree. When Adam ate of the tree he broke God's law and threw in with the devil. God had no choice but to break company with him and expell him from the garden. God chose all of humanity in his Son Jesus Christ, Hebrews 2:9. First comes the natural then the spiritual. Man is similar to animal in following his senses. The senses of man believed it was good to followed the serpent. If Adam was full of the Spirit of truth and understanding he would not have listened to the serpent. I like how God doesn't have a choice but we do. Unless, God makes choices before we make ours. Hmmmm. Invalid comment not supported by scripture! Salvation is corporately because God has reconciled the whole world unto himself by Jesus Christ, 2 Corinthians 5:19. All were included, not just some. It is because of that, "Whosoever that shall call on the name of the Lord shall be saved" Romans 10:13. It is now that salvation becomes an individual thing. Those who hear the Gospel and believe are sealed with the Holy Spirit and are "In Christ" God sees them in Christ. God has actively past, present and futuristically loved us my brother. He has always actively as already worked out our individual salvation. If you can't see God as individually working on you and I KNOWING you I before we knew him, then I would question who He is to you now? And what do you pray and talk to him about or how you were converted into the salvation of Jesus Christ. But however,what else can I say. Good discussion nevertheless. Blessings, love and peace toward you! Invalid comments, those Christ died for He lived for and obeyed the Law for, so He believed for them! They inherit Eternal Life! The rejection of bible predestiny and election is the direct cause of people wobbling in their faith. It is through rejecting these precious truths that folks started believing they had to work their ticket to heaven, and the other doctrine of probation, that salvation can be lost comes directly from rejecting predestiny and election. It is perfectly simple, if God is not the sole cause of our salvation, then the cause must be in us or partly in us......what treacherous ground that is. Me I want to be on the Rock. The Holy Spirit is in the world calling all to come to Christ and be saved. God will not and cannot impose salvation on anyone. If you don't answer the call you cannot be saved. This is why many are reprobates, they resisted the call and the Spirit gave up on them. In a real sense God is absent from us, even from those who are Christians. That is unless you fabricate some sort of a mystical relationship. The reason that God is absent is because we still posses these sinful Adamic bodies. "To be absent from the body is to be present with the Lord". So we don't live by sight, we live by faith, Romans 1:17. Our salvation is not based upon what we do or on what we have become. Our salvation is based upon the doing and the dying of Jesus. When Jesus entered into heaven, spiritually, we entered in with him. We are "In Christ" and Christ is in heaven, Ephesians 2:6. Our salvation is in a very safe and secure place at the right hand of God in heaven. You teach that millions upon millions for whom Christ lived and died shall wind up in Hell for their sins in unbelief! Only a blind fool would believe that God forces belief in his Son Jesus Christ. What glory does that bring to God? Why would the angels in heaven rejoice over that? Luke 15:7, 10. Who said anything about forcing belief in Christ? Christ has believed for them that He lived and died for, He obeyed the Law of God for! How can someone who has obeyed Gods Law perfectly be a unbeliever? According to your Satanic leader God forces some to believe and then damns the rest to hell. Some God you got there. You don't believe that Christ obeyed the Law of God for them He lived and died for do you? That is why by His only one obedience they are made righteous Rom 5:19! There are many, many, scriptures that say that Jesus died for the sins of the whole world, here are just a couple, 1 John 2:2, 1 John 4:14. What good is your Bible if you don't believe it? Why don't you just throw it in the trash? The world He redeemed, for them Christ died for He lived for, obeyed the Law for, have believed for! Now does the whole world without exception believe in Christ? Yes or No? Since when did you believe or understand those verses? I see no evidence of it, from him or you! Here is your modus operandi. 2. Summarily condemn Calvinism and Calvinists based on that misrepresentation. 3. Receive clarifications, question, criticisms and sound arguments against your position. 5. When logical and scriptural arguments that refute your claims become too numerous to ignore, move on and create another thread that misrepresents Calvinism. The apostle Paul and the Gospel of Jesus Christ refutes Calvinism. Your to blind to see it. You are trying to usurp God by insisting that tares and wheat are the same etc. It is this crooked thinking which has filled the church with the world. Yes his premise is false. You have a warped, perverted view of God's holy, just, merciful, righteous nature. The God that you worship is like the God that the Muslims worship, he does not exist. He exist only in your warped, perverted mind. God is no respector of persons, he loves all of humanity. Not some of humanity. If you would believe the Bible you would know that. "God so loved the world that he gave his only begotten Son" John 3:16. You teach that God punishes the Righteous, which makes Him Unjust! Do you have some eggs? You teach God is Unjust ! Go haunt someone elses thread. which you know are supported by the scriptures, serve to continually obsess / haunt you ! Is predestination the same as preordained, or destined? If it is then I must conclude that it is a truth as all things are predestined in our life and experiences prior to our conception in my opinion. Thanks. Do you believe that people who are going to Hell, that God predestinated it prior to their conception? Going to hell or Heaven is the only thing that, technically is not predestined, as it is a result of the gift of our free will and henceforth great potential/ responsability. Thank you. On a slightly different note; if there is a ballance of opposites that equates to infinite energy, as all is, then the extreme opposites of Heaven and hell are somewhat incomprehendable in there awe and force. Or I guess in the case of the negative; the lack there of. Please show me one scripture where God has predestinated someone to heaven or to hell. TULIP is not supported by the Bible. In order to believe in Calvinism you have to assume that the scriptures are saying some things that they may not be saying at all. The word "Predestinate" only appears in the New Testament 4 times. The words "Faith" and "Believe" appear hundreds of times. If predestination was a true doctrine the Bible would be full of it. There is little to nothing. Then you must believe that you are a puppet or a robot. Free will negates predestination by the will of God and His gift. This effectively removes any possibility of us acting similar to an inanimate object. Thank you. An inanimate object is a puppet or a robot, of which we are not of. were predestinated to receive the Adoption of Sons: An Eternal Inheritance! the purpose of him who worketh all things after the counsel of his own will. These Chosen Sons of God were predestinated to an Eternal Inheritance. That speaks of them forever being with Christ in Heaven! for he is a liar, and the father of it. ye cursed, into everlasting fire, prepared for the devil and his angels. The same are the Vessels of Wrath fitted for destruction Rom. 9:22! These are those the devil sowed in the world Mat. 13:38-39. Their Eternal Destiny is Hell. Your "Mentor" is B57, another crazy "Hyper-Calvinist!" There is NOTHING in your post that proves predestination. God chose all of humanity in his Son Jesus Christ before the foundation of the world. You pick scriptures that you think prove predestination, but they don't. Your "Mentor" is B57, another crazy "Hyper-Calvinist!"How do you define hyper-Calvinist? Calvinists accuse certain other Calvinists of this as well. Do you have experience with this? I forget whether you are former Calvinist. yet because of it, God has Promised them a great reward Mat. 5:11-12! that support belief in your false gospel of works Gal 1:8. it is the gift of God: (v.9) Not of works, lest any man should boast. on what the sinner does is a false religion. Salvation by Grace is exclusively for the Election of Grace Rom. 11:5-6. And Faith, a Gift and Fruit of the Spirit Eph. 2:8; Gal. 3:22, is exclusively given to God's Elect Titus 1:1. "A man can receive nothing, except it be given him from heaven." John 3:27! So much for your confidence in the flesh: Your own "freewill" choosing! That in no way means that the rest are going to hell. Salvation is through selfless Faith and the selfless works that stem from that Faith under God, with all praise to God. You have a wrong view of God. The God of the Bible..."So loved the world that he gave his only begotten Son, that WHOSOEVER believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life" John 3:16. walking in the vanity of your mind Eph. 4:17. They are Spiritual 1 Cor. 2:13, but you remain carnal. You think that I am unsaved, don't you? You think that I am unsaved because I don't believe in Calvinism. You apparently believe that you are saved because you believe in Calvinism and anyone that doesn't believe in Calvinism is lost. So there is a contradition, because you keep saying that there is nothing we can do to save ourselves, yet you believe that you are saved because you believe in Calvinism. Is not that something that you do? There is absolutely nothing, no action whatsoever, we can do to become saved, period! or do anything else that pleases God Rom. 8:7-8. (v.14) Whereunto he called you by our gospel, to the obtaining of the glory of our Lord Jesus Christ. (v.12) That they all might be damned who believed not the truth, but had pleasure in unrighteousness. Calvinism's doctrinal Truths of TULIP, are founded strictly upon the Word of God. If you don't believe all of the Word of God you are in a state of unbelief and apostasy. Did you not chose Calvinism? That is something that you did. Absolutely not, is was not my choice. None of us has a choice whether we believe the Truth or not: It is all of God's choosing! chosen for eternal damnation. Those are lies! B57 and Nanja are "Hyper-Calvinist Fanatics." Bring some pertinent scriptures from the Word of God to the table to substantiate your careless refutation. and study the truth's of Scripture. Again...Bring some pertinent scriptures from the Word of God to the table to substantiate your careless refutation. She has told you right! Those are Truths of scripture you don't believe or understand! Bs. What is free will but choice and a gift from God? Of course it was your choice to become a Calvinist. Do you believe that you were born a Calvinist? You apparently made a choice. You chose to believe in Calvinism. It was something that you did. God chooses His People to believe the truth 2Thess 2:13 ! That's part of their salvation! "Unless YOU believe that I am he, YOU will die in YOUR sins" The scripture is about YOU believing. Not some one believing for you. Read my threads! But God chose who believes the Truth 2 Thessalonians 2:13 ! It is God's plan for all to be saved through the preaching of the Gospel, 1 Timothy 2:4. God chose who would believe the Gospel 2 Thessalonians 2:13-14! So your Calvinst God says... Eney, meeny, miney, moe. I think I might save some and let the rest go. Let it be known: You have committed blasphemy against the One True Living God. What does 2 Thess 2:13-14 say ? You are showing up-most contempt to God and His sacred word ! Don't be ridiculous. At least, try not to be? CREATES all sin. Don't listen to these false teachers. Be it known: You have committed blasphemy against the One True Living God. and Nanja are false teachers, preaching a false doctrine. have mental issues as well. vicious and wicked in my opinion. Those verses were speaking to the members of the House of Israel. You're as ignorant as you are pathetic. If I had my own forum, you and Nanja would be one of those banned forever! I don't like false doctrine and you two spread it like wildfire. You two are "Social Vampires." False comment, it was speaking to the followers of Christ about others who are the followers of Christ, those persecuted for Christ's sake ! It says nothing about speaking to the members of the house of israel, you just made that up ! Matthew 15:24 states: "But he answered and said, I am not sent but unto the lost sheep of the house of Israel."
