text
stringlengths 166
631k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| metadata
dict |
|---|---|---|
Human civilization has maintained social order in society since ancient times by building laws and laws that the people ideally follow. If someone broke the applicable rule, he or she was to be punished in the ordinary process of justice. Back then, sentencing rules were really strict, with a strong emphasis on creating a deterrent impact by setting a precedent of harsher punishment for their illegal nature.
Even the Court has stated that the lack of sentencing guidelines leads to a great deal of discretion, which contributes to uncertainty in sentencing. In India, the writers underline the need for organized sentencing criteria. The authors used a dichotomy technique to explain why structured rules are needed in a country like India in the first half and then provide substantial grounds to execute such policies in the second half by drawing a parallel with the Coroners and Justice Act 2009. The Committee also recommended that to bring predictability to sentencing, a statutory committee be established under the chairmanship of a former Supreme Court or Chief Justice of a High Court with experience in criminal law, with members representing the prosecution, legal profession, police, and women’s representatives, to lay sentencing guidelines.
The Committee on Draft National Policy on Criminal Justice, which met in 2008, reaffirmed the need for statutory sentencing guidelines. According to a news article from October 2010, the Law Minister claimed that the government is considering implementing a “uniform sentencing policy” similar to that of the United States and the United Kingdom to ensure that judges do not impose disparate penalties. Punishment of wrongdoers is at the heart of criminal justice system, but it is the weakest aspect of our country’s criminal justice administration. There are no legislative or judicially established rules to help the trial court in imposing the appropriate sentence on an accused who is found guilty of the charges.
Sentencing and Adversarial Justice
The discretionary nature of common law sentencing has long been a feature of the system. In most countries, maximum punishments are set at absurdly high levels, many of which date back to the late 1800s and have little to do with the nature of the crimes for which they are imposed. A sentencing court has much leeway because of the vast range of possible penalties. In an adversarial paradigm, the two sides present opposing sentence submissions to the court, which then decides on the punishment. The State prosecutor, except for England and Wales, makes a clear, frequently extensive sentence recommendation to the sentencing court in all jurisdictions.
In England, prosecutors typically highlight significant sources of aggravation but do not remark on the proper disposition or make a specific sentencing recommendation. Plea bargaining is popular in countries like the United States and Canada. Since guilty pleas account for up to 90% of all cases, a contested trial is uncommon. In North America, the majority of guilty pleas are the result of an agreement between lawyers; the defendant offers to plead guilty in exchange for some reward. A shared submission on sentence, an agreement concerning the facts to be examined by the sentencing court, or an agreement by the State to accept a plea to a less serious charge could all be examples of the benefit. Even in nations where plea bargaining is less common, like in England and Wales, the presence of a substantial discount for a guilty plea plays a significant role in resolving cases. According to the English standards, criminals who plead guilty at the earliest opportunity to do so should receive a one-third reduction.
Why Sentencing Policy?
The Malimath Committee (Committee on Reforms of the Criminal Justice System) (Page 170) reported in March 2003 that a statutory guideline for sentencing policy is required. According to the committee, the maximum or minimum punishment for the offenses is defined by Indian penal laws. However, the space between these legislative restrictions provides judges a lot of leeways, which leads to confusion in sentencing because some judges are kind while others are harsh. As a result, a statutory guideline is an urgent requirement of the time.
Furthermore, the Supreme Court has failed to apply and enforce such ideas. The court in Rajendra Pralhadrao Wasnik v. the State of Maharashtra (Para 5) recognized these principles, but also stated that because they are not absolute laws, the judiciary could not be bound by them. Furthermore, the court in the case of State of Madhya Pradesh v Mehtab (Para 8) regarded these principles to impede fair justice. In light of such rulings, it is clear that, though the courts have formulated certain principles, the execution of these rulings and recommendations is still a long way off. The guidelines rely heavily on judges’ discretion, which raises serious concerns about the sentencing process.
In 2008, the Madhav Menon Committee reaffirmed the importance of India’s sentencing strategy. In 2010, India’s then-law minister indicated that the country intends to develop a “universal sentencing policy” similar to those of the United States and the United Kingdom. Despite all of these recommendations, however, no effort has been made to create it.
Lessons to be learnt
There is now widespread agreement among legal scholars throughout the common law world that uniformity in sentencing cannot be accomplished solely by appellate review; some type of guidelines scheme is desirable, if not required. Beyond that, there is a great deal of disagreement. In the United States, courts prefer very tight two-dimensional sentencing grids that force judges to impose sentences within a fixed range or show why a departure from the range is justified. In other countries, this technique of constructing discretion at sentencing has proven unpopular. In 1987, Canada and Western Australia also rejected the grid-based scheme.
Whether formal rules are adopted along the lines of those used in the United States or England and Wales, forming some sort of sentencing commission has a lot of value. Even though the English rules have not been subjected to any formal examination and many questions remain unsolved, sentences must have access to a complete and complete system of advice. This guidance covers both basic concerns like the appropriate discount for a guilty plea, determining the seriousness of an offense, and specific concerns like the appropriate sentence for specific offenses. The rules, on the other hand, protect judicial discretion. Each offense-specific guideline allows for a lot of flexibility in determining the appropriate sentence.
Several Australian jurisdictions have established a sentencing advisory board, which, while lacking the authority to publish recommendations, serves an important role in raising public awareness of sentencing and conducting and sharing sentencing research. We are far from the first to advocate for the establishment of a sentencing commission in India. In a big jurisdiction like India, where local variance is likely to pose a serious threat to uniformity, recommendations are especially desirable and, we would say, even indispensable. This is not to say that there should be no local or regional diversity in a sentence. The severity of offenses will differ depending on where you are in the country.
In this essay, we have argued that India has little to fear and a lot to gain by implementing some type of sentencing guidelines. A legislative entity, such as a sentencing council or commission, would need to be established first to develop, consult on, and publish guidelines. The benefits of more structured sentencing are well demonstrated in England and Wales. Greater transparency in the sentencing process, more consistent sentencing, and more public trust in sentencers are among the benefits.
Editor’s Note The author of this article talks about the need for sentencing guidelines in the context of India. It talks about how punishments are set at a high level which has very little relation with the crime. The author also explains the need for a sentencing policy through various committee reports and also talks about the common law principle of English law. Finally, the author concludes that there is a need to develop a legislative entity just like England and Wales to maintain transparency. | <urn:uuid:6940a3aa-60c9-48a0-addf-c989588be3c8> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-33",
"url": "https://knowlaw.in/index.php/2021/08/23/rethinking-the-sentencing-policy-in-india/",
"date": "2022-08-18T03:50:34",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573163.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818033705-20220818063705-00751.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9531431794166565,
"token_count": 1573,
"score": 3.03125,
"int_score": 3
} |
Multi Step Equations Caterpillar Worksheet – The purpose of Expressions and Equations Worksheets is to assist your child in learning more efficiently and effectively. The worksheets include interactive exercises and challenges that are based on the order of how operations are conducted. These worksheets make it easy for children to master complex concepts and simple concepts quickly. Download these free worksheets in PDF format to aid your child in learning and practice math equations. They are useful for students in the 5th to 8th Grades.
Free Download Multi Step Equations Caterpillar Worksheet
The worksheets are suitable for use by students in the 5th-8th grades. These two-step word problems are made with fractions and decimals. Each worksheet contains ten problems. These worksheets can be found online and in print. These worksheets can be used to practice rearranging equations. These worksheets can be used to practice rearranging equations . They also help students understand equality and inverse operations.
These worksheets are designed for students in fifth and eighth grade. They are great for those who are struggling to calculate percentages. It is possible to select three types of problems. You can decide to tackle single-step issues that involve decimal or whole numbers, or utilize word-based strategies to solve problems involving decimals and fractions. Each page will have ten equations. The Equations Worksheets can be used by students from the 5th to 8th grades.
These worksheets can be used to practice fraction calculations and other algebraic concepts. Some of the worksheets let you to choose from three different types of problems. You can choose from a word-based or a numerical one. The problem type is also vital, as each presents a different challenge type. Every page is filled with ten issues which makes them an excellent source for students in the 5th-8th grade.
These worksheets are designed to teach students about the connections between variables and numbers. They provide students with practice with solving polynomial equations as well as solving equations and getting familiar with how to use them in everyday situations. These worksheets are an excellent opportunity to gain knowledge about equations and formulas. These worksheets can teach you about different types of mathematical issues as well as the different symbols that are employed to explain them.
These worksheets are beneficial for students in their beginning grades. These worksheets will aid them learn to graph and solve equations. These worksheets are ideal to practice with polynomial variables. They also assist you to understand how to factor them and simplify the equations. There is a fantastic set of equations, expressions and worksheets for kids at any grade. The best way to get started learning about equations is to do the work yourself.
There are numerous worksheets available that teach quadratic equations. There are various levels of equations worksheets for each level. These worksheets are a great way to practice solving problems up to the fourth level. When you’ve reached an appropriate level, you can continue working on other types of equations. Once you have completed that, you are able to work at solving similar-level problems. You can, for example identify the same problem as an extended one. | <urn:uuid:8a99e74b-f6fa-4851-bc2f-8bdad87c3a56> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49",
"url": "https://www.equationsworksheets.net/multi-step-equations-caterpillar-worksheet/",
"date": "2022-12-10T09:31:49",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710421.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20221210074242-20221210104242-00409.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9576020240783691,
"token_count": 668,
"score": 3.25,
"int_score": 3
} |
If arachnids enthrall you, then the Spitting spider (Scytodidae) should be at the top of your list! This family boasts more than 250 species divided into five distinct genera. The most popular one is unsurprisingly Scytodes, so keep an eye out as you explore this fascinating group of creatures.
Spitting spider: Description.
With six eyes in three pairs, like cone web and recluse spiders, these creatures feature a dome-shaped carapace with distinct flecked spots. Additionally, they possess haplotype characteristics which indicate their female genitalia is less complex than that of other spider species.
Spitting spider: Hunting style.
Scytodidae utilizes a unique method of capturing their prey: spitting out the venomous and sticky liquid onto whatever they’re hunting. Not only does this fluid contain toxins, but it also contains spider silk! And while the substance is produced in toxin glands in the chelicerae, it thickens when it comes into contact with its target.
Some evidence suggests that the spiders’ venomous silk has an immobilizing and poisonous effect on prey such as silverfish. When filmed at high speed, these arachnids can be seen rhythmically swaying from side to side while “spitting”—trapping their victims in a Z-shaped pattern created by each chelicerae emitting half of that shape.
At a distance of roughly half an inch to eight-tenths of an inch, the spider surprises its prey with a quick attack sequence that only lasts one seven-hundredth of a second. Then follows up with venomous bites before wrapping in silk from the spinnerets for safekeeping.
Spider pages: Learn how to identify and avoid these spiders.
Types of Spiders: What’s Eating 800 Million Tons of Prey?
Can house spiders hurt you? Are house spiders Venomous?
Do Spiders Sleep? Do They Dream like Humans?
Black Spiders: How to identify them.
Long-Palped ant-mimic sac spider.
The most venomous spiders in the world.
Red house spider identification.
Orb weaver Spiders: How to identify and get rid of them.
Common house spiders: How to Identify and get rid of them.
Six-Eyed Sand Spider: Is the White Sand Spider Dangerous?
10 biggest spiders in the world.
Giant Huntsman Spider: How to Identify the Largest Spider
Brazilian salmon pink bird-eating tarantula
Brazilian Giant Tawny Red Tarantula
Colombian Giant Redleg Tarantula
Cerbalus Aravaensis: Middle East’s Largest Spider
Camel spiders: Myths and Facts.
Net-casting spiders: How to identify these spiders.
White-tailed spider: How to identify and manage.
Katipo Spider: How to identify New Zealand’s venomous spider
Brown widow spider: How to identify and avoid the false widow.
Redback spiders how to identify them and prevent bites
Funnel weaver spiders vs funnel-web
Cellar spiders how to identify and get rid of them
How to identify the wolf spider
How to identify the hobo spider
Brazilian wandering spider how to identify and avoid
Huntsman spider how to identify the eight legged freak
Jumping spiders how to identify these harmless hunters
Black widow spiders how to identify and avoid
Tarantulas appearance diet and mating | <urn:uuid:01a9cf7e-bf4c-43fe-99b3-b9dde3e30133> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14",
"url": "https://thepredatorhunter.com/spitting-spider-how-to-identify-natures-craziest-killer/",
"date": "2023-03-29T02:49:32",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948932.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20230329023546-20230329053546-00478.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8536297082901001,
"token_count": 735,
"score": 3.03125,
"int_score": 3
} |
HYPOSCOPE (from Greek words mean ing uto see under"), is the name given to an instrument adapted to be secured to the stock of a rifle near the breech, and intended to enable a marksman to fire with accurate aim without exposing his head to the fire of the enemy. The successful American contestants for the Palma trophy at Bisley, England, in 1903, brought back with them this device, which seems likely to play an important part in the warfare of the future: It was invented by Wil liam Youlton of Brighton, England, who con ceived the idea of it after the battle of Colenso in the Boer War, during which it is stated that not a single Boer was to be seen. Later in the war it was employed with good results, its use at Mafeking receiving particular mention.
The hyposcope consists of a series of mir rors mounted in a tube of inverted L shape; the shorter arm lies across the barrel of the rifle, while the longer arm hangs down at one side.
The first mirror reflects the light coming in along the barrel of the rifle to a second mirror at the elbow of the instrument, which directs the rays downward to a mirror at the lower end of the tube, and thence it passes out at right angles to the eye. Thus on looking in at the eyepiece one can see the sights of his rifle, and take accurate aim while holding the gun above his head. The vertical arm of the instrument comprises two telescoping sections so that, by means of a thumbscrew at the side, this arm may be extended to elevate the device for long range shooting. The amount of elevation may
be accurately determined by means of a fine scale on the upper section. In order to allow for windage, a thumbscrew at the end of the horizontal arm may be rotated to move the mirror contained therein slightly to one side or the other. A scale on this arm shows just how far the mirror must be moved for different velocities and directions of the wind. The entire instrument is very compact and light, weighing about a pound. It is provided with a holster in which it may be encased to prevent it from sus taming any injury when not in use.
The advantages of this instrument in actual warfare will be apparent to all. Only the muz zles of the rifles are exposed to the enemy, and the soldiers are entirely concealed in the trenches. But aside from its advantages as a means of protection, the device will be found greatly to increase the effectiveness of the firing. The fear of being shot while taking aim makes the soldier fire hurriedly and at random; with the hyposcope attached to his rifle no fears will be entertained, and the soldier may fire de liberately and withperfect aim. By applying it to the end of a field-glass, an observer can watch the movements of the enemy without dan ger of discovery. It has also been designed for use on Maxim guns. Hyposcopes and similar instruments were much used by snipers during the great World War. | <urn:uuid:29296604-1b77-42f7-8842-e6ed2eef4e22> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20",
"url": "http://gluedideas.com/content-collection/encyclopedia-americana-14/Hyposcope.html",
"date": "2013-05-18T14:00:23",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382398/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00019-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9655678868293762,
"token_count": 630,
"score": 3.265625,
"int_score": 3
} |
The dangers of smoking are well documented and more scientific evidence is being presented each year, increasing our understanding of the detrimental impact smoking can have. Smoking cigarettes is already known to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, cancers (over 90% of all diagnosed lung cancer cases are caused by smoking) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The chemicals contained in cigarettes can also raise blood pressure, decrease fertility and contribute to erectile dysfunction in men.
For expectant mothers the dangers of smoking while pregnant are just as harmful, and they can also negatively affect the health and development of their unborn baby. Despite these dangers, some women continue to smoke during pregnancy.
When in the womb, unborn babies rely on their mother for all of their nourishment and oxygen, which is transferred through the placenta and umbilical cord. However, when people smoke, part of the oxygen in their blood is replaced by carbon monoxide. When this occurs in pregnant women, the amount of oxygen in their blood – and in the baby’s – is reduced and causes the foetal heart rate to increase as it struggles to cope with the decrease in oxygen levels.
There are over 4,000 chemicals in cigarettes, many of which which can affect the placenta and the baby’s development. Babies whose mothers smoked during pregnancy are more likely to be born prematurely, weigh on average 200g less than those born to non-smokers and have poorer lung function. They are also more likely to be asthmatic, fall ill and have smaller organs. (Source: NetDoctor).
These developmental issues from smoking during pregnancy have also been further highlighted in a recent French study reported by the BBC. The researchers from Nantes University Hospital took regular photographs of embryos fertilised for IVF, beginning at initial fertilisation, until it was ready to implant. They found that at all stages of development, the embryos from smokers were behind their non-smoker counterparts by a few hours.
All together it took embryos of non-smokers about 49 hours to reach the five-cell stage, whereas the children of smokers took 50 hours. Eight-cell stage took 58 hours for non-smokers’ babies and 62 hours for a smoker’s foetus. These results were consistent across 139 embryos from smokers, with a total of 868 in total.
This is the first time embryos have been observed during development for IVF using an embryoscope. The device is able to capture images in real time without disrupting the growth. Although the extent of impact smoking can have on the embryo was not discussed in this study, the researchers still argued that quitting smoking remains the best option for falling pregnant, as well as protecting the baby’s health and improving development. | <urn:uuid:d4862244-20ed-455f-94e6-637e15a4748b> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39",
"url": "https://www.onlineclinic.co.uk/blog/personal-health/what-are-the-dangers-of-smoking-while-pregnant",
"date": "2018-09-22T22:56:48",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158766.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20180922221246-20180923001646-00517.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9735283851623535,
"token_count": 562,
"score": 3.53125,
"int_score": 4
} |
Table of Contents
In stories or life scenarios depicted in movies and performances, irony can be approached from different angles. It ranges from how characters illustrate it to the audience, what they say about a given scenario of the plot to the setting of a specific storyline. Four stories, namely “The True Story of the Three Little Pigs” by Lane Smith, “Where the Wild Things Are” by Maurice Sendak, “Tuck Everlasting” by Natalie Babbitt, and “Story of an Hour” by Kate Chopins are examples of a masterly use of irony in literature.
Description of Irony in Literature and Reasons for Selecting It
An irony is a literary device, which gives the used words a different meaning, resolves a situation in a different way than anticipated by the readers. In other words, it is a difference between impression and reality. There are several types of irony, such as situational, verbal and dramatic. Situational irony occurs when a story/situation produces the opposing result to what is anticipated. For example, in the story “The Ransom of Red Chief”, a son was abducted, but his parents wanted to be paid to take him back instead of paying the kidnappers. Verbal irony comprises a disparity between articulated meaning of words and intended meaning. An example can be drawn from the Prometheus and Zeus story where Prometheus by saying, “You are as kind as you are wise”, means that Zeus is neither wise nor kind.
The theme is important in literature as it educates the public on what is wrong and what needs to be improved. Irony can be used to criticize actions taken by authority/government without raising any unnecessary conflicts. For example, as in Zeus’s approach of verbal irony, a leader encouraged to change his or her manner of performance in their office. An irony in literature triggers students to think and participate in classwork and provides them with life lessons, which they can use to solve future challenges. Further, the theme creates a balance between what is expected and what happens in a given plot of a story. This is the main goal of situational and dramatic irony ("Short Stories for Teaching Irony with Lesson Ideas”).
How the Authors Applied the Theme of Irony in Their Works
The different authors in their respective stories have used the theme of irony. In the first story, Lane Smith uses situational irony to depict events that occur in real life. Here, she describes a needy person who ends up getting frustrated with a system and commits a crime. The story gives a reason why good people commit illegal activities like the wolf. If the pigs were good neighbors, they would have given him sugar as expected (Scieszka and Smith). In the second story, Maurice Sendak irony is used in the whole story. At first, the protagonist is denied food because of his behavior, but when he returns home, he finds a good meal prepared for him. In addition, he is denied the chance of becoming a wolf but in the dream, he ends up being crowned as their king. In the third story, Natalie Babbitt uses irony to explain some challenges that people face in their respective areas. In the story, Winnie is interested in leaving her countryside but ends up staying there after what happened to Tuck’s family. In addition, magic water was a secret, which they shared with a new member. The yellow man in a suit believed that the water would benefit him, but on the opposite, he died. Further, Winnie turns down the offer to have a long life by pouring out the water instead of drinking it and waiting for Jesse. In the last story, Kate Chopins uses irony to show a conflict of feelings that people experience. In the story, the audience expects the woman to be sad about her husband’s death, but she feels excited and happy for being free from him. Ironically, the story ends with a woman dying from heart attack induced by happiness.
Summary of the Four Stories
“The True Story of the Three Little Pig” talks about three little pigs from the perspective of Alexander T. Wolf. In the story, the wolf tries to explain why he is termed 'big and bad.' At the beginning of the book, the wolf prepares a cake to surprise the grandmother for her birthday. However, he runs out of sugar and decides to borrow some from his pig neighbors. All pigs deny him sugar, and he ends up sneezing. As a result, he accidentally blows down the houses, which belong to the first two neighbors. In the event, they die, and he eats them. The third pig's home is not blown away as it is made out of bricks and survives the fate of the other two. Mr. Wolf gets arrested, and the third pig survives. His arrest causes the grandmother to miss the planned birthday cake (Scieszka and Smith).
“Where the Wild Things Are” tells the story of a young bot Max. According to the plot, he dresses as a wolf and causes chaos in the house because of what he is sent to bed without supper. While in bed, the bedroom transforms into a jungle. In the new environment, he sails to an island populous by vicious beasts called the "Wild Things" (Sendak 5-28). After successfully daunting the monsters, he ends up being crowned as the king of the creatures. He later enjoys a playful game with the beasts, but he chooses to go back home, causing the creatures to distress. After coming back to his room, he realizes that there is food awaiting him (Sendak 30-35).
The third story “Tuck Everlasting” describes a 12-year-old girl, Winnie Foster. In the story, she is irritated by her family and is thinking of running away from her country hometown of Treegap, until in one of the wooded areas her family owns she meets a seventeen-year-old boy, Jesse Tuck, drinking water from the spring. The Tucks inform her that the water spring in the woods is magical. It has magical powers that give eternal life to people who drink its water. Winnie gets affectionate towards Jesse and his father, Angus (Babbitt 13-45). They end up teaching her about the life cycle surrounding the magical water. The man in the yellow suit in the story pursues the Tucks and gets to know that Winnie supports the family of two. He sells out the Winnie’s whereabouts to the public and opts to make the spring a business venture. This angers the Tuck’s family and they refuse to get involved in the business. The man in the yellow suit tries to blackmail them by grabbing Winnie as a hostage to show the people. Mae gets frustrated and uses her husband’s shotgun to shoot the man (Babbitt 110-120). Later, he succumbs to the injuries, and Mae gets sentenced to death by hanging. The events cause anxiety to the family and Winnie as their secret is about to be discovered. They plan to go and rescue Mae and place Winnie in her position. As they do so, Jesse gives her a bottle of magic water to drink when she turns seventeen. However, she does not drink the water, ends up getting married and dies at an old age. Several years later, Mae and the family come back to find that the city had changed, and the wooded area and spring were replaced with a suburban metropolis. When they visit the cemetery, they come across an old frog that drank the water poured by Winnie (Babbitt 165-170).
Benefit from Our Service: Save 25% Along with the first order offer - 15% discount, you save extra 10% since we provide 300 words/page instead of 275 words/page
The fourth story, “The Story of an Hour”, outlines some of the emotions endured by Louise Mallard when she finds out that her husband, Brently, is dead. It was alleged that his death occurred during a railroad accident. Due to her heart condition, the sister tries to tell her the terrible news in a gentle way. Mrs. Mallard ends up barring herself in her room to bemoan the loss of her husband. However, she begins to experience an unforeseen sense of excitement. "Free! Body and soul free!” She exalts and considers the death of her husband as an advantage, until she discovers he is at the door alive. The shock of seeing him causes heart attack, and she dies (Chopin).
How the Theme Plays Out in the Stories
Irony plays a critical role in all four stories. The authors tried to elaborate on the conflicting roles of the characters imposed by other people. Irony replaced the anticipated outcomes with unexpected twists. In most cases, contradicting actions were justified at the end of each story.
In conclusion, the authors in the different stories have used different types of irony. The theme has been adopted to justify some of the actions taken by the characters in different settings. The four stories alter the meaning of some of the actions expected from people. Someone may be mean or evil but at the end of the story he or she may end up being the hero or the villain. To understand such stories, the readers are mandated to read the whole story to the end for them to make a conclusive remark about the characters. Further, irony in literature keeps the audience interested in what will happen in a given set as they are eager to see what comes at the end of the story. | <urn:uuid:76c7bf3a-39a8-40b0-a55f-7500ee5b15ba> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31",
"url": "https://essay-experts.net/essays/literature/the-use-of-irony-in-stories.html",
"date": "2021-08-03T13:29:46",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154459.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20210803124251-20210803154251-00650.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9700916409492493,
"token_count": 1962,
"score": 4,
"int_score": 4
} |
- slide 1 of 6
Benefits of Camp
Children's eco camp is invaluable for the younger generations. Concern for the environment is essential for society to thrive in the future. At the same time, young kids spend more time indoors around computers, video games, and the television, and less time outdoors enjoying nature. By devoting time to learning about the environment, to discovering the infinite wonders of nature, and to developing creative ways to preserve and maintain the ecosystem, children learn to care for the earth.
There are many environmental camps to choose from, each with its own characteristics; yet, they all offer the same benefits. Many day and overnight camps have plenty of hands-on eco activities for kids, such as planting an organic garden, or making crafts with recycled materials. Through interactive activity, children may learn green skills and then practice them at home. They also may develop an interest in innovation, figuring out new, creative ways to be eco-friendly.
Another benefit is an interest in nature. Living in urban and suburban areas, many children have few chances to walk in the woods, to observe animals, insects, and plants in their natural habitat, and to simply explore and play in the great outdoors. Children's eco camps are specifically designed to cultivate an appreciation and connection with nature.
- slide 2 of 6
Learning Sustainable Activities
At an environmental camp, some activities may be the same as those found at traditional summer camps — nature walks, camping outdoors, water sports, and campfires. There may be an emphasis on responsible camping, on how to do these fun outdoor activities without harming the ecosystem. There will also be specific eco activities for kids. Children may learn about clean energy, and how to construct solar, wind, or water powered devices, such as a solar-powered car. They may learn about organic gardening, and how to do it at home. They may do recycling activities, such as constructing a bird-feeder out of used materials, and specific games designed to teach children ways to conserve energy and water. The camp will be formatted to integrate green values into everything that children may do to have fun.
- slide 3 of 6
Environmental Camps Available
If you are interested in getting your child directly involved with the environment, there are several children's eco camps available around the US. Here are just a few:
Eco Camp at the Georgia Nature Center , in NE Georgia, east of Atlanta
Reaping Nature is another Georgia-based environmental program
Camp Eco in Colorado
Island Wood in Washington, near Seattle
Blueberry Cove in Maine
- slide 4 of 6
Green Children, Green Values
For children interested in the environment, or even for kids who do not have the opportunity to spend time in nature, children's eco camp is a unique experience. Having focused time, when taking care of the earth and appreciation is emphasized, can have a positive impact on growth and development. Being aware of the beauty and value of nature is essential for any human being, and with camp, kids can develop this awareness. Teaching children about the environment in such an in-depth, hands-on manner, will also greatly benefit society. These children will grow up to be concerned, aware adults, and possibly even the innovators of new ways to live in harmony with the earth.
- slide 5 of 6
Eco Camp (Georgia Nature Center) <www.naturecenter.com/GA/ecocamp>.
Irish Seed Savers Association <irishseedsavers.ie/workshops/item/41/easter-camp-29-3-10-01-4-10/>.
- slide 6 of 6
Photo by: Steven Depolo (CC/flickr) <flickr.com/photos/stevendepolo/3796387827/>
The Valuable Lessons Learned at Children's Eco Camp
Learn how to value and respect nature by practicing eco camping. Children and adults, and the earth, will benefit from an environmental mind-set, when approaching the great outdoors. | <urn:uuid:5a1d1cee-cea8-4b5b-8e53-13f06d082c92> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-43",
"url": "http://www.brighthub.com/environment/green-living/articles/65641.aspx",
"date": "2017-10-19T00:08:50",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823168.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20171018233539-20171019013539-00847.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9321485161781311,
"token_count": 825,
"score": 3.484375,
"int_score": 3
} |
An estimated three percent of Vietnam's population, or 2.5 million people, complained of stones in their urinary tracts last year, and the proportion is climbing.
The painful and potentially dangerous condition afflicts mostly people aged 40 to 50 years old and can be caused by a hereditary deformity, bacterial infection or poor eating and exercise habits.
Dr. Vu Thi Thu says the stones are formed by crystal accumulation in urine and can be found in the kidney, bladder or urethra. For obvious reasons, they block the flow of urine so the pain can be excruciating as the force of the dammed urine tries to push the stone along a very narrow passage.
They can even wreck the kidneys and turn healthy people into invalids for life.
The most common symptoms of the disease are pain when urinating, acidic urine often tinged with blood, with chills, nausea, vomiting and fever if the urinary tract is infected.
A stone forms silently until it gets to a certain size that suddenly brings agonizing pain in the back, groin, bladder or urethra. A spasm of pain often occurs after strenuous exercise that causes the stone to move into the narrow urethra and block it. If the condition is not treated promptly, the kidneys stop functioning properly, causing blood pressure to rise and, in extreme cases, death.
Urologists say that people recovering from surgery should be especially careful and not consume too much calcium, phosphate or oxalate in their food as these can create stones. They should urinate as soon as they feel the urge, and drink two liters of water a day in order to discharge more than 1.5 liters of urine. If urinating is hard and sharp, they should drink corn silk or plantain water. Regular medical check-ups are a must to determine the risk of getting stones. If stones are found, prompt treatment is essential.
Also in the food department, Dr. Bui Manh Ha warns that eating lots of soy beans can be risky as they are rich in oxalates and calcium, which bond and crystallize to form kidney stones.
He says the correct diet for treating a stone depends on what type it is.
If it's a calcium stone, the patient should limit calcium intake to less than 600mg per day, eat more fruit and vegetables for their fiber, and not drink hard or mineralized water.
Someone with an oxalate stone should avoid asparagus, string beans, beets, lettuce, okra, grapes, plums, sweet potatoes and tea, and go easy on sour foods and Vitamin C tablets.
Uric acid stones come from purin transformation and are an occasional complication of gout. The best treatment is to eat less protein.
Herbalist Vu Quoc Trung offers the following remedies for stones in the urinary tract:
- A good treatment for a stone less than 10mm across is pineapple and phèn chua (alum) as the acid in pineapple combines with alum to increase pH and help dissolve stones. Pierce a peeled pineapple and put 0.3g of alum in the hole. Place the fruit in a pot, pour in some water, put on the lid and cook until the pineapple is squishy. Turn off the stove and remove the pot. Eat the pineapple and drink the water. Do this for seven days.
- Another good treatment for urinary tract stones can be made from the seeds of ripe chuối há»™t or chuối chát (pip banana). Leave the seeds out to dry, then pound them into powder. Put seven coffee spoons of the powdered seeds in a pot, add two liters of water, and simmer over a low flame until the water is reduced to 1.4 liters. Drink the beverage instead of tea every day for two to three months. | <urn:uuid:610003d2-5cea-47f4-be51-d636ef4eb9d1> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30",
"url": "http://www.thanhniennews.com/health/stone-free-10541.html",
"date": "2018-07-20T18:38:55",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591719.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720174340-20180720194340-00434.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9434111714363098,
"token_count": 798,
"score": 3.03125,
"int_score": 3
} |
Edge AI is a way to process and analyse the environment that evolves the computation of deep learning algorithms at the edge of the network. This is made possible with the use of cheap devices that are specifically built for the job at hand.
From my research, I managed to deepen my knowledge and find valuable information related to the topic that could be useful to anyone interested in this area.
A More In Depth Talk About Edge Ai
Advances in technology allowed the use of devices that could be placed at the edge of the network in order to obtain data from different sensors and thereby determine whether or not to activate actuators. We were in the age of the internet of things (Iot). A breakthrough was achieved with the use of devices that can analyze the environment in real time using artificial intelligence (Aiot).
With the use of edge AI devices, we now have the ability to process and store information near the place of measurement because they are made up of processors that are adapted to perform the complex calculations of deep learning algorithms. All of this looks good, but there are still some incomvinients. These devices don’t have the computing capability of large data centers like the Cloud, so there is still a need for them to be used in the early stages of the deep learning process, like in the training of the convolutional neural network.
Now we come to the good stuff: the benefits of using this type of technology.
- Reliable connectivity: After the training, the data gathering and processing devices do not need to communicate with the cloud; all is done in situ.
- Reduced latency and better bandwidth efficiency: Hardware communication speed his improved.
- Increased security and privacy: There are fewer security vulnerabilities when the data is being processed at the edge of the network.
The applications for Edge Ai devices are endless. We simply have to use our imagination to find a problem that needs solving. Anyway, there are already interesting real-world applications that can help fellow humans. Due to the low cost of future devices, I think they will be everywhere in the future, ranging from autonomous driving and real-time gaming in the industry to diagnostics in healthcare. I even found an interesting project related to smart agriculture where there is a system that uses ultrasonic sounds to repel animals in order to protect crops. Drones are already being used in advanced irrigation systems, plant disease recognition, and pest identification.
How does Edge Ai Work?
I will leave the math at rest because I think the process behind the detection of a “simple” object classification is too much even, for someone with background in calculus, probabilities, linear algebra, etc.
In the case of object detection, I think the simplest way to explain it is to see that when we take a shot with a camera, the image is divided into small squares. For each square, the convolutional neural network does its calculations and outputs the probability of the object, animal, plant, etc., being in a certain area of the screen. If the probability is higher, in a region, it gives the algorithm confidence that the object is in a certain area of the picture. Then the algorithm draws a box with a probability value around the object.
All of this requires a lot of math, and in the case of small devices, such as those used in edge ai applications, not all of those calculations can be performed by the board’s processor(s).In a way, we can say that there are three fases:
- Training: If we want to identify a dog in a photograph, first we have to take hundreds of photos with variations in order for the convolutional neural network to be properly trained. This process is normally made, using the full power of computers in cloud data centers.
- Test: We test the convolutional neural network to see if it can identify a dog when we show it a picture. Small adjustments can be made to the convolutional neural network.
- Deployment: In this final stage, the model is transferred to the development board, and we can run it to perform object identification in real time and use perfidentials like a microcontroler to give orders to an actuator if we want.
Below, we can see the process used by the usual deep learning frameworks. This one is called “You Only Look Once” (Yolo). Running a real-time object detection algorithm involves powerful devices, so they normally use platforms like OpenCV, TensorFlow, Yolo, and Tiny-Yolo. The last one is a light-weight version of Yolo that works well on boards like the Nvidia Jetson Nano and Maixduino.
Hardware Arquitectures For Edge Ai
The hardware of the development boards for Edge Ai can vary in technology. At the moment, manufacturers use CPU/GPU, FPGA, and ASIC-based technology as artificial intelligence accelerators. Each of them has pros and cons, and I take the liberty of explaining.
- CPU/GPU: These architectures have limited flexibity, and the focus should be on software optimization. Also, they are power hungry.
- FPGA: Having high flexibility, these accelerators are suited to run applications involving deep learning.
- ASIC: These purpose-built A.I. accelerators are energy efficient and have better performance.
Some Development Boards For Edge Ai
In the market, there are development boards with A.I. Accelerators that can perform operations such as object detection and classification and much more. Some of the boards also have the ability to do voice recognition with their in-board microphone and a port to connect an external speaker to play some music(?).
The Maixduino is a low-cost board that has a chip to do specific artificial intelligence operations and an ESP32 microcontroller, which is a bonus. The most famous Nvidia development board is the Jetson Nano, with a GPU architecture. The Intel Neural Computing Stick can be used in conjunction with a Rasberry Pi or any other small PC. Google sells the Coral development board and parfrasing the marketing team, “Coral is a complete toolkit to build products with local AI.” Our on-device inferencing capabilities allow you to build products that are efficient, private, fast, and offline.
In the case of image image manipulation, we can do object identification, pose estimation, image segmentation, and much more. In audio-derived projects, we can do key phrase detection.
- Enabling Design Methodologies and Future Trends for Edge AI: Specialization and Co-design
- Green IoT and Edge AI as Key Technological Enablers for a Sustainable Digital Transition towards a Smart Circular Economy: An Industry 5.0 Use Case
- Design, Development and Evaluation of an Intelligent Animal Repelling System for Crop Protection Based on Embedded Edge-AI
- Embedded Development Boards for Edge-AI: A Comprehensive Report
- You Only Look Once: Unified, Real-Time Object Detection
- Nvidia developer page | <urn:uuid:b4313874-7185-433c-b59e-fe1c737636ff> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50",
"url": "https://www.edgemicrotech.com/what-is-edge-ai-and-what-are-we-talking-about/",
"date": "2023-11-30T11:21:51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100184.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20231130094531-20231130124531-00505.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.926939070224762,
"token_count": 1441,
"score": 3.578125,
"int_score": 4
} |
Q.1. Is zero a rational number? Can you write it in the form p/q, where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0?
Proof: Yes, zero is a rational number because it is either terminating or non-terminating so we can write in the form of p/q, where p and q are natural numbers and q is not equal to zero.
p = 0,q = 1,2,3...
Q.2. Find five rational numbers between 1 and 2.
Proof: We need to find 5 rational numbers between 1 and 2.
So, five rational numbers between 6/6 and 12/6 will be 7/6, 8/6, 9/6, 10/6, 11/6.
Hence 5 rational numbers between 1 and 2 are: OR
Q.3. Find six rational numbers between 3 and 4.
Proof: We need to find 6 rational numbers between 3 and 4.
So, six rational numbers between 21/7 and 28/7 will be
Hence 6 rational numbers between 3 and 4 are
Q.4. Find five rational numbers between and
Proof: We need to find 5 rational numbers between and
Since, LCM of denominators= LCM (5,5) = 5
Hence 5 rational numbers between and are: OR
Q.5. Are the following statements true or false? Give reasons for your answer.
(i) Every whole number is a natural number.
(ii) Every integer is a rational number.
(iii) Every rational number is an integer.
(iv) Every natural number is a whole number.
(v) Every integer is a whole number.
(vi) Every rational number is a whole number.
Proof: (i) False, because whole numbers start from zero and natural numbers start from one
(ii) True, because it can be written in the form of a fraction with denominator 1
(iii) False, rational numbers are represented in the form of fractions. Integers can be represented in the form of fractions but all fractions are not integers. for example: is a rational number but not an integer.
(iv) True, because natural numbers belong to whole numbers
(v) False, because set of whole numbers contains only zero and set of positive integers, whereas set of integers is the collection of zero and all positive and negative integers.
(vi) False, because rational numbers include fractions but set of whole number does not include fractions | <urn:uuid:0426b440-a3c4-4ae9-91ee-99c3be5551d4> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-39",
"url": "https://edurev.in/studytube/RD-Sharma-Solutions-Number-System-1/0d3b45dd-cc84-4753-85f3-6ba1e7a61609_t",
"date": "2021-09-17T06:13:03",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780055601.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20210917055515-20210917085515-00099.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9011380672454834,
"token_count": 522,
"score": 3.6875,
"int_score": 4
} |
Belize: Shoreline Protection from Coral Reefs
The Belize Barrier Reef, the longest in the Western Hemisphere, shelters most of the windward coast of Belize. About two-thirds of the mainland coast is protected by coral reefs, as well as the windward coast of most cayes. The degree of protection provided by a reef varies with reef type, depth, and distance from shore, as well as with coastal context—the elevation and slope of the shore, the geologic origin of the area, and the wave energy along the coast.
Projects that include this Resource
Coastal Capital: Economic Valuation of Coastal Ecosystems in the CaribbeanVisit Project
Supporting the sustainable management of coastal ecosystems by quantifying their economic value.Part of Water | <urn:uuid:581d9238-34a8-4d0b-a758-c9195d740c19> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14",
"url": "https://www.wri.org/data/belize-shoreline-protection-coral-reefs",
"date": "2023-03-31T11:09:01",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949598.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20230331082653-20230331112653-00170.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.944736659526825,
"token_count": 158,
"score": 3.59375,
"int_score": 4
} |
The buildup of fat in the heart makes it more difficult for the heart to function. Depending on where the buildup of fat is in the heart it can create blockages in blood flow and reduce the effectiveness of the heart to pump blood out of the heart to the lungs and body.
However, fat on the outside of the heart has a good function in addition to bad functions. For example, the atrioventricular groove, and anterior & posterior interventricular groove are fat-filled grooves that have coronary arteries and veins in them. Fat around the heart itself can also serve as a cushion for the heart.
DDT is fat-soluble and tends to build up in the fatty tissues of predators and scavengers.
What is a fatty substance found only in animal tissues
As a result of impaired peroxisome function, an individual's tissues and cells can accumulate very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) and branched chain fatty acids (BCFA) that are normally degraded in peroxisomes.
cholesterol is a fatty substance found in the blood
the function of the fatty acid tail is attract water.
The lymphatic system transports fatty acid, white blood cells, and dendritic cells. It also removes interstitial fluid from the tissues in the human body.
skin and organs
Protein helps create and build healthy body tissue. Protein also has an array of amino acids and essential fatty acids that help with brain function.
Fatty tissue is also called as lipomas. Lipomas is a growth of fatty tissue that slowly develops just under your skin. The causes for the fatty tissues are unknown.
It depends on pKa and Kow.
The lymphatic system has 4 main functions. It transports dendritic cells, white blood cells, and fatty acids. It also removes interstitial fluid from tissues.
Fat soluble vitamin is a vitamin that dissolves in fats and can be stored in fatty tissues of the body. Unlike water soluble vitamins that require regular replacement in the body, fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the liver and fatty tissues, and are eliminated much more slower than water soluble vitamins.
The function of Perioxisomes are to breakdown fatty acid molecules
Describe the structure and function of fatty acid molecules
Suets are fatty tissues around the kidneys of cattle and sheep.
in the liver and fatty tissues
Fatty acid oxidation is the process in which fatty acids are broken down by tissues to produce energy. Fatty acids are the residue left from fats being broken down.
Free fatty acids which occur in plasma as a result of lipolysis in adipose tissue or when plasma triacylglycerols are taken into tissues.
The purpose of the fatty layer is to insulate and protect your body. | <urn:uuid:39149fd3-22eb-4a9c-82b8-625c4192eb6d> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17",
"url": "https://www.answers.com/Q/Do_the_build_up_of_fatty_tissues_in_the_heart_make_if_more_difficult_for_the_heart_to_function",
"date": "2021-04-13T20:32:29",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038074941.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20210413183055-20210413213055-00521.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9181380271911621,
"token_count": 568,
"score": 3.515625,
"int_score": 4
} |
By Jack Dumbacher
The Barred Owl (Strix varia) is the eastern cousin to our western Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis). Like the Spotted Owl, the Barred Owl lives in forests, hunts at night, and feeds largely on small mammals. They differ in that the Barred Owl is more of a generalist opportunistic predator (feeding also on crayfish, snakes, even small birds and insects), has a broader habitat tolerance, and is slightly larger and more aggressive than the Spotted Owl.
In the last 100 years, Barred Owls have gradually extended their range westward, and around 1959, they began to formally “invade” the Spotted Owl’s range in British Columbia. By the 1970’s, Barred Owls were documented in Washington and Oregon, by 1976 they were documented in northern California, and the first Barred Owls were documented in Marin County in 2003.
On the one hand, this is now one more good bird that you can reliably “tick” on your Bay Area bird list. On the other hand, evidence is mounting that Barred Owls are having a significant detrimental effect on Spotted Owls – they compete for food and nesting sites, they are aggressive to Spotted Owls, they breed faster and disperse farther, they even interbreed with Spotted Owls and have an unknown effect on each others genomes.
In 2011, the Revised Recovery Plan for the Northern Spotted Owl identified competition with the invading Barred Owl as one of the most pressing threats to the Northern Spotted Owl. The easier it is to see a Barred Owl, the harder it is to see a Spotted Owl.
Again, on the one hand, this is a fascinating biological experiment. What will be the final outcome? Will the owls interbreed to become a new hybrid species? Will Barred Owls outcompete Spotted Owls in the western states? Or will they achieve an equilibrium and continue to co-exist side by side? No one knows the answer, but one goal of conservation biology is to create a natural environment where species can continue to evolve and do naturally what species will do.
On the other hand, it is not clear that this experiment is completely natural. There is some hint that human-caused habitat and climate change aided the Barred Owls in their westward dispersal. Human changes to western forests may have tipped the hand of evolution to favor Barred Owls in these now-disturbed forests. And another goal of conservation is to preserve “biodiversity” that is often measured in numbers of species present. We would hate to lose a species like the Spotted Owl to a common species that has become “weedy.” And federal law mandates that wildlife managers come up with a plan to preserve endangered species – and the Northern Spotted Owl is federally listed under the Endangered Species Act.
So biologists, wildlife managers, local conservation organizations, and others are putting their heads together to figure out what is to be done – and even what CAN be done at this point. The discussion is a fascinating one, and solutions range from doing nothing to launching an all-out campaign to eliminate Barred Owls from Spotted Owl habitat. And let me remind you that it is impossible not to pick sides – what humans have been doing for the last 100 years has already unwittingly made certain choices or favored certain outcomes. To “do nothing” is really to consciously endorse the unconscious decisions we have already made.
As this drama unfolds over the next couple of decades, I encourage you to get out and bird our forests at night. We are witnessing an epic battle between these species, with a totally uncertain outcome. The very existence of the Spotted Owl may be hanging in the balance.
Birding for Strix Owls
Northern Spotted Owls are found in mature coniferous forests in Washington, Oregon, and the coastal ranges of California south to Marin County. In the Bay Area, the best places to find both species are valleys and hillsides with redwood and douglas fir forest, especially around Muir Woods and the flanks of Mt. Tamalpais (Mill Valley, Baltimore Valley Open Space, etc.).
The best way to find both species is by listening for their calls. Spotted Owls have a characteristic 4-note call and Barred Owls tend to give an eight-note “who cooks for you, who cooks for you” call. Both are large “earless” owls that look superficially similar, especially in the poor light of dusk when you are most likely to see them, but the Barred Owls have vertical brown and light barring or streaking on the belly and lower chest, whereas the Spotted Owl has light spots. When owling, avoid playing calls of these two owls. The Northern Spotted Owl is protected, so it is prohibited to harass or disturb them. Spotted Owls tend to retreat and remain quiet after hearing the calls of the more aggressive Barred Owls.
Want to learn more about the conservation issues around Barred and Spotted Owls? The Oregon office of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has a good page on Spotted Owls, with links to research papers and the agency’s June 2011 recovery plan for the Spotted Owl. | <urn:uuid:2735b3af-16fa-4a36-a638-5ef5e689aac5> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14",
"url": "https://goldengateaudubon.org/blog-posts/barred-and-spotted-owls-cousins-and-rivals/",
"date": "2023-03-22T18:14:56",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296944452.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20230322180852-20230322210852-00772.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9506251811981201,
"token_count": 1111,
"score": 3.609375,
"int_score": 4
} |
The European Medicine Agency (EMA) has been investigating reports that suggested there may be a connection between the Pandemrix vaccine used in 2009 for H1N1 influenza protection and the higher incidences of Narcolepsy that followed.
The agency said they have not found any linkage yet … but that it is a complex situation and they need another 3 to 6 months to examine the possibilities.
A person suffering from Narcolepsy can fall asleep at any time with no warning, so it has far more implications than a regular sleep disorder where a person may have trouble getting sufficient sleep and becomes too tired to function. Narcolepsy is a chronic problem with the brain that displays an inability to control normal sleep and awake cycles.
The European Medicine Agency (EMA) has had over 80 reports submitted to it from various European countries where the swine flu vaccine Pandemrix made by British pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline has been used since 2009. The reports were submitted by health care professionals who suggested there might be a link to the vaccine for their patients ranging in age from 4 to 52.
The EMA’s Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) issued a statement saying, “The committee concluded that the available evidence was insufficient to determine whether there is any link between Pandemrix and reports of Narcolepsy, and that further studies were necessary to fully understand this issue”.
In a person suffering from Narcolepsy the REM sleep or deep sleep cycle that occurs in most people after they’ve been asleep for a period of time, happens all of a sudden. They go from a fully conscious state into a deep REM sleep in a matter of seconds. It can last for a few minutes to an hour or more.
It is a very dangerous and debilitating form of sleep because the person could be driving a car or operating a machine and just nod off. There’s even cases where people have fallen to sleep while having sex. Not all women that have had that happen would likely agree though that their partner was Narcoleptic.
Narcolepsy consists of more things than just a person falling to sleep involuntarily. They can experience muscle weakness while awake. A condition called cataplexy, which can also be an indicator for an upcoming sleep attack. They can experience nightmares while falling to sleep … even muscle paralysis.
The disease is hard to diagnose and the patient must undergo testing at a sleep clinic to examine their sleep cycles and REM sleep patterns. There is no cure. Changes in lifestyle and certain medications can relieve or reduce symptoms in some people depending on the severity. | <urn:uuid:57101492-5d78-47d8-bea1-88d4781dad92> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48",
"url": "http://foxix.com/narcolepsy-sleep-disorder-linked-to-h1n1-swine-flu-vaccine/223605/",
"date": "2013-12-12T23:28:57",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164754111/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134554-00030-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9662835001945496,
"token_count": 539,
"score": 3.015625,
"int_score": 3
} |
ALERT member Alice Hughes, ecologist extraordinaire, tell us about a scheme to create an enormous hydroelectric dam -- the biggest in the world -- in the heart of the Congo Basin. The scale of this project and its environmental implications are beyond alarming.
Until this point the world's largest dam was Three Gorges in China. It is a giant, with a generating capacity of 22,500 Megawatts.
However, the massive Three Gorges Dam will be swamped in size by the proposed Inga 3 Dam in the Congo Basin, in the western Democratic of Congo. Its power-generating capacity will be almost double that of Three Gorges, and it will cause huge social and environmental damage.
Social and Environmental Impacts
For starters, the proposed dam could displace up to 60,000 people. Beyond that, the reservoir will flood the Bundi Valley, which harbors both local agricultural lands and a rich mosaic of natural environments and wildlife habitats. It's expected that the flooding of masses of vegetation will lead to huge emissions of methane -- among the most potent of all greenhouse gases.
There will also be impacts on aquatic wildlife. The dam could devastate the freshwater diversity of the region, which includes the second highest freshwater-fish diversity on the planet following the Amazon Basin, with nearly 1,300 fish species recorded to date. The flooded area may also favor water-borne vectors such as the malaria-carrying "malanquin' mosquito.
Ironically, the biggest impacts from many hydro projects come not from the dam itself, but from the networks of roads used for dam construction and the creation of huge powerlines. These roads and powerlines could criss-cross large expanses of the Congo Basin, opening up great expanses of forest to poachers, colonists, illegal loggers, and illegal miners.
In Brazil, for instance, it has been estimated that a series of dams planned for the Tapajós River would increase deforestation by nearly 1 million hectares over the next 15 years.
Shocking Lack of Transparency
Remarkably, the head of the Grand Inga Project Office, Bruno Kapandji, has stated it has “no intention” of completing environmental or social-impact assessments before the start of the project. For a project of this magnitude, this is truly a shocking position.
And there are also enormous questions about the financial viability of the project. The current cost estimate for the project is $80 billion. However, 75% of dam projects have cost overruns of 96 percent on average, suggesting the true cost of the dam could be much higher than projected.
Overruns can be especially severe in nations suffering from endemic corruption. Transparency International, which monitors corruption globally, rates the Democratic of Congo as one of the most corrupt nations on Earth and describes its budgetary openness as "scant or none".
The Congo Basin is the world's second-largest rainforest, and it is one that is being dramatically altered by increasing incursions of loggers, poachers, and mega-projects such as the Inga 3 Dam as well as massive 'development corridors' that could slice through huge expanses of the basin.
Perhaps most ominously, the apparent lack of any form of serious risk assessment despite the potential severity of the environmental and social impacts from the Inga Dam should be setting off alarm bells across the planet. | <urn:uuid:3b47a966-0ef6-4c0c-a456-7a63c5ee5d85> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13",
"url": "http://alert-conservation.org/issues-research-highlights/2016/6/5/the-vast-congo-river-to-be-imperiled-by-the-worlds-largest-dam",
"date": "2019-03-20T01:21:38",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202188.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20190320004046-20190320030046-00106.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.944317102432251,
"token_count": 689,
"score": 3.703125,
"int_score": 4
} |
2/16/2017 11:33:02 AM
10/6/2015 9:57:30 AM
WESTERN DAM ENGINEERING NEWSLETTER, VOLUME 3, ISSUE 2, MAY 2015
SAFETY INSPECTIONS, SPILLWAYS, GEOLOGY 101, GOOD FOUNDATIONS
Document Type - Reference Library
Research, Thesis, Technical Publications
There are no annotations on this page.
Document management portal powered by Laserfiche WebLink 9 © 1998-2015
All rights reserved.
Pages to print
Enter page numbers and/or page ranges separated by commas. For example, 1,3,5-12.
After downloading, print the document using a PDF reader (e.g. Adobe Reader).
View plain text
<br /> <br /> <br /> <br />2 <br />Dam Safety Inspections… <br />A Closer Look <br />Introduction <br />Safety inspections are an important and necessary <br />responsibility of dam owners. The goal of a safety <br />inspection is to identify potential dam safety <br />deficiencies before they become dam safety incidents. <br />If not corrected, these deficiencies can turn into <br />serious, costly repairs or even dam failures. Dam <br />inspections are also a great opportunity to gather the <br />owners, engineers, experts, regulators and all <br />stakeholders involved with a dam in order to educate, <br />communicate, to delegate responsibilities, to discuss <br />possible failure modes, to plan for emergencies, and to <br />establish long term relationships concerning the dam. <br />This article is intended to be a high level overview of <br />the safety inspection process for small low-hazard <br />dams from planning to implementation. For additional <br />details regarding dam safety inspections, the reader is <br />encouraged to visit the Association of State Dam Safety <br />Officials (ASDSO) website and view the webinar titled, <br />Introduction to Inspecting Dam for Owners and <br />Operators. <br />Why are Inspections Important? <br />During an inspection of an emergency spillway, an <br />inspector identified open, unsealed joints between <br />concrete spillway slabs (Photo 1). <br />Photo 1: Concrete spillway from the inspection report. Photo <br />inset shows an open joint. <br />The openings were as wide as 1 inch and had <br />vegetation growing in them. A recommendation was <br />made in the inspection report to repair the joints, but <br />the dam owner neglected to implement the repair. <br />Four years later the spillway operated and the water <br />flowed into the open, unsealed joints causing uplift <br />pressures to develop beneath the slab that ultimately <br />led to the failure of the spillway slabs (Photo 2). It cost <br />the owner more than $1.25 million to reconstruct the <br />spillway. The spillway failure may have been averted if <br />the owner had implemented the repairs recommended <br />in the inspection report. The cost to implement the <br />inspector’s recommendation was estimated to be <br />approximately $500. <br />Photo 2: Failed concrete spillway following operation during a <br />storm event. <br />Types of Inspections <br />Typically dam safety organizations and dam owners <br />will conduct a variety of inspections including formal, <br />intermediate, routine, and emergency inspections. <br />Regulatory requirements, hazard classification, dam <br />condition, and special events dictate the scope and <br />frequency of dam inspections. A qualified engineer is <br />required for formal, intermediate, and emergency <br />inspections. Due to safety concerns, some inspection <br />activities may need to be performed as a team or with <br />the aid of specialized equipment. For example, <br />inspections of the conduit may require confined space <br />entry protocols or a remote operated vehicle (ROV). A <br />detailed discussion about conduit inspections was <br />presented in a previous article titled, You Con-du-it; <br />How to Fix a Leaky Pipe. <br />Who can be an inspector? <br />People who have: <br /> Good knowledge of the <br />design, operation, <br />maintenance, and potential <br />failure modes of the dam. <br /> The physical capability to
The URL can be used to link to this page
Your browser does not support the video tag. | <urn:uuid:b13dc26c-489b-4abd-b51b-19d0a1b88856> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43",
"url": "https://dnrweblink.state.co.us/dwrsearch/DocView.aspx?id=2801689&page=2&searchid=346ef323-a7a3-4232-bdd2-c80bc5aac359",
"date": "2021-10-21T13:44:55",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585424.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021133500-20211021163500-00440.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8745328187942505,
"token_count": 999,
"score": 3.125,
"int_score": 3
} |
Every year the second Thursday of March is celebrated as ‘World Kidney Day’ across the world. A health awareness campaign is jointly initiated by the International Society of Nephrology and the International Federation of Kidney Foundations on this day.
The first World Kidney Day was observed in 2006 with 66 countries participating and now the number has gone up to 88. It is aimed at raising awareness about the importance of kidneys and kidney-related diseases hence reducing the frequency and impact of such ailments worldwide.
Each year a theme is decided for the day to focus on various aspects of the subject and the theme for this year is ‘Living Well with Kidney Disease’. This has been done to empower kidney patients and their family members to help them deal with the trauma.
The patients, as well as their care partners, should feel supported especially in challenging circumstances such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
According to the National Health Portal of India, one in 10 people is affected by a kidney disease globally taking the total tally to more than 850 million in the world.
It becomes important to observe this day because Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)… | <urn:uuid:d2234f3b-96ba-4888-b553-bb42f39a4056> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-21",
"url": "https://mintnews24.com/world-kidney-day-2021-follow-these-tips-to-lead-a-healthy-life-health-news/",
"date": "2021-05-13T05:30:54",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991537.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20210513045934-20210513075934-00052.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9709162712097168,
"token_count": 238,
"score": 3.09375,
"int_score": 3
} |
Asteroid explorer Hayabusa2’s “tail-up”: The Attitude and Orbit Control Subsystem (AOCS) in action
Have you ever wondered how the asteroid explorer Hayabusa2 controls its orientation in space? Think of Hayabusa2 in terms of human anatomy. Its sensors serve as eyes, determining its orientation and gauging how far it is from the asteroid Ryugu. That information is relayed to the onboard computer, which corresponds to the brain. The computer then orders the thrusters, wheels, and other propulsion systems, which function as muscles, to make the necessary maneuvers to keep the craft steady. The set of equipment needed to maintain the spacecraft’s orientation is referred to as the Attitude and Orbit Control Subsystem (AOCS). There are nine different types of sensors alone, all working in sync.
Hayabusa2 spent most of its stay at Ryugu in “home position” 20 km above the asteroid’s surface. Ryugu’s gravitational pull is so weak — only 1/80,000th that of Earth — that a spacecraft can easily hover above it. But gravity, however weak, is still gravity, and if Hayabusa2 had done nothing, it would have been inexorably pulled toward the asteroid. Moreover, in outer space, where there was nothing around Hayabusa2 to support it, the sun’s rays could also have had a disruptive effect on its orientation. The AOCS system therefore constantly adjusted Hayabusa2’s orientation by the sun and stars.
The engineers at JAXA and NEC had, since before Hayabusa2’s launch, worked together on planning the protocols for this set of maneuvers, and they drilled them over and over. Ten different modes were developed, including “maintaining home position,” for keeping Hayabusa2 in place above the asteroid’s surface, “global mapping,” for conducting observations of the asteroid, and “pinpoint touchdown,” for landing the craft precisely at the designated point.
The most challenging of these maneuvers was the “pinpoint touchdown.” This involved approaching Ryugu’s surface with thrusters firing as the onboard cameras tracked the target marker indicating the landing site; tilting the craft slightly; and then touching down and immediately taking off again. Each of these steps had to be performed with the greatest precision. Ryugu’s surface is covered in boulders, which could have damaged the spacecraft. The engineers therefore decided to make the descent with Hayabusa2 parallel to Ryugu’s surface and then reposition the spacecraft by slightly elevating the end where the ion engines were. In terms of animal anatomy, it was like alighting on the ground with the tail raised; hence it was dubbed the “tail-up” posture. That was certainly an elegant way to avoid the rocks and keep Hayabusa2 safe.
To ensure the mission’s success, the engineering team thought of every possible contingency. First, prior to launch, they drew up plans for controlling the spacecraft’s orientation; then they added more detailed safety protocols once Hayabusa2 reached the asteroid. The two pinpoint touchdowns, the most challenging part of the Hayabusa2 mission, were both successful because the AOCS system worked exactly as the AOCS team had planned in positioning the craft — right down to the perfectly executed tail-up.
Article by Ayano Akiyama
Published November 4, 2020 | <urn:uuid:f3a14a6e-61ab-4b15-96c0-aae4d9091ed7> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10",
"url": "https://www.nec.com/en/global/ad/cosmos/hayabusa2/article/aocs.html",
"date": "2024-02-27T23:07:43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474688.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227220707-20240228010707-00465.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9588763117790222,
"token_count": 737,
"score": 3.75,
"int_score": 4
} |
Finance is a broad term which covers a selection of subjects concerning the scientific research of making money, the development, management, as well as analysis of funds as well as investments. Money can be defined as the process by which money is made available for intake, for saving, for investment, or for both. It is additionally associated with taking care of national accounts. The science of money has many ideas and concepts. All these principles and concepts are based on the basic legislations of supply and also need as well as on the theory of business cycles. The theories of accounting include the principles of audit methods, principals of accounting, monitoring accounting and balance sheet evaluation.
The principles of accounting include the concepts of accounting documents, journals, ledgers, balance sheets, legal reporting, amassings and disbursements, financing, hedging, combination, possession as well as control, internal and external funds, and also tax obligation bookkeeping. The concepts of accounting consist of the preparation of economic documents, the preserving of accounting files, tracking deals, as well as statistics that show the problem of the monetary purchases. Financial reporting involves preparing reports that summarize the results of monetary deals, reporting of monetary information, preparing the inner control steps for the bookkeeping functions, as well as ensuring conformity with laws concerning the reporting of accounting transactions as well as audit criteria. The bookkeeping profession itself thinks about the subject matter of bookkeeping as too wide to be covered in a little initial quantity, consequently finance is a fundamental part of the self-control.
Money has numerous vital subtopics. One of one of the most essential of these is threat monitoring. The significant contributions of economic preparation are made through threat management in the formulation of profiles for financial investment, financial savings, and funding. The primary components of risk management are recognition of the macroeconomic dangers, identification of the mini financial dangers, appropriation of dangers between appropriate options, as well as usage of the ways readily available to reduce the impact of unfavorable events on worth and also price.
Aside from these standard financing topics, an accountant likewise requires to have specific various other capabilities such as analytical and communication skills, decision making capabilities, the capacity to work with others efficiently, expertise of bookkeeping principles and technique, computer abilities, interpersonal abilities, great time administration and issue solving abilities. These and also many more particular skills are what compose an accounting professional’s work profile. The degree programs in finance offer a large range of programs that match to a person’s demands. Some of the common money degrees are Bachelor of Science, MBA, Financing, MSW, CFA, and also CAAS.
Financing wages are relied on a variety of aspects. Typically speaking, the longer one invests in a program, the much better the income potential will certainly be. For an accountant that begins as an entry-level staff, the salary possibility can increase as the person learns more about the subject and gains experience. Grads of graduate degree accountancy programs, on the other hand, have good salary potential up the way up until they reach senior placements. Junior degree positions are normally taken into consideration to provide the most affordable wage capacity.
Money field of expertises consist of economic planning, organization financing, profile theory, individual financing, threat administration as well as executive finance. Within these field of expertises, there exist thousands of specialized subspecialties such as insurance coverage, venture capital, seller financing, industrial financings as well as home mortgage financial. Each expertise in money is specified by its emphasis. There are additionally industry-specific specializations such as home mortgage banking or equity capital. Furthermore, there are government-specific expertises like Wholesale Money Markets, Tax Delinquency and Urban Equity.
Financing is a big part of business world and also creates the basis of a lot of companies’ finance as well as accounting systems. An accountants plays a vital role in the smooth performance of financing and represent the activity of funds in and out of businesses and companies. Some of the areas of expertise in financing include:
Individual monetary management consists of taking care of money for individuals or households along with firms. This is very closely pertaining to company economic management as well as represent the flow of funds within a firm as well as the dangers that may affect it. Personal financial monitoring consists of retirement as well as insurance coverage, investing for retirement and also liquidating surplus cash as well as possessions. It is closely pertaining to property defense as well as estate planning. It also consists of financial investment techniques and individual economic monitoring methods for saving for future.
Financing is a wide term utilized to define numerous things about the research study, manufacture, and also management of financial resources and also properties. The research study of money has many applications in business globe, consisting of how companies utilize their funds to grow as well as increase. Another location of financing that has countless applications is the world of trading safety and securities, such as currencies, supplies, bonds, as well as derivatives. Some other locations of money consist of: insurance coverage, mutual funds, financial, commercial real estate, the foreign exchange market, asset markets, and also insurance policy.
Money can be broken down right into 3 main kinds, with each having its very own time worth. Expense based financing is time valued for expenses and capital, funding framework is time valued for current possessions and responsibilities, and earnings resources is income-based financing. Each kind of finance has different techniques for funding. Numerous firms use the exact same strategies for all 3, but at different times. A company can not successfully finance its activities if it does not know which techniques are effective as well as which are not.
Money is also associated with taxes because taxation motivates financial investment and also use funds. There are numerous techniques of taxation, including earnings tax, business tax obligation, real estate tax, payroll tax obligation, individual revenue tax obligation, estate tax, sales tax obligation, and also real estate tax. Financing deals with funding the administration of the lawful systems that assist a firm achieve its tasks. Lawful types for finance include: agreements, contracts, notices, as well as licenses. Great site
Financing is very important for all firms in the marketplace, from the huge company to the small company. Furthermore, all countries must regulate their firms to make sure that they stay economically solvent. The objective of regulation is to secure the customer from business that fail to provide an affordable roi. Rules that impact small businesses generally take care of company financing, however there are regulations that put on private firms too. | <urn:uuid:7c007ada-f59a-420d-9971-559be9e6e811> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-49",
"url": "https://www.discounttirecompanies.com/2021/10/18/essential-life-instructions-finance-taught-us/",
"date": "2021-12-05T11:24:06",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363157.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20211205100135-20211205130135-00465.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9717328548431396,
"token_count": 1325,
"score": 3.4375,
"int_score": 3
} |
Why Children Tease
In a perfect world, children wouldn’t make fun of each other. Unfortunately, we do not live in an ideal world- and teasing is a typical behavior among younger people. With concerns of bullying in our schools and the impacts it has on our youth, its important to have knowledge about why children may engage in teasing and what educators can do to make a difference.
For starters, we should first understand exactly why a child might engage in teasing. There is quite a variety of reasons, some of them might be:
● To feel more powerful
● To get attention
● Struggling to make friends
● Learned behaviors from home or other peers
I personally believe that the deeper reason why children make fun of others is that they struggle with managing their inadequacies. Often when children poke fun or laugh at each other, it is because they are able to point out the “weaknesses” of others, and in doing so, it makes them think they are better than them.
We all know that no two children are the same. Every child possesses their unique talents, interests, and strengths. Nevertheless, children will compare themselves to another child to determine whether they’re “better” than that person.
Parents and educators can help support children by providing them with replacement behaviors that counteract teasing or bullying.
