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Fort Matanzas National MonumentArticle Free Pass
Fort Matanzas National Monument, site of a Spanish fort, on the northeastern coast of Florida, U.S., 14 miles (23 km) south of St. Augustine. The national monument, established in 1924, occupies about 230 acres (93 hectares) on two islands—the southern tip of Anastasia Island and the northern portion of Rattlesnake Island.
The fort, on Rattlesnake Island, consists of a square with walls 50 feet (15 metres) to the side, topped by a tower 30 feet (9 metres) high. It is near the site of the slaughter of some 300 French Huguenots by Spaniards under Pedro Menéndez de Avilés in 1565, and its name is the Spanish word for “slaughters” or “massacre.” In 1569 a wooden watchtower was built at Matanzas Inlet, at the southern end of the inland waterway, to guard St. Augustine from approaching ships. The tower needed to be replaced frequently because of the region’s warm, wet climate. In 1740 a British siege of St. Augustine convinced the Spanish that a stronger fortification was needed, and the fort, built of coquina (shell stone), was begun; it was finished in 1742. The fort was later ceded to the British (1763–83), briefly returned to Spain, and finally handed over to the United States in a treaty of 1819. After U.S. troops took possession in 1821, the fort was not occupied and began to fall into ruin; restoration work began on it in the 1920s after it became a national monument. The surrounding parkland is home to sea turtles, crabs, and a variety of birds, including the least tern and wood stork.
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Solenodon, a mammal that somewhat resembles a shrew. There are only two species—one found in Cuba, the other on Hispaniola. Solenodons range in length from about 11 to 12 1/2 inches (28 to 32 cm) not including the tail, which can be from about 7 to 9 inches (18 to 23 cm) long. Solenodons have long, pointed snouts and sharply clawed feet. Their coarse fur is blackish or brownish with lighter markings. The tail and feet are nearly hairless. Solenodons live in forests and bushy areas where they are active mainly at night. They feed on small animals and on fruit and vegetables. They shelter in burrows, caves, hollow trees, and logs.
Because of their slow rate of reproduction (one or two litters of one to three young per year) and because of predators, such as dogs, cats, and mongooses, solenodons are considered endangered.
Members of the solenodon family are some of the rarest insectivores. They live only in remote parts of two Caribbean islands—Cuba and Hispaniola (hihs puhn YOH luh). Hispaniola is divided into the countries of Haiti (HAY tee) and the Dominican Republic.
Solenodons are one of the largest types of insectivores. A solenodon can grow to nearly 2 feet (61 centimeters) in length and weigh around 1 1/2 pounds (680 grams). It resembles a rat but has a long, pointed snout. The animal has sharp claws on its front feet that it uses to dig for insects in hollow logs.
Solenodon fossils found in North America reveal that these ancient animals lived there about 30 million years ago.
It is a solenodon looking for a tasty meal. The clicking noises a solenodon makes create sound waves that echo. The way the echo bounces back to the solenodon helps it sense things in its path and find food. This complicated process is called echolocation (ehk oh loh KAY shuhn).
When the solenodon finds insects or small reptiles to eat, it bites its prey with sharp, grooved teeth. Poisonous saliva is released through the grooves into the wound, helping to kill the prey.
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The Law of Energy Flows
There are three different energetic resources for any kind of muscular work, including tennis (see Appendix 1):
ATP–CP (or, anaerobic alactatic) system, which lasts 10–15 seconds, uses stored ATP and creatine phosphate (CP), with no by–products. This energy source is related to speed and strength. It is essential for the serve and winning shots in tennis.
Glycolysis (or, anaerobic lactic) system, which lasts 15 seconds – 3 minutes, uses blood glucose and muscular glycogen to make ATP; its by–product is lactic acid. This energy source represents anaerobic endurance. It is essential in long, exhausting tennis relays.
Aerobic system, which lasts from 2–3 minutes to several hours, uses glucose, glycogen, fats, and proteins to make ATP within the aerobic energy pathway; its by–products are carbon dioxide and water. This energy source represents aerobic endurance. It is essential in the fourth and fifth set of any serious tennis match.
KeywordsLactic Acid Creatine Phosphate Energy Drink Lactate Threshold Tennis Player
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Manuscript Handwriting Worksheets
Printable handwriting worksheets for kids to practice manuscript cursive. ruled handwriting worksheets. ruled worksheets are a godsend for handwriting practice there are differences like. use pencils for handwriting practice. pencils are the easiest tools for learning penmanship and.
Manuscript handwriting worksheets. this collection of tracing letters is perfect to teach kids to print. use a wide variety of letters to learn to write uppercase, lowercase, cursive letters and more sort by. how to write the letter a gallery. Free printable handwriting practice worksheets in print manuscript and cursive script fonts even in this digital age, the art of handwriting has not lost its importance in education.
many schools now require that students entering kindergarten be able to write the print manuscript alphabet, as well as their own names. The amazing - incredible handwriting worksheet maker step select a writing style - print - cursive or style. step type your handwriting worksheet content and watch it appear instantly step select letter size - letter color line color.
List of Manuscript Handwriting Worksheets
Step click print for a copy of your. Handwriting practice manuscript worksheets . alphabet handwriting practice worksheet writing worksheets. cursive practice worksheets. free printable letter practice worksheets writing kindergarten for. Our handwriting worksheets help in all these areas while also serving as a great resource for improving overall penmanship.
we offer tracing in both print and cursive for all letters of the alphabet, as well as themed pages with neat, colorful designs that aim to entice kids to practice. Return to handwriting worksheet form. this form can be used to create printable handwriting worksheets.
creating a worksheet from the templates shown here is as simple as picking a template, and then picking a theme for the template. the worksheet you create will be a result of filling the template with a list of words based on your chosen theme. note that only a few of our handwriting worksheet templates are available here.
1. Cursive Handwriting Worksheets Printable Improvement Letters Extra Free Homework Sheets Printouts Print Preschool Worksheet Manuscript
This provides a small idea of what is included with the complete program. more information on the my mighty hands program. Worksheet works allows parents to create customized handwriting worksheets. print, pre-cursive, and cursive styles are available.
writing wizard (k to ) this website offers themed handwriting worksheets in both cursive and manuscript fonts. (k to rd) these handwriting videos teach children how to print both upper and lower case. Manuscript handwriting on letter sized paper. expanded manuscript handwriting on letter sized paper.
older handwriting books with handwriting readiness picture pages. beginning handwriting. i had a request for a handwriting book with the handwriting readiness picture pages that are included in learning the alphabet, books and. Manuscript handwriting worksheets.
2. Cursive Writing Practice Worksheet 4 Kids Network Manuscript Handwriting Worksheets
The lighthouse themed free bible verse worksheets include, scripture memory and more. even as a young child, we can rest assured that gods word does not return void, ever. the seeds we sow into your children will last their lifetime, which brings incredible hope for the future.
The generated worksheet can be used to practice either manuscript or cursive handwriting. see example worksheet on the right. make your own scrambled pictures words - new match the picture and the word. this worksheet generator uses five drop-down menus of sight words and displays the corresponding pictures.
In this lowercase manuscript e worksheet, students use the letters given to practice manuscript handwriting by tracing over the lowercase e. get free access see review. lesson planet. lowercase manuscript q for students k - st. provides a variety of options for printable handwriting worksheets.
3. Worksheets Cursive Handwriting Practice Free Writing Printable Alphabet Sheets Manuscript
Twitter i always love it when i can offer a dual purpose to an activity. why not double-up on bible and cursive handwriting practice with these free, printable worksheets, you can i just love these of gods word and beautiful penmanship are both something that will benefit a child his entire life.
4. Worksheets Cursive Writing Alphabet Sentences Advanced Difficult Letter Combinations Handwriting Practice Free Templates Tracing Sheets Manuscript
Read more. Home worksheets manuscript handwriting. published at, , pm. worksheets. by piper bass. ) good worksheets use a variety of formats. if you have offered a standard word search puzzle every week for the past eight weeks, kids might not get real excited with the same thing on week number nine.
5. Cursive Handwriting Worksheets Confessions Manuscript
There are handwriting worksheets in the collection. writing worksheets for kids, teachers, and parents our free writing worksheets are great for everybody. Tracing print handwriting. practice writing words in print by tracing. this generator lets you create handwriting practice sheets with the text you provide.
enter the words you want to practice with in the large text box below, one on each line. (hint you can create blank practice lines with blank lines in the text box.). These third grade handwriting worksheets pair uppercase and lowercase letter formation practice with humorous sentences that incorporate each letter of the alphabet.
once students have a handle on letter formation, challenge them to use the sentence models to write their own silly sentences. Free handwriting worksheets from my mighty hands. also included with the handwriting lesson plan freebie, is a collection of sample worksheets from the my mighty hands handwriting program.
6. Free Printable Writing Ets Cursive Handwriting Practice Sheets Mathematics Equations Formulas Plane Trigonometry Rubrics Elementary Math Fun Decimal Games Money Manuscript Worksheets
Use the catechism questions and answers. are easy to print as handwriting practice sheets, memory aids, and busywork. New is now worksheet maker. available at myzbportal.com, this easy-to-use tool allows teachers to generate their own practice masters (cursive and manuscript) across different content areas.
7. Cursive Handwriting Sheets Alphabet Writing Worksheets Manuscript
Available at myzbportal.com, this easy-to-use tool allows teachers to generate their own practice masters (cursive and manuscript) across different content areas. choose your template and add in content that also provides additional handwriting activity.
manuscript handwriting worksheets and coloring. image result for handwriting handwriting. handwriting practice style. letters national kindergarten readiness cursive. first grade manuscript. Preschool handwriting worksheets. grab these preschool handwriting worksheets for a super cute, no prep alphabet worksheet to help toddlers, preschoolers, kindergartners, and grade students practice forming their letters.
just print as many black and white worksheets as you like and you are ready to practice tracing letters and listening for beginning word sounds. Kids will get to practice writing individual letters, the names of colors, cute animals, days of the week, months of the year, the four seasons, numbers, and simple sentences.
8. Improve Handwriting Worksheets Learn Write Cursive Workbook Writing Practice Pen Control Line Tracing Letters Words Sentences Number Book Preschoolers Kids Ages 3 5 Manuscript
These are suitable for preschool, kindergarten and early elementary. manuscript handwriting worksheets enjoy these free handwriting practice worksheets in manuscript print with fun coloring images. these are suitable for preschool, kindergarten and early elementary.
9. Worksheet Cursive Handwriting Worksheets Free Printable Pages Font Phenomenal Photo Inspirations Manuscript
Unlike script, the method has few flourishes, making it a good choice for students and daily handwriting. Handwriting for kids and adults. free cursive handwriting and manuscript worksheets and fonts useful for practice or teaching the alphabet and other handwriting styles.
10. Math Worksheet Cursive Handwriting Practice Kids Writing Worksheets Research Paper Service Sheets Printable Free Daily Planner Manuscript
Block style print one letter per page with proper technique tips. There are many styles of handwriting, including cursive, manuscript, italic etc, each with its own letter formation and variation. the kid letters set of fonts belongs to the zaner-bloser manuscript style of handwriting.
11. Math Worksheet Cursive Handwriting Worksheets Grade Free Writing Practice Sheets Modern Homework Frieze Exercises Create Manuscript
The kid letters family includes different fonts with the ability to trace dots, lines, arrows and a. Free printable handwriting worksheets. it is important for children to learn how to make their handwriting clear and readable. teachers typically start on the task of working on a handwriting at about first grade.
12. Practice Penmanship Free Printable Cursive Writing Worksheets Graph Set Calculator Math 8 Test Mathematics John Telling Time Manuscript Handwriting
Cursive writing allows letters to flow into the other person creating a. Make a paper flower bouquet with manuscript. spread the love with a valentines memory journal. sustainable wrapping paper project. card craft project. autumnal lettering. say something special template.
13. Worksheet Cursive Handwriting Practice Sheets Worksheets Manuscript Writing Generator Printable
Our free, printable handwriting worksheets provide practice writing cursive letters, words and sentences. benefits of handwriting practice include increased brain activation and improved performance across all academic subjects. Palmer cursive practice worksheets never too old to improve your handwriting these worksheets showcase the method of penmanship, a simple approach to writing.
14. Math Worksheet Printable Cursive Handwriting Worksheets Beautiful Free Fun Problems Year Practice Test Writing Fractions Manuscript
These templates have the traditional three-line layout used to learn block or cursive lettering. The numbers showed that there was a need, so we have writing worksheets in both manuscript and cursive. sample manuscript cursive writing worksheets. print these sample worksheets below.
15. Tracing Cursive Writing Worksheets Division Grade 6 Printable Counting Money Solving Systems Graphing Calculator Decimal Project Funny Math Quotes Free Manuscript Handwriting
Coloring alphabet worksheets letters m to z free printable coloring alphabet letters activity worksheets for toddlers, preschoolers, pre-k, and kindergarten kids. Worksheets cursive writing. learn handwriting and penmanship with our cursive writing worksheets.
16. Free Printable Cursive Handwriting Worksheets Manuscript
The second pre-writing set, pre-writing uppercase letters, features teaching tips. printable handwriting worksheets. you will like the fact that our printable handwriting worksheets are perfect for school and use. perfect for a large catholic family.
17. Cursive Writing Worksheets Alphabet Letters Sentences Advanced Manuscript Handwriting
Specifically, users choose between print (manuscript), font, sign language, or curse lists arrows on or off lower or upper case large, medium, and small type size, and left or right alignment. There are many styles of handwriting, including cursive, manuscript, italic etc, each with its own letter formation and variation.
18. Cursive Handwriting Practice Capital Letters Worksheet Neat Writing Worksheets Free Math Multiplication Facts Kindergarten Skills Dollar Manuscript
Its easy with the writing wizard. Hi everyone after publishing my k handwriting worksheets (manuscript) i had a ton of requests for cursive handwriting worksheets. it took me a bit to get them completed, but here they are as usual, you can print on copy paper and have students write with pencil on the sheets,.
Choose the type of handwriting your child will practice (). choose the letter style you prefer (). select the worksheet style (same or different content on each line). using the dialog box at the left to enter the worksheet content and a descriptive title of the.
Handwriting for kids. free handwriting lessons to teach kids and adults how to write alphabets, numbers, sentences, bible school, scriptures, and even their name interactive math such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. coming soon fractions.
19. Cursive Handwriting Worksheets Words Quiet Simple Life Manuscript
Here is a set of manuscript handwriting worksheets to print and use in the classroom or home. featuring, or similar letters on each, they give plenty of tracing practice and lay the foundations for joined up writing in the future. including a word for each letter, too.
The letter a handwriting practice contains a variety of handwriting, writing and reading activities. letter a handwriting practice --t- sentence writing zebra. Handwriting worksheets free printable a set of handwriting worksheets to help your child improve their handwriting.
blank handwriting worksheets printable free thank you for visiting our site. below you ll find printable handwriting worksheets for letters a z print your student will practice upper and lower letters and write them in. These free bible verse worksheets will help your young learner with practicing print and cursive handwriting.
20. Cursive Handwriting Practice Worksheets Moms Manuscript
These manuscript (printing) worksheets are great for any classroom. engage your students with these manuscript (printing) worksheets. members receive unlimited access to, cross-curricular educational resources, including interactive activities,, and custom worksheet generators.
Buy garden of verses manuscript and cursive writing worksheets. advanced cursive printable handwriting practice - poems and cursive sentences. moving up through the handwriting skills levels these worksheets have the text to the left of the writing space.
building a collection of name worksheets for handwriting practice and learning names. you can find out about requesting names here. you can also build your own simple handwriting tracing pages with a to handwriting worksheet generator. New is now worksheet maker.
21. Worksheets Cursive Handwriting Free Printable Mama Geek Words Practise Capital Letters Writing Practice Manuscript
Cursive handwriting practice (worksheet ) carefully and neatly copy the following passage. the space telescope is a large telescope in space. it was launched into orbit by space shuttle discovery in. orbits about kilometers ( miles) above earth. it is the length of a large school bus and weighs as.
22. Cursive Writing Worksheets Printable Tremendous Student Image Ideas Manuscript Handwriting
The kid letters set of fonts belongs to the zaner-bloser manuscript style of handwriting. the kid letters family includes different fonts with the ability to trace dots, lines, arrows and a. Handwriting is a complex process of recording language by hand, often by using paper and a pen or pencil.
23. Free Cursive Handwriting Worksheets Manuscript
Practice packs introduce basic strokes, outline letter formation, and provide extra practice. manuscript cursive paper template pages include grade-level-specific ruled lines so students can learn where to begin and end letters. Handwriting worksheets basic handwriting practice worksheets.
24. Coloring Pages Top Cursive Writing Worksheets Design Letters Printable Letter Tracing Manuscript Handwriting
A person could of course imagine about setting them. Manuscript writing make learning to write as easy as alphabet trace-and-write sheets, fill-ins, lined stationery, worksheets, and practice pages take kids from a to z and build up to level-appropriate words, sentences, and multi-sentence writing prompts, puzzles, and riddles.
free bible handwriting worksheets by heart of wisdom. these worksheets come in different styles, manuscript, cursive or. they are tracers so they are perfect for beginning writers to begin to understand how to form the letters properly. beginners manuscript handwriting lessons by young.