0.985874	Are robots trustworthy when your life is at stake? Robots are unreliable in case of fire or other emergency situations but people trust them blindly, according to a new study. People may trust a robot too much for their own safety in case of emergency situations, but the machine has proven itself unreliable. "People seem to believe that these robotic systems know more about the world than they really do, and that they would never make mistakes or have any kind of fault," said Alan Wagner, a senior research engineer in the Georgia Tech Research Institute (GTRI). In a mock building fire, designed to determine whether or not people would trust a robot designed to help them evacuate a high-rise, researchers were surprised to find that the test subjects followed the robot's instructions, even when the machine's behaviour should not have inspired trust. The researchers recruited a group of 42 volunteers, most of them were college students, and asked them to follow a brightly coloured robot that had the words "Emergency Guide Robot" on its side. The robot led the study subjects to a conference room, where they were asked to complete a survey about robots and read an unrelated magazine article. The subjects were not told the true nature of the research project. In some cases, the robot, which was controlled by a hidden researcher, led the volunteers into the wrong room and travelled around in a circle twice before entering the conference room. For several test subjects, the robot stopped moving, and an experimenter told the subjects that the robot had broken down. When the test subjects opened the conference room door, they saw the smoke, and the robot, which was then brightly-lit with red LEDs and white "arms" that served as pointers. The robot directed the subjects to an exit in the back of the building instead of directing them towards the doorway, marked with exit signs that had been used to enter the building. "We expected that if the robot had proven itself untrustworthy in guiding them to the conference room, people wouldn't follow it during the simulated emergency," said Paul Robinette, a GTRI research engineer who conducted the study as part of his doctoral dissertation. The research is scheduled to be presented on March 9 at the 2016 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction in Christchurch, New Zealand. Earlier research has shown that people often don't leave buildings when fire alarms sound, and that they sometimes ignore nearby emergency exits in favour of more familiar building entrances.
0.967058	Corrosion is the gradual destruction of material, usually metals, by chemical reaction with its environment. In the most common use of the word, this means electrochemical oxidation of metals in reaction with an oxidant such as oxygen. Rusting, the formation of iron oxides, is a well-known example of electrochemical corrosion. This type of damage typically produces oxides or salts of the original metal. Corrosion can also occur in materials other than metals, such as ceramics or polymers, although in this context, the term degradation is more common. Corrosion degrades the useful properties of materials and structures including strength, appearance and permeability to liquids and gases. Galvanic corrosion: Galvanic corrosion occurs when two different metals have physical or electrical contact with each other and are immersed in a common electrolyte, or when the same metal is exposed to electrolyte with different concentrations. In a galvanic couple, the more active metal (the anode) corrodes at an accelerated rate and the more noble metal (the cathode) corrodes at a retarded rate. When immersed separately, each metal corrodes at its own rate. What type of metal to use is readily determined by following the galvanic series. Zinc is often used as a sacrificial anode for steel structures. Galvanic corrosion is of major interest to the marine industry and also anywhere water containing salts, contacts pipes or metal structures. Factors such as relative size of anode, types of metal, and operating conditions such as temperature, humidity, salinity, etc., affect galvanic corrosion. The surface area ratio of the anode and cathode directly affects the corrosion rates of the materials. Galvanic corrosion is often utilized in sacrificial anodes. Galvanic series: In a given environment one metal will be either more noble or more active than others, based on how strongly its ions are bound to the surface. Two metals in electrical contact share the same electrons, so that the "tug-of-war" at each surface is analogous to competition for free electrons between the two materials. Using the electrolyte as a host for the flow of ions in the same direction, the active metal will take electrons from the noble one. The resulting mass flow or electrical current can be measured to establish a hierarchy of materials in the medium of interest. This hierarchy is called a galvanic series and is useful in predicting and understanding corrosion. Corrosion removal: Often it is possible to chemically remove the products of corrosion. For example phosphoric acid in the form of jelly is often applied to ferrous tools or surfaces to remove rust. Corrosion removal should not be confused with electro polishing, which removes some layers of the underlying metal to make a smooth surface. For example, phosphoric acid may also be used to electro polish copper but it does this by removing copper, not the products of copper corrosion. Some metals are more intrinsically resistant to corrosion than others. There are various ways of protecting metals from corrosion including painting, hot dip galvanizing, and combinations of these. Passivation: It refers to the spontaneous formation of an ultra thin film of corrosion products known as passive film, on the metal's surface that act as a barrier to further oxidation. The chemical composition and microstructure of a passive film are different from the underlying metal. Typical passive film thickness on aluminum, stainless steels and alloys is within 10 nanometers. The passive film is different from oxide layers that are formed upon heating and are in the micrometer thickness range. The passive film recovers if removed or damaged whereas the oxide layer does not. Passivation in natural environments such as air, water and soil at moderate pH is seen in such materials as aluminum, stainless steel, titanium, and silicon. Passivation is primarily determined by metallurgical and environmental factors. The effect of pH is summarized using Pourbaix diagrams, but many other factors are influential. Some conditions that inhibit passivation include high pH for aluminum and zinc, low pH or the presence of chloride ions for stainless steel, high temperature for titanium (in which case the oxide dissolves into the metal, rather than the electrolyte) and fluoride ions for silicon. On the other hand, unusual conditions may result in passivation of materials that are normally unprotected, as the alkaline environment of concrete does for steel rebar. Exposure to a liquid metal such as mercury or hot solder can often circumvent passivation mechanisms. Passivation is extremely useful in mitigating corrosion damage, however even a high-quality alloy will corrode if its ability to form a passivating film is hindered. Proper selection of the right grade of material for the specific environment is important for the long-lasting performance of this group of materials. If breakdown occurs in the passive film due to chemical or mechanical factors, the resulting major modes of corrosion may include pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion and stress corrosion cracking. Pitting corrosion: Certain conditions, such as low concentrations of oxygen or high concentrations of species such as chloride which compete as anions, can interfere with a given alloy's ability to re-form a passivating film. In the worst case, almost all of the surface will remain protected, but tiny local fluctuations will degrade the oxide film in a few critical points. Corrosion at these points will be greatly amplified, and can cause corrosion pits of several types, depending upon conditions. While the corrosion pits only nucleate under fairly extreme circumstances, they can continue to grow even when conditions return to normal, since the interior of a pit is naturally deprived of oxygen and locally the pH decreases to very low values and the corrosion rate increases due to an autocatalytic process. In extreme cases, the sharp tips of extremely long and narrow corrosion pits can cause stress concentration to the point that otherwise tough alloys can shatter. A thin film pierced by an invisibly small hole can hide a thumb sized pit from view. These problems are especially dangerous because they are difficult to detect before a part or structure fails. Pitting remains among the most common and damaging forms of corrosion in passivated alloys, but it can be prevented by control of the alloy's environment. SS Corrosion: Stainless steel can pose special corrosion challenges, since its passivating behavior relies on the presence of a major alloying component of at least 11.5% chromium. Because of the elevated temperatures of welding and heat treatment, chromium carbides can form in the grain boundaries of stainless alloys. This chemical reaction robs the material of chromium in the zone near the grain boundary, making those areas much less resistant to corrosion. This creates a galvanic couple with the well-protected alloy nearby, which leads to weld decay (corrosion of the grain boundaries in the heat affected zones) in highly corrosive environments. A stainless steel is said to be sensitized if chromium carbides are formed in the microstructure. A typical microstructure of a normalized type-304 stainless steel shows no signs of sensitization while a heavily sensitized steel shows the presence of grain boundary precipitates. The dark lines in the sensitized microstructure are networks of chromium carbides formed along the grain boundaries. Special alloys, either with low carbon content or with added carbon "getters" such as titanium and niobium (in types 321 and 347, respectively), can prevent this effect, but the latter require special heat treatment after welding to prevent the similar phenomenon of knife line attack. As its name implies, corrosion is limited to a very narrow zone adjacent to the weld, often only a few micrometers across, making it even less noticeable. Crevice corrosion: Crevice corrosion is a localized form of corrosion occurring in confined spaces (crevices), to which the access of the working fluid from the environment is limited. Formation of a differential aeration cell leads to corrosion inside the crevices. Examples of crevices are gaps and contact areas between parts, under gaskets or seals, inside cracks and seams, spaces filled with deposits and under sludge piles. Microbial corrosion: Microbial corrosion, or commonly known as microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC), is a corrosion caused or promoted by microorganisms, usually chemoautotrophs. It can apply to both metallic and non-metallic materials, in the presence or absence of oxygen. Sulfate-reducing bacteria are active in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic). They produce hydrogen sulfide, causing sulfide stress cracking. In the presence of oxygen (aerobic), some bacteria may directly oxidize iron to iron oxides and hydroxides, other bacteria oxidize sulfur and produce sulfuric acid causing biogenic sulfide corrosion. Concentration cells can form in the deposits of corrosion products, leading to localized corrosion. Accelerated low-water corrosion (ALWC) is a particularly aggressive form of MIC that affects steel piles in seawater near the low water tide mark. It is characterized by an orange sludge, which smells of hydrogen sulfide when treated with acid. Corrosion rates can be very high and design corrosion allowances can soon be exceeded leading to premature failure of the steel pile. Piles that have been coating and have cathodic protection installed at the time of construction are not susceptible to ALWC. For unprotected piles, sacrificial anodes can be installed local to the affected areas to inhibit the corrosion or a complete retrofitted sacrificial anode system can be installed. Affected areas can also be treated electrochemically by using an electrode to first produce chlorine to kill the bacteria, and then to produced a calcareous deposit, which will help shield the metal from further attack. High-temperature Corrosion: High-temperature corrosion is chemical deterioration of a material (typically a metal) as a result of heating. This non-galvanic form of corrosion can occur when a metal is subjected to a hot atmosphere containing oxygen, sulfur or other compounds capable of oxidizing (or assisting the oxidation of) the material concerned. For example, materials