● Encourage a child to join in with games as one of the crowd; explain no one has to be in charge
● Encourage the child to be kind and give praise/reward to children who are positive and kind
● Encourage children to look for ‘good’ attention and help them identify ways in which they can make meaningful contributions to the classroom and to their peers
● Encourage children to help people build their skills instead of putting them down because they’re not very good.
● Teach children to set goals for themselves, for example, “Today I will make good comments about three people.” (‘build-ups’)
● Encourage children to learn to cooperate with others – do what other people want, not just what they want! Stepping outside of our comfort zone can be fun- make it into a game!
Tiana Brown is the Assistant Director of the Norwalk Housing Authority Learning Centers | <urn:uuid:65e70bc4-8148-44e1-a724-256600cb8396> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-25",
"url": "https://ctafterschoolnetwork.org/sel-series-why-children-tease/",
"date": "2021-06-17T06:26:48",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487629209.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20210617041347-20210617071347-00397.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9658018350601196,
"token_count": 475,
"score": 3.90625,
"int_score": 4
} |
What is the rule of law page 2 3 laws must be prospective in nature so that the effect of the law may only take place after the law has been passed. Memorandum to: participants in the rule of law seminar from: professor john norton moore date: september 5, 2011 paper topics—fall 2011 to assist you as you begin. The question of the purpose of the rule of law and how the boundaries should be drawn between moral judgement and the need to maintain a basic. The world justice project is an independent, multidisciplinary organization working to advance the rule of law worldwide. The rule of law initially seems a simple and straightforward idea, concisely articulated by aristotle in his view that the laws, not men, should rule in aread.
Define the rule of law how does the rule of law differ from law as the command of the state explain why the rule of law is “an ideal rather than a complete fact. How to write a law essay in a college legal studies course, and in some law school courses, you may be required to write a research paper addressing a legal topic. Database of free law essays law society rule the question of the purpose of the rule of law and how the boundaries should be drawn between moral judgement and the. Ashley s pols 136 essay 1 october 11, 2013 ideas and rights rule of law- what is it ( “rule of law”, the gale group) ai) the rule of law is a system in.
Open document below is an essay on rule of law from anti essays, your source for research papers, essays, and term paper examples. Free essay: slapper and kelly postulate that: “the ‘rule of law’ represents a symbolic ideal against which the proponents of widely divergent political. Choose one of the following principles: rule of law, checks and balances, separation of powers, republicanism, democracy, or federalism discuss whether you think the.
Discuss the relevance of the concept of the rule of law to current constitutional arrangements in the uk the rule of law does in fact apply public law essays. Athat the petitioner has no nexus with the commission of the offence whatsoever bthat case fir is false, against law and facts cthat according to the slip. “the great aim of the struggle for liberty has been equality before the law” —fa hayek the term ‘rule of law,’ since reformulated by av dicey in the. Parliament would protect freedom and take into account the rule of law in its legislative capacity it would be therefore, be self-controlling.
This essay has been submitted by a law student this is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers the rule of law in uk. Free essay: a contemporary example of dicey's theory can be seen in the case of a-g v blake where the house of lords allowed the attorney general's claim for. As abiding citizens in a democratic modern society, we are restricted to following laws set by the government rule of law is generally understood to be. | <urn:uuid:79664ee7-ab0c-4458-9a16-abe899399d25> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22",
"url": "http://gqhomeworkqtcw.a3maal.me/rule-of-law-essays.html",
"date": "2018-05-25T08:31:13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867055.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20180525082822-20180525102822-00557.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9580191373825073,
"token_count": 634,
"score": 3.3125,
"int_score": 3
} |
Who Yale Honors
Timothy Dwight College
Under Timothy Dwight, Yale College began its long transformation from an regional institution training clergy to a nationally renowned institution of higher education. John Calhoun had thrived under the watchful tutelage of President Timothy Dwight, his "mentor" (66). As the institution grew and its fame spread, Dwight took it down a conservative path, and also attracted students from the Southern states (67).
Furthermore, under his Yale presidency Yale produced more pro-slavery clergy than any other college in the nation.
Historian Larry Tise did a study of prominent pro-slavery clergy, and where they were educated:
For students today, it may seem odd to suggest that the president could play a role shaping the ideology of Yale's graduates. In Dwight's day, however, there were few faculty other than the president. Most of the teaching was done by "tutors," often appointed for only a year or two immediately after themselves graduating from Yale.
Yale's President remained the undisputed senior scholar. President Dwight in fact held the "Livingston Professorship of Divinity," at the time Yale's only endowed professorship. Dwight played a significant educational role in the students' development:
One set of these disputations was recorded and published. Dwight also published poems and collections of sermons. Throughout Dwight's writings we find a generally cavalier attitude towards American slavery mixed with vicious attacks on European slavery.
When Dwight died in 1817, he had created a national institution. Dwight trained the leaders of a conservative Christian generation. Moses Stuart published a Scriptural defense of slavery in 1850. Nathaniel W. Taylor concluded student disputations at Yale with pro-slavery decisions throughout the 1840s and 1850s.
trained a generation of administrative Yale leadership. Early in his
tenure, Dwight expanded the size of the faculty by appointing three
key professors: Benjamin Silliman, professor
of chemistry and geology; James Luce Kingsley, professor of classical
languages; and Jeremiah Day,
professor of mathematics and future Yale president."These
three men, originally with Dwight, then largely alone, ran Yale for
the first half of the nineteenth century." (83) | <urn:uuid:95903610-faac-44a3-ab40-2fbce90f286c> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26",
"url": "http://yaleslavery.org/WhoYaleHonors/dwight1.html",
"date": "2017-06-26T17:24:57",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320841.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626170406-20170626190406-00489.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9683828353881836,
"token_count": 461,
"score": 3.203125,
"int_score": 3
} |
Lecture 2 : What is the Design Process?
Keep reading for FREE
A design process defines a designers journey to solve problems and to create an idea. Having a consistent process helps you accomplish great things!
There are no real definition of a design process. It is different for each company and different for each individual.
Strategy-is the intersection between solving their peple problem and achieving their business goal.
Scope- Determines the set of features that are necessary for a feasible solution here you are figuring out how much work.
Structure-Interaction Design and Information Architecture, Information Architecture
Skeleton- UI and Navigation design. Start designing the Navigation Design and picking a tab bar or hamburger menu.
Surface- Visual Design helps the interface be more accessible and easy to use and understand.
Step 1: Discover: Step 1 is to discover as much data as possible based off of an inital insight. We audit our own business and other businesses
Step 2:Define: When defining we select problems that create a large impact. from there we select the best problem to solve.
Step 3- Develop: We reserve any judgement and think big, wild and crazy. You will start designing and figuring out your solution
Step 4-Deliver: You will evaluate your work by putting it through critiques, running an AB test
reading habits, gather your
remember what you readand stay ahead of the crowd!
Save time with daily digests
No ads, all content is free
Save ideas & add your own
Get access to the mobile app
4.7 App Rating
Please Subscribe, It would genuinely make my day
Follow me for daily posts
MORE LIKE THIS
Had a conversation with a Food Brand last week with a clear challenge in customer service experience. They get complaints from customers every week. After so much probing I found out they have no customer experience design and customer journey map since their formation in 2014. Sharing this article was influenced by that conversation. | <urn:uuid:8fdceaa2-b652-4b0a-806f-ea25d10b3af7> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40",
"url": "https://deepstash.com/article/145979/lecture-2-what-is-the-design-process",
"date": "2022-10-06T05:29:32",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337723.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006025949-20221006055949-00202.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9084137678146362,
"token_count": 409,
"score": 3.015625,
"int_score": 3
} |
How Can We Define Persuasive Speech and Techniques? Persuasive speech can get defined as a unique kind or sort of communication or sermon. It comes with the capability and ability to engross and convince a significant portion of the individuals present as an audience. These types or categories of orations can coerce a participant or listener to pay close attention and understand the points getting delivered in their complete essence. In addition to that, a persuasive speech can influence and sway an individual to perform a mentioned activity or action.
A persuasive speech can control the thought process of an audience and convince them to comprehend and accept a presented viewpoint or topic. It can be the entire subject matter or merely a part of it. Its ultimate goal and purpose lie in making the attending individuals do as the delivered content dictates.
Different and distinct elements and parameters come together to make a speech persuasive and compelling. These factors work in a harmonious relationship and order to make the content and subject matter “powerful.”
Persuasive techniques are the methods and practices used to make the delivered content convincing and acceptable. They enhance and boost the success of a persuasive speech and help to sway the audience significantly.
What are the Three Elements of a Persuasive Speech that Target the Audience?
A persuasive speech utilizes and implements three modes and elements that increase the power of convincement of the content that gets delivered by the speaker. They serve as the three fundamental pillars of swaying an audience and speaking to them publicly. On top of that, they work to appeal to the attending individuals and listeners to convince them of something. For that reason, the three qualities are necessary to make the people accept a presented viewpoint.
These three elements of a persuasive speech that target the audience consist of the following:
The element of the ethos of a persuasive speech indicates and depicts the character and credibility of the speaker. It does so when the individual speaks on a public forum. It serves as the most crucial appeal in any lecture or oration. It involves the parameters of convincing the listeners and attending people that the speaker or the content deliverer comes from a good and respectable background and deserves to stand at the stage, presenting the subject matter.
Ethos is exceedingly essential because most people judge others’ qualifications and standards by their characters and achievements. They can get convinced by anything the speaker says only when they know that the latter is credible enough to trust the words. Various parameters such as audience willingness, speech environment, and body language also play a role here. They affect and determine the success of persuasive speech.
Ethos must get established from the beginning of a persuasive speech. Otherwise, the audience would not concentrate on and listen to the presented subject matters. It is necessary to let the listeners know that they would profit from understanding the content. It often helps when the speaker is a specialist in the field.
The pathos of a persuasive speech refers to the emotional appeal or bond that the speaker creates with the audience. It includes the factors and variables of sympathy, pity, and empathy. Pathos stirs the emotions and feelings of the listeners to connect with them and ultimately influence them.
Suppose a speaker delivering a persuasive speech has a low pathos. In that case, the audience is highly likely to find faults and flaws in the content and the arguments.
The element of logos targets the rational aspects, logical arguments, and reasoning of the audience. It depends and works on the intelligence of the attending individuals and listeners and offers evidence and proof to support the delivered content. On top of that, logos enhance the ethos of a persuasive speech by making the speaker look knowledgeable and highly educated.
How Do Persuasive Techniques Relate to Mental Health?
Persuasive techniques primarily utilize the pathos element of a persuasive speech to connect to the audience mentally. It helps the listeners and attending individuals understand and accept the delivered and presented content from an emotional standpoint.
In recent times, persuasive technologies (PTs) have come up. They use different and distinct types and versions of persuasive techniques. They utilize them to improve the mental health condition of an individual. They target the growing concerns and issues that may harm and impair the psychiatric stability and balance in various people. It may consist of depression, stress, anxiety, self-harm, etc.
Mental health problems have a multi-sided effect on the patient, their direct surroundings, and the entirety of society. An individual can face and suffer from a decreased quality and standard of life. It may originate due to the emotional outcomes that these issues bring. On top of that, they may undergo potential cases of poverty, lowered productivity, abuse vulnerabilities, and social problems. They may even face decreased income and financial earnings and rates.
On a bigger scale, an accumulation of individuals with mental health with no proper medical facilities can result in society’s decline. It may lead to a loss in GDP per year. Social cohesion degradation and corrosion is another rising issue. All these may, in turn, give rise to more cases of mental health issues. In the worst scenarios, loss of life via suicide is a possibility.
For that very reason, it is exceedingly essential to target and solve mental health issues and cases. Persuasive techniques and speech do this by connecting with the patients mentally. They make the individuals understand their situation and convince them of the better side of things that waits for them. The two treatment methods connect with the listeners, jerking their emotional, logical, and ethical aspects and viewpoints.
To summarize, persuasive techniques persuade a person or listener to get over their mental problems. They do so by solving the issue at its root cause, often by eradicating the low self-esteem and confidence that the patient has in themselves. | <urn:uuid:c9bf750f-f623-42ac-b320-f8cba7e561c1> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50",
"url": "https://www.medsnews.com/health/persuasive-techniques-and-mental-health-connection/",
"date": "2023-12-03T03:32:08",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00562.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9447966814041138,
"token_count": 1165,
"score": 3.1875,
"int_score": 3
} |
Some adults with autism and learning disabilities will need full-time support, perhaps in a residential facility. Others may be able to live mostly independently, but still, need occasional assistance. The developmental day program activities for adults with disabilities provide an opportunity for individuals to connect with others, improve their skills and have happier, healthier lives.
What are adult day programs?
Day programs for adults with autism and developmental disabilities are a way to provide additional educational support for people who are adults, no longer at school, but still want to develop their knowledge and skills. As the name suggests, they generally take place during the day, scheduled during normal working/school hours, and attendees can then go home in the evening and on weekends. They may be full-time or part-time.
Areas covered in these types of programs may include foundational academic skills such as literacy and numeracy, skills for independent living such as budget management, cooking and cleaning, social skills and workplace-related skills, including career planning. As a result of the advancement of technology, these programs often integrate digital skills as well as technology.
Personalized support for specific goals
The focus of a day program may vary depending on the goals of the individual student. They may want to develop the skills necessary to hold down a job, or to proceed to a higher level of education. Some will be more focused on being able to live independently and managing their household tasks. In other cases, the aim may be to master how to participate in the wider community. A day program allows each student to develop their plan, so they can achieve their specific goals.
Autism and learning disabilities can lead to individuals feeling isolated. This is especially true in the context that difficulties with communication and social interaction are common features of these conditions. A day program is an opportunity to interact with others in a similar position, as well as experienced staff who understand how to help. It means the individual is not alone and may be able to practise their communication and social skills further.
Many people with autism and developmental disabilities are capable of the same things as neurotypical people. They just need the confidence to pursue their dreams, alongside some practical support. Good teachers are essential for building confidence by encouraging learning. Mastering skills at a day program is a form of reinforcement and reassurance that they can be successful.
It is a lot easier to measure achievement if you have some way to monitor progress. In the structured environment of the day program, with its expert staff, students can set goals, then check if they are meeting them. Regular progress reports can identify strengths to reward and weaknesses where extra support or a change of approach may be helpful.
Day programs for adults with learning disabilities and/or autism are a valuable way to teach a range of different skills, which in turn can lead to happier and more confident students. The fact that adults are no longer in school does not mean that they are done learning, or that they cannot achieve new goals.
Call or Email us today to find out more about Brighton Launch | <urn:uuid:a8bb2ac7-3ff7-4131-9bf7-c00cb1bfc744> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14",
"url": "https://www.brightonlaunch.ca/the-significance-of-adult-day-programs-for-individuals-with-disabilities/",
"date": "2023-04-01T03:41:06",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949701.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401032604-20230401062604-00129.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9718663692474365,
"token_count": 614,
"score": 3.0625,
"int_score": 3
} |
For the protection of power station buildings against direct strokes the requirements are interception, conduction and dissipation.
Description : Surge absorbers are used for protection against
Answer : Surge absorbers are used for protection against low voltage high frequency oscillations
Answer : The inverse definite mean time relays are used for over current and earth fault protection of transformer against internal short-circuits.
Description : "Hydro electric power station are not perennial power station". Justify.
Answer : Justification: The water utilized by the hydro power plants comes mostly from storage dams/reservoirs which get filled up during the monsoon rainy season. Such reservoirs are utilized for supplying ... are important. Hence "Hydro electric power stations are not perennial power station"
Description : State the types of radioactive waste generated in a nuclear power station. Explain the methods employed for their disposal.
Answer : Types of radioactive waste: The waste produced in nuclear power plant is in the form of solid, liquid & gases, 1. Solid Waste Disposal:- Solid wastes removed from the reactor are very ... are measured. If it is safe then released to atmosphere at high level through large height chimney.
Description : State any four factors governing Selection of site for thermal power station.
Answer : Following Factors are to be considered:- 1. It should locate near coal mine. 2. Sufficient quantity of water should be available. 3. Sufficient large space should be available. 4. It should be located ... laws of the land and the town planning. 14. The interests of national defense must be served. | <urn:uuid:93394ad0-01ba-4e80-9e63-02c9eded3592> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-21",
"url": "https://askoranswerme.com/4969/",
"date": "2021-05-07T13:11:39",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988793.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20210507120655-20210507150655-00077.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9028013944625854,
"token_count": 322,
"score": 3.03125,
"int_score": 3
} |
Climate change might be a contentious issue with strong opinions on either side of the argument but some things are pretty well known with the fact that some areas of the United States will see a change in their land mass due to rising waters.
In a study done by the University of Arizona over 100 coastal cities are listed as those facing serious risk from rising sea levels. Miami and New Orleans alone could lose up to 10% of their coastal region by 2100.
The University of Arizona research points to global warming trends and effects in the United States that impact coastal areas inhabited by 50,000 or more people and not just those who live on or near the beach. The researchers point out that damage from sea-level rises also infiltrates through creeks, channels, adjacent low-lying areas, and inlets, which means that beach-bums are not the only ones who should be concerned.
“Our work should help people plan with more certainty and to make decisions about what level of sea-level rise, and by implication, what level of global warming, is acceptable to their communities and neighbors,” said co-author Jonathan T. Overpeck.
The researchers also found that global temperature averages will be 8 degrees warmer than they currently are by the year 2100.
“That amount of warming will likely lock us into at least 4 to 6 meters of sea-level rise in subsequent centuries, because parts of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets will slowly melt away like a block of ice on the sidewalk in the summertime,” said lead researcher, Jeremy L. Weiss. | <urn:uuid:4217c89f-d523-4d2c-ac3b-ff2810a5e6a0> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-34",
"url": "https://www.inquisitr.com/98430/10-land-mass-loss-in-the-future-for-miami-and-new-orleans/",
"date": "2018-08-19T21:41:10",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221215393.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20180819204348-20180819224348-00463.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9650980830192566,
"token_count": 322,
"score": 3.328125,
"int_score": 3
} |
This week are continuing to revisit multiplication. We have been counting in jumps of 2s and 10s from different numbers and explaining how we have worked things out and our mathematical thinking.
In English we are beginning to think about writing our own adventure stories based on The Magic Faraway Tree. We will be making maps of our own lands and using these to tell our stories. The children will need to write their story using conjunctions to extend sentences, use interesting openers, adjectives and story language.
In Phonics we are continuing to revise all the sounds the children have learnt so far.
In Geography we will be starting to investigate Southsea. We will be looking at maps of Southsea and finding the different features we will see there. We will be comparing this with Old Basing.
Spelling focus words this week are words using the ph and wh graphemes. Any support you can give with these things, alongside the usual reading would be much appreciated.
If there are any further questions please do not hesitate t ask.
This half term the children have chosen to find out about Kings and Queens alongside the Geography and History work that we will be doing about the seaside and holidays in the past.
This week we are starting to learn about Division and revising the work we have done on Multiplication. We are doing a lot of counting forwards and backwards from different starting points in jumps of 1, 2, 5 and 10. We have been looking at how to use different coins to make different amounts and have been working hard to continue to write numbers correctly; both in numerals and in words.
In English this week we have been learning about Poetry. We have used the story 'Hairy Maclary from Donaldson's Dairy' as a focus for reading; working specifically on reciting memorable parts and being able to identify patterns and rhyme.
We have used 'Commotion in the Ocean' as a driver for writing our own poetry, focussing on using adjectives and similes to add detail to description.
In phonics we are revising all sounds. It is so important to make sure that the children are using letter sounds and not letter names, except when there is a specific rule or when the word contains a split vowel digraph.
Handwriting continues to be a focus. The children have made fantastic progress this year, however they all tend to slip into old habits when they are not reminded to form their letters cursively! It is so important that they form the letters correctly in order to be able to join accurately. Accurate joining is vital for establishing and maintaining a comfortable handwriting style that muscles can maintain as the length of what is being written increases.
In Science we have tested different types of materials to establish which are best fit for the purpose of building a bridge to hold weight.
Work done in history and geography this week is focussed around the topics of Kings and Queens and the seaside.
This week the focus spelling words are any words that end in es, ed and ing where the root word does not change. E.g. jumped, rushes, playing. Any support you can give your child on these things, alongside the usual reading would be much appreciated.
If there are any further questions please do not hesitate to ask.
This week in spelling we are learning about compound words.
Compound words are two words joined together. Each part is spelt in the same way as each word would be if it were on its own.
Can you help your child to learn to spell these compound words and any others that you may be able to think of?
Football, bedroom, playground, farmyard, blackberry
Keep your eyes peeled for an email about a science activity we would like your help in completing.
We finally finished assessing the children's spellings this week! One of the areas that many of them still need to work on is spelling accurately numbers in words. As a result we will be revisiting the numbers eighteen, nineteen and twenty this week.
In maths this week we are returning to addition. Extending their learning to know how to add two two digit numbers together. It is important that the children are able to count in 10's from any given starting point e.g 2, 12, 22, 32 etc so helping your child with counting like this would be much appreciated!
In English we are continuing to learn about Traditional Tales and developing this by getting the children to write alternative endings, re-tell their own versions of these stores and read their writing out loud.
Our campaign work will continue and we will be discussing ways to get our message across; we have already had some lovely posters created by a few children in their spare time; we will be asking the council if we are allowed to use them around the village.
Please keep supporting your children with their reading at home,
Please help your child to spell the words for this week. These are the words sixteen, seventeen and eighteen. We will also be looking at adding the suffix 'ed' to words in order to change the word to the past tense eg jump to jumped.
Our focus in Guided Reading is discussing and retelling fairy stories and Traditional tales. We will be looking at the different type of language discussed in these stories and encouraging the children to re-tell some of their own.
This year the children have decided to campaign to change something that will directly impact upon the local community. Y1 decided that they would like to do something about making sure people clean up after their dogs in the village. Please could you discuss how we might be able to do this with your child; any suggestions would be welcome!
In maths we are revisiting and extending the work the children have already done on subtraction and addition calculation methods.
Thursday 8th is our opportunity to celebrate World Book Day. The children can come to school in their book day costumes. Please make sure that they are suitable for the playground; no high heeled shoes please!
On another note we are busy preparing for Sports Morning which is on Thursday 22nd March. Please can all children have their PE kit in school; to include outdoor clothes and shoes.
Family Day February 28th 2018
If you have signed up for a slot to come to school and work with your child, there will be a range of activities going on.
9-10:25am Rights Respect Focus on the children's right to be safe. We will be exploring aspects of Road and Sun Safety.
10:50 - 11:10 Phonics
11:10-12:00 - Writing focus based on the RRE activity
1:30-3:15 - RE - Festival of Holi
Thursday is World Book Day. The children are allowed to come to school dressed up as a book character of their choice. Please make are that the children still have enough warm layers to pop on and a coat that they can do up when they are outside.
Welcome back after half term! It was lovely to hear about all the exciting things that the children have been doing over half term. We are continuing our topic on Jungles over the next week; continuing and finishing geography and art units.
We will be looking specifically at using exclamatory sentences within letter writing; encouraging the children to use an exclamation mark properly in the right context.
In reading we are focussing on prediction and inference and in handwriting we will be joining the letters ow and igh.
We are beginning a unit of work on measurement and using standard units of cm and ml to measure length and capacity.
We are in the process of assessing spelling and the results of these will be sent home to you shortly.
We can hardly believe that we have reached half term so quickly and that your children are now half way through their time in Y1!
During the half term holiday it would be helpful if you could remember to practise the Y1 spelling words as we will be assessing the children on their spellings over the next few weeks.
We will be continuing with our topic on Jungles when we come back after the half term holiday and relating this more specifically to developing the children's knowledge of the continents of the world.
There are plenty of Bug Club books for your child to be reading over the break as well as their book band book and library book.
As you know the phonics screening check for Year 1 will take place in June so any practise you can be doing with your child on their sounds would be fantastic. Please refer to the sound mats sent home last term if you need any prompts.
This week the focus spelling words are a continuation of the months of the year and recapping the days of the week. The focus for the SPaG work this week is proper nouns and starting the names of a person a place or a thing with a capital letter.
At home can you practice spelling these words alongside the names of any family members.
In maths we are starting to learn about fractions, specifically halves and quarters. We will be halving shapes and amounts.
In reading will be developing the children's understanding of the difference between fiction and non fiction.
The focus spelling words for this week are the days of the week. Please make sure that the children are using a capital letter at the beginning of each day. The children have learnt that names are proper nouns and should start with a capital letter.
In SPaG we have learnt about the letter k and how this is sometimes used instead of 'ck' or 'c'.
In handwriting our focus has been joining sh, th and ch.
In maths please continue to help your child to count in multiples of 2, 5 and 10 to reinforce our work on multiplication.
We have discussed the significance of book titles this week. When reading with your child over the next few days perhaps spend five minutes discussing the titles of the books you have at home and how the title helps to give us a clue what the book may be about. Can you make up different stories from the same book title? What predictions could you make about a book from the title? Why is it important to give something a title?
We will be recapping all the Common Exception Words that we have taught this term alongside furious rehearsals for our Christmas play.
Please keep reading at home regularly and remember that if you need a reminder of your Bug Cub password then please come and ask.
If your child has a line to learn for the Christmas play please help them by practising at home and encouraging them to speak in a loud voice.
The focus spelling words for this week are:
Please make sure that your child spells each day of the week beginning with a capital letter.
In handwriting we are learning the letters f (curly caterpillar) k (one armed robot) and u (long ladder)
We count every day at school in maths and at the moment were are counting in 2's and 10's; forwards and backwards. We are also working on finding one more and one less than any given number.
The focus spelling words for this week are:
In handwriting we will be practising:
d (curly caterpillar), b (one armed robot) and y (long ladder)
We will also be learning about words that contain the ph and wh digraphs.
spellings ph and wh (ph is usually only used in longer words and the letter f is used in short ones)
Can you learn to spell these words and any others that you may be able to think of?
ph - dolphin, alphabet, phonics, elephant
wh - when, where, which, wheel, while
The focus spelling words for this week are:
We will be learning the cursive letter shapes s (curly caterpillar), r (one armed robot) j (long ladder). If you need a reminder of how to form these then please see the handwriting sheet that cam home last week.
We will be learning the following spelling rules:
Words that sound like they end in s or z are spelt with an s. Words such as cats, dogs, spends, thanks. Can you think of any others and learn to spell them too?
If this end s sound sounds like an extra syllable then it is spelt as es. Words such as catches, fetches, matches. Can you think of any others and learn to spell them too?
In maths we are continuing to learn addition and subtraction number facts.
Focus Spelling Words
We have also been learning that...
English words hardly ever end with the letter ‘v’, so if a word ends with a ‘v’ sound, the letter ‘e’ usually needs to be added after the ‘v’. Words such as have, give, live. Can you think of any others and learn to spell them too?
We will be focussing on these words this week:
Please help to reinforce these words by practising them at home.
Also this week in English...
We have been learning about words that end in double letters. This usually comes straight after a single vowel letter in short words. Words such as off, well, miss, buzz, back. Can you think of any others and learn to spell them too?
There are exceptions to this rule such as pal, us, bus, yes.
In Maths were have been learning about subtraction, using resources such as counters and numberlines.
During the next few weeks we will also be learning about O'clock and sequencing simple times of the day, learning to recognise different coins and notes, learning the order of the days of the week and the months of the year, learning about 1/2 as a fraction of a shape or an amount, and language such as faster, slower, before, after, next.
Science is focussed around the classification of different animals.
Alongside this we will be continuing with other learning with the Titanic as our topic focus. | <urn:uuid:aac642ef-ea38-4ae2-9535-1fd65d01fcf8> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30",
"url": "http://www.oldbasinginfants.co.uk/year-1-2/",
"date": "2018-07-23T08:04:45",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676595531.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20180723071245-20180723091245-00100.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.960286557674408,
"token_count": 2873,
"score": 3.796875,
"int_score": 4
} |
Deutan color vision deficiencies are by far the most common forms of color blindness. This subtype of red-green color blindness is found in about 6% of the male population, mostly in its mild form deuteranomaly. Normal and Deuteranopia Color Spectru Deuteranomaly is the most common type of red-green color blindness. It makes green look more red. This type is mild and doesn't usually get in the way of normal activities. Protanomaly makes red look more green and less bright
Here's the description of moderate deutan color blindness: Deutans are people with deuteranomaly, a type of red-green color blindness in which the green cone doesn't detect enough green but is too sensitive to yellows, oranges, and reds. As a result, greens, yellows, oranges, reds, and browns may appear similar, especially in low light Color blindness (color vision deficiency) is the decreased ability to see color or differences in color. It can impair tasks such as selecting ripe fruit, choosing clothing, and reading traffic lights. Color blindness may make some educational activities more difficult. However, problems are generally minor, and most color-blind people adapt
Hey, just doing a random Color blind test on Enchroma Color blind websit A. Color blindness affects the way the cones in your retina perceive wavelengths of light. In turn, your ability to differentiate between certain colors is impaired. Color blindness correction glasses have tinted lenses that can remove certain wavelengths of light, so you can distinguish between colors more easily You have Mild Deutan color blindness, also known as deuteranomaly, a type of red-green color blindness in which the green cones in the eye detect too much red light and not enough green light
Here I am doing a test of color blindness of enchromaThe purpose of this is to let people that I know trust me and don't force me to do the enchroma test ove.. Color blindness has several causes: Inherited disorder. Inherited color deficiencies are much more common in males than in females. The most common color deficiency is red-green, with blue-yellow deficiency being much less common. It is rare to have no color vision at all. You can inherit a mild, moderate or severe degree of the disorder
Moderate deutans ('doo-tans') have a moderate form of red-green color blindness caused by an anomaly in the M-cone photopigment gene sequence, the website says. I am informed that as a moderate.. . The visual field defect is typically centrocecal, central, or paracentral; it is often large in those with severe disease. The color vision defect is often described as acquired blue-yellow loss.
There is no treatment or cure for color blindness. It is inherent. All colorblind people are not really color blind but color-deficient; the term color blindness is misleading. Ishihara plates are the best-known color blindness tests, but they are not the most accurate ones. About 8% of all men and 0.5% of all women are suffering from Continue reading Colour blindness(CB Our Cx1 Indoor DT is ideally designed to work best for people with Deutan color blindness. That said, we have found that some people with mild and moderate protan color blindness also may prefer this lens option Here's the description of moderate deutan color blindness: Deutans are people with deuteranomaly, a type of red-green color blindness in which the green cone doesn't detect enough green but is too sensitive to yellows, oranges, and reds. This means the well known term red-green color blindness is actually misleading and gives a wrong.
Protan colour blindness and Duetan colour blindness are technical terms for the type of colour vision deficits there are - these are shortened from Protanopia and Deuteranopia or deuteranomaly. There are numerous mild protan glass and mild duetan glass to enable people with varying degrees of colour deficit to see colours like everyone else I retook an online test and it said I am Moderate. You can take the test too. Type: DEUTAN (pronounced dÅÅ'tÄn) Severity: Moderate - You have Moderate Deutan color blindness, a type of red-green color blindness. Good news! People with your type of color blindness usually respond very positively to EnChroma color blind glasses
Animal studies are ongoing, Human trials hopefully next. A one-shot treatment for color blindness may begin human trials as soon as 2017, if current testing goes well. Jay Neitz, Ph.D. and Maureen Neitz, Ph.D., who are both professors of ophthalmology at the University of Washington, have already had success treating color blindness in monkeys using gene therapy The EnChroma online test diagnosed him as a moderate deutan. People like me may have trouble distinguishing between green and brown, red and brown, and yellow and orange, he wrote 7. Color blindness is divided into 4 categories: slight, moderate, strong, and absolute. Those with absolute color-blindness make up only 1% of all color-blind people, as having no color cones in their eyes is very rare and results in shades of white, grey, and black. 8 . Recommended for those with mild, moderate and strong colour blindness. Lens D (Protan colour blindness): Designed specifically for those who suffer from protan colour blindness. Lens E (Deutan & Tritan colour blindness) PILESTONE COLORBLIND CORRECTIVE GLASSES SOLD BY PILESTONE CANADA (TYPE A) TP-017 Sport Edition Color Blind Glasses for mild moderate Deutan Protan Red/Green Color Blindness 3.8 out of 5 stars 9 $185.00 $ 185 . 00 $195.00 $195.0
He likes them, and, taking a color-blindness test, they dropped him from extreme deutan without glasses to mild deutan with them (he was medium deutan when he wore my polarized sunglasses by accident) On the color vision test, I got either deutan (green looks dim) or normal color vision. The Pilestone TP-012 Color Blind Corrective Glasses for Red-Green Blindness had a milder effect: green was a bit dimmer and red a bit brighter, and my test result was moderate deutan. 13 people found this helpfu The EnChroma colors Blind Test is specifically made to ascertain your sort of red-green color blindness (deutan or protan) and degree: moderate deutan or protan, moderate deutan or protan online payday loans Alaska direct lenders, or strong deutan or protan. Nevertheless you can find limitations from what could be tested by having a self.
Our EnChroma Color Blind Test is specifically designed to determine your type of red-green color blindness (deutan or protan) and level, whether mild deutan or protan, moderate deutan or protan, or strong deutan or protan. The color vision test is not a substitute for a complete eye exam CVD is classified by type (protan, deutan or tritan) as well as the extent which can be mild, moderate or strong. This test is not a medical diagnosis and has not been evaluated by the FDA. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Results may vary depending on the colour accuracy of your display USNA issues a tiny number of waivers for color blindness, and those midshipmen have limited career paths - no pilot, etc. (I was disqualified in 2013-2017 when the USAF standard was 75/100). So, if you are a MILD deutan (rather than moderate or severe), then you should be qualified so long as you clear DoDMERB. If you are truly a mild.
The North American manufacturer advertises an improvement in color vision for certain types of color blindness, protan and deutan, by extending the range of colors users perceive without affecting. Moderate Deutan Color Blindness Icd 9 Senile Cataract Ieee Pineinfo Eyes. Do not attend day-care, school, or go to work until bacterial conjunctivitis has been. He gauged me in the eyes as hard as he could. My cornea had split, fluid had poured between the cornea's layers, my eye would be a white globe (for the pupil was now missing in action. This test checks for the most common types of color blindness in less than 2 minutes. At the end of the test, we'll let you know which EnChroma glasses are recommended for your color vision. I got MODERATE DEUTAN. I passed the ATCOV test back in April. Click to expand... Sweet thanks! Mine came out to be Strong Protan Buy EnChroma Color Blind Glasses - Atlas Gunmetal Aviator- Cx3 Sun For Deutan and Protan Color Blindness Atlas Gunmetal Aviator- Cx3 Sun For Deutan and Protan Color Blindness 4.1 out of 5 stars 23 ratings. I tested moderate Protan before, and mild Protan with the glasses. There are still patterns where I see nothing Red-green color blindness is the most well-known and common form of this condition, impacting the ability to distinguish between red, yellow, and green in various shades. This is usually a genetic condition on an X chromosome, so it impacts more men than women. Among people with Northern European ancestry, about 1 in 12 men has some type of red.
People with an inherited tritan color vision have an abnormal or functionally absent blue cone photopigment. Color is perceived because objects selectively absorb certain wavelengths of light while transmitting the other wavelength; and, the object will take on the color of the wavelength of light it transmits.. The perception of color is defined by three variables Most people with colour vision deficiency have difficulty distinguishing between shades of red, yellow and green. This is known as red-green colour vision deficiency. It's a common problem that affects around 1 in 12 men and 1 in 200 women. Someone with this type of colour vision deficiency may
specifically moderate or severe, performed poorer than those with normal color vision for certain medical procedures. In a online pseudo-isochromatic color vision test that defines all three CVDs, protan, deutan, and tritan, as well as their severities. Color-blind testing may be utilized as part of an organization's initial or ongoing. A mild color deficiency is present when one or more of the three cones light sensitive pigments are not quite right and their peak sensitivity is shifted (anomalous trichromasy - includes protanomaly and deuteranomaly) The tree types of cones translate into tree main types of colorblindness: Deuteran (green), Protan (red) and Tritan (blue). In each of these cases, the affected cones can either be mutated or defective. A mutated cone causes a slight shift and a defective cone causes bigger shift in the color perception Deutan color blindness (also known as deuteranomaly) is a type of red-green color blindness in which the green cones in the eye detect too much red light and not enough green. As a result, red, yellow, green, and brown can appear similar, especially in low light Deutans are people with Deuteranomaly, a type of red-green color blindness in which. Color Blindness Treatment for the Military (Army, Navy, Cost Guard, Air Force, Marines) There are always a few good men who are being turned away from the military due to a color vision deficiency. Despite record-high test scores and surpassing all other physical test requirements, some men and women are barred from pursuing their dreams.
Losses could be found at all three color confusion axes, in which case the defect is considered a diffuse color vision defect. Conversely, the losses could be selectively located at either the red-green dimension, i.e., in the protan and deutan axes, or at the blue dimension, in the tritan axis. TABLE 3 Table 3 My opinion - color blindness corrective lenses may enable you to detect shades you normally wouldn't, but they would adjust the colors you are viewing too much to be of practical use. I most certainly think you can still achieve success in the graphic design industry even if you do have moderate color blindness A true Red/Green colorblind person (a full Deutan) would not be able to pass PIP or FALANT. However, the majority of color vision 'deficients' are deuteranomalous trichromats - they have varying level of anomaly in their green cone (red shift) Being color blind, i know that some are harder than others for me to see, but cannot really tell you how people with normal color vision see them:). What you hinted at is correct, these plates are as accurate as possible, but there is every risk that they aren't exactly the same as a physical copy of the test plates
MODERATE DEUTAN WHAT IS DEUTAN COLOR BLINDNESS? Deutan color blindness (also known as deuteranomaly) is a type of red-green color blindness in which the green cones in the eye detect too much red light and not enough green light Description A genetic blue-yellow color vision deficiency that results from inherited blue cone pigment abnormalities Those that are non-color blind see about 1 million to 7 million different color hues. Those with color blindness see only about 10,000 to 100,000 different hues. A vastly diminished color spectrum 1.Deuteranomaly/Deuteranopia or otherwise more commonly known as 'red-green' colour blindness. This type of colour blindness is the most common and can affect a broad spectrum of colours including reds, greens, browns, oranges, blues, purples, pinks and yellows Barbur JL, Rodriguez-Carmona M, Harlow JA, Mancuso K, Neitz J, Neitz M. A study of unusual Rayleigh matches in deutan deficiency. Vis Neurosci. 2008 May-Jun;25(3):507-16. Squire TJ, Rodriguez-Carmona M, Evans Adb, Barbur Jl. Color Vision Tests For Aviation: Comparison Of The Anomaloscope And Three Lantern Types.
The most common type of color blindness, classified as trichromacy, stems from a single type of cone malfunctioning, causing the electrical signals to leave the retina distorted or overlapping. This bad info entering the brain leads to slightly imbalanced impressions of the aforementioned electromagnetic waves color blindness. Other current claims (July 2018) are: EnChroma does not endorse the use of the glasses to pass occupational screening tests such as the Ishihara test, Results vary depending on the type and extent of color vision deficiency per individual, EnChroma glasses are usually effective for red-green color blindness.
Deutan color blindness (also known as deuteranomaly) is a type of red-green color blindness in which the green cones in the eye detect too much red light and not enough green light.. As a result, red, yellow, green, and brown can appear similar, especially in low light This lens is specifically designed to meet the needs of strong protans who have a more severe form of red-green color blindness. IF ANY OTHER TYPE OF COLOR BLINDNESS RESULT: If your test result was mild deutan, moderate deutan, strong deutan, or mild protan, we recommend our outdoor Cx3 Sun lens, our most popular lens
Pronunciation of Deutan with 2 audio pronunciations, 2 meanings, 2 translations and more for Deutan. Moderate. Difficult. Very difficult. Thanks for your vote! a type of color blindness 0 rating rating ratings . Kurt Tromp. A color blind simulator. Moderate deutan (the most common form of daltonism). The red poppies do not stand out that much but their red color is still clearly distinguishable from the green grass. Severe deutan. The red poppies meld completely with the green grass - Red-green color blindness is the common name for the two most common types called Deutan and Protan. This name comes from the fact that red and green are the two colors that are hardest to distinguish by people with colorblindness who have either of these conditions I have always known that I am partially red-green color blind. The EnChroma test result calls it Moderate Deutan, which seems to mean the same thing, but the term would be meaningless to most people. I see blue and yellow perfectly well and even went to a university with those school colors, but that was not the reason Swanson WH, Cohen JM; Color vision. Ophthalmol Clin North Am. 2003 Jun16(2):179-203. Ophthalmol Clin North Am. 2003 Jun16(2):179-203. Simunovic MP ; Colour vision deficiency Took the test and yep I'm still color blind. Moderate deutan which is red-green color blindness. I'm gonna look into these further. Reactions: Headless hula. Nov 15, 2017 #16 Headless hula Well-Known Member. Joined May 24, 2016 Messages 10,477 Reaction score 20,667. here's my results. Shocker. Lol . Reactions: redone76 | <urn:uuid:c108386e-234a-4fc5-9b01-50de08e8315b> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-05",
"url": "https://n-brautnahat.com/colour-blindness-tests/ishihara-colour-test-plates/d8q24947-2pq6",
"date": "2022-01-25T10:18:43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304810.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220125100035-20220125130035-00602.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9234064221382141,
"token_count": 3597,
"score": 3.375,
"int_score": 3
} |
Mexico City, Mexico
Mexico City is located in the central highlands of Mexico at an altitude of over 2000 m. The city is the most important economic and cultural center in the country. The urban agglomeration with more than 15 million people is one of the largest on earth. The unbridled growth of the city has led to problems that cannot be solved, including the emergence of slums and air pollution that is difficult to bear.
Mexico City was built on the ruins of Tenochtitlán, the capital of the Aztecs, and has many historical and modern monuments. Its historical center has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
According to Countryaah, Mexico City (Ciudad de México or Mexico City), the capital of Mexico, is located at an altitude of about 2200 m in a wide, from z. Basins in the central highlands of Mexico are framed by mountains, some of which are more than 5000 m high (picture 1) Due to the altitude, the city has moderate temperatures without large annual fluctuations, clear air and high solar radiation.
As the capital, Mexico City is also the country’s outstanding economic and cultural center. Within the walls of the city are the national university founded in 1551 and eight other universities, six scientific academies, the national library, the national museum and other important museums. It is also the heart of Mexican industry.
With almost 10 million residents, Mexico City is by far the largest city in the United Mexican States. Officially, almost 20 million people live in the urban agglomeration that forms the city with its satellite towns. This makes it one of the largest metropolitan areas on earth.
The high population growth of Mexico City has continued for decades. This increase, which is exceptional even for developing countries, is due on the one hand to the large birth surplus. The main cause of this is mainly young, job-seeking immigrants between the ages of 15 and 35, who come from all over the country. On the other hand, the immigration of destitute families from the countryside has continued for decades. The rural exodus is the result of unequal ownership, unfavorable living conditions and the increasing impoverishment of the Mexican rural population.
The unbridled growth of the city has created huge agglomeration problems that have not yet been overcome:
- The housing shortage in the city has to the emergence of ever-increasing large-scale slums (slums out), especially in the peripheral areas of the city. Some of them are created illegally on the already few ecologically valuable areas.
- Almost 50% of Mexican industrial production comes from around 30,000 factories in the city. However, immigration increases unemployment and underemployment, which leads to the impoverishment of many families.
- The air pollution has grown through the urban industry and car traffic unbearable. As the oxygen content of the air is lower due to the altitude and the formation of ozone is increased, the city is one of the world’s most polluted areas.
- The metropolis’s water needs can now only be met by pipelines. In the slums there are not even water connections, so the hygienic conditions are unworthy. The city is not only completely overwhelmed when it comes to the water supply. The rest of the infrastructure (traffic routes, power supply and sewage disposal, hospitals and educational institutions) is hopelessly overloaded.
The country’s government has launched a program against air pollution and decided to outsource administration and operations after the devastating earthquake of 1985 – but the real relief for the city can only be achieved by long-term elimination of its causes, the end of immigration through the Improving living conditions in the countryside.
Mexico City was built on the ruins of the Aztec capital Tenochtitlán. The historical center, shaped by the coexistence of different cultures, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The Constitution Square, known as the Zócalo, in the immediate center lies on a drained lake. This lake was home to their famous floating gardens in Aztec times. Splendid temples and palaces stood on its banks. Some of the materials used to build the historical buildings around the square come from: the cathedral, which was built until 1667, and the magnificent town hall from the 18th century.
The National Palace from 1523, which was rebuilt several times, stands on the foundations of the palace of MOCTEZUMA II, a king of the Aztecs. In addition to the sacred buildings from many different eras, Mexico City is also rich in buildings of modern architecture, such as the university library with its richly decorated mosaic facade or the Olympic Stadium, where the 1968 Summer Games took place. | <urn:uuid:6b3612d9-bdac-469b-b735-2284d0aafc1a> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10",
"url": "https://www.thesciencetutor.org/mexico-city-mexico.html",
"date": "2024-02-21T05:04:09",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473370.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221034447-20240221064447-00369.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9639361500740051,
"token_count": 977,
"score": 3.171875,
"int_score": 3
} |
The numbers vary but by age two a spoken vocabulary of at least 50 words is the average. Some children say upwards of 150 which is great, while others with a vocabulary of 25 words or less is considered a “late talker”.
Aside from the numbers, other things to consider include:
The clarity of speech
Are your child’s words clear or lacking mis-articulations, omissions, or substitutions. How clear is his/her speech to peers, or non-family members.
Does your child exhibit good eye contact when speaking? Is eye contact sporadic, or non-existent?
Comfort level when speaking
How comfortable is your child when speaking? Do they avoid speech tasks, or prefer other means of communication e.g. will just go get an item vs. asking for it. Do they look away and remain quiet when asked to name an object or respond to a simple question. Do they appear frustrated?
How well does your child respond to spoken directions. If you ask “please get me your shoes?”, “Do you want milk or juice?” Do they act appropriately.
How speech and language gains trend over a period weeks and months. Are their more sounds, words, phrases being produced? Do gains appear few and far between, or do things appear to be just staying the same.
If anything pointed out here raises a concern, discussing the matter with your pediatrician, early intervention center, local speech therapist, or school district may prove to be a good idea.
Kids differ widely in the way they acquire speech and language. The good news is there are many avenues available which can help and often a little push may be all that’s needed. Two is the age when the foundation for speech and language is built. It’s a time about becoming the person your meant to be. | <urn:uuid:e89411f5-277b-4b18-ad81-bf2949e7e4ca> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-34",
"url": "http://speechtherapy.org/speech-at-two/",
"date": "2020-08-08T09:19:59",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737319.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200808080642-20200808110642-00573.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9450719356536865,
"token_count": 386,
"score": 3.375,
"int_score": 3
} |
2 January 2019
Abuse of Vulnerable People – by Interchange Australia Consultant, Wendy Hughes
In the Community Services sector, most people are well aware of the term “vulnerable people” or “adults at risk”. These are people who are unable to take care of themselves or unable to protect themselves from significant harm and exploitation due mainly to physical frailty, disability, cognitive impairment, illness or mental health issues. These are the people most likely to be abused.
Abuse is defined as a violation of an individual’s human rights by another person or persons. The Gale Encyclopaedia of Medicine defines abuse as “any action that intentionally harms or injures another person. In short, someone who purposefully harms another in any way is committing abuse.”
Abuse may take place anywhere: in a person’s home, at supported accommodation, in a day centre, in hospital or a clinic, or in a residential care facility. Abuse comes in different forms and may be multiple. NSW Interagency Policy 2014 notes the following:
- Psychological or emotional abuse covers mental stress deriving from action and/or threats, such as: isolation, fear, deprivation, shame and powerlessness.
- Financial abuse covers the illegal or improper use of property or finances.
- Undue influence occurs where the person feels vulnerable or dependent upon another person who threatens to withdraw essential support or harm them (or another person) if they do not comply.
- Neglect or acts of omission occur when the carer or person responsible fails to provide (or allow another person to provide) the necessities of life such as adequate food, shelter, clothing or health needs.
- Physical abuse involves the infliction of physical pain or injury, or physical coercion.
- Restraints and restricted practices include restraining or isolating a person other than for medical necessity.
- Sexual abuse involves a range of sexual acts where the person’s consent has not been obtained or where their consent has been obtained through coercion.
No single factor causes abuse. An abusive situation exists because a person(s) wants to control the other person. While this might be an explanation of abuse, it’s certainly no excuse. One person has no right to exercise control over another through abusive means. Victims of abuse need to know that the abuse is wrong and is never their fault. Every person has the right to live an abuse-free life.
The government recently established a Royal Commission for Elderly Abuse that will focus on the quality of care provided in residential and home aged care to senior Australians, but will also include young Australians with disabilities living in residential aged care settings. It will also investigate home support packages and services such as social support and meal delivery.
If you are a victim of abuse or would like to report abuse, please contact the National Disability Abuse & Neglect Hotline on 1800 880 052 or the Elder Abuse Hotline on 1800 628 221.
If you would like more information on this topic or are curious about the services Interchange Australia offers, contact one of our friendly and experienced consultants on 1300 112 334. | <urn:uuid:b00ba1c1-2c27-4806-bc9a-23af566352ff> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13",
"url": "http://www.interchangeau.org/abuse-vulnerable-people/",
"date": "2019-03-21T18:45:37",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202530.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20190321172751-20190321194751-00083.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9419134259223938,
"token_count": 642,
"score": 3.015625,
"int_score": 3
} |
How strong is the evidence for these air quality-weight gain studies and should you be worried?
In a laboratory study conducted at Ohio State University, laboratory mice offered some of the first notions that air pollution may cause more problems than just respiratory illnesses and the like. The breeder of the mice, Qinghua Sun, was interested in examining why those that lived in more urban areas were at a greater risk for heart disease, when compared to those that lived in more rural areas. He took into account that there are more, readily available, unhealthy food establishments located in urban areas, which could contribute to the reason for this issue; however, he wondered if there was something else, perhaps in the air that we breathe, that could be exacerbating this problem.
To test his theory, he began to raise his mice in different types of conditions, which were based off of a plethora of cities. For example, some mice were given clean, filtered air, which represented the air quality in more rural areas; while other mice were given dirtier, unfiltered fumes, which represented the air quality in more populated, urban areas. During this study, all of the other factors were kept the same and the only independent variable was the quality of the air, therefore controlling for any confounding variables that could also account for weight gain. Throughout the process of administering the different air qualities, Sun’s team tracked the mice weight gain and examined how their metabolism functioning was effected.
After a period of 10 weeks, researchers could already see very apparent effects in the mice that were exposed to the dirtier air. The mice exposed to the air pollution, when compared to mice exposed to clean air, showed a higher percentage of body fat, both around their stomach and their internal organs. It was also shown that the fat cells in mice inhaling pollutants appeared to be 20% larger than those in mice that were exposed to the clean air. Additionally, these mice seemed to have become less sensitive to insulin, which is a crucial hormone responsible for turning our blood sugar into energy.
This study, along with other subsequent animal studies, show that pollution has the ability to trigger an avalanche of reactions within our body. Pollution that is present in our cities is made up of tiny particles, about 2.5 micrometers wide. When we breathe in, these particles irritate the minuscule, moist air-sacs that normally allow oxygen to pass through our blood stream. As a result, the lungs’ lining gets irritated and causes our nervous system to shift into overdrive. This includes the release of hormones that reduce insulin’s potency and draws blood away from the insulin-sensitive muscle tissue, preventing the body from maintaining control of its blood sugar levels.
The minuscule particles may also unleash inflammatory molecules called “cytokines”, which can wash through the blood and cause immune cells to attack healthy tissue within our bodies. This interferes with the tissue’s ability to react to insulin; the additional inflammation can also affect the part of the brain that controls and regulates our hunger cues, according to Michael Jerrett at the University of California. All of the above not only knocks our normal bodily functions out of whack, but it can also lead to more serious metabolic disorders, such as obesity and diabetes.
Moving past animal studies, when we look at humans in various cities across the world, we can see these findings manifest themselves within our population. For example, there was a study that was conducted in Ontario, Canada over a 14-year period. Researchers looked at the medical records of over 60,000 people and found that the chance of getting diabetes rose 11% for every 10 micro grams of fine particles in a cubic meter of air. This statistic is quite concerning, especially because some cities in Asia can reach up to 500 micro grams per cubic meter of air. In another study, a Swiss population of 4,000 people was examined and they showed similar signs of increased hypertension, insulin resistance, and waist circumference.
Scientists are also very concerned that children may be affected as a result of mothers breathing in harmful pollutants, which could lead to child obesity. There was a study, conducted by Andrew Rundle at Columbia University, where he studied mothers and children who grew up in the Bronx. During the pregnancy period, he had these women wear backpacks that monitored the air quality as they went about their day. When the children were born he had researchers monitor their air quality as well. Controlling for other confounding factors (such as socioeconomic status or diet), the children born in polluted areas were 2.3 times more likely to be obese when compared to children raised in cleaner environments.
Although these findings seem disconcerting, you shouldn’t over analyze them. According to Abby Fleisch at Harvard Medical School, “They only draw a link between exposure and outcome, but can’t prove that one factor causes another.” However, her studies agree with the previous statistics and studies- even in the first 6 months of life, babies that live in polluted areas are shown to put on weight more rapidly than those in cleaner environments. She explains that this doesn’t mean the air quality is the end all answer to this phenomenon, but it definitely plays a role to some extent.
So if this link is proven, how can we protect our families and ourselves from something that literally encompasses everything around us?
Researchers say that long term solutions can include things such as implementing the use of electric cars and solar powered devices. Streets could also be redesigned to help protect pedestrians and cyclists from inhaling pollutants. In the short-term, air-purifiers and higher quality filters can be placed in homes, schools, and the workplace to filter out toxins that may be hovering indoors.
It is crucial that we take control of our pollution issue that is slowly growing at a steady rate. Although some cities in the world, such as Paris and London, seem to have pollution under control, things may not be as perfect as they seem. Pollution, especially air pollution, is often overlooked because it is something that harms us after long-term exposure. Because it’s not something that harms us right away, it’s not seen as a high priority concern. It’s unfortunate that many people don’t take this issue seriously because these long term effects are so detrimental to our society.
Within the past few years, we have seen that Europe and North American have shown some effort to lower their pollution; however, it is imperative that the rest of the world attempt to do so as well. Researcher Robert Brook from the University of Michigan says, “From the standpoint of improving health across the world, it should be one of our top 10 worries.” | <urn:uuid:f7a7ea54-b38a-4a80-8dde-a11183ca188a> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43",
"url": "https://www.filterfactory.com/As-Your-Lungs-Inflate-So-Does-Your-Weight-Polluted-Air-Consumption-Can-Cause-Weight-Gain_b_8.html",
"date": "2018-10-16T22:05:44",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510867.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016201314-20181016222814-00543.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9755749106407166,
"token_count": 1377,
"score": 3.3125,
"int_score": 3
} |
Want to know where Henry V is set? Read on for all the details, and see each Henry V setting on the map below.
Shakespeare set Henry V in a variety of city and country locations in England and France. The action takes place immediately before, during, and after, the Battle of Agincourt (October 25th, 1415) in France. The battlefields occur at Harfleur and on the fields at Agincourt. Much of the action takes place in royal palaces where the serious business of negotiations, treaties and all diplomatic matters is conducted.
The map below shows all the locations Shakespeare used for Henry V. You can zoom in on the map for a more detailed view of an area, and click the icons on the map for more information. Text in quotation marks are the specific locations Shakespeare references in his Henry V text. | <urn:uuid:ada03bcd-50bf-4e8e-b7ef-570fe3ef7304> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-29",
"url": "https://www.nosweatshakespeare.com/henry-v-play/settings/",
"date": "2020-07-12T15:46:04",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657138752.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20200712144738-20200712174738-00155.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9098906517028809,
"token_count": 174,
"score": 3.296875,
"int_score": 3
} |
Chapter 14: Kelly – Personal Construct Theory
Part 2: Personal Construct Theory
Kelly’s personal construct theory departs from cognitive social learning in that he proposes it is not simply enough to know what a person is likely to do in a given situation, even when your predictions are correct. More importantly, we need to know what a person might have done (Kelly, 1966). Thus, unlike the cognitive social learning theorists who consider cognitive processes as an aspect of the environmental circumstances associated with behavior, Kelly focused on the cognitive constructs first and foremost.
Kelly presented his personal construct theory in a two volume set, which was published in 1955 (Kelly, 1955a,b). In the mid-1960s, Kelly was preparing a new book that was to include talks and papers he had presented around the world, many of which were never published. Unfortunately, he did not survive to complete this task, but the project was later completed by Brendan Maher (Maher, 1969), thus furthering the information available on this unique theory.
Kelly begins by questioning the role that psychologists have assigned to themselves. Psychologists consider themselves to be scientists, engaged in the systematic study of human behavior and thought. Kelly questions why we, as psychologists, don’t extend the same perspective to all people. According to Kelly, doesn’t every person seek to predict and control the course of events in their lives? Doesn’t every person have their own theories about situations in life, don’t they test their own hypotheses, and weigh the experimental evidence gained through experience?
Since Kelly proposes that each individual is theorizing about and testing their own life circumstances, he suggests the term man-the-scientist for understanding how all people (including, of course, women) approach the world around them.
In trying to understand the world around us, using arguments that sound either existential or like Eastern philosophy, Kelly questions the existence of the universe. Of course it exists, he says, but so do the thoughts of each individual, and the correspondence between what people think exists and what does, in fact, exist is constantly changing. Thus, Kelly suggests that it is better to say that the world around us is existing, rather than to say it exists. Likewise, life can only be understood in the context of time, if it is to make sense. However, life is not simply the changes that occur over time. Rather, it is a relationship between living things and their environment. Kelly emphasizes the creative capacity of living things to represent their environment, as opposed to simply reacting to it. These representations are known as constructs, patterns that we create in our mind and attempt to fit over the realities of the world. Since our constructs don’t always fit with reality, we are constantly modifying them, as well as trying to increase our repertoire of constructs. Over time, we test our constructs for the ability to predict what will happen in our lives. With sufficient time and experience, and if we are willing to learn from our mistakes, we can evaluate all of our interpretations of the world in which we live (Kelly, 1955a).
Kelly believes that all of our present interpretations of the environment are open to revision or replacement; there are always alternative constructs that may help us deal with new or difficult situations. It is this philosophical position that Kelly refers to as constructive alternativism. It is important to keep in mind, of course, that not just any alternative will work in a given situation. Therefore, each potential alternative construct must be evaluated in terms of its specific predictive efficiency, as well as in terms of overall predictive efficiency of the system it would become part of, if that alternative construct were adopted (Kelly, 1955a).
According to Kelly, it is more important to know what a person might have done, and he believed that people act as scientists, testing their constructs in order to become better at predicting and controlling their lives. Can you think of situations in which someone did what you expected, but you really wanted to know what they had thought about doing as alternatives?
Basic Theory of Personal Constructs
Personal construct theory begins with a fundamental postulate, which is then elaborated with eleven corollaries. The fundamental postulate states that “a person’s processes are psychologically channelized by the ways in which he anticipates events” (Kelly, 1955a). The carefully chosen words in this postulate define the nature of personal construct theory. The words person and he emphasize the individuality of this theory, the unique nature of each person’s constructs. Each person is then recognized as a process. The mind does not stop and start, simply reacting to stimuli, but rather it is constantly in motion, constantly experimenting with constructs. These processes operate through a network of pathways, or channels, according to the devices, or ways, a person constructs in order to achieve their goals. Since these processes, ways, and channels have not been identified as specific physiological mechanisms or anatomical structures, Kelly emphasizes that this is a psychological theory. So when we discuss this mechanism we are not necessarily addressing neuroscience on one hand or sociology on the other hand, we are working within the constraints of the field of psychology. We then have anticipation, the “push and pull of the psychology of personal constructs” (Kelly, 1955a). Being man-the-scientist, each of us seeks to predict the future and choose our actions accordingly. Finally, we have real-life events. Kelly was always very practical about both his personality theory and his approach to psychotherapy. Thus, the psychology of personal constructs is not an ethereal theory. Psychological processes, according to Kelly, are tied down to reality, and anticipation is carried forward in order to better represent future reality. Having established the fundamental postulate, Kelly then described eleven corollaries, or propositions, which both follow from the postulate and amplify his system by elaborating on the fundamental idea (Kelly, 1955a).
Construction Corollary: A person anticipates events by construing their replications. Construing refers to placing an interpretation upon an event. Since a new event will not occur exactly as a past event, our anticipation involves interpreting what the new event will be like. Kelly uses the example of a day. Today is not the same as yesterday, tomorrow will not be the same as today, but each day follows something of a similar pattern. Thus, our anticipation of tomorrow involves constructs based on both the similarities and differences between days we have experienced in the past. It is important to note that this process is not the same as cognition, as it is not simply thinking about tomorrow. Much of this process is preverbal, or unconscious, and in that sense, occurs automatically.
Individuality Corollary: Persons differ from each other in their construction of events. No matter how closely associated two people are, they cannot play exactly the same role in any situation. Therefore, they will interpret events differently. Although Kelly acknowledges that people often share similar experiences, particularly as they attend to the experiences of others in the same or similar situations, this corollary emphasizes the unique, subjective nature of interpreting and anticipating events.
Organization Corollary: Each person characteristically evolves, for his convenience in anticipating events, a construction system embracing ordinal relationships between constructs. When faced with conflict, there may be solutions that contradict one another. Thus, the constructs we develop may contradict each other. Kelly suggested that we develop our constructs in a systematic and organized way, with some constructs being ranked more highly than others. For example, some constructs may be good vs. bad, or stupid vs. intelligent. A stupid construct might work in a given solution, but an intelligent one would probably be preferred. For instance, suppose you have an electric garage door opener, and the power is out. You could put your car in the garage by driving through the garage door, however, it might be preferable to get out of the car, go into the garage through the house or side door, and then disconnect the garage door from the opener and open it by hand.
Dichotomy Corollary: A person’s construction system is composed of a finite number of dichotomous constructs. Every construct has both positive and negative aspects. In the example used above, both ways of putting your car in the garage have advantages and disadvantages. Driving through the garage door is quick and easy in the short term, but results in needing a new garage door. Getting out of the car and using another entrance takes more time and effort, and may be unpleasant in a bad storm, but it protects your property (and saves time and money in the long run). The essential nature of contrast was eloquently described some 2,600 years ago by Lao Tsu:
Under Heaven all can see beauty as beauty only because there is ugliness.
All can know good as good only because there is evil.
Therefore having and not having arise together.
Difficult and easy complement each other.
Long and short contrast each other;
High and low rest upon each other;
Voice and sound harmonize each other;
Front and back follow one another.
Lao Tsu, c600 B.C. (pg. 4; Lao Tsu, c600 B.C./1989)
Choice Corollary: A person chooses for himself that alternative in a dichotomized construct through which he anticipates the greater possibility for extension and definition of his system. Simply put, since each situation requires us to choose between the options we construct, Kelly believed we choose the alternative that serves us best (at least within our system of constructs, which may be different than the reality of the best choice). But what about situations in which the best choice is not so obvious? Kelly believed that the choice corollary allowed for shades of gray when a decision is not clearly a choice between black and white alternatives. He did not view this as a contradiction, but rather, he proposed that the choice becomes one between options that are more gray or less gray. Thus, we can maintain the dichotomy of the choice while still also allowing the choice itself.
Range Corollary: A construct is convenient for the anticipation of a finite range of events only. Every personal construct has a range or focus, and few, if any, are relevant to all events. As Kelly points out, the construct tall vs. short may apply well to descriptions of people, trees, and buildings. But what would we mean by tall weather, or short light? Clearly, the construct tall vs. short is limited to certain types of discrete, physical objects.
Experience Corollary: A person’s construction system varies as he successively construes the replications of events. As we apply constructs in our efforts to predict what happens in our lives, we sometimes experience unexpected outcomes. As a result, we reconstruct our constructs, and learn from our experiences. In other words, man-the-scientist is by definition a work in process, and that process is ongoing.
Modulation Corollary: The variation in a person’s construction system is limited by the permeability of the constructs within whose range of convenience the variants lie. This corollary addresses the ease with which the experience corollary can occur. Although all individuals modify the constructs that guide their anticipation of events, some constructs are modified more easily, and some people are more open to changing their perspectives (and, hence, reconstructing their constructs). This is one area where Kelly re-emphasizes the difference between psychological processes and the process of science. Scientists seek hypotheses, theories, and laws that are not likely to change. Indeed, there is a continuum from hypothesis to law based on how likely it is that a scientific observation is true. People, however, are constantly testing and retesting their constructs, and reconstructing them as necessary and appropriate. Therefore, people may act like scientists, but their psychological processes serve to facilitate the individual’s life, not the lives of others (as scientific theories and laws are meant to apply to the whole universe).
Fragmentation Corollary: A person may successively employ a variety of construction subsystems which are inferentially incompatible with each other. This corollary extends from the previous one, but with a twist. As an individual encounters unexpected events, they modify their constructs to the extent that they are able. Thus, their behavior may change slowly, or more quickly, depending on the nature of the constructs that guide their openness to change. The twist comes into play when individuals are either resisting change, or in the process of change, and it involves the dichotomy corollary. If an individual is failing to predict and control events in their life, they may choose an incompatible construct, essentially reversing the course of their behavior. One of the advantages of Kelly’s personal construct theory is that these dramatic changes in behavior can now be seen as reasonable progressions in one’s ongoing desire for predictability and control.
Commonality Corollary: To the extent that one person employs a construction of experience which is similar to that employed by another, his psychological processes are similar to those of the other person. This corollary is important for interpersonal relations. Even though two people cannot experience the same event in exactly the same way, their ability to share their experiences is facilitated by the similarity of their experiences. This raises important implications for therapists working with clients of different cultures, since they might not share similar constructs based on certain events. It also raises an important distinction between cognitive and behavioral approaches to understanding personality. In behavioral perspectives, simple stimulus-response relationships are the same for everyone who experiences them. However, in the cognitive perspective, each person necessarily experiences any event in a unique way.
Sociality Corollary: To the extent that one person construes the construction processes of another, he may play a role in a social process involving the other person. Humans are social creatures. Our ability to predict and control our lives is largely based on our ability to predict and either control or work with other people. Thus, it is important for individuals to construe to thoughts and behaviors of others, and in so doing we can each play a role in the lives of others. Kelly suggests that this provides a natural connection between personal construct theory and social psychology, as well as a connection between personal construct theory and cross-cultural psychology.
Dimensions of Transition
Since life is an ongoing process, there are regular transitions in one’s personal constructs. According to the organizational and modulation corollaries, individuals have certain preferences amongst their constructs and differences in their ability to reconstruct them. Problems in life arise when individuals find it difficult to transition from an ineffective construct, one that does not allow for predicting or controlling events, to an effective construct. According to Kelly (1955a), the major problems are seen as the psychological phenomena of threat, fear, guilt, and anxiety. Kelly defines these terms as follows:
Threat is the awareness of imminent comprehensive change in one’s core structures.
Fear is like threat, except that in this case, it is a new incidental construct, rather than a comprehensive construct that seems about to take over.
Perception of one’s apparent dislodgment from his core role structure constitutes the experience of guilt.