Lets practice writing handwriting httpwww.handwritingworksheets.comprint-hmake-ph.htm httpwww.comprewritinguppercase.html this includes tips. The writing worksheet wizard automatically makes handwriting practice worksheets for children. you can create writing practice sheets in or zaner-bloser style, in print or cursive form - and its all for free make alphabet worksheets or spelling practice sheets.
25. Free Cursive Handwriting Worksheets Instant Download Manuscript
The kid letters set of fonts belongs to the manuscript style of handwriting. the kid letters family includes different fonts with the ability to trace dots, lines, arrows and. Free handwriting resources provide practice writing legibly in handwriting or cursive.
26. Math Worksheet Free Cursive Handwriting Sheets Print Worksheets Manuscript
However, it easily can take a few years for them to greatly improve their handwriting. Printable writing paper templates for primary grades the writing paper on this page is meant to help preschool, kindergarten or early elementary grade students who are learning their handwriting skills and need guide lines.
27. Worksheet Handwriting Worksheets Photo Cursive Inspirations Writing Dividing Fractions Grade Teacher Resources Websites Comparing Decimals Game Intro Algebra Manuscript
Great resources for improving cursive writing and learning to print neatly for both adults and children in the page below. Displaying top worksheets found for - manuscript. some of the worksheets for this concept are create your own penmanship, grammar composition.
28. Manuscript Handwriting Worksheets Writing Free Math Placement Papers Graders Games Sites Print Test Money
Preschool alphabet handwriting pages-choose letter of alphabet or word that starts with specific letter like b for bear. animal name pages cute pages with common zoo animals. basic handwriting practice worksheets a variety of worksheets from. beginning manuscript handwriting from young.
29. Free Cursive Handwriting Worksheets Writing Grade Printable Math Sheets Hard Games Graders Fractions Revision Worksheet Numbers Examples Manuscript
Handwriting packet beginning to print uppercase and lowercase letters - this page features two pre-writing packets. pre-writing uppercase letters includes tips about teaching handwriting and twenty-six practice pages showing correct letter formation.
30. Free Cursive Handwriting Practice Easy Writing Worksheets Division Sums Grade Worksheet High School Geometry Activities Math Word Problems Fraction Numeracy Games Manuscript
The production of legible and efficient handwriting requires intact skills in the areas of postural control, eye hand coordination, visual perception, fine motor control, ocular control, and pencil grasp. There are many styles of handwriting, including cursive, manuscript, italic etc, each with its own letter formation and variation.
31. Spring Cursive Handwriting Practice Easy Writing Worksheets High School Geometry Worksheet Math Centers Grade Solve Equation Tips Tutoring Fraction Simple Mathematics Questions Manuscript
D lettering. world calligraphy day say something special. world calligraphy day decorations. world calligraphy day card. Letter y worksheet letter y practice worksheets for preschool tracing, recognizing, coloring, matching, handwriting uppercase and lowercase letters.
32. Handwriting Worksheets Penmanship Fun Mommy Journey Manuscript
Choose your template and add in content that also provides additional handwriting activity. Handwriting worksheets standard block print for preschool, kindergarten and first grade. enjoy these free handwriting practice worksheet in standard block print or standard manuscript with fun coloring images.
33. Planets Cursive Handwriting Worksheets Superstar Manuscript
The first communion copybook (from the catechism no. ) comes with both manuscript and cursive writing. Worksheets can be purchased in both cursive and print writing. print writing worksheets are geared towards younger kids who happen to be just finding out how to write and cursive worksheets could be introduced at a later age when writing skills are becoming sophisticated.
34. Coloring Pages Cursive Writing Worksheets Alphabet Pictures Generator Preschool Manuscript Handwriting
These worksheets are for coloring, tracing, and writing uppercase and lowercase letters. To teach handwriting, your child will benefit from handwriting practice sheets to help with the letter formation and styles. you can either decide to purchase books with the type of print you would like - manuscript,, cursive and more - or you can visit sites with free worksheets, handwriting worksheet creators and other handwriting practice worksheets.
This handwriting booklet is perfect for students practicing modern manuscript handwriting. it contains a cover page for binding into a book, if you want to, a beginning and ending handwriting page, and page for each letter. Printable print manuscript - scroll down to print () - handwriting worksheets.
this is a sample sheet of the print () alphabet. reproduce this printable for students. the kids keep it folders or binders as a handy guide to use when handwriting. Amazing manuscript alphabet handwriting practice printable skills sheets. alphabet worksheet s - when it comes to you wanting to set goals for yourself right now there are several ways within which this is often done.
35. Beginner Hand Lettering Worksheets Cursive Handwriting Manuscript
You can also print out sheets of paper with primary-ruled lines. the worksheets include outline letters that can be traced and dotted line letters. approximate grade levels pre-k through first grade. This contains worksheets for your students to practice manuscript style handwriting.
numerous schools currently encourage students entering kindergarten to have the capacity to write in manuscript even their own names. while handwriting was a lower priority for quite a while, its handiness ha. Manuscript writing sample handwriting worksheets.
hundreds of from scholastic cover handwriting skills for students in pre-k through grade. additionally, get access to more than, award-winning and leveled learning collections to help reach every learner. a sample of handwriting worksheets for. Free handwriting worksheets (alphabet handwriting worksheets, handwriting paper and cursive handwriting worksheets) for preschool and kindergarten.
Handwriting practice worksheets. made by you in print - or cursive. choose a font and lets teach our how to write print handwriting practice. print handwriting practice worksheets. basic print trace or hollow letters appear on your worksheet. just type and letters magically appear.
Handwriting worksheets for print practice letters, numbers, and the following characters can be used. use the underscore character to make a division symbol. My students always like this. to help you help your students practice writing, i have included some free printable handwriting worksheets below.
hope you find what you need a great way to start teaching handwriting is to first start teaching the child how to write own name handwriting for kids free handwriting practice pages. The worksheets on this page can help you teach your kids to print capital and lower case letters, numbers, and symbols. | <urn:uuid:18a9746a-b146-438c-a7b1-1dd7ae762cbc> | {
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Do animals have emotions article?
The short answer though is, yes, animals do feel emotions. You only need to look at a dog wagging its tail to see that, but it is backed up with research too, some of which we’ll look at below. Animals get excited, happy, and scared in the same way we do. Humans are animals after all .
Do animals have emotions feelings?
Pythagoreans long ago believed that animals experience the same range of emotions as humans (Coates 1998), and current research provides compelling evidence that at least some animals likely feel a full range of emotions, including fear, joy, happiness, shame, embarrassment, resentment, jealousy, rage, anger, love.
Do animals have feelings for each other?
Behaviourally we see animals displaying extraordinary evidence of grief, care and empathy towards each other and their human companions – this clearly isn’t just ‘cupboard love’!
Do all mammals have feelings?
Their desire for rewards is part of sentience — the capacity to feel. Sentience encompasses a universe of positive and negative physical and emotional experiences. Today, most scientists agree that all vertebrate animals — mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish — are, to varying degrees, sentient.
Do animals have feelings research?
How about each other? Scientific research backs the idea of emotions in animals. In fact, researchers have observed empathy in them, as well as grief, fear and other complex emotions often associated primarily with humans.
What animals have empathy?
However, we now know that elephants, dolphins, whales, chimpanzees, and a handful of other animals also demonstrate emotional reactions that appear to be “empathy” and a type of self-awareness. They are able to recognize themselves in the mirror, mourn the death of their young, and experience a wide range of emotions.
Do animals have feelings debate?
It has been a long-term debate on whether animals have emotions. Anyone loving an animal will usually quickly tell you that yes, they do. Do they feel love, joy, excitement, anger, fear, anxiety, sadness, depression, etc? Recent studies in science have shown that yes, they do.
Do animals feel love for mates?
While it is not known if animals experience romance exactly the way humans do, recent studies show that for some animals there is indeed the capability to love. Some penguins — and other animals such as giraffes, flamingos, snails and vampire bats — find long-term mates of the same sex.
Do animals feel guilt?
While empathy and compassion may be common in animals, guilt may be a uniquely human emotion. A study published in the journal Behavioural Processes in 2009 found that dogs’ guilty looks don’t signal remorse. In the study, they told owners that their dogs had eaten a forbidden treat while the owners left the room.
Do animals have a moral conscience?
But many animals have a moral compass, and feel emotions such as love, grief, outrage and empathy, a new book argues. And because they have morality, we have moral obligations to them, said author Mark Rowlands, a University of Miami philosopher.
Why animals do not have emotions?
But in the century that followed the book’s publication in 1872, a reductionist view took hold: bees, frogs, cats and all animals are merely organisms that follow hardwired, instinctual behavior patterns. They are devoid of feelings.
Do animals know we love them?
Yes, your dog knows how much you love him! Dogs and humans have a very special relationship, where dogs have actually hijacked the human oxytocin bonding pathway that is normally reserved for our babies. When you stare at your dog, both your oxytocin levels go up, the same as when you pet them and play with them.
Do you believe that animals have emotions?
Believers , however, typically opine that animals are capable of a range of emotions, such as happiness, sadness, empathy, grief, curiosity, anger, anxiety and fear. So a naughty dog that goes on the carpet and gnaws up everything is probably not actively trying to punish its absent person for being gone so long.
How do animals show their feelings?
Tigers Take Revenge. In 2007,some dudes at the San Francisco Zoo decided they wanted to spend Christmas Day taunting a Siberian tiger.
Are humans the only animals that have emotions?
As you can see, the development of ethology in recent decades seems to indicate that humans aren’t the only ones capable of feeling in the animal world. In addition to basic emotions, these facts show that concepts such as empathy or complex emotional disorders are also present in animals.
What kind of emotions do animals feel?
Today, current research supports the idea that at least some animals experience a variety of emotions, including fear, joy, happiness, shame, rage, compassion, respect and more. Dr. Marc Bekoff, professor and author of numerous essays about animal rights and conservation, stated, “Non-human animals are amazing beings. | <urn:uuid:c6061c31-66c5-4036-a701-622827335bca> | {
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World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2019
Plan for improving observations around Lake Victoria that support numerical weather predictions, climate services and adaptation
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization ; Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission ; United Nations Environment Programme ; International Council for SciencePublished by: WMO ; 2019
Collection(s) and Series: GCOS- No. 229
Format: Digital (Free)This lesson introduces tools and concepts that are essential for scenario-based planning for sea level change. The lesson guides the learner through the use of the USACE Sea Level Change Calculator to produce site-specific water-level projections. The lesson also introduces the NOAA Sea Level Rise Viewer and NOAA's Sea Level Trends website.Published by: The University Corporation for Atmospheric Research ; 2019
Scenario-Based Planning for Sea Level Change in the U.S. Using the USACE Sea Level Change Curve Calculator and Guidance
This lesson introduces tools and concepts that are essential for scenario-based planning for sea level change. The lesson guides the learner through the use of the USACE Sea Level Change Calculator to produce site-specific water-level projections. The lesson also introduces the NOAA Sea Level Rise Viewer and NOAA's Sea Level Trends website.
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The responsibility for opinions expressed in articles, publications, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and their posting on this website does not constitute an endorsement by WMO of the opinion expressed therein.
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Format: Digital (Standard Copyright)This educational video describes the approach to implementing rovin seminars. Organized as part of the METAGRI project, roving seminars aim to increase the resilience of rural producers to climate change.Published by: WMO ; 2018
How to Conduct a Roving Seminar on weather and climate: training modules for rural producers and development technicians
This educational video describes the approach to implementing rovin seminars. Organized as part of the METAGRI project, roving seminars aim to increase the resilience of rural producers to climate change.
Notes: With the support of the Norwegian Government.
Format: Digital (Free)Cette vidéo éducative décrit l'approche de mise en oeuvre des séminaires itinérants. Organisés dans le cadre du projet METAGRI, les séminaires itinérants visent à renforcer la résilience des producteurs ruraux face au changement climatique.Published by: OMM ; 2018
Bien préparer et conduire un séminaire itinérant sur le temps et le climat: modules de formation à l'intention des producteurs et productrices ruraux et des techniciens de développement
Cette vidéo éducative décrit l'approche de mise en oeuvre des séminaires itinérants. Organisés dans le cadre du projet METAGRI, les séminaires itinérants visent à renforcer la résilience des producteurs ruraux face au changement climatique.
Notes: Avec le soutien du gouvernement norvégien.
Format: Digital (Free)World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS) - WMO, 2016 (WMO-No. 1170)Because of the current and projected impacts on climate due to the high levels of greenhousegas (GHG) emissions, adaptation is a necessary strategy at all scales in a changing climate. At its 17th session, the Conference of Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) established the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process as a way to facilitate effective adaptation planning in Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and other developing countries. The four key elements that need to be undertaken in the development of NAPs are: Laying the groundwork and addressin ...Published by: WMO ; 2016
Climate Services for Supporting Climate Change Adaptation: Supplement to the Technical Guidelines for The National Adaptation Plan Process
Because of the current and projected impacts on climate due to the high levels of greenhousegas (GHG) emissions, adaptation is a necessary strategy at all scales in a changing climate. At its 17th session, the Conference of Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) established the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process as a way to facilitate effective adaptation planning in Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and other developing countries. The four key elements that need to be undertaken in the development of NAPs are: Laying the groundwork and addressing gaps; Preparatory elements; Implementation strategies; and Reporting, monitoring and review. Implementation strategies in the NAP process involve decisions related to climate risk management, which have to be based on reliable, relevant, usable and timely climate information. A number of activities in the different elements of the NAP process require effective and timely climate services consisting of the collection of climate data; generation and provision of a wide range of information on past, present and future climate; development of products that help improve the understanding of climate and its impacts on natural and human systems; and the application of these data, information and products for decision-making in all walks of life and at all levels of society.
Collection(s) and Series: WMO- No. 1170
Format: Digital (Free)
ISBN (or other code): 978-92-63-11170-8European Commission, 2015The aim of this report is to provide policy-makers, research managers, and the whole adaptation and scientific community, with statistical information on national adaptation research in the 32 EEA member countries plus Israel, determined through a sound analysis of the INFOBASE. The report analyses the projects uploaded in the CIRCLE-2 INFOBASE until October 2013 along their main character.
The report explains key finding on climate adaptation. The most important findings are that the number of national adaptation research projects vary greatly among countries, the “observations ...PermalinkPermalinkThis report details the lessons learned during the implementation of the High Mountains Adaptation Partnership (HiMAP)(www.highmountains.org) project between March 2012 and June 2015. Located under the broader USAID Climate Change Resilient Development (CCRD) project, the goal of the HiMAP is to strengthen the climate change adaptation capacities of people who live in, or are dependent on, high mountain glacial watersheds and the ecosystem services which they provide. The document is intended to be a resource for USAID Missions, donors, practitioners, and NGOs interested in learning more about ...PermalinkThe Climate Resilient Infrastructure Services (CRIS) program was an initiative of USAID’s Climate Change Resilient Development (CCRD) project. CRIS worked to improve the ability of cities in developing countries to provide reliable and sustainable infrastructure services that support smart and lasting development, even in a changing climate. For two-and-a-half years the CRIS program worked with cities to develop, test, and implement approaches to improve the climate resilience of infrastructure services. These services—which include transportation, water, sanitation and waste management, energ ...PermalinkThis report argues that there is a gap for disaster risk reduction (DRR) financing, which could be filled by adaptation funds that have the capacity to invest directly in DRR activities and to integrate DRR into their other activities.
It suggests that water and coastal protection are the sectors where DRR is most integrated. DRR investments through adaptation funds appear to be more focused on the poorest countries in comparison to DRR finance from international aid.
This was particularly the case for Small Island Developing States (SIDS). DRR channelled through ...PermalinkElsevier, 2015This study identifies and addresses key challenges concerning monitoring and evaluation (M&E) for climate change adaptation (CCA).
It documents good practices and good practice principles on the development, selection, and use of indicators used in the M&E of adaptation interventions. The study also looks at the steps and contexts M&E personnel should consider when formulating, selecting, adjusting, and/or using indicators. The study also identifies common themes in the literature and gaps in data – including the role of learning in an adaptation M&E system and the identificatio ...PermalinkThis discussion paper examines differences and similarities between ecosystem-based approaches to disaster risk reduction (Eco-DRR) and ecosystem-based approaches to adaptation (EBA).
It suggests key integration points at the project level through examining a number of Eco-DRR, EBA and hybrid (Eco-DRR/CCA) projects. A total of 38 (Eco-DRR, EBA and hybrid Eco-DRR/CCA) projects are examined in terms of their aims, assessments, implementation, monitoring and evaluation (M&E) and policy and institutional contexts to understand how in practice these approaches differ and overlap and ...PermalinkThe book offers a critique of the dominant trends in thinking about adaptation and climate change, particularly social dimensions.
It presents a framework for making sense of choices around resilience (stability), transition (incremental social change and the exercising of existing rights) and transformation (new rights claims and changes in political regimes).
The resilience– transition–transformation framework is supported by three detailed case study chapters. These also illustrate the diversity of contexts in which adaption is unfolding, from organisations to ...Permalink
This working paper tries to estimate the cost of global climate change impacts for India.
The study finds that climate change will result in significant economic losses for India across sectors, including agricultural production. There is likely to be a need for additional power generation for meeting higher cooling energy needs of India. The paper argues that health impacts should be best measured in terms of deaths due to higher incidence of diseases, including diarrhoea, malaria and dengue. A loss of economic output is also predicted.