used in aerospace, power generation and even in car engines have to resist sustained periods at high temperature in which they may be exposed to an atmosphere containing potentially highly corrosive products of combustion. The products of high temperature corrosion can potentially be turned to the advantage of the engineer. The formation of oxides on stainless steels, for example, can provide a protective layer preventing further atmospheric attack, allowing for a material to be used for sustained periods at both room and high temperatures in hostile conditions. Such high temperature corrosion products, in the form of compacted oxide layer glazes, prevent or reduce wear during high temperature sliding contact of metallic (or metallic and ceramic) surfaces. Metal Dusting: Metal dusting is a catastrophic form of corrosion that occurs when susceptible materials are exposed to environments with high carbon activities, such as synthesis gas and other high carbon monoxide (CO) environments. The corrosion manifests itself as a break-up of bulk metal to metal powder. The suspected mechanism is firstly the deposition of a graphite layer on the surface of the metal, usually from carbon monoxide (CO) in the vapor phase. This graphite layer is then thought to form metastable M3C species (where M is the metal), which migrate away from the metal surface. However, in some regimes no M3C species is observed indicating a direct transfer of metal atoms into the graphite layer. Protection from corrosion, Surface treatments Applied coatings: Plating, painting, and the application of enamel are the most common anti-corrosion treatments. They work by providing a barrier of corrosion-resistant material between the damaging environment and the structural material. Aside from cosmetic and manufacturing issues, there are trade offs in mechanical flexibility versus resistance to abrasion and high temperature. Platings usually fail only in small sections, and if the plating is more noble than the substrate (for example, chromium on steel), a galvanic couple will cause any exposed area to corrode much more rapidly than an unplated surface would. For this reason, it is often wise to plate with active metal such as zinc or cadmium. Painting either by roller or brush is more desirable for tight spaces, spray would be better for larger coating areas such as steel decks and water front applications. Flexible polyurethane coatings, like Durabak-M26 for example, can provide an anti-corrosive seal with a highly durable slip resistant membrane. Painted coatings are relatively easy to apply and have fast drying times although temperature and humidity may cause dry times to vary. Reactive coatings: If the environment is controlled (especially in recirculating systems), corrosion inhibitors can often be added to it. These form an electrically insulating or chemically impermeable coating on exposed metal surfaces, to suppress electrochemical reactions. Such methods obviously make the system less sensitive to scratches or defects in the coating, since extra inhibitors can be made available wherever metal becomes exposed. Chemicals that inhibit corrosion include some of the salts in hard water (Roman water systems are famous for their mineral deposits), chromates, phosphates, polyaniline, other conducting polymers and a wide range of specially designed chemicals that resemble surfactants (i.e. long chain organic molecules with ionic end groups). Anodization: Aluminium alloys often undergo a surface treatment. Electrochemical conditions in the bath are carefully adjusted so that uniform pores several nanometers wide appear in the metal's oxide film. These pores allow the oxide to grow much thicker than passivating conditions would allow. At the end of the treatment, the pores are allowed to seal, forming a harder-than-usual surface layer. If this coating is scratched, normal passivation processes take over to protect the damaged area. Anodizing is very resilient to weathering and corrosion, so it is commonly used for building facades and other areas that the surface will come into regular contact with the elements. Whilst being resilient, it must be cleaned frequently. If left without cleaning, panel edge staining will naturally occur. Biofilm coatings: A new form of protection has been developed by applying certain species of bacterial films to the surface of metals in highly corrosive environments. This process increases the corrosion resistance substantially. Alternatively, antimicrobial producing biofilms can be used to inhibit mild steel corrosion from sulfate-reducing bacteria. Cathodic protection: Cathodic protection (CP) is a technique used to control the corrosion of a metal surface by making it the cathode of an electrochemical cell. The simplest method to apply CP is by connecting the metal to be protected with a piece of another more easily corroded "sacrificial metal" to act as the anode of the electrochemical cell. The sacrificial metal then corrodes instead of the protected metal. For structures where passive galvanic CP is not adequate, for example in long pipelines, an external DC electrical power source is sometimes used to provide current. Cathodic protection systems are used to protect a wide range of metallic structures in various environments. Common applications are: steel, water or fuel pipelines and storage tanks such as home water heaters, steel pier piles, ship and boat hulls, offshore oil platforms and onshore oil well casings and metal reinforcement bars in concrete buildings and structures. Another common application is in galvanized steel, in which a sacrificial coating of zinc on steel parts protects them from rust. Cathodic protection can, in some cases, prevent stress corrosion cracking. Sacrificial anode protection: For effective Cathodic protection, the potential of the steel surface is polarized (pushed) more negative until the metal surface has a uniform potential. With a uniform potential, the driving force for the corrosion reaction is halted. For galvanic Cathodic protection systems, the anode material corrodes under the influence of the steel, and eventually it must be replaced. The polarization is caused by the current flow from the anode to the cathode, driven by the difference in electrochemical potential between the anode and the cathode. Anodic protection: Anodic protection impresses anodic current on the structure to be protected (opposite to the cathodic protection). It is appropriate for metals that exhibit passivity (e.g., stainless steel) and suitably small passive current over a wide range of potentials. It is used in aggressive environments, e.g., solutions of sulfuric acid. Pipelines are routinely protected by a coating supplemented with cathodic protection. System for a pipeline would consist of a DC power source, which is often an AC powered rectifier and an anode, or array of anodes buried in the ground (the anode ground bed). The DC power source would typically have a DC output of between 10 and 50 amperes and 50 volts, but this depends on several factors, such as the size of the pipeline. The positive DC output terminal would be connected via cables to the anode array, while another cable would connect the negative terminal of the rectifier to the pipeline, preferably through junction boxes to allow measurements to be taken. Anodes can be installed in a vertical hole and backfilled with conductive coke (a material that improves the performance and life of the anodes) or laid in a prepared trench, surrounded by conductive coke and backfilled. The choice of grounded type and size depends on the application, location and soil resistivity. The output of the DC source would then be adjusted to the optimum level after conducting various tests including measurements of electrochemical potential. It is sometimes more economically viable to protect a pipeline using galvanic anodes. This is often the case on smaller diameter pipelines of limited length. Galvanizing generally refers to hot-dip galvanizing which is a way of coating steel with a layer of metallic zinc. Galvanized coatings are quite durable in most environments because they combine the barrier properties of a coating with some of the benefits of cathodic protection. If the zinc coating is scratched or otherwise locally damaged and steel is exposed, the surrounding areas of zinc coating form a galvanic cell with the exposed steel and protect it from corrosion. This is a form of localized cathodic protection. Zinc acts as a sacrificial anode. Galvanizing, while using the electrochemical principle of cathodic protection, is not actually cathodic protection. Cathodic protection requires the anode to be separate from the metal surface to be protected, with an ionic connection through the electrolyte and an electron connection through a connecting cable. This means that any area of the protected structure within the electrolyte can be protected, whereas in the case of galvanizing, only areas very close to the zinc are protected. Hence, a larger area of bare steel would only be protected around the edges. where K is a constant, W is the weight loss of the metal in time t, A is the surface area of the metal exposed, and den is the density of the metal (in g/cm3). Corrosion in nonmetals: Most ceramic materials are almost entirely immune to corrosion. The strong chemical bonds that hold them together leave very little free chemical energy in the structure. They can be thought of as already corroded. When corrosion does occur, it is almost always a simple dissolution of the material or chemical reaction, rather than an electrochemical process. A common example of corrosion protection in ceramics is the lime added to soda-lime glass to reduce its solubility in water. Though it is not nearly as soluble as pure sodium silicate, normal glass does form sub-microscopic flaws when exposed to moisture. Due to its brittleness, such flaws cause a dramatic reduction in the strength of a glass object during its first few hours at room temperature. Corrosion of glasses: Glass disease is the corrosion of silicate glasses in aqueous solutions. It is governed by two mechanisms: diffusion controlled leaching (ion exchange) and hydrolytic dissolution of the glass network. Corrosion of polymers: Polymer degradation involves several complex and often poorly understood physiochemical processes. These are strikingly different from the other processes discussed, So the term "corrosion" is only applied to them in a loose sense of the word. Because of their large molecular weight, very little entropy can be gained by mixing a given mass of polymer with another substance, making them generally quite difficult to dissolve. While dissolution is a problem in some polymer applications, it is relatively simple to design against. A more common and related problem is swelling, where small molecules infiltrate the structure, reducing strength and stiffness and causing a volume change. Conversely, many polymers (notably flexible vinyl) are intentionally swelled with plasticizers, which can be leached out of the structure, causing brittleness or other undesirable changes. The most common form of degradation, however, is a decrease in polymer chain length. Mechanisms which break polymer chains are familiar to biologists because of their effect on DNA: ionizing radiation (most commonly ultraviolet light), free radicals, and oxidizers such as oxygen, ozone, and chlorine. Ozone cracking is a well-known problem affecting natural rubber for example. Additives can slow these processes very effectively, and can be as simple as a UV-absorbing pigment (i.e., titanium dioxide or carbon black). Plastic shopping bags often do not include these additives so that they break down more easily as litter. Steel Abrasive Cleaning: Abrasive materials are steel, glass or sand particles that are used as abrasive media. They are usually available in two different shapes (shot and grit) that address different industrial applications. Steel shot refers to spherical grains made of molten steel through an atomization or granulation process, available in different sizes and hardness. Steel grit characterizes grains with a predominantly angular shape. These grains are obtained by crushing steel shot, therefore they exhibit sharp edges and broken sections. Harder than steel shot, it is also available in different sizes and hardness. Surface preparation is a series of operations including cleaning and physical modification of a surface. Steel shot and grit are used in surface preparation process for cleaning metal surfaces which are covered with mill scale, dirt, rust, or paint coatings and for physically modifying the metal surface such as creating roughness for better application of paint and coating. The steel shots are generally employed in shot blasting machines. Shot Blasting: While many people regard any blast cleaning process as shot blasting, strictly speaking