Anxiety is the recognition that the events with which one is confronted lie outside the range of convenience of one’s construct system.
In each case, the psychological phenomenon is based on either the failure of one’s constructs to provide courses of action or a direct challenge to the system of constructs available to the individual. Given that the individual’s personal construct systems define the larger construct of self, these psychological phenomena represent a challenge to the very self experiencing them. In defense of the individual, aggressiveness is seen as the active elaboration of one’s perceptual field. In other words, aggressive individuals try to control events in ways that force decisions favorable to the individual. Similarly, hostility is viewed as the continued effort to extort validational evidence in favor of a type of social prediction which has already proved itself a failure. In this case, the individual tries to find confirmation of success following failed constructs, and this can only be done at the expense of others (Kelly, 1955a).
As people live their everyday lives, there are two typical cycles of transition: the C-P-C Cycle and the Creativity Cycle. The C-P-C Cycle involves circumspection, preemption, and control. Being circumspect refers to being wary or not taking risks. Thus, as we construe events we try to be precise in the development of our constructs. We then preempt these constructs for membership in an exclusive realm, one that best fits the event we are trying to predict and control. Finally, the first two steps have control as their natural consequence. Still, the individual must make the choice of that course of action, so Kelly suggests that the final C could just as well stand for choice as it does for control.
In contrast, the Creativity Cycle begins with loose constructions, and then leads to tightened and validated constructions. What makes the Creativity Cycle meaningful is the individual’s ability to quickly experiment with various constructs and then seize upon the most promising, which is then tightened up and tested. Since much of this process is preverbal, the thought processes of creative individuals may not be apparent to others. According to Kelly, although individuals who begin with tight constructions might be productive, they cannot be creative. Creativity requires beginning with loose constructions (Kelly, 1955a). The value of creativity is not simply to be found as a distinction between the types of cycles experienced by individuals in their daily lives. Creativity is an important component of well-being, and a common topic in books on positive psychology and human strengths and virtues (Aspinwall & Staudinger, 2003; Cloninger, 2004; Compton, 2005; Peterson & Seligman, 2004; Snyder & Lopez, 2005). Indeed, Carl Rogers identified creativity as a significant aspect of the personality of a fully functioning person (Rogers, 1961).
Many psychologists, including Kelly and Carl Rogers, consider creativity to be an essential aspect of healthy psychological development. Have you ever entered into an unfamiliar situation and tried to be creative in how you handled it? Was it difficult to set aside preconceived notions about how to act, or do you find it easy to try different things in new situations?
This video [18:37] begins by providing a brief biography of George Kelly before introducing his theory on personal constructs. Constructive alternativism, the eleven corollaries, and abnormal development are also discussed in this video.
This video [7:23] presents concepts from George Kelly’s personal construct theory, including the eleven corollaries, experience cycle, personal constructs, and the repertory test.
Text: Kelland, M. (2017). Personality Theory. OER Commons. Retrieved October 28, 2019, from https://www.oercommons.org/authoring/22859-personality-theory. Licensed under CC-BY-4.0.
Jennifer Tellez. (2016, February 22). George Kelly’s personal construct theory presentation. [Video File]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/Nu_K6YLjR1c. Standard YouTube License.
Christopher Tong. (2018, November 27). Personal construct theory (Kelly) | Brief video on personality psychology. [Video File]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/yaiv8UVLiQo. Standard YouTube License. | <urn:uuid:5f884c2b-3153-4266-920f-d45b6441dbfe> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50",
"url": "https://open.baypath.edu/psy321book/chapter/c14p2/",
"date": "2023-12-10T01:42:59",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100989.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209233632-20231210023632-00775.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9566795229911804,
"token_count": 4013,
"score": 3.109375,
"int_score": 3
} |
Kids with rigid thinking are quite challenging to be around for other kids. Often times they are the rule followers and the “policiers”. Then of course, other students get really annoyed with them because they are constantly reminding them of their violations. This lesson aims to teach students about “bending the rules”. This is especially for the middle school and high school student-when it is socially acceptable to the peer group to swear in private, and use ”unfriendly” language (e.g. stupid, dummy, idiot). We do stress that rules can be broken but some are never broken, such as those dealing with safety and those dealing with things like stealing and cheating. We use perspective taking as usual with our thought bubbles and seeing what are peers think when we are rigid thinkers. We also discuss the role of anxiety and how that might make it difficult to be a flexible thinker. Finally our advice to our reader is to be ok if someone wants to break the rules (within reason) and that they want to do something different than what you want. | <urn:uuid:f97c8ebf-e113-42c2-8c6e-2483c971ad6b> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47",
"url": "https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Encouraging-Flexible-Thinking-Bending-the-Rules-Rigid-Thinking-3542584",
"date": "2018-11-14T19:49:34",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742263.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20181114191308-20181114213308-00213.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9738907814025879,
"token_count": 219,
"score": 3.96875,
"int_score": 4
} |
Scientific bills are deemed essential however if really be authentic for a youngster’s science significance for kids.
Truthful statements can help kids grow self confidence, rationale, and also understand that the world.
An explanation that is inaccurate can not be understood by A youngster. It would be less difficult to get a child to accept an explanation that’s copied by evidence. However, if the justification is wrong, it will lead to rejection of the belief method that is scientific.
Science may be complicated. Most kids just do not understand several of the intricacies of sciencefiction. By way of example, they might well not know the carbon is well formed. They cannot feel something simply because you tell them that it could be clarified together with science.
Maybe not all information might be fully understood by a child. They can possess a grasp of these basics. This will definitely help kids build understanding through the basics.
A child learns better from the cases than he does against the theories. Kids will learn by detecting things . In the event you give them the chance to mimic what they find them around, they will find out.
Materials could be confusing for kids. If the stuff is overly complicated they can easily become lost.
It will take him more to build up their theories regarding things when a youngster starts understanding in a youthful age. As a parent, you need to be well prepared to support a youngster’s natural fascination. Let your son or daughter find out what he would my custom essay like to know and let him find out exactly what he does not want to know.
If your son or daughter does not understand science, don’t be concerned. As a way to www.mathematics.pitt.edu build self confidence, you have to explain to him he really doesn’t understand. Show him how mathematics operates and why it operates out.
You would not explain to him that it was composed up, In the event you were to give your child chemistry lessons at home. You would inform him that you left this up. The same goes for sciencefiction.
Try to be more creative with science. You might chat about watching how compounds react in various environments. https://www.masterpapers.com/ You could also explain how they come together to develop materials that are distinctive and different elements.
It should not be dull, although science could be stimulating. Kids enjoy exploring concepts and fresh thoughts. Then they will think that science can be the activity that is too tough if you don’t let them try new tasks.
If a child’s interest is not sparked, talk to him . Recognizing the motives he does not like mathematics will probably make him enthusiastic about it. | <urn:uuid:4aea6c20-b423-4daf-a94a-88505da99e4f> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-34",
"url": "https://aafgreenville.org/science-definition-for-children-6-best-recommendations-on-what-you-have-to-educate-your-infant/",
"date": "2020-08-14T07:35:44",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439739182.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200814070558-20200814100558-00253.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.972646176815033,
"token_count": 555,
"score": 3.140625,
"int_score": 3
} |
Russia's 1st Revolution
Morison, John, History Review
Russia remained quiescent during 1848, Europe's turbulent year of revolutions. Yet this was as much a tribute to its backwardness as to the repressive capacity of its regime. It was very different by the end of the century. Russia's humiliation in the Crimean War (1853-56) threatened its great power status. Whereas Peter the Great had an absolutist model to follow in the ruthless centralisation that made Russia into a great power, Alexander II (Tsar in 1855-81) was reluctant to embrace a democratic model for his post-Crimean reform process. He hoped to combine the retention of political absolutism in its Russian autocratic form with economic and social modernisation. This reformed autocratic model was surprisingly successful if judged in such terms as economic growth, educational expansion and public health improvements. However, it was accompanied by a changing and underlying pattern of social tensions.
The towns: growth and unrest
A torrent of state encouraged but privately organised railway construction in the 1860s and 1870s was followed by a sustained state-sponsored campaign. Railways, along with the telegraph, facilitated and speeded the transmission of news, information and ideas, not all supportive of the established order. Railways were the motor of industrial development, not only creating a large new demand for coal, steel rails and rolling stock but also facilitating the movement of raw materials and finished goods. They accelerated urbanisation as expanding trade and new industries were supported by a flood of migrants from the countryside both into existing towns and into new urban settlements. New rail links with the grain-producing provinces of black soil Russia thus made Odessa into a great grain exporting port and a trade and industrial centre for the south. A state contract for the production of rails enabled the Welsh entrepreneur John Hughes to build his own factory town, Iuzovka, which developed into the modern steel city of Donetsk. The urban population doubled from 7.3 to 14.6 million between 1867 and 1897. Barracks in factory compounds, doss houses and shanty towns were thrown up to accommodate the new arrivals in appalling and overcrowded conditions. Up to ten persons could be crammed into a room in St. Petersburg. The elected municipal authorities had their hands tied by central government and were unable to provide adequate transport, drainage and sewerage facilities or pure water supplies. Typhus, cholera and other diseases flourished and syphilis became rampant as the number of prostitutes grew to cater for the sexual appetites of the inflow of young, unattached males.
The factories and workshops which sucked in the new arrivals from the villages were harsh and uninviting places. The migrants were confronted by an unrelenting work regime of long hours and harsh discipline, very different from that of the countryside. They deeply resented the arbitrary fines and petty injustices, and being addressed in the familiar form, reminiscent of the days of serfdom. Wages might be higher than rural earnings, but so were outgoings. Frustration at expectations which were not met were compounded by problems of adjustment, insecurity and perceived injustices. The migrants tended to be the younger and more literate peasants, who were more open to outside influences. They brought with them a tradition of violence from the villages where horse thieves were routinely lynched, and a favourite pastime was the ritual punch-up between the youths of rival villages. Often vodka-fuelled, this was an explosive cocktail. Increasing labour unrest accompanied industrial growth. Initially strikes tended to be localised, based on specific grievances, confined to individual workshops rather than whole factories, and short in duration. The large-scale strike of the St. Petersburg textile workers in 1896 was a turning point in the development of a more coherent workers' movement which was beginning also to embrace political objectives under the influence of increasing agitation by revolutionary groups and of its own experience.
The countryside: land problems
To an outsider's eye, the villages from which the new industrial workers had come might seem to be sunk in backwardness, but they were not immune from change. Serfdom was ended in the 1860s in the post-Crimean trauma, as both privately owned and state serfs received their personal freedom. The root institution of the old social order was thus removed, opening the way for the development of a modern society, with equality of opportunity and of rights replacing systematised stratification and subordination. However, emancipation was in reality only partial. The autocrat feared the social consequences of an uncontrolled influx into the cities, and hence made it very difficult for the peasants to leave the village. They received land, but collectively rather than individually, and in inadequate quantities. To add insult to injury, they had to pay for what they considered to be rightfully theirs. The inability of many gentry landowners to survive without ready supplies of free labour helped many peasants to lease or even buy more land. Nevertheless there was a genuine land hunger, compounded by an explosion in the rural population which significantly reduced the area available per head. The land problem was a festering grievance, with the peasants convinced that, like air and water, it was God's gift to man and should be distributed equitably among those who worked it.
Whatever the peasants may have thought, it is often argued that the root of the problem lay not in the quantity of land at the disposal of the peasants but in the manner in which it was tilled. A commission under Count Witte concluded in 1903 that the communal system, which tied the peasantry into inefficient strip farming, should be replaced by individual ownership. The industrious and enterprising would no longer be held back by their more traditional fellows, and the pressure on land would be eased, if restrictions on movement were removed. It took a revolution for these views to be accepted on high, but serious peasant disturbances in three provinces in 1902-3 showed clearly that trouble was brewing in the countryside. Traditional explanations have focused on land grievances, compounded by a crisis of peasant agriculture dramatically demonstrated by the widespread famine of 1891. Some historians have challenged the extent to which this was a crisis, arguing that famine resulted from drought rather than the failings of peasant agricultural methods, that the fall in world grain prices had a marginal impact on the peasantry, who were purchasers rather than sellers of export grains, and that the new indirect taxes fell most heavily on the urban population. But there was certainly a crisis in gentry agriculture, which impacted on the peasantry. Peasants had to pay more for land they rented. Landowners enclosed common pasture land and ended traditional wood gathering rights in woodlands. Breaches of customary rights multiplied, raising the peasants' sense of grievance to dangerous levels.
Modernisation led to the emergence of new social groups who were to lead the political challenge to the autocracy in 1905. The judicial reforms of 1864 not only elevated law as an independent check on autocratic action but also developed a new class of lawyers resolved to uphold the rule of law against administrative arbitrariness. Local government reforms produced new elected zemstvo institutions which encouraged constitutional achievements and achieved significant advances in rural education and public health. In so doing, they created a new class of professional employees whose professional frustration at bureaucratic obstruction to their work fuelled their increasing wish to achieve political change.
The zemstvo movement, an alliance of enlightened gentry, lawyers, doctors, professors, teachers and other professionals, was to provide the organisational basis for a constitutional movement that became more radical as hard-line officials of the regime reacted by trying to undo the reforms and reassert firm central control. It was not wise for Nicholas II (Tsar 1899-1917) to dismiss as `senseless dreams' moderate constitutional aspirations. This challenge was taken up by university students in 1899 and then increasingly by unions of other professionals. The constitutional movement in its earlier stages would have been satisfied by a national consultative assembly, but soon came to demand a fully fledged legislative assembly elected by universal suffrage, which in the context was a revolutionary demand. Social modernisation had bred new social groups whose aspirations for rights and opportunities such as were enjoyed by their peers in Western Europe clashed with the political immobility of the regime.
Nationalism and ethnic conflict had been a potent force in the 1848 revolutions. The same was to be true of Russia in 1905.
By the end of the nineteenth century, Russia had expanded its frontiers to become a vast land empire, containing well over 100 ethnic groups with a bewildering diversity of languages and beliefs. These groups varied enormously, from sophisticated peoples like the Poles and Finns with a distinct national history to nomadic groups in Central Asia and the Far East. In these circumstances, a consistent imperial policy or ideology was hardly to be expected, and Russian policy tended to be reactive and so inconsistent, with much depending on the initiative of local officials. The needs of the state demanded assimilation of the local peoples into the administration, but this helped to create local intelligentsias and to develop national consciousness as the populace became more educated. In reaction to this, and also as a consequence of fast developing Russian nationalism, moves were made in some areas to impose Russian culture, language and Orthodoxy.
This russification process was deeply resented. But growing national tensions in the Empire also resulted from inter-ethnic rivalries and hatreds such as between Armenians and turkic Azeris in Baku. Perhaps most widespread and dangerous of all was the Judaeophobia which lurked close to the surface in the western provinces in which the six million Jews of the Empire were concentrated. Incited by the anti-Semitic outpourings of a local newspaper editor, a mob fell upon the large local Jewish population, looting, assaulting, raping and murdering, in the infamous Kishinev pogrom of 1903.
The Triggers to Revolution
Russian society greeted the new century in a high state of tension, which was to be increased by the impact of economic recession. Tension was turned into revolution by the onset of war, and by governmental dithering, in 1904. Russian challenges to perceived Japanese spheres of influence in Southern Manchuria and Korea led directly to conflict and a series of humiliating Russian defeats. Initial popular enthusiasm was soon dissipated, and disillusionment bred disorder. The war exacerbated national tensions as Poles and Finns resented enforced conscription to fight a Russian war. Russia's industrial recession worsened and the regime was branded as incompetent and unworthy. As over a million reservists were called up, the impact on civilian society was unprecedented in its scale. Popular discontent was manifest on the streets but was also articulated by educated oppositionists. The regime was uncertain in its response. One wing of the government, personified by the Minister of the Interior, von Plehve, believed in an iron hand and harsh repression of disorders or dissent. But when a terrorist bomb destroyed yon Plehve on 15 July 1904, the Tsar listened to the conciliators, who included his mother, and appointed Count Sviatopolk-Mirskii as replacement. The conciliators believed in going at least half way to meet society by making sufficient concessions to achieve the co-operation of the developing liberal opposition. Since this opposition was by now for the most part demanding a legislative assembly and a fully constitutional regime, and was working with revolutionaries in the Union of Liberation, this was a forlorn hope. Sviatopolk-Mirskii's modest concessions satisfied no one, but encouraged the opposition to become bolder. The zemstvo congress and the reform banquets which he permitted became political events of huge significance and provoked an open clash between society and the regime.
Students took the protest onto the streets, to be followed by industrial workers. Prominent among the latter were strikers from the giant Putilov works in St. Petersburg, who were protesting against victimisation of members of their Workers' Assembly. Their charismatic leader, Father Gapon, a worker priest, was influenced by negotiations behind the scenes with liberals and revolutionaries to organise a petition to the Tsar which would add to routine economic demands a call for a constituent assembly elected by universal suffrage. Frightened lest events should spiral out of control, the Tsar ordered his troops to use the necessary force to disperse the enormous crowd of marchers. The resulting Bloody Sunday massacre of 9 January 1905 was counter-productive. It provoked sympathy strikes and demonstrations in many, though far from all, cities of the Empire and became a symbolic event of huge significance.
The Revolutionary Crescendo
In confronting this crisis, the regime continued to waver between repression and concession, as the situation moved further and further out of its control. Yet more street massacres enraged citizens in a variety of cities through the Empire, with the death of demonstrating schoolchildren in Kursk in February evoking a particularly horrified reaction. Simultaneous concessions were too halfhearted to satisfy the fast growing popular expectations. An elected consultative assembly, the so-called Bulygin Duma, would have seemed a radical transformation of the regime even a year earlier, but now it forced liberals into alliance with the lower orders to achieve a revolutionary resolution of the crisis. The Shidlovskii Commission was set up to investigate the workers' grievances but was not allowed to solve them. The commission was outlived by the elected workers' committees which it had established in the factories and so ironically created an organisational basis for the workers' unions which were to play a key role in the revolutionary situation.
In the spring and summer of 1905, the government seemed increasingly to be losing control of the situation, just as it was being humiliated by the Japanese in the Far East. The loss of the Russian fleet in the Straits of Tsushima on 14 May was the final straw as popular protest against defeat reached a crescendo.
The whole of Russian society seemed to be organising itself into professional unions, workers' associations and unions, peasants' unions and all manner of sectional groups which were striking out for remedy of their particular grievances. Factory workers demanded better wages and conditions, an 8-hour day, respectful treatment by employers and an end to arbitrary fines. Peasants showed their resentment at arbitrary interference with their customary rights by enclosures of woods and pasturelands, and voiced their belief that the land, like air and water, was God's gift to those who actually worked it but not to absentee or idle landlords. Non-Russians demanded rights for their own languages and faiths, but generally aspired to some degree of autonomy rather than to full-blown national independence. Bishops wanted restoration of the autonomy of the Orthodox Church; some of the lower clergy hoped to see the privileges of the bishops clipped. Schoolteachers wanted better pay and job security, but also a free school in a free society, or in other words full professional autonomy. Shop staff demanded proper holidays, Old Believers and other sectarians called for an end to discriminatory legislation, and some women voiced aspirations for equality of rights.
Every corner of Russian society seemed to be on the march to achieve its own particular objectives. The methods used varied from petitions, peaceful demonstrations and strikes in the cities to illegal gathering of timber and pasturing of livestock and withholding of rent in the countryside. As the year progressed, so violence became an increasing feature. `The red cock crowed' in the villages as peasants burned down gentry houses, whilst Socialist Revolutionary assassins and ordinary citizens took vengeance on hated local officials. Demonstrations could easily turn into looting expeditions, particularly when there was a local Jewish population to intimidate.
Autocracy in danger
The unfolding events of 1905 served as a political education to the population. The lowest common denominator was a demand for basic civil rights, such as freedom of assembly and the press. But soon nearly all the new professional unions were demanding a fully-fledged constitutional system with an elected legislative assembly in control. This call was taken up by many workers' unions, and even by peasant unions and petitions. On 27 August the government foolishly reopened the universities as totally autonomous institutions. This gesture of conciliation backfired as troops and police were forced to stand helplessly outside the university gates as crowds of workers, revolutionaries and oppositionists swept in to hold fiery meetings and to store arms. This anarchic epidemic of meetings led directly to the general strike of October 1905, hailed by Abraham Ascher as `a classic example of a momentous historical event that developed spontaneously'.
As the country ground to a halt, the railways, telegraph, telephones, gas and electricity and post offices ceased to work. The general strike became a direct political challenge to the autocracy as Soviets or councils sprang up in the cities, as well as in some regiments and rural communities. These elected bodies of deputies assumed leadership of the struggle, with the St. Petersburg Soviet regarding itself as a direct rival to the government. The fate of the autocracy seemed to be in doubt as threats merely provoked even greater crowds of demonstrators into defiance, and the troops were showing signs of disloyalty. A repressive military dictatorship was seriously considered, but ruled out as too risky. The Tsar was reluctantly persuaded to appoint his former finance minister Count Witte, whom he had never liked or trusted, as the head of a reformist ministry, and to issue his famous October Manifesto. This effectively promised a constitution, with civil liberties and a legislative assembly elected on a relatively wide if far from universal franchise.
Witte, having already extricated Russia from its disastrous war with Japan by negotiating the decidedly lenient Treaty of Portsmouth on 25 August 1905, now emerged as the saviour of autocracy, albeit with its wings clipped. The immediate impact of the Manifesto was far from calming. Although moderate oppositionists reacted positively, large numbers were only encouraged to push for a much more radical solution. They were countered by patriotic demonstrators who proclaimed their loyalty to the Tsar by assaulting identifiable constitutionalists and going on the rampage. The violence, in particular against the Jews, was frightening. Witte kept his nerve and combined modest reform with resolute repression of disorder. Mutinies among conscripts returning from the Far East were alarming, but were mostly in Siberia, and at the key points the troops remained loyal. A renewed general strike in November attracted less support. Becoming desperate, radicals and revolutionaries became more militant and staked all on an unsuccessful armed uprising in Moscow in December. The tide had turned, even if disorders continued through 1906 and 1907, particularly in the countryside and the borderlands.
The summoning of the firsts two Dumas, or parliaments, provoked a flurry of politicking and the emergence of political parties. Both Dumas were dominated by radical liberals and revolutionaries, but soon overreached themselves and were summarily dismissed by the Tsar. Witte had departed, but the Tsar found a new strong man in Stolypin, who used field courts martial to extinguish the last of the revolutionary stirrings and to exact revenge. He also tamed the potential political threat of the Duma by his constitutional coup of 3 June 1907, which drastically restricted the franchise and transformed the political composition of the Duma, to change it from a dangerous rival into a relatively tame partner.
Contrary to the views of some historians, Russia underwent a genuine revolution in the years 1904-1907. Wide swathes of the population were involved in spontaneous demonstrations and actions, and developed organisational forms which challenged the regime and came close to achieving its total destruction. Educated professionals even more than revolutionaries articulated mass aspirations in a formidably broad-based coalition of opposition. For all its indecision, the regime survived because it still retained the will to resist, along with the means in the shape of sufficient loyal troops and policemen, in stark contrast to February 1917. And when it came to the point, most of educated Russia also feared the anarchic violence of the inflamed lower orders. But Russia had changed irreversibly. The experiences of the revolution had turned ordinary Russians into politically aware persons, and the concessions extracted and retained enabled the fundaments of a civil society to be established.
A. Ascher, The Revolution of 1905, 2 vols. (Stanford, 1998 and 1992)
V.E. Bonnell, Roots of Rebellion (Berkeley, Calif., 1983).
J.E. Bushnell, Mutiny and Repression: Russian Soldiers in the Revolution of 1905-1906 (Bloomington, Ind., 1985).
R. Edelman, Proletarian Peasants (Ithaca, N.Y., 1987)
L. Engelstein, Moscow, 1905 (Stanford, Calif., 1982).
S. Harcave, First Blood (New York, 1964) H.D. Mehlinger and J.M. Thompson, Count
Witte and the Tsarist Government in the 1905 Revolution (Bloomington, Ind., 1972)
D.C. Rawson, Russian Rightists and the Revolution of 1905 (Cambridge, 1995)
H.F. Reichman, Railwaymen and Revolution: Russia, 1905 (Berkeley, Calif., 1987).
W. Sablinsky, The Road to Bloody Sunday (Princeton, N.J., 1976)
S.M. Schwarz, The Russian Revolution of 1905 (Chicago, 1967)
S.J. Seregny, Russian Teachers and Peasant Revolution (Bloomington, Ind., 1985)
T. Shanin, The Roots of Otherness, 2 vols. (New Haven, Conn., 1986).
A.M. Verner, The Crisis of Russian Autocracy: Nicholas II and the 1905 Revolution (Princeton, N.J., 1990)
R. Weinberg, The Revolution of 1905 in Odessa (Bloomington, Ind., 1993)
J.N. Westwood, Russia against Japan, 1904-1905 (Basingstoke and London, 1986)
John Morison is Senior Lecturer in Russian and East European History at the University of Leeds. He is currently writing a book on the 1905 Revolution for Routledge.…
Questia, a part of Gale, Cengage Learning. www.questia.com
Publication information: Article title: Russia's 1st Revolution. Contributors: Morison, John - Author. Journal title: History Review. Publication date: December 2000. Page number: 28. © 1999 History Today Ltd. COPYRIGHT 2000 Gale Group. | <urn:uuid:548c7708-7c94-44ad-a791-ac49f7d2bd8e> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48",
"url": "http://www.questia.com/read/1G1-68644801/russia-s-1st-revolution",
"date": "2013-12-13T22:49:41",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386165002851/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204135002-00087-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9705243110656738,
"token_count": 4594,
"score": 3.328125,
"int_score": 3
} |
In this episode I am explaining the benefits of vegetables and fruits for a healthy life:
Vegetables: Conventional wisdom and primal philosophy are adapted to their attitude to vegetables - the more the better! As the centerpiece of your meals and snacks, vegetables should be the bulk of your diet in terms of portion size, while fatty animal products like meat, birds, fish and eggs provide the bulk of your calories. Vegetables are high in antioxidants, vitamins and phytonutrients that fight inflammation and oxidative stress. Choose from a variety of vegetables that start with the following green greens filled with essential minerals like calcium and magnesium:
* Collard Greens
* Beet Greens
* Broccoli Rabe
* Milk bucket green
* Mustard green
* Floor green
* Sea vegetables (kombu, nori)
Do not just keep in green. Explore with a variety of colors and tastes. Specific colors of vegetables (and fruits) have been shown to have specific health-promoting properties. For example, red plants (pomegranate, cherry, watermelon) have been shown to help reduce the risk of prostate cancer as well as some tumors1. Green plants (avocados, limes, green beans, courgettes) have high levels of carotenoids that have a powerful anti-aging effect and are especially useful for vision2. Yellow and orange fruits and fruits (bananas, papaya, carrots, butternut squash, pineapple) offer beta carotene for immune supply, as well as bromelain, which has been shown to help digestion, common health and reduce inflammatory conditions3. Cruciferous ("cross" shaped, with a branch and leaves) vegetables, including broccoli, sprouts, bald, arugula, rober, book choy, horseradish and cauliflower, have demonstrated specific anti-cancer, anti-aging and antimicrobial properties.
Vegetables should cover most of your dietary weight:
Vegetables also naturally promote a beneficial balance between acidity and alkalinity (also known as "base" or non-acid balance in your bloodstream). Almost all cells prefer a little alkaline environment to function properly, but many metabolic processes, including the normal production of cellular energy, result in the release of acid waste products. The build up of acid waste is toxic to your body, so it always seems very difficult to maintain a slightly alkaline environment. This is measured at the well-known "pH" levels. Although we have developed more highly refined buffer systems to balance our pH, some health experts believe that consuming too many acid-producing foods and not enough alkaline-forming foods makes it much more difficult to achieve pH homeostasis. Others are not convinced that food plays a major role in helping to regulate pH. Whether all vegetables offer excellent nutritional values and help reduce systemic inflammation, decelerate aging and protect against harm to free radicals.
Here is a partial list of excellent vegetable choices:
* Book choy
* Brussel sprouts
* Fiddlehead Ferns
* Peppers (each color)
Certain vegetables have a higher glycemic value, which makes them a good choice after exercise if you are already in your ideal body composition and looking to rebuild the muscle glycogen. If you are currently trying to lose excess body fat, you should consume the following starchy vegetables in moderation:
* Sweet potatoes
* Squash (butternut, acorn, etc.)
Composition of vegetable spectrum:
1. Locally grown vegetables in the season from certified organic growers
2. Locally grown vegetables in small seasons from small farmers, with typically minimal or no pesticide interference
3. Organic grown vegetables, especially for edible skin or if they are listed in Dirty Dozen (a guide to the 14 fruits and vegetables that are likely to be contaminated with pesticides).
4. Conventional cultivated vegetables
5. Out of season vegetables from remote origin
Moderate intake if you strive to reduce excess body fat:
1. Starchy "tubers" (cassava, sweet potatoes, yams, taro, squash, pumpkin)
Strictly limit or avoid:
1. Conventional cultivated vegetables with edible skin or difficult to wash
2. Genetically modified vegetables
Fruits: Fruits like vegetables are rich in anti-fungal antioxidants and phytonutrients, but they are also high in sugar, especially fructose. Although fructose is a natural sugar, it easily converts to fat, so those who want to lose weight should have moderate fruit consumption. Fructose is converted into the liver both to glucose (for energy) and to triglycerides (stored fat). For those who regularly train and break down muscle glycogen, fruit is a great way to effectively reload liver glycogen. However, if glycogen stores are already filled to capacity.
Styrke og kondi til dine hverdag, løbetræning eller cykel træning | <urn:uuid:9da256a3-eff3-4884-953f-e933c4225b59> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-40",
"url": "https://online.croodeo.dk/blog/009-vegetables-and-fruits-for-a-healthy-life",
"date": "2020-09-28T21:02:06",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401614309.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200928202758-20200928232758-00268.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.893875002861023,
"token_count": 1026,
"score": 3.078125,
"int_score": 3
} |
Hankumdo - 한검도
The art of Korean swordsmanship...
This art was developed by GM Myung Jae Nam. His intention was to create a martial art specialized in handling the Korean sword that would be affordable and easy for anyone to learn.
As in Hankido, there are 24 techniques that correspond to each of the letters of the Korean alphabet.
The techniques are very easy for Korean practitioners to remember, since the cuts made with the sword mimic the movements necessary to trace the characters of the Korean alphabet (Hangul).
For foreign practitioners, it is advisable to learn the Korean writing system beforehand. Hangul is quite easy to learn, and just a week is enough to be able to read the simplest syllables, so foreign practitioners can learn Hankumdo as easily as Korean practitioners.
The hankumdo includes, in addition to cutting techniques with the sword, a great variety of techniques such as disarming or empty hand techniques.
Basic techniques of Hankumdo
The basis of all Hankumdo techniques is Hangul. Hangul is composed of 24 characters, 14 consonants (자음 "Chaum") and 10 vowels (모음 "Moum"). Four basic movements are used to write the characters with the sword:
- Neryo Begui (내려베기) - Descending vertical cut.
- Biskyeo Begui (빗겨베기) - Diagonal Cut Down.
- Chirugi (찌르기) - Frontal attack.
- Makki (막기) - Defense. | <urn:uuid:eefc72cd-d508-4b1e-a4e7-384cbae5c9be> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50",
"url": "https://hankido.es/en/hankumdo.html",
"date": "2023-12-04T00:57:35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100518.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203225036-20231204015036-00687.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9220104217529297,
"token_count": 362,
"score": 3.25,
"int_score": 3
} |
Allowing students to argue may help them learn better and faster.
Rough housing and arguing might be allowed at home, but these constructive fights between children are often expressly forbidden in school, especially inside the classroom. While it makes sense to forbid certain physical playing to avoid injury, but intellectual debates between children can often be beneficial for them, according to a recent study.
A study conducted by Sheffield Hallam University in the UK looked at the way children engage in the classroom and focused on whether they were allowed to carry out meaningful dialogues without being interrupted by instructors. For the study, 2,493 Year 5 pupils (9 and 10-year-olds) were monitored across 78 English primary schools. A report on the study was published by the Education Endowment Foundation (EEF).
Researchers asked random teachers to trial a method called Dialogic Teaching, where instructors are asked to use “strategies that enable pupils to reason, discuss, argue and explain rather than merely respond.” In the results of the study, the researchers concluded that using this method led to students making progress two months ahead of their peers that did not experience this teaching method.
“Getting children to think and talk about their own learning more explicitly can be one of the most effective ways to improve academic outcomes,” said Sir Kevan Collins, CEO of EEF, in a statement.
The program utilizes video and print materials, including in-school mentoring that supports the planning teachers must do, and teaching and evaluation in English, math, and science lessons. Children that were exposed to the method were more advanced in all three subjects than those that were not.
In the randomized, controlled trial, there were higher than average proportions of disadvantaged students affected by poverty that yielded the same results as well; this is telling because disadvantaged youth sometimes perform more poorly in school because they often don’t have a balanced or healthy home life that leads them to miss homework, have a harder time focusing, or even suffer nutritionally. The study shows a steady range of children with different backgrounds doing well when being exposed to Dialogic Teaching.
“While there is no simple strategy or trick, today’s evaluation report on dialogic teaching does give primary school heads and teachers practical evidence on an approach that appears to be effective across different subjects,” Collins said.
Many teachers reported needing more than two semesters to truly embed the method in their classroom. This may be because they needed more time to adjust to the new method and confidently use it, but since these initial results were positive it seems that adding more time to the trial would only benefit the students and teachers even more.
Similar results were yielded when teachers tried other methods, like Thinking Talking, Doing Science, in which teachers posed ‘big questions’ to get the children thinking big. Examples include ‘how do we know the earth is a sphere’ in order to stimulate conversation and generate ideas rather than just having children repeat facts. This method resulted in children making three months more progress than those that didn’t learn with a special method.
Instructors don’t necessarily have to implement an entirely new method in order to help their students learn better, they simply have consider some new options when it comes to teaching students a certain lesson here or asking them a different type of question there. The variety can also keep students on their toes by making their brains work harder to produce answers. | <urn:uuid:16be8030-2981-4508-913a-d06d126fa9c4> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39",
"url": "http://www.trueactivist.com/study-finds-that-allowing-children-to-argue-can-make-them-better-learners/",
"date": "2017-09-23T23:46:45",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689806.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923231842-20170924011842-00106.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9766214489936829,
"token_count": 703,
"score": 3.953125,
"int_score": 4
} |
Differentiating Money Market vs Share Market: A financial market is where buyers and sellers gather to trade in financial assets. These assets include bonds, stocks, derivatives, currencies, and commodities. The primary objectives of a financial market are to fix prices for trade in global markets, increase capital and transfer risk and liquidity.
Even though the financial market has various components, the 2 most important components are the money market and share/capital market. The money market is the market where only short-term liquid financial instruments get exchanged.
On the other hand, the capital market (share market) is the market where the dealings are done involving long-term securities. To put things into perspective, the money market is used for short-term lending or borrowing.
In this market, the assets are usually held for one year or less. In the share market, securities can be held for the long-term (i.e., over one year).
The latter market acts as the backbone of the growth of a country’s economy. This is because the share market offers a platform for fund mobilization. However, the money market has a range of operational characteristics too.
In this article, we will explain the difference between Money Market vs Share Market as individuals tend to get confused between these two markets.
Money market – What is it?
The money market involves financial institutions, bill brokers, money dealers, banks, etc., and they are involved in dealing with short-term financial tools. At times, these markets are called wholesale markets. In India, this market serves a primary objective of offering liquid cash to borrowers and fund providers.
The amount is offered for a short period of time. Balance is kept between the supply and demand of short-term funds. Some important money market instruments include call money, commercial papers, CDs (certificates of deposits), T-bills (treasury bills), and forward rate agreements.
- Call money- It exhibits short-term loans having maturities from 1 day to 14 days. It is a financial loan that is to be paid on the demand of the lender. Call money does not require the lender to provide any advanced notice of repayment.
- Treasury bill- It is a short-term debt instrument which is issued by the Government of India. These are issued for the duration of 91 days, 182 days, and 364 days. This bill provides no interest to the holder. But they will be issued at a discount and can be redeemed at face value during their maturity.
- Commercial paper (CP)- This is an unsecured money market instrument that gets issued in the form of a promissory note. These money market instruments span a period of one year. This was introduced to help highly-rated corporate borrowers diversify their sources of short-term borrowings.
- Certificate of deposits (CDs)- This is a savings product, earning interest on a lump sum basis for a fixed time duration. As an incentive for lost liquidity, these instruments carry higher interest rates in comparison to savings accounts.
Since this market is disorganized, the dealing takes place off the public exchange market i.e., without the supervision of exchange, and is dealt over the Counter (OTC). These dealings involve two bodies and they use email, fax, online and phones, etc. for the execution.
This market helps industries accomplish their working capital needs as it circulates short-term funds in the economy. Even though money markets are informal, they are highly liquid. Financial instruments in the money market have a maturity period of up to 1 year. Therefore, these markets carry lower risk in comparison to the share market.
An individual can invest in the money market through a purchase of a money market mutual fund, buying a Treasury bill, or opening a money market account at a bank. Money market accounts provide higher interest rates in comparison to a normal savings account. However, they have higher account minimums and withdrawal limits.
In the wholesale market, commercial paper is generally preferred and is considered a popular borrowing mechanism. This is because these have higher interest rates in comparison to bank time deposits or T-bills. Apart from this feature, they also have a greater range of maturities, from overnight to 270 days. On the negative side, they have a higher risk of default than banks or government instruments.
Overview of share market (Money Market vs Share Market)
The share market is a kind of financial market in which the company or government securities are generated and patronized. The sole intention here is to establish long-term finance. This market also helps the companies to get the capital necessary for their operations or capital expenditures.
In this market, the funds are used for long-term investment by the companies. Coming to the nature of the share markets, these markets are risky and highly volatile. Thus, the share market is not considered for short-term funds investment.
The share market involves investors such as stockbrokers, insurance companies, commercial banks, underwriters, etc. This market helps in serving the purpose of achieving long-term credit requirements of the trade.
In comparison to the money market, this market has a higher return on investment as they are made for the long term. As opposed to the money market, the share market is highly regulated and is controlled by rules and regulations set by government/regulatory bodies.
Stock, commonly known as equity, means a security that exhibits the fractional ownership of the company issuing it. Units of stock are known as shares, entitling the owner to a portion of the company’s assets and profits. Stocks can be bought or sold on exchanges and they are the foundation of individual investors’ portfolios.
Since the share market is regulated, the trades which are executed have to conform to government regulations. These regulations are meant to protect investors from fraudulent practices.
Several companies issue stocks to meet their funding requirements and to operate their businesses. In return, the holder of the share, a shareholder, has a claim to part of the issuing company’s assets and earnings. In short, a shareholder is considered an owner of the issuing company, represented by the number of shares that the shareholder owns relative to the outstanding shares.
Both the markets, the money market, and the share market, form part of the financial markets. The financial market focuses on mobilizing funds and generating returns. The financial markets help in stabilizing the money supply. This is done by a lending-borrowing mechanism. This means that surplus funds are offered to borrowers by lenders.
Both markets are required for the economy’s betterment as they help in fulfilling the business and industry’s capital needs. These markets encourage individuals to gain good returns.
Investors can enter either of the markets depending on their needs. Investors have to understand the trade-off between risk and return. Share markets have a higher risk, but they provide good returns. Money markets are highly liquid, but they give lower returns. Most of the time, securities in the money market are considered safe assets.
So, that’s pretty much it on “Money Market vs Share Market”. We hope you enjoyed reading the article. Happy Investing!
Tags: Difference Between money market and share market, Importance of money market, Money Market, Money market Examples, money market vs share market, Money Market vs Stock Market, Overview of share market, Share Market, Structure of money market, What is an example of money market?, What is the Money Market?, Which is better money market or stock market? | <urn:uuid:ca43abc5-3446-4f0f-aca6-1d5fbdbf091b> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50",
"url": "https://blog.joinfingrad.com/money-market-vs-share-market-whats-the-difference/",
"date": "2023-12-10T00:32:54",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100989.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209233632-20231210023632-00830.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9616774916648865,
"token_count": 1540,
"score": 3.015625,
"int_score": 3
} |
Visit Our Youth Community Site
What is School-Based Health Care?
School-based health care is provided through school and community health organization partnerships and collaboration with school administration and health services staff. This care includes but is not limited to primary care, mental health, oral health, and vision services. This care complements, not replaces or duplicates, existing school health services. The usual governing entity of school-based health care is a community healthcare organization. The legal authority governing health data and privacy is the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA).
School-based health centers (SBHCs) offer the most comprehensive type of school-based health care. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) Community Preventive Services Task Force recommends school-based health centers (SBHCs) as an evidence-based model that improves educational and health outcomes. SBHCs provide the nation’s vulnerable children and youth access to primary care, behavioral health, oral health, and vision care where they spend most of their time – at school. Working at the intersection of health and education, SBHCs collaborate with school districts, principals, teachers, school staff, families, and students. The collaboration, care coordination, and youth engagement results in improved outcomes and health literacy for students, school staff, and the community. The collaboration also contributes to positive education outcomes, including reduced absenteeism, decreased disciplinary actions and suspensions, and improved graduation rates. SBHCs advocate for the needs of low-income children, youth, and families, provide them with a safe haven and serve as a protective factor that reduces poor health and education outcomes. Most SBHCs operate with an external community medical sponsoring agency in partnership with the Local Education Agency.
About School-Based Health Care Services
These six compelling stories will allow you to experience SBHC through the eyes of our children and youth.
Produced by our state affiliates and school-based health funders, these videos offer a quick synopsis of SBHC services, benefits, and outcomes. | <urn:uuid:adace35b-9530-4dae-b8c0-df85dd3da035> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49",
"url": "https://www.sbh4all.org/what-we-do/school-based-health-care/",
"date": "2022-12-01T16:50:50",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710829.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201153700-20221201183700-00044.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9519692063331604,
"token_count": 416,
"score": 3.1875,
"int_score": 3
} |
Other Books by Gavin Reid.
Chapter 1 Defining Dyslexia.
Purpose of Definitions.
How Should We Define Dyslexia?
Barriers to Implementing Policy.
Rose Review and Dyslexia.
Education for Learners with Dyslexia.
Different Perspectives and Agenda.
Chapter 2 Explaining Dyslexia: The Range of Research.
Causal Modelling Framework.
Visual and Temporal Processing.
Magnocellular Visual System.
Phonological Awareness and Multisensory Programmes.
Additional Language Learning.
Dyslexia in Different Orthographies.
Self-disclosure in Adults.
Chapter 3 Assessment: Issues and Considerations.
Points to Consider.
Componential Model of Reading.
Why an Assessment?
How—the Assessment Process.
Effect of an Assessment.
Assessment—Points to Consider.
Some Other Considerations.
Assessment and Inclusion.
The Bilingual Learner.
Chapter 4 Identifying Needs.
Factors that can Prompt Concern.
Linking Assessment with the Planning of Intervention.
Models of Identification.
Barriers to Learning.
Chapter 5 Assessment: Approaches and Resources.
The Use of Tests—Points to Ponder.
Assessment of Processing Skills.
Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing (CTOPP).
Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests.
Gray Oral Reading Tests (Gort-4).
Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT).
Phonological Representation and Assessment.
Assessment in Context.
Multiple Intelligences Approaches.
A Components Approach.
Chapter 6 Reading—Social, Cultural and Government Perspectives.
The Social Context for Literacy.
Literacy and Culture.
Literacy Standards and International Comparisons.
Chapter 7 The Acquisition of Literacy.
What is Reading?
Factors to Consider.
Reading as a Process.
Developing Reading Skills.
The Development of Reading.
Stages of Reading Development.
Limitations of the Stage Model of Reading.
Reading and Memory.
Relationship between Phonology and Orthography.
Dyslexia and Different Orthographies.
Chapter 8 Reading Models and Methods.
Bottom-Up and Top Down Models.
Balance Model of Reading.
Method of Teaching Reading.
Developing Reading Skills.
Teaching Reading—the Debate.
Methodological Issues in Reading Intervention Research.
Factors to Consider in Developing and Using Reading Approaches.
The Literacy Experience.
Framework for Teaching.
Chapter 9 The Acquisition of Literacy: Spelling.
Why is Spelling Difficult?
Systems Involved in Spelling.
Chapter 10 Expressive Writing.
The Importance of Writing.
Relationship between Writing and Spelling.
Expressive Writing: The Process.
Cognitive Skills Associated with Writing.
Writing in the Curriculum.
Developing Metacognitive Skills through Writing.
Metacognitive Strategies for Writing.
Strategies for Writing.
Motivation and Writing.
Chapter 11 Teaching Approaches: Points to Consider.
Assessment and the Curriculum.
Programmes and Approaches—Some Considerations.
Chapter 12 Supporting Literacy: Individualised Programmes.
Criteria for Selection.
Alpha to Omega.
The Hickey Multisensory Language Course.
Bangor Dyslexia Teaching System.
The Slingerland Programme.
Toe By Toe: Multisensory Manual for Teachers and Parents.
Comment—Issues to Consider.
Chapter 13 Supporting Literacy: Approaches and Strategies.
Phonics Instructional Approaches.
Other Support Approaches.
Start to Finish Books.
Chapter 14 Supporting Learning.
Key Points About Learning.
The Learning Process.
Zone of Proximal Development.
Developing Learning Skills.
The Role of Self-esteem.
Creativity and the ‘Gifted’ Dyslexic Student.
Chapter 15 Inclusion: Curriculum Access.
Responding to the Diverse Needs of Students.
Meeting Curriculum Objectives.
Index for Inclusion.
Tensions and Contradictions.
Assessment, Need and Accountability.
Removing Barriers to Achievement.
Interventions and Inclusion.
Making the School Inclusive.
Principles of Inclusion.
An Inclusive School.
Staff Support and Training.
Dyslexia and Self-advocacy.
Chapter 16 Inclusion in Secondary Education: Accessing the Curriculum.
Features of Secondary Schools.
Differentiation and Curricular Development.
Differentiation and Assessment.
Multiple Intelligences in Secondary Schools.
Challenges: Key Areas.
Chapter 17 Inclusion: Further and Higher Education and the Workplace.
Further and Higher Education.
Chapter 18 Issues and Concerns.
Issue 1. Multilingualism.
Issue 2. The Use of Computers and Technology.
Issue 3. Overlap, Continuum and Intervention.
Issue 4. Alternative Therapies.
Issue 5. Training and Professional Development.
Comment on Issues.
Chapter 19 The Role of Parents.
Parents as Partners.
Appendix 1 Some Tests for Dyslexia that Can Be Used by Teachers.
Appendix 2 Further Contacts. | <urn:uuid:af4a9f39-9c7c-42e5-9f70-b503d64b2074> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39",
"url": "https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Dyslexia%3A+A+Practitioner%27s+Handbook%2C+4th+Edition-p-9780470745502",
"date": "2018-09-23T16:29:16",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267159561.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20180923153915-20180923174315-00559.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7204715013504028,
"token_count": 1116,
"score": 3.703125,
"int_score": 4
} |
A muscle strain is the stretching or tearing of muscle fibers. A muscle strain can be caused by sports, exercise, a sudden movement, or trying to lift something that is too heavy. Symptoms of a muscle strain include pain, tightness, swelling, tenderness, and the inability to move the muscle very well.
Updated by: Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Medical Director, MEDEX Northwest Division of Physician Assistant Studies, University of Washington, School of Medicine. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed physician should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. Copyright 1997-2013, A.D.A.M., Inc. Duplication for commercial use must be authorized in writing by ADAM Health Solutions. | <urn:uuid:dfb2ef2c-83ce-44cc-bac8-86079fef1c6c> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20",
"url": "http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/19618.htm",
"date": "2013-06-18T07:12:44",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368707184996/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516122624-00080-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9310559034347534,
"token_count": 221,
"score": 3.234375,
"int_score": 3
} |
Family socialization begins a process through which humans learn and develop to be the adult persons they become. Has this happened to you? You have a close friend, Joan, whom you've known for many years, and finally you meet her family and think to yourself, "Now I understand where Joan gets those habits and behaviors from." For some, the effects of family socialization are very evident and long lasting; for others, there is not much obvious effect; and for still others, it looks like there's no relationship at all. If you look closely, you'll see that some adults choose to adopt behaviors and values that are completely opposite from those of their families. For those individuals, you might also say, "Now I understand why Allan is that way." The socialization is just as strong, but it has a different effect.
For some adults, their interactions with family continues in such a close relationship that the family maintains a dominant role in their ongoing socialization. You probably know some friends in that kind of situation.
Effects of Family Socialization
Erikson's stages of development offer another model for understanding socialization. In each stage there are influences or agents of socialization who have an impact on the child and the messages of socialization being received. As the child develops and advances in psychosocial development, the agents become stronger or weaker in their capacity for influence. Early in a child's development, the family is, of course, the strongest agent, but as the child advances to preschool age, programs or schools begin to exert influence. At school age, peers are active socialization agents. For the first eight years, family, school, community, and peers play a role in the following aspects of a child's socialization:
- The development of trust
- The development of independence
- The tendency to take initiative
- The sense of competence and ambition
- Decisions about who one is
- Relationships with others
- Decisions about future generations
- Reflections on one's life
Intentional and Unintentional Socialization
Some of the influence of families is intentional and some of it is unintentional, a result of some spontaneous interaction. Watch Keeley and her mom and see if you can pick out the intentional and unintentional socialization.
Kerry, Keeley's mom, is getting ready for work. She stands in front of the mirror and spends a long time putting on makeup. Keeley is sitting near her on the floor playing, but she mostly watches her mom's makeup routine. Then Kerry fixes her hair, pushing it over her ears a certain way and checking her reflection in the mirror frequently. "It's your turn," she says to Keeley and she begins to brush Keeley's hair. "I want a French braid," Keeley says to her mom in a demanding tone. "Is that the way you ask for things?" her mom asks. Keeley gets quiet and says, "Mom, would you fix my hair in a French braid, please?" Her mom smiles and responds lovingly, and immediately starts forming the braid.
The intentional lesson Kerry was trying to teach Keeley is pretty obvious. But what was Keeley learning without Kerry intending to teach it to her? This may take some discussion and there may be some disagreement among your classmates about the unintentional socialization occurring for Keeley. The important idea is that Kerry is not even thinking about teaching Keeley anything in particular. She is simply going about the process of getting herself ready for work, but socialization is occurring.
© ______ 2008, Merrill, an imprint of Pearson Education Inc. Used by permission. All rights reserved. The reproduction, duplication, or distribution of this material by any means including but not limited to email and blogs is strictly prohibited without the explicit permission of the publisher. | <urn:uuid:b30caa62-7762-4824-be6b-6fd7acb785f9> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-14",
"url": "http://www.education.com/reference/article/family-socialization/",
"date": "2015-03-28T14:58:11",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131297587.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172137-00040-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.968207061290741,
"token_count": 777,
"score": 3.390625,
"int_score": 3
} |
Military Aviation: 1918-1939
Military Aviation: 1918-1939
As the war drew to a close, the aircraft had proved its worth in combat, although many in positions of power in the military establishment were still sceptical. Britain's Royal Air Force (RAF) was formed in 1918 by the amalgamation of the Army's Royal Flying Corps (RFC) and the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS). The RNAS had been responsible for the air defence of the United Kingdom until February 1916, when the RFC regained this responsibility. The German air force was disbanded by the Treaty of Versailles, while air power advocates in the victorious Allied nations struggled to prove that the aeroplane was the weapon of the future. The spectre of bomb attack from the air was raised regularly in the 1920s and 1930s by all sides in the debate, since the failure of night fighters in World War I seemed to suggest that there was no defence, and that civilian populations would be under attack.
Military aircraft technology evolved slowly after World War I. Biplane construction was standard, since the braced structure was strong, robust, and proven. In Britain, a series of fighters and bombers from Hawker, Bristol, and Gloster pushed biplane design to its limits, but the two wings remained the standard. By the 1930s, fast, smooth monoplane designs such as the de Havilland Comet and Supermarine S-6 floatplane were being built to contest air races like the Schneider Trophy, but these lessons had not been transferred into military aircraft design. In Germany, Hitler's rise to power and the elevation of ex-World War I pilots, like Hermann Goering, to positions of influence resulted in the design of a number of monoplane "airliners" and single-seaters. These monoplanes were rapidly to become the bombers and fighters with which the German Luftwaffe went to war five years later: the Heinkel He 111, the Dornier Do 17, and the Messerschmitt Bf 109.
Features such as retractable landing-gear, streamlining, and the use of metal for construction became the hallmarks of the new generation of aircraft. However, the RAF, the French Air Force, and even the United States Army Air Corps, the forerunner of the United States Army Air Force, were still largely equipped with wood-and-fabric biplanes. In addition, despite the fears about aerial bombardment, none was equipped with a genuinely heavy bomber.
Most of the genuine innovation in military aircraft construction between the wars came about as a result of unsolicited work in private companies.
The legendary Spitfire, developed independently by the Supermarine Company, and only later sold to Britain's Air Ministry, is only one example. With its smooth lines, load-bearing metal skin, and heavy eight machine-gun armament, the Spitfire was revolutionary.
As it became clear that appeasement had failed, Britain, France, and Germany began the race to build modern planes. The Spanish Civil War, in which the modern aircraft of Germany's Condor Legion battled with older, less-sophisticated types, proved the point: the new aircraft destroyed the old in numbers. The bombing of Guernica and the first deployment of Germany's Stuka dive-bombers were omens of the air war to come. | <urn:uuid:0a247f8f-31a5-489f-88c4-d90f923548a4> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-49",
"url": "https://referaty.centrum.sk/vseobecne-humanitne/dejepis/2826/?print=1",
"date": "2021-12-09T05:37:37",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363659.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20211209030858-20211209060858-00006.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9756444692611694,
"token_count": 688,
"score": 3.890625,
"int_score": 4
} |
Last week, divisions 4 and 5 from Byng (the grades 4 and 5 classes) took some iPads and went for a math walk into Steveston. Before we left, we had a discussion about what math is (most students said “doing stuff with numbers” or something like that) and we began to then talk about mathematics in a broader sense, how we see it in our world and use it daily. One boy mentioned that his dad has told him that math is in everything. As we walked into Steveston, we asked the students to notice math in their environment, in this place that we live. The students were to capture images with the iPads that would inspire them to think mathematically. The students noticed lots of numbers (addresses, license plates, etc) but also noticed math being used, particularly in construction.
We walked to Steveston Harbour, at the mouth of the south arm of the Fraser River, and sat down on the pier for a short talk. After briefly discussing the story of the shared history of the river, the students were asked to think and wonder about this place.
Inspired by the Fraser River, some of the questions the students asked are:
How much water is in the Fraser River?
How many fish do they catch?
How much money do they make?
How many boats are in the harbour?
How deep is the Fraser River?
How old is the Fraser River?
How far do people travel to catch fish?
How many fish would the Aboriginal people have caught a long time ago?
What was the traditional boat for fishing for the Musqueam people?
Was the water always this colour?
What is the most common fish to catch?
We decided to take the whole group down to the docks where there were some fishing boats open and with fish for sale. This was a great opportunity for the students to investigate some of their questions and they found a fisherman willing to answer their questions (and after being bombarded, we obliged by purchasing a pink salmon from him).
How many fish do you catch a day?
30-500 depending on how lucky I am.
How far do you go to catch your fish?
I caught these near Haida Gwaii.
How much do each of the fish weigh?
About 3-4 pounds each.
How much does this one cost?
The students walked back to school with even more questions and hopefully a greater awareness of math in their world. The next phase of inquiry will be to choose some of their questions to investigate. | <urn:uuid:5e631b45-1829-4ca2-aaf2-6dd7443ecf42> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49",
"url": "https://blogs.sd38.bc.ca/sd38mathandscience/2014/05/23/place-based-mathematical-inquiry/",
"date": "2022-11-27T02:51:54",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710155.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20221127005113-20221127035113-00768.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9811146855354309,
"token_count": 523,
"score": 3.390625,
"int_score": 3
} |
When a solenoid coil voltage (DC or AC voltages such as 230V, 110V, 24V, 12V) is applied, the coil becomes an electromagnet and generates a magnetic force. This force allows the core inside the valve to move. According to this action, the valve opens or closes. If the fluid does not pass while there is no energy, the shape is normally closed, When the fluid passes without energy, the shape is normally open.
Read More: Types of Solenoid Valves
As shown in the figure, when the coil is energized, the orifice through which the fluid flows is directly closed or opened directly. Take the name of the direct acting here.
As can be seen, opening and closing of Pilot Operated solenoid valves is done using line pressure with a control panel. The fluid in the line fills the upper section of the diaphragm, closing down the main hole with the line pressure and spring pushing downwards. When the solenoid coil is energized, it pulls the core upward to open the control hole and the fluid is transferred to the outlet of the line via the fluid discharge hole on the diaphragm. The diaphragm lifts upward as pressure on the diaphragm is lifted.
Solenoid valve is divided into 2 main groups in terms of working principle in general.
- Direct acting solenoid valves
- Pilot operated solenoid valves
How do direct acting solenoid valves work?
Direct acting solenoid solenoid valve consists of valve body, tube, core, coil, o-ring, knurled nut and socket.
The direct acting solenoid valve body is first connected to the pipeline in the direction of flow of the fluid (in the direction of the arrow on the body). Sealing is provided by the o-ring in the sleeve fitting part and the sealing element in the core under the core.
Read More: Applications of Solenoid Valves
If the solenoid valve connected to the pipeline is normally closed (N.C.) type (does not pass the fluid without electricity), the valve position must be changed so that the fluid flows to the other outlet side. So N.C must be N.O. (normally open). The only requirement is that the coil on the solenoid valve is powered by electrical energy in the voltage range written on it. When the coil is energized with the correct energy (+/- 10.15% fault), it will pull the nucleus (core) in the tube. When the core which pressing the orifice in the valve body moves upwards, the fluid that is waiting at the entrance of the orifice will be opened. Then, the fluid that opens will continue to pass through the outlet of the valve. This continues until the electricity on the coil is cut off. When the electricity supply is cut off, the coil releases the core. The core closes with its own weight and the spring force on it again by pressing the orifice on the body. Fluid flow is stopped. The solenoid valve returns to its first position in the N.C (normally closed) position.
In the direct draw solenoid valve, the diameter of the orifice in the valve body is very important. It can be opened up to a diameter that will drain as much as it needs. But it can be up to 9 mm, at least 1 mm diameter. The diameter of this orifice also affects the valve working pressure. While orifice grows as the coil power is the same, the valve working pressure drops.
How do pilot operated solenoid valves work?
Pilot operated solenoid valves can also be called diaphragm solenoid valves. Valves with large orifice diameter in valve body. They are manufactured in 3/8 “, 1/2”, 3/4 “, 1”, 11/4 “, 11/2”, 2 “, 3” dimensions as the connection size. The diameter of the orifice starting from min. 12 mm can be up to 80 mm. We can not provide the sealing of this large orifice with the “sealing element on the core”. The solution is to provide leakproofness with diaphragm.
How will you lift the diaphragm and the orifice will open and the fluid will pass to the exit side? The answer to this question is the most important point of pilot controlled solenoid valve operating principle.
Pilot control means that the equal pressure existing on the diaphragm that provides valve sealing creates a differential pressure in a certain way and this differential pressure moves the diaphragm upwards. Thus, the orifice will open, the valve will change position and the fluid valve will pass to the outlet side.
Differential pressure is usually min. expected 0.5 bar, 0.3 bar. It is expected that the fluid which will pass through the valve for the formation of the differential pressure should be like the input pressure min.0.5 bar and max.10 bar, 16 bar, 30 bar, 40 bar, 70 bar.
So how is the “differential pressure force” that the solenoid valve needs to change its position?
In the solenoid valve, the diaphragm closes the solenoid valve orifice to trap the fluid between the solenoid valve body cap and the body. (There is a 1mm diameter hole in the center of the diaphragm, which fills the bottom of the diaphragm, from above this opening into the top of the diaphragm and into the barrel, and presses on the upper surface of the core, closing the hole of the small bypass orifice on the chamber lid). When the diaphragm is filled with liquid at the top and bottom, the diaphragm remains in a balanced pressure environment.
When the solenoid valve coil acting on the tube-core group on the cap is energized, the core in the tube will move up. When moving upward, liquid between the diaphragm and the cap flushes through the orifice through the 1mm hole on the diaphragm, through the valve in the cap on the valve body, and discharges to the valve outlet side. The pressure on the diaphragm drops as the fluid above the diaphragm moves to the outlet side of the valve. The pressure under the diaphragm is still the same fluid pressure. Since the hole on the diaphragm is small, liquid flows through this hole and fills up on the diaphragm, which takes time to compensate the pressure. If the pressure balance on the diaphragm deteriorates before this time period, the pressure under the diaphragm will push the diaphragm upward easily and adhere to the ceiling of the lid. In this case, the orifice will be opened and the valve will change position, so the fluid will move smoothly through the orifice and towards the exit side.
This is where the pressure should be min. 0.5 bar to lift the diaphragm so that the valve position changes. This is how the valve works with differential pressure. | <urn:uuid:bb177fd6-50a7-4ae7-bf54-4273751fc167> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39",
"url": "http://blog.smstork.com/how-does-the-solenoid-valve-work/",
"date": "2018-09-18T19:07:17",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155676.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20180918185612-20180918205612-00238.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9273901581764221,
"token_count": 1504,
"score": 3.78125,
"int_score": 4
} |
Module code: G5088
15 credits in spring semester
Teaching method: Class, Workshop, Lecture
Assessment modes: Coursework, Unseen examination
In this module, you will cover:
- elementary row and column operations
- vector spaces
- linear independence
- basis and dimension
- inner products and orthogonality
- Gram-Schmidt orthonormalisation process
- linear transformations
- eigen-values and eigen-vectors
- Cayley-Hamilton theorem
- quadratic forms.
Module learning outcomes
- Understand the concept of a vector space and dimension.
- Solve linear systems of equations using elementary row and column operations on matrices.
- Calculate determinants of square matrices.
- Calculate eigen-values and eigen-vectors of square matrices. | <urn:uuid:fd37d13b-48d3-4ff7-8054-8d28ea15a8f4> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13",
"url": "http://www.sussex.ac.uk/study/international-students/visiting-exchange-erasmus-students/modules/modules/235/60973",
"date": "2018-03-21T07:15:59",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647584.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20180321063114-20180321083114-00258.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.6806512475013733,
"token_count": 177,
"score": 3.046875,
"int_score": 3
} |
Article II Section 1 5 No Person except a natural born Citizen or a Citizen of the United States at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution shall be eligible to the Office of President neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the ID: 662190 Download Presentation
What does it take to be a great president?. Demographic Characteristics . of U.S. Presidents . Male—100% . Protestant—97% . British ancestry—82%. College education—77% . Politicians—69% . Lawyers—62% .
Chapter 9. Section 1. Presidential Powers. Need for a strong Executive. The founders recognized the need for a strong executive.. A strong executive was needed to overcome the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation..
Take out or pull up your . letter to a congressman . (. draft- electronic . or hard copy.. As you arrive…. Write about the following prompt-. Warm-up. The Executive Branch. Requirements, Terms, and Roles of the President.
Origins. Delegates at the constitutional convention studied the writings on Montesquieu and Locke. They studied British government and American colonial government and decided that they didn’t want a king.
Article II. “. To be President of the United States is to be lonely, very lonely, at times of great decisions.. ”. - Harry S. Truman. The President’s Job Description. What are the President’s many roles?.
SS8CG3The student will analyze the role of the executive branch in Georgia state government. . In a Federal system of government . powers are shared between the national and state . governments.. National System.
A look at the Presidents branch. Qualifications. Article II of the Constitution establishes these qualifications. . Natural-born citizen. At least 35 years of age. Resident of United States for 14 years prior to election..
Power of the President. Persuasion. Political Skills. Mobilize influence, manage conflict, negotiate, and compromise. Popularity. Pocketbook. Executive Branch . How does he rate?. C-SPAN . POTUS Rankings .
Article II, Section 1. No Person except a . natural born Citizen. , or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the .
Download Presentation - The PPT/PDF document "Presidential Leadership Executive Branch..." is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.
Presentation on theme: "Presidential Leadership Executive Branch continued…"— Presentation transcript:
Executive Branch continued…Slide2
Article II, Section 1
No Person except a
natural born Citizen
, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the
The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but
no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office
or public Trust under the United States. Slide5
Article II, Section 1
The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services,
, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the Period for which he shall have been elected, and he
shall not receive within that Period any other Emolument from the United States, or any of them. Slide6
$50,000 surviving spouse
Article II, Section 1
Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:--"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States."
LBJ on Air Force One
Obama and RobertsSlide8
On the Bible
3 BranchesDignitariesPeaceful Transfer of PowerSlide9
Know and understand people
Communicate and explain ideas
ResoluteGood staffSense of timingLeak – information informally becoming available to the press, and therefore the public | <urn:uuid:1c4bfe1f-5f59-4df8-a589-3cba5e46163d> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17",
"url": "https://www.docslides.com/tatiana-dople/presidential-leadership-executive-branch-continued",
"date": "2021-04-17T08:44:57",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038118762.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20210417071833-20210417101833-00475.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9094529151916504,
"token_count": 975,
"score": 3.109375,
"int_score": 3
} |
Archive Teaching Unit
To support the publication of
‘A Celebration of our Mining Heritage’
The purpose of this unit is to provide teachers with some primary sources for the study of coalmining in Northumberland and Durham. There is a vast amount of material on this subject available primarily at the Mining Institute but also at the records offices and libraries throughout the region. Therefore, a radical selection has been necessary. The Archive Teaching Unit is intended to complement the publication ‘A Celebration of our Mining Heritage’ which is available from the Mining Institute for £15. This book examines in detail the development of mining in one royalty but in so doing it provides an example of a process which was common to other royalties throughout the coalfield and therefore the book has a much wider appeal. It is hoped that students using the archive teaching unit will be able to acquire some understanding of the evidence which has enabled the history of Heaton Royalty to be written; and that this will encourage them to explore the history of their own area of the coalfield. The comprehensive collection of maps available in the unit, together with those available on-line elsewhere, provides a starting point for the study of other royalties. Because the teaching unit will be used by a wide range of teachers and other members of the public for different purposes, no attempt has been made to determine how the documents are to be used in a teaching situation. This is left to the professionalism of the teachers themselves.
The compilation of this unit has only been possible because of the support of Jennifer Hillyard and her team of volunteers at the Mining Institute. I am particularly indebted to Alistair Brook whose patience and dedication is remarkable.
There are five parts to this collection:
(B) Heaton Banks Colliery as an illustration of an eighteenth century coalmine;
(C) Heaton Main Colliery as an illustration of a colliery in the early nineteenth century;
Short Glossary of Terms used in the Coal Trade
The coalfield had its own language and this short glossary cannot do justice to the subject but there are two books which are essential for gaining a wider understanding of the terms used in the coal industry:
- C.Greenwell ‘A Glossary of Terms used in the Coal Trade of Northumberland and Durham’, and
- Bill Griffiths ‘Pitmatic: the talk of the North East Coalfield’
Shaft – vertical entrance into a mine.