The cost o ...PermalinkAs adaptation policy progresses in Europe, it is increasingly important, that people have access to relevant and high quality information. A broad range of users consider web-based adaptation platforms an effective means of collecting and sharing experiences and knowledge to interested stakeholders including policymakers, practioners and the general public. The report provides an overview on the state of play of most adaptation platform in Europe including 14 national adaptation platforms. It offers information on the scope, history, targeted users, the selection and presentation of knowledge ...PermalinkWhile the first Africa Adaptation Gap Report demonstrated how delaying action would result in exponentially rising costs down the road, this second report now turns to possible solutions to respond to this urgency. Based on the analyses contained in this report, policy makers can consider how all options at international, regional and national levels can complement each other.
The report builds on the UNEP 2014 emissions gap report that asserts that by 2050, Africa’s adaptation costs could rise to USD 50 billion per year for a scenario holding global warming below 2°C, and up to ...PermalinkThe U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)/African and Latin American Resilience to Climate Change (ARCC) Project conducted the Western Honduras Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment (Western Honduras VA) in 2014. The assessment represents a multidisciplinary effort to assess the impact of climate change and variability on social and ecological systems in Western Honduras. This assessment focused on Western Honduras’s Dry Corridor (in Spanish, Corredor Seco) region and the six departments receiving Feed the Future (FtF) programming support: Copán, Ocotepeque, Lempira, Santa Barbar ...PermalinkPermalinkThis report argues that investment in climate change adaptation can help ensure that the impacts of climate change do not reverse decades of development progress in Africa.
It presents practical examples of successful low-cost adaptation solutions from around sub-Saharan Africa. The report includes examples of successful adaptation projects that have provided the impetus for large-scale government investments and policy action. According to the report, by 2050 Africa's population will have doubled to 2 billion people, the majority of which will still largely depend on agriculture for th ...PermalinkThis report puts participatory scenario planning (PSP - a multi-stakeholder platform for making seasonal climate forecasts useful) into the broader context of climate communication, with a focus on Africa.
It is aimed at new users and intermediaries interested in integrating climate information into adaptation, resilience, disaster risk reduction (DRR), early warning, agriculture and other sector-based development programmes and related work. It explains why and how climate information is a valuable resource for informing responses to climate variability and change. Based on lessons fro ...PermalinkThe Vulnerability Sourcebook sourcebook provides a standardised approach to vulnerability assessments covering a broad range of sectors and topics (e.g. water sector, agriculture, fisheries, different ecosystems) as well as different spatial levels (community, sub-national, national) and time horizons (e.g. current vulnerability or vulnerability in the medium- to long-term). It refers to vulnerability as ‘the degree to which a system is susceptible to, and unable to cope with, adverse effects of climate change, including climate variability and extremes. Vulnerability is a function of the char ...PermalinkSuni Yulius P.K.; Lassa Jonatan A.; Institute of Resource Governance and Social Change (IRGSC) - IRGSC, 2014This paper addresses the reduction of carbon emission as a global climate mitigation imperative and considers the negative impacts of climate change on food production. It argues that, in order to ensure that climate adaptation, food security and climate mitigation objectives are mutually achieved, local level intervention is necessary.
The case study shows local level action where efforts achieving food security through mutual adoption of climate adaptation (e.g. drought and soil erosion management through land and water conservation measures) and carbon mitigation. The resear ...PermalinkWiley, 2014In this paper we review current approaches and recent advances in research on climate impacts and adaptation in South Africa. South Africa has a well-developed earth system science research program that underpins the climate change scenarios developed for the southern African region. Established research on the biophysical impacts of climate change on key sectors (water, agriculture, and biodiversity) integrates the climate change scenarios but further research is needed in a number of areas, such as the climate impacts on cities and the built environment. National government has developed a N ...PermalinkPermalinkThe Sustainable Environment and Ecological Development Society (SEEDS) conducted research in the disaster-prone arid zones of India, Leh and Barmer to determine how best to overcome the challenges of integrating effective disaster risk reduction and climate adaptation into development planning. This brief describes the team’s research and observations, and suggests how other communities can address similar challenges by using windows of opportunity in post-disaster situations. The paper argues that special planning and response mechanisms need to be developed at the national level to meet the ...PermalinkThe working paper is intended to identify key gaps in science and capacity to feed into the scoping phase of the Future Climate For Africa (FCFA) programme. It brings together information from 1) A review of articles and ‘grey’ (unpublished) literature on knowledge gaps and areas needed to support the capacity of African decision-makers and 2) Two regional activities: a workshop in and a side-event to the Africa Climate Change Conference 2013 in Arusha, Tanzania.
It argues that ensuring that policy-makers are able to respond to the medium- and long-term implications of climate change is ...PermalinkThis paper argues that cost–benefit analysis (CBA) helps inform decisions about projects, such as whether to proceed with a project or not, which project option to select, and what refinements can be made to improve project design – thus making them more effective. It also argues that CBA can also help to assess and incorporate the risk and uncertainty of climate variability and climate change into project decision making. The most effective, it says that CBA should be included as a key component of the project cycle right from the beginning, involving multidisciplinary teams, and support from ...PermalinkThis document aims to provide guidance on conducting a national or subnational assessment of current and future vulnerability to the health risks of climate change, and of policies and programmes that could increase resilience, taking into account the multiple determinants of climate-sensitive health outcomes. It is intended that the assessment outcome will provide information for decision-makers on the extent and magnitude of likely health risks attributable to climate change, and priority policies and programmes to prevent and reduce the severity of future impacts.PermalinkThis booklet is based on outcomes from a two-year Indo-Norwegian research and capacity development project titled, ‘Extreme Risks, Vulnerabilities and Community-Based Adaptation in India (EVA)’. The findings draw upon empirical data from rural communities in Jalna District in the dryland region of Marathwada of Maharashtra.PermalinkThis report outlines key findings and makes recommendations on how to better support decision-making processes for understanding climate change adaptation and implementing emerging researched approach - Flexible and Forward-looking Decision Making (FFDM). The report describes three case studies conducted in Kotido, Uganda, in Gemechis, Ethiopia, and in Guijá, Mozambique outlining the use of FFDM as well as the effectiveness and limitations of a game-enabled reflection approach in capacity-building activities.PermalinkThis working paper summarizes existing work on the costs and benefits of climate change adaptation for the water sector in Africa. It reviews adaptation cost estimates for the continent and the main economic appraisal methods used, then summarizes results. It focuses on adaptation to climate impacts on the water sector, such as damage to water infrastructure, rather than impacts from water on other sectors, such as agricultural drought.PermalinkThe aim of this paper is to examine the challenges of addressing loss and damage through national institutional arrangements that integrate disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation (CCA) in Bangladesh. Published as part of the Germanwatch Loss and Damage Initiative, it analyses DRR and CCA policies, strategies, institutions and approaches, and identifies areas where greater synergy may be achieved.
The paper recommends that the following steps be undertaken: develop a comprehensive policy on the integration of DRR and CCA to address loss and damage; establish policy a ...PermalinkThe second Topic Guide is now available for download. ‘Adaptation: Decision Making Under Uncertainty’ is a peer-reviewed report about the latest thinking on how to manage climate change in development decisions. Author Dr Nicola Ranger – Senior Research Fellow at the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) – finds that whilst climate change will affect the long-term outcomes of many development interventions, dealing with it need not be complicated, nor prevent action.PermalinkThere exists a wealth of largely overlooked experience that has been accrued over generations by small-scale farmers and pastoralists in poor countries as they cope with climatic extremes and increasing uncertainty – climate-change related or otherwise. IIED has 40 years’ experience of working with these producers; this Gatekeeper paper draws lessons from this wealth of knowledge in order to inform adaptation planning efforts at all levels. The paper underscores how measures to increase climate change resilience must view food, energy, water and waste management systems as interconnected and m ...PermalinkWorld Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); International Council for Science (ICSU); et al. - WMO, 2013The goals of the workshop were to identify observational requirements for adaptation, to review the Essential Climate Variables (ECVs) to determine their adequacy for adaptation, and to support the development of a new implementation plan to address the gaps and deficiencies identified. The workshop was closely aligned with the implementation of the GFCS. Consistent with the four GFCS priority areas, individual sessions addressed agriculture, water resources, health, and disaster risk reduction issues, among others. In addition, the sessions on data rescue and da ...PermalinkThis report explores how Britain can achieve Carbon neutrality. Building upon the groundwork laid by the Zero Carbon Britain project over the last six years, the authors incorporate the latest developments in science and technology, plus more detailed research in two main areas: balancing highly variable energy supply and demand; and the nutritional implications of a low carbon diet. The report highlights the need for further research on adaptation, economic transition and policy that would achieve sufficient greenhouse gas emissions reductions quickly and equitably. From a broader viewpoint, ...PermalinkThe BRACED is a multi-year programme which will scale up funding to NGOs interventions that build community resilience to extreme climate events in ten African and South Asian countries. Drawing on the first two phases of BRACED, this paper clarifies which NGOs in the concerned countries are potential partners for the programme, and what types of activities are they likely to implement if funding were available.PermalinkThis publication seeks to identify promoted policy entry points to support the implementation of priority adaptation strategies, and identifies policy mechanisms as appropriate interventions to allow agropastoralists to buffer the effects of climate variability and change. The purpose of this project is to co-generate methods, information and solutions between local communities, local and international scientists, policymakers and other actors involved in climate change and adaptation programs, for coping mechanisms and adapting strategies to climate change and variability in West and Southern ...PermalinkThe main objective of this strategic intervention is to reduce the impacts of climate change and land degradation on rural farm lands by intensifying the production of fruit trees. This will generate income and help farmers adapt to climate change.
Most farmland areas are devoid of plantations and natural vegetation forests making them susceptible to the impacts of climate change. These areas could experience more soil erosion because of the reduced rainfall and the increase in temperature. The introduction of fruit trees on the farmland or near the households could create a greener env ...PermalinkThe report aims to provide basic guidance to city level policy makers, urban planners, transport planners and consultants. There is a focus on the meaning of ‘low carbon,’ low carbon scenarios and alternate development pathways to achieve these scenarios; and the role of low carbon development in India. Mitigation and adaptation as part of a framework for climate compatible development are explored and there is an evaluation of global energy systems.
This is one of three reports released by the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) as part of a project on 'Promoting Low Carbon Transport in In ...PermalinkThe goal of this research was to examine the likely impacts of climate change on agriculture in Bangladesh, and develop recommendations to policymakers to help farmers adapt to the changes. A variety of research methods were used. When taken together, the results indicate that adaptation efforts in Bangladesh should include adjusting planting dates, using improved cultivars better suited for climate change, improving fertilizer application, exploring increased maize production, and bolstering flood and pest protection for farmers.PermalinkDas Partha J.; Bhuyan Himadri K.; International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) - ICIMOD, 2013This publication is the result of research conducted as a part of the Himalayan Climate Change Adaptation Programme (HICAP). It explores the governance of flood mitigation infrastructure in parts of India and Nepal. It also covers the traditional coping and adaptation strategies of local communities to deal with floods, which are being increasingly challenged due to the changing nature of floods and other water hazards attributed largely to climate change. Floods are the most common water-induced hazard in the Hindu Kush. Government efforts to protect people from flood waters and mitigate the ...PermalinkThis manual is designed to help programme managers, policy makers, and researchers easily identify which materials would be most useful to them. It gives a synthesis and summary of frameworks for the monitoring and evaluation of climate change adaptation (CCA) interventions, with a specific focus on international development projects and programs. The report offers guidance and analysis as well as identifying gaps and challenges that need to be addressed in the rapidly-evolving field of climate change adaptation.PermalinkThe University of Dar es Salaam in Tanzania through the Institute of Resource Assessment (IRA) implemented a three years research program to study the implications of climate change on natural and social systems in three agro-ecolocilal zones in Tanzania. The paper presents findings obtained from one of the zones studied.
The study was conducted in two villages: Upungwe and Mbogwe located in Nzega District, Tabora region. Interviews with a sample size of 99 people – 10 per cent of the total number of households – were used. A total of 40 people were involved in focus group discussions – ...PermalinkThe Programme of Research on Climate Change Vulnerability, Impacts and Adaptation (PROVIA) has led the development of a set of Research Priorities on vulnerability, impacts and adaptation in consultation with both experts and policymakers.
This report consists of 33 topics presented in three sections:
1. Support Policymaker Decisions;
2. Systems and Regions;
3. Emerging Topics;
Each topic includes an explanation of why the research is needed as well as examples of specific activities which can respond to that need such as fostering technological innovation ...PermalinkCambodia is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change because of the predicted changes in temperature and precipitation, the share of labour in agriculture, and low adaptive capacity due to widespread poverty. This study uses climate data from four general circulation models (GCMs) to evaluate the impact of climate change on agriculture in Cambodia by 2050.
An evaluation of crop yields was undertaken as well as exploring potential gains from changing fertiliser levels and using irrigation to compensate for rainfall changes. A survey of 45 communes was also conducted using f ...PermalinkUNFPA, 2013The document consolidates the knowledge, methods, and practices that emerged from the 2010 expert group meeting entitled "Population Dynamics and Climate Change II: Building for Adaptation" organized by UNFPA, IIED and the Colegio de México in Mexico City.
It intends to catalyze action in global, national and local communities around a more informed, data driven adaptation process, and to bring together disparate disciplines, from environment science to planning to social science and beyond. The use of spatial data is at the core of this agenda.
It is divided in ...PermalinkSchechtman Judd; Brady Michael; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) - United States of America - gov, 2013The purpose of this report is to provide National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) with best practice information to assist with ongoing climate change adaptation outreach in the North Atlantic region of the United States and to identify and collate cost-effective adaptation projects implemented at the municipal level. The report is divided into three sections: (i) section one introduces the study and explains the background of the region; (ii) section two defines the goals and objectives of the study, explains the research methods, and defines key terms; (iii) and section three c ...PermalinkICIMOD, 2013This document presents the results of a case study carried out in China, Nepal, and Pakistan which reviews the use of trees for agricultural diversification by communities in response to climate-related stresses as part of a larger project documenting local adaptation strategies to climate-induced water stress and hazards in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region. The document is comprised of six main sections: (i) section one introduces the environmental background of the region, the policies regarding sustainable agroforestry currently in place, and the objectives of the study; (ii) section two exp ...PermalinkThis document is intended to be a step-by-step guide to using scenarios to plan for climate change adaptation. The document aims to aid natural resource managers, planners, scientists and other stakeholders working at a local or regional scale to develop resource management approaches that take future possible climate change impacts and other important uncertainties into account.Permalink | <urn:uuid:9cb96bae-b318-4bdc-b542-307184eb73f8> | {
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A spinal cord injury occurs when the bones surrounding the spinal cord are damaged. Paralysis is the best known result of spinal cord injuries, but these injuries can have other effects as well. Many people think of spinal cord injuries as being in two types: paraplegia, affecting the legs and lower extremities, and quadriplegia, affecting the upper and lower extremities.
However, spinal cord injuries and their effects are more complex than a division into upper and lower injuries. The Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation provides more in depth guidelines about the types of spinal cord injuries and the effects that they may have, including:
- Cervical spinal cord injuries, also known as quadriplegia or tetraplegia. These injuries occur from C1-C8 in the spinal cord and can affect all regions below the level of the injury, including paralysis or weakness in the arms and legs. Loss of physical sensation, breathing problems, bowel and bladder problems may all occur.
- Thoracic spinal cord injuries. These injuries are less common because they occur from T1-T12, an area that’s protected by the rib cage. Paraplegia, or weakness and paralysis of the legs can result, along with bowel and bladder problems and loss of physical sensation. Muscles in the back and part of the abdomen may also be affected.
- Lumbar spinal cord injuries. These injuries occur in the low back, from L1-L5, and can cause paraplegia. They can also cause loss of physical sensation, sexual dysfunction and bowel and bladder problems. Typically the shoulders, arms and hands are not affected.
- Sacral spinal cord injuries, in which the spine is injured from S1-S5. These injuries can cause weakness or paralysis of the hips and legs and can also cause bowel, bladder and sexual problems.
In addition to the location of the injury, a spinal cord injury may be affected by whether it is complete or incomplete. A complete injury means there is no motor function below the injury. An incomplete injury means that some sensation or movement is possible below the injury.
Source: Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation, “What is my injury all about, and what is meant by complete vs. incomplete?” | <urn:uuid:a5cfc54f-985c-47e4-b781-0ededd044a0f> | {
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Inherently, persistently, we humans work together to solve our diverse problems, and as we do we zero in on patterns for solutions that just work. Architect Christopher Alexander realized that you could identify patterns for towns, buildings, and construction, and you could aggregate those patterns as a language for describing the visual articulation of design. (Read our 2007 review of Alexander's book, A Pattern Language.)
Each pattern, per Alexander, "is a three-part rule, which expresses a relationship between a certain context, a problem, and a solution." Once you have established the core of a solution to a problem that occurs over and over, you can "use the solution a million times over without ever doing it the same way twice."
It's inherently human to see patterns in all kinds of systems and relationships, sometimes whether they're there or not. Alexander's innovation was in creating a discipline for defining patterns in a structured way and creating a "language" to represent relationships of patterns. Or as the "child's history" or "just so story" at the Pattern Language site says, a pattern language was created to "organize implicit knowledge about how people solve recurring problems." The language also opens up the reality around the components mentioned above - context, problem, and solution.