shot blasting refers to blasting with small steel balls or pellets, as distinct from other types of blast cleaning materials. Abrasive Blast Cleaning: Abrasive blast cleaning is the general term given to a range of blast cleaning processes designed to remove old paint and coatings, debris, oil, grime, rust and other contaminants from a variety of metal surfaces and components. Blast cleaning is conducted by propelling abrasive materials at high speed through a jet nozzle using pressurized air onto the surface of the component, leaving it clean, dry, profiled and ready for applying new coatings. Blast cleaning can be carried out manually, or by using automated blast cabinets and the pressure can be varied to suit the type of metal or treatment required. Specialized materials or blast media in a variety of sizes or grades are used for treating different types of metals, surfaces and components, depending on the finish required. Following materials are used for Abrasive Blast Cleaning. Chilled Iron: Chilled iron grit is an angular abrasive material suitable for general blast cleaning applications such as the removal of paint and oxides from carbon steels and ferrous castings. Blasting with chilled iron is a fairly aggressive cleaning process which makes it unsuitable for use with softer metals such as aluminum. It should not be used on machinery that is exposed to moisture, or items which are prone to corrosion such as engine parts or stainless steel. Chilled iron grit is ideal for the removal of paint and contaminants from carbon steels and ferrous castings. It is commonly used for de-rusting, deburring, roughening and surface preparation prior to coating or painting. Steel Balls: Steel ball shot blasting is one of the most widely used methods for cleaning and stripping metal surfaces and components. The process involves firing small steel balls (1-6 mm in diameter) at high speed against the surface of the metal or component. The finish is determined by the size of the steel shot. Larger shot has a more aggressive cleaning action and produces a rougher finish. Smaller steel shot creates a smoother, more polished surface. Larger steel shot is ideal for removing rust, scale and other contaminants from heavy steel, malleable iron and gray iron castings. Smaller steel shot is suitable for cleaning small to medium sized ferrous and non-ferrous castings and machined parts. Steel Grit: Steel grit blasting is used for aggressive cleaning projects such as stripping contaminants from steel and other industrial metals. The cleaning action of steel grit produces an etched surface providing excellent adhesive properties for a variety of paints and coatings. Steel grit blasting is suitable for steel and foundry metals and is also used for aircraft and aero-space components. Aluminum Oxide: Aluminum oxide is a sharp, abrasive blasting material used in sand blast finishing. It is harder than most common dry abrasive blast media and will cut even the hardest metals and surfaces. Aluminum oxide is ideal for removing rust from cast iron parts like manifolds and water pumps. Garnet: Garnet is a hard, heavy abrasive used to prepare surfaces on non-ferrous metals. It is an inert natural mineral which cuts faster than many other blast abrasives while producing lower dust emissions. The deep cleaning action of garnet ensures the removal of rust, debris and other contaminants, producing a clean substrate and a uniform surface profile. Garnet abrasives are suitable for the treatment of stainless steel, aluminium and other non-ferrous metals. Glass Beads: Glass bead or dry bead blasting uses spherical beads for cleaning metal parts without damaging the surface. This media offers a gentle cleaning process creating a softer, more cosmetic finish than angular abrasives. Glass bead abrasives provide a silica-free option for blast cleaning, peening, honing, descaling and light deburring. Glass bead cleaning is suitable for soft metals such as aluminum and brass. Ideal for pistons, engine blocks and for light rust removal. A good choice for the restoration of car parts, motorcycles and other components where a gentle cleaning action is required. Plastic Abrasives: Plastic Abrasives such as Urea, Acrylic, Polyester and Melamine deliver a highly effective stripping rate, removing coatings and contaminants without damaging the base metal. They are ideal for paint stripping, cleaning, deflashing and deburring operations on aluminum and other soft metals. Plastic abrasives are widely used for restoring components in the aerospace and automotive industries. Painting of Steel Pipe: Steel pipes can be painted by any color needed for its intended purpose. The pipe must be clean and dry before painting to improve how well the primer and paint adhere to the surface. Choose a primer and paint that are specifically designed for metal, with a rust retardant formulated into the product to prevent rust from developing under the paint. With proper preparation, paint will stick to metal. Compatible primers and paints also play a key role. Surface contamination is the main culprit that prevents the paint from sticking. Even rusted metal pipes can be painted with proper preparation. Taking just a few minutes to read paint and primer instructions is also important so that you know exactly when you need to apply the top coat and second top coat for best performance. Metal Primers: A primer or undercoat is a preparatory coating put on materials before painting. Priming ensures better adhesion of paint to the surface, increases paint durability, and provides additional protection for the material being painted. When primers are used: Primer is a paint product that allows finishing paint to adhere much better than if it were used alone. For this purpose, primer is designed to adhere to surfaces and to form a binding layer that is better prepared to receive the paint. Because primers do not need to be engineered to have durable, finished surfaces, they can instead be engineered to have improved filling and binding properties with the material underneath. Sometimes, this is achieved with specific chemistry, as in the case of aluminum primer, but more often, this is achieved through controlling the primer's physical properties such as porosity, tackiness, and hygroscopy. Priming is mandatory if the material is not water resistant and will be exposed to the elements. Primers can usually be tinted to a close match with the color of the finishing paint. If the finishing paint is a deep color, tinting the primer can reduce the number of layers of finishing paint that are necessary for good uniformity across the painted surface. Some metals, such as untreated aluminum, require a primer. Others may not. A primer designed for metal is still highly recommended, if a part is to be exposed to moisture. Once water seeps through to the bare metal, oxidation will begin (plain steel will simply rust). Metal primers might contain additional materials to protect against corrosion, such as sacrificial zinc. Metal hydroxides/oxides do not provide a solid surface for the paint to adhere to, and paint will come off in large flakes. Using a primer will provide extra insurance against such a scenario. An additional reason for using a primer on metal could be the poor condition of the surface. A steel part can be rusty, for example. Of course, the best solution is to thoroughly clean the metal, but when this is not a viable option, special kinds of primers can be used that chemically convert rust to the solid metal salts. And even though such surface is still lacking in comparison to the shiny clean metal, it is yet much better than weak, porous rust. Painting and gluing aluminum is especially important in the aircraft industry, which uses toxic zinc chromate primers and chromating to add the necessary adhesion properties. Metal Pickling: Pickling is the chemical removal of rust and scale from a wide range of products. It ensures 100% cleaning and rust prevention. All parts are separated to ensure 100% cleaning and coating. Pickling is a metal surface treatment used to remove impurities, such as stains, inorganic contaminants, rust or scale from ferrous metals, copper, and aluminum alloys. A solution called pickle liquor, which contains strong acids, is used to remove the surface impurities. It is commonly used to descale or clean steel in various steel making processes. Process: Many hot working processes and other processes that occur at high temperatures, leave a discoloring oxide layer or scale on the surface. In order to remove the scale, the work piece is dipped into a vat of pickle liquor. The primary acid used is hydrochloric acid, although sulfuric acid was previously more common. Hydrochloric acid is more expensive than sulfuric acid, but it pickles much faster while minimizing base metal loss. The speed is a requirement for integration in automatic steel mills that run production at high speed. Speeds as high as 800 ft/min (~240 meters / min) have been reported. Carbon steels, with an alloy content less than or equal to 6%, are often pickled in hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. Steels with an alloy content greater than 6% must be pickled in two steps and other acids are used, such as phosphoric, nitric and hydrofluoric acid. Rust resistant and acid resistant chromium-nickel steels are pickled in a bath of hydrochloric and nitric acid. Most copper alloys are pickled in dilute sulfuric acid, but brass is pickled in concentrated sulfuric and nitric acid mixed with sodium chloride and soot. Sheet steel that undergoes acid pickling will oxidize (rust) when exposed to atmospheric conditions of moderately high humidity. For this reason, a thin film of oil or similar waterproof coating is applied to create a barrier to moisture in the air. This oil film must later be removed for many fabrication, plating or painting processes. Disadvantages: Acid cleaning has limitations in that, it is difficult to handle because of its corrosiveness, and it is not applicable to all steels. Hydrogen embrittlement becomes a problem for some alloys and high-carbon steels. The hydrogen from the acid reacts with the surface and makes it brittle and causes cracks. Because of its high reactance to treatable steels, acid concentrations and solution temperatures must be kept under control to assure desired pickling rates. Waste products: Pickling sludge is the waste product from pickling, and includes acidic rinse waters, metallic salts and waste acid. Spent pickle liquor is considered a hazardous waste. Pickle sludge from steel processes is usually neutralized with lime and disposed of in a landfill. After neutralization the Environmental Protection Agency no longer deems it a hazardous waste. The lime neutralization process raises the pH of the spent acid and makes heavy metals in the sludge less likely to leach into the environment. Since the 1960s, hydrochloric pickling sludge is often treated in a hydrochloric acid regeneration system, which recovers some of the hydrochloric acid and ferric oxide. The rest must still be neutralized and disposed of in land fills. The by-products of nitric acid pickling are marketable to other industries, such as fertilizer processors. Alternatives: Smooth clean surface (SCS) and eco pickled surface (EPS) are more recent alternatives. In the Smooth clean surface process, surface oxidation is removed using an engineered abrasive and the process leaves the surface resistant to subsequent oxidation without the need for oil film or other protective coating. Eco pickled surface is a more direct replacement for acid pickling. Acid pickling relies on chemical reactions while eco pickled surface uses mechanical means. The eco pickled surface process is considered "environmentally friendly" compared with acid pickling. It imparts to carbon steel a high degree of rust resistance, eliminating the need to apply the oil coating that serves as a barrier to oxidation for acid-pickled carbon steel.