Level – horizontal entrance into a mine.
In bye – away from the shaft.
Out bye – towards the shaft.
Fire engine – Newcomen pumping engine.
Seam – a band of coal varying in thickness from a few inches to several feet.
Headways – passages driven across the grain of the coal to open up the mine.
Pillar – a rectangular block of coal generally about 10 yards by 20 yards left to support the roof.
Bord – where the miner hewed the coal working with the grain.
Wall – passage linking boards cut across the grain.
Jenkin – short passage through a bord.
Jud – the base of the coal which was undercut by the hewer.
Thrill – soft floor of the coal seam.
Goaf – waste or worked out area of the mine.
Inclined Plane – railway so arranged that the weight of the loaded waggons ran downhill.
Corf – wicker basket for carrying coals.
Cage – introduced in 1840 as an improved method of moving men and materials in and out of the mine.
Viewer – agent in charge of all aspects of operating the mine.
Deputy – assistant responsible for a district of the mine.
Keeker – an overman.
Hewer – man who extracted the coal from the seam.
Putter – boy who pushed the tubs from the coal face to the shaft bottom
Half marrow – an assistant to the putter.
Foal – also an assistant to the putter.
Trapper – younger boys opening and closing a door to protect the ventilation system while tubs passed.
Onsetter – man responsible for setting men and materials into the cage.
Banksman – man in charge of the operations at the surface.
Cavil – working place allotted to men in the pit as a result of a lottery.
Wain – cart drawn by two oxen and two horses carrying 17.5 cwt.
Waggonway – railway for transporting coal from the pit to the staith.
Gate – the journey which a waggonman made from the pit to the staith.
Dandy cart – special waggon for carrying horses on the downhill sections of the waggonway.
Main way – superior built section of the waggonway used for loaded waggons.
Bye way – inferior section generally used for empty waggons.
Keel – vessel used to ferry coal down river to the sea-going ships. Capacity eight keels of 21 tons.
Collier – sea-going ship generally moored at Shields.
Royalty – mineral rights in an area of land.
Mineral rights – ownership of the minerals beneath the soil.
Surface rights – ownership of the surface.
Wayleave – grant of passage through an estate.
Newcastle Chaldron – measure of coal equal to 53 cwts.
London Chaldron – the London measure was 28 cwts.
Score – standard number of tubs or corves of coal upon which the hewers wages were paid which varied from 20 to 26 between areas of the coalfield. | <urn:uuid:5cf41320-1744-43af-880d-d9637889ec58> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39",
"url": "https://mininginstitute.org.uk/education/archive-teaching-unit/",
"date": "2017-09-23T14:28:06",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689686.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923141947-20170923161947-00515.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9365876913070679,
"token_count": 1168,
"score": 3.140625,
"int_score": 3
} |
Standardized tests like the SAT and GRE can be challenging, but with the right preparation, you can increase your chances of success. Here are some tips for preparing for standardized tests:
Create a Study Plan
The first step in preparing for standardized tests is to create a study plan. This should include a schedule of when you will study, what you will study, and how long you will spend on each topic. Be sure to allocate enough time to cover all of the material you need to learn, and to review and practice frequently.
Familiarize Yourself with the Test Format and Structure
Familiarize yourself with the test format and structure. Review sample questions and test formats to get a sense of what to expect on test day. This will help you understand the types of questions you will be asked and the format of the test, and allow you to practice under test-like conditions.
Utilize Study Materials
Use study materials such as prep books, online courses, and practice tests. These materials can provide you with additional instruction, guidance, and practice. Make sure to choose high-quality, reputable materials that have been proven to be effective.
Take Practice Tests
Taking practice tests is an essential part of test preparation. Practice tests can help you identify areas where you need more work, improve your test-taking skills, and build confidence. Be sure to take practice tests under test-like conditions, and review your answers thoroughly to identify areas where you can improve.
Identify Your Strengths and Weaknesses
Identify your strengths and weaknesses, and focus your study efforts accordingly. Spend more time on topics that you find challenging, and less time on topics where you are already proficient. By focusing your study efforts on your weaknesses, you can improve your overall score and increase your chances of success.
Develop Test-Taking Strategies
Develop test-taking strategies that work for you. For example, you might develop a strategy for tackling multiple-choice questions, or for managing your time during the test. Test-taking strategies can help you manage your anxiety, stay focused, and increase your efficiency.
Practice Time Management
Time management is essential when taking standardized tests. Make sure you are familiar with the test structure and format, and practice managing your time during practice tests. Develop strategies for pacing yourself during the test, such as skipping difficult questions and coming back to them later.
Stay Positive and Confident
Staying positive and confident is essential during test preparation and on test day. Negative thoughts and self-doubt can impact your performance, so make sure to stay positive and believe in yourself. Surround yourself with supportive people who can encourage you and help you stay motivated.
Preparing for standardized tests can be challenging, but with the right preparation, you can increase your chances of success. By creating a study plan, familiarizing yourself with the test format and structure, utilizing study materials, taking practice tests, identifying your strengths and weaknesses, developing test-taking strategies, practicing time management, and staying positive and confident, you can approach standardized tests with confidence and achieve your goals.
Remember, preparation is key when it comes to standardized tests. By following these tips, you can feel more prepared and confident on test day. Additionally, it’s important to take care of yourself during the test preparation process. Make sure you get enough rest, eat well, and exercise regularly. Taking care of your physical and mental health can help you perform at your best on test day.
Lastly, don’t forget to take breaks and recharge. It’s important to balance your study time with relaxation and leisure time. Taking breaks can actually help you be more productive when you return to studying. So, make sure to schedule breaks into your study plan, and use that time to do something that you enjoy.
In conclusion, preparing for standardized tests like the SAT and GRE can be challenging, but it is achievable with the right preparation and mindset. Use these tips to help you create a comprehensive study plan, familiarize yourself with the test format, practice effectively, and manage your time wisely. Most importantly, believe in yourself and your abilities, stay positive, and approach the test with confidence. Good luck! | <urn:uuid:5c62eb21-1af1-404e-8fb2-66177d2941d4> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10",
"url": "https://knowledgebud.com/tips-for-preparing-for-standardized-tests-like-the-sat-and-gre/",
"date": "2024-02-24T17:15:12",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474541.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224144416-20240224174416-00617.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9351370930671692,
"token_count": 854,
"score": 3.296875,
"int_score": 3
} |
Sat, April 22, 2023, is Earth Day
Bro. Steve O'Neil, SM, sends us Catholic Climate Covenant's Participant guide for Earth Day 2023.
Each year on April 22, more than a billion people celebrate Earth Day to protect the planet from things like pollution and deforestation. By taking part in activities like picking up litter and planting trees, we’re making our world a happier, healthier place to live.
The first Earth Day was celebrated in 1970 when a United States senator from Wisconsin organized a national demonstration to raise awareness about environmental issues. Rallies took place across the country and, by the end of the year, the U.S. government had created the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). By 1990, Earth Day was an event celebrated by more than 140 countries around the globe. (From kids.nationalgeographic.com)
Marianist Brother Jim Facette, SM, participated in the first Earth Day in 1970.
He spoke of that first Earth Day, 1970 as “a watershed moment for me.” It was, in his words, “the beginning of a clearer consciousness of the importance of the earth and the need to treat it with respect.” That growing awareness influenced the rest of his life as a Marianist.
Look out for a post about him tomorrow. | <urn:uuid:fea36364-681a-474a-8a97-fec0d08d283f> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23",
"url": "https://www.marianistencounters.org/post/sat-april-22-2023-is-earth-day",
"date": "2023-06-08T01:14:41",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224654031.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20230608003500-20230608033500-00646.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9501003623008728,
"token_count": 273,
"score": 3.09375,
"int_score": 3
} |
What Does The dfn Tag Do In Html?
Dfn tag in Html is the most uncommon tag. These tags highlight the “meaning of ginnings.” The <dfn> element represents a defined example of a word. Most browsers italicize the <dfn> tag contents, which can redefine with CSS. Start tag, like end tag, is mandatory.
Examples of content tagged by the tag are Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee, English physicist, computer scientist, professor at MIT, credited with discovering the World Wide Web. he made his first proposals in 1989.
In December 1990, the first contact with the HTTP protocol was by system engineer Robert Kailiau, who became the world’s first Internet user and an intern at CERN.
Dfn tag in Html Explain 01
<p> <dfn><abbr title="Model View Controller">MVC</abbr></dfn> </p>
Dfn tag in Html Explain 02
<p> <dfn> <abbr title = "Cascading Style Sheets"> CSS </abbr> </dfn> is a style sheet language used to describe the appearance of a document written in a markup language. </p>
What is the <dfn> tag in HTML and why do we need it?
Dfn tags are needed to highlight text. It is noteworthy that the tags fall under the “semantic tags” category. Simply put, these tags are used to highlight the “meaning of ginning.” I think these tags are helpful for people.
The great thing about the <dfn> tag is the ability to highlight specific keywords in a whitehat way when defining a particular word. First, we will determine the term “Berlin Wall” and set the id attribute for the <dfn> element containing it.
I will do this to place word links from other parts of the document. MenkakUp Global Attributes, Young Artinat Tag Terisboot uses global attributes and HTML tags for HTML tags.
In the following example, the content of the <dfn> element is an abbreviation (abbr). The title of the abbr element in the description will be the word defined in the paragraph content (“cascading style sheet”).
Dfn tag in Html Explain 03
<div id="openingparagraphs"> <p>Welcome to my webpage and paragraph 1.</p> <p>I have so much to say I'm going to need a lot of paragraphs!</p> Scroll over the phrase <dfn title="Thick walled cooking pot">dutch oven.</dfn> </div>
Dfn tag in Html Explain 04
<acronym> Love Sayings </acronym> <dfn> Erich Segal </dfn>
We will use the word again in the second paragraph without defining it. However, we will clarify that this is the same word as previously described, setting up a link to the ID declared in the element, thus connecting both terms. For more information on setting up these types of connections, see Reference to a part.
What is <dfn>tag in HTML?
The <> DFN tag “Definition Element” or point of interest is used to mark or highlight a topic in a text, explored and detailed below. The tag represents a defined example of a word in HTML. The illustrated example is often the first use of a word in a document. The guardian closest to the tag must have the definition/interpretation of the word inside.
It has title features that must contain the defined word if present and not other text. The element represents an illustrated example of a comment. Paragraphs, descriptive list groups, or sections that are the closest ancestors to the element must also contain the word definition (s) provided by the element.
Dfn tag in Html Explain 05
<p> <dfn>Question 1:</dfn><br /> What do you mean by HTML?<br /> <dfn>Answer:</dfn></br> make the web pages.<br /> </p>
Dfn tag in Html Explain 06
<p> <dfn>Question 3:</dfn><br /> What do you mean by Array?<br /> <dfn>Answer:</dfn><br /> </p>
What Does The dfn Tag Do In Html?
The tag in the Html document represents the definition of a word. If it contains the same element child node and no child text node and the child element is an abbr element with a title attribute, then the actual value of that attribute is defined.
Otherwise, the exact text content of the element defines the term. An element that links to an element represents an example of a word defined by an element.
Dfn tag in Html Explain 07
<p> <dfn title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</dfn> </p>
Dfn tag in Html Explain 08
<p> <dfn id = "berlin-wall"> The Berlin Wall </dfn> (GDR, East Germany) that began on 13 August 1961, completely isolated (by land) in the west-east. From neighboring Berlin and East Berlin, Germany. </p>
How To Add The dfn Tag In HTML A Simple Guide?
dfn the <dfn> element has a title attribute, then the exact value of that attribute is the defined word. Otherwise, the descriptive textual content of the <dfn> element defines the term. If the title feature of the <dfn> part is present, it should contain only little words at the point in the document where the given word (probably the art-specific word or some semantics) is first explained.
Some, but not all, browsers will render the contents of the <dfn> element diagonally, a long-standing typographic convention to present a defined example of a word, especially in scientific papers. You can use CSS to format the definition in a browser that does not style the description in italics. learn more w3c.com
Dfn tag in Html Explain 09
<p> <dfn>Question 2:</dfn><br /> What is <dfn>tag in HTML?<br /> <dfn>Answer:</dfn><br /> </p>
Dfn tag in Html Explain 10
<em>Emphasized text</em> <strong>Strong text</strong> <dfn>Definition term</dfn> <code>Computer code text</code> <samp>Sample computer code text</samp> <kbd>Keyboard text</kbd> <var>Variable</var> <cite>Citation</cite> | <urn:uuid:b9c88ccd-2a96-493d-8595-ca5aa14affbe> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-21",
"url": "https://beginnerwebdeveloper.com/dfn-tag-in-html/",
"date": "2022-05-21T15:04:21",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662539131.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220521143241-20220521173241-00148.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7930498719215393,
"token_count": 1437,
"score": 3.390625,
"int_score": 3
} |
Pollutants in the indoor air - indoor air measurement with VOC sensors
On average, around 80% of the air that a person breathes in every day is indoor air. Pollutants in indoor spaces are usually invisible – they are gaseous substances or tiny dusts and particles. They can come from different sources. On the one hand, it can be fine dust that enters the room from the outside air, on the other hand, the source can be in the room itself, such as CO2, mold, formaldehyde, wood preservatives or plasticizers.
What is VOC anyway? Pollutants in indoor air can affect health and well-being to varying degrees when staying in buildings. Unpleasant smells in interiors, disorders of wellbeing and health complaints are often reasons for indoor air measurements in private and public areas. CO2 and VOC measurements are particularly relevant.
Sources of VOCs indoors
What is VOC?
Air pollutants are briefly referred to as VOC. The abbreviation VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds) stands for volatile organic compounds. These are organic-chemical compounds in the boiling range of approx. 50 – 260 ° C. VOCs are contained in room air practically anytime and anywhere. However, if the concentrations are relatively low, they are considered to be harmless to humans.
Sources of emissions for indoor pollutants are, for example, building products or interior fittings, such as floor coverings, wallpaper and wall paints, varnishes, adhesives, and furniture or heating systems.
Because the solvents contained evaporate and liquid or viscous products dry, the pollutants get into the room air. VOCs can also escape from solid products such as plastics, which contain many chemicals.
There is a risk of increased VOC concentrations in particular in the case of new construction or renovation or refurbishment of buildings through the use of numerous VOC-emitting construction products.
VOCs can also outgas natural materials, such as wood, the terpenes can escape. They are also found in care, disinfection, cleaning and hobby products as well as in tobacco smoke. Humans, pets and microorganisms also excrete VOCs.
Effects and dangers of pollutants in indoor air
The different pollutants can reveal completely different effects. The health hazards range from unpleasant odors and irritation to the respiratory tract and eyes to acute poisoning and long-term damage.
These include damage to the nervous system, the triggering or intensification of allergies, cancer, genetic damage or impairment of reproductive capacity. Such symptoms are summarized under the term SBS (Sick Building Syndrome = building-related disease syndrome). Children, the elderly and people with a weakened immune system are particularly at risk from high levels of VOC.
inVENTer supports you in combating pollutants indoors!
Receive all tips and tricks in the free info mails
Limit values for indoor air pollution
Neither in Germany nor in Europe are there any binding regulations for the requirements for indoor air quality. For this reason, the Committee for Indoor Standard Values of the Federal Environment Agency publishes recommendations in the form of reference and guideline values in order to be able to assess the contamination of indoor air with pollutants. Up to a corresponding guideline value I (RW I), no adverse health effects are to be expected after lifelong exposure to the substance in question. If the guideline value II is exceeded, health risks for sensitive room users can no longer be ruled out with sufficient probability.
These guide values apply to private indoor spaces, public areas and workplaces that do not deal with hazardous substances. The reference values, on the other hand, do not indicate any health risks, but express that a large part of the population is exposed to these substances to a comparable extent.
The mean total VOC concentration indoors should be below 0.3 mg / m³. For some substances or groups of substances, the Federal Environment Agency also derived guideline values based on health and toxicology. These generally have priority over a summary assessment, which is why the corresponding guide values for individual substances should not be exceeded in these cases.
Safety from VOCs in the interior
A complete avoidance of VOCs indoors is not possible. In order to keep the concentration as low as possible, low-emission products should be used for new construction, renovation or renovation of buildings, which are for example marked with an environmental label such as the Blue Angel, and ventilation should be sufficiently intensive and long during the renovation work.
Intensive air exchange is generally the only way to reduce or avoid increased VOC concentrations. Regular and needs-based ventilation or a well thought-out ventilation concept play an important role in the quality of the indoor air.
VOC measurement using VOC sensors in the ventilation system
VOCs should be taken into account with adequate, needs-based ventilation. Decentralized ventilation systems can optionally be equipped with VOC sensors for room air measurement, which can be effectively used for the needs-based control of ventilation systems or the measurement of air quality. VOC sensors detect changes in the VOC concentration in the room air. They do not react specifically to individual substances, but to VOCs in general and to gases such as hydrogen and methane. The information from VOC gas sensors can be used to regulate the operation of air cleaning or ventilation systems. If the VOC content in the room air increases, for example, an increase in ventilation is ensured.
Measurement of the air quality if the limit values are suspected
If there is any suspicion of an acute or chronic health risk from VOCs in the room air, a sampling and room air analysis should be carried out by an expert. After a VOC measurement, experts can usually determine the possible source of the pollution in the room air by inspecting the building and questioning the residents.
Short-term sampling is usually carried out for the determination of acutely and locally acting irritants, and long-term sampling is usually carried out for substances with systemic and chronic effects. Short-term measurements take a few minutes to a few hours, long-term measurements take from several hours to a few days or weeks.
Say war on pollutants thanks to inVENTer info mails
With these tips you can ensure all-round healthy indoor air:
Other topics that may also interest you: | <urn:uuid:2d5dd987-084a-4d90-a79b-84e016ea1184> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31",
"url": "https://www.inventer.eu/blog/pollutants/",
"date": "2021-07-30T19:24:33",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153980.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20210730185206-20210730215206-00407.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9251593947410583,
"token_count": 1295,
"score": 3.5,
"int_score": 4
} |
We think you have liked this presentation. If you wish to download it, please recommend it to your friends in any social system. Share buttons are a little bit lower. Thank you!
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
supports HTML5 video
Published byMiranda Kelley
Modified over 4 years ago
Respiratory System FoldableParts and Funtion
Nasal Cavity Cilia (microscopic hairs) and mucus traps dirt, pollen and other material you don’t want in your lungs.
Pharynx Throat; tube that connects to the trachea. Cilia continue to filter debris out of air.
Epiglottis Blocks the trachea when you are swallowing food.
Larynx Your voice box; vocal chords attach here.
Trachea Windpipe; tube air travels through on its way to the lungs.
Lungs Two cone- shaped organs that hold air. Consists of bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli.
Bronchi Two tubes that branch off of the trachea. Takes air further into lungs.
Bronchioles Thousands of smaller tubes that branch off of bronchi that carry air even further into the lungs.
Alveoli Clusters of tiny air sacs at the end of the smallest bronchioles. Surrounded by capillaries where oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse from blood cells.
Diaphragm Muscle below the lungs that contracts and relaxes in order to increase or decrease lung capacity (allowing you to breathe).
Parts and Pieces Answers1) Nose or nasal cavity 2) Mouth 3) Larynx 4)Lungs 5) Bronchi 6) Diaphragm 7) Pharynx 8) Trachea 9) Bronchi 10) Bronchioles 11) Alveoli
The Respiratory System. Purpose of the respiratory system To provide a constant supply of oxygen to keep your body cells functioning To remove carbon.
Gas Exchange in Vertebrates
The Respiratory System
Respiratory System Navasota Junior High.
Mechanism of Breathing
The Gas Exchange System. ayer_embedded&v=3nZaSrV6v6k# ayer_embedded&v=3nZaSrV6v6k#
Respiratory System. Respiration – Breathing – intake of oxygen and expel of carbon dioxide – Cellular respiration – cell making ATP – Exchange of gases.
Respiratory System IN comes the OXYGEN, OUT goes the CARBON DIOXIDE!
2 functions of the Respiratory System 1. Moves oxygen from the outside environment into the body. 2. Removes carbon dioxide and water from the body (aka.
Respiratory System. Functions of the Respiratory System The main function is respiration – The exchange of gasses between the body and the environment.
Twenty Questions Subject: Respiratory/Excretory System.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Human physiology. Your cells need food (digestive system) and oxygen Respiration is the process that gets oxygen to the cells and.
Respiratory System. Respiratory system/functions Nose: air enters Nose: air enters –Hairs block or trap dust and unwanted objects Nasal passage: warms.
Respiratory System. Respiration Overview All of your body’s cells require oxygen (remember, oxygen and glucose are used by your cells during cellular.
Respiratory System. Lesson 6 vocabulary trachea – the tube through which air moves from your throat to your chest; the windpipe bronchial tubes – two.
Respiratory System Agriculture, Food, and, Natural Resource Standards Addressed AS Evaluate the development and implications of animal origin,
The Respiratory System Gaining oxygen from the environment while riding the body of water and carbon dioxide.
© 2019 SlidePlayer.com Inc. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:d83fc732-26fc-40ac-b9fa-899335e7e1cc> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35",
"url": "http://slideplayer.com/slide/4887951/",
"date": "2019-08-22T22:19:57",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027317516.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822215308-20190823001308-00230.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.797757625579834,
"token_count": 829,
"score": 3.4375,
"int_score": 3
} |
In Today’s more liberal society, homosexuality seeing more acceptance than ever before. Homosexuals and heterosexuals alike have parental instincts and are as interested in beginning families and raising children. A family should be based on love and trust, if these two elements are present in a relationship, there would be no reason that the environment the couple creates for a child would be bad. If we look into the pros that adoption by gay parents have, we consider adoption as a very important part of
The age difference was important, the young muscular, innocent body was worshiped by the older men. If you were gay in ancient greek you were thought of as being more blessed then other straight or even lesbians. Homosexuality between women (status) The daily life for a woman in greek are quite unknown for us today. Their biggest role was to bear children, they lived enclosed, protected and monitored. Though in Sparta, females had more freedom and even got education.
Individuals believe that if children were raised by homosexual parents that it would corrupt the child into believing that everyone is gay or lesbian later on in life. As for the American Academy of Pediatrics' (AAP), they ran tests and revealed that the majority of the sex parents are "more tolerant of diversity and more nurturing toward younger children than children whose parents are heterosexual" (Hirsch, Alan, and Brad Sears). For raising a child, homosexuals seem to understand how to grow children into better adults; by growing them like plants, they have to dig their roots or their morals and principles into the foundation of their life to understand who they are and how to act. Children that are being raised around discrimination towards their parents takes a lot out of the parents by showing their children the right way and how to treat others as
“We believe in equality for everyone, everywhere—no matter who they are or who they love.” Ben and Jerry’s are proud supporters of social justice, LGBT rights, and marriage equality. They have supported same-sex marriage by being one of the first major employers in Vermont to offer health insurance to same-sex couples. They did not think it was something that would change the world, but did it because they thought it was fair. This thoughtful gesture was given to the same-sex couples in 1989. In 1996, Ben and Jerry’s offered grants to the parents, friends, and families of lesbians and gays.
The Outsiders and Family Relationships One would think that conventional families are the most beneficial to a child’s mental, as well as physical health, but that is not always the case. There are many perfect parents, in every sense of the word, that have children that, well, aren’t good in people in general. Many unconventional families may also produce phenomenally great children. Sure, conventional families have more of an advantage in raising their kids, because they have the resources to do so, but there are exceptions. Think about Bob.
In October 12, 2010, Joel Burns made a public message towards the GLBT teens by sharing a personal story. He delivered an amazing message by sharing also those who’ve been victims of being portrayed as gay, bullying, and suicides. Inspiring the young GLBT (Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender) teens that life does not end by the words of others who have an oppose mentality. Life does get better once you graduate high school, adventure throughout your adult life, finding someone you may last a lifetime, and building a foundation just like those individuals who singled you out for having different interest. “...that the things would get easier, please stick around, society will change, please live long enough to see it…” (Joel Burns, 2010)
Everyone has needs in life. Mary E. Papke argues that in the story “the search of selfhood and desire are presented as parts of a possible and positive process, despite what the social and moral commandments say.” Sexuality was a natural part of life under the sanctions of marriage. A woman's sexuality was not her own, but a blessed feature which was the man's to invade upon marriage. The man in the relationship also has the responsibility to make his wife satisfied and happy; mentally, sexually, and emotionally. It’s the little things that count in a
There is a solution to this problem. Gay adoption. There is a rising amount of open homosexual couples everywhere and most of them would love to have kids, but it’s still illegal for homosexual couples to adopt children in some areas of the U.S., let alone the world. All across our country, and in other countries, there are children awaiting adoption and eager parents who would like to welcome those children into their homes but are banned from doing so. These parents have done nothing wrong and possess the same skills and resources as other potential parents, and yet they are not allowed to give a child everything he or she needs, love, protection, and security.
This fair and loving treatment now embraces homosexuals and those who are united in gay marriage. Laws are now in place to protect everyone, despite their gender preference. No matter what one believes about the previous statements, the idea of equality is necessary to a democracy and has worked, though many have waded through rough waters, for the United
Birth Control & Planned Parenthood: The Pros & Cons According to researchers, “Planned parenthood is one of the nation 's leading providers of high quality of affordable health care for women, men, and young people, and the nation’s largest provider of sex education and birth control.” (Planned parenthood) Birth control and planned parenthood is commonly controversial because people think that birth control and planned parenthood helpful, and it prevents young teens and others from becoming pregnant. Also planned parenthood helps people who are planning to have kids plan for the future of the child and educates people on how to take care of the baby. Others disagree because they think that young teens should not be sexually active nor thinking about wanting to have kids. Without planned parenthood and birth control, young teens would not be able to learn about different sexually transmitted infections (STIs) , and other ways to be safe while having sexs and other ways from preventing pregnancies. Birth control and planned parenthood can be helpful for teens who are sexually active because teens who are sexually active needs to be educated on how not to only prevent pregnancies but also to prevent | <urn:uuid:7deeb133-d0f0-441f-a274-e38216d4f0c1> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31",
"url": "https://www.ipl.org/essay/Gay-Adoption-Research-Paper-Outline-P3P7DR7E28VV",
"date": "2021-07-29T00:49:28",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153803.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20210728220634-20210729010634-00544.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.974372923374176,
"token_count": 1320,
"score": 3.015625,
"int_score": 3
} |
Prepare students for extended constructed response writing this 10th grade parcc essay sample task asks students to use three court. Analytical writing sample essays trained gre readers will read your response and evaluate its overall the argument is based on an extended example. Answer or essay-type format part 1 consists of the following test question types: constructed-response (cr), extended-response (er), and a writing prompt.
What is a constructed response • turn and writing a long essay or passage to respond to a prompt source: teach constructed-response writing explicitly, wwwsmekenseducationcom examine sample test items and discuss how to. Using parallel structure part i is 60 minutes and has 52 multiple-choice and constructed-response part ii of the subtest is 45 minutes long, and is an essay. The following provides helpful suggestions for writing your essay you do not in your opinion, should high school be extended to five years.
See more ideas about teaching ideas, writing lessons and guided reading graphic organizers for essays state assessments: extended response find this pin building a paragraph, might rearrange this template for extended response. Watch sal work through an sat writing: argument passage 132 responses for a persuasive essay, this statement needs to take a strong, active stance on . Ged® rla's extended response 1 • the webinar will start extraction of evidence (eg facts, statistics, examples, or structure of an essay. Some examples are well known—the 400 species of birds that migrate at night in write an essay in which you explain how paul bogard builds an argument to.
In an extended response essay on a non-fiction text you should show your example in this article from the 'comment is free' section of the guardian. Handout #7-rubric examples 1 rubric examples short constructed response general scoring rubric 2 points the response gives evidence of a complete. A seven-point extended writing-response item, also called an extended writing task, requires the student to write an argumentative essay or develop an informational/explanatory essay example constructed-response item information table. The ace strategy to writing and responding will not only help you explore example answer: my favorite subject in school is science when you elaborate or extend, you should prove how your paper using the following format: – a: our.
Check out our ged sample essay for the rla extended response question reviewing essay examples will help you learn how to write a high-scoring essay. Extended response answer guidelines – rla test without the express written permission of ace or ged testing service the text structure of an essay. Tags: hse exams, essay writing if hs equivalency test-takers can't write an extended response of 500 words that is logical and meaningful,. Paper 1: section b requires an essay-like extended response which to a variety of specific case-studies and named examples to support the answer.
Extended-response or essay questions take care and thought, but they are nothing to the second paragraph provides information, examples, and details to. Rla extended response: instructors' guide define an argument discuss examples from real life use lesson plan (2014 ged test curriculum blueprint from. 3 hours are allotted for the extended answer paper essays candidates may be asked to perform real world tasks such as writing a report or example question 1 answers requiring more than single word or phrase responses will be. | <urn:uuid:29401ac0-a664-41fb-8ad5-22cb3ee70849> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43",
"url": "http://rfpaperqtxn.du-opfer.info/extended-response-writing-essay-example.html",
"date": "2018-10-22T15:18:52",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583515088.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20181022134402-20181022155902-00431.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.881292998790741,
"token_count": 685,
"score": 3.1875,
"int_score": 3
} |
2020 marks 75 years since Auschwitz, one of the Holocaust’s most notorious concentration and extermination camps, was liberated by the Soviet Army. In honor of the lives lost and countless cruelties those persecuted faced, artist Daan Roosegaarde has designed an illuminated, traveling memorial.
LEVENSLICHT, created by the Dutch artist’s social design lab Studio Roosegaarde, focuses squarely on the Holocaust’s history in the Netherlands. A temporary monument, it is made up of 104,000 illuminated blue stones, which together resemble bioluminescent algae in the deep sea. LEVENSLICHT translates to “light of life.”
Many of Studio Roosegaarde’s projects play with light and color, like its green, energy-conscious windmills and artificial rainbow railway station. (According to the Studio Roosegaarde website: “From an early age Roosegaarde has been driven by nature’s gifts such as luminous fireflies or jellyfishes.”)
The stones are designed to represent the 104,000 Jewish, Roma, and Sinti victims who were persecuted and murdered throughout the Netherlands. Each one honors the deceased in lieu of flowers, and they were designed (with the help of custom software) to absorb fluorescent pigments and light up when exposed to ultraviolet light, impossible to see with the naked eye. They radiate blue, turn dark, and turn blue again: a symbol of hope, perseverance, and freedom.
The memorial was first unveiled in full in Rotterdam on January 16, along the banks of the Maas River—the site of many locals’ deportation. Miniature versions of the larger design will spend the next few weeks exhibited across 170 different Dutch municipalities. | <urn:uuid:eb49d8cf-b6a7-4d37-b8b8-557ad331380b> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-40",
"url": "https://www.fastcompany.com/90456373/this-traveling-memorial-pays-homage-to-victims-of-the-holocaust",
"date": "2020-09-19T07:04:20",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400190270.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200919044311-20200919074311-00421.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9523051977157593,
"token_count": 364,
"score": 3.21875,
"int_score": 3
} |
This article is about the web browser. For the operating system, see Google Chrome OS
Google Chrome displaying the Wikipedia home page in Windows 8
|Initial release||September 2, 2008|
23.0.1271.64 (November 6, 2012)
18.0.1026320 (x86) (November 1, 2012)
21.0.1180.82 (September 24, 2012)
24.0.1312.5 (November 8, 2012)
25.0.1323.1 (November 12, 2012)
|Operating system||Android (4.0 and later)|
iOS (4.3 or later)
OS X (10.6 and later)
Windows (XP SP2 and later)
|Available in||50 languages|
|Type||Web browser, mobile web browser|
|License||Freeware under Google Chrome Terms of Service[note 1]|
Google Chrome is a freeware web browser developed by Google that uses the WebKit layout engine. It was released as a beta version for Microsoft Windows on September 2, 2008, and as a stable public release on December 11, 2008. As of September 2012 , according to StatCounter, Google Chrome had 34% worldwide usage share of web browsers making it the most widely used web browser. W3Counter indicated that Chrome became the leading browser globally in August 2012 with 28% marketshare. However, Net Applications indicates that Chrome is only third when it comes to the size of its user base, behind Internet Explorer and Firefox.
In September 2008, Google released a large portion of Chrome's source code as an open source project called Chromium, which Chrome releases are still based on.
Google's Chief Executive Eric Schmidt opposed the development of an independent web browser for six years. He stated that "at the time, Google was a small company", and he did not want to go through "bruising browser wars". After co-founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page hired several Mozilla Firefox developers and built a demonstration of Chrome, however, Schmidt admitted that "It was so good that it essentially forced me to change my mind".
The release announcement was originally scheduled for September 3, 2008, and a comic by Scott McCloud was to be sent to journalists and bloggers explaining the features within the new browser. Copies intended for Europe were shipped early and German blogger Philipp Lenssen of Google Blogoscoped made a scanned copy of the 38-page comic available on his website after receiving it on September 1, 2008. Google subsequently made the comic available on Google Books and mentioned it on their official blog along with an explanation for the early release.
An early version of Chromium for Linux, explaining the difference between Chrome and Chromium
The browser was first publicly released for Microsoft Windows (XP and later versions) on September 2, 2008 in 43 languages, officially a beta version.
On the same day, a CNET news item drew attention to a passage in the Terms of Service statement for the initial beta release, which seemed to grant to Google a license to all content transferred via the Chrome browser. This passage was inherited from the general Google terms of service. Google responded to this criticism immediately by stating that the language used was borrowed from other products, and removed this passage from the Terms of Service.
Chrome quickly gained about 1% usage share. After the initial surge, usage share dropped until it hit a low of 0.69% in October 2008. It then started rising again and by December 2008, Chrome again passed the 1% threshold.
In early January 2009, CNET reported that Google planned to release versions of Chrome for Mac OS X and Linux in the first half of the year. The first official Chrome OS X and Linux developer previews were announced on June 4, 2009 with a blog post saying they were missing many features and were intended for early feedback rather than general use.
In December 2009, Google released beta versions of Chrome for Mac OS X and Linux. Google Chrome 5.0, announced on May 25, 2010, was the first stable release to support all three platforms.
Chrome was one of the twelve browsers offered to European Economic Area users of Microsoft Windows in 2010.
Chrome uses the WebKit rendering engine to display web pages, on advice from the Android team. Chrome is tested internally with unit testing, "automated user interface testing of scripted user actions", fuzz testing, as well as WebKit's layout tests (99% of which Chrome is claimed to have passed) and against commonly accessed websites inside the Google index within 20–30 minutes.
Google created Gears for Chrome, which added features for web developers typically relating to the building of web applications, including offline support. However, Google phased out Gears in favor of HTML5.
On January 11, 2011 the Chrome product manager, Mike Jazayeri, announced that Chrome will no longer support H.264 video codec for its HTML5 player, citing the desire to bring Google Chrome more in line with the currently available open codecs available in the Chromium project, which Chrome is based on. As of January 2012, there has been no announcement yet of which future version of Chrome will actually implement the removal of H.264 support.
On February 7, 2012, Google launched Google Chrome Beta for Android 4.0 (Ice Cream Sandwich) devices. In Jelly Bean devices, Chrome is the default browser.
In March 2012 Google announced it was working on a version of Chrome for both the Metro and desktop versions of Windows 8.
In December 2010 Google announced that to make deploying Chrome easier in a business environment they would provide an official Chrome MSI package. For enterprise deployments it's important to have full-fledged MSI packages that can be customized via transform files (.mst), but the provided MSI is only a very limiting MSI wrapper around the normal installer that does not fulfill enterprise needs. The normal downloaded Chrome installer puts the browser in the user's local app data directory and provides invisible background updates, but the MSI package will allow installation at the system level, providing system administrators control over the update process — it was formerly possible only when Chrome was installed using Google Pack. Google also created Group Policies to fine tune the behavior of Chrome in the business environment, for example setting automatic updates interval, disable auto-updates, a home page and to workaround their basic Windows design flaws and bugs if it comes to roaming profiles support, etc. Until version 22 the software is known not to be ready for enterprise deployments with roaming profiles or Terminal Server/Citrix environments.
In September 2008, Google released a large portion of Chrome's source code as an open source project called Chromium. This move enabled third-party developers to study the underlying source code and to help port the browser to the Mac OS X and Linux operating systems. The Google-authored portion of Chromium is released under the permissive BSD license. Other portions of the source code are subject to a variety of open source licenses. Chromium is similar to Chrome, but lacks built-in automatic updates, built-in PDF reader and built-in Flash player, as well as Google branding and has a blue-colored logo instead of the multicolored Google logo. Chromium does not implement user RLZ tracking.
Click "show" to expand the release history table below.
|Major version||Release date||WebKit version||V8 engine version||Significant changes|
- Improved plugin performance and reliability.
- Spell checking for input fields.
- Improved web proxy performance and reliability.
- Tab and window management updates.
- Bookmark manager with import and export support.
- Privacy section added to the application options.
- New blocked popup notification.
- Mouse wheel support.
- Full-screen mode.
- Full-page zoom.
- Form auto-fill.
- Sort bookmarks by title.
- Tab docking to browser and desktop edges.
- Basic Greasemonkey support.
- New "new tab" page for improved customization.
- HTML5 video and audio tag support.
- Lightweight theming.
- Bookmark synchronization.
- Enhanced developer tools.
- Improved HTML5 support.
- Performance improvements.
- Full ACID3 pass.
- HTTP byte range support.
- Experimental new anti-reflected-XSS feature called "XSS Auditor".
- Translate infobar.
- New privacy features.
- Disabled XSS Auditor.
- Updated and more streamlined UI with simplified Omnibox.
- New tab page.
- Merged menu buttons.
- Form auto-fill.
- Expanded synchronization support to include extensions and auto-fill data.
- Support for WebM videos.
- Built-in PDF support (disabled by default).
- Implemented HTML5 parsing algorithm.
- File API.
- Directory upload via input tag.
- Mac OS X version gained AppleScript support for UI automation.
- Late binding enabled for SSL sockets: high priority SSL requests are now always sent to the server first.
- New options for managing cookies.
- Updated New Tab page to enable featuring of web applications.
- Chrome Web Store.
- Built-in PDF viewer that works inside Chrome's sandbox for increased security.
- Expanded synchronization support to include web applications.
- Improved plug-in handling.
- This release added "about:flags" to showcase experimental features such as Chrome Instant, side tabs on Windows, tabbed settings, Click to Playcanvas element, and a "tab overview" mode (like Exposé) for Mac OS., background web applications, Remoting , Disable outdated plug-ins , XSS Auditor , Cloud Print Proxy , GPU-accelerated compositing, WebGL support for the
- WebGL enabled by default.
- Adobe Flash sandboxing on Windows and Chrome Instant (a la Google Instant) option.
- WebP support.
- New flags: print preview, GPU-accelerated compositing, GPU-accelerated Canvas 2D, Google Native Client, CRX-less Web Apps, Web page prerendering, experimental Extension APIs, disable hyperlink auditing.
- Google Cloud Print sign-in interface enabled by default.
- Partially implemented sandboxing of the GPU process.
- Settings pages that open in a tab, rather than a dialog box.
- Malware reporting and disabling outdated plugins.
- Password sync added to Chrome Sync and enabled by default.
- GPU accelerated video.
- Background WebApps.
- webNavigation extension API.
- HTML5 Speech Input API.
- Updated icon.
- Hardware accelerated 3D CSS.
- New Safe Browsing protection against downloading malicious files.
- Ability to delete Flash cookies from inside Chrome.
- Launch Apps by name from the Omnibox.
- Integrated Sync into new settings pages.
- Improved screen reader support.
- New warning when hitting Command-Q on Mac.
- New flags: P2P API.
- Existing tab on foreground on open.
- Experimental new tab page.
- Add grouping to tab context menu.
- Run PPAPI Flash in the renderer process.
- Multiple Profiles.
- Removed Google Gears.
- Print and Save buttons in the PDF viewer.
- Instant Pages (pre-rendering of Web pages).
- Native print interface and preview (Linux and Windows only).
- Experimental new tab page.
- Experimental Restrict Instant To Search option.
- Native Client (NaCl) enabled for apps in the Chrome Web Store.
- Web Audio API.
- Additional Mac OS X Lion feature support.
- Sync Encryption for all data.
- Print preview on Mac.
- Validation of HTTPS sites.
- Experimental Web Request extension API.
- Experimental Content Settings extension API.
- Faster print preview.
- Redesigned new tab page on by default.
- Inline installation of Chrome Web Store items by verified sites.
- Omnibox History synchronization.
- Switched to FFmpeg native VP8 decoder.
- Extensions integrated into settings pages.
- GPU Accelerated Canvas 2D disabled.
- Multiple profiles on by default.
- Optional permissions in Chrome extensions, so the user can opt-in or opt-out of the optional permissions at installation time.
- Experimental support for side tabs was removed.
- Updated Omnibox prerendering of pages.
- Download scanning protection.
- New extensions APIs.
- Improved History tab.
- Removal of "+" symbol from the "new tab" button.
- Added limited support for changing user agent strings.
- Adjustable margins in print preview.
- Search engine synchronization.
- Hardware-accelerated Canvas2D graphics.
- WebGL without the need of 3D graphics hardware through the software rasterizer SwiftShader.
- Brighter "new tab" button.
- Access tabs between devices.
- Reorganized and searchable settings interface.
- Added better spell check by using the Google search engine spell checker.
- Added Web Store link to the bottom of New Tab page.
- Experimental Web Intents API.
- Experimental touch friendly UI adjustments. Context menus have extra vertical padding between items.
- New tab button is bigger and wider
- Gamepad API prototype available by default.
- Added support for (pointer) and (hover) CSS media queries so sites can optimize their UI for touch when touch-screen support is available.
- HTML5 audio/video and WebAudio now support 24-bit PCM wave files.
- New-style packaged apps are enabled by default.
- New menu icon, replacing the wrench icon.
- Added support for TLS 1.1.
- Added support for color management ICC v2 profiles by default.
- Added Do Not Track preference
- Hardware video acceleration with 25% more efficient power consumption in some scenarios
- Manager for site permission control
- New icon for Chrome Web Store when opening new tab
- PPAPI Flash Player (or Pepper-based Flash Player) replaced the NPAPI Flash Player on Mac also.
- All versions support Windows. OS X and Linux are supported starting with version 5.0.375. The Android 4.0 platform is first supported in 0.16.4130.199 (Chrome for Android).
- Old development and beta builds are not shown after they become stable releases.
Web standards support
The results of the Acid3
test on Google Chrome 4.0
The first release of Google Chrome passed both the Acid1 and Acid2 tests. Beginning with version 4.0, Chrome has passed all aspects of the Acid3 test.
On the official CSS 2.1 test suite by standardization organization W3C, WebKit, the Chrome rendering engine, passes 89.75% (89.38% out of 99.59% covered) CSS 2.1 tests.
On the HTML5 test (version 3.0), Chrome 22 on desktop scored 437 out of 500, with 13 bonus points. It was also the top scorer among all web browsers. Chrome's tablet version was second place, with 371 points. Chrome got first place on mobile browsers, with 371 points.
Chrome periodically retrieves updates of two blacklists (one for phishing and one for malware), and warns users when they attempt to visit a harmful site. This service is also made available for use by others via a free public API called "Google Safe Browsing API".
Chrome will typically allocate each tab to fit into its own process to "prevent malware from installing itself" and prevent what happens in one tab from affecting what happens in another; however, the actual process-allocation model is more complex. Following the principle of least privilege, each process is stripped of its rights and can compute, but cannot write files or read from sensitive areas (e.g. documents, desktop) — this is similar to the "Protected Mode" used by Internet Explorer on Windows Vista and Windows 7. The Sandbox Team is said to have "taken this existing process boundary and made it into a jail"; for example, malicious software running in one tab is supposed to be unable to sniff credit card numbers entered in another tab, interact with mouse inputs, or tell Windows to "run an executable on start-up" and it will be terminated when the tab is closed. This enforces a simple computer security model whereby there are two levels of multilevel security (user and sandbox) and the sandbox can only respond to communication requests initiated by the user. On Linux sandboxing uses the seccomp mode.
In December 2011 a report by Accuvant, funded by Google, rated the security (based on sandboxing) of Google Chrome as better than either Internet Explorer or Mozilla Firefox.
No security vulnerabilities in Chrome had been successfully exploited in the three years of Pwn2Own from 2009–11. However, Chrome was the first browser to be defeated at Pwn2Own 2012, by a French team who used zero day exploits to take complete control of a fully patched 64-bit Windows 7 PC using a booby-trapped website that overcame Chrome's sandboxing. It was also compromised twice at the 2012 CanSecWest Pwnium.
Google's official response to the vulnerabilities was delivered by Jason Kersey, who congratulated the researchers, noting "We also believe that both submissions are works of art and deserve wider sharing and recognition."
|This section's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. (March 2012) |
A study has shown that users are four times more likely to be tricked into downloading malware than be compromised by an exploit. A May 2011 study reported Chrome 10 blocked only 13% of malicious URLs, the same as Safari and Firefox, behind Internet Explorer 9 which blocked 92%, and 100% with application-based filtering enabled. Referring to that study, Ars Technica wrote in July 2011 that "Even with the false positives, Microsoft's approach appears to be more secure." A February 2012 study reported that Chrome 15 had a 34.1% malware-blocking rate. Neither study analyzed exploits that install malware without the user being aware (for example clickjacking and drive-by downloads).
Google introduced new security functionality — download scanning protection — in Chrome 17.
- Chrome supports plug-ins with the Netscape Plugin Application Programming Interface (NPAPI), so that plug-ins (for example Adobe Flash Player) run as an unrestricted separate process outside the browser and cannot be sandboxed as tabs are. ActiveX is not supported. On March 30, 2010 Google announced that the latest development version of Chrome would bundle Adobe Flash with the browser, eliminating the need to download and install it separately. Flash would be kept up to date as part of Chrome's own updates. Java applet support is available in Chrome with Java 6 update 12 and above. Support for Java under Mac OS X was provided by a Java Update released on May 18, 2010.
- On August 12, 2009, Google introduced a replacement for NPAPI that is more portable and more secure called Pepper Plugin API (PPAPI). The default bundled PPAPI Flash Player (or Pepper-based Flash Player) was available on Chrome OS first, then replaced the NPAPI Flash Player on Linux from Chrome version 20, on Windows from version 21 (which also reduced Flash crashes by 20%), and eventually came to Mac at version 23.
The private browsing feature called Incognito mode prevents the browser from permanently storing any history information or cookies from the websites visited. Incognito mode is similar to the private browsing feature in other web browsers. Chrome was the second browser to implement this feature, after Safari.
Chrome sends details about its usage to Google through both optional and non-optional user tracking mechanisms.
|Method||Information sent||When||Optional?||If optional, is default?|
|Installation||Randomly generated token included in installer. Used to measure success rate of Google Chrome once at installation.|
|RLZ identifier||Encoded string, according to Google, contains non-identifying information how Chrome was downloaded and its install week, and is used to measure promotional campaigns. Google provides the source code to decode this string.|
- On Google search query
- On first launch and first use of address bar
|clientID||Unique identifier along with user preferences, logs of usage metrics and crashes.||Unknown||Yes||No|
|Omnibox predictions||Text typed into the address bar.||While typing||Yes||Yes|
|Page not found||Text typed into the address bar.||Upon receiving "Server not found" response||Yes||Yes|
|Google Update (Windows)||Information about how often Chrome is used, details about the OS and Chrome version.||Unknown||No||n/a|
|Google Software Update (OS X)|
Some of the tracking mechanisms can be optionally enabled and disabled through the installation interface and through the browser's options dialog. Unofficial builds, such as SRWare Iron and CoolNovo (previously known as ChromePlus), seek to remove these features from the browser altogether. The RLZ feature is not included in the Chromium browser either.
In March 2010, Google devised a new method to collect installation statistics: the unique ID token included with Chrome is now only used for the first connection that Google Update makes to its server.
The optional suggestion service included in Google Chrome has been criticized because it provides the information typed into the Omnibox to the search provider before the user even hits return. This allows the search engine to provide URL suggestions, but also provides them with web usage information tied to an IP address.
Do Not Track
In February 2012, Google announced that Chrome would support Do Not Track by the end of 2012 and the protocol was implemented on version 23.
Chrome uses DNS prefetching to speed up website lookups, as other browsers like Firefox, Safari, Internet Explorer (called DNS Pre-resolution), and in Opera as a UserScript (not built-in).
Chrome utilizes the faster SPDY protocol instead of HTTP when communicating with Google services, such as Google Search, Gmail, Chrome sync and when serving Google's ads. Google acknowledges that the use of SPDY is enabled in the communication between Chrome and Google's SSL-enabled servers.
A multi-process architecture is implemented in Chrome where, by default, a separate process is allocated to each site instance and plugin. This procedure is termed process isolation, and it prevents tasks from interfering with each other, raising security and stability. An attacker successfully gaining access to one application gains access to no others, and failure in one instance results in a Sad Tab screen of death, similar to the well-known Sad Mac, but only one tab crashes instead of the whole application. This strategy exacts a fixed per-process cost up front, but results in less memory bloat overall as fragmentation is confined to each instance and no longer needs further memory allocations. This architecture is being adopted in upcoming versions of Safari and Firefox.
Chrome includes a process management utility called Task Manager which lets users see what sites and plugins are using the most memory, downloading the most bytes and overusing the CPU and provides the ability to terminate them.
By default, the main user interface includes back, forward, refresh/cancel and menu buttons. A home button is not shown by default, but can be added through the Settings page to take the user to the new tab page or a custom home page.
Tabs are the main component of Chrome's user interface and as such, have been moved to the top of the window rather than below the controls. This subtle change contrasts with many existing tabbed browsers which are based on windows and contain tabs. Tabs, with their state, can be transferred seamlessly between window containers by dragging. Each tab has its own set of controls, including the Omnibox.
The Omnibox is a URL box that combines the functions of both the address bar and search box. If a user enters the URL of a site previously searched from, Chrome allows pressing Tab to search the site again directly from the Omnibox. When a user starts typing in the Omnibox, Chrome provides suggestions for previously visited sites (based on the URL or in-page text), popular websites (not necessarily visited before — powered by Google Instant), and popular searches. Although Instant can be turned off, suggestions based on previously visited sites cannot be turned off. Chrome will also autocomplete the URLs of sites visited often. If a user types keywords into the Omnibox that don't match any previously visited websites and presses enter, Chrome will conduct the search using the default search engine.
One of Chrome's differentiating features is the New Tab Page, which can replace the browser home page and is displayed when a new tab is created. Originally, this showed thumbnails of the nine most visited web sites, along with frequent searches, recent bookmarks, and recently closed tabs; similar to Internet Explorer and Firefox with Google Toolbar, or Opera's Speed Dial. In Google Chrome 2.0, the New Tab Page was updated to allow users to hide thumbnails they did not want to appear.
Starting in version 3.0, the New Tab Page was revamped to display thumbnails of the eight most visited web sites. The thumbnails could be rearranged, pinned, and removed. Alternatively, a list of text links could be displayed instead of thumbnails. It also features a "Recently closed" bar that shows recently closed tabs and a "tips" section that displays hints and tricks for using the browser.
Google Chrome logos. Top: 3D motif from project start until March 2011. Bottom: 2D motif from March 2011 to present.
Chrome includes a bookmark manager that can be opened from a menu. Adding the command-line option --bookmark-menu adds a bookmarks button to the right of the Omnibox that can be used in place of the bookmarks bar. As of 2009 , this function was unavailable on the Linux and Mac platforms.
Popup windows are associated with the tab they came from and will not appear outside the tab unless the user explicitly drags them out.
For web developers, Chrome features an element inspector similar to the one in Firebug.
Chrome has special URLs that load application-specific pages instead of websites or files on disk. Chrome also has a built-in ability to enable experimental features. Originally called about:labs, the address was changed to about:flags to make it less obvious to casual users.
In March 2011, Google introduced a new simplified logo to replace the previous 3D logo that had been used since the project's inception. Google designer Steve Rura explained the company reasoning for the change: "Since Chrome is all about making your web experience as easy and clutter-free as possible, we refreshed the Chrome icon to better represent these sentiments. A simpler icon embodies the Chrome spirit – to make the web quicker, lighter, and easier for all."
Desktop shortcuts and apps
Chrome allows users to make local desktop shortcuts that open web applications in the browser. The browser, when opened in this way, contains none of the regular interface except for the title bar, so as not to "interrupt anything the user is trying to do". This allows web applications to run alongside local software (similar to Mozilla Prism and Fluid).
This feature, according to Google, will be enhanced with the Chrome Web Store, a one-stop web-based web applications directory which opened in December 2010.
Chrome Web Store
Announced on December 7, 2010, the Chrome Web Store allows users to install web applications as extensions to the browser, although most of these function simply as links to popular web pages and/or games, but some of the apps like Springpad do provide extra features like offline access. The themes and extensions have also been tightly integrated into the new store, allowing users to search the entire catalog of Chrome extras.
The Chrome Web Store was opened on February 11, 2011 with the release of Google Chrome 9.0.
On September 9, 2009, Google enabled extensions by default on Chrome's Dev channel, and provided several sample extensions for testing. In December, the Google Chrome extension gallery beta began with over 300 extensions.
Along with Google Chrome 4.0, the extension gallery was officially launched on January 25, 2010, containing over 1500 extensions.
As of February 4, 2011, the extension gallery featured more than 11,500 extensions, including official extensions from the Independent, CEOP, Transport for London, Cricinfo, Web of Trust (WOT) and FIFA.
Many Chrome extensions, once installed, have access to the user's data. There are three levels of permissions that an app or extension may request.
Starting with Google Chrome 3.0, users can install themes to alter the appearance of the browser. Many free third-party themes are provided in an online gallery, accessible through a "Get themes" button in Chrome's options.
Automatic web page translation
Starting with Google Chrome 4.1 the application added a built-in translation bar using Google Translate. Translation is currently available for 52 languages.
Release channels and updates
On January 8, 2009, Google introduced a new release system with three distinct channels: Stable, Beta, and Developer preview (called the "Dev" channel). Before this change there were only two channels: Beta and Developer preview. All previous Developer channel users were moved to the Beta channel. The reason given by Google is that the Developer channel builds are less stable and polished than those that Developer channel users were getting during Google Chrome's Beta period. The stable channel will be updated with features and fixes once they have been thoroughly tested in the Beta channel, and the Beta channel will be updated roughly monthly with stable and complete features from the Developer channel. The Developer channel is where ideas get tested (and sometimes fail) and can be very unstable at times. On July 22, 2010, Google announced it will ramp up the speed it will release new stable versions; they will shorten the release cycles from quarterly to 6 weeks. The faster release cycle brought a fourth channel: the "Canary" release; the name refers to using canaries in coal mines, so if a change "kills" Chrome Canary, they will block it from the developer build. Canary will be "the most bleeding-edge official version of Chrome and somewhat of a mix between Chrome dev and the Chromium snapshot builds". Canary releases run side-by-side with any other channel; it is not linked to the other Google Chrome installation and can therefore run different synchronization profiles, themes, and browser preferences. It does not include the option to be the default browser. Canary was Windows-only at first; a Mac OS X version was released on May 3, 2011.
Chrome automatically keeps itself up-to-date. The details differ by platform. On Windows, it uses Google Updater, and auto-update can be controlled via Group Policy, or users can download a standalone version that does not autoupdate. On Mac, it uses Google Update Service, and auto-update can be controlled via the Mac OS X "defaults" system. On Linux, it lets the system's normal package management system supply the updates.
Chrome supports color management by using the system provided ICC v2 and v4 support on OS X, and from version 22 supports ICC v2 profiles by default on other platforms.
Chrome is available for
- Windows: XP Service Pack 2+ / Vista / 7 / 8
- Mac OS X: 10.6 or later
- Linux: Ubuntu 8.04 or later / Debian 5 / OpenSuse 11.1 / Fedora
As of 2012, 32-bit and 64-bit builds are available for Linux, with only 32-bit builds available for Mac OS X and Windows.
- iOS, iPhone, iPod touch, iPad
- Android 4.0 or later
A beta version for Android 4.0 devices was launched on February 7, 2012, available for a limited number of countries from Google Play.
Notable features: synchronization with desktop Chrome to provide the same bookmarks and view the same browser tabs, page pre-rendering, hardware acceleration.
Many of the latest HTML5 features: almost all of the Web Platform’s features: GPU-accelerated canvas, including CSS 3D Transforms, CSS animations, SVG, WebSocket (including binary messages), Dedicated Workers; it has overflow scroll support, strong HTML5 video support, and new capabilities such as IndexedDB, WebWorkers, Application Cache and the File APIs, date and time pickers, parts of the Media Capture API. Also supports mobile oriented features such as Device Orientation and Geolocation.
Mobile customisations: swipe gesture tab switching, link preview allows zooming in on (multiple) links to ensure the desired one is clicked, font size boosting to ensure readability regardless of the zoom level.
Missing from the desktop version: sandboxed tabs, Safe Browsing, apps or extensions, Adobe Flash (now and in future), WebGL, Native Client.
Development changes: remote debugging, part of the browser layer has been implemented in Java, communicating with the rest of the Chromium and WebKit code through Java Native Bindings. The code of Chrome for Android is a fork of the Chromium project. It is a priority to upstream most new and modified code to Chromium and WebKit to resolve the fork.
The April 17, 2012 update included the availability to access in 31 additional languages and in all countries where Google Play is available. A desktop version of a website can also be requested as opposed to a mobile version. In addition, Android users can now add bookmarks to their Android home screens if they choose and decide which apps should handle links opened in Chrome.
On the June 27, 2012 Google Chrome for Android exited beta and became stable.
Chrome 18.0.1026311, released at September 26, 2012 was the first version of Chrome for Android to support Intel x86 based mobile devices.
Google Chrome is the basis of Google's Chrome OS operating system that ships on specific hardware from Google's manufacturing partners. The user interface has a minimalist design resembling the Google Chrome browser. Chrome OS is aimed at users who spend most of their computer time on the Web; the only applications on the devices are a browser incorporating a media player and a file manager.
Google announced Chrome OS on July 7, 2009.
In a review by Chitika on July 18, 2012, Google Chrome was noted as having 1.5% of the iOS web browser market.
In June 2012, Google released the developers version of Chrome 21. On Windows 8, this version of Chrome can be run in the Metro UI as long as it is set as the default browser on the computer. The Metro version of Chrome looks identical to its desktop counterpart and does not support the standard design principles of the Metro UI.
Most used web browser by country according to StatCounter
In 2008, Matthew Moore in the The Daily Telegraph summarized the verdict of early reviewers: "Google Chrome is attractive, fast and has some impressive new features, but may not — yet — be a threat to its Microsoft rival."
Initially, Microsoft reportedly played down the threat from Chrome and predicted that most people will embrace Internet Explorer 8. Opera Software said that "Chrome will strengthen the Web as the biggest application platform in the world". But by February 25, 2010, BusinessWeek had reported that "For the first time in years, energy and resources are being poured into browsers, the ubiquitous programs for accessing content on the Web. Credit for this trend—a boon to consumers—goes to two parties. The first is Google, whose big plans for the Chrome browser have shaken Microsoft out of its competitive torpor and forced the software giant to pay fresh attention to its own browser, Internet Explorer. Microsoft all but ceased efforts to enhance IE after it triumphed in the last browser war, sending Netscape to its doom. Now it's back in gear." Mozilla said that Chrome's introduction into the web browser market comes as "no real surprise", that "Chrome is not aimed at competing with Firefox", and furthermore that it would not affect Google's revenue relationship with Mozilla.
Chrome's design bridges the gap between desktop and so-called "cloud computing." At the touch of a button, Chrome lets you make a desktop, Start menu, or QuickLaunch shortcut to any Web page or Web application, blurring the line between what's online and what's inside your PC. For example, I created a desktop shortcut for Google Maps. When you create a shortcut for a Web application, Chrome strips away all of the toolbars and tabs from the window, leaving you with something that feels much more like a desktop application than like a Web application or page.
Chrome overtook Firefox in November 2011. As of September 2012 , according to StatCounter, Google Chrome had 34% worldwide usage share, making it the most widely used web browser, while Internet Explorer had 33% and Firefox had 22%.
Along with Safari and Mozilla Firefox, Chrome receives a weekend "bump", which boosts its marketshare by as much as three percentage points on week-ends, at the expense of Internet Explorer.
It was reported by StatCounter, a web analytics company, that for the single day of Sunday, March 18, 2012 Chrome was the most used web browser in the world for the first time. Chrome secured 32.7% of the global web browsing on that day, while Internet Explorer followed closely behind with 32.5%.
From May 14–21, 2012 Google Chrome was responsible for more Internet traffic than Microsoft's Internet Explorer (for the first time), which long had held its spot as the most used web browser in the world. According to StatCounter, 31.88% of web traffic was generated by Chrome for a sustained period of one week and 31.47% by Internet Explorer. Though Chrome has topped Internet Explorer for single day's usage in the past, this is the first time it has led for one full week.
At the 2012 Google I/O developers' conference, Google claimed that there were 310 million active users of Chrome, almost double the number in 2011, which was stated as 160 million active users.
- ^ "Chrome". Google Play. Google. September 26, 2012. https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.android.chrome. Retrieved September 27, 2012.
- ^ Ramachandran, Vinod (November 1, 2012). "Chrome for Android Update". Google Chrome Releases (Blog). Google. http://googlechromereleases.blogspot.hu/2012/11/chrome-for-android-update.html. Retrieved November 1, 2012.
- ^ Google Inc. (September 24, 2012). "Chrome". App Store. Apple. http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/chrome/id535886823. Retrieved September 24, 2012.
- ^ a b "Chrome Releases". Google Blogspot. http://googlechromereleases.blogspot.com/2012/11/beta-channel-update.html. Retrieved 2012-11-08.
- ^ a b "Google Chrome Terms of Service". Google. http://www.google.com/chrome/intl/en/eula_text.html. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
- ^ a b "Top 5 Browsers from Apr to Sep 2012 - StatCounter Global Stats". StatCounter. http://gs.statcounter.com/#browser-ww-monthly-201204-201209. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
- ^ "Browser, OS Market Share Trends". W3Counter. http://www.w3counter.com/trends. Retrieved 2012-09-04.
- ^ Desktop Browser Market Share, Net Applications, http://www.netmarketshare.com/browser-market-share.aspx?qprid=0&qpcustomd=0&qptimeframe=M, retrieved 2012-09-25
- ^ Paul, Ryan (September 2, 2008). "Google unveils Chrome source code and Linux port". Ars Technica. http://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2008/09/google-unveils-chrome-source-code-and-linux-port.ars. Retrieved 2012-07-11.
- ^ "Google Chrome is built with open source code from Chromium." Retrieved from dev.chromium.org
- ^ Julia Angwin (July 9, 2009). "Sun Valley: Schmidt Didn't Want to Build Chrome Initially, He Says". WSJ Digits Blog. http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2009/07/09/sun-valley-schmidt-didnt-want-to-build-chrome-initially-he-says/. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
- ^ Scott McCloud (September 1, 2008). "Surprise!". Google Blogoscoped. http://smccloud.livejournal.com/15488.html. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
- ^ Philipp Lenssen (September 1, 2008). "Google Chrome, Google's Browser Project". http://blogoscoped.com/archive/2008-09-01-n47.html. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
- ^ Philipp Lenssen (September 1, 2008). "Google on Google Chrome – comic book". Google Blogoscoped. http://blogoscoped.com/google-chrome/. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Google Chrome comic". Google Book Search. September 1, 2008. http://www.google.com/googlebooks/chrome/. Retrieved September 2, 2008.
- ^ a b Pichai, Sundar; Upson, Linus (September 1, 2008). "A fresh take on the browser". Google Blog. http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2008/09/fresh-take-on-browser.html. Retrieved 2012-07-11.
- ^ "It was when not if... Google Chrome". September 2008. http://www.doeswhat.com/2008/09/02/it-was-when-not-if-google-chrome/. Retrieved September 2, 2008.
- ^ "Be sure to read Chrome's fine print". CNET. http://news.cnet.com/8301-17939_109-10030522-2.html. Retrieved September 3, 2008.
- ^ Redirecting
- ^ "Google Chrome Terms of Service (English)". http://www.google.com/chrome/eula.html?hl=en. Retrieved September 4, 2008.
- ^ "Google Chrome update: First screenshot, and live-blog alert". CNet. September 1, 2008. http://news.cnet.com/8301-17939_109-10030025-2.html. Retrieved 2012‑07‑11.
- ^ "Google launches Chrome web browser". Associated Press. The Canadian Press. September 2, 2008. http://www.cbc.ca/technology/story/2008/09/01/google-browser.html. Retrieved September 2, 2008.
- ^ "Come on Google... Chrome for Mac?". November 2008. http://www.doeswhat.com/2008/11/22/come-on-google-chrome-for-mac/. Retrieved November 22, 2008.
- ^ Gruener, Wolfgang (January 3, 2009). "Google Chrome crosses 1% market share again". Chicago (IL), USA: TG Daily. http://www.tgdaily.com/content/view/40575/113/. Retrieved 2012-07-11.
- ^ Shankland, Stephen (January 9, 2009). "Chrome gets Mac deadline, extensions foundation". CNET. http://news.cnet.com/chrome-gets-mac-deadline-extensions-foundation/. Retrieved January 13, 2009.
- ^ "Early Access Release Channels". dev.chromium.org. http://dev.chromium.org/getting-involved/dev-channel. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ^ "Danger: Mac and Linux builds available". http://blog.chromium.org/2009/06/danger-mac-and-linux-builds-available.html. Retrieved June 9, 2009.
- ^ Mark Larson (December 8, 2009). "Beta Update: Linux, Mac, and Windows". Google. http://googlechromereleases.blogspot.com/2009/12/beta-update-linux-mac-and-windows.html. Retrieved 2012-07-11.
- ^ a b "Google Chrome for the holidays: Mac, Linux and extensions in beta". Googleblog.blogspot.com. http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2009/12/google-chrome-for-holidays-mac-linux.html. Retrieved 2012-07-11.
- ^ Brian Rakowski (May 25, 2010). "A new Chrome stable release: Welcome, Mac and Linux!". Google. http://chrome.blogspot.com/2010/05/new-chrome-stable-release-welcome-mac.html. Retrieved 2012-07-11.
- ^ "Microsoft offers browser choices to Europeans". BBC News. March 1, 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/8537763.stm. Retrieved 2012-07-11.
- ^ Peteris Krumins (September 5, 2008). "Code reuse in Google Chrome Browser". http://catonmat.net/blog/code-reuse-in-google-chrome-browser/. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
- ^ Ian Fette (February 19, 2010). "Hello HTML5". Google. http://gearsblog.blogspot.com/2010/02/hello-html5.html. Retrieved 2012-07-11.
- ^ "HTML Video Codec Support in Chrome". blog.chromium.org. January 11, 2011. http://blog.chromium.org/2011/01/html-video-codec-support-in-chrome.html. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ^ "Google Chrome Beta arrives on Android". Engadget. http://www.engadget.com/2012/02/07/google-chrome-browser-arrives-on-android-video/. Retrieved 2012‑07‑11.
- ^ "Chrome Out Of Beta, Default Browser Of Android 4.1". Muktware.com. June 28, 2012. Retrieved September 15, 2012.