Inspired by Alexander's work, Doug Schuler has conceived a pattern language for communication in which, he says, "each pattern is an encapsulated, peaceful revolt." He sees the problems within communication as those things that stifle or oppress free and open sharing of thoughts and ideas. They constrain or prohibit the flow required to enable the kind of citizen action that drives social change and supports social justice. Schuler's project, he says, "is intended to be socially ameliorative. We intend to promote it by focusing attention on the world and its problems and how people might engage fruitfully in addressing those problems."
For Schuler, this is more than a mere problem-solving exercise - "Patterns are an attempt to choose life over death," he says. "Employed intelligently, they can inject life into ailing environments. In living systems, diversity is the key to life. Each pattern in the pattern language is intended to inject life into systems that are often barren, often life destroying, and often, apparently, beyond our control."
The resulting book, Liberating Voices: A Pattern Language for Communication Revolution, is the first output from the first seven years of a twelve year public project "to help understand, motivate and inform the worldwide movement to establish full access to information and communication — including the design and management of information and communication systems."
Our "pattern language" is a holistic collection of "patterns" that can be used together to address an information or communication problem. Each "pattern" in this pattern language, when complete, will represent an important insight that will help contribute to a communication revolution.
It's an ambitious project, and the resulting book, Liberating Voices: a pattern language for communication revolution, is a good start, a beta release that has flashes of brilliant insight, and offers many paths to transformation to a just and sustainable society. It's not perfect - it can be wordy and dense in places, especially the discussion sections, but overall it's a significant and useful body of work that I'll refer to over and over again.
Read in the Boston Globe yesterday that Donella Meadows' final work is coming out. It is called _Seeing Systems_ and may also be something like a pattern language for [human] living systems. | <urn:uuid:96fd3389-efb4-4382-bb38-562bf325ffe8> | {
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South Australian Museum and University of Adelaide scientists working on fossils from Kangaroo Island have found eyes belonging to a giant 500 million-year-old marine predator that sat at the top of Earth's first food chain.
This story will be accompanied by an artist's impression of the super predator on the front cover of the 8 December 2011 issue of Nature.
Palaeontologists have discovered exceptionally preserved fossil eyes of the top predator in the Cambrian ocean from over 500 million years ago: the fearsome metre-long Anomalocaris.
The scientists show that the world's first apex predator had highly acute vision, rivalling or exceeding that of most living insects and crustaceans.
The international team behind this discovery includes two Adelaide researchers, Dr Michael Lee (SA Museum and University of Adelaide -- Environment Institute and School of Earth & Environmental Sciences) and Dr Jim Jago (SA Museum and UniSA), and was led by Dr John Paterson (University of New England).
The World's Oldest Apex Predator
Anomalocaris is the stuff of nightmares and sci-fi movies. It is considered to be at the top of the earliest food chains because of its large body size, formidable grasping claws at the front of its head and a circular mouth with razor-sharp serrations.
Supporting evidence of this predator's dominance includes damage to contemporaneous trilobites, and even its fossilised poo (or coprolites) containing the remains of its prey.
The discovery of its stalked eyes -- showing astonishing details of its optical design -- from a 515 million-year-old deposit on Kangaroo Island in South Australia now confirms it had superb vision to support its predatory lifestyle.
All The Better To See You With...
The fossils represent compound eyes -- the multi-faceted variety seen in arthropods such as flies, crabs and kin -- and are amongst the largest to have ever existed, with each eye up to 3 cm in length and containing over 16,000 lenses.
The number of lenses and other aspects of their optical design suggest that Anomalocaris would have seen its world with exceptional clarity whilst hunting in well-lit waters. Only a few arthropods, such as modern predatory dragonflies, have similar resolution.
The existence of highly sophisticated, visual hunters within Cambrian communities would have accelerated the predator-prey 'arms race' that began during this important phase in early animal evolution over half a billion years ago.
The discovery of powerful compound eyes in Anomalocaris confirms it is a close relative of arthropods, and has other far-reaching evolutionary implications. It demonstrates that this particular type of visual organ appeared and was elaborated upon very early during arthropod evolution, originating before other characteristic anatomical structures of this group, such as a hardened exoskeleton and walking legs.
- John R. Paterson, Diego C. Garcνa-Bellido, Michael S. Y. Lee, Glenn A. Brock, James B. Jago, Gregory D. Edgecombe. Acute vision in the giant Cambrian predator Anomalocaris and the origin of compound eyes. Nature, 2011; 480 (7376): 237 DOI: 10.1038/nature10689
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Given the side of an Icosahedron. The task is to find the area and volume of the given Icosahedron.
Input : a = 5 Output : Area: 216.506 Volume: 272.712 Input : a = 10 Output : Area: 866.0254 Volume: 2181.695
In geometry, an Icosahedron is a regular polyhedron which contains 20 identical equilateral triangular faces, 30 sides, and 12 vertices.
Formula to find Area and Volume of Icosahedron: Let a be the side of Icosahedron, then
Surface area of Icosahedron =
and, Volume of Icosahedron =
Area: 216.506 Volume: 272.712
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The antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) is a technique used by modern laboratories to determine the response and resistance of certain pathogens through the growth of these microbial organisms in a suitable medium called "culture."
It is a method used by health professionals and clinical laboratory scientists to offer treatment for several infectious diseases that are mainly caused by microbes such as bacteria and viruses. This process is common now in vaccine manufacturing and which, in the long run, helps control infectious diseases in individuals and the wider population.
Antimicrobial testing is also important and necessary for the manufacture and formulation of antiseptic hand sanitizers. The main reason for this is to prove its effectiveness to untested colleagues and to maintain a certain standard of work.
Formulas must be properly evaluated to check whether other elements such as rehydrates or moisturizers are required without compromising antimicrobial properties. The two main test methods for hand sanitizer antimicrobial testing are:
Minimum Inhibition Concentration Test (MIC)
Standard in vitro time killing procedure
However, both methods have certain limitations. In the MIC method, the disinfectant formula has no direct effect on "killing" the microbial pathogens, and in the second method, in vitro or ex vivo testing, its effect on human skin is not possible.
Trials promise very little data on the ability of certain formulations to adequately reduce hand-transmitted infections. Clinical trials can be seen as the best approach to overcome this limitation. However, it is expensive and annoying. Despite these limitations, the latest tests fall into two or more main categories.
In most of the trials, participants' hands were deliberately contaminated with certain pathogens to be tested and then applied a hand sanitizing formula or hand test. The second category relates to preoperative exfoliation, and this procedure evaluates the formulation to test its ability to reduce pre-releasing pathogens in the hands of the subject. | <urn:uuid:738f3cb2-a4b8-4efc-ba10-269fc7be75ba> | {
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This guide provides a basic introduction to the apa citation style the mechanics of writing, the format of the research paper as well as the library and. Apa style is a writing style and format for primarily known for the simplicity of its reference citation style apa formatted paper template at indian river. What is an apa citation generator at grademiners if you need to create an a-winning paper in apa format, citation generator is something that will come in handy. Citation machine™ helps students and professionals properly credit the information that they use cite sources in apa, mla, chicago, turabian, and harvard for free. Resources for learning apa style, including online courses, free tutorials, the apa style blog, and how to cite sources and format papers from title page to reference. Apa citation style guide association for documenting sources used in a research paper apa style is used in the social sciences, education.
05 january 2011 • apa style: in-text citation • page 1 of 2 • available online at: wwwlccedu/library/help/citation apa style is a set of your paper, you. 首页 论坛 时尚 science paper citation mla or apa – 798914 该话题包含 0 回复，有 1 参与者，并且由 lobextrustconcu 于 4 天， 4 小时 前 最后一次更新. Don’t know how to best format apa citation and style for your paper make sure to follow these steps and produce the most accurate apa style paper. In a research paper, you will use two types of apa citation: the citation will be in apa style to learn more about apa citations.
Apa essay style format the last part of apa paper is the bibliography (or, the citation section) when writing an apa style paper. Apa citation examples the apa style guide to electronic references notes that it is still but must identify the source clearly in the text of your paper. Apa style: handling quotations, citations when you cite an email message in the body of your paper most academic style guidelines (including mla and apa.
Apa citation style refers to the rules and conventions established by the american psychological association for documenting sources used in a research paper apa. A white paper is a short document that presents an organization’s philosophy in-text citation: apa style guide to electronic references.
Apa citation style 1 jm, coa library, 2010 apa citation style: american psychological association within the body of the paper and 2. 290 thirteen apa citation style guidelines paper formatting the apa style guidelines specify details for formatting papers, but they also include. Citation machine™ helps students and professionals properly credit the information that they use cite your book in apa format for free.
Apa (american psychological association) style is most frequently used within the social sciences, in order to cite various sources this apa citation guide, revised. Please use the example at the bottom of this page to cite the purdue owl in apa to see a side-by-side comparison of the three most widely used citation styles. | <urn:uuid:1a54492e-ccf7-4fe1-8cbc-3162eb8389b1> | {
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The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) or Soviet Union (1922 – 91) was a one-party, communist state emphasizing a centrally planned command economy. Founded following the overthrow of the Czar and victory by the Bolsheviks in the ensuing civil war, it was the first country to transform society along Marxist economic and social theories. Russians formed the country's largest cultural group. Though its early decades were characterized by oppression, famine, and political mass murder, the USSR emerged from World War II as one of two world superpowers, a position it maintained throughout the Cold War by allocating national resources to military spending, including space exploration, at the expense of consumer goods and overall economic growth. The USSR dissolved in 1991 following a six-year restructuring effort.
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In history there are many key concepts and terms that are crucial for students to know and understand. Often it can be hard to determine what the most important history concepts and terms are, and even once you’ve identified them you still need to understand what they mean. To help you learn and understand key history terms and concepts, we’ve identified some of the most important ones and provided detailed definitions for them, written and compiled by Chegg experts. | <urn:uuid:41b00e0c-c64d-44ce-a974-03cbf9968569> | {
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New York City was home to the first Labor Day parade and rally. The year was 1882 and the place was Union Square, at that time the heart of Manhattan. We’ve been celebrating the American worker with a special day for 133 years.
In ways great and small, the 1880s through the turn of the 20th century were a great deal like today.
Technology was advancing in great leaps — visionaries and clever inventors were coming up with new products, while others were taking those products and improving on them even more.
The Victorians saw consumer goods rolling out of factories, everything from furniture to clothing to clocks. No longer made by artisans, factory-made goods were plentiful and everywhere at any price point. The highest echelon of capitalists and big business concerns saw profits that were unimaginable before. A large middle class emerged, able to buy big and spend more money than ever.
Life as a 19th-Century Worker
An even larger working class made everything, in factories big and small. They performed manual labor and worked in the lowest-paying service jobs. They worked as skilled and unskilled labor and they worked really hard.
Most workers of the time worked six days a week, 10 or 12 hours a day, 52 weeks a year. Sunday was the only recognized day off.
There were no paid vacations, no sick days, very few breaks during a day, no such thing as a weekend, and they worked most holidays, taking off only Christmas and perhaps Thanksgiving and one other holiday, if they had a munificent boss.
The pay was low — barely a living wage — and conditions in most factories and workplaces were horrible. Children who worked in the factories were even worse off than the adults.
These conditions were not unique or new to the 1880s, and neither was a nascent labor movement.
Child labor in textile mill, late 19th century. Library of Congress
Striking for Better Working Conditions
Labor movements had been a part of American life since the American Revolution. Workers had long tried to organize or strike for better wages and working conditions, but these movements were isolated and confined to whatever skill or industry that spawned them. There was no national labor movement until after the Civil War.
The first national labor federation in the United States was the the National Labor Union, or the NLU. It was founded in 1866 but dissolved in 1882.
By the 1880s, many different unions had been organized for many different trades and industries. Most of them had similar goals — fair wages, an eight-hour workday and an end to child labor.
Labor Day Parade in Indiana, 1914. Photo via the Athenaeum
The first Labor Day Parade
Two different men with similar names are credited for the first Labor Day parade. Matthew Maguire, a machinist, first proposed a holiday and parade in 1882. He was the secretary of the Central Labor Union, or the CLU.
That same year, Peter J. McGuire, cofounder of the American Federation of Labor, also proposed a parade. He was a carpenter and the secretary of the Brotherhood of Carpenters. Most people, however, give Matthew Maguire the credit.
The first rally and parade was held in Union Square on Tuesday, September 5, 1882. It was organized by the CLU and touted as a place to show the “strength and esprit de corps of the trade and labor organizations.”
There were speeches and rallies, a parade, and fun and festivities for the whole family. It was so important to the union and worker’s movement that men gave up a day’s pay to partake in the festivities.
The holiday proved to be a great success, with labor unions in other cities and towns wanting to have their own the next year. It was called “the workingman’s holiday.”
Labor Day Parade Float in New York City, early 20th century. Photo via New York Department of Labor
Making Labor Day Official
In 1883, the CLU sponsored the second Labor Day parade, this time on a Monday. By 1886, several cities had an annual Labor Day parade and celebration, and legislation was in the works to make the day a state holiday.
New York State was among the first to write such legislation. By 1894, 23 states made Labor Day a state holiday. Congress passed a bill that year pronouncing the first Monday in September as Labor Day, now a national holiday.
For many years afterward, Labor Day truly celebrated the union worker. Parades in cities large and small had union members marching or riding on floats. Banners and speeches celebrated the unions and their memberships.
Union members were both men and women and pride in that membership was strong.
1930s Labor Day stamp via christinerod.tumblr.com
The Meaning of Labor Day: Then and Now
Over the years, through hard-won strikes, some of which ended in death for strikers, workers had won the right to an eight-hour day, collective bargaining, health insurance, retirement funds and better wages.
They were able to end the practice of child labor in America’s factories and mills.
Unions were very powerful — this power lasted through two world wars and on into the last decades of the 20th century.
But by then, a large number of employees in the American workforce were no longer union workers. They had been replaced by non-union white-collar workers, high-tech workers and all manner of executives and non-union staff.
Labor Day became less and less about the American Labor movement and more about a day off with pay. Labor Day now means the unofficial end of summer, even though the season technically has another three weeks.
Labor Day sales, a last weekend at the beach or second home, a day off to do whatever, or nothing, before the start of the fall season — that’s the new meaning of Labor Day.
For schoolchildren, Labor Day marks the beginning of the school year. School often starts the next day, or sometime that week. For sports fans, major-league football starts, and for high schools and colleges across the country, it’s only a matter of weeks before they also take to the field.
It’s the last day to wear white and seersucker, according to the half-forgotten “rules” of summer dress.
Labor Day means a new season for television, which used to be a big deal but isn’t anymore. Here in the city, it’s the kickoff to the fall season for symphonies, opera companies and theaters.
Labor Day means a new crop of open houses, and the ring of circular saws and the pop of nail guns. Fall means renovations go into full swing to beat the coming of winter.
Of course, here in Brooklyn, Labor Day is the day of the West Indian Day Parade down Eastern Parkway. This grand spectacle of costumes, music and food has been a Brooklyn tradition since 1969.
It is the culmination of a year of planning and costume making, marking the end of a week of Caribbean-themed celebrations and events. It’s one of Brooklyn’s largest and most famous events, celebrating the many Caribbean nations represented in Brooklyn, and their music, food and culture.
Fall is coming and Labor Day is now its herald.
So let’s toast the brave and often desperate people who founded unions, and risked life and limb to negotiate for the right to work, not slave. We owe them a great deal, and we are a better country for them. Happy Labor Day, America.
Top photograph via Wikipedia
West Indian Day Parade, 2014. Photo via Brooklyn Street Beat | <urn:uuid:568324e5-6515-4572-b980-e5d4c479d4f7> | {
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Baikonur Cosmodrome is the launch complex where Sputnik 1, Earth's first artificial satellite, was launched.
Image at right: Launch Complex 333-L: Baikonur has two Proton launch complexes, one for international launches, and one for Russian military launches. Each launch complex consists of two launch pads. Launch Complex 333, the left launch pad, was used for the Zarya launch. This launch pad, which is also referred to as "point 23," was fully refurbished in 1989. Launch pad 333-R is currently undergoing refurbishment.
The rocket that lifted Yuri Gagarin, the first human in orbit, was also launched from Baikonur. In fact, all Russian crewed missions are launched from Baikonur, as well as all geostationary, lunar, planetary and ocean surveillance missions.
All space station flights using Russian launch vehicles will be launched from Baikonur. Baikonur is also the only Russian launch site capable of launching the Proton launch vehicle, which was used for Zarya, the first element launch of the space station.
The name Baikonur is misleading. The former Soviet Union used the name and coordinates of a small mining town, Baikonur, to describe the location of its rocket complex. In fact, the launch complex is about 322 kilometers (200 miles) southwest of the mining town near Tyuratam in Kazakhstan. This misrepresentation was done intentionally to hide the actual location of the launch complex. Although the true location is now known, the launch complex is still referred to as Baikonur.
The Baikonur Cosmodrome is located in the Republic of Kazakhstan, in a semi-arid zone. It is approximately 2,100 kilometers (1,300 miles) southeast of Moscow, Russia. The annual temperature averages 13 degrees Celsius (55 degrees Fahrenheit), but ranges from minus 40 degrees Celsius (minus 40 degrees Fahrenheit) in winter to plus 45 degrees Celsius (113 degrees Fahrenheit) in the summer.