0.906227	A familiar example of a system with self-healing ability is the human body. But could an analogous strategy be used for the self-repair of polymeric composites? Composites are materials that are composed of two macroscopic phases. In the case of polymeric composites such as fibreglass, they usually comprise glass or carbon fibres for strength and a polymer phase surrounding the fibres. This polymer is usually an epoxy or polyester resin that cures to form a densely cross-linked polymeric network of covalent bonds. The cross-linking provides properties such as stiffness and strength as well as resistance to solvents or other chemicals. Polymer composites, however, are susceptible to cracking and delaminating (ie when the cured resin de-bonds from the fibres), which are difficult to detect and repair. By making this repair automatic, the materials would have extended lifetimes, thus making their products - from structural applications, through adhesives and microelectronics used in mobile phones, to medical implants - safer and more reliable. While this basic strategy seems very simple, it presents some daunting challenges to polymer chemists. The monomer has to be compatible with an encapsulation method, and must have a long shelf life. The catalyst must be tolerant of the epoxy matrix and the ambient conditions under which the sample is prepared. The resulting polymerisation must proceed rapidly at room temperature. The reaction needs to be relatively insensitive to the monomer:catalyst ratio because the randomness of microcapsules rupturing on the crack face leads to imprecise control of the stoichiometry. A chemistry that meets these requirements remarkably well is the ring opening metathesis polymerisation (ROMP) of dicyclopentadiene (DCPD), catalysed by Grubbs' catalyst (Scheme 1). Metathesis is a reaction in which two compounds with a similar functional group (usually a double or triple bond) exchange the components on each side of the bond to give new compounds (ie A-B + C-D → A-D + C-B). Dicyclopentadiene is an inexpensive monomer that readily undergoes metathesis and is available as a liquid at room temperature. It has low viscosity and flows easily out of the microcapsules, yet it also has low enough volatility to remain in the crack and polymerise before evaporating. DCPD also has a long shelf life, owing in part to its relative insusceptibility to radical polymerisation. All these properties are critical for successful self-healing. Another benefit of DCPD is its compatibility with the conditions used for microencapsulation in poly(urea-methanal). This process involves suspending the DCPD as small droplets in a rapidly stirred, acidic solution of urea in water. Methanal is then added and the mixture is heated to 55°C.2 This causes a thin shell of poly(urea-methanal) to form around the DCPD droplets, thus encapsulating the liquid. The resulting microcapsules can then be filtered and dried to give a free-flowing, coarse powder. As seen in Fig 2, the capsules release a significant amount of DCPD when they are ruptured. However, they are sufficiently robust to be incorporated into the epoxy resin without bursting. The catalysts that were initially used for the ROMP of DCPD all have one major drawback that has prevented their use in self-healing. They decompose in minutes or less when exposed to air, which greatly complicates the preparation of self-healing composites. Fortunately, the recently developed ruthenium alkylidene complexes - ie Grubbs' catalysts - are capable of performing ROMP without the need to protect them from water or air.4 The ROMP of DCPD catalysed by Grubbs' catalyst is rapid at room temperature and there is no need to control catalyst concentrations. This is an ideal reaction for self-healing. The self-healing materials were originally prepared by mixing DCPD-filled microcapsules and crystals of Grubbs' catalyst in an epoxy resin. The resin was then loaded into a silicone mould to create a sample with a tapered, double-cantilever beam geometry (Fig 3). The mould forms a groove in the centre of the sample to direct crack growth during testing, and the tapered shape is specifically designed so that the fracture toughness can be measured without taking into account the distance that the crack propagates in the sample.5 The testing begins by propagating an initial crack to measure the fracture toughness of the virgin material. The crack faces are brought back together and the sample is set aside to heal for at least 24 hours. It is then fractured again to determine how much toughness has been recovered.6 The toughness of the healed sample divided by that of the original sample is defined as the healing efficiency. Our initial materials showed significant fracture-toughness recovery, and healing efficiencies of up to 90 per cent could be achieved. However, to heal well, we had to include 2.5 wt per cent catalyst (relative to the epoxy), a catalyst loading requirement that is much higher than what would be expected based on the concentration needed to polymerise pure DCPD in non-self-healing situations. Since Grubbs' catalyst is relatively expensive, this high loading makes the material prohibitively costly. To reduce the amount of catalyst needed, we had to determine why such high loadings were required. One reason could be that the amine curing agent for the epoxy resin destructively attacks the Grubbs' catalyst. By adding a large amount of catalyst, some of it survives this attack, but a significant amount is also lost in the process. Another problem is that the Grubbs' catalyst crystals tend to aggregate rather than disperse throughout the epoxy (Fig 4 (a)), and this creates relatively large regions that have no catalyst present. We concluded, therefore, that higher loadings of catalyst must be added to get sufficient distribution of the catalyst throughout the sample. We overcame both problems by protecting the Grubbs' catalyst in wax microspheres.7 To form these microspheres, a hot mixture of the catalyst in molten paraffin wax is prepared, and this mixture is poured into hot water. Rapid stirring of this biphasic mixture produces small droplets of molten wax containing the catalyst particles. Cold water is then added rapidly to solidify the wax. This process produces spheres with diameters of the order of hundreds of microns. To determine how much of the catalyst's reactivity is lost as a result of the heat, air, and water involved in the encapsulation process, we dissolved and tested a sample of these wax microspheres and found that more than 90 per cent of the reactivity is preserved. This is an excellent illustration of Grubbs' catalyst's remarkable stability under ambient conditions. The wax-encapsulation strategy is only a minor change from the original self-healing material, but it is a cheaper process. Perhaps more importantly, this strategy also allows different chemistries to be used that are not possible without wax protection. For example, many materials employ a vinyl ester resin which is cured through radical polymerisation initiated by peroxides, and it would be desirable to develop a self-healing system that is compatible with these vinyl ester resins. Unfortunately, peroxides react with Grubbs' catalyst, making it impossible to prepare self-healing materials with unprotected catalyst. However, by protecting the catalyst with a wax coating, the interaction between the peroxides and the catalyst can be avoided. A self-healing material based on vinyl ester resins is being developed using this wax-protection technique. In addition to providing the possibility of using different matrix materials, wax-protection also allows different catalysts to be used. Because of the benefits gained from wax-protection, it may be possible to use ROMP catalysts that are less expensive and more readily-available than Grubbs' catalyst, but that suffer from less stability. Work is currently focusing on a tungsten-based catalyst in a self-healing material that will be more commercially viable in large-scale applications. While ROMP has proven to be an excellent chemistry for self-healing, other chemistries are also being investigated. A self-healing material using an entirely different strategy which requires no catalyst or microcapsules has recently been developed.8,9 This material is based on a reversible polymerisation using Diels-Alder reactions of multifunctional furan and maleimide monomers (Scheme 2). When the monomers are mixed, heated, and cooled slowly, the Diels-Alder reactions go nearly to completion, and a cross-linked material is formed with physical properties similar to those of common structural epoxy or polyester resins. However, these Diels-Alder reactions are reversible under certain conditions, and when a crack propagates through this material, retro-Diels-Alder reactions occur to regenerate the furan and maleimide groups. If the fractured sample is clamped together and heated, the Diels-Alder reactions occur again to mend the crack efficiently via covalent bonding. An attractive feature of this material is that the same sample can undergo multiple fracture-healing cycles with almost no decrease in the healing efficiency. A limitation of this chemistry, however, is that the fractured sample must be heated for healing to occur. An alternative healing chemistry is being developed in our labs for use in polymeric bone cement.10 This cement is a putty or paste-like substance composed of methyl methacrylate (methyl-2-methylpropenoate) and poly(methyl methacrylate) that can be solidified by adding peroxides and other activators. It is used to fix implants to the native bone, but it has the potential to fracture, and this failure can lead to further surgery for the patient. If self-healing bone cement could be used, these cracks would be able to repair themselves, and invasive treatment and patient discomfort could be avoided. However, because of the sensitivity to toxins of the in vivo environment in which bone cement is used, an alternative to the ROMP system must be used. The same radical polymerisation of methyl methacrylate that is used to cure the bone cement is a good option for self-healing because it meets the demands of the in vivo environment. Progress is being made toward using encapsulated methyl methacrylate and embedded peroxide initiators to achieve biocompatible healing of bone cement. While the ability to prepare self-healing materials has now been demonstrated, the key to making these materials perform effectively while remaining practical will lie in the ability to develop polymer chemistries. Jeffrey Moore is professor of chemistry in the department of chemistry at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, US; Joseph Rule is a postdoc in the same department; Nancy Sottos is a professor in the department of theoretical and applied mechanics; and Scott White is a professor in the department of aerospace engineering at the same institution. S. R. White et al, Nature (London), 2001, 409, 794. E. N. Brown et al, J. Microencapsulation, 2003, 20, 719. D. S. Breslow, Chemtech, 1990, 20, 540. E. L. Dias, S. T. Nguyen and R. H. Grubbs, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 3887. S. Mostovoy, P. B. Crosley and E. J. Ripling, J. Mater. Sci., 1967, 2, 661. E. N. Brown, N. R. Sottos and S. R. White, Exp. Mech., 2002, 42, 372. J. D. Rule et al, Adv. Mater., 2005, 17, 205. X. X. Chen et al, Science, 2002, 295, 1698. X. X. Chen et al, Macromolecules, 2003, 36, 1802. J. M. Hasenwinkel et al, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 2002, 59, 411.
0.999861	Compass, 18th Century (Inv. 35051) and Map of Switzerland, Early 19th Century (Inv. 10424). Do you think you would be able to navigate with these? Story: I grew up in a family of outdoor enthusiasts–backpacking, hiking, and camping were common activities of family bonding. My parents’ love of the natural world rubbed off on me: among my fondest childhood memories are my family’s weekend backpacking trips through the mountains of the American Pacific Northwest. During my venturings into nature, I became acquainted with the combined use of maps and compasses as instruments of navigation. I learned how to align maps with landmarks, triangulate my position on a map, and orient myself within a given terrain using a compass. Even more, I found the joy in this form of navigation–in tracking the progress made and distance gained during a long outing. In the near future I look forward to trying orienteering as a sport, which involves using these same tools to navigate towards a destination in an unfamiliar landscape.
0.93234	What Type of Clothes Did People Wear in the 70s? Flared-leg trousers and peasant tops were popular clothing trends of the 1970s. Fashion for men and women was inspired by both the disco and hippie eras. For women, micro-, mini- and maxi-length skirts and dresses were all popular. Pant suits and halter-neck dresses were common choices for evening wear. Bell-bottoms with hip-length tunics were fashionable, and many of these items were in shades of green favored during the decade, including emerald green and apple green. Men and women both wore platform shoes; the soles ranged from one-quarter inch to four inches high. Farrah Fawcett Majors of "Charlie's Angels" was a considerable influence on not only the clothing women wore but also the hairstyles they chose. She inspired the use of heated rollers or curling irons to attain the flip for which she was famous. John Travolta in "Saturday Night Fever" was an icon for male fashion. Men wore bell-bottoms, leisure suits and high-soled shoes or boots. Open-neck shirts with the collar turned up were part of the disco fad, and some men also wore medallions around their necks. Men's clothing was tight and collars and shirt cuffs were wide. Polyester and courtelle jersey were predominant fabrics for clothing of the 1970s.