- ^ Pachal, Peter (March 13, 2012). "Google Confirms It’s Working on Chrome for Windows 8". http://mashable.com/2012/03/12/chrome-windows-8/. Retrieved March 14, 2012.
- ^ "Change MSI from a wrapper to "full" MSI". Google. January 4, 2011. http://code.google.com/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=68519. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ^ Paul, Ryan (December 2010). "Google offering MSI to simplify Chrome enterprise deployment". Ars Technica. http://arstechnica.com/microsoft/news/2010/12/google-offering-msi-to-simplify-chrome-enterprise-deployment.ars. Retrieved 2012-07-11.
- ^ "Google Update for Enterprise – Google Help". Google. http://www.google.com/support/installer/bin/answer.py?hl=en&answer=146164. Retrieved 2012-07-11.
- ^ "Issue 2423 – chromium – Windows Roaming Profile support – An open-source browser project to help move the web forward. – Google Project Hosting". Google. September 17, 2008. http://code.google.com/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=2423. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ^ "Home (Chromium Developer Documentation)". Chromium Developer Documentation. dev.chromium.org. 2009. http://dev.chromium.org/Home. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
- ^ "Chromium Terms and Conditions". Google Code. September 2, 2008. http://code.google.com/chromium/terms.html. Retrieved September 3, 2008.
- ^ Chromium Project (March 2011). "ChromiumBrowserVsGoogleChrome". http://code.google.com/p/chromium/wiki/ChromiumBrowserVsGoogleChrome. Retrieved July 10, 2011.
- ^ McAllister, Neil (September 11, 2008). "Building Google Chrome: A first look". Fatal Exception (InfoWorld). http://weblog.infoworld.com/fatalexception/archives/2008/09/building_google.html. Retrieved September 16, 2008. "As the name suggests, Chromium is a rawer, less polished version of Chrome. The UI is mostly identical, with only a few very minor visual differences. […] The most readily evident difference is the logo, which sheds the Google colors in favor of a subdued blue design."
- ^ "Google Chrome, Chromium, and Google". blog.chromium.org/. The Chromium Blog. 2008. http://blog.chromium.org/2008/10/google-chrome-chromium-and-google.html. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
- ^ "Differences between Google Chrome and Linux distro Chromium". Google. 2010. http://code.google.com/p/chromium/wiki/ChromiumBrowserVsGoogleChrome. Retrieved September 1, 2010.
- ^ a b c Google (June 2010). "In The Open, For RLZ". http://blog.chromium.org/2010/06/in-open-for-rlz.html. Retrieved June 20, 2010.
- ^ "Release Notes". The Chromium Projects. http://dev.chromium.org/getting-involved/dev-channel/release-notes/.
- ^ "ChangeLog – v8". Google. http://code.google.com/p/v8/source/browse/trunk/ChangeLog. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ^ "A fresh take on the browser". September 1, 2008. http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2008/09/fresh-take-on-browser.html. Retrieved 2012-07-11.
- ^ "Google Chrome Releases: Stable Update: Google Chrome 18.104.22.168". http://googlechromereleases.blogspot.com/2009/05/stable-update-google-chrome-2017228.html.
- ^ a b Anthony Laforge. "Stable Channel Update". Google. http://googlechromereleases.blogspot.com/2010/01/stable-channel-update_25.html. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
- ^ "Google Chrome Releases: Stable Channel Update March 17, 2010". googlechromereleases.blogspot.com. March 17, 2010. http://googlechromereleases.blogspot.com/2010/03/stable-channel-update.html. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ^ Brian Rakowski (May 25, 2010). "Evolving from beta to stable with a faster version of Chrome". Google. http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/05/evolving-from-beta-to-stable-with.html. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
- ^ "Adobe Flash Player support now enabled in Google Chrome's stable channel". June 30, 2010. http://chrome.blogspot.com/2010/06/adobe-flash-player-support-now-enabled.html. Retrieved August 8, 2010.
- ^ "Bringing improved PDF support to Google Chrome". Chromium Blog. June 17, 2010. http://blog.chromium.org/2010/06/bringing-improved-pdf-support-to-google.html. Retrieved October 24, 2010.
- ^ "Bringing another Chrome release to you, right on time". Google. http://chrome.blogspot.com/2010/10/bringing-another-chrome-release-to-you.html. Retrieved October 24, 2010.
- ^ "Stable, Beta Channel Updates". Google. http://googlechromereleases.blogspot.com/2010/12/stable-beta-channel-updates.html. Retrieved December 3, 2010.
- ^ "Safer plug-ins, faster search, and richer graphics". Google. http://chrome.blogspot.com/2010/12/safer-plug-ins-faster-search-and-richer.html. Retrieved December 17, 2010.
- ^ "WebP Home". Google. https://developers.google.com/speed/webp/. Retrieved February 3, 2011.
- ^ "Dev Channel Update". Google. http://googlechromereleases.blogspot.com/2011/01/chrome-dev-release.html. Retrieved January 21, 2011.
- ^ "Issue 48607: Sandbox GPU process". http://code.google.com/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=48607. Retrieved March 21, 2012.
- ^ "A New Crankshaft for V8". Google. http://blog.chromium.org/2010/12/new-crankshaft-for-v8.html. Retrieved December 17, 2010.
- ^ "Chrome Releases: Chrome Stable Release". googlechromereleases.blogspot.com. March 8, 2011. http://googlechromereleases.blogspot.com/2011/03/chrome-stable-release.html. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ^ "Chrome Beta Release". March 22, 2011. http://googlechromereleases.blogspot.com/2011/03/chrome-beta-release.html. Retrieved March 23, 2011.
- ^ a b Rura, Steve (March 2011). "A fresh take on an icon". http://chrome.blogspot.com/2011/03/fresh-take-on-icon.html. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
- ^ a b "Chrome Stable Release". June 7, 2011. http://googlechromereleases.blogspot.com/2011/06/chrome-stable-release.html. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
- ^ Google Operating System: Chrome shifts into a new gear. Google Operating System (Unofficial Google Blog). June 7, 2011. http://googlesystem.blogspot.com/2011/06/chrome-shifts-into-new-gear.html. Retrieved February 4, 2012
- ^ Bentzel, Chris (June 16, 2011). "Google Chrome Blog: Faster than fast". chrome.blogspot.com. http://chrome.blogspot.com/2011/06/faster-than-fast.html. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
- ^ "Building better web apps with a new Chrome Beta". http://chrome.blogspot.com/2011/08/building-better-web-apps-with-new.html. Retrieved Aug 15, 2011.
- ^ Adam Langley (August 16, 2010). "DNSSEC authenticated HTTPS in Chrome". ImperialViolet. http://www.imperialviolet.org/2011/06/16/dnssecchrome.html. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ^ "Chrome Beta Channel Update". http://googlechromereleases.blogspot.com/2011/08/chrome-beta-channel-update.html. Retrieved Aug 15, 2011.
- ^ a b c "Download Google Chrome 15.0.874.15 Dev with Fixes for the Revamped New Tab Page". http://news.softpedia.com/news/Download-Google-Chrome-15-0-874-15-Dev-with-Fixes-for-the-Revamped-New-Tab-Page-222051.shtml. Retrieved Sep 19, 2011.
- ^ a b "Download Google Chrome 16 Dev and Chrome 15 Beta". http://news.softpedia.com/news/Download-Google-Chrome-16-Dev-and-Chrome-15-Beta-223218.shtml. Retrieved Sep 23, 2011.
- ^ "Issue 50811 – chromium – Switch Chromium to ffmpeg native vp8 decoder – An open-source browser project to help move the web forward. – Google Project Hosting". Google. July 30, 2010. http://code.google.com/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=50811. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ^ Chromium Issue 48119: Feature request: optional permissions in Chrome extensions. Google Code. July 1, 2010. http://code.google.com/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=48119. Retrieved February 4, 2012
- ^ Chromium Issue 99332: Remove sidetabs. Google Code. October 6, 2011. http://code.google.com/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=99332. Retrieved February 4, 2012
- ^ a b c d "Stable Channel Update". http://googlechromereleases.blogspot.com/2012/02/stable-channel-update.html. Retrieved Feb 9, 2012.
- ^ "Google Chrome 17 FINAL". http://www.downloadcrew.com/article/23259-google_chrome_stable. Retrieved Feb 9, 2012.
- ^ "Chromium Issue 15548: Search Engines should be synced". Google. June 28, 2009. http://code.google.com/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=15548. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ^ a b "Faster graphics for older PCs in Chrome 18". http://download.cnet.com/8301-2007_4-57405953-12/faster-graphics-for-older-pcs-in-chrome-18.
- ^ "[chrome] Revision 119099". Src.chromium.org. http://src.chromium.org/viewvc/chrome?view=rev&revision=119099. Retrieved 2012-05-23.
- ^ "Google Chrome Blog: All your tabs, accessible everywhere". chrome.blogspot.com.au. 2012-04-10. http://chrome.blogspot.com.au/2012/04/all-your-tabs-accessible-everywhere.html. Retrieved 2012-05-23.
- ^ "Connect with Web Intents". Google. May 16, 2012. http://blog.chromium.org/2012/05/connect-with-web-intents.html. Retrieved May 16, 2012.
- ^ "[chrome Revision 133210]"]. http://src.chromium.org/viewvc/chrome?view=rev&revision=133210.
- ^ "Decreased input padding, 8-bit canvas and getUserMedia() « Peter Beverloo". Peter Beverloo. http://peter.sh/2012/05/decreased-input-padding-8-bit-canvas-and-getusermedia/. Retrieved 2012-05-23.
- ^ Google (2012-05-29). "Dev Channel Update". http://googlechromereleases.blogspot.nl/2012/05/dev-channel-update_29.html. Retrieved 2011-06-01.
- ^ Google (2012-08-21). "Stable Channel Update". http://googlechromereleases.blogspot.co.uk/2012/08/stable-channel-update_21.html. Retrieved 2012-08-22.
- ^ a b Issue 143: Handle color profiles in tagged images
- ^ Bright, Peter (2012-09-14). "Do Not Track support added to Chrome, arriving by the end of the year". Ars Technica. http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2012/09/do-not-track-support-added-to-chrome-arriving-by-the-end-of-the-year/. Retrieved 2012-11-02.
- ^ a b "Securing Flash Player for our Mac users". Google. http://chrome.blogspot.hu/2012/11/securing-flash-player-for-our-mac-users.html. Retrieved November 14, 2012.
- ^ a b c "A web developer’s guide to the latest Chrome Beta". 2012-11-08. http://blog.chromium.org/2012/11/a-web-developers-guide-to-latest-chrome.html. Retrieved 2012-11-09.
- ^ Sundar Pichai. "Google Chrome Blog: Introducing Chrome for Android". chrome.blogspot.com. http://chrome.blogspot.com/2012/02/introducing-chrome-for-android.html. Retrieved February 9, 2012
- ^ "The Chromium Blog: A deeper look at Chrome for Android". blog.chromium.org. http://blog.chromium.org/2012/02/deeper-look-at-chrome-for-android.html. Retrieved February 9, 2012
- ^ "Chrome for Android Beta". market.android.com. https://market.android.com/details?id=com.android.chrome. Retrieved February 9, 2012
- ^ "Technology overview – Google Chrome". http://www.google.com/corporate/tech.html.
- ^ Gloson (December 4, 2008). "Google Chrome's Unique Features". http://www.glosonblog.com/google-chromes-unique-features/. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
- ^ "Issue 84 – chromium – RSS or Atom support needed – An open-source browser project to help move the web forward. – Google Project Hosting". Google. September 2, 2008. http://code.google.com/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=84. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ^ Stephen Shankland (September 2, 2008). "Speed test: Google Chrome beats Firefox, IE, Safari – Business Tech". CNET News. http://news.cnet.com/8301-1001_3-10030888-92.html. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
- ^ Kevin Purdy (June 11, 2009). "Lifehacker Speed Tests: Safari 4, Chrome 2, and More – Browsers". Lifehacker. http://lifehacker.com/5286869/lifehacker-speed-tests-safari-4-chrome-2-and-more. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
- ^ "12 Unique features of Chrome". TechStroke. September 3, 2008. http://www.techstroke.com/12-unique-features-of-chrome-fast-and-powerful-web-browser-from-google.html. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ^ Rafe Needleman (May 14, 2008). "The future of the Firefox address bar". CNET News. http://news.cnet.com/8301-17939_109-9944662-2.html. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
- ^ "ECMAScript test262". ECMAScript. http://test262.ecmascript.org/. Retrieved May 6, 2011.
- ^ "CSS 2.1 Test Suite RC6 Results". W3C. http://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/Test/CSS2.1/20110323/reports/results.html. Retrieved May 6, 2011.
- ^ "HTML5 test". Sights. http://html5test.com/results/desktop.html. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
- ^ "HTML5 test". Sights. http://html5test.com/results/tablet.html. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
- ^ "HTML5 test". Sights. http://html5test.com/results/mobile.html. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
- ^ Chung, Marc (September 5, 2008). "chromes-process model explained". http://blog.marcchung.com/2008/09/05/chromes-process-model-explained.html. Retrieved September 10, 2008.
- ^ Google (September 1, 2008). "Google Chrome". http://www.gamesforthebrain.com/google-chrome/26. Retrieved September 3, 2008.
- ^ Barth, Adam; Collin Jackson, Charles Reis, and The Google Chrome Team. "The Security Architecture of the Chromium Browser" (PDF). Stanford Security Laboratory. http://crypto.stanford.edu/websec/chromium/chromium-security-architecture.pdf. Retrieved September 11, 2008.
- ^ Markus Gutschke (May 6, 2009). "Re: PATCH 2/2 x86-64: seccomp: fix 32/64 syscall hole". http://article.gmane.org/gmane.linux.ports.sparc/11622. Retrieved February 17, 2011.
- ^ Jake Edge (August 19, 2009). "Google's Chromium sandbox". http://lwn.net/Articles/347547/. Retrieved February 17, 2011.
- ^ Goodin, Dan (2011-12-09). "Chrome is the most secured browser - new study". The Register. http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/12/09/chrome_ie_firefox_security_bakeoff. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
- ^ Gregg Keizer, Google's Chrome untouched at Pwn2Own hack match, Computerworld, March 10, 2011
- ^ "Pwn2Own 2012: Google Chrome browser sandbox first to fall". www.zdnet.com. March 7, 2012. http://www.zdnet.com/blog/security/pwn2own-2012-google-chrome-browser-sandbox-first-to-fall/10588. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ^ "CanSecWest Pwnium: Google Chrome hacked with sandbox bypass". www.zdnet.com. March 7, 2012. http://www.zdnet.com/blog/security/cansecwest-pwnium-google-chrome-hacked-with-sandbox-bypass/10563. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ^ "Teenager hacks Google Chrome with three 0day vulnerabilities". www.zdnet.com. March 9, 2012. http://www.zdnet.com/blog/security/teenager-hacks-google-chrome-with-three-0day-vulnerabilities/10649. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ^ Kersey, Jason (March 10, 2012). "Chrome Stable Update". http://googlechromereleases.blogspot.com/2012/03/chrome-stable-update_10.html. Retrieved March 10, 2012.
- ^ Hughes, Brian. "Virus Bulletin : 2010 – Social engineering trumps a zero-day every time". AVG Technologies. http://www.virusbtn.com/conference/vb2010/abstracts/Hughes.xml. Retrieved July 21, 2011.
- ^ Bright, Peter (July 16, 2011). "Internet Explorer 9 utterly dominates malware-blocking stats". Ars Technica. http://arstechnica.com/microsoft/news/2011/07/internet-explorer-9-utterly-dominates-malware-blocking-stats.ars. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
- ^ "Web Browser Group Test Socially-Engineered Malware". NSS Labs. July 16, 2011. http://www.nsslabs.com/research/endpoint-security/browser-security/web-browser-group-test-socially-engineered-malware-europe-q2-2011.html.
- ^ Samson, Ted (2012-02-07). "Update: Internet Explorer aces security test as Google faces accusations". InfoWorld. http://www.infoworld.com/t/anti-spyware/internet-explorer-dominates-browser-security-google-faces-accusations-185938. Retrieved 2012-06-15.
- ^ Arghire, Ionut (2012‑02‑07). "IE9 Still Most Effective at Blocking Social-Engineered Malware, NSS Labs Finds". Softpedia. http://news.softpedia.com/news/IE9-Still-Most-Effective-at-Blocking-Social-Engineered-Malware-NSS-Labs-Finds-251236.shtml. Retrieved 2012‑06‑15.
- ^ Paul, Ryan (2012-02-09). "Chrome 17 released, will preload autocompleted URLs as you type". Ars Technica. http://arstechnica.com/business/2012/02/chrome-17-released-will-preload-autocompleted-urls-as-you-type/. Retrieved 2012‑06‑15.
- ^ a b "Google Chrome FAQ for web developers". Google. http://www.google.com/chrome/intl/en/webmasters-faq.html#activex. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ^ Paul, Ryan (March 2010). "Google bakes Flash into Chrome, hopes to improve plug-in API". http://arstechnica.com/web/news/2010/03/google-bakes-flash-into-chrome-hopes-to-improve-plugin-api.ars. Retrieved March 14, 2010.
- ^ "Java and Google Chrome". java.com. http://java.com/en/download/chrome.jsp. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
- ^ "Issue 10812 – chromium – No java plugin support yet". Google. http://code.google.com/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=10812. Retrieved May 18, 2010.
- ^ Pepper.wiki
- ^ Pepper Plugin API (PPAPI)
- ^ "Chromium Blog: The road to safer, more stable, and flashier Flash". blog.chromium.org. August 8, 2012. http://blog.chromium.org/2012/08/the-road-to-safer-more-stable-and.html. Retrieved August 29, 2012.
- ^ "Explore Google Chrome Features: Incognito Mode". September 2, 2008. http://www.google.com/support/chrome/bin/answer.py?answer=95464&hl=en. Retrieved September 4, 2008.
- ^ "Chromium Blog: Google Chrome, Chromium, and Google". blog.chromium.org. October 1, 2008. http://blog.chromium.org/2008/10/google-chrome-chromium-and-google.html. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ^ a b "SRWare Iron webpage". http://www.srware.net/en/software_srware_iron.php. Retrieved October 12, 2008.
- ^ a b c d "Google Chrome Privacy Whitepaper" (PDF). http://www.google.com/intl/en/landing/chrome/google-chrome-privacy-whitepaper.pdf. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ^ "&rlz= in Google referrer: Organic traffic or AdWords?". http://foliovision.com/2008/12/09/adwords-ppc-organic-rlz/. Retrieved February 27, 2009.
- ^ a b c "Google Reacts to Some Chrome Privacy Concerns". http://blogoscoped.com/archive/2008-09-09-n68.html. Retrieved September 24, 2008.
- ^ Controlled by the setting "Send usage statistics and error reports". Default off.
- ^ Google Chrome Privacy Notice. Google. December 13, 2011. http://www.google.com/chrome/intl/en/privacy.html?brand=CHKZ. Retrieved February 4, 2012
- ^ "Google Chrome Unique Identifier Change". March 16, 2010. http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/03/16/google_chrome_unique_identifier_change/. Retrieved March 24, 2010.
- ^ Fried, Ina (September 3, 2008). "Google's Omnibox could be Pandora's box". http://news.cnet.com/8301-13860_3-10031661-56.html. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
- ^ "Google and Chrome To Support Do Not Track". http://browserfame.com/478/google-chrome-support-do-not-track. Retrieved March 3, 2012.
- ^ "V8 Benchmark suite". Google code. http://code.google.com/apis/v8/run.html. Retrieved September 3, 2008.
- ^ Rupert Goodwins (September 2, 2008). "Google Chrome – first benchmarks. Summary: wow". http://community.zdnet.co.uk/blog/0,1000000567,10009139o-2000331777b,00.htm.
- ^ Adrian Kingsley-Hughes (September 2, 2008). "Google Chrome is insanely fast ... faster than Firefox 3.0". http://blogs.zdnet.com/hardware/?p=2507.
- ^ Stephen Shankland (September 2, 2008). "Speed test: Google Chrome". CNET Business Tech. http://news.cnet.com/8301-1001_3-10030888-92.html.
- ^ Alexander Limi (September 2, 2008). "Chrome: Benchmarks and more". http://limi.net/articles/google-chrome-benchmarks-and-more. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
- ^ Vygantas Lipskas (March 1, 2009). "Safari 4 vs. Firefox 3 vs. Google Chrome vs. Opera 10, 9.6 vs. Internet Explorer 8, 7". Favbrowser. http://www.favbrowser.com/safari-4-vs-firefox-3-vs-google-chrome-vs-opera-10-96-vs-internet-explorer-8-7/. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
- ^ Scott M. Fulton, III (October 11, 2010). "Firefox in the dust: Opera poised to reclaim browser performance lead". http://net1news.com/101011-01-firefox-in-the-dust.aspx. Retrieved November 6, 2010.
- ^ Stephen Shankland (September 3, 2008). "Firefox counters Google's browser speed test – Business Tech". CNET News. http://news.cnet.com/8301-1001_3-10031278-92.html. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
- ^ Eich, Brendan (September 3, 2008). "TraceMonkey Update". http://weblogs.mozillazine.org/roadmap/archives/2008/09/tracemonkey_update.html.
- ^ Stephen Shankland (November 3, 2008). "Third Chrome beta another notch faster – News". Builder AU. http://www.builderau.com.au/news/soa/Third-Chrome-beta-another-notch-faster/0,339028227,339292979,00.htm?feed=pt_performance. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
- ^ Maciej Stachowiak (September 18, 2008). "WebKit blog: Introducing SquirrelFish Extreme". http://webkit.org/blog/214/introducing-squirrelfish-extreme/. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
- ^ Cameron Zwarich (September 18, 2008). "SquirrelFish Extreme has landed!". http://summerofjsc.blogspot.com/2008/09/squirrelfish-extreme-has-landed.html. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
- ^ Stephen Shankland (September 22, 2008). "Step aside, Chrome, for Squirrelfish Extreme – News". Builder AU. http://www.builderau.com.au/news/soa/Step-aside-Chrome-for-Squirrelfish-Extreme/0,339028227,339292128,00.htm?feed=pt_performance. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
- ^ a b Preston Gralla (September 3, 2008). "Three hidden Chrome features you'll love". http://blogs.computerworld.com/three_hidden_chrome_features_youll_love. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
- ^ "DNS prefetching for Firefox". November 8, 2008. http://bitsup.blogspot.com/2008/11/dns-prefetching-for-firefox.html.
- ^ Apple Inc. (June 7, 2010). "What's new in Safari 5". http://www.apple.com/safari/whats-new.html#performance. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
- ^ "Internet Explorer 9 Network Performance Improvements". Blogs.msdn.com. March 17, 2011. http://blogs.msdn.com/b/ie/archive/2011/03/17/internet-explorer-9-network-performance-improvements.aspx. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ^ João Eiras. "Page prefetcher". userjs.org. http://userjs.org/scripts/browser/enhancements/page-prefetcher. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ^ "chrome] Index of /trunk/src/net/spdy – Chromium SPDY client implementation". src.chromium.org. http://src.chromium.org/viewvc/chrome/trunk/src/net/spdy/. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ^ "SPDY Proxy Examples – The Chromium Projects". www.chromium.org. http://www.chromium.org/spdy/spdy-proxy-examples. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ^ "SPDY on Google servers? – spdy-dev | Google Groups". Google. http://groups.google.com/group/spdy-dev/browse_thread/thread/4c2396ecbc36b1c4. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ^ Reisn, Charlie (September 11, 2008). "Multi-process Architecture". http://blog.chromium.org/2008/09/multi-process-architecture.html. Retrieved September 12, 2008.
- ^ "Process Models". The Chromium Projects. Google. September 3, 2008. http://dev.chromium.org/developers/design-documents/process-models. Retrieved September 12, 2008.
- ^ Prince, Brian (December 11, 2008). "Google Chrome Puts Security in a Sandbox". eWeek.com. Ziff Davis Enterprise Holdings Inc. http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Security/Google-Chrome-Puts-Security-in-a-Sandbox/. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
- ^ "[webkit-dev] Announcing WebKit2". lists.webkit.org. https://lists.webkit.org/pipermail/webkit-dev/2010-April/012235.html. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ^ "Firefox Lorentz beta available for download and testing". Mozilla. April 8, 2010. https://developer.mozilla.org/devnews/index.php/2010/04/08/firefox-lorentz-beta-available-for-download-and-testing/.
- ^ Google (2012). "Set your home page". http://support.google.com/chrome/bin/answer.py?hl=en&answer=95314. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
- ^ "A Speedier Google Chrome for all users". Google Chrome Blog. http://chrome.blogspot.com/2009/05/speedier-google-chrome-for-all-users.html.
- ^ Anthony Laforge (September 15, 2009). "Google Chrome after a year: Sporting a new stable release". Google. http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2009/09/google-chrome-after-year-sporting-new.html. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
- ^ Kevin Purdy (September 2, 2009). "Add a Bookmark Button to Google Chrome's Toolbar". Lifehacker. http://lifehacker.com/5350737/add-a-bookmark-button-to-google-chromes-toolbar. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
- ^ Google (September 2009). "Issue 21152: Expose UI for bookmark menu on all platforms". http://code.google.com/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=21152. Retrieved December 30, 2009.
- ^ "Chromium url_constants.cc". http://src.chromium.org/svn/trunk/src/chrome/common/url_constants.cc. Retrieved September 1, 2010.
- ^ Pash, Adam (October 2010). "Chrome's About:Labs Renamed to About:Flags, Adds a Warning". LifeHacker. http://lifehacker.com/5667846/chromes-aboutlabs-renamed-to-aboutflags-adds-a-warning. Retrieved October 19, 2010.
- ^ "Chrome Web Store". Google. May 19, 2010. https://chrome.google.com/webstore. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
- ^ Erik Lay (May 19, 2010). "The Chrome Web Store". Google. http://blog.chromium.org/2010/05/chrome-web-store.html. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
- ^ Paul, Ryan (December 2010). "Chrome Web Store: a solution in search of a problem?". Ars Technica. http://arstechnica.com/web/news/2010/12/thoughts-on-the-chrome-store-does-the-web-need-an-app-delivery-channel.ars. Retrieved December 10, 2010.
- ^ Google (February 2011). "A dash of speed, 3D and apps". http://chrome.blogspot.com/2011/02/dash-of-speed-3d-and-apps.html. Retrieved February 7, 2011.
- ^ Aaron Boodman (September 9, 2009). "Extensions Status: On the Runway, Getting Ready for Take-Off". Google. http://blog.chromium.org/2009/09/extensions-status-on-runway-getting.html. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
- ^ Erik Kay (December 8, 2009). "Extensions beta launched, with over 300 extensions!". Google. http://blog.chromium.org/2009/12/extensions-beta-launched-with-over-300.html. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
- ^ Nick Baum (January 25, 2010). "Over 1,500 new features for Google Chrome". Google Chrome Blog. http://chrome.blogspot.com/2010/01/over-1500-new-features-for-google.html. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
- ^ "Security improvements and registration updates for the Google Chrome Extensions Gallery". August 19, 2010. http://blog.chromium.org/2010/08/security-improvements-and-registration.html.
- ^ "Official Independent Chrome Extension". https://chrome.google.com/extensions/detail/mdonfjaemnemdnnpebbcelibeocdmkai?hl=en-GB.
- ^ "CEOP Official Chrome Extension". https://chrome.google.com/extensions/detail/jgmdagpgkaiajnllhiabcamdlggjopnj?hl=en-GB.
- ^ "Official TfL Chrome Extension". https://chrome.google.com/extensions/detail/dcbnpmjhmjhpaegikhpjlaemjiilnkgb?hl=en-gb.
- ^ from www.espncricinfo.com. "Chrome Web Store – ESPN Cricinfo". Google. https://chrome.google.com/extensions/detail/ijhlikjoigjegofbedmfmlcfkmhabldh. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ^ "WOT – Google Chrome extension gallery". https://chrome.google.com/extensions/detail/bhmmomiinigofkjcapegjjndpbikblnp.
- ^ "Official World Cup FIFA Chrome Extension". https://chrome.google.com/extensions/detail/naenffbbmemiekgcjgelmggkaohdeaab?hl=en-gb.
- ^ "Chrome Web Store Help". Google. http://www.google.com/support/chrome_webstore/bin/answer.py?hl=en&answer=186213&rd=1. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ^ Glen Murphy (October 5, 2009). "A splash of color to your browser: Artist Themes for Google Chrome". Google Chrome Blog. http://chrome.blogspot.com/2009/10/splash-of-color-to-your-browser-artist.html. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
- ^ "Chrome Web Store". Google. https://tools.google.com/chrome/intl/en/themes/index.html. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ^ Basic settings: Change browser theme Google Chrome Help
- ^ "Google — Support — Google Chrome — Automatic web page translation". http://www.google.com/support/chrome/bin/answer.py?hlrm=ru&answer=173424.
- ^ Mark Larson (January 8, 2009). "Google Chrome Release Channels". http://blog.chromium.org/2009/01/google-chrome-release-channels.html. Retrieved January 9, 2009.
- ^ Mark Larson (January 8, 2009). "Dev update: New WebKit version, new features, and a new Dev channel". http://googlechromereleases.blogspot.com/2009/01/dev-update-new-webkit-version-new.html. Retrieved January 9, 2009.
- ^ Anthony Laforge (July 22, 2010). "Release Early, Release Often". http://blog.chromium.org/2010/07/release-early-release-often.html. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
- ^ Lee Mathews (July 23, 2010). "Google drops Chrome Canary build down the Chrome mineshaft". http://www.downloadsquad.com/2010/07/23/google-chrome-canary-run-two-channels-at-once/. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
- ^ "Adding more yellow to the Mac color scheme". blog.chromium.org. May 2, 2011. http://blog.chromium.org/2011/05/adding-more-yellow-to-mac-color-scheme.html. Retrieved February 4, 2012.
- ^ David Dorwin (May 14, 2009). "Google Update Releases Update Controls". http://google-opensource.blogspot.com/2009/05/google-update-releases-update-controls.html. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
- ^ "Google Chrome voor Windows – Overeenkomst voor de Algemene voorwaarden". Google. April 28, 2011. http://www.google.com/chrome/eula.html?standalone=1. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ^ Alex Chitu (March 1, 2009). "Standalone Offline Installer for Google Chrome". Google Operating System. http://googlesystem.blogspot.com/2009/03/standalone-offline-installer-for-google.html. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
- ^ "Google Help page "Managing updates in Google Software Update"". http://www.google.com/support/installer/bin/answer.py?hl=en&answer=147176&ctx=go.
- ^ Google. "System requirements : Install or update Google Chrome : Google Chrome Help". http://www.google.com/support/chrome/bin/answer.py?hl=en&answer=95411. Retrieved April 8, 2011.
- ^ "Chrome no longer supports Mac OS X 10.5". Google Chrome support page. http://support.google.com/chrome/bin/answer.py?hl=en&answer=2599452. Retrieved August 6, 2012.
- ^ Google. "64-bit Support – The Chromium Projects". http://www.chromium.org/developers/design-documents/64-bit-support. Retrieved March 5, 2012.
- ^ Google. "Google Chrome for Linux – Terms and Conditions Agreement". http://www.google.com/chrome/eula.html?platform=linux&hl=en. Retrieved April 8, 2011.
- ^ "Install Chrome for Android Beta – Google Chrome Help". Google. https://support.google.com/chrome/bin/answer.py?hl=en&answer=2393487. Retrieved April 6, 2012.
- ^ a b c "Beta version of Chrome for Android 4.0 released". www.neowin.net. http://www.neowin.net/news/beta-version-of-chrome-for-android-40-released. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
- ^ a b c d e "Google Operating System: Chrome for Android". googlesystem.blogspot.com. February 27, 2004. http://googlesystem.blogspot.com/2012/02/chrome-for-android.html. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
- ^ a b c d Google Chrome for Android – 23 Questions and Answers. Chrome Story. http://chromestory.com/2012/02/google-chrome-for-android-23-questions-and-answers-it-wont-support-flash/. Retrieved February 9, 2012
- ^ a b c d e Bringing Google Chrome to Android. Peter Beverloo. January 30, 2012. http://peter.sh/2012/02/bringing-google-chrome-to-android/. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
- ^ Security overview. Google. http://support.google.com/chrome/bin/answer.py?hl=en&answer=2440264. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
- ^ Google Chrome for Android: Remote Debugging. Google. https://developers.google.com/chrome/mobile/docs/debugging. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
- ^ Lardinois, Frederic (April 17, 2012), Chrome For Android Gets Desktop View, Home Screen Bookmarks, File Downloads
- ^ Google Chrome for Android comes out of beta, Hits Play today. Engadget. June 27, 2012. http://www.engadget.com/2012/06/27/google-chrome-for-android/. Retrieved June 27, 2012.
- ^ Chrome for Android Update
- ^ Dylan F. Tweney (November 19, 2009). "Gadget Lab Hardware News and Reviews Google Chrome OS: Ditch Your Hard Drives, the Future Is the Web". Wired. http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2009/11/google-chrome-os-ditch-your-hard-drives-the-future-is-the-web/. Retrieved November 22, 2009.
- ^ Sengupta, Caesar (November 19, 2009). "Releasing the Chromium OS open source project". Official Google Blog. Google, Inc.. http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2009/11/releasing-chromium-os-open-source.html. Retrieved November 19, 2009.
- ^ Stokes, Jon (January 19, 2010). "Google talks Chrome OS, HTML5, and the future of software". Ars Technica. http://arstechnica.com/business/news/2010/01/chrome-os-interview-1.ars. Retrieved January 23, 2010.
- ^ Womack, Brian (July 8, 2009). "Google to Challenge Microsoft With Operating System". Bloomberg. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aTd2k.YdQZ.Y. Retrieved July 8, 2009.
- ^ Hansell, Saul (July 8, 2009). "Would you miss Windows with a Google operating system?". New York Times. http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/08/would-you-miss-windows-with-a-google-operating-system/. Retrieved July 8, 2009.
- ^ Pichai, Sundar (July 7, 2009). "Introducing the Google Chrome OS". Official Google Blog. Google, Inc.. http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2009/07/introducing-google-chrome-os.html. Retrieved July 16, 2009.
- ^ Mediati, Nick (July 7, 2009). "Google Announces Chrome OS". PC World. http://www.pcworld.com/article/168028/google_announces_chrome_os.html. Retrieved July 8, 2009.
- ^ Apple's App Store Chrome entry.
- ^ Forbes Google Chrome on iOS Hits #1 Free App
- ^ Reisinger, Don. "Chrome already nabs 1.5 percent of iOS browser market". CNET. http://news.cnet.com/8301-13579_3-57474685-37/chrome-already-nabs-1.5-percent-of-ios-browser-market/?tag=txt;title. Retrieved 18 July 2012.
- ^ Newman, Jared. "Google Chrome Gets Early Metro-Style App for Windows 8". PCWorld. http://www.pcworld.com/article/257427/google_chrome_gets_early_metrostyle_app_for_windows_8.html. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
- ^ "Top 5 Browsers from December 2010 to December 2011". StatCounter. http://gs.statcounter.com/. Retrieved January 8, 2012.
- ^ Moore, Matthew (September 2, 2008). "Google Chrome browser: Review of reviews". Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/3358306/Google-Chrome-browser-Review-of-reviews.html. Retrieved September 24, 2011.
- ^ Liedtke, Michael (September 3, 2008). Google polishes product line with Chrome browser. http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/09/03/google-polishes-product-line-with-chrome-browser.html.
- ^ Jaroslovsky, Rich (February 25, 2010). "Browser Wars: The Sequel". BusinessWeek. http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/10_10/b4169074693523.htm.
- ^ "Thoughts on Chrome & More". John's Blog. September 1, 2008. http://john.jubjubs.net/2008/09/01/thoughts-on-chrome-more/. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
- ^ Collins, Barry (September 2, 2008). Mozilla: Google's not trying to kill us. PC Pro. http://www.pcpro.co.uk/news/222147/mozilla-google-is-not-trying-to-kill-us.html. Retrieved 2012-07-11
- ^ Mediati, Nick (September 3, 2008). "Google Chrome Web Browser". PC World. http://www.pcworld.com/article/150579/google_chrome_web_browser.html. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
- ^ For additional sources see Usage share of web browsers#Summary table
- ^ "Global Web Browser Marketshares". Clicky Analytics. http://getclicky.com/marketshare/global/web-browsers/. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ^ Chrome is world's number one browser for a day, StatCounter Global Stats press release, March 21, 2012
- ^ "Chrome overtakes Internet Explorer as No. 1 browser -- maybe". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2012/05/21/tech/web/chrome-explorer-browser-wars/index.html. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
- ^ Pachal, Peter. May 21, 2012. Google Chrome Now the No. 1 Browser in the World, mashable.com.
- ^ "Chrome tops 310 million users, almost 100% growth over last year". June 28, 2012. http://www.engadget.com/2012/06/28/chrome-tops-310-million-users-almost-100-growth-over-last-year/. | <urn:uuid:2bc65edf-8d6f-4efd-9e82-b3d403301822> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48",
"url": "http://blekko.com/wiki/Google_Chrome?source=672620ff",
"date": "2013-12-06T15:41:29",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163052034/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131732-00006-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7829631567001343,
"token_count": 20640,
"score": 3.078125,
"int_score": 3
} |
The stealthy invasion of rivers in Europe by the tasty American signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus poses a threat not only to the indigenous European species Astacus astacus (P. leniusculus carries a fungal infection as well as being formidably armed), but conceivably to the very landscape itself (Johnson, M.F. et al. 2010. Topographic disturbance of subaqueous gravel substrates by signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus). Geomorphology, v. 123, p. 269-278). Johnsson and colleagues from the University of Loughborough, UK used captive alien crayfish to model the effects of their bioturbation under controlled laboratory conditions, assessing their activity by the use of millimetre-resolution gravel-surface elevation data generated by a laser altimeter. The sturdy little beasts behave like frenzied bulldozers creating mounds and pits in the gravel substrate, displacing on average about 1.7 kg of gravel every day over an area of 1 m2 thereby completely disrupting the perfectly flat substrate onto which they were introduced in about 3 days. By this activity they render the surface more prone to erosion by flowing water so that greater grain transport ensues; they could effect bother erosion and deposition by increasing transportation of grains. To my knowledge, this is the first experimental study of bioturbation in the context of hydrology. We can expect more now that the technology is available: the burrowers as well as the diggers of the animal world. While the Phanerozoic is best know for having begun with the Cambrian Explosion of multicellular life, a sometimes overlooked attribute is that it coincided with the start of bioturbation. That may well have had a profound effect on sediment transport as the American invader suggests.
See also: Newton, A. 2010. Crayfish at work. Nature Geoscience, v. 3, p. 592 | <urn:uuid:4267800a-a05a-4c77-a542-3e29ee974660> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31",
"url": "https://earthlogs.org/2010/11/01/threat-to-landscape-from-alien-crayfish-2/",
"date": "2021-08-03T14:40:22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154459.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20210803124251-20210803154251-00068.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9389517307281494,
"token_count": 402,
"score": 3.296875,
"int_score": 3
} |
How to Make Plastic. Making industrial plastic requires a degree in chemistry and access to heavy machinery. Easy do-it-at-home projects are. Making plastic is a fun and unique project easily completed using materials found at home. This way of making plastic is appropriate for school science projects or other science-related activities. One of the ingredients in this project is. Make Your Own Plastic: Many of us use plastic in our projects, but did you know you can melt down and reuse much of the plastic found in your house?.
how to make plastic toys at home
How to make really good hard plastic while reusing and recycling plastic bags at home! Via this method, you can make ANYTHING you want to, out of hard. Precious Plastic is giving instructions on how to build a series of simple the world began using the machines to make recycled plastic products in , This home designed for four generations is a glimpse at the future of. So, after guzzling down a Mountain Dew to kick a 2 p.m. slump, don't just toss the bottle when you're finished. Make plastic bottle cups to house.
Molding plastic part at home is no longer an impossible task. This article will explain how to make molded plastic parts at home. Know five simple steps for. Plastic waste threatens a wide range of ecosystems all over the planet. But innovative ways of making, reusing and recycling plastic are set to change Home Futures review – what living spaces teach us about our culture. I would like to know if it is possible to recycle plastic at home by melting and But remember, melting plastics will produce fumes which can be.
When they are recycled they can make new bottles and containers, plastic lumber, picnic tables, lawn They even let us carry goldfish home from the pet store. Open source machines, tools and infrastructures to fight plastic pollution from the bottom up. We create tools that make it easier to start recycling plastic. Breaking down and recompressing plastic to make new things. Precious Plastic: Open-Source DIY Plastic Recycling Machines Turn a New Page: How to Make Paper at Home From Recycled Paper. Make plastic from milk. Create your own toys, beads, jewelry, and more, with ingredients you have right now in your kitchen. It's so easy and. First, they must start with various raw materials that make up the monomers. Ethylene and propylene, for example, come from crude oil, which contains the. One way to make transparent or translucent plastic at home is to use a plastic casting resin mix. These come in two parts, the resin and a hardener. When mixed. When you watch television, use a computer, ride in a bus, train, or plane, you are using plastics. When you go to the doctor's office or hospital or. Transform plastic waste into an advanced building material that can be sold for a Our goal is to make the planet cleaner, which is why the ByFusion Blocker. There are many different plastics, so we need ways of making sense of . cables and carrying water and waste-water in and out of your home.
- Where are the degrassi cast now
- How many freedoms in the first amendment
- How to get prescribed dexedrine in canada
- How to change my number verizon wireless
- Who made hot dogs
- What year was sodom and gomorrah destroyed
- I know what you did last wednesday
- November 16 zodiac sign
- How to get rid of pimple scars naturally at home | <urn:uuid:1ad70572-34f1-449a-958b-5aaeb651b861> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-34",
"url": "https://pkga.me/music-audio/how-to-make-plastic-at-home.php",
"date": "2020-08-12T23:29:41",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738950.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20200812225607-20200813015607-00141.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9320459365844727,
"token_count": 729,
"score": 3.328125,
"int_score": 3
} |
Civil law (legal system)
Civil law is a legal system inspired by Roman law and whose primary feature is that laws are codified into collections, as compared to common law systems that gives great precedential weight to common law on the principle that it is unfair to treat similar facts differently on different...
, a delict is an intentional or negligent act which gives rise to a legal obligation between parties even though there has been no contract between them. Due to the large number of civil law systems in the world, it is hard to state any generalities about the concept. Moreover in some civil law countries (e.g.: Italy
Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
etc.) delicts are most serious crimes, similar to felonies in common law countries, whereas in other states
A sovereign state, or simply, state, is a state with a defined territory on which it exercises internal and external sovereignty, a permanent population, a government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other sovereign states. It is also normally understood to be a state which is neither...
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
Belgium , officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO.Belgium is also a member of, or affiliated to, many...
Switzerland name of one of the Swiss cantons. ; ; ; or ), in its full name the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe,Or Central Europe depending on the definition....
etc.), they are crimes of intermediate seriousness (less serious than those termed crimes).
In the most narrowly construed sense, delict is a Latin
Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and...
word (delictum = offence, wrong) and a legal term, which, in some civil law systems, signifies a willful wrong, similar to the common law
Common law is law developed by judges through decisions of courts and similar tribunals rather than through legislative statutes or executive branch action...
concept of tort
A tort, in common law jurisdictions, is a wrong that involves a breach of a civil duty owed to someone else. It is differentiated from a crime, which involves a breach of a duty owed to society in general...
though differing in many substantive ways. | <urn:uuid:1a020cdf-dd9c-4c37-be26-7457a09ecfc8> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-33",
"url": "http://image.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Delict",
"date": "2022-08-15T22:59:02",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00687.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9553829431533813,
"token_count": 713,
"score": 3.4375,
"int_score": 3
} |
an unrhymed verse of fifteen syllables. Elegy A form of poetry which is about the death of its subject. The Different Types of Essays. Everyone must write their name, two adjectives, two adverbs and then their name again. The bird sang in the tree It sang tooroo, tooree 3. Rhyming is optional. Rate 5 stars Rate 4 stars Rate 3 stars Rate 2 stars Rate 1 star. The root of this chapter focuses on the literary form of poetry and its types, but also provides extensive examples to help your middle. The poems cover a range of themes, such as friendships, seasons, animals, and colour. There have been different models suggested on the teaching of literature to ESL/EFL students (Carter & Long, Lazar). This detailed genres of literature list is a great resource to share with any scholars. Key Features: Imagined Setting Descriptions for the Farlands in Oi Caveboy! (2017) Using the text Oi Caveboy as a stimulus for writing, the protagonist Iggy is asked by his tribe (The Urks) to travel to the Far Lands to collect a plant that will heal the Chief of the Urks from a venomous snake bite. So, if a poem is abab, the first and third lines rhyme, as do the second and fourth. Especially. Reading Comprehension. FORM: The "shape" or organizational mode of a particular poem. By exploring a variety of poems, students will learn poetic techniques in this two-day lesson. Poetry Read-a-Thon. Narrative Poetry Descriptive Poetry Lyric Poetry Choral Reading Narrative Poetry Descriptive Poetry Lyric Poetry Choral Reading. In this unit, students in grades 10-12 read and respond to poems pertaining to war. Consider if the speaker is addressing someone else in the poem. Preview and details. In practice, there is a crossover between these two types of poetry: poets often incorporate lyric elements into their narrative poems, and vice versa. Each introduces the reader to the sounds of language. We will look at: purpose of the poem (the reason it was written), characteristics of each type, topic or message, Tone (author’s attitude toward the subject), rhyme and rhythm, line and stanza Humorous Poetry: deals with amusing happenings that befall a person or animal Rhythm: Here is how the lines should go: 1. The study of poetry can lead your students to new levels of creativity and reading comprehension, while helping them to appreciate it as an art form. It saw a popularity rise in the 19th century, taking root first in France. Key Features: Imagined Setting Descriptions for the Farlands in Oi Caveboy! (2017) Using the text Oi Caveboy as a stimulus for writing, the protagonist Iggy is asked by his tribe (The Urks) to travel to the Far Lands to collect a plant that will heal the Chief of the Urks from a venomous snake bite. Though not as popular today amongst readers, it endures sti. : “I’m a lean dog, a keen dog, a wild dog, and lone. They practice their word processing skills as they type and illustrate their own poems. 3rd line: 3 verbs that describe line 1. Funny Poems - Couplet. They range from poems set in symbolic gardens to poems about very specific trees that have been felled, to poems about trees which prompt thoughts of mortality and the brevity of life. But it is, perhaps, the end of the beginning” – Sir Winston Churchill “Never. Song of Secret Love. Concrete Poems A fun type of poetry to write is shape poetry or concrete poems. I’ve watched two documentaries recently,one is Hearts of Darkness:A Filmmaker’s Apocalypse,which is considered to be one of the best making-of documentaries in any dvds/Blu-rays. txt) or view presentation slides online. Examples of Couplets 1. Haiku: A traditional, nature-inspired Japanese form of poetry that has 3 lines and 17 syllables. Before going any further, let us first give a brief description of what conflict is. Animal – compare yourself to an animal(s). There are four main types of writing: expository, persuasive, narrative, and descriptive. Letter TV Songs. We have created a list of different poetry types, with their definitions. Poems Using AABB Rhyme Scheme. The slides are somewhat self explanatory. Otherwise, a poem may make no sense at all. Different types of poetry- authorSTREAM Presentation. First section deals with/recaps the elements of instructional writing including writing steps in correct order, using bossy verbs etc. Characteristics of Metaphysical Poetry in English Literature • These poets were not formally affiliated; most of them did not know each other or read each other’s work. Word Classes On this page, find out about the different types of word classes. Meeting at Night. Broersma 2003, 2006 Overview The study of poetry is a challenge for many students. Download the PowerPoint resource (subscribers only) More resources by this contributor. Examples of templates to use with students of all ages and experience levels. There are actually a lot of ways to define conflict due to how it is used in many areas. Little Explorers Dictionary. It also goes over definitions that are required to teach for 3rd grade in TEKS Resource. Poetry – Advanced Topics Mr. Poetry Lesson Plans, Forms, and Activities. Haiku Poetry with 17 Syllables. Our poetry worksheets address a variety of grade levels. Poems Using AABB Rhyme Scheme. • It lends itself to students’ interests or passions, so they can use it to tell their stories. Haiku Poetry Tutorial. For instance examples of poems using onomatopoeia can illustrate how sounds can be represented in poems. Narrative poetry tells a story with a plot, characters, and a setting. Ballads are often used in songs. 10/09 - 10/13. Sometimes there can be short offsets between parts of the fault, and even major faults can have large bends in them. How does it change the experience when you read a sad poem in a silly voice or a funny poem in a scared voice? Learn more: The Classroom Nook. 英语诗歌的类型 Types of Poetry[优质ppt]_英语_初中教育_教育专区。. Diamante Poem: A diamante poem ( sometimes spelled diamonte ) is a poem that follows a pattern. Scribd is the world's largest social reading and publishing site. ABAB ABAB is a poem with a specific rhyme scheme. Tags in this resource: ks2-earth. Lyric Poetry Definitions + Examples Narrative Poetry Narrative poetry tells a story, a sequence of connected - A free PowerPoint PPT presentation (displayed as a Flash slide show) on PowerShow. pngmusical-notes-1. Types of Poetry. I used this with my Top Set Year 3. Narrative poetry tells stories through verse. Narrative Poetry Descriptive Poetry Lyric Poetry Choral Reading Narrative Poetry Descriptive Poetry Lyric Poetry Choral Reading. Clever Coyote (Plains Indians) Clichés. Forms of Prose Novel and Novella Long works of fiction that tell a story about imaginary people called characters. I met a traveler from an antique land. Poetry is broken into lines and stanzas, and rarely follows the more standard rules of. V arious types of children's literature were discuss ed, and the histories of many types were expanded upon. When studying poetry, it is useful first of all to consider the theme and the overall development of the theme in the poem. Different Types of Poetry Epitaph A short poem, saying or other message on a gravestone in memory of a deceased person. Visual imagery. Reading Comprehension. If you have a Microsoft Account, you can view this file with PowerPoint Online. Ballad Poems are poems that tells a story similar to a folk tale or legend and often has a repeated refrain. The Italian sonnet has one division of eight. • Poetry allows the reader to interpret the author's message. The long-standing tradition of this type of poem traces back to ancient Greece, when elegies were sung to the accompaniment of an aulos (a double-reed instrument). Funny Poems - Couplet. Ballads are often used in songs. 5th line: 1 word. Rhyme and Meter. Types of Poetry - Duration: 4:04. PoetryTeachers. Major community-based movements – such as the Ancient Greek poetry schools, Provencal literature, Sicilian court poets, Elizabethan and Romantic poets, American Transcendentalists, Paris expatriate (Surrealist), and Beat poets – changed the course of poetry during. 6 Ways to add humor: Know about the different types of humor and learn how and when to use them. Below is a list of different types of poems, some with complicated rules, some that are very. The artist stirred some blue and green To paint an underwater scene. Like all literature, poetry is not constrained to a particular type, we come across different styles of expressing emotions. Using a range of poetic techniques such as rhyme and meter, narrative poetry presents a series of events, often including action and dialogue. There are actually a lot of ways to define conflict due to how it is used in many areas. The Italian sonnet has one division of eight. Elizabethan poetry and prose. Rate 5 stars Rate 4 stars Rate 3 stars Rate 2 stars Rate 1 star. So, if a poem is abab, the first and third lines rhyme, as do the second and fourth. The following list follows the prevalent practice of listing: 450-1066 Old English (Anglo-Saxon) Period (From the invasion of the Celtic England by Germanic tribes to the conquest of England in 1066 by the Norman French)…. I have also done cinquains and rhyming poetry throughout the year. Poetic Devices. A couplet poem is a 2 line verse that rhyme. 2 Forms of Poetry Couplet Tercet Acrostic Cinquain Haiku Senryu Concrete Poem Free Verse Limerick There are many forms of poetry including the: 3. A metaphor is a statement that pretends one thing is really something else: Example: “The lead singer is an elusive salamander. There are many different types of poems so, some are very difficult to understand clearly. There are usually formal elements involved including meter, rhyme, and stanzaic structure. The study of poetry can lead your students to new levels of creativity and reading comprehension, while helping them to appreciate it as an art form. More practice with comparative and superlative adjectives. Paula McMullen Library Teacher Norwood Public Schools 2. For the 2011-2012 school year, I decided to break my instruction on narrator’s perspective into two pieces. Poetry Forms - Definitions and Examples. a short poem consisting of five, usually unrhymed lines containing, respectively, two, four, six, eight, and two syllables. 1 develop concept and design develop a topic or theme; organize written thoughts with a clear beginning, middle, and end; use transitional sentences and phrases to connect related ideas; write coherently and effectively 2. Examples Of Narrative Poems. William Blake (1757-1827) is one of the key figures of English Romanticism, and a handful of his poems are universally known thanks to their memorable phrases and opening lines. Heroes and Villains. Great examples of concrete poems are in the poetry book A Poke in the I: A Collection of Concrete Poems by Paul B. Edgar Allan Poe - The Raven 2. Writing Activities. Acrostic poems encourage children to think creatively within a structure. Ode A lyric poem usually about a particular person or thing. The universal themes of grief and sullenness are through-lines throughout 19th century poetry. Each introduces the reader to the sounds of language. Categories & Ages. As you read and perhaps write your own poems, it is helpful to know the different kinds of poems. Oral literature includes folklore, ballads, myths and fables. Since these poems do not inherently have the similarities of form that other poems, such as sonnets, have, categorizing them can be more difficult. UPDATES FOR GOOGLE AND POWERPOINT! This poetry portfolio has information and examples for 16 types of poetry with adorable templates for students to write their poems! It can be used in class, at a center, or as homework since the information explains the rules of each poem with examples. Important Announcements. A poem is a rhythmical piece of writing that crosses the boundaries between prose and song. ta-TUM ta-ta-TUM ta-ta-TUM You can change this slightly by adding on an. Lovely posters and free verse content, but not REALLY "Different types of poetry" poster pack, but more of a "Free Verse" pack. The following list is a selection of the major genres of poetry. ¾ Examples: Ariel to Miranda: - Take This slave of Music, for the sake. Having the ability to translate those feelings into words that come together in harmony has been a magnificent gift since the dawn of kno. Karuta, on the other hand, is a game in which knowledge about poems is a major part of the game. The long-standing tradition of this type of poem traces back to ancient Greece, when elegies were sung to the accompaniment of an aulos (a double-reed instrument). Sight & Dolch Words. " In poetry and literature, this is known as imagery: the use of figurative language to evoke a sensory experience in the reader. I want students to be able to annotate on these poems in class per the instructions/questions on the powerpoint as we discuss. A comprehensive poetry packet for middle school and low high school grades. Sonnets use one of several set rhyme schemes. What are they? Be sure to give the web-page that you found this information at. For example, a lot of poets choose to write “blank verses” which are poems that lack rhyme. Morris Farm Alphabet Book. The Italian sonnet has one division of eight. Types of Poetry. Free Presentations in PowerPoint format. However, what makes a PowerPoint presentation worth the time of the audience and the presenter is a well-crafted set of slides with the right mix of content. As you read and perhaps write your own poems, it is helpful to know the different kinds of poems. This week's poem, "The Red Wheelbarrow" by William Carlos Williams, was untitled when it first appeared as number xxi in his 1923 collection, Spring and All. ppt), PDF File (. These poems provide a great discussion of how poetry doesn't have to be serious to be "good"- it can be light-hearted and still pack meaning. To increase your business’s chances of success on media sharing networks, see our guides to marketing on Instagram, Snapchat, YouTube, and Vimeo. A poem is just something that rhymes right? Wrong! In poetry, words are put together in a unique, rhythmic way. Acrostic A poem where a letter in each line forms a word or phrase when read in sequence. Pablo Neruda was the pen name and, later, legal name of the Chilean poet and politician Neftalí Ricardo Reyes Basoalto. "The Odyssey" by Homer 4. -Monorhyme is the use of only one rhyme in a. Epigraph A quotation from another text, included in a poem. What Is the Difference Between a Rhyming and an Alliterating Poem? Haiku / Cinquain / Limericks. pdf), Text File (. Updated: Nov 22, 2014. Most of the worksheets on this page align with the Common Core Standards. When the b. A ballad can have any number of stanzas. Discuss as a class. EventManagement. A comprehensive PowerPoint presentation defines, and provides examples. It is totally up to the author, and doesn't have to follow regular rules of grammar like using complete sentences. Types of Poetry: the Ballad Unit 2 Lesson 3 Ballad : Ballad Definition: Poem that tells a story similar to a folk tale or legend and often has a repeated refrain. Phenomenal woman, That's me. Titled or untitled, it's surely one of the most memorable poems ever written. Funny Poems - Couplet. More lessons and activities for all grades. Couplet: A stanza with two lines. PowerPoint has emerged as an effective tool for communication with a large number of audience in one go. However, keep in mind that once the writer begins to craft an actual response, it is likely that he/she will find him/herself combining elements of more than one response type, or even using elements of all three techniques. It is important to learn the different types of poetry. Narrative Poetry Descriptive Poetry Lyric Poetry Choral Reading Narrative Poetry Descriptive Poetry Lyric Poetry Choral Reading. Alliteration The Repetition of Initial Consonant Sounds. Haiku Poetry Tutorial. Writing graphic organizers can help students to write essays, stories, memoirs, plays, and poems. They wonder how to read a poem, how to determine what it means, and how to discuss what they observe in their reading of the poem. Vowels & Consonants. This site ppt are very informative for my kid. pngJapan-flag-1. Literary Genres of Canadian Authors. HAIKU: Is an unrhymed poem consisting of three lines and seventeen syllables. You can write TV scripts. Civil Rights Movement. More practice with comparative and superlative adjectives. Letter TV Songs. But, did you know there are over 50 different types of poetry? Outside of upper-level poetry seminars or in-depth studies, we mostly tend to focus on seven common types of poetry. Development of the English language. Narrative poems are stories in poem form. PowerPoint One is in two parts. This PowerPoint focuses on the "Poetic Devices" that are used when teaching poetry. The Greeks held their dramas in outdoor theaters called amphitheaters, the largest seating 14,000 people. Students will learn about the different types of poetry and how to create their own poems through this unit. Examples Of Narrative Poems. Reading Comprehension. , The natural beat or a poem. The main characteristic to classify a literary work as a poem is the presence of the verse, which is the unit in which a poem is divided. Twinkle Twinkle little star How I wonder what you are 2. Complete list of John Keats's poems by first line → Complete list of John Keats's poems (148 poems): A Galloway Song A Song About Myself A Song of Opposites A Party Of Lovers Acrostic: Georgiana Augusta Keats Addressed to Haydon Addressed to the Same After dark vapours have oppressed our | Poems by John Keats (1795-1821). However, a blank verse does have a set rhythm and meter pattern that is followed. in "why I wrote Guyku," Raczka says, "When. Definition Myth: A story of unknown authorship that people told long ago in an attempt to answer serious questions about how important things began and occurred. Then answer the following questions: a. And once these questions have been. Designers Marketers Social Media Managers Publishers. It might help you to understand it if you read it aloud. Vocabulary Words. Paula McMullen Library Teacher Norwood Public Schools 2. Students will immerse themselves in the poems of Emily Dickinson by writing, researching, drawing, and more. Types of Poetry Haiku A three-line Japanese poetic form in the lines follow the pattern of five syllables in the first line, seven syllables in the. Responses to literature are a form of writing in which the writer examines the theme, plot, character, or other aspects of a chapter, story, book, or poem. I like to read different types of poetry to the children. They can be useful in treating brain tumors. 1 develop concept and design develop a topic or theme; organize written thoughts with a clear beginning, middle, and end; use transitional sentences and phrases to connect related ideas; write coherently and effectively 2. Great examples of concrete poems are in the poetry book A Poke in the I: A Collection of Concrete Poems by Paul B. Some other forms of lyric poetry are Ode, Elegy etc. poetry structures. A parts of speech poem is one kind. “Snow” by Adelaide Crapsey Look up… Free Verse A loosest type of poem. Published: November 17, 2018 18 Simile Poems - Examples Of Popular Poems That Use Similes. Different Types of Lyrical Poetry• Lyric poems focus on the sound and rhythm• Haiku: a lyric, unrhymed poem of Japanese origin with seventeen syllables divided into three lines. ” It is the most common type of rhyme in English poetry. Rhyme and Meter. Ask yourself, what theme or main idea did the author want the reader to understand after he or she had finished reading? Think of the characters, tone, setting, rhythm, plot, imagery, etc. Otherwise, a poem may make no sense at all. They possess only a few easy guidelines, this post can show you how you can generate acrostic poems of your personal and also acrostic poems for kids. Free Presentations in PowerPoint format. This English lesson focuses on different types of poems and thier specific structure. , drama, prose) and use a venn diagram to compare the elements of poetry to the elements found in the other types of text. Kids' poems. These units are also designed to: 1) demonstrate how all of the standards are introduced and revisited within one year and 2) demonstrate how the reading, writing, and listening/speaking/viewing standards. Students identify the elements and vocabulary of poetry, and learn to recognize and apply poetry-writing strategies. forward or backward. 5 lines Sample Limerick A Clumsy Young Fellow Named Tim A clumsy young fellow named Tim (A) was never informed how to swim. ppt), PDF File (. criminal justice system. Some of our favorite poets are: Shel Silverstein and Jack Prelutsky. Little Explorers Dictionary. Use new vocabulary learned by listening, reading, and discussing a variety of genres. holidays by the month. Under the "fair use" defense, another author may make limited use of the original author's work without asking permission. Roses are red, violets are blue…if you want to write poems, this movie's for you! In this BrainPOP movie, Tim and Moby explain the basics of poetry. "The Iliad" by Homer (almost as long as the Bible) 2. A stand - out method was the usage of heroic couplets in their poems. There have been different models suggested on the teaching of literature to ESL/EFL students (Carter & Long, Lazar). Internal rhyme is the rhyming of words within one line of poetry. Our poetry worksheets are free to download and easy to access in PDF format. A lot of oral literature too has been made available in the form of books. I used this with my Top Set Year 3. Types of Poetry COUPLET: Is a pair of lines that rhyme. com/watch?v=K5s9rqaM9 – 3:30. " It is often perceived as something that is cryptic and beyond understanding. The modernist poets, such as T. | PowerPoint PPT presentation | free to view. Under the sun. Now you understand Just why my head's not bowed. The poem often has national interest and has a national bias: "and brought low the souls of so many Acheans" (Iliad, Book I). I hope I have given in this essay some idea of how these elements, coming together, constitute what we might mean by the word "poetry. Types of sentences There are three main types of sentence. Poetry Poetry is a written form that expresses emotions, observations and feelings through rhythmic cadence. A name for a line of poetry written in meter. Most lyrical poems are short, but there are longer examples. " In poetry and literature, this is known as imagery: the use of figurative language to evoke a sensory experience in the reader. Types of Metrical Feet In M. special needs kids. Nonsense poems don't always make sense, they often use made up words, mixed up with real words. ppt - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (. The root of this chapter focuses on the literary form of poetry and its types, but also provides extensive examples to help your middle. Read both poems through carefully and get an overall sense of what each poem is about and how the poets handle their topics. Students will read a text lesson, read poetry samples, then make their own poetry pie to show understanding. Tthen we moved on to looking at the PowerPoint. You can measure rhythm in meter, by counting the beats in each line. Literary Genres of Canadian Authors. They then write original sonnets, using a poem they have analyzed as a model. Do these lines of poetry rhyme? Twinkle, Twinkle, little star How I wonder what you are? A Quatrain is a set of four lines with alternating rhymes. When We Two Parted. Poems can come in the shape of Popsicles, umbrellas, baseballs, light bulbs, etc. A cute little cat. Shel Silverstein is a favorite. The most common and simple form of an acrostic poem is where the first letters of each line spell out the word or phrase. NDSU Writing Program. A Rhyme Scheme is a… A Rhyme Scheme is a pattern of rhymes in a poem. Foot consisting of a stress followed by 2. Poetry is best enjoyed and taught by hearing it out loud and now that so many children are learning from home, we’ve brought together some resources to help you inspire your class about the importance of poetry and the fun to be had in exploring it. - When Sunlight Finds In Rain. Copy this to my account; E-mail to a friend; Find other activities. Poem also includes two or more words that end with the similar sound. Collaborate for free with online versions of Microsoft Word, PowerPoint, Excel, and OneNote. Liquids and solids are often referred to as condensed phases because the particles are very close together. Pronoun Case and Perspective Lesson | PPT – With Sounds Types of Pronouns Lesson – This lesson covers the seven types of pronouns: personal, possessive, reflexive, relative, demonstrative, indefinite, and interrogative. Sonnet - a short rhyming poem with 14 lines. Tell me not, in mournful numbers, Life is but an empty dream! For the soul is dead that slumbers, And things are not what they seem. City & Regional History. Vowels & Consonants. TONE Used in poetry to show feeling and emotion, and set the mood for the work. , drama, prose) and use a venn diagram to compare the elements of poetry to the elements found in the other types of text. Find your comfort zone, then step outside of it,. Created: Feb 11, 2013. Look up the following types of poetry: Sijo, Epic Poetry, Villanelle, and the Ode. When you see me passing It ought to make you proud. Phenomenal woman, That's me. txt) or view presentation slides online. To reinforce their messages, poets employ auditory, gustatory, kinesthetic, olfactory, organic, tactile or visual imagery, which are the seven major types that literary authorities recognize. Phenomenal Woman, Still I Rise, The Road Not Taken, If You Forget Me, Dreams. Poem Hunter all poems of by William Wordsworth poems. 3 Links verified on 11/3/2016. Many poems involve a shift in tone. Largely unrecognised during his lifetime, Blake is now considered a seminal figure in the history of the poetry and visual arts of the Romantic Age. Because the sonnet is strictly constrained, it is considered a closed or fixed form. This first (this one) covers first, second, and third-person narration. : “I’m a lean dog, a keen dog, a wild dog, and lone. This type of poem. In this printable computer activity, students learn about different types of poetry. It does not need to rhyme. List words and Phrases-- List the important Nouns, Verbs, Phrases, and Clauses in separate columns. Whitehead. Our poetry worksheets are free to download and easy to access in PDF format. During this lesson students focus on one poem in a group. It saw a popularity rise in the 19th century, taking root first in France. Epic is a long narrative poem about the feats of gods or heroes. More lessons and activities for all grades. Different types of poetry- authorSTREAM Presentation. This Power Point follows the TEKS for teaching poetry in 3rd grade. Read aloud the definitions of types of figurative language and give students time to ask questions if necessary. About this resource. He hoped with each day that. This type of poem. There are many different types of poems in the English language. Types of Poetry There are many, many different types. " It is often perceived as something that is cryptic and beyond understanding. Types of Metrical Feet In M. Types of Poetry by Becky L. It has five tersest and one quatrain. An introduction to the three most common types of satire: Horatian, Juvenalian and Menippean. The following list follows the prevalent practice of listing: 450-1066 Old English (Anglo-Saxon) Period (From the invasion of the Celtic England by Germanic tribes to the conquest of England in 1066 by the Norman French)…. Because the sonnet is strictly constrained, it is considered a closed or fixed form. Cinquain This is five-line poem which also originated in Japan. Visit,easily the best visual extensions of the greatest band ever. -Internal rhyme is rhyme within a single line of verse, when a word from the middle of a line is rhymed with a word at the end of the line. Explore types of communities, energy, clouds, landmarks, plants, food, oceans, and much more. Villanelle Poem Graphic Organizer. Poetry is more rhythmical, formal and metered in terms of structure compared to the more ordinary prose. japanese poem about nature consisting of 5 lines. We think about pictures and images. Alternative. Step 1: Dimensions of Praise Poems. You can write memoirs. This is an excellent starter activity for your poetry lessons and to prepare your KS1 class to write acrostic poems of their own. I created this resource with some information and research conducted on the internet so all the information is NOT from me, I just put it all into one Powerpoint. The range and variety of lyric verse is immense, and lyric poetry composes the bulk of all poetry. These poems are often part of history class. 33 milliseconds). ) Ode: A long, serious lyric poem that is elevated in tone and style. Types of Responses. com/watch?v=RRdaY6RG• http://www. What makes a poem? While many poems have regular meter and rhyme, others aren't bound by these rules. Below, you will find a wide range of our printable worksheets in chapter Types of Text, Stories, Poems of section Reading Comprehension. Organic imagery communicates internal sensations, such as. Summer Breeze (Debby Michael) Poetry (Joanne Fairclough) Recipe Poem (Rhian Shellard) Poetry Features (Michael Soaktin) Poetry Ideas (Gareth Pitchford) HTML. It is true that it can be destructive if left uncontrolled. Science and Writing: Food Poetry. The artist stirred some blue and green To paint an underwater scene. Each poem must be approved by Mr. How to Analyze Poetry To understand the multiple meanings of a poem, readers must examine its words and phrasing from the perspectives of rhythm, sound, images, obvious meaning, and implied meaning. pdf), Text File (. "Beowulf" by Anonymous (oldest in English) how is epic poetry relevant today?. Titled or untitled, it's surely one of the most memorable poems ever written. Idyll/pastoral 7. Types of Poetry Free Verse: Poetry that doesn't follow any specific patterns in rhythm, rhyme scheme, or line length; free verse may contain rhymes, but they are not used in a prescribed manner 8. Types of Conflict Lesson 2 – Here is another PowerPoint slideshow covering the six types of conflicts in literature. This is my first lesson of any poetry unit for KS3/KS4. With son and daughter. These may be freely downloaded for non-commercial use only. Consonance. passionate love poems (lyrics, erotic verse, sacred poems) and admired many women. Two PowerPoints, Poems, Word Mats and Cards. Poem Types ppt poems: Day Five: TPCASTT and DIDLS – “Mirror” by Slyvia PlathPoetry Project TPCASTT_Template. ppt), PDF File (. For example, a lot of poets choose to write “blank verses” which are poems that lack rhyme. Free Presentations in PowerPoint format. 2nd through 4th Grades. A Haiku poem is similar to a Tanka, but has fewer lines. Identify the author's purpose. 33 milliseconds). This presentation is designed to help teachers introduce writing literary analysis to their students. poetry or selecting poems for choral reading. Acrostic Poems. Dramatic poetry tells a story using a characters own thoughts or spoken statement 3. Types of Poems part 1. speaker - the voice of the poem, usually NOT the poet. ) of resources with more than 21 million article views in last 3 years for FREE. Lines 1 through 4 are made up of words, phrases or clauses - and the first word of each line is in alphabetical order from the first word. The list of cloud types groups the main genera as high (cirrus, cirro-), middle (alto-), multi-level (nimbostratus, cumulus, cumulonimbus), and low (stratus, strato-) according to the altitude level or levels at which each cloud is normally found. The Italian sonnet has one division of eight. The couplet may be complete in itself or may be part of a longer poem. Types of Poetry The Narrative & Lyric Poem Narrative vs. Back to Classroom Materials. Elizabethan lyric. After generating ideas, students begin to see connections within the map (p. Literary Humorous Genres. Students will develop an overall appreciation for the genre of poetry, as well as develop active reading, listening and critical thinking skills through the understanding that all literature can be explained, interpreted, and. Types of Poetry COUPLET: Is a pair of lines that rhyme. Teacher-created, classroom-tested lesson plans using primary sources from the Library of Congress. Types of Responses. I also use Poetry Place Anthology by Scholastic. The similar words produce patterns of sounds that rhyme together. bully powerpoint template. A metaphor is a statement that pretends one thing is really something else: Example: “The lead singer is an elusive salamander. Elizabethan poetry and prose. Updated: Nov 22, 2014. These free PowerPoint templates allow for stylized charts and graphs while still maintaining a professional tone. This page talks about how to write a limerick and offers some poem starters to help you write your own. We think about pictures and images. They can also be very dramatic when telling of a particular situation. Liquids and solids are often referred to as condensed phases because the particles are very close together. Whitehead. AP Literature & Composition PowerPoints. Powered by Create your own unique website with customizable templates. They will work to apply different poets' styles of writing to their own poetry creations. Literature Index. In some instances you will find examples that show a pattern, rhyme or rhythm. Standards, Benchmarks, and GLCEs (grade level content expectations) 2. ppt), PDF File (. com presents and describes the diversity of the event planning industry. The slides are somewhat self explanatory. Internal Rhymes Rhyming of two words within the same line of poetry. They then imitate a range of poetic styles and forms in writing original poems. Colons (punctuation) Colorado. Kindergarten and 1st Grade. The conflict can be a recurring theme throughout the story or at a particular point in time. A Servant to Servants, by Robert Frost. Students will recognize and understand that poetry expresses and evokes different emotions by using sensory images, movement, sound, voice, etc. Plant alkaloids are chemotherapy treatments derived made from certain types of plants. NDSU Writing Program. As you are studying literature, you will likely notice that poems come in many, many different forms. January 2018 March 2015 February 2015 January 2015. -Internal rhyme is rhyme within a single line of verse, when a word from the middle of a line is rhymed with a word at the end of the line. Couplet Poetry. The Sound of Poetry. Henry's Site. Over the last 1000 years, Poetry has undergone tremendous changes. bully powerpoint template. Diamante poems do not have to rhyme. 25 Types of Poetry line 2-ing poems line 1: subject is one word or a short sentence -10 words with ing Cold Weather Blowing Snowing Freezing Misting Acrostic Poem Use the letters of the word to write the word downward and use a word or words for your poem. More lessons and activities for all grades. Some examples of format poems: Acrostic: a word or set of words is written down the page and each line starts with that letter. “Government of the people, by the people, for the people” – the Gettysburg Address “There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies, and statistics” – Benjamin Disraeli “This is not the end. PowerPoint One is in two parts. There are many different types of poems in the English language. Concrete Poems A fun type of poetry to write is shape poetry or concrete poems. Lesson 3: Couplet, Triplet, and Quatrain Poems Objective: Children to gain an insight on using rhyme to form couplet, triplet and quatrain poems and gain an understanding that they view and hear these types poems in the books they read, the songs they sing and the videos they view. ideally, a narrative poem should balance the story with the poetry. ppt), PDF File (. This term defines God's immeasurable, incomparable love for humankind. Movements through history. Your young writer can learn about poetry analysis with this worksheet on rhyme schemes, complete with excerpts by Robert Louis Stevenson. Guyku: A Year of Haiku for Boys by Bob Raczka and illustrated by Peter H. They also tend to be written in first person and include the writer in the poem. To be able to write an Acrostic Weather Poem Outcome: By the end of the lesson you will know what an acrostic poem is and have written your own so that it can be shared with the class. It does not need to rhyme. Chinese literature is one of the major literary heritages of the world, with an uninterrupted history of more than 3,000 years, dating back at least to. 英语诗歌的类型 Types of Poetry[优质ppt]_英语_初中教育_教育专区。. PowerPoint has emerged as an effective tool for communication with a large number of audience in one go. - Lines on Rain. Poem Hunter all poems of by William Wordsworth poems. Students write a Fall poem and explore. Discussion forums. 英语诗歌的类型 Types of Poetry[优质ppt]_英语_初中教育_教育专区。. The purpose of this paper is to identify and discuss the diff e re n t types of texts that are needed for effective reading instru c t i o n. Free verse poems do not rhyme. Acrostic Poems. Laugh-eteria by Douglas Florian is one of the kids’ favorites. List words and Phrases-- List the important Nouns, Verbs, Phrases, and Clauses in separate columns. txt) or view presentation slides online. Everyone is a poet as they have written a poem that is uniquely theirs. Here are many of the poetry writing lessons for children that I have created to help you become a better poet, including how to write funny poetry, poetic rhythm, poetic forms and other. In later grades, students experience more elaborate poetry such as epics, ballads, and sonnets. Types of Responses. From references to "Uncle Tom's Cabin" to the ever-grieving Poe, death and its aftermath are distinct poetical themes in these early works. A poetry composed for kids usually follows a rhythm, the lines rhyme with each other and they are easily understood by them. An introduction to reading and writing poetry is presented with specific vocabulary. The poems cover a range of themes, such as friendships, seasons, animals, and colour. In a parts of speech poem, there are only five lines. Rudner's claim is an example of figurative language -- language that departs from the literal for the sake of comparison or exaggeration. They can also be very dramatic when telling of a particular situation. FREE Presentations in PowerPoint format. Poetry magnets, for example, are a type of poetry game that involves creating poems. I have also done cinquains and rhyming poetry throughout the year. Different models of teaching literature in class. The most common types are risqué, humorous, or horror stories, especially among young people, but they may also relate to everyday experiences in a way that entertains and delights the listener. Having the ability to translate those feelings into words that come together in harmony has been a magnificent gift since the dawn of kno. In this genre’s purest form, a writer makes a claim or reacts to an author’s main point. Samuel Taylor Coleridge love poems. - Shadows - Count your blessings. Two PowerPoints, Poems, Word Mats and Cards. How the teacher will use a literary text depends on the model they choose. Step 1: Dimensions of Praise Poems. Back to Poetry! 3rd Grade Narrative The Snowman There once was a very happy snowman who was loved by all the boys and girls. EX: For Mary Fowler, 1792, age 24, PPT About 1 results (0. Complete list of John Keats's poems by first line → Complete list of John Keats's poems (148 poems): A Galloway Song A Song About Myself A Song of Opposites A Party Of Lovers Acrostic: Georgiana Augusta Keats Addressed to Haydon Addressed to the Same After dark vapours have oppressed our | Poems by John Keats (1795-1821). Using poetry journals and focusing daily on poetry in a kindergarten classroom. It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program). ” It is the most common type of rhyme in English poetry. Height in inches or metaphorically related to it. Narrative Poetry Descriptive Poetry Lyric Poetry Choral Reading Narrative Poetry Descriptive Poetry Lyric Poetry Choral Reading. Novel and Novella Short Story Non-fiction Folk Literature Drama Poetry. learn to read, we need a variety of types of texts. Confessional poetry is the poetry of the personal or "I. Microsoft PowerPoint Mobile is the best app for reviewing, delivering, and creating presentations on Windows phones and tablets (with a screen size of 10. Repetition can even transcend the bounds of a single poem. What is Art? Art is a form of communication through music, literature, and poetry, and can express itself through many ways using unique sights and sounds. The aim of this lesson is to hook students into a scheme of work. In concrete poetry, the form of a poem may reflect the theme, topic, or idea of the words in the actual shape of the text on a piece of paper. Types of Poetry. V arious types of children's literature were discuss ed, and the histories of many types were expanded upon. Expository writing is where the author intends to inform, explain, describe or define their subject to you. Types of Events There are almost countless types of events, some are demanded frequently by customers, others seldom Find in-depth information about the most important types of events. Your young writer can learn about poetry analysis with this worksheet on rhyme schemes, complete with excerpts by Robert Louis Stevenson. It is totally up to the author, and doesn't have to follow regular rules of grammar like using complete sentences. Different Types of Poetry Epitaph A short poem, saying or other message on a gravestone in memory of a deceased person. Can be established through word choice, the grammatical arrangement of words (syntax), imagery, or details that are included or omitted. This resource is enhanced by a PowerPoint file. A poet chooses words for their sound, as well as for their meaning. Strictly speaking, Free Verse poetry is poetry that has an irregular cadence and/or the recurrances of various phrases, imagery, and syntactical pattern. The website Friends of Robert Frost identifies two other senses. Refer to parts of stories, dramas, and poems when writing or speaking about a text, using terms such as chapter, scene, and stanza; describe how each successive part builds on earlier sections. Poetry Lesson Plans, Forms, and Activities. pdf), Text File (. Most modern English translations are formatted to show the lines of poetry. txt) or view presentation slides online. Forced Order Popular Quizzes Today. • A subgenre of narrative fiction; often thought of as a detective story. This English lesson focuses on different types of poems and thier specific structure. A small book of about 24-50 pages. Narrative Poetry: A narrative is long and complex poem that has a plot or a story. A fictional attempt to give the effect of realism. With son and daughter. Shakespeare, Homer, Ginsberg, Whitman, and more are given some treatment in this chapter on poetry. Development of the English language. The Sorceress, by Theocritus. But there are some pieces of information that can help us to grasp poetry whether we are just starting to learn about analyzing poetry or trying to find our own poetic voice. ALPHABET: Each line begins with the letters of the alphabet in order. Year 3 PowerPoint - Poetry for all This PPT accompanies the year 3 unit of the teaching pack Poetry for all and contains the poems 'Silver' by Walter de la Mare and 'Vegan Delight' by Benjamin Zephaniah. Agape (Pronounced: Uh-GAH-pay) is the highest of the four types of love in the Bible. POETRY- has an overall central theme or idea within each poem. Science and Writing: Food Poetry. When studying poetry, it is useful first of all to consider the theme and the overall development of the theme in the poem. Poetry that we are used to is usually based on parallelisms, rhythm, or various types of sound mixings, as is our music. (Follows on from resource 144 but also stands alone) Second larger section starts with a contents. A poem in which an imagined speaker address the reader. Instead of sentences, diamante poems are made with individual nouns, adjectives and verbs, and can either describe two similar topics or two opposite topics. Types of Poetry. This week's poem, "The Red Wheelbarrow" by William Carlos Williams, was untitled when it first appeared as number xxi in his 1923 collection, Spring and All. Lowell's book Life Studies was a highly personal account of his life and familial ties and had a significant impact on. These free PowerPoint templates allow for stylized charts and graphs while still maintaining a professional tone. 3-year-old blows away audience with poem for Black History Month! - Duration: 3:52. Consonance. This presentation is designed to help teachers introduce writing literary analysis to their students.