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The largest killer in the 11 million global deaths attributed to poor diet every year is cardiovascular disease, which is often caused or made worse by obesity.
The last million deaths are from cancers and type-2 diabetes linked to diet.
Overall, poor diet is behind 16-percent of adult DALYs around the world.
Lack of those foods is a more significant predictor of diet-related illness and death than over-consumption of sugar and red meat, which gets most of the dietary attention.
Eating unhealthily claims more lives than smoking because of its links to heart disease, cancer and diabetes, say researchers.
However, they're encouraging people to focus more on adding healthy foods to their diets, rather than punishing them for eating fat and sugar. "We are what we eat and risks affect people across a range of demographics, including age, gender, and economic status", said lead author Ashkan Afshin, Assistant Professor at the varsity.
The researchers also found that diets high in sodium, and low in whole grains and fruits accounted for over half of diet-related deaths globally.
"We are highlighting the importance of low consumption of healthy foods as compared to the greater consumption of unhealthy foods". "It's important both policy makers and the food industry work together to be part of the solution to increase the consumption of not only fruits and vegetables but also whole grains, nuts, seeds, and legumes".
Diets lacking in healthy food are responsible for more deaths across the globe than smoking, a major new study has concluded.
She said the UK's challenge to the food industry to reduce sugar from everyday foods was "a clear step in the right direction".
But on average we consume only 3 grams of nuts and seeds a day versus the recommended 21 grams.
The UK ranked 23rd (127 deaths per 100,000) above Ireland (24th) and Sweden (25th), and the U.S. ranked 43rd (171 deaths per 100,000) after Rwanda and Nigeria (41st and 42nd), China ranked 140th (350 deaths per 100,000 people), and India 118th (310 deaths per 100,000 people).
The findings of the study stress on the pressing need for coordinated global efforts to improve diet. "For instance, fruits and vegetables should make up 80 percent of your diet".
For example, not eating enough whole grains was the leading dietary risk factor in several countries, including the United States.
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Edited by James Sperling
Chapter 8: Central Asia
Central Asia emerged from the collapse of the Soviet Union as a collection of five states, none of which, unlike their counterparts in the Caucasus or the Baltic States, had fought intensely for independence. All five Central Asian governments were tasked with building new, independent states with accompanying institutions, as well as extricating themselves from the legacies of integration in a Soviet system that had centrally managed most security, economic and political functions (Gleason 1997; Cummings 2012). The challenges of independence were particularly daunting in the area of security. The Central Asian states had to forge new armed forces and accompanying governing institutions to manage the disintegration of the formidable Soviet army, its equipment, installations and coordinating system (Marat 2010). The challenge was exacerbated by the exodus of Slavic officers and defense industry professionals from these countries, leaving a dearth of trained experts in the security field. In remote Tajikistan, Soviet collapse rapidly led to state collapse that plunged Tajikistan into a civil war in 1992, and saw Russia and neighboring Uzbekistan intervene to support the Communist-era government (Rubin 1993; Heathershaw 2009). Together with Russia in the early 1990s, the Central Asian states had to devise new arrangements to manage and transfer ownership of major Soviet era functions and assets. For instance, Russia continued to guard the Central Asian states’ external borders in Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan for several years (Gavrilis 2008). Under the so-called Tashkent principles of 1992, most Soviet-era equipment was transferred to the country on which it was resting.
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Cherie Eline October 20, 2020 Math Worksheet
At the grassroots level, teachers in schools are given a packed curriculum for the year. Schools try to teach the students a number of procedures without delving much into its finer details. Hence, the student is left in a confounding position as to when a particular procedure must be used. The key ingredient to understanding math is constant practice and math assignment help. Unfortunately, this is not a common scenario among the popular math classes. It is widely understood that math has a global use and acceptance. People are also aware of the rate at which math is advancing today at various fields of research and study. Many mathematicians will talk about the pattern and structure of math worksheets which are helpful for people in working fields. Math has helped science and technology reach a higher level of advancement.
There are some new materials being developed now based on what we are learning about how the brain learns. These brain-friendly materials should be an improvement over what has existed. I recently bought a book by Marcia L. Tate titled ”Mathematics Worksheets Don’t Grow Dendrites.” I highly recommend her book. She gives a great deal of information on alternative activities that are better for your child’s brain development and for learning.
It’s easy to see how free worksheets can save you money. If you want, you can skip buying math books and just use worksheets that you get for free on the internet. All you need to do is use a ”scope and sequence” book that tells you what your child needs to be doing in math by age and grade. This book is essential when you homeschool. I recommend getting one of these books when you first begin homeschooling and use it as a reference throughout your homeschool journey. Regardless of how long you homeschool, you’ll always have doubts and questions about how your child is performing.A scope and sequence book can put your mind at ease.
If you have read my article ”Helping Your Child With Basic Arithmetic? Stay Away From Worksheets” then you know that I am not a fan of traditional worksheets. After writing that article, I found another credible teacher who has written many ezine articles expounding on the benefits of worksheets. I decided some clarification of position is in order. The primary problem with most math worksheets is that the problems are already written out and the child need only write the answers. For learning and practicing the basic skills of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, it is much more beneficial for the child to write out the entire fact and say the entire fact out loud. A child will learn a multiplication fact much faster if they are writing out 6 x 8 = 48 at the same time they are saying ”six times eight is forty-eight” than if they just see 6 x 8 = ___ and only have to supply the 48.
Once downloaded, you can customize the math worksheet to suit your kid. The level of the child in school will determine the look and content of the worksheet. Use the school textbook that your child uses at school as a reference guide to help you in the creation of the math worksheet. This will ensure that the worksheet is totally relevant to the kid and will help the child improve his or her grades in school. The math worksheet is not only for the young children in kindergarten and early primary school; they are also used for tutoring high school and university students to keep the students’ math skills sharp. The sites that offer these worksheets have helped a lot and this resource is now a common thing to use for all kinds and levels of educators. The formats for the worksheets differ according to the level and content of the worksheets. For the young kids it is preferable to have the worksheet in large print, while the older students commonly use the small print ones that are simple and uncluttered.
In my 5th grade classroom, we use a math review series that’s engaging and entertaining at the same time. In essence they are simply halfpage handouts with ten standards based math problems woven into a special picture or exciting scene. Remember, I want to keep the math review time quick, but effective. My students are engaged in the activity because they are always eager to find out what the next scene will be, and how the math problems will be nestled within. They also like how within each handout I inscribe the title in a way that fits with the theme of that particular scene – another attention catching technique. And since this review activity only takes about fifteen minutes of class time, it is quick yet extremely beneficial.
Tag Cloudhigh school algebra worksheets pdf john bird engineering mathematics advanced engineering mathematics engineering mathematics 3 ka stroud engineering mathematics active and passive voice worksheets high school grammar worksheets for high school modern engineering mathematics free printable high school english worksheets kreyszig advanced engineering mathematics reading comprehension worksheets high school engineering mathematics spanish worksheets for high school printable erwin kreyszig advanced engineering mathematics prefix and suffix worksheets high school 10th grade math worksheets following directions worksheets for highschool students high school geometry worksheets advanced engineering mathematics slader engineering calculus mathematical methods for physics and engineering high school geometry worksheets with answers high school math worksheets slader advanced engineering mathematics engineering mathematics stroud higher engineering mathematics engineering mathematics 1 | <urn:uuid:75e3a019-0ee5-4a04-b96d-7e12eb51d881> | {
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This is a fun activity that not only teaches the science concept of water absorption but also lets children use their fine motor skills in an engaging way!
What you will need:
- A tray or plate
- Eye dropper or syringe
- Blue Food Coloring
- Cotton Balls (I used makeup wipes)
First, add the food coloring to the water. Then let your child use the eye dropper or syringe to put a few droplets on whatever surface you are using. I used a plate as mine.
Allow your child to use the cotton balls (make up wipes) to absorb the moisture. They will probably want to go back and forth dropping the moisture and then absorbing it with the cotton balls. Try having your child use the same cotton ball to absorb so much of the liquid that he/she can, and then try to squeeze it out. Explain that this is how it works when it rains. When it rains, the clouds then absorb or suck up all of the rain and moisture from the ground and air and when they have collected so much of it that they can’t hold anymore, that is when it rains.
Thanks for following along! As always, I would love to hear how this activity went for you if you tried it! | <urn:uuid:06c9ad31-842f-423c-8bda-6b89f00432fd> | {
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Phobias Essay Phobias Essay A phobia, or phobic disorder, is an irrational or excessive fear of a particular object or situation. People with social phobia have intense fears of social interactions, such as meeting others, dating, or public speaking.
These mechanisms appeared in the course of evolution, and, therefore, they are sometimes too strong to overcome.
In such cases, people who suffer anxiety disorders need special treatment, which is currently represented by physical and psychological treatment. It certainly should be provided by qualified doctors or, at least, under their supervision.
If the above conditions are met, it is possible to overcome almost any phobia. Fears, Phobias and Their Treatment Needless to say that fear is a natural mechanism, which is normal in many situations. Sometimes, absence of fear may be an indication of some maladies.
Marks explains that without experiencing fear ancient people would be unable to survive in many situations p. Hence, people should not be ashamed of being afraid of something.
Being brave is not always useful and appropriate. But what is fear? What do people feel when they are afraid?
Fear is an emotional experience that involves a number of complicated process. It is hard to understand what it is, unless you have experienced it. According to Marksfear is not a single emotion but sum of them.
Those emotions, either good or bad, appear simultaneously or consecutively. A person, whose fear is visibly expressed, has an inner feeling of some physiological changes in his organism. There are two absolutely different expressions of fear in the behavior of humans and animals.
The first one is freezing without any move or sound, i. The other reaction includes screaming and running away from the object that causes fear. These two behavioral schemes may suddenly change one another p. Certainly, the feeling of fear is unpleasant and hard to experience, but it often helps to survive.
Unlike fears, phobias can be dangerous, for they are much stronger than fears. It is stated by Craske et al. When those people face what they are afraid of, they experience great discomfort and may try to run away.
Such stressful situations are often followed by sweating, blushing, trembling etc. A phobia is a set of fears, which may be extremely harmful for an individual.
That means that phobias are not a means of defense, as they can interrupt a normal course of affairs and prevent people from doing simple things.Social Anxiety Disorder and Social Phobia Essay; Social Anxiety Disorder and Social Phobia Essay.
Words 12 Pages. Show More. A lot of individuals who have social phobia are labeled as shy rather than having a disorder. This is mostly because a lot of people don’t know or don’t understand what social phobia is.
Social Anxiety. Nature: A tendacy to learn phobias could be genetic. Parents with phobias may have children with phobias because, they pass on their genes to their children. Nurture: According to social learning, if a parent has phobia . Phobias Essay A phobia, or phobic disorder, is an irrational or excessive fear of a particular object or situation.
The DSM-IV lists three varieties of phobic disorder: social phobia, specific phobias, and agoraphobia, all of which are classified as anxiety disorders. Glossophobia is the most common phobia, even more so common than Necrophobia, the fear of dying.
But what exactly is a phobia, anyway? Well, to have a “phobia” of something is to have an extreme and irrational fear of something to a point where it is disabling and is considered a mental disorder. Anxiety Disorders: Nature or Nurture?
Anxiety is a part of human nature. It's a survival mechanism that has evolved over millions of years in order to protect us and the problems it can bring, in themselves, reflect what it means to be human. Throughout the essay there will be three different treatments with three different phobias in ways to cure a phobia; the first is a trauma-focused treatment approach for travel phobia, assessment and treatment for childhood phobias, and hypnosis in faci. | <urn:uuid:4eae6749-da85-409b-a7de-ca04c539c2ff> | {
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Plant Data Sheet
Species: Indian thistle, edible thistle, Cirsium edule
Range: Cascades to Coast in
Climate, elevation: Moist climate,30 to 2100 meters, average 784
Local occurrence: Counties in
Habitat preferences: Moist meadows, clearings, forest openings usually at middle to high elevations, Moist to mesic meadows, avalanche tracks and open forests in the upper montane to lower alpine zones. Slope gradient 18 – 56 degrees
Plant strategy type: Colonizer, It is monocarpic, growing as a low rosette of leaves for a number of years, then sending up the tall flowering stem in spring, with the plant dying after seed maturation.
Associated species: Bull thistle, non-native or Canadian thistle, non-native
May be collected as: Seeds and are 4-5 mm long, with a downy pappus which assists in wind dispersal..
Collection restrictions or guidelines: Mature inflorescences are brown and pappus is silver and begins to fluff out. Collect early to avoid seed predation by weevils. A monocarpic species, it grows for a number of years without flowering but then dies after flowering.
Seed germination: Germination usually takes
place within 2 - 8 weeks at 20°c. 5 month outdoor cold moist
stratification also an alternative.
Seedlings are transplanted 14 days after germination to individual containers containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand. Sow early spring or autumn.
Seed life: Collect mature achenes when mid September when they turn gray in color and are easily separated from the receptacle. Seeds are pulled from heads and rubbed over a screen to remove the pappus.
Recommended seed storage conditions: Seeds are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning.
Propagation recommendations: Seeds, it is in flower from July to August, and the seeds ripen from August to September, sow in early spring or autumn in greenhouse if possible. Transplant germinants. Water with mist, but leaves rot easily so do not over water.
Soil or medium requirements : prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils, prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It cannot grow in the shade. It requires moist soil, SMR 4 – 7 (range 1-8).
Installation form: Seed or germinant. An easily grown plant, succeeding in any ordinary garden soil in a sunny position, germination rate 50%.
Recommended planting density: not available
Care requirements after installed: Water weekly, needs moist soil, fertilize with Nutricote (NPK 13-13-13) 3 months after transplanting. Be careful not to over fertilize; lush foliar growth attracts aphids.
Normal rate of growth or spread; lifespan: Perennial growing to 2m, grows in colonies, 3-4 years, dies after flowering.
2. E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of
4. Native Seed Network: http://www.nativeseednetwork.org/viewtaxon?taxon_code=CIED
5. Plants for a Future:
Data compiled by:
Maura Shelton May 25, 2006 | <urn:uuid:1eeb3192-a9b9-495b-9293-0d6d24868243> | {
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Satellite and sensor monitoring of ice conditionsBy Nain Research Centre
Project URL: http://nainresearchcentre.com/research-projects/smartice/
Project Twitter: @NG_Research
Joey Angnatok is an Inuit community leader who lives by ice conditions in his native Labrador, Canada. One day he tried to show scientist Rob Briggs a spot where smooth ice – which is safe for travelling – was turning into rough ice – a dangerous condition caused by wind storms that makes ice tough to traverse. When they arrived, Joey couldn’t see it. “I’m telling you it was here,” he told Briggs, but it was no use – fresh snowfall had rendered the spot invisible.
Luckily, by the time Briggs got back to his office he could see it for himself – the area was photographed by a passing satellite used by a project called SmartICE. It was a perfect example of Inuit knowledge and technology working together to help local populations work with increasingly unpredictable ice conditions as Arctic winters get warmer.
Developed by Canadian universities, the Nunatsiavut and federal governments and private research companies, SmartICE is a monitoring system for ice conditions. Before the ice freezes in November, technicians deploy buoys with anchors into the sea, which then stay in ice as it freezes around them.
Sensors on each device relay information about ice thickness and snow cover to a central database via satellite, together with satellites images which are then analysed to create thematic maps with categories like rough ice, double ice (when ice freezes over meltwater) and smooth ice.
The maps will be accessible online and through social media, giving people real-time information about routes during the most dangerous times of year when ice freezes and melts.
The buoys were first deployed this year, and once the programme has been running for a few years, the researchers will be able to expand the system to other parts of the Arctic and release data for analytical studies on climate change. Find out more at: http://nainresearchcentre.com/research-projects/smartice
Image courtesy of Jeff Sandquist
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Autism is often characterized and described in terms of deficits. This happens to determine what sort of developmental plan one needs to progress with for every autistic individual. At Small Steps Big Dreams in Dubai, UAE though, we find it necessary to point out that constantly mentioning what an autistic person can’t do as compared to their peers can be depressing. To further promote and improve autism support in Dubai, we should try to consider the neurodiversity it affects and the positives that autistic children are born with.
Neurodiversity is a term and a movement that is predicated on the concept that autism and other neurodevelopmental conditions should be accepted with an optimistic outlook- rather than be seen as diseases to cure. It was coined by Australian sociologist Judy Singer, who was diagnosed with autism as well.
Neurodiversity encourages the belief that society should work to eliminate the negative stigma associated with neurodevelopmental conditions. Instead, we as a society should acknowledge and respect autistic people as capable of contributing to the community. This frame of thought is in contrast to the medical model, which perceives autism as a disease to be treated or cured.
Of course, this concept has its fair share of controversy. This is because families on the harsh end of the spectrum often struggle for the appropriate support and/or treatment. They worry that this line of thought might just discourage both therapeutics and examinations on the underlying causes of the condition.
The Positives in Autism
Autism is usually treated with behaviour therapy for aggressive demeanour. An autistic child is known to direct their fascination for a somewhat short period. However, people tend to overlook the bounteous capabilities which, taken in more favourable terms, might change the thinking and reaction towards someone with autism.
To build up autism support in Dubai, we’ve created a list of some of the notable skills children on the spectrum may possess:
- Attention to Detail
Records show that autistic children display both thoroughness and accuracy when it comes to certain details. This can be a considerable skill at jobs that require quality control.