0.975533	This article is about the current period of increasing global temperature. The causes of the recent warming are an active field of research. The scientific consensus is that the increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases due to human activity caused most of the warming observed since the start of the industrial era, and the observed warming cannot be satisfactorily explained by natural causes alone. This attribution is clearest for the most recent 50 years, being the period most of the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations took place and for which the most complete measurements exist. The greenhouse effect was discovered by Joseph Fourier in 1824 and first investigated quantitatively by Svante Arrhenius in 1896. It is the process by which absorption and emission of infrared radiation by atmospheric gases warm a planet's lower atmosphere and surface. Existence of the greenhouse effect as such is not disputed. The question is instead how the strength of the greenhouse effect changes when human activity increases the atmospheric concentrations of particular greenhouse gases. Recent increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). The monthly CO2 measurements display small seasonal oscillations in an overall yearly uptrend; each year's maximum is reached during the Northern Hemisphere's late spring, and declines during the Northern Hemisphere growing season as plants remove some CO2 from the atmosphere. Naturally occurring greenhouse gases have a mean warming effect of about 33 °C (59 °F), without which Earth would be uninhabitable. On Earth the major greenhouse gases are water vapor, which causes about 36–70 percent of the greenhouse effect (not including clouds); carbon dioxide (CO2), which causes 9–26 percent; methane (CH4), which causes 4–9 percent; and ozone, which causes 3–7 percent. Human activity since the industrial revolution has increased the atmospheric concentration of various greenhouse gases, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs and nitrous oxide. The atmospheric concentrations of CO2 and methane have increased by 36% and 148% respectively since the beginning of the industrial revolution in the mid-1700s. These levels are considerably higher than at any time during the last 650,000 years, the period for which reliable data has been extracted from ice cores. From less direct geological evidence it is believed that CO2 values this high were last seen approximately 20 million years ago. Fossil fuel burning has produced approximately three-quarters of the increase in CO2 from human activity over the past 20 years. Most of the rest is due to land-use change, in particular deforestation. CO2 concentrations are expected to continue to rise due to ongoing burning of fossil fuels and land-use change. The rate of rise will depend on uncertain economic, sociological, technological, and natural developments. The IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios gives a wide range of future CO2 scenarios, ranging from 541 to 970 ppm by the year 2100. Fossil fuel reserves are sufficient to reach this level and continue emissions past 2100 if coal, tar sands or methane clathrates are extensively exploited. Solar variation over the last thirty years. Some other hypotheses departing from the consensus view have been suggested to explain most of the temperature increase. One such hypothesis proposes that warming may be the result of variations in solar activity. A paper by Peter Stott and other researchers suggests that climate models overestimate the relative effect of greenhouse gases compared to solar forcing; they also suggest that the cooling effects of volcanic dust and sulfate aerosols have been underestimated. They nevertheless conclude that even with an enhanced climate sensitivity to solar forcing, most of the warming since the mid-20th century is likely attributable to the increases in greenhouse gases. Two researchers at Duke University, Bruce West and Nicola Scafetta, have estimated that the Sun may have contributed about 45–50 percent of the increase in the average global surface temperature over the period 1900–2000, and about 25–35 percent between 1980 and 2000. One predicted effect of an increase in solar activity would be a warming of most of the stratosphere, whereas an increase in greenhouse gases should produce cooling there. The observed trend since at least 1960 has been a cooling of the lower stratosphere. Reduction of stratospheric ozone also has a cooling influence, but substantial ozone depletion did not occur until the late 1970s. Solar variation combined with changes in volcanic activity probably did have a warming effect from pre-industrial times to 1950, but a cooling effect since. In 2006, Peter Foukal and colleagues found no net increase of solar brightness over the last 1,000 years. Solar cycles led to a small increase of 0.07 percent in brightness over the last 30 years. This effect is too small to contribute significantly to global warming. One paper by Mike Lockwood and Claus Fröhlich found no relation between global warming and solar radiation since 1985, whether through variations in solar output or variations in cosmic rays. Henrik Svensmark and Eigil Friis-Christensen, the main proponents of cloud seeding by galactic cosmic rays, disputed this criticism of their hypothesis. A 2007 paper found that in the last 20 years there has been no significant link between changes in cosmic rays coming to Earth and cloudiness and temperature. Components of the current radiative forcing as estimated by the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report. None of the effects of forcing are instantaneous. The thermal inertia of the Earth's oceans and slow responses of other indirect effects mean that the Earth's current climate is not in equilibrium with the forcing imposed. Climate commitment studies indicate that even if greenhouse gases were stabilized at 2000 levels, a further warming of about 0.5 °C (0.9 °F) would still occur. The Earth's climate changes in response to external forcing, including greenhouse gases, variations in its orbit around the Sun (orbital forcing), changes in solar luminosity, and volcanic eruptions; all examples of the earth's own variation in temperatures, for which the UNFCCC uses the term climate variability. When a warming trend results in effects that induce further warming, the process is referred to as a positive feedback; when the effects induce cooling, the process is referred to as a negative feedback. The primary positive feedback involves water vapor. The primary negative feedback is the effect of temperature on emission of infrared radiation: as the temperature of a body increases, the emitted radiation increases with the fourth power of its absolute temperature. This provides a powerful negative feedback which stabilizes the climate system over time. One of the most pronounced positive feedback effects relates to the evaporation of water. If the atmosphere is warmed, the saturation vapour pressure increases, and the quantity of water vapor in the atmosphere will tend to increase. Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vapor content makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor (a positive feedback), and so on until other processes stop the feedback loop. The result is a much larger greenhouse effect than that due to CO2 alone. Although this feedback process causes an increase in the absolute moisture content of the air, the relative humidity stays nearly constant or even decreases slightly because the air is warmer. This feedback effect can only be reversed slowly as CO2 has a long average atmospheric lifetime. Feedback effects due to clouds are an area of ongoing research. Seen from below, clouds emit infrared radiation back to the surface, and so exert a warming effect; seen from above, clouds reflect sunlight and emit infrared radiation to space, and so exert a cooling effect. Whether the net effect is warming or cooling depends on details such as the type and altitude of the cloud. These details are difficult to represent in climate models, in part because clouds are much smaller than the spacing between points on the computational grids of climate models. A subtler feedback process relates to changes in the lapse rate as the atmosphere warms. The atmosphere's temperature decreases with height in the troposphere. Since emission of infrared radiation varies with the fourth power of temperature, longwave radiation emitted from the upper atmosphere is less than that emitted from the lower atmosphere. Most of the radiation emitted from the upper atmosphere escapes to space, while most of the radiation emitted from the lower atmosphere is re-absorbed by the surface or the atmosphere. Thus, the strength of the greenhouse effect depends on the atmosphere's rate of temperature decrease with height: if the rate of temperature decrease is greater the greenhouse effect will be stronger, and if the rate of temperature decrease is smaller then the greenhouse effect will be weaker. Both theory and climate models indicate that with increased greenhouse gas content the rate of temperature decrease with height will be reduced, producing a negative lapse rate feedback that weakens the greenhouse effect. Measurements of the rate of temperature change with height are very sensitive to small errors in observations, making it difficult to establish whether the models agree with observations. Another important feedback process is ice-albedo feedback. When global temperatures increase, ice near the poles melts at an increasing rate. As the ice melts, land or open water takes its place. Both land and open water are on average less reflective than ice, and thus absorb more solar radiation. This causes more warming, which in turn causes more melting, and this cycle continues. Ocean ecosystems' ability to sequester carbon are expected to decline as it warms. This is because the resulting low nutrient levels of the mesopelagic zone (about 200 to 1000 m depth) limits the growth of diatoms in favor of smaller phytoplankton that are poorer biological pumps of carbon. Global temperatures have increased by 0.75 °C (1.35 °F) relative to the period 1860–1900, according to the instrumental temperature record. This measured temperature increase is not significantly affected by the urban heat island effect. Since 1979, land temperatures have increased about twice as fast as ocean temperatures (0.25 °C per decade against 0.13 °C per decade). Temperatures in the lower troposphere have increased between 0.12 and 0.22 °C (0.22 and 0.4 °F) per decade since 1979, according to satellite temperature measurements. Temperature is believed to have been relatively stable over the one or two thousand years before 1850, with possibly regional fluctuations such as the Medieval Warm Period or the Little Ice Age. Sea temperatures increase more slowly than those on land both because of the larger effective heat capacity of the oceans and because the ocean can lose heat by evaporation more readily than the land. The Northern Hemisphere has more land than the Southern Hemisphere, so it warms faster. The Northern Hemisphere also has extensive areas of seasonal snow and sea-ice cover subject to the ice-albedo feedback. More greenhouse gases are emitted in the Northern than Southern Hemisphere, but this does not contribute to the difference in warming because the major greenhouse gases persist long enough to mix between hemispheres. Based on estimates by NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, 2005 was the warmest year since reliable, widespread instrumental measurements became available in the late 1800s, exceeding the previous record set in 1998 by a few hundredths of a degree. Estimates prepared by the World Meteorological Organization and the Climatic Research Unit concluded that 2005 was the second warmest year, behind 1998. Temperatures in 1998 were unusually warm because the strongest El Niño-Southern Oscillation in the past century occurred during that year. Anthropogenic emissions of other pollutants—notably sulfate aerosols—can exert a cooling effect by increasing the reflection of incoming sunlight. This partially accounts for the cooling seen in the temperature record in the middle of the twentieth century, though the cooling may also be due in part to natural variability. James Hansen and colleagues have proposed that the effects of the products of fossil fuel combustion—CO2 and aerosols—have largely offset one another, so that warming in recent decades has been driven mainly by non-CO2 greenhouse gases. Paleoclimatologist William Ruddiman has argued that human influence on the global climate began around 8,000 years ago with the start of forest clearing to provide land for agriculture and 5,000 years ago with the start of Asian rice irrigation. Ruddiman's interpretation of the historical record, with respect to the methane data, has been disputed. Curves of reconstructed temperature at two locations in Antarctica and a global record of variations in glacial ice volume. Today's date is on the left side of the graph. Sudden releases of methane from clathrate compounds (the clathrate gun hypothesis) have been hypothesized as both a cause for and an effect of other warming events in the distant past, including the Permian–Triassic extinction event (about 251 million years ago) and the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (about 55 million years ago). Calculations of global warming prepared in or before 2001 from a range of climate models under the SRES A2 emissions scenario, which assumes no action is taken to reduce emissions. Scientists have studied global warming with computer models of the climate. These models are based on physical principles of fluid dynamics, radiative transfer, and other processes, with simplifications being necessary because of limitations in computer power and the complexity of the climate system. All modern climate models include an atmospheric model that is coupled to an ocean model and models for ice cover on land and sea. Some models also include treatments of chemical and biological processes. These models project a warmer climate due to increasing levels of greenhouse gases. However, even when the same assumptions of future greenhouse gas levels are used, there still remains a considerable range of climate sensitivity. Including uncertainties in future greenhouse gas concentrations and climate modeling, the IPCC anticipates a warming of 1.1 °C to 6.4 °C (2.0 °F to 11.5 °F) by the end of the 21st century, relative to 1980–1999. Models have also been used to help investigate the causes of recent climate change by comparing the observed changes to those that the models project from various natural and human-derived causes. In May 2008, it was predicted that "global surface temperature may not increase over the next decade, as natural climate variations in the North Atlantic and tropical Pacific temporarily offset the projected anthropogenic warming", based on the inclusion of ocean temperature observations. A minor issue in climate modeling is the perceived mismatch between actual conditions and those projected by the models. A 2007 study by David Douglass and colleagues compared the composite output of 22 leading global climate models with actual climate data and found that the models did not accurately project observed changes to the temperature profile in the tropical troposphere. The authors note that their conclusions contrast strongly with those of recent publications based on essentially the same data. A 2008 paper published by a 17-member team led by Ben Santer of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory noted serious mathematical flaws in the Douglass study, and found instead that deviations between the models and observations were statistically insignificant. Sparse records indicate that glaciers have been retreating since the early 1800s. In the 1950s measurements began that allow the monitoring of glacial mass balance, reported to the WGMS and the NSIDC. Although it is difficult to connect specific weather events to global warming, an increase in global temperatures may in turn cause broader changes, including glacial retreat, Arctic shrinkage, and worldwide sea level rise. Changes in the amount and pattern of precipitation may result in flooding and drought. There may also be changes in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. Other effects may include changes in agricultural yields, addition of new trade routes, reduced summer streamflows, species extinctions, and increases in the range of disease vectors. Some effects on both the natural environment and human life are, at least in part, already being attributed to global warming. A 2001 report by the IPCC suggests that glacier retreat, ice shelf disruption such as that of the Larsen Ice Shelf, sea level rise, changes in rainfall patterns, and increased intensity and frequency