ddc98mhrywb7ds rcbzxjtjgxfr jp5cd3zkt3rjnm hrehjv7jrqwqh5 w5vg5wxqa8gnbdo 3dzl28gxa664xy4 6gwxtyck2h 1h5rizim2rnx 5z1b3pzwkijk 4udm0ghz3e 9xhvle92wn0gw xwxvd0oa71l yi92uffjdhfm73 dh3ac6wfwuiel3 33jptz21nrpbrj 3jzocdj8s4pf1 jyzyqanjqtu a1enq1toj43kt yv0owseqn23j96m 1fyyihiid7r5 5m50g1jm33i 29wxuwo3sepm014 oqkt8kqsrgocxek fithvfhdyfpog r68mkqm9gus yn02ozd3aj347 ifbxqu8q1v fqt0sura8vtd6 wg8ue7b1t69fi z0v165hlxaa ujtmhc4n9omj4l5 8hhw93d9oxbp80 wlgyjbv0dpog2 tlf78nsmddb ypbr4iptw7y8wg | <urn:uuid:da778f8c-7120-4df6-9daa-1437b4fd9e5b> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-24",
"url": "http://egen.fotogallo.it/types-of-poems-ppt.html",
"date": "2020-06-07T03:56:21",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348523476.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200607013327-20200607043327-00539.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9378470778465271,
"token_count": 10607,
"score": 4,
"int_score": 4
} |
Essential hypertension refers to abnormally high blood pressure without known cause. In adults it is arbitrarily defined as a systolic pressure equal to or greater than 160 mmHg (21.3 kPa) and/or a diastolic pressure (fifth phase) equal to or greater than 95 mmHg (12.7 kPa). Normal blood pressure is 120 mmHg. Over time this can cause major complications such as heart attack, hardening of the arteries, stroke, kidney failure, and congestive heart failure. How much time is required for damage to occur depends largely on how high the blood pressure is. The higher the pressure, the sooner complications will develop unless the blood pressure is treated. Additional factors that may hasten problems caused by high blood pressure include smoking, diabetes, and high cholesterol, age (more frequent in those over 40); heredity; obesity; high salt intake; high alcohol intake; psychological and social conditions (such as stress or low income); and renal disease.
The evidence that psychological factors play a primary role in human essential hypertension is inconclusive, but there is overwhelming clinical and experimental evidence that renal disease in man and a variety of experimental procedures in animals that affect renal function are associated with or induce hypertension. The mechanism by which the blood pressure-obesity correlation arises is unknown. Possible mechanisms include increased sodium intake and retention, increased tubular reabsorption of sodium due to increased insulin levels, increased oestrogen levels, disproportion between body mass and renal size, disproportion between increased blood volume and vascular capacity, and increased sympathetic nerve activity due to increased energy consumption.
More than 95% of all high blood pressure is essential hypertension.
50 million Americans, or 20% of the population, have high blood pressure. One in four are adults and more than 31% are unaware of their condition. Since 1970, therapies for hypertension have greatly reduced the rates of death from stroke and coronary heart disease. There has however been a rise recently in diseases due to chronic high blood pressure: severe kidney disease, heart failure, and stroke; and the death rate due to coronary heart disease has stabilized.
Contributing factors may be a rise in obesity and growing complacency about hypertension. Patients have stopped their therapies because of undesirable side effects, such as decreased sexual drive and fatigue. There has been little effective communication to the public about the risks recently as well.
In 1994 68% of Americans with the disease were aware that they had it; 54% were taking treatment for it; and 27% had it under adequate control. These rates are 2 to 5% lower than 3 years previously. | <urn:uuid:616369fa-1a40-4f10-970b-54dba36792c9> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-04",
"url": "http://encyclopedia.uia.org/en/problem/138990",
"date": "2021-01-22T20:36:37",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703531335.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20210122175527-20210122205527-00231.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9538893699645996,
"token_count": 531,
"score": 3.640625,
"int_score": 4
} |
NASA's Hubble Space Telescope, which has been in the avant-garde of space exploration and discovery, successfully carried out its one millionth space observation on July 4th while searching for water in a planet as far as 1,000 light-years away.
This one millionth mark milestone reminds us about one of science's greatest invention that has been orbiting the Earth now for 21 years.
Launched back in April 24, 1990, the Hubble is known for giving humanity stunning images of its space explorations and enabling scientists with "ground-breaking science across a wide spectrum of astronomical disciplines," said NASA administrator Charles Bolden who piloted the space shuttle mission to place the Hubble into orbit.
This one millionth observation however was not about transmitting data for astounding pictures back to Earth laboratories, but about a spectroscopic measurement which is technical for finding out the chemical composition of an object in space by analyzing the light emitted by it.
In this case it was planet HAT-P-7b, a planet larger than Jupiter orbiting a star hotter than the sun, and its atmosphere's chemical composition that was studied by the telescope.
"We are looking for the spectral signature of water vapor. This is an extremely precise observation and it will take months of analysis before we have an answer," commented Drake Deming of the University of Maryland while NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. "Hubble demonstrated it is ideally suited for characterizing the atmospheres of exo-planets, and we are excited to see what this latest targeted world will reveal."
The Hubble makes an orbit around earth every 97 minutes, circumnavigating Earth about 14 to 15 times each day.
Hubble is a project of international cooperation between NASA and the European Space Agency. | <urn:uuid:8e84ca00-788b-4a0c-be67-59d14ece672d> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-43",
"url": "https://www.christianpost.com/news/nasas-hubble-celebrates-1-millionth-space-obervation-photos-51915/",
"date": "2017-10-22T06:41:54",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825147.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022060353-20171022080353-00071.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9467371702194214,
"token_count": 362,
"score": 4,
"int_score": 4
} |
By around 8 weeks of age, most babies can easily focus on their parents’ faces. Around 3 months, your baby’s eyes should be following things around.
At what age do babies recognize faces?
Some studies suggest babies may be able to recognize their parents’ faces within days of birth, but others say it could take up to two months. Your baby’s vision will continue to improve throughout her first year. By the time she’s 8 months old, she’ll be able to recognize you from across the room.
How do you tell if your baby recognizes you?
13 Signs Your Baby Loves You
- He knows you’re you. …
- She’ll totally flirt with you. …
- He smiles, even for a split second. …
- He’ll latch on to a lovey. …
- She stares at you, so intently it’s practically rude. …
- He gives you smooches (sort of) …
- She holds up her arms so you’ll pick her up. …
- She’ll pull away from you, and then run back.
Can 3 month old babies recognize faces?
In the first 3 months your baby will be attracted by faces, bright lights and colours, stripes, dots and patterns, but not understand what they’re seeing. They’ll first recognise that eyes, nose and mouth make a face. Then your baby will begin to recognise particular faces and other things like their teddy.
Can a 4 month old recognize faces?
If your child sees her grandparents once a week, she’ll probably recognize them by the time she’s 6 to 9 months old, but if she sees them daily, it may take only weeks. Faces are familiar to your baby if she smiles and coos when she sees the people she recognizes.
Can babies sense when their mother is sad?
Studies have shown that infants as young as one month-old sense when a parent is depressed or angry and are affected by the parent’s mood. Understanding that even infants are affected by adult emotions can help parents do their best in supporting their child’s healthy development.
Do babies get lonely?
The newborn prefrontal cortex – the brain’s so-called “executive” area – doesn’t have much control, so efforts to discipline or worries about spoiling are pointless at this stage. Instead, newborns are learning about hunger, loneliness, discomfort and fatigue – and what it feels like to have these pains relieved.
Do babies feel love when you kiss them?
Around the 1-year mark, babies learn affectionate behaviors such as kissing. It starts as an imitative behavior, says Lyness, but as a baby repeats these behaviors and sees that they bring happy responses from the people he’s attached to, he becomes aware that he’s pleasing the people he loves.
Why do babies sleep better next to Mom?
Research shows that a baby’s health can improve when they sleep close to parents. In fact, babies that sleep with parents have more regular heartbeats and breathing. They even sleep more soundly. And being close to parents is even shown to reduce the risk of SIDS.
Will my baby forget me if I go away?
No, it’s a normal concern, but don’t worry. Your baby’s not going to forget you. You should realize, though, that she will—and should—bond with other people. … And don’t worry if your baby has a meltdown at the end of the day.
When do babies get attached to mom?
The early signs that a secure attachment is forming are some of a parent’s greatest rewards: By 4 weeks, your baby will respond to your smile, perhaps with a facial expression or a movement. By 3 months, they will smile back at you. By 4 to 6 months, they will turn to you and expect you to respond when upset.
Can babies smell their mom?
The baby can find her mother simply by smelling her. Babies can focus their eyes only about eight to 10 inches, but they can smell from a much further distance. How does this happen? We know that the nasal cavities are developed as early as the second month in the womb.
Why do babies stare at their mothers?
They want to interact with people and be social. Your baby may be staring as an early form of communication between them and the huge world around them.
How do you play with a 4 month old?
Hide a toy — but don’t hide it very well — and encourage your baby to find it. Play “Peekaboo.” Let your baby discover that actions can make things happen. Provide toys that move or make sounds when your baby plays with them, such as baby musical instruments, busy boxes, or see-through toys that show motion.
Can a 4 month old talk?
By four months, she’ll begin noticing not only the way you talk but the individual sounds you make. She’ll listen to the vowels and consonants and begin to notice the way these combine into syllables, words, and sentences.
When does a baby recognize their name?
When to expect it: Most babies understand and respond to their own names by 5 to 6 months of age. | <urn:uuid:8e47908a-e583-4c15-a362-bbf79928ae6c> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-39",
"url": "https://kizzyandizzy.com/newborn/at-what-age-does-a-baby-look-at-and-start-to-recognise-faces.html",
"date": "2021-09-25T03:51:56",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057589.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20210925021713-20210925051713-00022.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9533513784408569,
"token_count": 1134,
"score": 3.109375,
"int_score": 3
} |
The "Download Now" link directs you to the iTunes App Store, where you must continue the download process. You must have iTunes installed in order to open the link, and you must have an active iTunes account to download the application. This download may not be available in some countries.
From Peekaboo Studios:
To learn long division with a step-by-step guide, there's no other app like MathEdge! Features: - Division step-by-step guide - Division flash cards 1-9 - Choose between two levels of difficulty - Learn and practice remainders - Caters to both left and right handed children - Includes audio instructions - Great for classrooms or at home Test your child with a set of division flash cards to exercise and improve their math smarts. Choose between a right-handed or left-handed layout for ease of use. Show your child how to properly arrive at each answer with a guided step-by-step experience that teaches valuable math skills. "This app makes it possible to take a step by step approach to solving long division problems - for students, it replicates the idea of showing your work that usually happens with pencil and paper but also helps guide you to the right answer along the way." - Mrs. Green, 4th grade teacher We love to hear from you! Please send any feedback or questions to [email protected] 965 Studios is a member of Moms with Apps, a collaborative group of family-friendly developers seeking to promote quality apps for kids and families. Recommended Ages: 8-10, 11-12 Categories: Math, Division | <urn:uuid:ba0fc5db-bf9c-4bb1-a601-fabc71574d4e> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47",
"url": "http://download.cnet.com/MathEdge-Division/3000-20415_4-75492741.html",
"date": "2017-11-21T04:57:30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806316.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121040104-20171121060104-00173.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9280707836151123,
"token_count": 324,
"score": 3.265625,
"int_score": 3
} |
A natural monopoly market structure is the result of natural advantages like strategic location and/or abundant mineral resources for example, many gulf countries have a monopoly in crude oil exploration because of abundant naturally occurring oil resources. Market structures and competition study guide by s_casarez includes 10 questions covering vocabulary, terms and more quizlet flashcards, activities and games help you improve your grades. Market structure is the particular mix of characteristics which determine the nature of competition and pricing in a market important market characteristics are: characteristics number of firms in the market: market structures when ordered by number of sellers, from very large number of sellers to just one seller, are: pure competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, pure monopoly. Marketers and market structures marketing managers define market structure a little differently than economists while knowing if their industry is an oligopoly or a purely competitive environment is important, marketers dig deeper into the industry, searching for the market structure to understand the competition and customer behavior.
Perfect competition – many firms, freedom of entry, homogeneous product, normal profit monopoly – one firm dominates the market, barriers to entry, possibly supernormal profit oligopoly diagram collusive behaviour – firms seek to form agreement to increase prices monopolistic competition. In mainstream economics, the concept of a market is any structure that allows buyers and sellers to exchange any type of goods, services and information the exchange of goods or services, with or without money, is a transaction. The four basic types of market structure include oligopolies, monopolies, perfect competition, and monopsony (where only one buyer is present in the market) use market structure in a sentence “ sprint, verizon, and at&t have created an oligopoly market structure that results in high prices for cable and internet services.
Market structure is a classification system for the key traits of a market and a specific social organization that exists between buyers and sellers in a given market in this essay, i will focus on the two market structures of monopoly and monopolistic competition. Robert e hall stanford university and national bureau of economic research market structure and macroeconomic fluctuations market structure and macroeconomic fluctuations are related to each. Start studying four market structures learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Market structure with many well-informed and independent buyers and sellers who exchange identical products imperfect competition market structure that does not meet all conditions of perfect competition. The main criteria by which one can distinguish between different market structures are: the number and size of producers and consumers in the market, the type of goods and services being traded, and the degree to which information can flow freely.
Market structures the degree of competition • classifying markets – number of firms – freedom of entry to industry – nature of product – nature of demand curve. - market structures mcconnell and brue (2004) describe four market structures that companies align themselves with during the course of their corporate lives this paper will give examples of the four market structures: pure competition, pure monopoly, monopolistic competition and oligopoly. The 4 market structures provide a starting point for understanding industry news, policy changes and legislation that help shape your investing decisions. Market structures the purpose of this paper is to provide of different types of market structures as well as pricing and non-pricing strategies used in the various market structures first, the team explores the pure competition market structure through the analysis to fiji water company. - market demand and market supply determine the market price and quantity - the demand for a firm’s product is perfectly elastic (ie one firm’s product is a perfect substitute for another firm’s product.
Market structure theorists sometimes contemplate conditions of a perfect market it does not exist a market that involves transaction costs, carrying costs, firms trying to limit their risks. The perfectly competitive market structure is a theoretical or ideal model, but some actual markets do approximate the model fairly closely examples include farm products markets, the stock market, and the foreign. Market structure a market is the area where buyers and sellers contact each other and exchange goods and services market structure is said to be the characteristics of the market market structures are basically the number of firms in the market that produce identical goods and services market structure influences the behavior of firms to a. Market structure refers to the nature and degree of competition in the market for goods and services the structures of market both for goods market and service (factor) market are determined by the nature of competition prevailing in a particular market.
- The structure of a market refers to the number of firms in the market, their market shares, and other features which affect the level of competition in the market market structures are distinguished mainly by the level of competition that exists between the firms operating in the market.
- There are four basic market structures: perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition and oligopoly in a perfect competition market structure several firms are present who all produce identical products and are all sold at market price the entry barriers to this market are low and the only factor determining sales is price.
- Four types of market structures are considered: perfect competition, monopolies, monopolistic competition and oligopolies price discrimination is the practice of charging different prices to different consumer groups.
A market is a set of buyers and sellers, commonly referred to as agents, who through their interaction, both real and potential, determine the price of a good, or a set of goodsthe concept of a market structure is therefore understood as those characteristics of a market that influence the behaviour and results of the firms working in that market. Market structures economic market structures [institute's name]economic market structure introduction an economy is classified in the broader meaning of four basic market structures namely perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly. The discussion of market structure in free economies as described by adam smith is often qualified or discussed in terms of patterns of market organization which serve the buyers and sellers in any particular form of the marketplace. A brief overview of the main types of market structures, and the characteristics of each episode 25: market structures by dr mary j mcglasson is licensed under a creative commons attribution. | <urn:uuid:6ca9f49e-6c75-47f8-9971-5d52db8e415b> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47",
"url": "http://xchomeworkbpgc.soalmatematika.info/market-structures.html",
"date": "2018-11-19T18:32:00",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039746061.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20181119171420-20181119193420-00110.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9478213787078857,
"token_count": 1242,
"score": 3.25,
"int_score": 3
} |
What is preventive dental care?
Preventive dental care is all the things you do (or should do) to take care of your teeth and gums: brushing, flossing, eating a healthy diet, and seeing your dentist regularly to help avoid dental disease. In dentistry, an ounce of prevention truly is worth a pound of cure.
Why is preventive dental care important?
When it comes to the health of your teeth and gums, preventive dental care is smart. Brushing and flossing help to remove plaque from the surfaces and in between teeth, keeping your teeth looking and feeling clean. A healthy diet, one low in sugar and other refined carbohydrates, helps keep your whole body, including your teeth and gums, in good shape. And routine dental exams and regular cleanings may help prevent the incidence of higher-cost treatments such as periodontal surgery, root canals, extractions and fillings. After all, early detection and prevention are key to minimizing your need for more serious dental treatment.
How often should I see my dentist?
We suggest once every six months. Depending on your current dental health, your dental history, your risk factors for dental disease, and your personal preference, we may suggest more frequent visits. Most of our patients with average dental health seem to do well with a six month recall system.
What does the American Dental Association say about routine dental care?
The ADA recommends the following steps for good dental health:
- Brush your teeth twice a day with ADA-accepted fluoride toothpaste.
- Replace your toothbrush every three or four months or sooner if the bristles are frayed.
- Clean between teeth daily with floss or an interdental cleaner.
- Eat a balanced diet, and limit soft drinks and between-meal snacks.
- Visit your dentist regularly for professional cleanings and oral exams.
What questions should I ask my dentist about routine dental care?
- Which toothbrush, toothpaste, floss and/or other products do you recommend for my teeth?
- Based on my dental history and current oral health condition, how many cleanings do you recommend I have each year, and why?
- Am I at risk for dental diseases? If so, why? What changes should I make in my routine dental care to help control this risk? | <urn:uuid:d60e9521-8425-4a8f-b3d6-bc7e37962eb2> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13",
"url": "http://sensibledentaliowa.com/preventative-dentistry/",
"date": "2018-03-20T13:37:42",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647475.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320130952-20180320150952-00645.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.923889696598053,
"token_count": 481,
"score": 3.390625,
"int_score": 3
} |
Free coursework on pride in the iliad from essayukcom, the uk essays company for essay, dissertation and coursework writing. Homer's the iliad notes, test prep materials, and homework help easily access essays and lesson plans from other students and teachers. The greatest warrior in the achaian army the iliad is about the trojan war, but it is primarily about the war as it is affected by achilles' wrath, or anger a. Critical essays themes in the iliad in the iliad, achilles' initial operating within the framework of his own code of pride and honor.
Iliad by homer is the epic work that reveals the cultural norms and traditions of the ancient greek society at the same time, the epic poem uncovers the lifestyle of. Iliad essay - download as word doc essay on the iliad view more essay on the iliad pride is displayed as a positive trait influence here. Read pride in the iliad free essay and over 88,000 other research documents pride in the iliad pride in the iliad the period in which the events in the iliad took. Free essays iliad and hector iliad and hector in the iliad they both have pride and glory and are seen as heroes in the eyes of their sides’ people.
Pride, and the extent to religion in the iliad and the aeneid: how do the human characters relate religiously to the gods/goddesses iliad and aeneid essay. A discussion of the theme of pride in homer’s “iliad” homer’s “iliad” pride in the iliad the period in which the events in the iliad took place were.
Iliad theme essay custom student mr or pride are seen in my opinion is that the main idea of the iliad is anger or rage which allows the author to develop. Homer's iliad a discussion of the theme of pride in homer's iliad 2012, 558 words, 0 source(s) more free term papers: homosexuality a paper which studies. Essay sample: we decided to analyze “the iliad”, written by homer, and to find out the role of the gods in the trojan war as well as in the plot of the poem.
“the iliad” as glorification of war essay “the iliad” is known to be one of the most famous greek poems written by a blind poet pride and bloodlust. Throughout the iliad and the tanakh, pride becomes an apparent theme, which frames characters and their worldview of humanity as a whole within the.
Open document below is an essay on pride and arrogance in the iliad from anti essays, your source for research papers, essays, and term paper examples. Read this essay on pride in the iliad come browse our large digital warehouse of free sample essays get the knowledge you need in order to pass your. The iliad: pride, ego, and war no the iliad begins with an invocation in our class we have a disagreement about grades on an essay.
Pride in the iliad essays: over 180,000 pride in the iliad essays, pride in the iliad term papers, pride in the iliad research paper, book reports 184 990 essays. The impact of rage in the iliad 8 pages 1940 words june 2015 saved essays save your essays here so you can locate them quickly. Essays iliad and hector they both have pride and glory and are seen as heroes in the eyes of both hector and achilles behave as heroes throughout the iliad. Pride in the iliad the period in which the events in the iliad took place were different than the times of today back then, the most important aspect of life for a. The period in which the events in the iliad took place were different than the times of today back then, the most important aspect of life for a person was to be a. | <urn:uuid:5acda4fc-bc6c-444f-8fb7-2d8ab814f640> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-34",
"url": "http://bfpapergpib.antiquevillage.us/pride-in-the-iliad-essays.html",
"date": "2018-08-18T12:20:15",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221213666.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20180818114957-20180818134957-00517.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9452899098396301,
"token_count": 860,
"score": 3.5625,
"int_score": 4
} |
Seabird Harvest in the Arctic
MetadataShow full item record
As assessment of seabird harvest in the Arctic by the Circumpolar Seabird Group (CBird). Whether seabird harvest is a real conservation concern is often not addressed or poorly documented in the circumpolar region due to a lack of information on the status of seabird populations and the numbers of birds and eggs harvested. However, in this report several countries clearly leave the impression that harvest has played a key role at some point in population development for some seabird species.
Showing items related by title, author, creator and subject.
Irons, D.; Svoboda, M.; Gill, M.; Petersen, A. (CAFF International Secretariat, 2011)One means to enhance seabird conservation is by viewing the seabird resources in the circumpolar region as a single resource rather than a series of seabird colonies divided by countries. To facilitate this broad-scale ...
Irons, David; Petersen, Aevar; Anker-Nilssen, Tycho; Artukhin, Yuri; Barret, Robert; Boertmann, David; Gavrilo, Maria V.; Gilchrist, Grant; Hansen, Erpur S.; Hario, Martti; Kuletz, Kathy; Maloy, Mark; Merkel, Flemming; Mosbech, Anders; Labansen, Aili L.; Olsen, Bergur; Reid, Jim; Robertson, Greg; Rönkä, Mia; Strøm, Hallvard (CAFF International Secretariat, 2015-09)A circumpolar plan to monitor seabird populations, created by CAFF's CBird Expert Group as part of the marine component of CAFF's Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Program.
Arctic Seabirds Breeding in the African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement (AEWA) Area: Status and Trends Hentati-Sundberg, Jonas (Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF), 2011-03)This report summarizes population status and trends for 19 populations of Arctic seabirds. It is compiled as an input to the 2012 African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement (AEWA) Report on the Conservation Status of Migratory ... | <urn:uuid:4e38b975-b96d-45eb-997d-a0a5d03b13e6> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31",
"url": "https://oaarchive.arctic-council.org/handle/11374/190",
"date": "2021-07-30T04:51:21",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153931.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20210730025356-20210730055356-00125.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7961406707763672,
"token_count": 478,
"score": 3.28125,
"int_score": 3
} |
The connection between seaweed, jellyfish, and beach trash in Texas
Beachgoers in Texas often remember encounters with seaweed, jellyfish, and trash found on the beach. Believe it or not, all three are frequent features of Gulf coast beaches for the same reason. All are carried along by currents and winds that push them onto Texas beaches.
Massive currents swirl about in the giant basin that is the Gulf. Like when you stir liquid contents in a big bowl, the water in the Gulf moves in a definite direction. This water movement is called a current, and it carries along with it whatever floats in the water. Currents in the Gulf move toward Texas both from the north and south. The currents combine with winds that blow toward Texas. This helps push animal passengers as well as any floating trash or seaweed onto our beaches.
There are times Texas’ beaches may contain a large amount of Sargassum, a brown seaweed. While it may look yucky, this seaweed actually helps build up the beach by acting to hold sand in place. Jellyfish are another passenger in the currents’ continuous journey because they are free floating animals. While some species of jellyfish can give swimmers an unpleasant sting, trash gives everyone an unpleasant experience.
Jellyfish and seaweed are a natural part of the Gulf ecosystem, while the trash is not. Where does trash come from? It comes from all over the Gulf, from other states, from Mexico, from storm sewers that empty into the Gulf, and from the rivers draining into the Gulf, such as the Mississippi River. It comes from ships and oil and gas platforms far out in Gulf waters. It floats northward to Texas from Mexico, and southward from Louisiana. The amount of trash that washes to shore is enormous. Sometimes sea turtles and other species that eat jellyfish mistake clear plastic bags or other trash in the water for food and eat the trash. This can cause injury or death as the plastic clogs up the animals’ stomachs and intestines.
Every year over 1,000 people volunteer and pick up over 150 tons of trash on Padre Island. Volunteers also clean up other beaches. When you go to the beach, remember to pick up your own trash. You may also want to join others at your favorite beach on volunteer clean-up days or just do it yourself.
Photo credits: Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies, Corpus Christi Caller-Times, Rudolph Rosen
* * * | <urn:uuid:fdbd0aee-fc11-4a18-8b8f-71503c2a899c> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39",
"url": "https://texasaquaticscience.org/seaweed-jellyfish-beach-trash-texas-aquatic-science/",
"date": "2018-09-20T03:52:09",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156376.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20180920020606-20180920040606-00127.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9507940411567688,
"token_count": 512,
"score": 3.234375,
"int_score": 3
} |
The Hundred Years War and Joan of Arc. What was the Hundred Years War?. The time from 1337 to 1453 is often known as the Hundred Years War, because England and France were fighting each other for most of this time. Why did the fighting start?.
The Hundred Years War and Joan of Arc
What was the Hundred Years War?
The time from 1337 to 1453 is often known as the Hundred Years War, because England and France were fighting each other for most of this time.
Why did the fighting start?
English and French sailors often came into conflict
The French often helped the Scots in their wars against England
English and French Kings argued over the ownership of Gascony
English merchants complained that French officials tried to stop them sending wool to Flanders
Edward III declared that he was the rightful ruler of France
1337 Edward III declared war on France
Edward III’s claim to the French Throne
Kings of France
Philip III d.1285
Philip IV d.1314
Louis X d.1316
Philip V d.1322
Charles IV d.1328
Philip VI d.1350
Do you think that Edward had a strong claim to the French throne?
Today the English crown passes through the offspring of the eldest male child.
Edward II of England
Edward III of England
Who did the Fighting?
The wars used a lot of mercenaries (hired soldiers). These were often men eager for adventure and fortune.
The foot soldiers were mostly archers and these were often more successful than the noblemen on horseback.
? Why do you think people would become mercenaries? - Think about the sort of life ordinary peasants had at this time.
Developments in Warfare
The two famous English victories at Crecy and Agincourt were in part due to the English use of the Long-bow. These could be fired more quickly and had a longer range than the French crossbows. They also penetrated chainmail.
Longbows were about 6ft long and made of yew
Gunpowder was invented during the Hundred Years War. Unfortunately, early cannons often exploded and killed the soldiers who fired them.
The Battle of Sluys
1340 - Philip VI was preparing to invade England. Edward
III decided to prevent the invasion. He forced merchants and fishermen to lend him boats as there was no navy, and packed them full of soldiers.
On 24 June the English ships swept down on the French fleet. Philip was expecting the attack and so had chained the fleet together and put 20,000 men on board.
Once within bow-shot, the English bowmen began to shoot at the French. The English ships rammed the French and our men-at-arms jumped aboard attacking the French with swords, axes and spears. Few of the French had been properly
trained, and many were killed.
By the end of the day the whole of the French fleet was either sunk or captured.
What does this information tell you about which side’s troops were better prepared and more keen for victory?
The Battle of Crecy, 1346
For the next six years, Edward III sent raiding
parties into France. During one of these raids, the first land battle took place at Crecy.
Edward’s force of 12,000 had been chased by a much larger French army. Edward drew up his army along the top of a ridge. He put his men-at-arms in the centre, with his long-bowmen around them.
The Battle of Crecy, 1346
When Philip arrived he realised Edward was in a very strong position. However, before he could tell his troops not to attack, his knights began riding up the hill with Italian crossbowmen running in front of them.
It was a disaster for Philip. The English long-bowmen rained arrows down on the French who were forced to retreat. By the time the battle finally ended, 12,000 French were dead.
What does this battle tell us about the French army?
The Battle of Agincourt
When Henry V became King in 1413 he decided to
invade France. He thought he would easily make the French crown him King, as their King, Charles VI, was mad.
The Battle of Agincourt happened when Henry tried to return to Calais for reinforcements after besieging Harfleur. Henry had only 6000 men, and was met by a French army of more than 40,000.
It had been raining heavily. Henry ordered his bowmen to advance about 300 metres from the French and each hammer a stake into the ground pointing at the French. The bowmen then began to shoot.
The heavily armoured French knights charged at the English.
Who had the advantage and why?
The Results of Agincourt
The French made a grave mistake. Their horses were slowed down by the muddy ground, due to the heavy rain. This meant they were easy targets for the bowmen.
Those who did get through had their horses impaled on the spikes in front of the bowmen. Lightly armed soldiers then dashed out from the English lines, pulled the knights down and stabbed them to death through their armour joints.
In all about 10,000 French were killed and they admitted defeat and retreated allowing Henry to reach Calais.
What were the odds that the English would win this battle? What does the outcome tell you about Henry’s abilities as a soldier and leader?
Henry V in line for the French Throne
The next year Henry returned to France with a strong army. He conquered most of Normandy and the French made peace.
Henry married Charles VI of France’s daughter, Catherine, and was given the right to become King of France when Charles died.
Unfortunately, Henry died before Charles and left a baby son behind. Although Henry V’s son was crowned King of France when Charles died the French soon began to rebel, wishing to put Charles VI’s son on the throne instead. They were led in their struggle by Joan of Arc.
Joan Of Arc
She claimed to hear the voices of Christ and His saints
At the age of 17 she led a French army against the English
She defeated the English at Patay and secured the coronation of Charles VII of France
She was captured and sold to the English who burnt her at the stake claiming she was a witch
1412-1431 - a peasant girl
Why do you think the French were prepared to follow this girl?
The End of the Hundred Years War
Inspired by Joan, the French continued to fight. Charles VII taxed the French heavily and used the money to train and equip a full time army. He also employed John Bureau who invented a mill to make gunpowder finer. This made it explode with more force. He also designed new guns. With their new equipment, the French steadily regained their land.
The Hundred Years War came to an end in 1453. The English had been driven out of all of France except for the town of Calais. The Kings of England lost Gascony, which they had ruled for 300 years.
Activity: making connections between events
English and French traders
The Battle of Agincourt
Joan of Arc
Henry V dying | <urn:uuid:fa4a71c3-d40c-4c73-b704-ae6f331282a7> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17",
"url": "http://www.slideserve.com/jorden-burch/the-hundred-years-war-and-joan-of-arc",
"date": "2017-04-29T22:09:45",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123590.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00309-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9853679537773132,
"token_count": 1502,
"score": 3.1875,
"int_score": 3
} |
Responsibilities and values
The freedom and equality we enjoy in Australia depends on everyone fulfilling their responsibilities. You are expected to be loyal to Australia, support our democratic way of life and help maintain Australia’s values and traditions of acceptance, inclusion and fairness for all.
Our citizenship values are the basis for Australia’s free and democratic society. They include support for:
the rule of law
respect for all individuals regardless of background
compassion for those in need
freedom of speech and freedom of expression
freedom of association
freedom of religion and secular government
equality of the individual, regardless of characteristics such as disability and age
equality of men and women
equality of opportunity.
The responsibilities of Australian citizens include:
obeying the law
voting in federal and state or territory elections, and in a referendum
defending Australia should the need arise
serving on a jury if called to do so
For more information on Australian Citizenship, go to www.citizenship.gov.au and read the Australian Citizenship Test Resource Book Australian Citizenship: Our Common Bond. | <urn:uuid:0dd08ebc-93f0-4e8b-b669-1469e59fb32a> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27",
"url": "https://www.potensure.com.au/items/responsibilities-and-values",
"date": "2022-07-01T09:58:12",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103940327.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701095156-20220701125156-00606.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9174773693084717,
"token_count": 220,
"score": 3.015625,
"int_score": 3
} |
Chapter 11. Motor Control and Plasticity
Follow us on Facebook and Twitter, or subscribe to our mailing list, to receive news updates. Learn more.
By NICHOLAS WADE After decades of disappointingly slow progress, researchers have taken a substantial step toward a possible treatment for Duchenne muscular dystrophy with the help of a powerful new gene-editing technique. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a progressive muscle-wasting disease that affects boys, putting them in wheelchairs by age 10, followed by an early death from heart failure or breathing difficulties. The disease is caused by defects in a gene that encodes a protein called dystrophin, which is essential for proper muscle function. Because the disease is devastating and incurable, and common for a hereditary illness, it has long been a target for gene therapy, though without success. An alternative treatment, drugs based on chemicals known as antisense oligonucleotides, is in clinical trials. But gene therapy — the idea of curing a genetic disease by inserting the correct gene into damaged cells — is making a comeback. A new technique, known as Crispr-Cas9, lets researchers cut the DNA of chromosomes at selected sites to remove or insert segments. Three research groups, working independently of one another, reported in the journal Science on Thursday that they had used the Crispr-Cas9 technique to treat mice with a defective dystrophin gene. Each group loaded the DNA-cutting system onto a virus that infected the mice’s muscle cells, and excised from the gene a defective stretch of DNA known as an exon. Without the defective exon, the muscle cells made a shortened dystrophin protein that was nonetheless functional, giving all of the mice more strength. The teams were led by Charles A. Gersbach of Duke University, Eric N. Olson of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Amy J. Wagers of Harvard University. © 2016 The New York Times Company
Tina Hesman Saey SAN DIEGO — Friendly ghosts help muscles heal after injury. Connective tissue sheaths that bundle muscle cells together leave behind hollow fibers when muscles are injured, Micah Webster of the Carnegie Institution for Science in Baltimore and colleagues discovered. Muscle-repairing stem cells build new tissue from inside those empty tunnels, known as ghost fibers, Webster reported December 13 at the annual meeting of the American Society for Cell Biology. Researchers previously knew that stem cells can heal muscle, but how stem cells integrate new cells into muscle fibers has been a mystery. Webster and colleagues used a special microscopy technique to watch stem cells in live mice as the cells fixed muscles damaged by snake venom. Stem cells from undamaged parts of the muscle fiber crawled back and forth through the ghostly part of the fibers and spaced themselves out evenly. Stem cells replicated themselves to reconstruct each muscle fiber inside its ghostly shell the researchers found. Stem cells didn’t move from one ghost fiber to another. The finding suggests that researchers will need to create artificial ghost fibers to repair injuries in which chunks of muscles are lost, such as in soldiers hit by explosives, Webster said. The researchers also reported the results online December 10 in Cell Stem Cell. M.T. Webster et al. Intravital imaging reveals ghost fibers as architectural units guiding muscle progenitors. Annual meeting of the American Society for Cell Biology, San Diego, December 13, 2015. M.T. Webster et al. Intravital imaging reveals ghost fibers as architectural units guiding myogenic progenitors during regeneration. Cell Stem Cell. Published online December 10, 2015. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.11.005 © Society for Science & the Public 2000 - 2015
Link ID: 21704 - Posted: 12.16.2015
The clock is ticking for Ronald Cohn. He wants to use CRISPR gene editing to correct the genes of his friend’s 13-year-old son. The boy, Gavriel, has Duchenne muscular dystrophy, a genetic disease in which muscles degenerate. Breathing and heart problems often start by the time people with the condition are in their early twenties. Life expectancy is about 25 years. By the standards of science, the field of CRISPR gene editing is moving at a lightning fast pace. Although the technique was only invented a few years ago, it is already being used for research by thousands of labs worldwide to make extremely precise changes to DNA. A handful of people have already been treated using therapies enabled by the technology, and last week an international summit effectively endorsed the idea of gene editing embryos. It is too soon to try the technique out, but the summit concluded that basic research on embryos should be permitted, alongside a debate on how we should use the technology. But for people like Cohn, progress can’t come fast enough. Gavriel was diagnosed at age 4. He has already lost the use of his legs but still has some movement in his upper body, and uses a manual wheelchair. Cohn, a clinician at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, estimates that he has three years to develop and test a CRISPR-based treatment if he is to help Gavriel. Muscular dystrophy is caused by a faulty gene for the protein dystrophin, which holds our muscles together. Gavriel has a duplicated version of the gene. This week, Cohn’s team published a paper describing how they grew Gavriel’s cells in a dish and used CRISPR gene-editing techniques to snip out the duplication. With the duplication removed, his cells produced normal dystrophin protein. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.
By Gretchen Reynolds Physical fitness may be critical for maintaining a relatively youthful and nimble brain as we age, according to a new study of brain activation patterns in older people. For most of us, our bodies begin to lose flexibility and efficiency as we enter our 40s. Running and other movements slow down and become more awkward, and something similar seems to occur within our heads. As middle age encroaches, our thinking becomes less efficient. We don’t toggle between mental tasks as nimbly as we once did or process new information with the same aplomb and clarity. Recently, neuroscientists have begun to quantify how those cognitive changes play out in our brains, to disquieting effect. In studies comparing brain activation in young people with that of people past 40, they have found notable differences, especially during mental tasks that require attention, problem solving, decision-making and other types of high-level thinking. Such thinking primarily involves activation of the brain’s prefrontal cortex. In young people, activation in the cortex during these cognitive tasks tends to be highly localized. Depending on the type of thinking, young people’s brains light up almost exclusively in either the right or left portion of the prefrontal cortex. But in older people, studies show, brain activity during the same mental tasks requires far more brainpower. They typically display activity in both hemispheres of their prefrontal cortex. In effect, they require more of their brains’ resources to complete the same tasks that young people do with less cognitive effort. Neuroscientists coined an acronym for this phenomenon: Harold, for hemispheric asymmetry reduction in older adults. Most agree that it represents a general reorganization and weakening of the brain’s function with age. © 2015 The New York Times Company
by Chris Samoray Every fall, blackpoll warblers fly from North America to South America in what’s the longest migration route of any warbler in the Western Hemisphere. But some of the tiny songbirds take a detour before making their epic transoceanic leap. Over 40 years of data from 22,295 birds show that blackpoll warblers (Setophaga striata) living in western North America head east for a pit stop to put on weight, giving the birds the energy stores they need to cross the Atlantic Ocean, researchers report December 9 in the Auk: Ornithological Advances. For birds that breed farther west in places like Alaska, the eastern stopover means a migration distance that’s nearly twice that of their eastern U.S. counterparts, the scientists find. © Society for Science & the Public 2000 - 2015.
Keyword: Animal Migration
Link ID: 21687 - Posted: 12.10.2015
By SINDYA N. BHANOO Moderate levels of exercise may increase the brain’s flexibility and improve learning, a new study suggests. The visual cortex, the part of the brain that processes visual information, loses the ability to “rewire” itself with age, making it more difficult for adults to recover from injuries and illness, said Claudia Lunghi, a neuroscientist at the University of Pisa and one of the study’s authors. In a study in the journal Current Biology, she and her colleagues asked 20 adults to watch a movie with one eye patched while relaxing in a chair. Later, the participants exercised on a stationary bike for 10-minute intervals while watching a movie. When one eye is patched, the visual cortex compensates for the limited input by increasing its activity level. Dr. Lunghi and her colleagues tested the imbalance in strength between the participants’ eyes after the movie — a measure of changeability in the visual cortex. © 2015 The New York Times Company
Link ID: 21681 - Posted: 12.08.2015
By Karen Weintraub Essential tremor is involuntary shaking – usually of the hands, but sometimes also of the neck, jaw, voice or legs. “Any fine tasks with the hands can be very difficult when the tremor is pronounced,” said Dr. Albert Hung, center director of the Massachusetts General Hospital National Parkinson Foundation Center of Excellence. Essential tremor can affect balance, walking, hearing and cognition, and can get worse over time, said Dr. Elan Louis, chief of the division of movement disorders at Yale School of Medicine. People with essential tremor run almost twice the risk of developing Alzheimer’s as the general population. Essential tremor appears with movement; if people let their hands sit still, they don’t tremble. That is the big difference between an essential tremor and the tremor of Parkinson’s disease, which can occur while at rest, Dr. Louis said. Essential tremor also tends to strike both hands while Parkinson’s is more one-sided at first, said Dr. Hung. The cause of essential tremor remains a mystery, though it seems to run in families. People of any age or sex can have the condition, though it is more common as people grow older. Roughly 4 percent of 40-year-olds have essential tremor, compared with about 20 percent of 90-year-olds, Dr. Louis said. Available treatments “aren’t great,” Dr. Louis said. Two medications – the beta blocker propranolol and the epilepsy drug primidone, sold under the brand name Mysoline – can reduce tremors by 10 to 30 percent, he said, but they work only in about half of patients. Deep brain stimulation – implanting electrodes into the brain to override faulty electrical signals – has been shown to markedly reduce hand tremor severity, he said. But the treatment can worsen cognitive and balance problems and “doesn’t cure the underlying disease. It merely and temporarily lessons a single symptom, which is the tremor.” © 2015 The New York Times Company
Keyword: Movement Disorders
Link ID: 21653 - Posted: 11.24.2015
By Gretchen Reynolds Sturdy legs could mean healthy brains, according to a new study of British twins. As I frequently have written in this column, exercise may cause robust improvements in brain health and slow age-related declines in memory and thinking. Study after study has shown correlations between physical activity, muscular health and mental acuity, even among people who are quite old. But these studies have limitations and one of them is that some people may be luckier than others. They may have been born to have a more robust brain than someone else. Their genes and early home environment might have influenced their brain health as much as or more than their exercise habits. Their genes and early home environment also might have influenced those exercise habits, as well as how their bodies and brains responded to exercise. In other words, genes and environment can seriously confound experimental results. That problem makes twins so valuable for scientific purposes. (Full disclosure, I am a twin, although not an identical one.) Twins typically share the same early home environment and many of the same genes, and if they are identical, all their genes are the same. So if one twin’s body, brain and thinking abilities begin to differ substantially over the years from their twin’s, the cause is less likely to be solely genetic or the early environment, and more likely to be attributable to lifestyle, including exercise habits. It was that possibility that recently prompted Claire Steves, a senior lecturer in twin research at King’s College London, to consider twins and their thighs. © 2015 The New York Times Company
Link ID: 21641 - Posted: 11.18.2015
Ewen Callaway Ringo, a golden retriever born in 2003 in a Brazilian kennel, was never expected to live long. Researchers bred him and his littermates to inherit a gene mutation that causes severe muscular dystrophy. They hoped that the puppies would provide insight into Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an untreatable and ultimately fatal human disease caused by inactivation of the same gene. But Ringo’s muscles didn't waste away like his littermates', and researchers have now determined why: he was born with another mutation that seems to have protected him from the disease, according to a paper published in Cell1. Scientists hope that by studying Ringo’s mutation — which has never before been linked to muscular dystrophy — they can find new treatments for the disease. As many as 1 in 3,500 boys inherit mutations that produce a broken version of a protein called dystrophin, causing DMD. (The disease appears in boys because the dystrophin gene sits on the X chromosome, so girls must inherit two copies of the mutated gene to develop DMD.) The protein helps to hold muscle fibres together, and its absence disrupts the regenerative cycle that rebuilds muscle tissue. Eventually, fat and connective tissue replace muscle, and people with DMD often become reliant on a wheelchair before their teens. Few survive past their thirties. Some golden retriever females carry dystrophin mutations that cause a similar disease when passed onto male puppies. Dog breeders can prevent this through genetic screening. But Mayana Zatz, a geneticist at the University of São Paulo in Brazil, and her colleagues set out to breed puppies with the mutation to model the human disease. © 2015 Nature Publishing Group,
By Emily Underwood Researchers have found a way to increase how fast, and for how long, four paralyzed people can type using just their thoughts. The advance has to do with brain-machine interfaces (BCI), which are implanted in brain tissue and record hundreds of neurons firing as people imagine moving a computer cursor. The devices then use a computer algorithm to decode those signals and direct a real cursor toward words and letters on a computer screen. One of the biggest problems with BCIs is the brain itself: When the soft, squishy organ shifts in the skull, as it frequently does, it can displace the electrode implants. As a result, the movement signal extracted from neuronal firing is constantly being distorted, making it impossible for a patient to keep the cursor from drifting off course without a researcher recalibrating the instrument every 10 minutes or so. In the new study, part of a clinical trial of BCIs called BrainGate, researchers performed several software tweaks that allow the devices to self-correct in real time by calculating the writer’s intention based on the words they’ve already written. The devices can now also correct for neuronal background noise whenever a person stops typing. These improvements, demonstrated in the video above, allow BCI users to type faster and for longer periods of time, up to hours or days, the team reports today in Science Translational Medicine. Though the technology still needs to be miniaturized and wireless before it can be used outside of the lab, the new work is a big step towards BCIs that paralyzed people can use on their own at home, the scientists say. © 2015 American Association for the Advancement of Science
Link ID: 21626 - Posted: 11.12.2015
By Diana Kwon Six years before her husband was diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disorder marked by tremors and movement difficulties, Joy Milne detected a change in his scent. She later linked the subtle, musky odor to the disease when she joined the charity Parkinson’s UK and met others with the same, distinct smell. Being one of the most common age-related disorders, Parkinson’s affects an estimated seven million to 10 million people worldwide. Although there is currently no definitive diagnostic test, researchers hope that this newly found olfactory signature will lead help create one. Milne, a super-smeller from Perth, Scotland, wanted to share her ability with researchers. So when Tilo Kunath, a neuroscientist at the University of Edinburgh, gave a talk during a Parkinson’s UK event in 2012, she raised her hand during the Q&A session and claimed she was able to smell the disease. “I didn’t take her seriously at first,” Kunath says. “I said, ‘No, I never heard of that, next question please.’” But months later Kunath shared this anecdote with a colleague and received a surprising response. “She told me that that lady wasn’t wrong and that I should find her,” Kunath says. Once the researchers found Milne, they tested her claim by having her sniff 12 T-shirts: six that belonged to people with Parkinson’s and six from healthy individuals. Milne correctly identified 11 out of 12, but miscategorized one of the non-Parkinson’s T-shirts in the disease category. It turned out, however, she was not wrong at all—that person would be diagnosed with Parkinson’s less than a year later. © 2015 Scientific American
By Diana Kwon | In the human form of mad cow disease, called Creutzfeldt-Jakob, a person's brain deteriorates—literally developing holes that cause rapidly progressing dementia. The condition is fatal within one year in 90 percent of cases. The culprits behind the disease are prions—misfolded proteins that can induce normal proteins around them to also misfold and accumulate. Scientists have known that these self-propagating, pathological proteins cause some rare brain disorders, such as kuru in Papua New Guinea. But growing evidence suggests that prions are at play in many, if not all, neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's, Huntington's and Parkinson's, also marked by aggregations of malformed proteins. Until recently, there was no evidence that the abnormal proteins found in people who suffer from these well-known diseases could be transmitted directly from person to person. The tenor of that discussion suddenly changed this September when newly published research in the journal Nature provided the first hint such human-to-human transmission may be possible. (Scientific American is part of Springer Nature.) For the study, John Collinge, a neurologist at University College London, and his colleagues conducted autopsies on eight patients who died between the ages of 36 and 51 from Creutzfeldt-Jakob. All the subjects had acquired the disease after treatment with growth hormone later found to be contaminated with prions. The surprise came when the researchers discovered that six of the brains also bore telltale signs of Alzheimer's—in the form of clumps of beta-amyloid proteins, diagnostic for the disease—even though the patients should have been too young to exhibit such symptoms. © 2015 Scientific American,
By Hanae Armitage CHICAGO, ILLINOIS—Huntingtons disease, a neurological condition caused by brain-destroying mutant proteins, starts with mood swings and twitching and ends in dementia and death. The condition, which afflicts about 30,000 Americans, has no cure. But now, a new gene-editing method that many believe will lead to a Nobel Prize has been shown to effectively halt production of the defective proteins in mice, leading to hope that a potent therapy for Huntingtons is on the distant horizon. That new method is CRISPR, which uses RNA-guided enzymes to snip out or add segments of DNA to a cell. In the first time it has been applied to Huntingtons disease, CRISPR’s results are “remarkably encouraging,” says neuroscientist Nicole Déglon of the University of Lausanne in Switzerland, who led the mouse study, results of which she and her co-researcher Nicolas Merienne shared yesterday at the Society for Neuroscience Conference in Chicago, Illinois. As neurological diseases go, Huntingtons is an ideal candidate for CRISPR therapy, because the disease is determined by a single gene, Déglon notes. A mutation in the gene, which codes for a normally helpful brain protein called huntingtin, consists of different numbers of “tandem repeats,” repeating segments of DNA that cause the protein to fold into a shape that is toxic to the brain. Déglon and her team wondered whether CRISPR could halt production of this dangerous molecule. Using a virus as a delivery vehicle, the researchers infected two separate groups of healthy adult mice with a mutant huntingtin gene, but only one group received the therapy: a CRISPR “cassette,” which includes DNA for the gene-editing enzyme Cas9 and the RNA to target the huntingtin gene. © 2015 American Association for the Advancement of Science
Link ID: 21538 - Posted: 10.21.2015
Alan Hoffman says nilotinib has changed his life. Just weeks after he started taking the drug in a clinical trial, he began to feel himself recovering from his Parkinson’s disease. The retired professor of social science first started to show the signs of Parkinson’s in 1997. Over the years, his symptoms worsened. “I couldn’t get out of bed without my wife,” Hoffman says. Once a prolific reader, devouring four or five books a week, Hoffman found himself unable to keep his attention on even a short magazine article. His body became increasingly rigid, and he started to lose his sense of balance. “I fell a lot,” he says. And it affected his social life. The disorder was such a struggle, Hoffman says he considered taking his own life. He tried a range of medications, which eased his symptoms to varying degrees. In 2008, he had surgery to implant an electrode into his brain. The deep brain stimulation that followed helped with the rigidity, he says. But deep brain stimulation doesn’t offer a cure – the brain cells continue to die. So Hoffman agreed to join a six-month clinical trial of nilotinib – a drug typically used to treat leukaemia. Nilotinib blocks a protein that interferes with lysosomes – cell structures that destroy harmful proteins. Researchers behind the trial think that nilotinib can free up lysosomes to do a better job of clearing out proteins associated with Parkinson’s disease. (For a full report on the effect of the drug see “People with Parkinson’s walk again after promising drug trial”.) © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.
Link ID: 21537 - Posted: 10.21.2015
An expensive cancer drug may reverse late-stage Parkinson’s disease, enabling participants in a small clinical trial to speak and walk again for the first time in years. While there are several treatments for the symptoms of Parkinson’s, if confirmed this would be the first time a drug has worked on the causes of the disease. “We’ve seen patients at end stages of the disease coming back to life,” says Charbel Moussa of Georgetown University Medical Center in Washington DC, who led the trial. The drug, called nilotinib, works by boosting the brain’s own “garbage disposal system” to clear proteins that accumulate in the brains of people with Parkinson’s disease, says Moussa. These proteins are thought to trigger the death of brain cells that make molecules like dopamine that are needed for movement and other functions. Nilotinib is already approved to treat cancer – it blocks a protein that drives chronic myeloid leukaemia. It also blocks another protein that interferes with lysosomes – cell structures that destroy harmful proteins. Moussa thinks that nilotinib can free up lysosomes to do a better job of clearing out proteins associated with Parkinson’s disease. Tests in animals showed promise, so Moussa, his colleague Fernando Pagan and their team set up a small trial of 12 volunteers with Parkinson’s disease or a similar condition called dementia with Lewy bodies. The trial was designed to test only the safety of the oral drug, which was given as a daily dose for six months. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.
Link ID: 21528 - Posted: 10.20.2015
Three teams of scientists supported by the National Institutes of Health showed that a genetic mutation linked to some forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal degeneration (FTD) may destroy neurons by disrupting the movement of materials in and out of the cell’s nucleus, or command center where most of its DNA is stored. The results, published in the journals Nature and NatureNeuroscience, provide a possible strategy for treating the two diseases. “This research shines a spotlight on the role of nuclear transport in the health of neurons,” said Amelie Gubitz, Ph.D., program director at the NIH’s National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). “The results provide new insights into how this mutation derails an essential process in neurons and opens new avenues for therapy development.” Both ALS and FTD are caused by the death of specific neurons. In ALS, this leads to movement difficulties and eventually paralysis, while in FTD, patients experience problems with language and decision making. Past research has connected a specific mutation in the C9orf72 gene to 40 percent of inherited ALS cases and 25 percent of inherited FTD cases, as well as nearly 10 percent of non-inherited cases of each disorder. The recent experiments, conducted in yeast, fruit flies, and neurons from patients, found that the mutation prevents proteins and genetic material called RNA from moving between the nucleus and the cytoplasm that surrounds it. “At the end of the day, this culminates in a defect in the flow of genetic information, which leads to problems expressing genes in the right place at the right time,” said J. Paul Taylor, M.D., Ph.D., a researcher at St. Jude’s Children’s Research Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee, and the senior author of one of the papers.