- Intense Focus
There can be various levels of concentration. In each of them, there is a certain sense of freedom from distraction. Autistic teenagers may spend hours on an activity that they enjoy. Hobbies may include reading books, woodshop, painting, etc.
- Observation Skills
Listen, learn and look is one of the steps in behaviour therapy for an autistic child. For example, a child on the spectrum will observe an activity several times before they take part in it. When they do join in, the child can take on that task exceptionally well.
A child on the spectrum has a one-of-a-kind imagination and expression of ideas. Since they don’t adhere to the rules of neuronormative society, we see their understanding of the world from a colourful angle.
- Tenacity and Resilience
Autistic children are known to be comparatively honest in their choice of words. And though this can be considered problematic, this can also help you to try and understand the subject from a new perspective. Plus, they would make earnest and honest companions, which is a greatly appreciated trait.
- Accepting Differences
The autistic community is less likely to judge others. Rather, the take is that they may be the ones to question the norm more. Since they have first-hand experience and have lived through discrimination, one can be assured of empathy and compassion on their part.
Differently-Abled, Not Disabled
“A comprehensive account of autism should take into consideration the strengths and weaknesses,” said Rajesh Kana, an assistant professor in the department of psychology at the University of Alabama at Birmingham.
As such, we believe that understanding the strengths of autistic individuals is important for providing the best of autism support in Dubai, as it may affect positive change among the people when it comes to stereotyping and stigmatizing. With a more compassionate and welcoming attitude spreading among the society, there will be more beneficial opportunities for autistic individuals to lead a better life. Plus, it can aid in providing such people with treatment benefits. For instance, if the a diagnosis shows a child to have minimal verbal ability, then they would know to look for other skills to work with and help their progress. Therefore, in realizing they are not disabled, but differently-abled, we may be able to better support those on the spectrum. | <urn:uuid:a60ed0c9-9c5f-4256-8c8f-2873168b6573> | {
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Today is Arctic Sea Ice Day, a day founded by our partner organization Polar Bears International to draw attention to sea ice loss in the Arctic, why it matters, and how we can help.
YWPF work closely with Polar Bears International to develop and drive Project Polar, our flagship project at Yorkshire Wildlife Park. This project, with the help of its resident Polar Bears Victor, Pixel, Nissan and Nobby, aims to help with conservation, and educate the public in order to protect the welfare of the Arctic’s most famous inhabitants.
A crucial aspect of guaranteeing the continued survival of these amazing animals is the preservation of the Arctic sea ice that polar bears rely on to hunt seals, which is under significant threat due to global climate change.
If the Arctic sea ice continues to shrink at this rate, we could see the Arctic devoid of Summer sea ice by 2050 and polar bears extinct before the turn of the century!
Polar bears’ current status on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is Vulnerable with their decrease in population mainly due to habitat loss.
The Earth’s global temperature is increasing due to the fossil fuels we burn for electricity, to heat our homes, and to drive our cars, creating a blanket of CO2 that is trapping heat in our atmosphere.
To help reduce carbon emissions and the resulting devastating effects on the global climate, Yorkshire Wildlife Park have created their 18C Or Below campaign. By encouraging everybody to ensure their home thermostat is set to 18 degrees or below, we can collectively reduce a huge amount of C02 emissions that would otherwise be excessively wasted. Find out more about the project here.
9 Facts about Artic Sea Ice:
- Sea ice is to the Arctic ecosystem what soil is to the forest.
- Polar bears rely on sea ice to efficiently catch their main prey, ice seals.
- Arctic sea ice is important to people living in the North, providing a platform for transportation and increased access to food.
- Less sea ice = extra heat absorbed into the ocean = less heat reflected away from Earth = disrupted climates.
- Arctic sea ice is declining in both extent and thickness due to human-caused climate change.
- Some sea ice still remains in the Arctic year-round, with the lowest extent occurring each summer in September.
- Without action to reduce heat-trapping emissions, the probability of ice-free Arctic summers increases significantly from the mid- to late 2000s.
- Data shows we have entered a new era with sea ice.
- The 2019 sea ice minimum, set in September, tied for the second lowest in the satellite record, according to NASA and the National Snow and Ice Data Center.
3 ways to help to save sea ice:
- Vote for candidates, at every level, and in every election, who support the transition to renewable energy.
- Support local initiatives that expand solar and wind—and talking about the benefits with friends, colleagues, and neighbors.
- Contact your representatives to let them know you care about this issue.
If you would like to donate to YWPF and help fund polar bear conservation and research, please click the button below: | <urn:uuid:34c104d4-7f8e-4be3-95c6-7026b0c61e49> | {
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What is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy?
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a widely-used, evidence-based form of psychotherapy that focuses on the interplay between thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. CBT is based on the premise that maladaptive thought patterns, known as cognitive distortions, can contribute to emotional distress and problematic behaviors. The primary goal of CBT is to help individuals identify and modify these distortions, leading to improved emotional regulation and more adaptive behaviors. CBT is a structured, goal-oriented, and time-limited approach that emphasizes the development of coping skills and self-help strategies. It has been found to be effective in treating a wide range of psychological issues, including depression, anxiety, phobias, and eating disorders.
Examples of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Cognitive restructuring is a core CBT technique that involves identifying and challenging negative thought patterns or cognitive distortions. Through this process, individuals learn to replace maladaptive thoughts with more balanced and adaptive alternatives, leading to improved emotional well-being and healthier behaviors.
Behavioral activation is a CBT technique often used to treat depression. It involves helping individuals identify and engage in activities that bring them pleasure or a sense of achievement. By increasing participation in rewarding activities, individuals can break the cycle of negative thoughts, reduced motivation, and social withdrawal often associated with depression.
Exposure therapy is a CBT technique commonly used to treat anxiety disorders and phobias. It involves gradually and systematically exposing individuals to feared situations or stimuli in a controlled and safe environment. Through repeated exposure, individuals can learn to tolerate anxiety and develop more adaptive responses to fear-inducing situations.
Problem-solving therapy is a CBT approach that teaches individuals to effectively identify, analyze, and resolve problems in their lives. By developing problem-solving skills, individuals can enhance their sense of self-efficacy and better manage the challenges they face.
Shortcomings and Criticisms of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Overemphasis on Cognition
Some critics argue that CBT places too much emphasis on thoughts and cognitive processes, potentially neglecting the importance of emotions, unconscious processes, and interpersonal dynamics. As a result, CBT may not fully address the underlying causes of some psychological issues or may be less effective for certain individuals or conditions.
Focus on Symptom Reduction
CBT’s primary focus on symptom reduction and the development of coping skills can be seen as a limitation, as it may not foster deeper personal growth or insight into one’s psychological issues. Some individuals may require more in-depth, exploratory therapies to achieve lasting change.
Therapist Skill Level
The effectiveness of CBT can be heavily dependent on the skill and expertise of the therapist. Inadequately trained or inexperienced therapists may struggle to effectively implement CBT techniques, potentially leading to suboptimal outcomes.
Not Suitable for Everyone
CBT may not be the most appropriate therapy approach for all individuals or psychological issues. Some people may struggle with the structured, goal-oriented nature of CBT, while others may require alternative approaches that address different aspects of their psychological well-being. For example, individuals with severe mental health disorders, significant cognitive impairments, or those who are not ready or willing to actively engage in the therapy process may not benefit as much from CBT as they would from other therapeutic approaches. | <urn:uuid:da9ebe17-ef16-496c-ae0f-89d47a9df954> | {
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Amazon River Found to Be Key to Tropical Ocean Carbon Sink
Interesting new findings suggest the Amazon River powers tropical ocean's carbon sinks [ark | moreark] by transporting nutrients well beyond the continental shelf, pushing carbon capture into the deep ocean. Fed from river transported iron and phosphorus, organisms called diazotrophs pull nitrogen and carbon from the air and make organic solids that sink to the ocean floor. This major river fed tropical ocean carbon sink [search] is thought to be more than enough to offset ocean respiration.
This is yet another startling demonstration of the Earth's cycling of nutrients and energy — between forests, water, oceans and the atmosphere — which makes all life possible. Each of these ecosystems is being dismantled to meet exponential human growth without even understanding how they work or interact with the others, threatening the operation of the Earth System [search] — Gaia if you will. The most urgent task of all human history is to understand how Gaia works even as we work urgently and boldly to maintain her threatened ecosystem processes and patterns. Our and all being depends upon success for our future being. | <urn:uuid:7524dd48-1632-4eec-919c-181846bec9f9> | {
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Comment on the symbolism in The Plot Against America.
In this excellent novel, in which Roth reimagines the history of America in the 1930s and in the lead up to World War II, one of the most important symbols is the election of Lindbergh as US President. This is used by Roth as a symbol of the unpredictable nature of history, and how even one event can have such a massive impact on the future and on millions of lives. Note what the narrator thinks after Lindbergh is elected and what he concludes about history as a result:
And as Lindbergh's election couldn't have made clearer to me, the unfolding of the unforeseen was everything. Turned wrong way round, the relentless unforeseen was what we schoolchildren studied as "History," harmless history, where everything unexpected in its own time is chronicled on the page as inevitable. The terror of the unforeseen is what the science of history hides, turning a disaster into an epic.
The novel, through positing a very different "history," focuses on "the terror of the unforeseen" and moves history from being a process that is nothing more than "inevitable" and transforms it into an unsettling, dynamic and disturbing development that the narrator describes correctly as the "relentless unforeseen." Lindbergh's election, and what it represents through shifting America towards being more sympathetic to Hitler and the Nazis and his anti-Jew ideology, is thus a symbol of the unpredictable nature of history and how nothing is ever fully predictable. | <urn:uuid:5bc0a5c8-6f66-439a-aeee-ca9f8b926a4c> | {
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Eisenhower Cooperative Students Show Measureable Gains in Mathematics for their Students in Special Education
2013-02-05 16:08:14 - Students using AbleNet’s Equals Mathematics Program, developed for students in special education, showed significant gains in math skills in just one year.
ROSEVILLE, Minn. – February 5, 2013 – Eisenhower Cooperative, Developmental Learning Program, conducted a year-long study with 72 students with cognitive disabilities, grades K-8. The classrooms involved in the study are self-contained, but students have opportunities for inclusion in general education.
The school collected pre- and post-data during the 2011-2012 school year using the Equals Mathematics assessment. This study was proactively
initiated by a team of administrators and educators within the school dedicated to ensuring each of their students have an opportunity to excel in math. It was determined early on in implementation that the assessment within Equals would be handled by an identified assessment team member so students were tested by adults other than their math teachers. “It was our goal to ensure we could really determine how our students would achieve using Equals Mathematics and I knew a critical piece to evaluating our goals would be the assessment. I really emphasized the importance of objectivity in student results. Having an assessment team just made me more confident in what we would discover.” said Shawn Fornek, Principal, Developmental Learning Program.
The results were outstanding. The data indicates that every one of the 72 students that completed the year using the Equals Mathematics program demonstrated progress in their math skills. Taken together the mean difference for all students was 28.04. This represented an average gain in math skills of 38%.
“We are thrilled to see progress like this for students with mild, moderate, and severe disabilities. The strength of Equals is providing quality math instruction and methodologies with appropriate access for individual students,” stated Karen Ross-Brown, Research and Development Writer for AbleNet and co-developer of Equals. “Clearly, the teachers understood this very well and implemented Equals with thoughtfulness and dedication.”
Shawn Fornek, Principal, Developmental Learning Program, went on to say she was amazed by the math the students were doing – even the students with the most significant disabilities. She said “What a difference in math instruction and strategies.” She went on to say, “Not only do I have excellent data to demonstrate concrete gains in math across all my students but I also have an energy within teachers and students that’s remarkable. We call Equals, ‘fun math’ – everyone: students and educators alike!”
To learn more about AbleNet visit www.ablenetinc.com
or to read the full white paper go to www.ablenetinc.com/Portals/0/PDFs/Equals/Equals-WhitePaper-Jan20 ..
AbleNet is an international company and industry leader in providing educational and technical solutions to help children and adults with disabilities lead productive and fulfilled lives. This includes a complete line of communication aids for nonverbal individuals; access aids, such as switches and wheelchair-mounting devices for people who require physical supports; and special education classroom curriculum and software that both enhance and help ensure learning progress. Our products are used in hundreds of thousands of homes, clinics and classrooms in the United States and across the globe. AbleNet is an ESOP company located in Roseville, Minnesota. For more information visit www.ablenetinc.com | <urn:uuid:eac13726-4835-4d4a-a79b-c1ff5ef42863> | {
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Excessive noise within a room can be caused by several sources, such as outside traffic, the proximity of other dwellings, the use of noisy household appliances or the presence of people talking or walking noisily. This noise can cause stress and interfere with the ability to concentrate or rest.
Soundproofing a room can significantly reduce the noise level, improving the acoustic well-being of the environment. This can lead to many health benefits, including stress reduction, improved sleep and concentration.
What exactly does soundproofing mean?
Soundproofing a room leads to reducing the amount of sound entering or leaving the room. This is done by adding sound-absorbing materials to the walls, ceiling and floor, or through specialised acoustic panels.
The physical principle behind soundproofing is the reduction of sound transmission through air vibrations (reduction of reverberation, i.e. avoiding the ‘echo effect’).
When a sound source emits sound, air vibrations propagate through the surrounding environment, including the room’s walls, ceiling and floor. These vibrations can then be perceived as sound by those in the room or others nearby.
How soundproofing a room works: the steps
To achieve acoustic well-being in a home or workplace, applying sound-absorbing material to the walls is not enough. Before soundproofing the room, it is important to identify the noise source. This can help determine the most effective sound-absorbing materials and where they should be placed.
The type of room and its intended use may influence the type of soundproofing required. For example, meeting rooms in an office may require more careful soundproofing design than other rooms.
The technicians must then inspect the building, testing the room volume and background noise level to determine how much soundproofing material will be needed to achieve the desired soundproofing.
To do this, soundproofing experts measure reverberation, echo and the perception of noise from outside, check the condition of walls, ceilings and floors, and identify the most suitable soundproofing techniques for the individual case.
To meet any soundproofing requirement there are several techniques.
Typically, adding sound-absorbing materials such as fibreglass or acoustic foam panels to the walls, ceiling and floor can help reduce echo and reverberation effects within the room. These materials can absorb sound waves and prevent them from being reflected on hard surfaces.
However, sometimes you might prefer to use sound-absorbing panels, which are easier to apply and remove and are designed to absorb sound waves effectively.
Along with these measures, other aspects must also be taken into account to achieve the desired results: doors and windows can be the main sources of external noise entering a room, so it is necessary to purchase modern, high-performance windows and doors, or to apply specific sound-absorbing materials around doors and windows to reduce sound transmission further.
Finally, another somewhat more challenging but still effective soundproofing technique is to build sound-proof walls to create an interior space completely separate from the exterior, made of materials such as concrete, stone or plaster.
Sound insulation: how to do it sustainably
There are more than just traditional materials for soundproofing a home or workplace. Modern construction is implementing radical changes in the choice of construction techniques and measures to improve living comfort to embrace a more sustainable approach and reduce the impact of this industry on the environment. After all, the construction industry is among the three most polluting in the world.
Cork is one of the most commonly used materials for soundproofing a room due to its sound-absorbing properties. This natural material consists of a mixture of air cells and rigid cell walls, which makes it an excellent sound absorber.
Cork can absorb sound waves thanks to its porous structure, which dissipates sound energy and reduces its intensity. It can be used to make sound-absorbing panels and added to paints that act as thermal or acoustic insulators.
In addition, cork has other advantageous properties that make it a popular choice for soundproofing, such as moisture resistance and fireproofing. Last, but most interestingly, it is a natural and renewable material. It is made from the bark of a special oak tree, and its treatment for use in construction has no impact on the environment.
No harmful chemicals are used, and no water is wasted. Once exhausted, the cork can be recycled or disposed of environmentally and human-safe.
Final considerations on acoustic insulation of a room
When soundproofing a room, it is also important to consider the aesthetic impact of the intervention on the interior environment. Although the main objective is to reduce noise, soundproofing should not compromise the overall appearance of the home or office.
Many soundproofing options are also aesthetically pleasing, such as coloured or decorated acoustic panels. The soundproofing material could also be applied inside the masonry, making the soundproofing completely invisible. The same applies to floors and ceilings: there are very thin, but also efficient, sound-absorbing panels that can be applied under floors, disappearing completely.
In addition, soundproofing the room may affect ventilation and lighting. If soundproofing reduces the entry of fresh air into a room, installing an additional ventilation system may be necessary. Similarly, if soundproofing covers windows or other sources of natural light, it may be necessary to increase the artificial lighting in the room.
Anyone carrying out soundproofing work must consider all these aspects, so that the convenience and comfort of a home or workplace is not compromised. It is therefore a good idea to avoid do-it-yourself and turn to soundproofing experts.
In conclusion, soundproofing a room can offer many benefits, such as stress reduction, better sleep quality and improved concentration. It is important to assess the source of the noise and the type of room in order to choose the most appropriate soundproofing techniques, such as adding sound-absorbing materials or sealing doors and windows.
Among the materials used for soundproofing, cork is a popular choice due to its sound-absorbing properties, resistance to moisture and fireproofing, as well as being environmentally friendly and sustainable.