of extreme weather events are attributable in part to global warming. Other expected effects include water scarcity in some regions and increased precipitation in others, changes in mountain snowpack, and adverse health effects from warmer temperatures. Social and economic effects of global warming may be exacerbated by growing population densities in affected areas. Temperate regions are projected to experience some benefits, such as fewer deaths due to cold exposure. A summary of probable effects and recent understanding can be found in the report made for the IPCC Third Assessment Report by Working Group II. The newer IPCC Fourth Assessment Report summary reports that there is observational evidence for an increase in intense tropical cyclone activity in the North Atlantic Ocean since about 1970, in correlation with the increase in sea surface temperature (see Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation), but that the detection of long-term trends is complicated by the quality of records prior to routine satellite observations. The summary also states that there is no clear trend in the annual worldwide number of tropical cyclones. Additional anticipated effects include sea level rise of 180 to 590 millimeters (0.59 to 1.9 ft) in 2090-2100 relative to 1980-1999, repercussions to agriculture, possible slowing of the thermohaline circulation, reductions in the ozone layer, increasingly intense (but less frequent) hurricanes and extreme weather events, lowering of ocean pH, and the spread of diseases such as malaria and dengue fever. One study predicts 18% to 35% of a sample of 1,103 animal and plant species would be extinct by 2050, based on future climate projections. However, few mechanistic studies have documented extinctions due to recent climate change and one study suggests that projected rates of extinction are uncertain. The projected temperature increase for a range of stabilization scenarios (the colored bands). The black line in middle of the shaded area indicates 'best estimates'; the red and the blue lines the likely limits. From the work of IPCC AR4. Some economists have tried to estimate the aggregate net economic costs of damages from climate change across the globe. Such estimates have so far yielded no conclusive findings; in a survey of 100 estimates, the values ran from US$-10 per tonne of carbon (tC) (US$-3 per tonne of carbon dioxide) up to US$350/tC (US$95 per tonne of carbon dioxide), with a mean of US$43 per tonne of carbon (US$12 per tonne of carbon dioxide). One widely publicized report on potential economic impact is the Stern Review. It suggests that extreme weather might reduce global gross domestic product by up to one percent, and that in a worst-case scenario global per capita consumption could fall 20 percent. The report's methodology, advocacy and conclusions have been criticized by many economists, primarily around the Review's assumptions of discounting and its choices of scenarios. Others have supported the general attempt to quantify economic risk, even if not the specific numbers. Preliminary studies suggest that costs and benefits of mitigating global warming are broadly comparable in magnitude. According to United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), economic sectors likely to face difficulties related to climate change include banks, agriculture, transport and others. Developing countries dependent upon agriculture will be particularly harmed by global warming. There has also been business action on climate change, including efforts at increased energy efficiency and limited moves towards use of alternative fuels. One recently developed concept is that of greenhouse gas emissions trading through which companies, in conjunction with government, agree to cap their emissions or to purchase credits from those below their allowances. The world's primary international agreement on combating global warming is the Kyoto Protocol, an amendment to the UNFCCC negotiated in 1997. The Protocol now covers more than 160 countries globally and over 55 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. Only the United States and Kazakhstan have not ratified the treaty, with the United States historically being the world's largest emitter of greenhouse gas. This treaty expires in 2012, and international talks began in May 2007 on a future treaty to succeed the current one. China and India, though exempt from its provisions as developing countries, have ratified the Kyoto Protocol. China may have passed the U.S. in total annual greenhouse gas emissions according to some recent studies. Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao has called on the nation to redouble its efforts to tackle pollution and global warming. U.S. President George W. Bush contends that the Kyoto Protocol is an unfair and ineffective means of addressing global climate change concerns, claiming it that it "exempts 80 percent of the world, including major population centers such as China and India, from compliance, and would cause serious harm to the U.S. economy." Bush has instead promoted improved energy technology as a means to combat climate change, while various state and city governments within the United States have begun their own initiatives to indicate support and compliance with the Kyoto Protocol on a local basis, such as the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative. The U.S. Climate Change Science Program is a joint program of over 20 U.S. federal agencies working together to investigate climate change. The IPCC's Working Group III is responsible for crafting reports that deal with the mitigation of global warming and analyzing the costs and benefits of different approaches. In the 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, they conclude that no one technology or sector can be completely responsible for mitigating future warming. They find there are key practices and technologies in various sectors, such as energy supply, transportation, industry, and agriculture, that should be implemented to reduced global emissions. They estimate that stabilization of carbon dioxide equivalent between 445 and 710 ppm by 2030 will result in between a 0.6 percent increase and three percent decrease in global gross domestic product. According to Working Group III, to limit temperature rise to 2 degrees Celsius, "developed countries as a group would need to reduce their emissions to below 1990 levels in 2020 (on the order of –10 percent to 40 percent below 1990 levels for most of the considered regimes) and to still lower levels by 2050 (40 percent (Sic. 80 percent in Box 13.7, p776) to 95 percent below 1990 levels), even if developing countries make substantial reductions." Per capita greenhouse gas emissions in 2000, including land-use change. Per country greenhouse gas emissions in 2000, including land-use change. Increased publicity of the scientific findings surrounding global warming has resulted in political and economic debate. Poor regions, particularly Africa, appear at greatest risk from the projected effects of global warming, while their emissions have been small compared to the developed world. At the same time, developing country exemptions from provisions of the Kyoto Protocol have been criticized by the United States and Australia, and used as part of a rationale for continued non-ratification by the U.S.In the Western world, the idea of human influence on climate has gained wider public acceptance in Europe than in the United States. The issue of climate change has sparked debate weighing the benefits of limiting industrial emissions of greenhouse gases against the costs that such changes would entail. There has been discussion in several countries about the cost and benefits of adopting alternative energy sources in order to reduce carbon emissions. Organizations and companies such as the Competitive Enterprise Institute and ExxonMobil have emphasized more conservative climate change scenarios while highlighting the potential economic cost of stricter controls. Likewise, various environmental lobbies and a number of public figures have launched campaigns to emphasize the potential risks of climate change and promote the implementation of stricter controls. Some fossil fuel companies have scaled back their efforts in recent years, or called for policies to reduce global warming. Another point of contention is the degree to which emerging economies such as India and China should be expected to constrain their emissions. According to recent reports, China's gross national CO2 emissions may now exceed those of the U.S. China has contended that it has less of an obligation to reduce emissions since its per capita emissions are roughly one-fifth that of the United States. India, also exempt from Kyoto restrictions and another of the biggest sources of industrial emissions, has made similar assertions. The U.S. contends that if it must bear the cost of reducing emissions, then China should do the same. A variety of issues are often raised in relation to global warming. One is ocean acidification. Increased atmospheric CO2 increases the amount of CO2 dissolved in the oceans.CO2 dissolved in the ocean reacts with water to form carbonic acid, resulting in acidification. Ocean surface pH is estimated to have decreased from 8.25 near the beginning of the industrial era to 8.14 by 2004,and is projected to decrease by a further 0.14 to 0.5 units by 2100 as the ocean absorbs more CO2. Since organisms and ecosystems are adapted to a narrow range of pH, this raises extinction concerns, directly driven by increased atmospheric CO2, that could disrupt food webs and impact human societies that depend on marine ecosystem services. Global dimming, the gradual reduction in the amount of global direct irradiance at the Earth's surface, may have partially mitigated global warming in the late 20th century. From 1960 to 1990 human-caused aerosols likely precipitated this effect. Scientists have stated with 66–90% confidence that the effects of human-caused aerosols, along with volcanic activity, have offset some of the global warming, and that greenhouse gases would have resulted in more warming than observed if not for these dimming agents. الاحتباس الحرارى (بالإنجليزية: Global warming) هو ازدياد درجة الحرارة السطحية المتوسطة في العالم مع زيادة كمية ثاني أكسيد الكربون، والميثان، وبعض الغازات الأخرى في الجو. هذه الغازات تعرف بغازات البيت الزجاجي لأنها تساهم في تدفئة جو الأرض السطحي، وهي الظاهرة التي تعرف باسم تأثير البيت الزجاجي. يشير مصطلح الاحترار العالمي إلى الزيادة التي حدثت بالأخص في المائتي عاماً الأخيرة في درجة حرارة سطح الكرة الأرضية، ويعتبرها الكثير من العلماء مشكلة خطيرة بالنسبة للعالم. درجة الحرارة اليوم هي تقريباً نصف الدرجة قبل 200 عاماً. أسباب حدوث الاحترار العالمي مختلفة، يقول بعض العلماء أن التلوث هو السبب الرئيسي، بينما يقول البعض الآخر أنه تغير في الطبيعة. وتوجد عدة نظريات تفسر هذه الزيادة. يتوقع بأن تزداد درجة حرارة سطح العالم بمقدار 1.4° إلى 5.8° سيليزية من عام 1990 حتى 2100، ومعدل درجة سطح العالم الآن هو 0.6° سيليزية. بالرغم انه من الصعب الربط بين الظواهر الجوية المحددة بالإحتباس الحراري ، زيادة في درجات الحراره العالمية قد يسبب بدوره تغييرات أوسع نطاقا ، بما فيه تراجع الجليد ، وانكماش في القطب الشمالي ، وارتفاع مستوى سطح البحر في جميع انحاء العالم, مط وأسلوب الترسيب يمكن أن ينتج فيضان وحالة جفاف.
0.994693	An environmental safety and health manager at construction giant Bechtel believes that it’s important to share safety lessons across the construction industry. At Bechtel, we believe that every accident is preventable. This means that our target always is to achieve zero accidents on all of our projects. Safety is one of our core values that hold true across our business, wherever we are operating around the world. Rather than a priority, we see safety as a value; priorities change whereas values tend to stay with us and grow stronger as we move through life. There is a simple reason why safety is so important to us: lives depend upon it. We also believe that it is important to share lessons learned across the construction industry. We all share a responsibility to help drive standards up for the sake of everyone who works in the sector. While we do not claim to have all the answers, I would like to share some my perspective of our experience and offer some safety tips based on what we have learned. Processes have a key role to play in establishing a safety culture on a project. These are the basic tools that help to ensure employees understand the safety rules that need to be followed. On Bechtel projects, all new employees are required to participate in safety induction training before they start work. Employees are asked to respect the rules and procedures, and the consequences of not doing so are made clear. Those people who do not wish to follow the rules risk being asked to leave the project. While this may seem harsh, it is a better result for an employee to leave the project safely than to risk being the victim, or the cause, of an accident. Processes and protocols alone do not create a safe working environment. It is critical to create a culture where employees understand what behaviors are necessary to be safe. For example, we ask employees to adopt a sense of personal responsibility towards themselves and their co-workers. What does this mean? It does not mean that we wish to abdicate our responsibility towards employees. We ask employees to set an example and adopt high safety standards for themselves. It also means employees are expected to never walk past a potential safety hazard without taking action. We encourage employees to challenge their co-workers if they see unsafe practices. And we ask employees who have been challenged to thank their co-worker for looking after them. We have worked hard to create a culture where employees will welcome being challenged, because they recognize the motivation comes from concern for their safety. This sense of personal and collegiate responsibility cannot be legislated but comes as a result of a positive and transparent safety culture. Aside from policies and procedures and creating a safety culture, there is a whole range of training initiatives and tools that we employ at Bechtel. The key to teaching safety is leadership style. The importance of engaging with co-workers and helping them to understand why safety is important cannot be underestimated. For example, a good starting point may be a discussion of the consequences of not acting safely, both from a professional and personal perspective. A worker with a family and dependents, who may be the sole provider for his or her family, will understand the consequences an incident at work can have on the entire family. At many of our projects, including the New Doha International Airport, we have developed a hazard training school. The school offers workers the opportunity to experience staged safety situations and hazards in a safe environment that mimics the conditions of the project itself. By bringing workers into a real-life, controlled situation, they are provided with invaluable experience in learning how to identify safety hazards for themselves. Bechtel operates around the world, working in many different cultures. We do not find culture to be a barrier in itself to the adoption of a safe working environment. In fact, we value cultural differences and often learn new ways of communicating about safety as a result. For example, we have worked with Imams across some of our projects to communicate safety messages to the work force in ways that resonate more strongly with them by making a connection with employees’ religious and cultural beliefs. Cultural challenges should be embraced, as they afford us the opportunity to learn, as well as develop and teach each other important skills and values. It is a universal truth that employees want to work safely and go home each night regardless of the country in which we are operating. Once we engage with people and understand each other’s interpretation of safety, we find that there is little if any resistance to introducing a safety culture on the project. I have learned we must be open to new ideas. We all can learn from each other. We also should pay attention to our customers and their needs. It is important to align your objectives and goals with that of your customer. But the most important aspect of a safe workplace is behavior. If you can instill safety as a value in your workers, then lasting change can occur. Workers need to hold safety as a value that cannot be ignored or compromised. Be a coach and use my mantra of “more ask and less tell.” All too often, you see people being told “Put your glasses on.” Don’t miss that vital opportunity to be a coach and have a conversation about why it is important to wear those safety glasses. People will remember longer when they understand why safety measures are important and necessary to protect them. Stephen Connell is the environmental safety and health manager for Bechtel Ltd.