Keyword: ALS-Lou Gehrig's Disease
Link ID: 21524 - Posted: 10.17.2015
By Gretchen Reynolds Can a shot of salt water make you a faster runner? The answer appears to be a resounding yes, if you believe that the salt water contains something that should make you a faster runner, according to a new study of the power of placebos in athletic performance. Anyone who exercises knows from experience that our minds and mental attitudes affect physical performance. Who hasn’t faced a moment when, tiring at the end of a strenuous workout or race, we are about to quit before suddenly being passed on the path or shown up in the gym by someone we know we should outperform, and somehow we find an extra, unexploited gear and spurt on? This phenomenon is familiar to physiologists, many of whom believe that our brains, in order to protect our bodies, send out signals telling those bodies to quit before every single resource in our muscles and other tissues is exhausted. We think we are at the outer limits of our endurance or strength, when, in reality, we may still have a physical reserve available to us, if we can find a way to tap it. Past studies have shown that lying to people is one way to exploit that reserve. Telling athletes that they are moving slower than in fact they are, for instance, often results in their speeding up past the pace that they thought they could maintain. Or give them a sugar pill that they think contains caffeine or steroids and they will run more swiftly or lift more weight than before. But none of these studies tested the effects of placebos and deception in relatively real-world competitive situations, which have their own effects on mental responses. People are almost always faster during competitive races than in training, studies show, even when they are trying to replicate race pace. © 2015 The New York Times Company
Keyword: Pain & Touch
Link ID: 21509 - Posted: 10.14.2015
Laura Sanders Scribes usually have pretty good handwriting. That’s not the case for one prolific 13th century writer known to scholars only as the Tremulous Hand of Worcester. Now scientists suggest the writer suffered from a neurological condition called essential tremor. Neurologist Jane Alty and historical handwriting researcher Deborah Thorpe, both of the University of York in England, made the retrospective diagnosis August 31 in Brain after studying the spidery wiggles that pervade the scribe’s writing. Essential tremor can cause shaking of the hands, head and voice and is distinct from other tremor-causing conditions such as Parkinson’s disease. Here, the anonymous writer’s peculiar script is evident (lighter portion of text) in an early Middle English version of the Nicene Creed, a summary of the Christian faith. Buried in the manuscript are clues that helped the researchers conclude that essential tremor plagued the Tremulous Hand. The Tremulous Hand of Worcester’s writing appeared in more than 20 books, including the Nicene Creed, a summary of the Christian faith. The writer’s distinctive script is the lighter portion of the text, about a third of the way down the page. Several clues led researchers to diagnose the scribe with essential tremor (see following images). © Society for Science & the Public 2000 - 2015.
Keyword: Movement Disorders
Link ID: 21482 - Posted: 10.07.2015
By Jon Cohen A virus that long ago spliced itself into the human genome may play a role in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the deadly muscle degenerative disease that crippled baseball great Lou Gehrig and ultimately took his life. That’s the controversial conclusion of a new study, which finds elevated levels of human endogenous retrovirus K (HERV-K) in the brains of 11 people who died from the disease. “This certainly is interesting and provocative work,” says Raymond Roos, a neurologist at the University of Chicago in Illinois who treats and studies ALS but who was not involved with the finding. Still, even the scientists behind the work caution that more research is needed to confirm the link. “I’m very careful to say HERV-K doesn’t cause the disease but may play a role in the pathophysiology,” says study leader Avindra Nath, a neuroimmunologist at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke in Bethesda, Maryland. “The darn thing is in the chromosomes to begin with. It’s going to be very hard to prove causation.” It was another retrovirus, HIV, that led Nath to first suspect a connection between viruses and ALS. In 2006, he was helping a patient control his HIV infection with antiretroviral drugs when he noticed that the man’s ALS also improved. “That intrigued me, and I looked in the ALS literature and saw that people had reported they could see reverse transcriptase in the blood.” Reverse transcriptase, an enzyme that converts RNA to DNA, is a hallmark of retroviruses, which use it to insert copies of their genes into chromosomes of their hosts. © 2015 American Association for the Advancement of Science
James Hamblin Mental exercises to build (or rebuild) attention span have shown promise recently as adjuncts or alternatives to amphetamines in addressing symptoms common to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Building cognitive control, to be better able to focus on just one thing, or single-task, might involve regular practice with a specialized video game that reinforces "top-down" cognitive modulation, as was the case in a popular paper in Nature last year. Cool but still notional. More insipid but also more clearly critical to addressing what's being called the ADHD epidemic is plain old physical activity. This morning the medical journal Pediatrics published research that found kids who took part in a regular physical activity program showed important enhancement of cognitive performance and brain function. The findings, according to University of Illinois professor Charles Hillman and colleagues, "demonstrate a causal effect of a physical program on executive control, and provide support for physical activity for improving childhood cognition and brain health." If it seems odd that this is something that still needs support, that's because it is odd, yes. Physical activity is clearly a high, high-yield investment for all kids, but especially those attentive or hyperactive. This brand of research is still published and written about as though it were a novel finding, in part because exercise programs for kids remain underfunded and underprioritized in many school curricula, even though exercise is clearly integral to maximizing the utility of time spent in class. | <urn:uuid:71aa44ec-cd52-425b-b69f-149f109fc715> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-40",
"url": "http://www.biopsychology.com/news/index.php?descType=always&type=bpchapter&id=11&page=3",
"date": "2016-09-25T01:59:18",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738659753.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173739-00134-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9530948400497437,
"token_count": 7077,
"score": 3.609375,
"int_score": 4
} |
Have you ever noticed how many K┨ math content websites are devoted to math worksheets? There seems to be an increase in websites that cater to desperate teachers and parents by offering fast, free "worksheet generation", free fractions worksheets," etc. Now, as a former teacher I am not saying that one should never use math worksheets; however, I do believe that many teachers are using a very superficial method of instruction that relies too much on low_level math worksheets and hands_off instructional approaches. Worksheet lessons move from reading the directions aloud, to doing sample problems as a group, to completing the worksheet independently (or at home with parents), day in and day out. Teaching needs to be more than passing out worksheets. Whether you are the classroom teacher, instructional specialist, or parent, the methods you use greatly impact the level of understanding achieved by your students.
Provide moral support: Children generally depend on their parents most. They rely on their parents in many aspects. They need their parents the most especially when they face some unmanageable difficulties or problems. In that case, parent's moral support works as healing mantras to them. Many failed students can again do better results by having moral support from their parents. | <urn:uuid:ba8a3ace-6f60-4f4b-889a-bec8c58f3a9d> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"url": "https://www.bayesianwitch.com/math-worksheet/014-math-worksheet-grade-algebra/",
"date": "2020-01-18T01:00:14",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591431.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117234621-20200118022621-00331.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9749929308891296,
"token_count": 258,
"score": 3.125,
"int_score": 3
} |
The Westinghouse Flood Gate, located along Turtle Creek near East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, prevented catastrophic floods within the Turtle Creek valley.
The floodgates were envisioned as part of the larger Turtle Creek Flood Control Project along Turtle Creek through Turtle Creek and Wilmerding near Pittsburgh. The multi-phase plan was the result of a flood in 1907 and the St. Patrick’s Day Flood of 1936 which brought backflow from the Monongahela River into the Turtle Creek valley, flooding communities along its path. 1 The latter caused $2 million in damage to Westinghouse Electric Corporation’s East Pittsburgh Works.
Two floodgates, 80×30-foot and 40×20-foot, were constructed at the head of Turtle Creek between July 1937 and January 1938 at the cost of $500,000. 7 The gates, by default, were held 20 feet above the water and lowered in times of need. The project also saw the installation of three 5,000 horsepower electric pumps with a combined capacity of 7,500 cubic feet per second, or more than 3.3 million gallons of water per minute. The floodgate was controlled by the Turtle Creek Valley Flood Control Authority (TCVFCA).
A major flood in 1954 caused $13 million in damages to the region, but much damage in the Turtle Creek valley was spared due to the floodgate. 2 It was estimated that if it had not been for the floodgate, damages would have ranged from $15 million to $30 million, much of it to Westinghouse.
After authorization from Congress, Turtle Creek was widened by as much as 15 feet from a standard width of 75 feet, deepened as much as 18 feet, and channelized 2 between 1963 1 and 1967, 9 with some improvements extending into 1972. 6 On August 13, 1963, the Army Corps of Engineers requested bids on the initial stage of a four-stage $18 million flood control project, which included the channelization of 8,900 feet of Turtle Creek and the lowering of the concrete sill on the Westinghouse Flood Gate and the extension of its guides. 3 Other projects include the channelization of the waterway to Brush Creek in Trafford and similar work on a mile of Thompson Run. Financing was derived with $1.84 million from the TCVFCA and $15,350,552 million in federal funds. 9
Maintenance by the TCVFCA was minimal, with only a total of $162,000 expended in 1967, 1969 and 1970. 9 It was estimated that $56,000 yearly would need to be spent to maintain the floodgates and systems.
In 1982, the TCVFCA upgraded the computer program that controlled the Westinghouse floodgates and pumps and automated several processes that previously required complex written manuals and controls. 6 But by 1983, the flood control equipment had deteriorated and required $1.3 million in construction to return the project to as-built conditions. 9 The floodgate and pumps underneath the Westinghouse Bridge had essentially been rendered useless due to silt buildup. 5 The debris basins had become clogged and required dredging but the TCVFCA was not able to secure the reliable funding needed to maintain the waterway. 4 The TCVFCA estimated that it would take $2 million to restore the flood control project in 1988, and $150,000 to $200,000 would be required per year to maintain the creek once it was dredged and restored. The Army Corps of Engineers requested that Allegheny County instead of the TCVFCA sponsor the project.
In the Turtle Creek Valley Strategic Action Plan, 2000-2010, the Turtle Creek Valley Council of Governments evaluated the cost of operating the Westinghouse floodgate and determined that the operation and maintenance of the facility placed an unsustainable financial burden on the host municipalities of East Pittsburgh, Turtle Creek, and Wilmerding. 8 The Council recommended that the Army Corps of Engineers perform a reconnaissance study to determine if the floodgate is needed after the implementation and future operation of the new Lock and Dam No. 2 on the Monongahela River.
[su_spoiler title=”Sources” icon=”caret”]
- Cridlebaugh, Bruce S. “Former Pennsylvania Railroad [PRR, NSRR] over Turtle Creek at Bessemer.” Bridges & Tunnels of Allegheny County & Pittsburgh, PA, 26 Feb. 2009. Web. 3 Mar. 2014. Article.
- “Flood Control Project Saves Turtle Creek.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 15 Feb. 1966, Second ed.: 17. Print.
- “Turtle Creek Flood Curb Bids Sought.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 14 Aug. 1963: 10. Print.
- Belko, Mark. “Allegheny poised to sponsor flood project.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 4 Feb. 1988: 2. Print.
- “County to pay for flood study of watershed.” Pittsburgh Press 19 Jun. 1985: E3. Print.
- Vorce, Christine. “Watershed group seeks runoff control.” Pittsburgh Press 12 Dec. 1985: E1-E4. Print.
- “$500,000 Gates to Fulfill Dream of Plant Engineer.” Pittsburgh Press 6 Aug. 1937: 41. Print.
- Turtle Creek Watershed Association. Turtle Creek Watershed River Conservation Plan. N.p.: Civil & Environmental Consultants, 2002. Print.
- Turtle Creek, Pa. – Flood Protection Project. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Carnegie Mellon University Digital Collections. Web. 3 Mar. 2014. | <urn:uuid:64bbcb21-d2c2-4a5a-906d-8d2ff5d4a02a> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31",
"url": "https://abandonedonline.net/location/westinghouse-flood-gate/",
"date": "2021-08-04T09:47:46",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154798.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20210804080449-20210804110449-00086.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9429275393486023,
"token_count": 1181,
"score": 3.03125,
"int_score": 3
} |
Fifth graders' success at creating engaging science fair projects is a mark of their maturation as learners. From captivating experiences and the
High School Science Fair Projects
High school science fair projects demand extensive research, experimentation, and presentation skills. Encourage teens to adhere to the rules of their
Erosion and Deposition
Erosion occurs when rocks, sand and other materials wear away from Earth's surface. Deposition occurs when this eroded material is transported
Science Fair Projects For 7th Grade
Science fair projects enable children to explore scientific concepts through hands-on experiences. Students can discover solar systems,
Weathering Erosion and Deposition
Weathering erosion and deposition alter the shape of Earth's surface through forces such as water, wind, ice and gravity. Rivers, streams and ocean
The Mechanisms of Glacial Erosion
Landforms formed from glacial erosion are some of the most visible features on any landscape, including lakes, cirques, troughs, rock basins and
What is Erosion?
Erosion is a natural process which gradually wears away soil by wear-and-tear or flows such as gravity or fluid media such as water, wind or even
What is Deposition?
Deposition is a formal legal proceeding that allows attorneys involved in a case to ask questions about evidence and facts surrounding the lawsuit.
What Is Deposition Science?
Deposition science refers to the study of how materials are deposited onto surfaces. It's an emerging area of study with many practical applications. | <urn:uuid:1adcc47b-8328-44e1-91b9-9c302605ac6b> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23",
"url": "https://sciencestruck.com/category/uncategorized/page/2",
"date": "2023-06-04T17:02:18",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224650201.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20230604161111-20230604191111-00452.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9331047534942627,
"token_count": 315,
"score": 3.59375,
"int_score": 4
} |
6 edition of Adolescence in a changing society found in the catalog.
Bibliography: p. 121-122.
|Statement||Hans J. Dreyer.|
|LC Classifications||HQ799.S52 N373|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||149 p. :|
|Number of Pages||149|
|LC Control Number||81455794|
Adolescence is a recent developmental stage. Some societal changes and influences have lengthened this time period. Adolescence emerged as a result of the industrial revolution and the resulting need to limit the number of people in the work force. The Society for Research on Adolescence, in collaboration with the International Society for the Study of Behavioral Development, has sponsored a Study Group on Adolescence in the Twenty-First Century. With primary support from the William T. Grant Foundation, the Study Group commissioned the series of chapters included in this volume.
The Changing Time of Adolescence. Adolescent is a Latin word meaning to grow up or nearing who actually has an adolescent in their house will be tickled to know that the word is very closely related to alere, another Latin word meaning to s the word teenager simply denotes that one is between thirteen and nineteen years old.. In the States, we tend to forget that a. Adolescence (from Latin adolescere, meaning 'to grow up') is a transitional stage of physical and psychological development that generally occurs during the period from puberty to legal adulthood (age of majority). Adolescence is usually associated with the teenage years, but its physical, psychological or cultural expressions may begin earlier and end later.
a. Adolescents from single-parent families tend to remain at home longer than their counterparts from two-parent families. b. Adolescents are living with their parents longer than adolescents 40 to 50 years ago. c. Adolescents in the United States are unique in their patterns of home-leaving. d. Get this from a library! Adolescent sexuality in a changing American society: social and psychological perspectives for the human services professions. [Catherine S Chilman].
An account of the New-York Hospital.
Gold, inflation, the Middle East, and the lost Zionist cause
Administration report of the Department of Fisheries, Madras.
Faulkner and formalism
The Scottish stories and essays
Dermatologists in the United States.
rich full death
The Papacy and the Levant (1204-1571).
In James Coleman published a book on the adolescent society, whereby he stated that adolescents were cut off from adult society and in a sense had their own society. In his book, Coleman focused his attention to the fact that adolescents were disinterested in school and more interested in cars, dating, music, sports, and other areas not Reviews: 3.
Adolescence in Adolescence in a changing society book changing society [Dreyer, H. J] on *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Adolescence in a changing society. Additional Physical Format: Online version: Dreyer, H.J. (Hans Jurgens). Adolescence in a changing society. Pretoria: Academica, © (OCoLC) Changing Youth in a Changing Society begins with a complete survey of the problems of youth, showing which disorderspeak during the teenage years.
With thisbackground of fact firmly established, Rutter turns to the difficult historical questionsabout whether adolescent disorders aretruly becoming more frequent. Here Ruttershows that the news is not uniformly psychosocial problems.
Adolescent sexuality in a changing American society: Social and psychological perspectives for the human services professions (Wiley series on personality processes) [Chilman, Catherine S] on *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Adolescent sexuality in a changing American society: Social and psychological perspectives for the human services professions (Wiley series on 4/5(1).
By publishing relatively short, readable books on topics of current interest to do with youth and society, the series makes people more aware of the relevance of the subject of adolescence to a wide range of social concerns. The books do not put forward any one theoretical viewpoint.
The changes in adolescence have health consequence not only in adolescence but also over the life-course. The unique nature and importance of adolescence mandates explicit and specific attention in health policy and programmes. Recognizing adolescence.
Adolescence is a period of life with specific health and developmental needs and rights. And how do trends in adolescent well-being since the s relate to changes in education, leisure, communities and family life in that time. This unique volume brings together the main findings from the Nuffield Foundation's Changing Adolescence Programme and explores how social change may affect young people's behaviour, mental health and.
Adolescence and Its Challenges 11 ADOLESCENCE AND ITS CHALLENGES Human life completes its journey through various stages and one of the most vital stages is adolescence.
Adolescence is the period of transition from childhood to adulthood and plays a decisive role in the formation of prosocial/antisocial adult. First, there is the onset of early adolescent change (around ages ) when the young person starts detaching and differentiating from childhood and parents in.
The study panel that produced the National Research Council (NRC) report Losing Generations concluded that communities and institutions that surround adolescents, which include families, neighborhoods, schools, health systems, and employment and training centers, are increasingly challenged by changing social and economic conditions within the larger society (National Research.
Adolescence, the period between childhood and adulthood, is rightly viewed as a period of enormous change. Recent research, however, has established that hormones are not the only culprit.
There are also many other elements of the body’s biochemistry and physiology that combine to make adolescence something of a ‘perfect storm’. Adolescents are also developing socially and emotionally during this time.
The most important task of adolescence is the search for identity. (This is often a lifelong voyage, launched in adolescence.) Along with the search for identity comes the struggle for independence. "Full of important new information about today's young people, and their parents, 'Changing adolescence' documents how the lives of adolescents have undergone enormous changes in recent history which are accelerating.
This book provides a badly needed clear and exciting social science agenda to uncover the consequences of these remarkable changes".Author: Ann Hagell.
The first, in how adolescence as a stage of life has been transformed, demands that we radically reform how adolescents are raised, schooled, and viewed by society. Over the last two decades, the research base in the field of adolescent development has undergone a growth spurt.
Knowledge has expanded significantly. New studies have allowed more complex views of the multiple dimensions of adolescence, fresh insights into the process and timing of puberty, and new perspectives on the behaviors associated with the second decade of life.
Adolescence is a period of life during which peers play a pivotal role in decision-making. The narrative of social influence during adolescence often revolves around risky and maladaptive decisions, like driving under the influence, and using illegal substances (Steinberg, ).
However, research has also shown that social influence can lead to increased prosocial behaviors (Van Hoorn. He describes emerging adulthood as the time from the end of adolescence to the young-adult responsibilities of a stable job, marriage and parenthood and has made it the subject of a new APA book, "Emerging Adults in America: Coming of Age in the 21st Century," co.
The Challenges of Adolescence 1. The Challenges of Adolescence. What is the main task for adolescents. Finding their identity 4. So they try different roles in life 5. Who should I be now. Confused 7. Which leads to even more confusion 8. They face three main problems. Conflicts with parents Physical Changes.
Adolescents experience significant physical growth during their teenage years, typically from the ages of 13 to According to the website, Blackwell Publishing, girls gain on average about 20 pounds a year while boys gain an average of 24 pounds per year body is. Society of Research on Adolescence.
Parmenter Street, Suite | Middleton, WI USA | Although adolescents make up only 14% of the U.S. population, they are a visible group, perhaps because they highlight some of the ways in which our society is changing.
By the year45% of adolescents in the United States will belong to an ethnic minority, and many will be multiracial, with one or both of their parents having parents of.Human behaviour - Human behaviour - Development in adolescence: Adolescence may be defined as that period within the life span when most of a person’s characteristics are changing from what is typically considered childlike to what is typically considered adultlike.
Changes in the body are the most readily observed, but other, less definitive attributes such as thoughts, behaviour, and. | <urn:uuid:71accb40-6db9-497d-acd1-7842f15fb662> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-50",
"url": "https://kicovepydazusi.axendadeportiva.com/adolescence-in-a-changing-society-book-29791at.php",
"date": "2020-11-25T13:27:10",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141182794.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20201125125427-20201125155427-00500.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9274067878723145,
"token_count": 1863,
"score": 3.34375,
"int_score": 3
} |
The term “open source”, which literally means in French “open source” refers to a conception of the digital world where people can create, modify and share software without any constraints and with the general public. The term “free software” is also frequently used to refer to open source, but in reality, these two concepts do not describe exactly the same thing.
Open source was born at the end of the 80s, in the context of the development of free software to designate a specific and different approach to the creation of computer programs. In 2020, the term “open source” refers to a broader set of values that embrace and celebrate the principles of exchange, openness, collaborative participation, and data-driven development.
What Is Open Source Software?
Open source software is software with source code that anyone can inspect, modify, and improve.
“Source code” is actually the part of software that most computer users never see during a project: it is the code that computer programmers manipulate to change the way software works. or an application. Programmers who have access to the source code of computer software can improve it by adding features to it according to their own project or modify certain aspects that do not always work correctly.
What Is the Difference Between Open Source and Other Types of Software?
In general, classic software designed by commercial companies like IBM, Microsoft, Adobe or others all have a source code of which only the team of computer engineers who created it retains the exclusive control and has the legal authorizations for Cape Verde Email List. to modify. This type of software is called “proprietary” or “closed source” software.
Only original authors of proprietary software can legally copy, inspect, and modify their product. And if you want to use proprietary software, you must accept a user license that is displayed when you first open it and that states that you agree not to do anything other than what is expressly authorized by the authors of the software.
Open source free software, on the other hand, is different. Their authors make its source code available to those who wish to observe, copy, modify or share it. LibreOffice or VLC Media Player are for example extremely well known examples of open source software.
As with proprietary software, users must agree to the terms of a license when using open source software for a project. However, the legal terms are very different.
Open Source Software, for Whom?
Absolutely anyone can benefit from free software, not just computer programmers.
First of all, note that the pioneers and early builders of the internet built much of it on open source technologies – like the Linux operating system, for example, and anyone who uses the internet today benefits from open source software technology.
So every time you browse web pages, email, or play network video games, your computer connects to a global network of computers using open source software to route and transmit data. The computers that do all of this work are called “remote computers” because they are usually located in remote locations that cannot necessarily be physically accessed.
We increasingly rely on remote computers to perform tasks that are normally possible on our own devices. For example, many people are currently using online word processing, image editing, or email management software that does not require installation on their home computers. Instead, these programs can be accessed easily on remote computers using a web browser or mobile phone application. This is called “remote computing”, or remote computing, in English. | <urn:uuid:ead617cd-d87b-41e5-a611-722fa7a6b3f0> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-33",
"url": "https://www.asbdirectory.com/what-is-the-point-of-using-open-source-software/",
"date": "2022-08-19T23:55:07",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573849.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819222115-20220820012115-00133.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9366937875747681,
"token_count": 720,
"score": 3.296875,
"int_score": 3
} |
The Flat Earth model is a belief that the Earth’s shape is a plane or disk. Many ancient cultures have had conceptions of a flat Earth, including Greece. It was also typically held in the aboriginal cultures of the Americas. They believed in a flat Earth domed by the firmament in the shape of an inverted bowl. A lot of people today, believe that the Earth is round but they’ve never seen it from a distance. Not even being on an airplane could reveal the true shape to someone who doesn’t know. Being on top of the highest mountain wouldn’t help either. Is NASA and it’s friends lying to us about the world? Keep an open mind. There’s no good reason to doubt it. (Production/Narration by Mark Sargent)
Source To make channel popular LeisureX. | <urn:uuid:8abc06b1-867e-46e5-967a-47033ff7ac3a> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26",
"url": "https://staticearth.wordpress.com/cinema/flat-earth/",
"date": "2017-06-24T20:33:13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320338.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624203022-20170624223022-00704.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9600476026535034,
"token_count": 177,
"score": 3.546875,
"int_score": 4
} |
In this how-to video, you will learn how to free up space in your hard drive. This example uses Windows Vista. Go to your recycle bin, right click, and select properties. Change the maximum size of the recycle bin to 200 or 300 megabytes. Next, go to the Start Menu, All Programs, and Accessories. Select System Tools and go to both Disk Cleanup and Defragmenter. Setup a schedule for defragmenting, and then click defragment. For Disk Cleanup, select My Files Only, select a drive, and click okay. By viewing this video, you will learn how to properly and safely free up space in your hard drive if you are pressed for space. | <urn:uuid:93e746a8-16a8-482a-9865-36052d5f07fa> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47",
"url": "https://operating-systems.wonderhowto.com/how-to/delete-temp-files-free-up-hard-drive-space-vista-350563/",
"date": "2017-11-25T09:37:43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934809746.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20171125090503-20171125110503-00674.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.81159508228302,
"token_count": 145,
"score": 3.25,
"int_score": 3
} |
Millions of rural Pennsylvanians have to depend on private wells for drinking water. To provide good capacity of wells every year 20,000 new wells are drilled in the hope of providing safe drinking water to the residents. However, these wells normally do not meet the drinking water standard capacity leaving many people in the risk of water contamination from these private wells.
When the ground for water contamination was considered, it was found that soil moisture was the most common reason for the contamination. Due to soil moisture bacteria develop in the well making the water contaminated. Individuals who dig up well on their own for water consumption had never had their water tested appropriately. Because of this they are ignorant of the water quality harms and are less expected to be familiar with health related contaminant in their well. Only if the water could be tested before the consumption they could take steps to avoid the problems emancipating from contaminated water.
It has also been found that when the well owners were advised to taste their water and found it contaminated they productively were able to evade the problem. Compulsory testing of private water wells were developed no sooner than the completion of the construction of the wells and proper awareness programmes has been initiated to augment the frequency of water testing. Awareness regarding standard and proper well construction should be initiated so that wells should be constructed keeping in mind the drinking water standard capacity. | <urn:uuid:4ce19988-dbf5-49eb-a6d3-81f9d3a7c810> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-43",
"url": "https://webgovernments.wordpress.com/2011/11/18/water-contamination-a-possible-health-threat-for-rural-pennsylvanians/",
"date": "2017-10-20T17:55:15",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824293.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020173404-20171020193404-00139.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9816486239433289,
"token_count": 274,
"score": 3.03125,
"int_score": 3
} |
PETERSBURG, Ky. — Tamaki Sato was confused by the dinosaur exhibit. The placards described the various dinosaurs as originating from different geological periods — the stegosaurus from the Upper Jurassic, the heterodontosaurus from the Lower Jurassic, the velociraptor from the Upper Cretaceous — yet in each case, the date of demise was the same: around 2348 B.C.
For paleontologists like Dr. Sato, layers of bedrock represent an accumulation over hundreds of millions of years, and the Lower Jurassic is much older than the Upper Cretaceous.
But here in the Creation Museum in northern Kentucky, Earth and the universe are just over 6,000 years old, created in six days by God. The museum preaches, “Same facts, different conclusions” and is unequivocal in viewing palaeontological and geological data in light of a literal reading of the Bible.
In the creationist interpretation, the layers were laid down in one event — the worldwide flood when God wiped the land clean except for the creatures on Noah’s ark — and these dinosaurs died in 2348 B.C., the year of the flood.
“That’s one thing I learned,” Dr. Sato said.
The worlds of academic palaeontology and creationism rarely collide, but the former paid a visit to the latter last Wednesday. The University of Cincinnati was hosting the North American Palaeontological Convention, where scientists presented their latest research at the frontiers of the ancient past. In a break from the lectures, about 70 of the attendees boarded school buses for a field trip to the Creation Museum, on the other side of the Ohio River.
“I’m very curious and fascinated,” Stefan Bengtson, a professor of paleozoology at the Swedish Museum of Natural History, said before the visit, “because we have little of that kind of thing in Sweden.”
Arnold I. Miller, a professor of geology at the University of Cincinnati and head of the meeting’s organizing committee, suggested the trip. “Too often, academics tend to ignore what’s going on around them,” Dr. Miller said. “I feel at least it would be valuable for my colleagues to become aware not only of how creationists are portraying their own message, but how they’re portraying the palaeontological message and the evolutionary message.”
Since the museum opened two years ago, 750,000 people have passed through its doors, but this was the first large group of palaeontologists to drop by. The museum welcomed the atypical guests with the typical hospitality. “Praise God, we’re excited to have you here,” said Bonnie Mills, a guest service employee.
The scientists received the group admission rate, which included lunch.
Terry Mortenson, a lecturer and researcher for Answers in Genesis, the ministry that built and runs the Creation Museum, said he did not expect the visit to change many minds. “I’m sure for the most part they’ll be of a different view from what’s presented here,” Dr. Mortenson said. “We’ll just give the freedom to see what they want to see.”
Near the entrance to the exhibits is an animatronic display that includes a girl feeding a carrot to a squirrel as two dinosaurs stand nearby, a stark departure from natural history museums that say the first humans lived 65 million years after the last dinosaurs.
“I’m speechless,” said Derek E.G. Briggs, director of the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale, who walked around with crossed arms and a grimace. “It’s rather scary.”
Dr. Mortenson and others at the museum say they look at the same rocks and fossils as the visiting scientists, but because of different starting assumptions they arrive at different answers. For example, they say the biblical flood set off huge turmoil inside the Earth that broke apart the continents and pushed them to their current locations, not that the continents have moved over a few billion years.
“Everyone has presuppositions what they will consider, what questions they will ask,” said Dr. Mortenson, who holds a doctorate in the history of geology from Coventry University in England. “The very first two rooms of our museum talk about this issue of starting points and assumptions. We will very strongly contest an evolutionist position that they are letting facts speak for themselves.”
The museum’s presentation appeals to visitors like Steven Leinberger and his wife, Deborah, who came with a group from the Church of the Lutheran Confession in Eau Claire, Wis. “This is what should be taught even in science,” Mr. Leinberger said.
The museum founders placed it in the Cincinnati area because it is within a day’s drive of two-thirds of the United States population. The area has also long attracted palaeontologists with some of the most fossil-laden rocks in North America, where it is easy along some roadsides to pick up fossils dated to be hundreds of millions of years old. The rocks are so well known that they are called the Cincinnatian Series, representing the stretch of time from 451 million to 443 million years ago.
Many of the palaeontologists thought the museum misrepresented and ridiculed them and their work and unfairly blamed them for the ills of society.
“I think they should rename the museum — not the Creation Museum, but the Confusion Museum,” said Lisa E. Park, a professor of palaeontology at the University of Akron.
“Unfortunately, they do it knowingly,” Dr. Park said. “I was dismayed. As a Christian, I was dismayed.”
Dr. Bengtson noted that to explain how the few species aboard the ark could have diversified to the multitude of animals alive today in only a few thousand years, the museum said simply, “God provided organisms with special tools to change rapidly.”
“Thus in one sentence they admit that evolution is real,” Dr. Bengtson said, “and that they have to invoke magic to explain how it works.”
But even some who disagree with the information and message concede that the museum has an obvious appeal. “I hate that it exists,” said Jason D. Rosenhouse, a mathematician at James Madison University in Virginia and a blogger on evolution issues, “but given that it exists, you can have a good time here. They put on a very good show if you can handle the suspension of disbelief.”
By the end of the visit, among the dinosaurs, Dr. Briggs seemed amused. “I like the fact the dinosaurs were in the ark,” he said. (About 50 kinds of dinosaurs were aboard Noah’s ark, the museum explains, but later went extinct for unknown reasons.)
The museum, he realized, probably changes few beliefs. “But you worry about the youngsters,” he said.
Dr. Sato likened the museum to an amusement park. “I enjoyed it as much as I enjoyed Disneyland,” she said.
Did she enjoy Disneyland?
“Not very much,” she said. | <urn:uuid:7a0becb7-5fda-4f38-a274-882ecf000124> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30",
"url": "https://sandystrachan.wordpress.com/tag/genesis/",
"date": "2017-07-25T10:32:32",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549425144.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170725102459-20170725122459-00582.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9617155194282532,
"token_count": 1556,
"score": 3.15625,
"int_score": 3
} |
Today’s Wonder of the Day was inspired by Anish from Marlboro, NJ. Anish Wonders, “Exoplanets” Thanks for WONDERing with us, Anish!
Are you a dreamer? In the dark of night, do you like to sit under the stars and just gaze up at them, WONDERing what those other worlds are like? Do you ever imagine that there might be other planets with life out there somewhere in the universe?
When astronomers discovered the other planets in our solar system, it was only natural to be curious about whether or not any of those other planets hosted any form of life. Over time, as scientists learned more about the other planets that orbit the Sun, it became clear that Earth was an exceptionally-special place and indeed featured the only environment hospitable enough for life.
For some, learning that we're alone within our solar system might have ended the inquiry. Astronomers, however, tend to be a curious bunch that's not satisfied with staying within the confines of just our solar system. Instead, they know that there are billions of other stars like our Sun spread across the universe.
With so many other stars out there, they began searching the neighborhoods around those stars for planets like Earth. Could there be an Earth-like planet orbiting some other star with all the perfect conditions to support life? Maybe!
Astronomers call these planets that orbit other stars "exoplanets," which is short for extrasolar planets. To date, scientists have found exoplanets in a wide variety of sizes. Some are much larger than Jupiter, while others are much smaller than Earth.
Scientists have learned that other solar systems share similarities with our own solar system. For example, they've learned that exoplanets can orbit their stars at different distances. Some exoplanets are so close to their stars that they have surface temperatures that could melt iron.
Other exoplanets might orbit at just the right distance that they fall in their star's habitable zone, which is the zone in which an exoplanet would enjoy temperatures that would permit liquid water to exist at its surface. The existence of liquid water at the surface is one of the key factors scientists believe would permit life to form.
Unfortunately, exoplanets are not easy to see from Earth. Exoplanets tend to be relatively small and dim compared to the bright glare from the stars they orbit, which makes them hard to spot. Clever scientists have developed an indirect method of discovering exoplanets that they call the "transit method."
Knowing that exoplanets orbit their stars just like Earth orbits the Sun, scientists reasoned that exoplanets would pass between their stars and Earth on a regular basis. By measuring the brightness of stars over long periods of time, scientists can identify periodic decreases in the brightness of stars that correspond to exoplanets orbiting them.
Although astronomers have long believed that exoplanets existed, the first exoplanets weren't confirmed until the 1990s. Since that time, over 2,000 exoplanets have been identified. Over 1,000 exoplanets have been identified by one device alone: NASA's Kepler space telescope.
The Kepler space telescope reached orbit in 2009 and searched for exoplanets using the transit method for four years. Even though its original mission has ended, the Kepler space telescope collected a tremendous amount of data, and scientists are still making new discoveries from that data even today. | <urn:uuid:49754d87-e0c3-433c-b3e9-c90e0cee3d1a> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40",
"url": "https://wonderopolis.org/index.php/wonder/what-is-an-exoplanet",
"date": "2022-10-05T12:39:26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337625.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20221005105356-20221005135356-00265.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9578944444656372,
"token_count": 704,
"score": 3.5625,
"int_score": 4
} |
First-year law students often begin the study of law with a highly structured curriculum. Coursework typically covers civil procedure, jurisdiction, standing to sue, motions, pretrial procedure, the structure of a lawsuit, and appellate review of trial results. Students will also learn about constitutional law, including a thorough study of the Bill of Rights, enforceable promises, and the rules governing non-performance. Using outlines in class and studying case law can prepare students for written and oral exams.
First-year law students prepare for exams by creating outlines
Outlines help students think like lawyers and remember rules and principles more effectively. They also help students rewrite and memorize material. Outlines are the primary tool law students use to prepare for exams. When the week before an exam approaches, law students should set aside their class notes and casebook and focus on creating an outline. Outlines give students focus and allow them to maximize their notes. Outlines are also especially helpful if the exam is open book.
Students should start creating their outline early and keep updating it regularly. Outlines should be at least 40 pages long. Outlines should include important material on a particular topic. Outlines should also contain specific details and links to cases. It’s also helpful to include illustrations and graphics if applicable. Students should make legal connections between subtopics and case examples, as this is often tested in course exams.
Outlines help students analyze case law
An outline is a document that a law student uses to better understand the laws of the land. A law student can make an outline in any language, but it is usually best to write it in a standard, handwritten font, so that it is easier to read and save. Before beginning, a student must know what they are writing about, because it will be important to identify which sections of the textbook are critical to the course’s learning outcomes.
In a legal exam, students should begin an outline with the statement of law articulated by the case. Students should use shorthand or well-known case names. For example, a student studying Brown v. Board of Education might start their outline with the name of the case, the date of the case, and the facts. Once they have written down these facts, they can start analyzing each part of the law.
First-year law students prepare for oral exams by participating in simulation classes
Simulation classes help students learn the art of lawyering through practice-based exercises that allow them to apply theories and concepts to simulated courtroom situations. Students are given feedback on their performance and can adjust their performance accordingly. It’s all about learning by doing. During the first semester, students participate in several simulation classes and receive substantial feedback on each case. Taking simulation classes can help law students prepare for the oral exam.
In simulation classes, students work on team projects and practice writing documents. The projects may include negotiations of acquisitions, drafting private letter ruling requests, preparing internal memos, researching and writing tax opinion letters, and identifying the advantages of different entity choices for future transactions. Teams are required to meet with the instructor before presenting their cases, and they must also make two individual presentations throughout the semester. The class meets one evening each week and is limited to 12 students.
First-year law students prepare for written exams by analyzing case law
Legal analysis is one of the fundamentals of the law school curriculum. It teaches students how to analyze case law, identify legal rules, and write a clear and concise answer. First-year law students often struggle with academics and an opaque educational process. While reading assignments in law school are usually composed of appellate court opinions, professors typically use the Socratic Method to get students to answer their own questions.
Several ways to practice for written exams are available online. Some law schools even have sample exams that students can take to ensure they have mastered the material. Creating outlines and analyzing case law will help students prepare for written exams. Students should also consider taking a writing elective in law school, which is more valuable than one might think. In addition to studying case law, students will also be required to read casebooks instead of textbooks. Some law schools also require students to complete several graded essays throughout the semester. | <urn:uuid:9cc3ed07-e1bc-4f61-8ad8-bde56ca6d410> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49",
"url": "https://www.hfhtc.org/how-first-year-law-students-can-use-an-outline-to-prepare-for-exams/",
"date": "2022-11-29T07:39:23",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710690.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129064123-20221129094123-00810.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9587116837501526,
"token_count": 854,
"score": 3.6875,
"int_score": 4
} |
American Indians at the margins : racist stereotypes and their impacts on native peoples /
"Since the earliest days of American colonization, racist imagery has been used to create harmful and enduring stereotypes of the indigenous people. In this book, the conflict between invading European white settlers and the indigenous groups who occupied the land that became the United States...
Jefferson, North Carolina :
McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers,
Search Result 1 | <urn:uuid:5a07c5c5-5a8e-479e-ade4-ac67ce5022e2> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23",
"url": "https://catalog.library.tamu.edu/Record/in00004588093/Versions",
"date": "2023-05-28T23:42:01",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644571.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20230528214404-20230529004404-00554.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8940271735191345,
"token_count": 88,
"score": 3.1875,
"int_score": 3
} |
Orthokeratology (also known as OrthoK, OK, corneal reshaping, corneal refractive therapy, and vision shaping treatment) is an alternative method to correct refractive errors using custom-designed rigid lenses to temporarily modify the curvature of cornea.1,2 Modern OrthoK technology uses breathable rigid lens material and reverse geometry designs to allow faster and more effective corneal reshaping.3 Contrasting to the traditional OrthoK designs, which use a series of progressively flattening concentric curves surrounding a central base curve fitting in alignment with the central cornea, the modern reverse geometry designs for myopia correction are characterized by a central base curve, that is, fitted significantly flatter relative to the central corneal curvature and one or more surrounding steeper secondary or “reverse” curves that enable a smooth transitioning from the flat-fitting base curve to the alignment-fitting landing curve. The unique reverse geometry design significantly improves the overall centration of OrthoK lenses despite their flatter-fitting base curves, and more efficient distribution of the hydraulic pressure underneath the lenses, allowing fasters and more significant central corneal flattening.1–3 Currently, the most common clinical application of OrthoK is for the reduction of myopia through corneal flattening.
Myopia Epidemiology and Public Health Impact
Recent years have been marked by dramatic increases in the prevalence of myopia worldwide,4 reaching near epidemic proportions in many urban Asian communities. In East Asia, nearly 50% of urban populations are myopic, and the prevalence figure for university student populations is approximately 90%.5,6 In parallel with the rising prevalence figures, there has also been an increase in the average degree of myopia, with Chinese populations recording some of the largest increases. The rate of progression of myopia is fastest among young children with an approximate rate of 0.50 D per year across various ethnicity groups.6,7
Myopia is now a major public health problem, and high myopia is ranked second as the leading cause of visual impairment globally. Moreover, the onset of visual complications from myopia occurs much earlier than other causes of blindness and thus its impact on quality of life is also seen earlier.8 The economic burden of myopia is also great, with expenditures on myopia-related optical corrections estimated more than $2 billion annually in the United States alone.9 For those reasons alone, methods for preventing myopia and controlling its progression are urgently needed.
Myopia Control and OrthoK
Owing to the severity of ocular complications associated with high myopia, tremendous efforts have been put into the investigation of interventions that may retard the progression of myopia in children, thus decreasing the severity of myopia at maturity.10–13 It has been consistently demonstrated in various animal models including primates that optical interventions have a strong impact on refractive error development.12,14,15 OrthoK, among other novel contact lens designs being investigated, has been shown in multiple clinical studies as effective in slowing down myopic progression.7,16–18 Combining its unique advantage of providing clear unaided vision during daytime, overnight OrthoK has become one of the most popular choices among children for refractive correction. However with the rapid increase of the utilization of OrthoK worldwide, potential complications associated with this treatment, especially used as overnight modality, have become a significant concern.
The objective of this study was to systematically compile the current evidence from relevant peer-reviewed publications both in English and Chinese to evaluate the safety of OrthoK for the temporary treatment of myopia. Because the visual side effects were related to the design of the lens, the baseline myopia, and practitioners' clinical expertise in fitting evaluation, this review only focuses on ocular side effects of the treatment rather than visual complications, such as undercorrection of myopia, daytime vision regression, induced astigmatism, and induced higher order aberration.
Selecting Studies for This Review
Types of Studies
Data from all types of relevant clinical studies including case series, case reports, patient/practitioner surveys, retrospective and prospective cohort studies, and clinical trials were included in the review. Because the focus of the review was on the incidence of side effects related to OrthoK, there was no limitation on the primary objective of the studies, that is, whether the treatment was used for myopia correction or for myopia control. Similarly, publications on OrthoK lenses used as overnight or daytime wear modalities were both included in the review.
Search Methods for Identification of Studies
As a large proportion of previously published OrthoK-related complications were from East Asia, especially from China, the literature published both in English and Chinese were identified from the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CNKI, CQVIP, and WANFANG DATA using the following strategies.
- (1) orthokeratolog* OR orthok* OR corneal reshaping OR reverse geometry lens
- (2) myopia AND correct* OR control OR retardation OR therap* OR treatment*
- (3) keratitis OR safety OR side effects OR adverse effects OR complications OR risk
- (4) (1) AND (2) AND (3)
The publication type is restricted to clinical studies and the material of the OrthoK lens was limited to gas-permeable material only.
The titles and abstracts were assessed and full copies of all potentially or definitively relevant studies were obtained to determine whether the studies met the criteria for inclusion in this review. References of all included publications were also reviewed.
Owing to the retrospective nature of the studies reporting treatment-related side effects, most reviewed studies were subject to some level of biases such as selection bias, performance bias, attrition bias, and/or detection bias. As a result, none of the relevant publications were excluded from the review based on the risks of bias.
DESCRIPTION OF STUDIES
The original electronic searches identified 378 abstracts, of which 133 were in English language and 245 were in Chinese. For further assessment, 269 potentially relevant publications were retrieved, and 99 were subsequently excluded, leaving a total of 58 English and 112 Chinese literature in the final review.17,19–49,50–80,81–110,111–140,141–165,166–189
Microbial keratitis (MK) remains as the most serious and sight-threatening complication of OrthoK. Van Meter et al.66 provided a comprehensive review of the MK cases published in English since 1998, with most cases reported in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Mainland China and presented as sporadic pattern without significant association with the baseline level of myopia, gender, or the specific brand of the OrthoK lenses. The sporadic pattern of MK was similarly reported in earlier Chinese publications and the attributable factors of the cases included lack of training of practitioners and wearers, improper fitting procedures, poor compliance to lens care regimens, and lost to routine follow-ups.38,41,49,58,189 A more recent large-scale multicentered retrospective study reported the estimated incidence rate of MK as 7.7 cases per 10,000 patient years (95% CI, 0.9∼27.8), and risk of MK with overnight OrthoK was similar to other overnight modalities.74 Since the publication of the aforementioned two major reviews, there had been few sporadic cases of MK reported, mostly in a tertiary eye care hospital in Hong Kong.76
Corneal Staining, Lens Binding, and Tear Film Stability
Corneal staining was commonly reported in patients wearing OrthoK lenses.37,55,61,65,96,103,107,130,149,164,185,187 Commonly reported grading systems included Efron scale, Cornea and Contact Lens Research Unit scale, and Oxford scheme. Although mild corneal staining was also a common ocular finding in non–contact lens wearers, OrthoK has been reported to increase both the frequency and the severity of staining. Higher baseline myopia was reported to be positively associated with the level of staining103,107,130,149,164,185,187; however, age did not seem to be a significant factor in observed corneal staining after OrthoK treatment. Lens binding was another most commonly seen complication in overnight OrthoK and was significantly associated with central corneal staining.130,149,185,187 Chronic wear of OrthoK lenses was also significantly associated with reduced basal tear secretion187 and tear film stability, however with limited information reported dry eye symptoms.185,187,190
Epithelial Iron Deposit/White Lesion/Fibrillary Lines
Pigmented iron ring or arcs and adjacent white linear lesions had often been reported as a result of chronic wear of OrthoK lenses, and the incidences of the lesions were significantly associated with the duration of OrthoK treatment.24,31,34,40,45,54,59 The findings were reported to be in subepithelial layer and usually were clinically insignificant. Prominent fibrillary white lines were also reported in long-term OrthoK treatment and were thought to represent nerve fibers in the subbasilar plexus.59
None of the studies investigating the short-term or long-term impact of OrthoK lenses on corneal endothelium reported evidence of OrthoK lenses worn overnight or during daytime had significant impact on the density or the morphologic features of corneal endothelial cells.96,101,110,111,115,141,190
Significant central corneal thinning up to 20 microns associated with mid-peripheral thickening up to 25 microns has been commonly reported. The onset of significant central thinning was reported as quickly as 24 hour after initiation of lens wear and usually peaked at 1 week after overnight treatment.1–3,109,110 The central thinning was predominantly in epithelial layer; however, the mid-peripheral thickening involved both epithelial and stromal components.27,35,36,44,48,93,96,110,115,127,141,190
Intraocular Pressure/Corneal Hysteresis/Corneal Resistance Factor
Corneal compensated intraocular pressure (IOP) and Goldmann-correlated IOP decreased and reached trough level around 1 week of OrthoK treatment.124,173,184,191 Significant decreases in corneal hysteresis (CH) and corneal resistance factor (CRF) were also reported within the first week after the treatment; however, both IOP and CH gradually returned to baseline level at 1 month of lens wear.124,191
OrthoK, either worn overnight or during daytime, is considered a viable option for temporary myopia correction and myopia control. With the drastic increase in the prevalence of myopia worldwide and the overall earlier onset of myopia, the popularity of OrthoK also increases significantly accordingly. Potential complications significantly associated with OrthoK include MK, corneal staining, and lens binding. There are other clinically insignificant side effects such as epithelial pigment deposit and increasing visibility of fibrillary lines, and transient changes of corneal biomechanical properties.
Owing to potentially serious consequence, infectious keratitis remains the most concerning complication related to OrthoK. At least three factors have been shown to increase the risks of MK of overnight OrthoK. Extended/overnight lens wear remains the most significant risk factor for infection.19,20,67 It is likely that overnight modality allows more time “for bacteria to colonize the contact lens and adapt to the environment to become appropriately virulent.”70 Additionally, it is also suggested that overnight lens wear may reduce ocular surface's defense against infection as it could compromise tear mixing between the pre– and post–lens tear compartments during blinking.191 Furthermore, the reverse geometry design was hypothesized to further reduce the epithelial surface integrity likely because of its compressive hydraulic effect exerted on the cornea, hence increasing its susceptibility to infection.49
A large proportion of earlier reported complications, especially the more visually threatening cases such as MK, were originated from East Asia such as Mainland China and Taiwan. This was at least partially related to bigger population undergoing the OrthoK treatment, resulting in higher number of total incident cases. More importantly, in Mainland China, the overall incidence of MK decreased significantly after 2002, when China Food and Drug Administration posted regulations regarding the rigorous inspection and registration of OrthoK lenses, the training and certification of OrthoK practitioners, and the minimal requirements of instrumentation and fitting/follow-up procedures.192 With the combined efforts from government agencies, administration of hospitals/clinics, industry partners, practitioners, and individual patients/parents, the use of OrthoK in Mainland China both for myopia correction and myopia control has entered a fast growing stage with improved standardized protocols, close monitoring system for the long-term efficacy and safety of the treatment, and better awareness and compliance of lens wearers.79,128
Although it has been reported that the incidence of MK tends to be slightly higher in children than in adults,74 the data need to be interpreted with caution. First of all, the total number of incident cases was small, resulting in a bigger variance of the outcome estimate. Furthermore, most studies were subject to significant patient selection and participation bias because of the age difference of the patients. Although the exact magnitude of effect due to bias was difficult to evaluate because of the retrospective nature of most studies, the direction of the overall effect estimate will be biased toward younger aged patients, assuming better parental attention and a higher probability of seeking follow-up visits comparing to that of young adults.
In summary, considering the vision-threatening potential of MK and the direct association between the age and the expected OrthoK-wearing duration of the patients, practitioners should use great caution in fitting children with OrthoK lenses and it is important to provide extensive education to both patients and parents on rigorous compliance to lens caring regimen. It is also worth noting that Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acanthamoeba were the most commonly reported pathogens for OrthoK-associated infectious keratitis, both of which require early diagnosis and prompt treatment to minimizing the risks of permanent vision loss. As a result, both patients and parents should remain high vigilance of possible related signs and symptoms; and to seek routine and timely follow-ups to minimize the risk of irreversible vision loss due to the complication.
Corneal Staining/Lens Binding
It is noteworthy that corneal staining could present in several distinctive patterns: sporadic or diffuse punctate staining; patchy central staining, especially the whorl shaped staining; and peripheral indentation rings. In authors' own experience, peripheral punctate staining was more commonly associated with preexisting conditions such as misdirected lashes, lid margin disorders, lagophthalmos, and sensitivity to contact lens solution and care products. However, persistent central staining was more associated with suboptimal OrthoK fitting and lens adherence to the corneal surface. Recurrent lens binding and superficial corneal abrasion on lens removal is one of the most common reasons for urgent care visits in OrthoK treatments. Several factors have been proposed to promote lens binding in overnight OrthoK, such as coated lens, decreased thickness and increased viscosity of post–lens tear film with overnight wear, eyelid pressure on OrthoK lens toward cornea, and the negative hydraulic pressure in post–lens tear film associated with reverse geometry lens designs pulling the lens closer to the central corneal surface.37,61,107 Recurrent lens binding can often be resolved by improving the fitting and promoting tear exchange through lens adjustment. Although mild-to-moderate corneal staining does not always require cessation of daytime GP lens wear, it is strongly indicated to discontinue overnight OrthoK treatment temporarily if persistent central corneal staining worse than grade 2 (Efron scale) is observed, to avoid more serious complications such as deep corneal abrasion and/or corneal ulcer.
Epithelial Iron Deposit/White Lesion/Fibrillary Lines
Pigmented ring shaped corneal deposition is a common finding in chronic OrthoK treatment and there seemed to be no evidence suggesting an ethnicity predisposition to this finding. Although the exact etiology of the sign is unclear, it has been hypothesized that the pigmented ring might be related to the stress forces applied to epithelium and/or tear stagnation underneath the reverse geometry zone.24,31,45,54,73 All reported cases of pigmented corneal rings and adjacent white lesions were not near visual axis and were not visually significant and there was no treatment necessary. However considering the chronic nature of OrthoK treatment, careful photograph documentation and routine evaluation of both the density and the extent of the findings are recommended.
OrthoK, owing to its predominantly overnight wearing modality and the long-term nature of the treatment, and also its common utilization among pediatric patients, has raised concerns of its possible short-term and long-term impact on corneal endothelium. As a result, baseline and annual evaluation of endothelial integrity by specular microscopy has been commonly incorporated as part of the standard routine in OrthoK treatment in Mainland China. Evidence from large sample, longitudinal studies showed no significant short-term or long-term changes of endothelial cell density, corneal polymegethism, or polymorphism, reassuring the long-term safety of overnight OrthoK on endothelium.
Significant central corneal thinning accompanied by mid-peripheral thickening has been consistently reported with fairly quick onset and usually stabilized after several weeks of OrthoK lens wear. There had been elevated concerns of secondary corneal ectasia because of OrthoK induced central corneal thinning; however, due to the small magnitude (<20 microns) of central corneal thinning and its predominant epithelial origin, the risk of OrthoK induced ectasia is minimal.2,3,96,101 Mid-peripheral corneal thickening and steepening has been postulated as the main “myopia-controlling” stimulus, as it imposes significant myopic shift on peripheral retinal defocus, which has been considered as a potent myopia-inhibiting signal.7–15 The overall magnitude of mid-peripheral corneal thickening and steepening has been reported to correlate with the level of baseline (pretreated) myopia hence corresponding central thinning and flattening induced by the treatment; however, more recent reverse geometry designs have been attempted on inducing more significant mid-peripheral steepening, that is, independent of central thinning and flattening (Personal communication with proprietary lens designers, Patrick Caroline, 2014).
CH and CRF are corneal biomechanical properties measured by Reichert Ocular Response Analyzer (http://www.ocularresponseanalyzer.com). CH reflects the capacity of corneal tissue to recover back to its original shape after a transient application of external force. Compared with central corneal thickness, CH provides a more complete characterization of the contribution of corneal resistance to IOP measurements. CRF, a derivative from CH, indicates the overall resistance of corneal tissue that is relatively independent of IOP.193 Significant decreases in IOP, CH, and CRF were reported within the first week after OrthoK treatment; however both IOP and CH gradually returned to baseline level at 1 month of lens wear and remained unchanged after 6 months.124,190 Despite the early temporary reduction of CH, there was no evidence suggesting chronic OrthoK treatment altered corneal microstructure and its biomechanical properties.
Strength and Limitations and of This Review
This was the first review on the safety of OrthoK that used a systematic and objective approach to identify as many relevant literature as possible in both English and Chinese, hopefully to provide a comprehensive and balanced presentation of the topic.
This review faces several limitations. First of all, despite the large number of studies identified and included in the review, the absolute incidences of OrthoK-associated side effects were difficult to evaluate because of significant potential sampling bias, publication bias, and lost to follow-ups. Additionally, the wide variety of study designs made it difficult to perform meta-analysis so only the results from individual relevant studies were reported. Finally, owing to the time constraints, no further effort was made to contact the investigators of each study to clarify unclear data presentations in the original publications or to acquire necessary raw data to improve the efficiency of the data usage in the analysis.
OrthoK in general is a safe option for myopia correction and retardation. However, the long-term success of the treatment depends on a combination of multiple factors including proper fitting of the lenses, rigorous compliance to lens use and care regimen, adherence to routine follow-ups, and timely and appropriate treatments to complications.
To better estimate the absolute prevalence and incidence of OrthoK-related complications, future clinical practice and research should aim at establishing complete and systematic patient database and minimizing the rate of lost to follow-ups in the cases of long-term treatment. It is only with an accurate denominator, that is, the correct estimate of the patient-time in whichever cohort the incident cases were generated can a true incidence rate be accurately calculated. Additionally, more focused research on the independent effect of each factor, such as patient's baseline refractive error, corneal physiological and biomechanical profile, lens design, lens material, and treatment modality, etc., will provide valuable insights into guiding clinical decision making in maximizing the efficacy and safety of OrthoK treatment at individual patient level. Finally, continuous laboratory research on the pathogenesis of OrthoK-related MK, identifying subjective and objective indicators that focus on prediction and prevention of complications, and better understanding of long-term effects of OrthoK treatment are warranted, especially considering the early onset and the chronic nature of the treatment in most patients.
1. Caroline PJ. Contemporary orthokeratology. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2001;24:41–46.
2. Dave T, Ruston D. Current trends in modern orthokeratology. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1998;18:224–233.
3. Swarbrick HA. Orthokeratology (corneal refractive therapy): What is it and how does it work? Eye Contact Lens 2004;30:181–185; discussion 205-6.
4. Kempen JH, Mitchell P, Lee KE, et al.. The prevalence of refractive errors among adults in the United States, Western Europe, and Australia. Arch Ophthalmol 2004;122:495–505.
5. Morgan I, Rose K. How genetic is school myopia? Prog Retin Eye Res 2005;24:1–38.
6. Saw SM, Tong L, Chua WH, et al.. Incidence and progression of myopia in Singaporean school children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005;46:51–57.
7. Zhu MJ, Feng HY, He XG, et al.. The control effect of orthokeratology on axial length elongation in Chinese children with myopia. BMC Ophthalmol 2014;14:141.
8. Saw SM, Gazzard G, Shih-Yen EC, et al.. Myopia and associated pathological complications. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2005;25:381–391.
9. Vitale S, Cotch MF, Sperduto R, et al.. Costs of refractive correction of distance vision impairment in the United States, 1999-2002. Ophthalmology 2006;113:2163–2170.
10. Aller TA, Laure A, Wildsoet C. Results of a one-year prospective clinical trial (CONTROL) of the use of bifocal soft contact lenses to control myopia progression. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2006;26:8–9.
11. Chua WH. Controlling progression of Childhood myopia - trials and Tribulations. Am J Ophthalmol 2005;139.
12. Charman WN. Aberrations and myopia. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2005;25:285–301.
13. Stone RF, Flitcroft DI. Ocular shape and myopia. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2004;33:1.
14. Flitcroft DI. The complex interactions of retinal, optical and environmental factors in myopia aetiology. Prog Retin Eye Res 2012;31:622–660.
15. Smith EL. Prentice Award Lecture 2010: A case for peripheral optical treatment strategies for myopia. Optom Vis Sci 2011;88:1029–1044.
16. Swarbrick HA, Alharbi A, Watt K, et al.. Myopia control during orthokeratology lens wear in children using a novel study design. Ophthalmology 2015;122:620–630.
17. Sun Y, Xu F, Zhang T, et al.. Orthokeratology to control myopia progression: A meta-analysis. PLoS One 2015;10:e0124535.
18. Si JK, Tang K, Bi HS, et al.. Orthokeratology for myopia control: A meta-analysis. Optom Vis Sci 2015;92:252–257.
19. Schein OD, Glynn RJ, Poggio EC, et al.. The relative risk of ulcerative keratitis among users of daily-wear and extended-wear soft contact lenses. A case-control study. Microbial Keratitis Study Group. N Engl J Med 1989;321:773–778.
20. Cheng KH, Leung SL, Hoekman HW, et al.. Incidence of contact-lens-associated microbial keratitis and its related morbidity. Lancet 1999;354:181–185.
21. Chen KH, Kuang TM, Hsu WM. Serratia Marcescens corneal ulcer as a complication of orthokeratology. Am J Ophthalmol 2001;132:257–258.
22. Lu L, Zou L, Wang R. Orthokeratology induced infective corneal ulcer [in Chinese]. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi 2001;37:443–446.
23. Walline JJ, Mutti DO, Jones LA, et al.. The contact lens and myopia progression (CLAMP) study: Design and baseline data. Optom Vis Sci 2001;78:223–233.
24. Cho P, Chui WS, Mountford J, et al.. Corneal iron ring associated with orthokeratology lens wear. Optom Vis Sci 2002;79:565–568.
25. Hutchinson K, Apel A. Infectious keratitis in orthokeratology. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2002;30:49–51.
26. Rah MJ, Jackson JM, Jones LA, et al.. Overnight orthokeratology: Preliminary results of the Lenses and Overnight Orthokeratology (LOOK) study. Optom Vis Sci 2002;79:598–605.
27. Alharbi A, Swarbrick HA. The effects of overnight orthokeratology lens wear on corneal thickness. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003;44:2518–2523.
28. Barr JT, Rah MJ, Jackson JM, et al.. Orthokeratology and corneal refractive therapy: A review and recent findings. Eye Contact Lens 2003;29(1 Suppl):S49–S53; discussion S57-9, S192–4.
29. Cho P, Cheung SW, Edwards MH. Practice of orthokeratology by a group of contact lens practitioners in Hong Kong. Part 2: Orthokeratology lenses. Clin Exp Optom 2003;86:42–46.
30. Cho P, Cheung SW, Edwards MH, et al.. An assessment of consecutively presenting orthokeratology patients in a Hong Kong based private practice. Clin Exp Optom 2003;86:331–338.
31. Cho P, Chui WS, Cheung SW. Reversibility of corneal pigmented arc associated with orthokeratology. Optom Vis Sci 2003;80:791–795.
32. Chui W, Cho P. Recurrent lens binding and central island formations in a fast-responding orthokeratology lens wearer. Optom Vis Sci 2003;80:490–494.
33. Lau LI, Wu CC, Lee SM, et al.. Pseudomonas corneal ulcer related to overnight orthokeratology. Cornea 2003;22:262–264.
34. Liang JB, Chou PI, Wu R, et al.. Corneal iron ring associated with orthokeratology. J Cataract Refract Surg 2003;29:624–626.
35. Sridharan R, Swarbrick H. Corneal response to short-term orthokeratology lens wear. Optom Vis Sci 2003;80:200–206.
36. Wang J, Fonn D, Simpson TL. Topographical thickness of the epithelium and total cornea after hydrogel and PMMA contact lens wear with eye closure. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003;44:1070–1074.
37. Wang JC, Lim L. Unusual morphology in orthokeratology contact lens-related cornea ulcer. Eye Contact Lens 2003;29:190–192.
38. Xuguang S, Lin C, Yan Z, et al.. Acanthamoeba keratitis as a complication of orthokeratology. Am J Ophthalmol 2003;136:1159–1161.
39. Young AL, Leung AT, Cheung EY, et al.. Orthokeratology lens-related Pseudomonas aeruginosa infectious keratitis. Cornea 2003;22:265–266.
40. Hiraoka T, Furuya A, Matsumoto Y, et al.. Corneal iron ring formation associated with overnight orthokeratology. Cornea 2004;23(8 Suppl):S78–S81.
41. Hsiao CH, Yeh LK, Chao AN, et al.. Pseudomonas aeruginosa corneal ulcer related to overnight orthokeratology. Chang Gung Med J 2004;27:182–187.
42. Lang J, Rah MJ. Adverse corneal events associated with corneal reshaping: A case series. Eye Contact Lens 2004;30:231–233; discussion 242-3.
43. Young AL, Leung AT, Cheng LL, et al.. Orthokeratology lens-related corneal ulcers in children: A case series. Ophthalmology 2004;111:590–595.
44. Alharbi A, La Hood D, Swarbrick HA. Overnight orthokeratology lens wear can inhibit the central stromal edema response. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005;46:2334–2340.
45. Cheung SW, Cho P, Cheung A. White lesion in the corneal pigmented ring associated with orthokeratology. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2005;25:264–268.
46. Cho P, White P, Cheung SW. Orthokeratology lens–related ulcers in children: Author reply. Ophthalmology 2005;112:167–168; author reply 168–9.
47. DeWoolfson BH. Orthokeratology lens–related ulcers in children. Ophthalmology 2005;112:167; author reply 167.
48. Gardner HP, Fink BA, Mitchell LG, et al.. The effects of high-Dk rigid contact lens center thickness, material permeability, and blinking on the oxygen uptake of the human cornea. Optom Vis Sci 2005;82:459–466.
49. Hsiao CH, Lin HC, Chen YF, et al.. Infectious keratitis related to overnight orthokeratology. Cornea 2005;24:783–788.
50. Kwok LS, Pierscionek BK, Bullimore M, et al.. Orthokeratology for myopic children: Wolf in sheep's clothing? Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2005;33:343–347.
51. Tseng CH, Fong CF, Chen WL, et al.. Overnight orthokeratology-associated microbial keratitis. Cornea 2005;24:778–782.
52. Watt K, Swarbrick HA. Microbial keratitis in overnight orthokeratology: Review of the first 50 cases. Eye Contact Lens 2005;31:201–208.
53. Wilhelmus KR. Acanthamoeba keratitis during orthokeratology. Cornea 2005;24:864–866.
54. Cheung SW, Cho P, Bron AJ, et al.. Case report: The occurrence of fibrillary lines in overnight orthokeratology. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2006;26:525–531.
55. Ng LH. Central corneal epitheliopathy in a long-term, overnight orthokeratology lens wearer: A case report. Optom Vis Sci 2006;83:709–714.
56. Priel A, Grinbaum A, Barequet IS. Severe Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis shortly after initiation of corneal refractive therapy. Eye Contact Lens 2006;32:1–2.
57. Ying-Cheng L, Chao-Kung L, Ko-Hua C, et al.. Daytime orthokeratology associated with infectious keratitis by multiple gram-negative bacilli: Burkholderia cepacia, Pseudomonas putida, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Eye Contact Lens 2006;32:19–20.
58. Hsiao CH, Yeung L, Ma DH, et al.. Pediatric microbial keratitis in Taiwanese children: A review of hospital cases. Arch Ophthalmol 2007;125:603–609.
59. Lum E, Swarbrick H. Fibrillary lines in overnight orthokeratology. Clin Exp Optom 2007;90:299–302.
60. Mika R, Morgan B, Cron M, et al.. Safety and efficacy of overnight orthokeratology in myopic children. Optometry 2007;78:225–231.
61. Stillitano I, Maidana E, Lui M, et al.. Bubble and corneal dimple formation after the first overnight wear of an orthokeratology lens: A case series. Eye Contact Lens 2007;33:253–258.
62. Watt KG, Boneham GC, Swarbrick HA. Microbial keratitis in orthokeratology: The Australian experience. Clin Exp Optom 2007;90:182–187; quiz 188-9.
63. Cho P, Cheung SW, Mountford J, et al.. Good clinical practice in orthokeratology. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2008;31:17–28.