We at Diasen are always ready to supply the construction industry with our cork products, which effectively absorb any noise, maintain living comfort, and respect the environment. We also offer efficient cork-based finishes that are acoustically and thermally insulating.
We are experts in using cork in the building sector and are convinced that this material can make a big difference in everyone’s life. Contact us for more information and to discover our products. | <urn:uuid:7b9b02b2-8d16-45f3-9e9f-09877178ab9c> | {
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According to United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) six out of ten of the world’s poorest people are women. Haughton and Khandker (2009) define poverty as following: “Poverty is pronounced deprivation in well-being, and comprises many dimensions. It includes low incomes and the inability to acquire the basic goods and services necessary for survival with dignity. Poverty also encompasses low levels of health and education, poor access to clean water and sanitation, inadequate physical security, lack of voice, and insufficient capacity and opportunity to better one’s life”. Human Development report (2010) reports that 1.44 billion poor people are living on less than $ 1.25 a day. Figure 1 shows the evolution of the percentage of the population living under $ 1.25 a day in different regions of the world between 1981 to 2005. It illustrates that although extreme poverty rates have been declining across many regions of the world in recent decades, high poverty rates still exist, especially in South Asia and Sub Saharan Africa.
Work previously done at Serere Agricultural and Animal Production Research Institute in Uganda showed that crossbreeding Bovans Brown cocks and indigenous hens significantly increased growth rate, number of eggs per clutch and mean live weight at 20 weeks of age. While those findings could have been attributed to heterosis it was not possible to delineate genetic and environmental (feeding) contributions. In order to study the genetic and feeding contributions, new eggs (1-4 days old) of local chickens were purchased from households in Soroti, Sironko, Jinja, Masaka, Sembabule and Mbarara districts in Uganda. In addition, new eggs of the same age of crossbred chickens (Bovans Brown x Local) were purchased from Soroti and Mukono districts. All eggs were hatched at the same time using a commercial hatchery at Mukono Agricultural Research and Development Centre. Hatchability was recorded and Local eggs from Sironko district had the highest hatchability (90.0%) followed by those from Sembabule district (87.0%) and the crossbred eggs (75% cross) from Soroti the lowest hatchability (70.0%). Chicks from Sembabule local eggs were heaviest (30.53gm) on average at day 1 followed by the crossbred chicks (75% cross) from Soroti which had average weight of 28.88gm at day 1. The smallest chicks (26.46gm) at day 1 were from the local eggs collected in Soroti district. All day 1 chicks were later transferred to Serere Institute where they were managed in the same way and fed ad libitum. Weights from day 1 to day 180 were recorded. Between day 1 and day 30, all chicks grew almost at the same pace but after day 60, the chicks from Masaka (local) grew fastest followed by those from Soroti district. Those from Sembabule were the slowest growers on average. The rest were between these two ecotypes. The highest increase in body weights was recorded between day 60 and day 150. At day 180 (6 months) the weights of all ecotypes converged towards the same mean weight of 1636gm with no signs of further growth. It was noted that some indigenous chicken ecotypes had better growth than the crossbred chickens and that among the indigenous chicken ecotypes there were significant differences in growth reflecting a certain level of genetic variability. If the feeding was standardized at ad libitum and management was uniform, the differences observed in growth could be attributed to differences in genes or differences in feed conversion.
It is disheartening to note that with almost thirteen years of implementation of the Millennium DevelopmentGoals and less than two years with fewer than 1000 days to the target date of 2015, the poverty profile is consistently on the increase. Unarguably, a greater proportion of the population still lives within the poverty line. This is characterized by widespread unemployment, insufficient income, inadequate food, lack of basic health care, lack of shelter, lack of safe drinking water, no access to basic education, and a host of others. This portends a fundamental challenge to the achievement of the Millennium DevelopmentGoals of eradicating poverty by 2015.
These are the words from UN who set out these SDGs to improve the lives and future prospects of all humanity. The 17 SDGs include the following in the Agenda 2030 (UN, 2016b): no poverty; zero hunger; good health and well-being; quality education; gender equality; clean water and sanitation; aordable and clean energy; decent work and economic growth; industry, innovation and infrastructure; reduced inequalities; sustainable cities and communities; respon- sible consumption and production; climate action; life below water; life on land; peace, justice and strong institutions; and partnerships for the goals. To achieve these SDGs, partnerships between governments, private sector, civil society and citizens are essential to ensure the planet is left in a better state for future generations. This is represented in Figure 5.3.
The restive situation in the Niger Delta continues unabated. Kidnapping, armed robbery and organized crime are the order of the day and the police are not well equipped to combat these crime. Sports/youth development is stunted. Nigeria could not grab the chanced of featuring in the first ever world cup to be played in African soil yet we claim to be the giant of Africa. In the area of transportation, only road transportation appears to be viable in Nigeria. Our railway lines are dead, air transportation is epileptic and only for the rich and our water transportation is grossly underdeveloped. The education sector is not left out. Incessant strike action and facilities below human standard exist in our schools. Otive (2006) lamented that in all indices of development, Nigeria fares poorly. It is therefore necessary that Nigeria as a matter of urgency should pay serious attention to the issue of sustainable development. The aim of this paper is to establish the fact that sustainable development could be achieved in Nigeria through the proper implementation of the Millennium DevelopmentGoals.
Stanton was certain that the vote would prove to be a key tool that would al- low women to overcome the imbalance in society. This conviction is the key to her ideology of achieving equal rights for women throughout society not just on the political stage. Stanton believed that enfranchised women would be able to attack traditional institutions that she perceived were keeping women in their subordinate position in society. She recognizes that without a political voice no group could encourage sweeping change and that this lack of political influence would continue to confine women to the private sphere where their husbands and fathers would continue to misrepresent them. For Stanton the vote was just the beginning of the changes that women needed to make. It was part of her strategy for the women’s rights movement to achieve its goals. Stanton wanted women to be aware of the limitations of their lives in order to embrace both her ideas and the movement that she established.
The last city which was selected for the data collection is Karachi which is the capital as well as largest city of Sindh. This city being over crowded with people has major concerns for the sustainability and the related goals. The literacy rate of Karachi is 65.26% which is highest in Sindh and at fourth number after Islamabad, Lahore and Rawalpindi. Population of Karachi consist of people from across Pakistan and foreigners as well thus making its culture diverse. . The existence of folks from all walks of life also makes the transfer of knowledge much easy. The possible reason behind the positive result of awareness could be the high literacy rate as well as the optimum knowledge transfer. The companies from all the selected cities were considered in order to check for their engagement towards the SDG fulfilment. The organizations were selected according to the business volume as well as their attachment with United Nations. The organizations with bigger business volumes generally seem to be less committed towards the fulfilment of sustainable developmentgoals . The selected organizations from Islamabad show a very minimal concern regarding the fulfilment of sustainable developmentgoals. Less commitment towards the cause has also been shown by the companies from Quetta and Karachi. The big organizations working in those cities are aware of the importance of sustainability in the environment but due to their big volume they seem less interested in complying with the efforts of attaining the developmental goals .
management and governance (e.g. Galloway, Hooper, Lant). Calls to foster interagency and interdisciplinary cooperation reflect the need for water resources practitioners who can communicate across intellectual and institutional boundaries. Furthermore, the growing need to minimize vulnerability, inequities, and environmental impacts and to encourage sustainable practices is forcing greater integration of the physical and social sciences and broadening the basic nature of water resources research. Consequently, water policy formulation has been rapidly entering a period of exchanges in which broadly trained professionals are needed for their intellectual diversity and practical experience. Geography as a discipline has long been engaged in bridging the sciences, natural resource management, environmental ethics, and policy formation. It has provided an intellectual incubator for the development and exposition of integrated approaches to water resources and watershed policy as well as for studies of watershed processes and human-environment interactions. The papers in this issue are not directly about geography, but they provide a stimulating sampler of water resources research being conducted by geographers. Neither the panel discussion in New Orleans nor the papers in this issue of Update cover all the essential topics in current water resources research, but hopefully they provide a glimpse into the great variety and significance of topics in this field.
Another equity criterion is the level of health and education. It corresponds even more directly than GNI to the main MDGs. The equity, as seen above, more than to compensate for a present low welfare, is to consider this low level as a handicap to growth and to compensate for it.. For that reason an appropriate indicator is the so-called Human Asset Index (HAI), used for the identification of the LDCs and composed of four components (literacy rate, secondary enrolment ratio, under-five child mortality and the percentage of the population which is undernourished). It could be preferred to the well known "Human Development Index" (HDI), because it is more comprehensive (including a nutrition factor) and uses more reliable data (eg child mortality instead of life expectancy). Moreover the HDI includes an income component, here taken into account separately. 15
For each goal listed above, a number of targets are proposed (see Annex 1) from an Arab regional perspective. As mentioned in section II of this document, the targets listed are in no way comprehensive; rather they focus on key issues with the aim of drawing attention to the priorities of the region. Like the MDGs, the purpose of the goals and targets is to serve as a rallying point for different actors, and galvanize actions and political will towards these global priorities. Hence, the need to harmonize reporting and monitoring of progress. Strengthening statistical systems of Arab countries in order to collect and analyze data at disaggregated levels as well as developing mechanisms to improve access to data and statistics are necessary for successful monitoring and reporting. Furthermore, and due to the disparities between the countries of the region, it is advised that the region supports global goals that are linked to a suite of targets that can be nationally selected and adapted to ensure relevance and national ownership.
and cultural workers, as they are in a position to create the necessary social and value package, which should become the nucleus forms the new society. However, the institution of education now simply does not give the person the possibility of self-realization. The problem of the attitude of the modern generation of young people towards education, as a necessary basis, determining the personality in society, is rapidly losing its significance. Under the onslaught of modernization, the accompanying liberal transformations and the democratic processes interpreted by the West, the modern young generation completely changes the world outlook, its social and cultural identity. A distinctive feature of today's society is the view of education as a necessity imposed by parents. There is no awareness of the need for education as the main component of the development of society. Personality does not think about revealing its potential, forcing itself into the framework of primitivism, carrying out a certain set of actions necessary for existence. The lack of an institutional education system, which does not allow modernization at the socio-cultural level, on the one hand, and the inconsistency of the very essence of modernization, on the other, lead to a deadlock in the implementation of institutional and personal modernization.
According to UNESCO report (2006) cited in Akomolafe(2010), girls make up 60% of all out of school children and women represent two thirds of illiterate adults.Girls usually perform worse than boys in schools and that in some countries one in every four girls drops out before fifth grade. Roughly, 85% of boys’ complete primary school compared to 76% of girls. Mathematics is the key to any development. Training (empowering) a woman is training a nation, so if the women are empowered mathematically the achievement of the MDGs is likely to be much easier
Drawing together the above observations, we conclude that the nature of governance challenges changes as you move outwards from the centre of the framework and its well-being goals. For goals in the inner level, many govern- ment instruments already exist for delivery, even if they do not always work efficiently or equitably. As we move outward, these mechanisms disintegrate, conflicts arise, and soft laws prevail. As with interactions between goals, poten- tial governance systems are more likely to be similar between goals operat- ing within the same level. The challenge of governing within levels is about building new relationships and new mechanisms that overcome sectoral and ministerial silos.
In this study, the impact of eight key macroeconomic determinants on economic growth were investigated during the period 1970-2013 using the recently developed Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to cointegration suggested by Pesaran et al. (2001). The key macroeconomic determinants investigated in this study include the accumulation of physical capital (investment); human capital development; population growth; real exchange rate depreciation; inflation; foreign aid; and international trade. Panel 1 of table 1 presents the long- run growth elasticity estimates on the responsiveness of a 1% change in key macroeconomic determinants to the responsiveness of the long-run level of real GDP per capita; while panel 2 presents the respective short-run elasticities.
Since about 1980, the Indian economy has grown, in terms of its gross domestic product (GDP), at over 6 per cent per annum compound, as against an average for the period 1950 to 1980 of around 3 to 3.5 percent. More recently, between 2003-04 and 2007-08, the rate of growth of India’s GDP even breached the 8 per cent barrier, giving rise to breathless celebrations in sections of the media about India being rapidly on its way to being a “superpower” or at the very least an economic powerhouse. While the current global economic crisis has led to some muting of the rhetoric, it is important not to lose sight of some basic and disturbing features of our track record of development even through these years of rapid GDP growth. This paper is an attempt to understand the millennium developmentgoals in a very descriptive and an interesting manner. | <urn:uuid:8ca93686-6897-4b83-8586-c1ae9f2a68c0> | {
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Mechanical and Technical Processes. Materials 133
nets. Netting needles are common, especially in the New
Kingdom and Roman times.
Faience was made as early as predynastic times, and by the
Third Dynasty had reached a high degree of excellence (see
Fig. 5, facing p. 127). It consists of a body material of very fine,
clean, angular grains of quartz without any visible admixture of
clay or other ingredient. The quartz has the appearance of
having been artificially powdered. The adhesive most probably
used was natron from the Wady Natrun. In the experiments
conducted by Mr. Lucas a mixture of quartz powder strongly
fired with 10 per cent, of natron produced a mass closely resem-
bling ancient faience. After heating, only about 3 per cent, of
the natron remained in combination, the rest having volatilized.
Since the number of analyses of ancient faience are still com-
paratively few, this may account for the adhesive not having
been recorded. The usual method of making faience objects
was by casting them in pottery moulds, of which thousands
have been discovered of all periods. It is possible, however, that
in certain cases the fused mass of quartz and natron was carved
as if it were stone. Faience was used for vases, statuettes,
amulets and inlay. It can take a high glaze, but the method
of its application is still uncertain; in fact, although most careful
experiments are now being carried out, we are still only able
to give the broad lines of the process of faience manufacture.
The chemical composition of glass and glaze is identical (Fig.
10, facing p. 134), namely the result of a complete fusion of
quartz sand containing calcium carbonate with natron or plant
ashes and colouring matter. The term glaze is used when the
substance is applied to some material such as stone or faience,
while glass is applied to objects made entirely of this substance.
Glazed beads are known from the predynastic period, but the
specimens of glass ascribed to periods earlier than the beginning
of the Eighteenth Dynasty are all of somewhat dubious date.
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Vaccines have been heralded as a key measure to gradual the COVID-19 pandemic and in the future convey it to an finish. Day-after-day, thousands and thousands of American adults are receiving one of many approved vaccines confirmed extremely efficient at stopping extreme sickness that may in any other case result in hospitalizations and deaths. Within the US, most individuals over 65 have now been absolutely vaccinated, defending essentially the most susceptible in our inhabitants.
As an infectious illness specialist, my responses to the questions under are primarily based on what we all know up to now about an infection and vaccines in youngsters and teenagers. We’ll must proceed filling in gaps as analysis is completed and our understanding evolves.
What can we learn about how COVID-19 impacts youngsters and teenagers?
Most COVID-19 infections in youngsters are gentle or trigger no apparent signs. Nevertheless, a small proportion of contaminated youngsters
- develop a severe inflammatory situation referred to as MIS-C within the two to 6 weeks following COVID-19 an infection. This may increasingly occur even in youngsters who’ve gentle signs or no signs.
- get very sick and wish hospitalization or intensive care.
Over 400 youngsters have died from COVID-19 an infection. That’s better than the variety of childhood deaths through the deadliest flu season previously twenty years.
Vaccinating youngsters to stop these outcomes is without doubt one of the most vital causes driving vaccine research in youngsters. Additional, vaccinating youngsters shall be essential to reaching a population-wide degree of immunity — herd immunity — adequate to gradual the emergence of harmful variants and produce an finish to the pandemic.
What do we all know up to now about COVID-19 vaccines in teenagers?
- The Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine is allowed to be used in individuals ages 16 and older.
- The Moderna and Johnson & Johnson vaccines are approved to be used in individuals ages 18 and older.
- These authorizations had been primarily based on information from individuals of those ages in randomized, placebo-controlled trials that demonstrated the protection and efficacy of those vaccines. Efficacy measures how effectively a vaccine works within the managed circumstances of a research. Effectiveness is how effectively a vaccine works exterior of a research, when individuals locally obtain it.
As states increase eligibility for COVID-19 vaccines, teenagers 16 and older can obtain the suitable vaccine by way of the identical sources adults have had entry to up to now. Accessible vaccine websites might fluctuate by state and the place you obtain well being care. Test the searchable map on VaccineFinder, or your state board of well being.
Vaccine analysis accomplished up to now, or now underway, consists of the next:
- Pfizer/BioNTech has accomplished a trial in 12-to 15-year-olds. This trial used the identical dose and schedule of the vaccine as is utilized in adults: two doses given three weeks aside. The corporate introduced in a press launch that the vaccine was protected and effectively tolerated, elicited sturdy antibody responses, and had 100% efficacy in stopping gentle to extreme an infection on this age group. The FDA is reviewing the info and can contemplate authorizing this vaccine to be used on this age group. If all goes effectively, we’d anticipate this vaccine to be accessible to 12-to 15-year-olds within the coming months.
- Moderna accomplished enrolling 12-to 17-year-olds in the same trial utilizing the identical dose and schedule as in adults: two doses given 4 weeks aside. Knowledge from this trial are anticipated throughout the subsequent few months.
- Johnson & Johnson has began a trial of its vaccine for a small variety of 16-to 17-year-olds. If the vaccine proves to be protected and efficient in that age group, the trial will proceed with 12-to 15-year-olds.