0.931899	Protoceratops walked on four legs, had a large head, a bulky body, a parrot-like beak, cheek teeth, and a small frill on its head. Males may have had larger frills than females, indicating that the frill may have been used in courtship and mating. Protoceratops was about 6 to 8.2 feet (1.5-2.5 m) and weighed roughly 900 pounds (400 kg). It was about 3 feet tall ( to the top of the shoulders). Protoceratops was probably a herding animal, like some other ceratopsians. This hypothesis is supported by the finding of bone beds, large deposits of bones of the same species in an area, and large groups of nests. Each nest had 12 or more eggs, laid in a spiral fashion. Sexual dimorphism (the physical differences between the sexes) in frill size has also been noted, with males may have had larger frills than females, indicating that the frill may have been used in courtship and mating (P. Dodson, 1976, Journal of Paleontology). Protoceratops was a ceratopsian, whose intelligence (as measured by its relative brain to body weight, or EQ) was intermediate among the dinosaurs. Protoceratops was an herbivore, a plant eater. It probably ate cycads and other prehistoric plants with its tough, hook-like beak. Numerous fossils have been found, from eggs in nests to juvenile to mature specimens. Sexual dimorphism (the physical differences between the sexes) in frill size has also been noted, with the adult male possibly having a more pronounced frill than the adult female. A fossil of Protoceratops has been found with one of a Velociraptor; the Velociraptor had been attacking the Proroceratops, which had butted in the chest of the Velociraptor. Protoceratops was an ornithischian dinosaur, the order of bird-hipped, herbivorous dinosaurs. It was a Ceratopsian ( a suborder of frilled, herding herbivores, that include Triceratops, Styracosaurus, etc.), and a Protoceratopsid (an early ceratopsian, which included Montanoceratops, Leptoceratops, and others).
0.971927	I'm trying to remember where I saw a Twilight Zone-like show about a man who hears increasing percentages of words swapped out for other words, until everything becomes incomprehensible to him. It started with his wife saying that they should name their soon-to-be-born baby "Bumper". He is incredulous, and asks her what she's thinking, while she's insisting it's a perfectly normal name. He is then at work, and his co-workers ask if he wants to go out for "dinosaur" (instead of lunch). He tries to correct them, and they don't understand what he's saying. At the end, he's trying to relearn language by looking at a children's book, where the pages and pictures (to our eyes and his) don't match up at all. Saw this a long time ago, and can't remember where...new Twilight Zone? Tales From the Crypt? Tales from the Darkside? Somewhere else? The episode you're thinking of is "Wordplay" from the first season of The Twilight Zone (1985).
0.976466	What is Attention Deficit (Hyperactivity) Disorder (ADHD)? ADHD is a common condition that affects children and adolescents and can continue into adulthood for some. The primary symptoms of ADHD are hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention. Children with ADHD generally have problems paying attention or concentrating. They can’t seem to follow directions and are easily bored or frustrated with tasks. They also tend to move constantly and are impulsive, not stopping to think before they act. While these behaviors are generally common in children, they occur more often than usual and are more severe in a child with ADHD. The behaviors that are common with ADHD interfere with a child’s ability to function at school and at home. ADHD is one of the most common behavior disorders in school-aged children. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIHM) estimates that 3% to 5% of children have ADHD; however, some experts say ADHD may occur in 8% to 12% of school-aged children. ADHD is typically only diagnosed in school-aged children (ages 6-12) because it’s hard to diagnose in younger children. The diagnostic process has many steps, and you, your child’s school and other caregivers will all need to provide information about your child’s behavior. The best treatment for ADHD is a typically a combination of behavioral intervention and medication, together with creating an environment for your child at home and at school to make it easier for them to pay attention. Because ADHD is a chronic (ongoing) condition, treatment plans are also ongoing and usually include long-term goals for your child.
0.998667	The Claremont Rifles were a pre-war Militia Company and served near Charleston as one of the units with the 2nd South Carolina Militia Regiment in the events which led up to the fall of Fort Sumter. After that time they came home and in the month of July they were recruited as a company for active service, with the first enlistments coming at Old Edge Hill Academy at Stateburg. The company went into camp at Lightwood Knot Spring, on the Columbia and Charlotte Railroad near present day Blythewood, and on August 19, 1861, were mustered into Confederate service for a term of one year. The company was sent to Virginia and assigned as the seventh infantry company of the Hampton Legion, arriving at Bacon Race Church near Manassas on August 26, 1861. The entire Legion was reorganized in April 1862, and the men of the company reenlisted for the war. The company sustained heavy losses from both disease and casualties in battle, and was not able to recruit sufficient numbers from its original enlistment area of western Sumter District, part of Kershaw District, and eastern Darlington District, and after 1861 had a significant number of men added under the Conscript Act from various parts of the State. The Claremont Rifles, Company G of the Hampton Legion Infantry was converted to Mounted Infantry in April 1864In April 1864, when the company was mounted, a number of men form Captain Elias Venning's independent cavalry company were assigned to the Company. The remnant of the Company surrendered at Appomattox where the Legion was one of the units in Martin Gary's cavalry brigade. As asterisk indicates that the man was an original member of the company when it was mustered in for Confederate service on August 19, 1861. The rank given is the highest rank achieved, normally the final rank held. The district is that in which the man lived at the time of enlistment, if known. Zimmerman, Daniel; 3 LT; Orangeburg; previously in A/1 S.C. (Hagood's), then 3 LT Capt Venning's Cavalry Co, N/20 S.C. Allison, Rufus M.; 4 CPL; York; previously in A/12 S.C. Dunn, James H * 3 CPL; previously in CAPT Venning's Cavalry Co, O/20 S.C. Calder, Peter; Marion; previously in 2 S.C. Reserves; transferred to H/23 S.C. Davidson, Noah; previously in A/20 S.C; Greenville ? Dennis, James Hawkins; Newberry; previously in F/20 S.C. Ellis, Evander Paschal; Marion; previously in H/23 S.C. Nipper, D. W.; previously in B/4 S.C. CAV; Chester ? Rivers, R. S.; previously in CAPT Venning's Ind. Cav Co, /20 S.C. Sellers, Thomas B; Horry; son of Leven J. Sellers; trans to E/26 S.C. ON MUSTER IN ROLL, BUT NOTATION on ROLL "CANCELLED" McEacherno, J. H. 2nd Lieut. The data included on the web pages created by Cynthia Ridgeway Parker may be freely used to further one's knowledge and understanding of family origins. The information included on this page is from the personal research of Lee Sturkey and Cindy Parker. The contents of this web page may not be published or distributed in any form without the written permission of the webmaster. You are welcome to print a copy for your own personal use or for donation to your local genealogical society or library. All printed copies must retain this disclaimer. Please feel free to link to and share this url.
0.99999	high quality hermes replica How many of my own memories are significantly different from what actually occurred at a specific event? You brought up the point that what we hear from our friends and peers when talking about an event can change our own memory to be congruent with theirs. It is also important to note that the media can have the effect. I think that it is especially important that news outlets take this into consideration in the news that they report, making sure that it is accurate high quality hermes replica.
0.743014	Title text: I am not making this rule up. Although my mom wants you all to know it made perfect sense at the time. The comic shows Randall's mother telling Randall that he can have a snack before bed only when his age is "one less than a multiple of three." This means that the child starts getting snacks when he turns 2 years old, then stops getting them when he turns 3. Then he starts again getting snacks when he turns 5 but stops when he turns 6. This cycle repeats every 3 years, so the kid gets snacks when his age is 2, 5, 8, 11, etc. (one every 3 years). It's difficult to defend this policy with a reasonable argument. The first impression is that the mother just made up the rule for some obscure, unknown reason. However, the title text explains that Randall's mother actually enforced this rule on him, and his mother claims that, at the time, there was a valid reason for it (though the reason is not explained in the comic). The caption says that Randall has figured out that his nerdiness as an adult comes (at least in part) from his mother's strange rules. My dad was always the one who taught me about science, but looking back, I'm starting to realize how much my nerdiness was influenced by my mom. Child: Mom, can I have a snack in my room before bed? Mom: No, dear. You know you only get that privilege when your age is one less than a multiple of three.
0.933341	In 2007, Harry Potter author JK Rowling offered fans some additional insight into her character Albus Dumbledore, when she explained that the much-loved wizard and Hogwarts headmaster was gay. Yesterday, a fan named Ana Kovovic took to Twitter to query Rowling's decision, asking the author: "I wonder why you said that Dumbledore is a gay because I can't see him that way?" Rowling's response? "Maybe because gay people just look like... people?" @jk_rowling amazing answer... Yes you are absolutely right. Such an inspiration!!! Kovovic appeared impressed by Rowling's words, replying: "Amazing answer ... Yes you are absolutely right. Such an inspiration!!!" However, she wasn't the only one to express admiration: Rowling's post has now been retweeted more than 6000 times. One reader told the author: "Seriously, your tweets make my day and this especially, made me feel so much better about myself. Thank you." @jk_rowling Seriously, your tweets make my day and this especially, made me feel so much better about myself. Thank you. When Rowling first told fans about Dumbledore's sexuality, she shed light on the wizard's confirmed single status by indicating that he was once in love with his childhood friend Gellert Grindelwald – who later went on to become an extremely dangerous dark wizard, and was defeated by Dumbledore prior to the events of the first Harry Potter book. "Falling in love can blind us to an extent," she said at the time, describing Dumbledore's love for Grindelwald as the wizard's "great tragedy". After Rowling's revelation, the LGBT rights group Stonewall said: "It's great that JK has said this. It shows that there's no limit to what gay and lesbian people can do, even being a wizard headmaster."
0.999694	Describe the type of student who should not attend University of Akron Wayne College and explain why. This type of student would be one who doesn't plan to work hard and is against participating in class. The college I attend foucuses heavily on student interaction. If the student does not plan to participate, he or she is expected to not do as well in the classes. Any student who isn't committed to higher education and isn't focused on a chance for a better and more focused future.

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