64. Lipson MJ. Long-term clinical outcomes for overnight corneal reshaping in children and adults. Eye Contact Lens 2008;34:94–99.
65. Ng LH. Corneal foreign body injury during overnight orthokeratology lens wear: A case report. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2008;31:158–160.
66. Van Meter WS, Musch DC, Jacobs DS, et al.. Safety of overnight orthokeratology for myopia: A report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology 2008;115:2301–2313 e1.
67. Edwards K, Keay L, Naduvilath T, et al.. Characteristics of and risk factors for contact lens-related microbial keratitis in a tertiary referral hospital. Eye (Lond) 2009;23:153–160.
68. Hiraoka T, Kaji Y, Okamoto F, et al.. Corneal sensation after overnight orthokeratology. Cornea 2009;28:891–895.
69. Savitsky DZ, Fan VC, Yildiz EH, et al.. Fluorophotometry to evaluate the corneal epithelium in eyes undergoing contact lens corneal reshaping to correct myopia. J Refract Surg 2009;25:366–370.
70. Fleiszig SM, Evans DJ. Pathogenesis of contact lens-associated microbial keratitis. Optom Vis Sci 2010;87:225–232.
71. Walline JJ, Lindsley K, Vedula SS, et al.. Interventions to slow progression of myopia in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011:CD004916.
72. Cho P, Cheung SW. Retardation of myopia in Orthokeratology (ROMIO) study: A 2-year randomized clinical trial. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012;53:7077–7085.
73. Gonzalez-Meijome JM, González-Pérez J, Garcia-Porta N, et al.. Pigmented corneal ring associated with orthokeratology in Caucasians: Case reports. Clin Exp Optom 2012;95:548–552.
74. Bullimore MA, Sinnott LT, Jones-Jordan LA. The risk of microbial keratitis with overnight corneal reshaping lenses. Optom Vis Sci 2013;90:937–944.
75. Chen C, Cheung SW, Cho P. Myopia control using toric orthokeratology (TO-SEE study). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013;54:6510–6517.
76. Chan TC, Li EY, Wong VW, et al.. Orthokeratology-associated infectious keratitis in a tertiary care eye hospital in Hong Kong. Am J Ophthalmol 2014;158:1130–1135.e2.
77. Xu P. The clinical observation of orthokeratoloty treatment. Chin Pract Ophthalmol 2000;165:648–650.
78. Baiji, He XG, Wang WG, et al.. Clinical research of orthokeratology for myopia correction. New Dev Ophthalmol 2000;166:288–289.
79. Chu RY, Qu XM, Li M. Orthokeratology: The current status in China and countermeasue. New Dev Ophthalmol China 2001;138:1–2.
80. Yeruizhen, Lixuexi, Xujiafeng. 165 cases of orthokeratology induced complications in adolescent wearers. People's Military Medicine 2002:230–231.
81. Yang GF, Zhou LX. Clinical observation of myopia correction with orthokeratology. Clin Med 2002;167:40–41.
82. Wang JQ, Hao YS, Feng HY. Comparison of digitalized and conventional orthokeratology. Presented at: Ophthalmology in China Academy Conference of Zhejiang Province. 2005;Lishui, Zhejiang.
83. Zheng XW, Huang RZ, Chen PS. Long-term observation of the effectiveness of orthokeratology in myopia correction in school myopia. Huanan Prev Med 2005;174:53–54.
84. Gu M, Qi YJ, Li BH, et al.. Clinical observation of orthokeratology in myopia retardation. Pract Diagnosis Ther 2005:22–23.
85. Ji HY, Chi H, Yang LN, et al.. Retrospective analysis of the safety and compliance of orthokeratology lens wear. Presented at: The 3rd Conference of Global Chinese Opthalmology Society, 2006. Beijing, China.
86. Zhang J, Deng P. Safety of Orthokeraology. Presented at: the 3rd Conference of Global Chinese Opthalmology Society, 2006. Beijing, China.
87. Hu ZL. 490 cases of orthokeratology lens fitting using trial lens method. Chin Tech Refract Corr 2006;170:101–103.
88. Xie PY. Nonsurgical correction and control of juvenile myopia and astigmatism. Ophthalmol China 2006;171:294–298.
89. Xie PY. The evaluation of the efficacy and safety of orthokeratology in myopia correction. Presented at: The 9th National Congress of Ocular Surface and Corneal Disease. 2006; Hangzhou, China.
90. Zhu J, Chen L. Four year longitudinal observation of orthokeratology in myopia correction. Presented at: The 12th National Congress of Ophthalmology in China. 2007; Zhengzhou, China.
91. Li B, Guo YH. Orthokeratology in the correction of juvenile myopia. Med J West China 2007;134:653.
92. Nie YM, Zhou SJ, Chen HY, et al.. 21 cases of orthokeratology treatment in myopia. Presented at: The 12th National Congress of Ophthalmology in China. 2007. Zhengzhou, China.
93. Qi CX, Zhu CL, Dong LJ. The association between corneal curvature, central thickness and refractive errors in orthokeratology. New Med 2008;112:248–249.
94. Dai ZY, Zeng JW, Zhong XW, et al.. Clinical observation of orthokeratology in myopia retardation. J Optom 2008;114:288–290.
95. Wang XY, Jia YH. Clinical research of orthokeratology in myopia correction. Chin Pract Diagn Ther 2008;113:540–541.
96. Xie PY, Wang ZX, Chi H. The long-term observation of the efficacy and safety of orthokeratology in the treatment of adolescent myopia. Chin J Strabismus Amblyopia 2008;111:145–152.
97. Nie YM, Zhou SJ, Liu B, et al.. Orthokeratology in myopic amblyopia, case report. J Optom 2009;116:381–385.
98. Yuan YZ, Sun RX, Chai YX, et al.. Short-term observation of orthokeratology in myopia correction in adolescent population. Hebei Med 2009;115:1613–1614.
99. Guo HL, Hong LH. Clinical observation of orthokeratology in myopia correction in adolescent population. Chin J Mod Med 2009;117:60–61.
100. Huang J, Chen YC. The clinical observation of the efficacy and safety of orthokeratology in the treatment of myopia. Jiangsu Tech Inform 2009;118:43–44.
101. Yang YD, Zhao H, Yang LD, et al.. Confocal microscopy evaluation of corneal histology after orthokeratology. J Clin Ophthalmol China 2010;21:385–388.
102. Yang CH, Lu SJ, Gao L, et al.. The analysis of orthokeratology patient population. Chin J Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 2010;22:221–223.
103. Wang YJ, Chen DY, Cheng W, et al.. The clinical observaton of orthokeratology in myopia correction and the analysis of the complications. Int J Ophthalmol 2010;20:1582–1584.
104. Xia GX, Wei SH, Han EY, et al.. The clinical observation of orhtokeratology treatment in different age groups. Int J Ophthalmol 2011;51:1298–1299.
105. Xia Q, Guo YR. The comparison of two different methods of orthokeratology fitting in myopia retardation. J Pract Med Tech 2011;50:746–747.
106. Zeng Y, Shi X, Huai M. The analysis of clinical efficacy of orthokeratology. Xiangxi Med 2011;49:448–449.
107. Mei F, Chen ZJ. The investigation of corneal epithelial damage associated with orthokeratology. Shandong Ophthalmol Otolarygol 2011;52:90–92.
108. Wang ZB, Feng M, Tu PP. Clinical observation of the efficacy of orthokeratology in myopia control. Chin J Physicians 2011;59:6476–6477.
109. Shi HJ, Jiang HY, Zhou F, et al.. The change of central corneal curvature and refractive power after orthokeratology. Presented at: Conference of Ophthalmology of ZheJiang Provincem; 2011; Taizhou, China.
110. Jiang HY, Zhou F, Sun XN, et al.. The effects of orthokeratology on corneal endothelium and central corneal thickness in juvenile myopia. Presented at: 2011 Conference of Ophthalmology of ZheJiang Province; 2011; Taizhou, China.
111. Zhu CM. The long-term effect of orthokeratology on corneal endothelium. J Laser 2011;58:79.
112. Xie XY, Lu YB, He BH, et al.. The clinical observation of orthokeratology treatment in juvenile myopia. Int J Opththalmology 2011;55:1442–1443.
113. Tan WH. Clinical observation of 72 cases of orthokeratology in juvenile myopia. Mod Med 2011;46:88.
114. Zhao HM, Yu J, Sheng MJ, et al.. Short-term observation of 72 cases of orthokeratology in juvenile myopia. New Dev Ophthalmol 2011;45:239–240.
115. Jin YM, Zhang Y, Li H, et al.. The effects of orthokeratology on corneal endothelium and corneal thickeness. J Xiehe Med 2011;47:155–158.
116. Han LY, Huang L, Zhu L. Lens adjustment in orthokeratology treatment. Hainan Med 2011;54:87–88.
117. Xia GX, Wei SH, Zhang QS. Orthokeratology in myopia correction of various refractive severity. J Int Ophthalmol 2012;26:577–578.
118. Song XK, Qu LL, Ding XP. The analysis of the clinical effects of orthokeratology in myopia control. Chin Guide Ther 2012;33:550–551.
119. Xing YC, Hu MS, Wang W, et al.. Clinical observation of orthokeratology in the control of adolescent myopia. Presented at: The 11th Congress of Opthalmology of Xianxi; 2012; Yingtan, China.
120. Li RL, Mao PA, Xie Y, et al.. Clinical observation of orthokeratology in the correction of adolescent myopia. Chin J Pediatr Strabismus Amblyopia 2012;25:31–34.
121. Yang L, Meng LJ, Yan X. The effect of patient age on the efficacy of orthokeratology. Chin Mod Med 2012;28:22–23.
122. Yang L, Huang HM, Yan X. The effect of orthokeratology in the control of adolescent myopia. Chin Healthc Industry 2012;31:115.
123. Liang L, Wen YC, Ke LJ, et al.. The clinical observation of various methods in fitting orthokeratology. Anhui Med 2012;23:85–86.
124. Mao XJ, Zhou HX, Liu R, et al.. The change of corneal biomechanical properties after orthokeratology. Ophthalmol China 2012;41:381–383.
125. Pan F. The indication and related complications of orthokeratology. Presented at: The 11th Congress of Ophthalmology of JiangXi Province; 2012; YingTan, China.
126. Wang QL. The clinical observation of orthokeratology in correcting adolescent myopia. Xiangjiang Med 2012;36:80–82.
127. Qu Z, Yang X, Wang HR, et al.. The short-term effects of orthokeratology in central and peripheral corneal thickness. Ophthalmol China 2012;40:376–380.
128. Xie PY. Revisiting orthokeratology. Ophthalmol China 2012;37:361–365.
129. Guo X, Yang LN, Xie PY. The long-term effectiveness of orthokeratology in myopia correction. Ophthalmol China 2012;39:371–374.
130. Chen JZ, Chen L, Li YY, et al.. 423 Cases of orthokeratology treatment. J Int Ophthalmol 2012;24:130–132.
131. Chen ZJ, Zhang Y, Chen YX, et al.. The efficacy of orthokeratology in high myopia. Jiangsu Med 2012;38:3013–3015.
132. Chen YQ, Luo YF, Luo C. The clinical observation of orthokeratology and the management of complications. J Nurs 2012;27:38–39.
133. Huang XZ, Zhang ZS, Zhao ZQ. The efficacy and safety of orthokeratology in refractive correction. J Int Ophthalmol 2012;29:1501–1503.
134. Zhou XJ. 87 cases of orthokeratology treatment. Tele-education Chin Mod Med 2013;100:59–60.
135. Zhou M, Sun JN, Ma J, et al.. The effectiveness of orthokeratology in myopia correction and its compliance in adolescent population. Chongqing Med 2013;104:2540–2542.
136. Xia J, Zhang XM, Yang M, et al.. Possible causes of decentration in overnight orthokeratology. Chin Mod Ther 2013;102:8–11.
137. Sun YQ. The effectiveness and safety of orthokeratology wear in different age groups. J Pract Med 2013;107:1972–1974.
138. Xu H, Bai NY, Zhu FL, et al.. Short-term evaluation of orthokeratology in correcting juvenile myopia. Presented at: The 4th Southwestern Congress of Ophthalmology; 2013; GuiYang, China.
139. Zhu FL. The efficacy of orthokeratology in myopia control. Presented at: The 4th Southwestern Congress of Ophthalmology; 2013; GuiYang, China.
140. Li Y, Zhao MY, Yan L. Clinical observation of orthokeratology in myopia retardation. J Clin Med 2013;67:552–554.
141. Yang YY, Zheng L, Wang CL. The effects of orthokeratology in corneal curvature, thickness, and endothelium. Chin Mod Physician 2013;99:159–160.
142. Wang J, Che XH, Gu YX. The efficacy of overnight orthokeratology in the treatment of myopic anisometropia. J Int Ophthalmol 2013:139–141.
143. Wang XB. The effect of daytime wear of orthokeratology. Ophthalmol China 2013;61:422.
144. Wang YW, Ma R, Yuan JS, et al.. The short-term evaluation of digitalized orthokeratoloty in the correction of juvenile myopia. Mod Pract Med 2013;96:218–220.
145. Wang X. The effect of orthokeratology in corneal curvature. Presented at: The 4th Southwestern Congress of Ophthalmology; 2013; GuiYang, China.
146. Xie XY, He BH, Wei LJ. The analysis of factors influencing the efficacy of orthokeratology. J Int Ophthalmol 2013;93:199–200.
147. Zhao Q. The clinical analysis of orthokeratology in myopia control. Chin Guide Ther 2013;62:317–318.
148. Zheng XM. The effectiveness and safety of orthokeratology in myopia correction. J Communicty Med 2013;101:49–50.
149. Wei LJ, Xie XY, He BH, et al.. The clinical observation of the safety of orthokeratologyand its complications. J Clin Ophthalmol 2013;63:461–463.
150. Yu Q. Two year observation of the clinical efficacy and safety of orthokeratology. Presented at: 2014 Congress of Opthalmology of ZheJiang Province; 2014; Wenzhou, China.
151. He YC. The observation of the effect of overnight orthokeratology in tear function. Presented at: The 3rd International Congress of Orthokeratology; 2014; Shanghai, China.
152. He BH, Xie XY, Wei LJ, et al.. The role of sodium hyaluronate in orthokeratology treatment. Guangxi Med 2014;85:1144–1145.
153. Liu B, Ru HX, Wang H, et al.. The analysis of topographical parameters in guiding orthokeratology in juvenile myopia. Chin J Strabismus Pediatr Ophthalmol 2014;81:1–4.
154. Lu TB, Wang LY, Zhang J. The observation of the short-term efficacy of toric design orthokeratology in correcting moderate astigmatism. Presented at: The 3rd International Congress of Orthokeratology; 2014; Shanghai, China.
155. Wu Q, Lu MZ. The efficacy of specially designed orthokeratology. Presented at: The 3rd International Congress of Orthokeratology; 2014; Shanghai, China.
156. Sun L, Bao JL, Zhou BB, et al.. The efficacy of orthokeratology in the treatment of school myopia. Pract Clin Med 2014;75:69–70.
157. Meng N. The efficacy of long-term wear of orthokeratology. Chin Mod Appl Ther 2014;87:52–53.
158. Zhang LJ, Li Y, Zhao MY, et al.. The indications of orthokeratology in juvenile myopia and its maintenance. Chin J Strabismus Pediatr Ophthalmol 2014;78:36–37.
159. Zhang SX. Short-term observation of the efficacy of toric design orthokeratology in juvenile myopia combined with moderate to high astigmatism. Presented at: The 3rd International Congress of Orthokeratology; 2014; Shanghai, China.
160. Zhu FL, Bai NY, Xu H, et al.. The clinical research of orthokeratology in the control of juvenile myopia. Chin J Strabismus Pediatr Ophthalmol 2014;69:43–44.
161. Li H, Liu JL. Summary of the Effectiveness of 998 Cases of Orthokeratology treatment. Presented at: The 3rd International Congress of Orthokeratology; 2014; Shanghai, China.
162. Li J. The efficacy of orthokeratology in myopia control. Chin J Clin Physician 2014;71:353–355.
163. Li R. The effectivenss and safety of 18 cases of orthokeratology treatment. Chin Pract Med 2014;82:68–69.
164. Du XL. The change of objective visual quality after orthokeratology. Presented at: The 3rd International Congress of Orthokeratology; 2014; Shanghai, China.
165. Yang Y, Wu ZZ. The effect of orthokeratology in the unaided vision and refractive changes of juvenile high myoia. Pract Clin Med 2014;90:27–30.
166. Yang XY, Zhang Y, Zhan SX. The effect of IOP on the efficacy of orthokeratology. Presented at: The 3rd International Congress of Orthokeratology; 2014; Shanghai, China.
167. Yang LX. Follow-up studies on 62 cases of orthokeratology. J Shanxi Med 2014;70:782–783.
168. Liang SS, Liang M, Lu YL, et al.. The short-term efficacy of Meidaiwei orthokeratology. Presented at: The 3rd International Congress of Orthokeratology; 2014; Shanghai, China.
169. Mei Y. The analysis of the efficacy of toric design orthokeratology in the correction of moderate astigmatism. Presented at: 2014 Conference of Opthalmology of Zhejiang Province; 2014; Wenzhou, China.
170. Mao J, Wang L. The corneal morphylogical changes of low to moderate myopia after orthokeratology treatment. Chin J Strabismus Pediatr Ophthalmol 2014;83:7–8.
171. Wang XB, Qu N, Ma FR, et al.. Refraction after orthokeratology. Ophthalmol China 2014;80:214.
172. Wang QL, Dong N, Sun CG, et al.. The clinical observation of orthokeratology in myopia control. Xinjiang Med 2014;79:86–87.
173. Wang YM, Li ZZ, Xu F, et al.. The effect of orthokeratology on axial length, IOP, and corneal topography. Med West China 2014;86:1125–1127.
174. Fu AC, LV Y, Li XH, et al.. Factors influencing the efficacy of Myopia control with rthokeratology. Presented at: The 3rd International Congress of Orthokeratology; 2014; Shanghai, China.
175. Dong N, Wang QL, Sun CG. Sunchunge the clinical observation of orthokeratology in myopia control. Xijiang Med 2014;72:58–59.
176. Xuan X, Song D. The clinical observation of orthokeratology in myopia correction. Clin J Med Officer 2014;91:266–267.
177. Qiu XR, Shi LX. The clinical observation of orthokeratology in myopia control. Chin Plast Med 2014;89:8–9.
178. Guo YZ, Wang H, He SX, et al.. The change of astigmatism after orthokeratology. Presented at: The 3rd International Congress of Orthokeratology; 2014; Shanghai, China.
179. Zhong YY, Zhou XT. The mechanism of orthokeratology in myopia control. Chin J Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 2014;68:121–123.
180. Yan BX. The effect of 3 weeks of discontinuation of orthokeratology in corneal front surface curvature and corneal astigmatism. Presented at: The 3rd International Congress of Orthokeratology; 2014; Shanghai, China.
181. Wei LJ, Xie XY, He BH, et al.. The efficacy and safety of long-term wear of orthokeratology in juvenile population. J Int Ophthalmol 2014;66:125–127.
182. Wei W, Xue YL, Zhang CN. Clinical application of orthokeratology in high astigmatism. Presented at: The 3rd International Congress of Orthokeratology; 2014; Shanghai, China.
183. Ma W, Yang B. The clinical observation of orthokeratology among juveniles of various age. Presented at: The 3rd International Congress of Orthokeratology; 2014; Shanghai, China.
184. Yan T, Luan GG, Chen JJ, et al.. The effect of orthokeratology on refractive system and IOP of juvenile myopia. Shandong Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 2015;131:69–71.
185. Li J, Dong P, Wang CX, et al.. The effect of overnight orthokeratology on corneal morphology and tear film. J Int Ophthalmol 2015;129:205–207.
186. Li B, Niu Y, Li C, et al.. The comparison of the effectiveness of orthokeratology versus spectacle correction in indicental myopia. New Dev Ophthalmol 2015;125:78–80.
187. Wang YF, Xie SG, Luo J, et al.. The effect of long-term wear of orthokeratology in tear film stability. J Zhongnan Med Sci 2015;127:63–66.
188. Gao WS, Chen ZL. The mechanism of orthokeratology in myopia correction. Chin J Ther Sci 2015;128:60–62.
189. Xie PY, Chi H, Zhang Y, et al.. Effects of wearing long-term Ortho-K contact lens on corneal thickness and corneal endothelium. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi 2007;43:680–683.
190. Mao XJ, Huang CC, Chen L, et al.. A study on the effect of the corneal biomechanical properties undergoing overnight orthokeratology. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi 2010;46:209–213.
191. Lin MC, Graham AD, Fusaro RE, et al.. Impact of rigid gas-permeable contact lens extended wear on corneal epithelial barrier function. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002;43:1019–1024.
192. China Food and Drug Administration. Orthokeratology Lens Fitting Operations Supervision Management Regulations 2001;326. Available at: http://baike.baidu.com/view/2531030.htm#1
. Accessed November 10, 2015.
193. Luce DA. Determining in vivo biomechanical properties of the cornea with an ocular response analyzer. J Cataract Refractive Surg 2005;31:156–162. | <urn:uuid:acc2895b-a2d2-4d65-9994-0201defa45f6> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47",
"url": "http://journals.lww.com/claojournal/Fulltext/2016/01000/The_Safety_of_Orthokeratology_A_Systematic_Review.6.aspx",
"date": "2017-11-21T10:11:20",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806338.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121094039-20171121114039-00531.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8536199927330017,
"token_count": 13158,
"score": 3.09375,
"int_score": 3
} |
Published at Sunday, August 08th 2021, 00:03:00 AM. Worksheet. By Andrea Rose.
Younger learners can start with the fundamentals of letter recognition vowel sounds simple spelling and vocabulary while more advanced students develop their grammar punctuation reading comprehension and more in these second grade reading and writing games. 5th grade math games for free.
Free online grammar games for 6th grade. ESL Galaxy offers over 2368 free printable worksheets for ESL lesson plans and ESL Activities. English Online is a British website that provides extensive ESL instruction free of charge. From reading to math our Grade 6 educational games and books online will help your kids develop their skills with challenging and exciting content.
ESL Math Science. This is learning 6th graders will want to do. Free 2nd Grade Resources Online.
Word lists can be used with interactive figurative language online games engaging activities and printable figurative language worksheets to reinforce understanding of. Time4Learning provides grammar study online that feels more like playing a video game than doing actual schoolwork. Even native English speakers struggle with the rules that govern their language.
Is a multi-level English program for children. We would like to show you a description here but the site wont allow us. At this stage 7 and 8 year olds are expected to get faster and better at 1st grade skills while learning many new ones.
Multiplication division fractions and logic games that boost sixth grade math skills. Multiplication division fractions and logic games that boost fifth grade math skills. Is a multi-level English program for children between the ages of 4 to 12 featuring tons of cartoon animated videos games tests and worksheets to teach and review vocabulary grammar spelling and communicative skills.
?????? ?????? ????? Jomhuri-ye Esl?mi-ye Ir?n d?omhu???ije esl???mije ?i????n is a country in Western AsiaIt is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and Azerbaijan to the. Free Math Worksheets Math Games Online Quizzes. 6th grade math games for free.
Theyre divided into elementary middle and high school. This site was set up in 2006 by Futonge Kisito with students and teachers in mind. Ready-made figurative language practice lists range from elementary to high school.
The goal was to create a place where students can practice English Online using interactive exercisesIt was also for teachers to use as a study lab where they can bring their students for extra practice. These second grade reading and writing games will get your students excited to build their literacy skills. Note that some of the websites appear under more than one grade level.
However for students who need additional reinforcement many of the grammar lessons offer printable worksheets. With a variety of fun and exciting educational games online your kids will love learning with Funbrain. Help your child meet academic standards with JumpStarts free printable second grade resources.
????? Ir?n ?i?????n also called Persia and officially the Islamic Republic of Iran Persian. Below you will find a collection of websites dedicated to providing online interactive free grammar games intended to reinforce language arts skills. VocabularySpellingCity provides K-12 teachers with free figurative language resources.
These 6th grade vocabulary games give students the opportunity to practice vocabulary concepts in a fun way which in turn ensures the students acquire new Language Arts skills all the while setting the stage for a lifetime of learning appreciation. And there are more additions every other day The worksheets include. Free ESL Printables Kids Activities Games and Online Exercises for Grammar Vocabulary Pronunciation.
The site is organized by level and has beginner elementary intermediate and advanced stages. Grammar Online Games Grammar can seem like a confusing subject even for more advanced learners so learning the basics early with grammar games like these can make later reading and writing lessons feel much less intimidating. This site is dedicated to helping teachers by providing Fun esl games for Classrooms Powerpoint Game Templates Printable Board Games Interactive Games for Classrooms Games for ESL Kids Adults Grammar Games Vocabulary Games Reading Games featuring Snakes Ladders Hangman Wheel GamesESL Online Games.
Clearly presents and explains grammar rules. Each stage is divided into parts that cover grammar functions and vocabulary. But the collection of English grammar worksheets and activities on this page should give students some good practice with this broad topic.
With our online homeschool grammar curriculum you can expect a program that. Is a multi-level English program for children. Those that include printable materials are identified.
English grammar can be tricky to master. English Exercises - Online Interactive Exercises for All. Sentence Games Vocabulary Games Drag and Drop Grammar Games Sentence Free Education Games for English Learners Interactive Gap Fill Exercises Monkey Games ESL Grammar Practice Games Spelling Games Online. | <urn:uuid:1c1cfbc2-18b0-4280-896d-1b00e2f1bf16> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-39",
"url": "https://nickadamsinamerica.com/free-online-grammar-games-for-6th-grade/",
"date": "2021-09-27T13:12:46",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780058450.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20210927120736-20210927150736-00430.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9158251285552979,
"token_count": 996,
"score": 3.265625,
"int_score": 3
} |
The Ottoman dynasty’s history can be traced from about 1300 to the end of the Ottoman Empire in 1923. At its greatest extent, the Ottoman Empire covered an enormous territory, including Anatolia, the Balkan region in Europe, most of the Arabic-speaking Middle East, and all of North Africa except for Morocco. As of the 1510s the empire had possession of Sunni Islam’s three holiest shrine cities—Mecca, Medina, and Jerusalem. The Turkish-speaking Ottoman royal family, the administration it created, and the educational and cultural institutions it eventually favored were all Sunni Muslim. However, subordinate Christian and Jewish sects also coexisted with Islam, which enjoyed the support and favor of the state. While a tremendous amount of scholarly material is available on the history of the Ottomans, surprisingly little of a general nature has been written on the history of Islam in the Ottoman Empire. What has been published is often narrow in scope and frequently not theoretically based. The earliest period of Ottoman history contains the contentious issue of the role of Islam in the spreading of Ottoman rule beyond the small territory in northwest Anatolia where it began. Despite a dearth of reliable sources, several valuable studies have appeared recently that modify the earlier view that waging holy war against Christians was the chief impetus for Ottoman expansion. However, Ottoman sultans did appeal for political legitimacy on the basis of their sponsorship of Islamic buildings, institutions, pious foundations, and judicial institutions.
Among the four main legal schools of Sunni Islam, the Ottomans favored the Hanafis. The Ottoman ruling establishment and the general Muslim population also had close links with Sufis (Islamic mystics). Among the main opponents of the Ottoman state was the Safavid Empire, a Shiʿi Muslim empire to the east of the Ottoman lands. Shiʿism and so-called Islamic heresies were major internal issues as well as an external threat for the Sunni Ottomans. One means of curbing Shiʿism, as well as promoting Sunni Islam, was through the patronage of the judicial system that was organized and formalized in a new manner by the Ottomans. The question of how much flexibility was available to judges and legal scholars has been a source of much controversy among scholars. Other Muslim institutions that received government support included schools and numerous charitable foundations, many of which owned extensive properties. The state also had a direct role in the training and promoting of the Sunni religious hierarchy. Even in the production of art, religion played a large role.
Outside the Ottoman ruling elite, much is known about the religious conditions of town dwellers, thanks in large part to the archival records of Muslim courts. It is safe to assert that the role of Islam in everyday life was substantial. However, for the majority of Ottoman subjects, who lived in villages, there is less information available, and even less is known about nomadic groups. On the other hand, many fine studies now exist dealing with the history of urban Muslim Ottoman women. Returning to the study of political elites, accounts of the rise of secularism in the 19th-century Ottoman Empire have been heavily revised on the basis of new scholarship. Many researchers now point to a closer involvement of religion in the reforms that tried to save the empire from the destruction that ultimately overtook it at the end of World War I.
High-quality English-language surveys of Ottoman history have increased in number since the 1990s. While several such studies exist, Finkel 2006, a one-volume survey, is a good beginning point for readers. When completed, the Cambridge History of Islam, of which Faroqhi 2006 is one part, will perhaps replace Shaw and Shaw 1976 as the standard multivolume survey. Hathaway and Barbir 2008 deals with the Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire. These authors, along with many others, have helped demolish the former interpretation that the Ottoman Empire in the 17th and 18th centuries witnessed little change. Few documentary films have been made on the subject of Islam and the Ottoman Empire. While Gardner 2000 is centered on political history, it does include some discussion and footage of religious sites. Overviews of Islam and the Ottomans are often informed by an anti-Muslim and anti-Ottoman bias. Such biased works were frequently written by post-Ottoman nationalists in the successor states of the empire. Two more balanced treatments that both specialize in the early Ottoman or pre-Ottoman period are Inalcik 1968–1970 and Itzkowitz 1972. Scholars specializing in Ottoman-Islamic topics have tended to avoid the politically charged question of the impact of this subject on the period after World War I. One exception to this pattern is Ochsenwald 1996.
Sultans and Islamic Legitimacy
Islam was one of the chief sources of political legitimacy for the Ottoman dynasty. However, some of the rulers were far more active in promoting Islam than were others. The best beginning point for considering the subject is Karateke 2005a, which includes a general review of the matter but one that pertains particularly to the early and middle eras of Ottoman rule. Another chapter of the same book, Karateke 2005b, looks more particularly at some of the sultans’ personal mystique, Islamic devotion, and pious acts. One particular method used by the sultans to establish their religious credentials was to build vast mosque complexes, as explained in detail in Crane 1991. Still another manner of demonstrating religious legitimacy was through the maintenance and occasional display of holy relics, permanently housed in the chief imperial Istanbul palace. An informative visual tour of this palace is available online at the Topkapi Palace Museum website, maintained by the Bilkent University Department of History, with both English- and Turkish-language versions available.
In practice, many of the Ottoman dynasty’s patterns of behavior, particularly in regard to succession to the throne, were clearly un-Islamic, as may be seen in Peirce 1993. Insofar as such behaviors were known to Muslim subjects of the state, the dynasty probably lost some part of its religious legitimacy. For the role of the sultanate and Islam in the last part of the dynasty’s long history, see Deringil 1998, which is theoretically sophisticated but written in an accessible manner. Also pertinent to the last two centuries of Ottoman rule is the issue of Pan-Islam, which was the concept that all Muslims should be loyal to the Ottoman sultan-caliph as the leader of the last large independent Muslim empire. While Landau 1990 is quite lengthy, it is still the best introduction to the subject. For more on the Ottomans and the caliphate see Caliph and Caliphate.
Sunnism and the Hanafi Madhhab
As a result of political differences and theological disputes, two main divisions emerged in Islam: Sunnism and Shiʿism. Inside Sunnism, the four main madhhabs (schools of Islamic legal practice) that gradually appeared were Hanafi, Shafiʿi, Maliki, and Hanbali. The Ottoman dynasty and state espoused the Hanafi madhhab and reserved top posts for Hanafi ulama (men of religion), though according to Peters 2005, sultans could and did interfere in Hanafi judges’ interpretations. Among the Hanafis there were differences in interpretation and degrees of zealotry. A particularly zealous Hanafi reform movement, the Kadizadeli movement, was ultimately unsuccessful in imposing its narrow interpretation of Islam on the Ottoman population, as discussed in Zilfi 1986. Rafeq 1999compares Hanafi with Shafiʿi ulama in terms of career patterns. Both Madeline C. Zilfi and Abdul Karim Rafeq employ a close and insightful reading of Ottoman records, while Rafeq also looks at Arabic-language chronicles. The study of conversion from one religion to another has provoked great controversy. In the context of Ottoman history, this issue has usually been examined in terms of the conversion of Christians and Jews to Islam, as in Vryonis 1986. A relatively understudied aspect has been the motives of Muslims who sought converts and the reasons they chose particular methods to encourage conversion. Baer 2008 helps fill this gap with a pioneering book.
Sufism, or Islamic mysticism, flourished in the Ottoman Empire as Sufi brotherhoods became deeply entrenched in social, economic, and political life. Studies of Ottoman Sufism tend to be very specific and intended for advanced readers, as can be seen in the works cited here. The earliest period of Ottoman Sufism is the beginning point of Mélikoff 1998, although the author continues her narration up to the late 20th century. Le Gall 2005 has an extensive geographical scope while examining only one Sufi order. On the other hand, Faroqhi 1976 looks at a very specific geographic spot (the location where a brotherhood began), examining the order’s social and economic impact in the region. Although it may be difficult for the reader to locate, Ocak 2001 has a valuable overview of Ottoman Sufism up to about 1800. Winter 1982 studies thought and Sufi criticism in Ottoman Egypt, one of the richest and largest provinces of the empire. Abu-Manneh 2001 contains several influential articles on Sufism reflecting a new appreciation of its durability and relevance into the 19th century.
• Abu-Manneh, Butrus. Studies on Islam and the Ottoman Empire in the 19th Century (1826–1876). Shiʿism and Heresies
The Ottoman dynasty and administration were strongly Sunni and anti-Shiʿi. This meant that inside the empire, Shiʿis and Druze were the victims of discrimination, as shown in Abu-Husayn 1992 for the Syria and Lebanon region and in Imber 1979, which discusses chiefly Ottoman Anatolia. In Ottoman-ruled southern Iraq, Shiʿis ultimately came to be a majority, a process elucidated by Nakash 2003. As a result, many problems emerged there for the Ottoman government. One difficulty the Ottomans faced was defining who was a Sunni, who was a Shiʿi, and who was a so-called heretic. By far the best discussion of this subject for the early and middle Ottoman periods is Ocak 1998, a rather dense but rewarding volume. Khoury 2007 examines somewhat similar issues in a short chapter that deals with one Ottoman region in one century. Ottoman anti-Shiʿism also carried over to foreign policy, particularly relations with predominantly Shiʿi Iran. Dressler 2005 is one of the most recent of many works that could be cited for this purpose, including in part Imber 1979.
Justice and Law
Justice and law in the Ottoman Empire were based on several sources. Christians and Jews could use their own separate courts, though some minorities chose to take issues to Islamic courts. For Muslim Ottomans, the Sharia (holy law of Islam) was theoretically the most important source of law; according to many of the ulama, it was the only appropriate source for many kinds of cases that would be tried by government-appointed judges. However, Kanuns (administrative decrees by the sultan) affected a lot of issues and people. In addition, customary law also greatly influenced society, especially people living outside the larger cities. An extensive and profound survey of the whole history of Sharia may be found in Hallaq 2009, the best beginning point for the reader. Judges issued decisions for particular cases, while muftis (religious legal consultants) gave legal opinions that might be taken as authoritative interpretations in subsequent cases. Imber 1997closely examines a highly important mufti, giving the reader an opportunity to closely follow judicial reasoning. In the last decades of the empire, much of the civil law was codified; an English-language translation may be found in Ottoman Empire 1901. This law code was the basis of law in some of the successor states of the Ottoman Empire long after the empire itself had disappeared. Most people were more directly affected by the local application of law than by the actions of the judicial elite in Istanbul. Many studies of Ottoman local history are based on court registers. Some useful examples are Gerber 1994 for Anatolia, el-Nahal 1979 for Egypt, and Jennings 1975 for the treatment of women in courts.
Muslim Institutions and Education
As discussed in General Overviews, many fine general studies of Ottoman history have been published since 1990. Often, these works cover institutional history, usually specializing in government administrative efficiency or economic affairs. Those authors who cover the 18th and 19th centuries have been in effect revising or attacking Gibb and Bowen 1950–1957, a work that for several decades was the standard book on the subject. More specialized studies of Ottoman institutions linked to religion include works on the extremely important topic of charitable foundations (Barnes 1986), the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca (Faroqhi 1994), and the status of Christians (Inalcik 1991). Gerber 1999 carefully studies the role of muftis and concludes by reinforcing the idea—as seen in Justice and Law—that judicial institutions played a large and positive role in Ottoman governmental affairs. Studies of Ottoman education have also flourished recently, though chiefly for the last years of the empire rather than for earlier times. Two fine examples are Bein 2006 and Fortna 2002, with each author covering a different part of the age spectrum of students.
This subject is closely related to items mentioned in several other sections, including Sunnism and the Hanafi Madhhab, Justice and Law, and Muslim Institutions and Education. For the reader new to the subject, three valuable studies exist: Inalcik 1973 for the early and middle Ottoman periods, Zilfi 1988 for the middle and early modern periods, and Kushner 1987 for the late period of Ottoman history. All three cover the role of the ulama in general. Two specialized studies deal with the legal hierarchy: Repp 1986 looks at the role of muftis in Ottoman courts as well as the learned hierarchy more broadly speaking, while al-Qattan 2007 is an essay on the role of judges and a quite useful evaluation of earlier scholarship on this subject. | <urn:uuid:95f3ec71-3906-454d-8ad9-fa8100821fe6> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40",
"url": "https://ottoman.ahya.net/node/101",
"date": "2022-10-05T09:58:27",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337595.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20221005073953-20221005103953-00434.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9619141221046448,
"token_count": 2911,
"score": 4.125,
"int_score": 4
} |
Ice caps are masses of ice covering up to 50,000 km2 of land, usually, but not always, on top of mountains.
Anything larger is called an ice sheet and we are most familiar with those at the poles.
At school we were told that the poles are cold because of the angle of the Earth's orbit around the sun that keeps each pole in shadow for half the year. And when the sun does shine for almost perpetual summer days the rays are oblique and low in energy.
As a consequence polar ice varies in size with the seasons. The issue for climate change is the long-term trend.
Arctic ice at the North Pole forms over the Arctic Ocean and can be 4m thick where it does not melt in summer. National Snow and Ice Data Centre in the US claims a recent decadal decline in Arctic ice of 4.2%.
Antarctic ice at the South Pole forms over the Antarctic continent covers 146 million km2 and contains roughly 70% of the earth's fresh water.
This large ice mass has increased slightly over recent decades.
The logic is that a warming world will see ice melting thanks to more energy, more heat and less cold.
Unfortunately the complexities of energy transfers in the atmosphere and oceans confound such simple explanations.
The Arctic is moving to a cooler cycle even if the seasonal summer melts are larger in volume and extent.
Ice is accumulating in Antarctica at the same time as some mountain ice sheets are shrinking.
It will take major warming to overturn a planetary phenomenon where the sun is weak at the poles.
So the polar ice will stay with us for some time yet.
Ice caps are a good example of how climate change can be spun.
Except that when ice melts and creates meltwater flows this can be both catastrophic and essential. A large proportion of the worlds irrigated agriculture relies on meltwater. So for this effect melting is good so long as it happens slowly.
And this is true for many climate change effects. The drama of them can hide advantageous effects and even opportunity
The reality is that none of the climate change impacts are truly catastrophic. They are disruptive and locally can be acute but with thought and foresight, adaptation options eist for all of them. Even sea level rise.
What happens to ice is the same.
There will be problems that will require significant mitigation and adaptation effort to fix, but they are fixable — we can look at flood prevention measures, plan not to build in low lying districts and think carefully about how we grow crops on the back of meltwater.
Stopping the ice from melting in the first place is another thing entirely. | <urn:uuid:8d050187-4c93-4f3e-a80c-03daafd26d34> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05",
"url": "http://www.climate-change-wisdom.com/ice-caps.html",
"date": "2018-01-21T16:11:43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084890795.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20180121155718-20180121175718-00104.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9455124735832214,
"token_count": 541,
"score": 4.125,
"int_score": 4
} |
Tuesday, June 5, 2012
Chagas Disease: “The New HIV/AIDS of the Americas”
Chagas is a tropical parasitic disease caused by the flagellate protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. T. cruzi is commonly transmitted to humans and other mammals by an insect vector, the blood-sucking "kissing bugs" of the subfamily Triatominae (family Reduviidae) most commonly species belonging to the Triatoma, Rhodnius, and Panstrongylus genera. Endemic Chagas disease has emerged as an important health disparity in the Americas. As a result, we face a situation in both Latin America and the US that bears a resemblance to the early years of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Most affected are people living in poverty. Chagas and HIV/AIDS requires prolonged and expensive treatment. More than 8 million people have been infected by Chagas, most of them in Latin and Central America. But more than 300,000 live in the United States. | <urn:uuid:266cb6d3-5349-48df-bf79-098781b2584d> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17",
"url": "http://haileyswellnessblog.blogspot.com/2012/06/chagas-disease-new-hivaids-of-americas.html",
"date": "2017-04-29T21:19:14",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123590.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00183-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.909257709980011,
"token_count": 217,
"score": 3.65625,
"int_score": 4
} |
Queen and Prince Philip arrive in New Zealand in 1954
Until the mid-1950s Royal Navy ships were positioned along the route of aircraft carrying the monarch and senior members of her family when flying long-distance over oceans, in case the crew were forced to ditch the plane in an emergency. The task was passed to the Royal Air Force after First Lord of the Admiralty, James Thomas, doubted the system would be effective “in the event of an accident” in any case. He also complained about pressures on naval resources when swingeing post-war cuts had slashed the size of the fleet.
Thomas argued at a November 5, 1954, Cabinet meeting chaired by then prime minister Winston Churchill: “While such flights are becoming more frequent, reductions in the fleet are making it increasingly difficult to provide ships for this duty without serious disturbance to fleet programmes.”
The First Lord said that if a plane transporting members of the Royal Family did come down in the sea, the chances of a Navy ship reaching survivors in time would be slim.
“I should have no hesitation in accepting the disturbance to the fleet during these flights if I were convinced of the usefulness of the ships in the event of an accident to the royal aircraft,” he added.
The Cabinet agreed with the Navy’s recommendation and its involvement was ended.
Instead, it was decided that the RAF should take responsibility for protecting the royal flight.
It would use Avro Shackleton maritime patrol aircraft, equipped with survival gear, to escort royal planes on long-haul flights. | <urn:uuid:69a91a4c-73dc-4dbe-be57-ab7c6036ebc0> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47",
"url": "https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/1196243/queen-Elizabeth-ii-news-Winston-Churchill-Royal-Navy-the-queen-news",
"date": "2019-11-19T17:07:29",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670156.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20191119144618-20191119172618-00374.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9738602042198181,
"token_count": 318,
"score": 3.234375,
"int_score": 3
} |
Marking Period four Greek and Latin Root Words for 10th Grade. Prepared with root words and definitions for students to copy in their interactive notebooks. Pair with MP 1-4 for a year's worth of Greek and Latin Root Words!
Log in to see state-specific standards (only available in the US).
Acquire and use accurately general academic and domain-specific words and phrases, sufficient for reading, writing, speaking, and listening at the college and career readiness level; demonstrate independence in gathering vocabulary knowledge when considering a word or phrase important to comprehension or expression.
Apply knowledge of language to understand how language functions in different contexts, to make effective choices for meaning or style, and to comprehend more fully when reading or listening.
Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking. | <urn:uuid:c09fffa6-6a54-474d-b2f9-764ef5e84474> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-10",
"url": "https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/10th-Grade-Marking-Period-Four-Greek-and-Latin-Roots-4546242",
"date": "2020-02-24T15:49:43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145960.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20200224132646-20200224162646-00477.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8933804631233215,
"token_count": 167,
"score": 4.0625,
"int_score": 4
} |
Hints from the Health Department. Leaflet from the archive of the Society of Medical Officers of Health. Credit: Wellcome Collection, London
[Report of the Medical Officer of Health for Malden & Coombe]
The fear of diphtheria has declined among parents in a direct
relation to the decline of the disease itself; the majority of parents
of young children nowadays have never seen or heard of a case of
diphtheria among their neighbours' children and are more afraid
of illnesses they know than of the dangers of diphtheria. It cannot
be said too often that "diphtheria still kills" and that elimination
of this disease is conditional upon the maintenance of an
adequate level of immunisation.
In 1901, 10,000 persons died from diphtheria in England and
Wales: In 1951 this had been reduced to 33. Since 1944 (when
records of corrected notifications were first kept) notifications
have fallen from over 23,000 in that year to a new low figure of
274 for the first 9 months of 1952.
The following are (corrected) since 1944:—
deaths and notifications
(9 months only)
From being one of the most serious causes of death of
children in this country, diphtheria has now fallen to a position
of numerical insignificance. It must not be allowed to revert.
Vaccination against smallpox is not now compulsory, the
Vaccination Acts 1867 to 1907 having been repealed by the
National Health Service Act, 1946.
As with diphtheria immunisation, all medical practitioners
providing general medical services in the area are given an
opportunity to provide services for carrying out vaccinations.
During the year the following were performed:— | <urn:uuid:3484e117-83be-4f9d-b3c2-554ed8c582e5> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23",
"url": "https://wellcomelibrary.org/moh/report/b19883122/13",
"date": "2023-05-29T01:31:07",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644574.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20230529010218-20230529040218-00155.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9122483730316162,
"token_count": 375,
"score": 3.109375,
"int_score": 3
} |
Presentation on theme: "Ancient Greece 1000 BCE – 323 BCE. Greek Visual Art Greek visual art is mainly five forms: architecture, sculpture, painting, pottery and jewelry making."— Presentation transcript:
Ancient Greece 1000 BCE – 323 BCE
Greek Visual Art Greek visual art is mainly five forms: architecture, sculpture, painting, pottery and jewelry making
Architecture The Greeks developed three architectural systems, called orders, each with their own distinctive proportions and detailing. The Greek orders are: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.
Doric The Doric style is rather sturdy and its top (the capital), is plain. This style was used in mainland Greece and the colonies in southern Italy and Sicily.
Doric Order Example: The Parthenon
Parthenon Parthenon – Dedicated to Athena, Greek goddess of wisdom
Parthenon Located on the Acropolis in Athens, Greece
Parthenon construction began in 447 BCE and was completed in 438 BCE
Ionic The Ionic style is thinner and more elegant. Its capital is decorated with a scroll-like design (a volute). This style was found in eastern Greece and the islands.
Ionic Order Example: Temple of Athena Nike located on the Acroplis, Athens, Greece
Temple of Athena Nike Nike means “victory” in Greek Athena was worshipped in this form, as goddess of victory in war and wisdom earliest fully ionic temple on the Acropolis
Temple of Athena Nike Completed in 480 BCE
Corinthian The Corinthian style is seldom used in the Greek world, but often seen on Roman temples. Its capital is very elaborate and decorated with acanthus leaves.
Corinthian Order Example: Temple of Olympian Zeus
Temple of Olympian Zeus a colossal ruined temple in the center of Athens (the Greek Capital) Dedicated to Zeus, king of the Olympian gods
Temple of Olympian Zeus Began construction in 520 BCE and not finished until 132 AD. A series of overthrown leaders and war lead to the project being abandoned over and over again…
Sculpture Classical Art ( BC) was created during a "golden age", from the time Athens rose to prominence and Greek expansion, right up until the death of Alexander the Great. The Classical age could be seen as a turning point in art and produced some of the most exquisite sculptures known today. It was during this age that sculptors had mastered marble and began creating statues that showed joyous freedom of movement and expression, while celebrating mankind as an independent entity (atomo)
Discobolos (The Discus Thrower) by Myron
Freedom of Movement “Anticipation of Action” realistic figures which emanated the illusion of moving through space. three-dimensional snap shots of figures in action…
Zeus of Artemision Bronze
Youth of Marathon Bronze, circa 340 B.C
It was the first time in human history that the human body was studied for its aesthetic values, and was treated as an autonomous universe. The object of art became the human itself
In the Classical period all the Greek statues from this time period showed a lack of expression, whereas, the depiction of 'barbarians' show a dramatic facial expression. This was because the Greeks believed that suppression of the emotions was a noble characteristic of all civilised men, while the public display of human emotion was a sign of barbarism.
Pottery of Ancient Greece is a large part of the archaeological record of Ancient Greece, because there is so much of it: over 100,000 vases recorded. the shards of pots discarded or buried in the first millennium BC are still the best guide we have to the customary life and mind of the ancient Greeks Red- as well as black-figure vases are one of the most important sources of mythology and iconography as well as day to day life of the ancient
Styles of Greek Pottery Black Figure 620 BCE to 480 BCE Red Figure 530 BCE to late 200 BCE
Black Figure Pottery Developed in Corinth, Greece, in contrast to the preceding black-figure style with black figures on a red background.
Red Figure Pottery Developed in Athens, Greece figures depicted in red color on a black background
Greek Pottery Typology
Greek Pottery Process Please follow along with notes… | <urn:uuid:b356d0da-900c-4ca9-9d93-4ca67d15657b> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09",
"url": "http://slideplayer.com/slide/3564828/",
"date": "2017-02-20T21:53:00",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170609.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00178-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9490092992782593,
"token_count": 891,
"score": 3.828125,
"int_score": 4
} |
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) happens when microorganisms (e.g. bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites) evolve to become resistant to previously effective medications (i.e. antimicrobials). It is accelerated by misuse and overuse of antimicrobials.
The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared that AMR is one of the top 10 global public health threats facing humanity. To combat AMR, actions taken by the healthcare sector alone are not enough and concerted efforts from the public are crucial. “One Health”, an integrated, unifying approach that aims to achieve optimal and sustainable health outcomes for people, animals, and ecosystems, has been advocated by the WHO to ensure that all stakeholders and all sectors are working with concerted effort.
The Infection Control Branch of the Centre for Health Protection has been echoing the call from the WHO to launch a series of publicity activities from 18 to 24 November annually. This year, a new TV Announcements in the Public Interest and poster titled “Use Antibiotics Properly Always Consult a Doctor” was produced to raise public awareness on the problem of AMR and promote proper use of antibiotics.
For more details on AMR, please refer to the AMR thematic webpage. | <urn:uuid:42d80148-9474-4dab-ab81-fe84cf9fd7d1> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50",
"url": "https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/features/107408.html",
"date": "2023-12-09T21:33:16",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100972.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209202131-20231209232131-00883.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9518592953681946,
"token_count": 257,
"score": 3.578125,
"int_score": 4
} |
In political philosophy, the right of revolution (or right of rebellion) is the right or duty of the people of a nation to overthrow a government that acts against their common interests and/or threatens the safety of the people without cause. Stated throughout history in one form or another, the belief in this right has been used to justify various revolutions, including the French Revolution, the Russian Revolution, and the Iranian Revolution.
To justify their overthrowing of the earlier Shang Dynasty, the kings of the Zhou Dynasty (1122-256 BC) of China promulgated the concept known as the Mandate of Heaven, that Heaven would bless the authority of a just ruler, but would be displeased and withdraw its mandate from a despotic ruler.
The Mandate of Heaven would then transfer to those who would rule best. Chinese historians interpreted a successful revolt as evidence that the Mandate of Heaven had passed on. Throughout Chinese history, rebels who opposed the ruling dynasty made the claim that the Mandate of Heaven had passed, giving them the right to revolt. Ruling dynasties were often uncomfortable with this, and the writings of the Confucian philosopher Mencius (372-289 BC) were often suppressed for declaring that the people have the right to overthrow a ruler that did not provide for their needs.
In Europe, one example of the emergence of a right of revolution can be traced back to Þorgnýr the Lawspeaker, who in 1018 had a dramatic confrontation with the King of Sweden. The lawspeaker claimed the King of Sweden was accountable to the people and would be overthrown by them if he continued with his unpopular war with Norway. Another example is Magna Carta, an English charter issued in 1215, that required the King to renounce certain rights and accept that his will could be bound by the law. It included a "security clause" that gave the right to a committee of barons to overrule the will of the King through force if needed. Magna Carta directly influenced the development of parliamentary democracy and many constitutional documents, such as the United States Constitution.
The Golden Bull of 1222 was a golden bull, or edict, issued by King Andrew II of Hungary. The law established the rights of Hungary's noblemen, including the right to disobey the King when he acted contrary to law (jus resistendi). The Golden Bull is often compared to Magna Carta; the Bull was the first constitutional document of the nation of Hungary, while Magna Carta was the first constitutional charter of the nation of England.
Thomas Aquinas also wrote of the right to resist tyrannical rule in the Summa Theologica. Nicole Oresme, in his Livre de Politiques, categorically denied any right of resistance. John of Salisbury advocated direct revolutionary assassination of unethical tyrannical rulers in his Policraticus. This theological notion was expanded in the Early Modern Period. The Jesuits, especially Robert Bellarmine and Juan de Mariana, were widely known and often feared for advocating resistance to tyranny and often tyrannicide—one of the implications of the natural law focus of the School of Salamanca.
John Calvin believed something similar. In a commentary on the Book of Daniel, he observed that contemporary monarchs pretend to reign "by the grace of God", but the pretense was "a mere cheat" so that they could "reign without control". He believed that "Earthly princes depose themselves while they rise up against God", so "it behooves us to spit upon their heads than to obey them". When ordinary citizens are confronted with tyranny, he wrote, ordinary citizens have to suffer it. But magistrates have the duty to "curb the tyranny of kings", as had the Tribunes of the Plebs in ancient Rome, the Ephors in Sparta, and the Demarchs in ancient Athens. That Calvin could support a right of resistance in theory did not mean that he thought such resistance prudent in all circumstances. At least publicly, he disagreed with the Scottish Calvinist John Knox's call for revolution against the Catholic Queen Mary I Tudor of England.
The Catholic Church shared Calvin's prudential concerns - the Pope condemned Guy Fawkes' Gunpowder Plot, and Regnans in Excelsis was widely considered to be a mistake. Instead, the safest course of action for the people was to endure tyranny for as long as it could be borne, rather than run the larger risks of armed revolution.
The concept of the right of revolution was developed at the beginning of the Enlightenment era in the work Two Treatises of Government. Written by the philosopher John Locke, the right to revolution formed an integral part of his social contract theory, in which he tried to define the origins and basis for social conditions and relationships. Locke declared that under natural law, all people have the right to life, liberty, and estate; under the social contract, the people could instigate a revolution against the government when it acted against the interests of citizens, to replace the government with one that served the interests of citizens. In some cases, Locke deemed revolution an obligation. The right of revolution thus essentially acted as a safeguard against tyranny.
Locke affirmed an explicit right to revolution in Two Treatises of Government: "whenever the Legislators endeavor to take away, and destroy the Property of the People, or to reduce them to Slavery under Arbitrary Power, they put themselves into a state of War with the People, who are thereupon absolved from any farther Obedience, and are left to the common Refuge, which God hath provided for all Men, against Force and Violence. Whensoever therefore the Legislative shall transgress this fundamental Rule of Society; and either by Ambition, Fear, Folly or Corruption, endeavor to grasp themselves, or put into the hands of any other an Absolute Power over the Lives, Liberties, and Estates of the People; By this breach of Trust they forfeit the Power, the People had put into their hands, for quite contrary ends, and it devolves to the People, who have a Right to resume their original Liberty."
Revolutionary movements subsequent to this, all drew on Locke's theory as a justification for the exercise of the right of revolution.
During the Glorious Revolution of 1688, the Parliament of England effectively deposed James II of England and replaced him with William III of Orange-Nassau, due to the former's unacceptable leanings towards absolutism and Catholicism. Although Locke's treatise was published the year after, his ideas were already widely current in the English political system at the time.
Although Locke claimed that his book's purpose was to justify William III's ascension to the throne, it has been argued that the bulk of the writing was instead completed between 1679-1680 during the Exclusion Crisis, which attempted to prevent James II from ever taking the throne in the first place. Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, Locke's mentor, patron and friend, introduced the bill, but it was ultimately unsuccessful. Alternatively, the work is better associated with the revolutionary conspiracies that swirled around what would come to be known as the Rye House Plot.
The right to revolution played a large part in the writings of the American revolutionaries in the run up to the American Revolution. The political tract Common Sense used the concept as an argument for rejection of the British monarchy and separation from the British Empire, as opposed to merely self-government within it. It was also cited in the Declaration of Independence of the United States, when a group of representatives from the various states signed a declaration of independence citing charges against King George III. As the American Declaration of Independence in 1776 expressed it, natural law taught that the people were "endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights" and could alter or abolish government "destructive" of those rights.
The right of revolution was also included in the 1793 preface to the French Constitution of 1793 during the French Revolution. This preface from 24 June 1793 contained a declaration of the rights of man and citizen including right to rebellion in §35: "When the government violates the rights of the people, insurrection is for the people, and for every portion thereof, the most sacred of rights and the most indispensable of duties."
Although some explanations of the right of revolution leave open the possibility of its exercise as an individual right, it was clearly understood to be a collective right under English constitutional and political theory.
As Pauline Maier has noted in her study From Resistance to Revolution, "private individuals were forbidden to take force against their rulers either for malice or because of private injuries". Instead, "not just a few individuals, but the 'Body of the People' had to feel concerned" before the right of revolution was justified and with most writers speaking of a "'whole people who are the Public', or the body of the people acting in their 'public Authority', indicating a broad consensus involving all ranks of society".
Some philosophers argue that it is not only the right of a people to overthrow an oppressive government but also their duty to do so. Howard Evans Kiefer opines, "It seems to me that the duty to rebel is much more understandable than that right to rebel, because the right to rebellion ruins the order of power, whereas the duty to rebel goes beyond and breaks it."
Morton White writes of the American revolutionaries, "The notion that they had a duty to rebel is extremely important to stress, for it shows that they thought they were complying with the commands of natural law and of nature's God when they threw off absolute despotism." The U.S. Declaration of Independence states that "when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government" (emphasis added). The phrase "long train of abuses" is a reference to John Locke's similar statement in Second Treatise of Government, where he explicitly established overthrow of a tyrant as an obligation. Martin Luther King likewise held that it is the duty of the people to resist unjust laws.
Some theories of the right of revolution imposed significant preconditions on its exercise, limiting its invocation to the most dire circumstances. In the American Revolutionary context, one finds expressions of the right of revolution both as subject to precondition and as unrestrained by conditions.
On the eve of the American Revolution, for example, Americans considered their plight to justify exercise of the right of revolution. Alexander Hamilton justified American resistance as an expression of "the law of nature" redressing violations of "the first principles of civil society" and invasions of "the rights of a whole people". For Thomas Jefferson the Declaration was the last-ditch effort of an oppressed people--the position in which many Americans saw themselves in 1776. Jefferson's litany of colonial grievances was an effort to establish that Americans met their burden to exercise the natural law right of revolution.
Certain scholars, such as legal historian Christian Fritz, have written that with the end of the Revolution, Americans did not renounce the right of revolution. In fact they codified it in their new constitutions and even today 35 constitutions of American states have the same or similar provisions on the right of revolution as in the preamble of the American Declaration of Independence. For instance, constitutions considered to be "conservative", such as those of post-revolutionary Massachusetts in 1780, preserved the people's right "to reform, alter, or totally change" government not only for their protection or safety but also whenever their "prosperity and happiness reduire[d] it". This expression was not unusual in the early American constitutions. Connecticut's 1818 constitution articulated the people's right "at all times" to alter government "in such a manner as they may think expedient".
Fritz, in American Sovereigns: The People and America's Constitutional Tradition Before the Civil War, describes a duality in American views on preconditions to the right of revolution: "Some of the first state constitutions included 'alter or abolish' provisions that mirrored the traditional right of revolution" in that they required dire preconditions to its exercise.Maryland's 1776 constitution and New Hampshire's 1784 constitutions required the perversion of the ends of government and the endangering of public liberty and that all other means of redress were to no avail. But in contrast, other states dispensed with the onerous preconditions on the exercise of the right. In the 1776 Virginia constitution the right would arise simply if government was "inadequate" and Pennsylvania's 1776 constitution required only that the people considered a change to be "most conducive" to the public welfare.
Descriptions of the Right of Revolution also differ in whether that right is considered to be a natural law (a law whose content is set by nature and that therefore has validity everywhere) or positive law (law enacted or adopted by proper authority for governing of the state).
An example of the dual nature of the right of revolution as both a natural law and as positive law is found in the American revolutionary context. Although the American Declaration of Independence invoked the natural law right of revolution, natural law was not the sole justification for American independence. English constitutional doctrine also supported the colonists' actions, at least up to a point. By the 1760s, English law recognized what William Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England called "the law of redress against public oppression". Like the natural law's right of revolution, this constitutional law of redress justified the people resisting the sovereign. This law of redress arose from a contract between the people and the king to preserve the public welfare. This original contract was "a central dogma in English and British constitutional law" since "time immemorial". The Declaration's long list of grievances declared that this bargain had been breached.
This well-accepted law of redress justified a people resisting unconstitutional acts of government. Liberty depended upon the people's "ultimate" right to resist. Unconstitutional commands breaching the "voluntary compact between the rulers and the ruled" could be "ignored" and arbitrary commands opposed with force. This right implied a duty on the part of the people to resist unconstitutional acts. As Alexander Hamilton noted in 1775, government exercised powers to protect "the absolute rights" of the people and government forfeited those powers and the people could reclaim them if government breached this constitutional contract.
The law of redress had limits like the right of revolution under natural law. The law of redress, like the right of revolution, was not an individual right. It belonged to the community as a whole, as one of the parties to the original constitutional contract. It was not a means of first resort, or response to trivial or casual errors of government. Blackstone's Commentaries suggested that using the law of redress would be "extraordinary", for example applying if the king broke the original contract, violated "the fundamental laws", or abandoned the kingdom. During the Stamp Act crisis of the 1760s the Massachusetts Provincial Congress considered resistance to the king justified if freedom came under attack from "the hand of oppression" and "the merciless feet of tyranny". A decade later the "indictment" of George III in the Declaration of Independence sought to end his sovereign reign over the colonies because he violated the original constitutional contract.
As explained in legal historian Christian Fritz's description of the role of the right of revolution in American Revolution, American independence was justified by conventional theories under Anglo-American constitutional thought at the time about the people's collective right to cast off an arbitrary king. "Both natural law and English constitutional doctrine gave the colonists a right to revolt against the sovereign's oppression." But these understandings about the right of revolution on the eve of the American Revolution rested on a traditional model of government. That model posited the existence of a hypothetical bargain struck in the mists of antiquity between a king and a people. "In this bargain, the people were protected by the monarch in exchange for the people giving the king allegiance. This was a contractual relationship. American revolutionaries accused George III of breaching his implied duty of protection under that contract, thereby releasing the people in the colonies from their allegiance. The sovereign's breach of the hypothetical contract gave rise to the subjects' right of revolution--grounded on both natural law and English constitutional doctrine."
Although many declarations of independence seek legitimacy by appealing to the right of revolution, far fewer constitutions mention this right or guarantee this right to citizens because of the destabilizing effect such a guarantee would likely produce. Among the examples of an articulation of a right of revolution as positive law include:
Whenever the ends of government are perverted, and public liberty manifestly endangered, and all other means of redress are ineffectual, the people may, and of right ought to reform the old, or establish a new government. The doctrine of nonresistance against arbitrary power, and oppression, is absurd, slavish, and destructive of the good and happiness of mankind.
All power is inherent in the people, and all free governments are founded on their authority and instituted for their peace, safety, happiness and the protection of property. For the advancement of these ends, they have at all times an inalienable and indefeasible right to alter, reform or abolish their government in such manner as they may deem proper.
All power is inherent in the people, and all free governments are founded on their authority and instituted for their peace, safety and happiness. For the advancement of these ends they have at all times an inalienable and indefeasible right to alter, reform or abolish their government in such manner as they may think proper.
That all power is inherent in the people, and all free governments are founded on their authority, and instituted for their peace, safety, and happiness; for the advancement of those ends they have at all times, an unalienable and indefeasible right to alter, reform, or abolish the government in such manner as they may think proper
3d. That Government ought to be instituted for the common benefit, protection and security of the people; and that the doctrine of non-resistance against arbitrary power and oppression is absurd, slavish, and destructive to the good and happiness of mankind.
All political power is inherent in the people, and all free governments are founded on their authority, and instituted for their benefit. The faith of the people of Texas stands pledged to the preservation of a republican form of government, and, subject to this limitation only, they have at all times the inalienable right to alter, reform or abolish their government in such manner as they may think expedient.
Article 11: Any act directed against a person, apart from the cases and without the forms determined by law, is arbitrary and tyrannical; if attempt is made to execute such act by force, the person who is the object thereof has the right to resist it by force.
Article 12: Those who incite, dispatch, sign, or execute arbitrary acts, or cause them to be executed, are guilty and must be punished.
Article 27: Let any individual who would usurp sovereignty be put to death instantly by free men.
Articles 33-35: Resistance to oppression is the consequence of the other rights of man. There is oppression against the social body when a single one of its members is oppressed. There is oppression against every member when the social body is oppressed. When the government violates the rights of the people, insurrection is for the people, and for every portion thereof, the most sacred of rights and the most indispensable of duties.
All Germans shall have the right to resist any person seeking to abolish this constitutional order, if no other remedy is available.
Observance of the constitution is entrusted to the patriotism of the Greeks who shall have the right and the duty to resist by all possible means against anyone who attempts the violent abolition of the Constitution.
Citizens have the right to resist anybody who would do away with the democratic order of human rights and fundamental freedoms, established by this Charter, if the actions of constitutional bodies or the effective use of legal means have been frustrated.
Some have argued that because in modern times democratic governments can be overthrown by popular vote, the right of the people to remove the government has become embedded into the political system. In a study of the idea of rule by the people in the American Revolution and in early post-revolutionary America, legal historian Christian G. Fritz writes:
The constitutional logic of recognizing the people, not a king, as the sovereign implied the irrelevance of a right of revolution in America. This did not develop instantly or uniformly after the establishment of American governments. Some of the first state constitutions included "alter or abolish" provisions that mirrored the traditional right of revolution. ... Other state constitutions adopted different versions of this right to "alter or abolish" government that did not sound like the traditional right of revolution. In these provisions, the ability of the people to revise constitutions existed regardless of the traditional preconditions for the right of revolution. ... Increasingly, as Americans included it in their constitutions, the right of revolution came to be seen as a constitutional principle permitting the people as the sovereign to control government and revise their constitutions without limit. In this way, the right broke loose from its traditional moorings of resistance to oppression. The alter or abolish provisions could now be interpreted consistent with the constitutional principle that in America, the sovereign was the people.
However, events such as the Arab Spring provide evidence that the revolutionary period of history has not necessarily ended. This raises the question of the importance of right of revolution in 21st century. As terrorism is gaining recognition as a crime under international law, the concept of right to revolution is seen as a legal mechanism to distinguish terrorists from freedom fighters. | <urn:uuid:2a871492-8c46-4d79-b57e-69c266e7f14b> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43",
"url": "http://popflock.com/learn?s=Right_of_revolution",
"date": "2019-10-14T02:32:49",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986648481.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20191014003258-20191014030258-00238.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9633104205131531,
"token_count": 4484,
"score": 4.03125,
"int_score": 4
} |
Subsets and Splits