What about COVID-19 vaccine trials for youthful youngsters?
- Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna have each begun trials in youngsters 6 months to 11 years outdated.
- These trials will every start by testing smaller doses than these given to older youngsters, teenagers, and adults. This enables researchers to find out which dose is effectively tolerated and nonetheless elicits sturdy antibody ends in youthful youngsters.
- As soon as the dose is about, bigger numbers of kids in these age ranges shall be enrolled in placebo-controlled trials to guage the efficacy of those vaccines.
All of those steps will take a while in order that they are often accomplished with out chopping any corners on security. The earliest vaccines will seemingly be accessible for youthful youngsters is late 2021, or maybe early in 2022.
What shouldn’t be but recognized about COVID-19 vaccines in youngsters and teenagers?
- How lengthy vaccine-induced immunity in opposition to COVID-19 an infection lasts in youngsters will should be adopted over time. Findings from such research will assist specialists resolve whether or not youngsters will want boosters of COVID-19 vaccines sooner or later.
- Researchers additionally want to check whether or not COVID-19 vaccines could be mixed with different vaccines that youngsters routinely obtain. For now, the CDC recommends not giving another vaccines inside 14 days of a COVID-19 vaccine. That is true for individuals of any age.
- Researchers might want to consider the influence of those vaccines on defending youngsters from an infection with COVID-19 variants. However biologically, there could be no purpose to anticipate variations in vaccine protection of variants in adults versus youngsters.
The put up COVID-19 vaccines for youngsters and teenagers: What we do — and don’t — know appeared first on Harvard Well being Weblog. | <urn:uuid:e124f1eb-d2e9-437e-aa08-e233e77d98e1> | {
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Presentation on theme: "1 Chapter 11 Chemical Reactions. 2 All chemical reactions l have two parts l Reactants - the substances you start with l Products- the substances you."— Presentation transcript:
1 Chapter 11 Chemical Reactions
2 All chemical reactions l have two parts l Reactants - the substances you start with l Products- the substances you end up with l The reactants turn into the products. Reactants Products
3 In a chemical reaction l The way atoms are joined is changed l Atoms arent created or destroyed. l Can be described several ways l In a sentence –Copper reacts with chlorine to form copper (II) chloride. l In a word equation Copper + chlorine copper (II) chloride
4 Symbols used in equations l Table 11.1 l the arrow separates the reactants from the products l Read reacts to form l The plus sign = and l (s) after the formula -solid l (g) after the formula -gas l (l) after the formula -liquid
5 Symbols used in equations l (aq) after the formula - dissolved in water, an aqueous solution. used after a product indicates a gas (same as (g)) used after a product indicates a solid (same as (s))
6 Symbols used in equations l indicates a reversible reaction (More later) l shows that heat is supplied to the reaction l is used to indicate a catalyst used in this case, platinum.
7 What is a catalyst? l A substance that speeds up a reaction without being changed by the reaction. l Enzymes are biological or protein catalysts.
8 Skeleton Equation l Uses formulas and symbols to describe a reaction l doesnt indicate how many. l All chemical equations are sentences that describe reactions.
9 Convert these to equations l Solid iron (III) sulfide reacts with gaseous hydrogen chloride to form solid iron (II) chloride and hydrogen sulfide gas.
10 Convert these to equations l Nitric acid dissolved in water reacts with solid sodium carbonate to form liquid water and carbon dioxide gas and sodium nitrate dissolved in water.
11 The other way Fe(g) + O 2 (g) Fe 2 O 3 (s)
12 The other way Cu(s) + AgNO 3 (aq) Ag(s) + Cu(NO 3 ) 2 (aq)
13 Balancing Chemical Equations
14 Balanced Equation l Atoms cant be created or destroyed l All the atoms we start with we must end up with l A balanced equation has the same number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation.
15 C + O 2 CO 2 l This equation is already balanced l What if it isnt already? C + O O C O O
16 C + O 2 CO l We need one more oxygen in the products. l Cant change the formula, because it describes what actually happens + O C O O C O CC
17 l Must have started with two C 2 C + O 2 2 CO + O CC O CC l Must be used to make another CO l But where did the other C come from? O O
18 Rules for balancing Write the correct formulas for all the reactants and products Count the number of atoms of each type appearing on both sides Balance the elements one at a time by adding coefficients (the numbers in front) Check to make sure it is balanced.
19 Never l Change a subscript to balance an equation. –If you change the formula you are describing a different reaction. –H 2 O is a different compound than H 2 O 2 l Never put a coefficient in the middle of a formula –2 NaCl is okay, Na2Cl is not.
20 Example H 2 +H2OH2OO2O2 Make a table to keep track of where you are at RP H O Need twice as much O in the product H 2 +H2OH2OO2O2 2 2 Changes the OAlso changes the H 4 Need twice as much H in the reactant 2 Recount 4 The equation is balanced, has the same number of each kind of atom on both sides
21 Example H 2 +H2OH2OO2O2 RP H O This is the answer Not this
22 Examples CH 4 + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O
23 Examples AgNO 3 + Cu Cu(NO 3 ) 2 + Ag
24 Examples Al + N 2 Al 2 N 3
25 Examples P + O 2 P 4 O 10
26 Examples Na + H 2 O H 2 + NaOH
27 Techniques l If an atom appears more than once on a side, balance it last. l If you fix everything except one element, and it is even on one side and odd on the other, double the first number, then move on from there. l C 4 H 10 + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O
28 Types of Reactions Predicting the Products
29 Types of Reactions l There are too many reactions to remember l Fall into categories. l We will learn 5 types. l Will be able to predict the products. l For some we will be able to predict whether they will happen at all. l Must recognize them by the reactants
30 #1 Combination Reactions l Combine - put together l 2 elements, or compounds combine to make 1 compound. Ca +O 2 CaO SO 3 + H 2 O H 2 SO 4 l We can predict the products if they are two elements. Mg + N 2
31 Write and balance Ca + Cl 2
32 Write and balance Fe + O 2 iron (II) oxide
33 Write and balance Al + O 2 l Remember that the first step is to write the formula l Then balance l Also called synthesis reaction
34 Combining two compounds l If they tell you it is combination, you will make one product l Two compounds will make a polyatomic ion. l CO 2 + H 2 O l H 2 O + Cl 2 O 7
35 #2 Decomposition Reactions l decompose = fall apart l one reactant falls apart into two or more elements or compounds. l NaCl Na + Cl 2 l CaCO 3 CaO + CO 2
36 #2 Decomposition Reactions l Can predict the products if it is a binary compound l Made up of only two elements l Falls apart into its elements lH2OlH2O
37 #2 Decomposition Reactions l HgO
38 #2 Decomposition Reactions l If the compound has more than two elements you must be given one of the products l The other product will be from the missing pieces l NiCO 3 NiO + H 2 CO 3 (aq) CO 2 +
39 #3 Single Replacement l One element replaces another l Reactants must be an element and a compound. l Products will be a different element and a different compound. Na + KCl K + NaCl F 2 + LiCl LiF + Cl 2
40 Na + KCl K + NaCl Na K Cl
41 F LiCl 2 LiF + Cl 2 F Li Cl F Li Cl Li
42 #3 Single Replacement l Metals replace metals (and hydrogen) Al + CuSO 4 Zn + H 2 SO 4 l Think of water as HOH l Metals replace one of the H, combine with hydroxide. Na + HOH
43 #3 Single Replacement l We can tell whether a reaction will happen l Some are more active than other l More active replaces less active l There is a list on page 333
44 #3 Single Replacement l There is a list on page 333 l Higher on the list replaces lower. l If the element by itself is higher, it happens, l if element by itself is lower, it doesnt
45 #3 Single Replacement l Note the * l H can be replaced in acids by everything higher l Only the first 4 (Li - Na) react with water.
46 #3 Single Replacement Al + HCl
47 #3 Single Replacement Fe + CuSO 4
48 #3 Single Replacement Pb + KCl
49 #3 Single Replacement Al + H 2 O
50 #3 Single Replacement l What does it mean that Ag is on the bottom of the list?
51 #3 Single Replacement l Nonmetals can replace other nonmetals l Limited to F 2, Cl 2, Br 2, I 2 l The order of activity is that on the table. l Higher replaces lower. F 2 + HCl Br 2 + KCl
52 #4 Double Replacement l Two things replace each other. l Reactants must be two ionic compounds or acids. l Usually in aqueous solution NaOH + FeCl 3 l The positive ions change place. NaOH + FeCl 3 Fe 3+ OH - + Na + Cl - NaOH + FeCl 3 Fe(OH) 3 + NaCl
54 #4 Double Replacement l Will only happen if one of the products –doesnt dissolve in water and forms a solid –or is a gas that bubbles out. –or is a covalent compound usually water. l Polyatomic ions dont change from side to side
55 Complete and balance l assume all of the reactions take place. CaCl 2 + NaOH CuCl 2 + K 2 S KOH + Fe(NO 3 ) 3
56 Complete and balance KOH + Fe(NO 3 ) 3 H 3 PO 4 + Ca(OH) 2
57 How to recognize which type l Look at the reactants l E for element l C for compound l E + E Combination l CDecomposition l E + CSingle replacement l C + CDouble replacement
58 Last Type l Combustion l A compound composed of only C H and maybe O is reacted with oxygen l If the combustion is complete, the products will be CO 2 and H 2 O. l If the combustion is incomplete, the products will be CO and H 2 O. l or just C and H 2 O. l O 2 will always be the second reactant
59 Examples l Complete combustion of C 4 H 10 l Incomplete combustion of C 4 H 10
60 Examples l Complete combustion of C 6 H 12 O 6 l Incomplete combustion of C 2 H 6 O
61 Ionic Compounds and acids l Fall apart into ions when they dissolve l Thats why they conduct electricity when dissolved. l So when we write them as (aq) they are really separated l NaCl(aq) is really Na + (aq) and Cl - (aq) l K 2 SO 4 (aq) is really K + (aq) and SO 4 2- (aq)
62 Reactions in aqueous solutions l Many reactions happen in solution l Makes it so the ions separate so they can interact. l Solids, liquids, and gases are not separated, only aqueous
63 Complete Ionic Equation l Every aqueous compound is written as separate ions l Solids, liquids and gases as whole compounds l MgCl 2 (aq) + PbSO 4 (aq) MgSO 4 (aq) + PbCl 2 (s) l Is really l Mg 2+ (aq) + Cl - (aq) + Pb 2+ (aq) + SO 4 (aq) Mg 2+ (aq) + SO 4 (aq) + PbCl 2 (s)
64 Write the complete ionic equation for l FeBr 3 (aq) + KOH(aq) KBr (aq) + Fe(OH) 3 (s) Fe 3+ (aq)Br - (aq)K + (aq)OH - (aq) Br - (aq)Fe(OH) 3 (s) + K + (aq)
65 Write the complete ionic equation for l CaCl 2 (aq) + MgSO 4 (aq) CaSO 4 (s) + MgCl 2 (aq)
66 Write the complete ionic equation for l Ba(OH) 2 (aq) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) BaSO 4 (s) + HOH(l)
67 The complete ionic equation is l Fe 3+ (aq)+ Br - (aq) + K + (aq) +OH - (aq) K + (aq) +Br - (aq) + Fe(OH) 3 (s) l K + and Br - dont change. l They are spectator ions l Could be eliminated l Fe 3+ (aq) +OH - (aq) Fe(OH) 3 (s) l This is what really changes
68 Net ionic equation l Shows only those particles that change before and after. l Eliminate spectator ions l Needs to be balanced in terms of both mass and charge l Fe 3+ (aq) +OH - (aq) Fe(OH) 3 (s) l Fe 3+ (aq) +3 OH - (aq) Fe(OH) 3 (s)
69 Write the net ionic equation l HCl (aq) + Ba(OH) 2 (aq) BaCl 2 (s) + HOH (l)
70 Write the net ionic equation l Al + FeSO 4 (aq) Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 (aq) + Fe
71 Write the net ionic equation l Cl 2 (s) + NaI(aq) NaCl(aq) + I 2 (s)
72 Write the net ionic equation l K 2 CO 3 (aq) + MgI 2 (aq) MgCO 3 (s) + KI(aq)
73 Net ionic equations l Written for single and double replacement.
74 Predicting precipitates l Solids formed from aqueous solution. l You can predict them if you know some general rules for solubility.
75 These things are soluble 1.Salts with alkali metals and ammonium 2.Salts of nitrates and chlorates 3.Salts of sulfates except Ag +, Pb 2+, Hg 2 2+, Ba 2+, and Sr 2+ 4.Salts of chlorides except Ag +, Pb 2+, and Hg 2 2+
76 These things are insoluble 5.Carbonates, phosphates, chromates, sulfides, and hydroxides l Unless they fall under rule # 1
77 Is it soluble? l LiBr l Ba(NO 3 ) 2 l CaSO 4 l PbCl 2 l CaCO 3 l K 2 CO 3 l Cd(ClO 3 ) 2
78 Is there a reaction? l For double replacement- has to make gas, solid or water. l Water from an acid- H + and a hydroxide- OH - makes HOH l Solids- from solubility rules l Exchange ions and see if something is insoluble
79 Is there a reaction? l MgSO 4 + NaOH l H 2 SO 4 + KOH l K 3 PO 4 + FeF 3
80 Chapter 7 Summary
81 An equation l Describes a reaction l Must be balanced to follow the Law of Conservation of Mass l Can only be balanced by changing the coefficients. l Has special symbols to indicate state, and if catalyst or energy is required.
82 Reactions l Come in 5 types. l Can tell what type they are by the reactants. l Single Replacement happens based on the activity series l Double Replacement happens if the product is a solid, water, or a gas.
83 The Process 1. Determine the type by looking at the reactants. 2. Put the pieces next to each other based on type 3. Use charges to write the formulas –Elements get 2? 4. Use coefficients to balance the equation. | <urn:uuid:d7f8e192-9093-42aa-870c-aaf1445b3b42> | {
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Annual Creek Cleanup
How to Volunteer
Creeks Master Plan
Wildlife in the Creeks
Otters and Beavers
Benthic Macro Invertebrate (BMI) Lifestyles
BMI nymphs have five general feeding strategies. First are the shredders, who shred leaves and other loose organic matter. Second are the scrapers, who scrape algae, etc., off underwater rocks. There are two types of collectors that depend on fine particulate organic matter. Collector-filterers obtain material from the water column. Collector-gatherers, as the name implies, gather detritus from the substrate. Lastly, there are the predators who eat other animals. Most BMIs live on the bottom of the body of water.
Stone flies live several years and need cold, well oxygenated, moving water. They generally favor rocky areas, but different species prefer different size rocks, and some are found in leaf packs or even sandy areas. They are very sensitive to pollution, so a population of large stone flies is a good indicator of a healthy creek.
There are thousands of species of caddis flies worldwide. The nymphs are an important part of the freshwater food web; the adults are terrestrial. Caddis flies are closely related to butterflies and moths. In fact, the adults look like moths and the nymphs spin silk like caterpillars. They use it to make nets or tubes to live in, or as glue to hold together small pebbles, twigs, leaves, or other debris that they use as portable cases. A few species are free-moving predators, but even they lay down a line of silk when they move. Most species eat detritus. Caddis fly nymphs are widely used as indicator species; different species are sensitive to different types of pollution.
Mayfly nymphs eat bacteria although most of the material passes through their bodies unused. Most species are collectors and scrapers. Mayflies are microhabitat specialists, each species needing a specific type of substrate at a particular depth with a certain amount of wave action. Species vary in their sensitivity to pollution; the sensitive ones are good indicator species. Caddis fly nymphs eat mayfly eggs. Many creatures eat mayfly nymphs – birds, fish, and other insects. Like caddis flies, mayflies differ in their sensitivity to pollution; some make better indicator species than others.
While nymphs are the most important BMI life stage for assessing water quality, most of these insects are much more familiar as flying adults. Two of the most popular and familiar groups are damsel flies and dragon flies. They look similar, but here's an easy way to tell them apart: Damsel flies are smaller and perch with their wings up. Dragon flies perch with their wings out. | <urn:uuid:ad570105-1876-4c52-8fe6-9e4c27bc6495> | {
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How can we stem the tide of a plastic-polluted future?
By EDO NSW Senior Policy & Law Reform Solicitor Nari Sahukar
15 October 2015
The harm caused by plastic pollution in the marine environment is well established. In our submission to a Senate inquiry into the threat of marine plastic pollution, EDOs of Australia make a number of recommendations on how to improve Australia's laws and policies on marine plastic pollution.
UPDATE January 2017: The Australian Government has initiated a review of the Threat Abatement Plan for the Impacts of Marine Debris on Vertebrate Marine Species (2017). Read more »
An image from a World Wildlife Fund (WWF) campaign in 2006 shows a small green turtle peeping out from dark waves at night, edging her way up the sand. On closer inspection, this turtle is made of plastic. A tag line reads ‘The future is man made.’
The campaign highlighted the plight of Australia’s and the world’s turtles and other endangered species. Turtles and their marine companions are at the mercy of multiple threats that only we humans can resolve, like climate change, fishing by-catch and plastic pollution.
The Future Is Man Made
Image from the 2006 WWF campaign
Plastic pollution and what to do about it
The environmental harm caused by plastic pollution in the marine environment is well established. Coastal assessments have shown that 60 to 80 percent of marine debris consists of plastic. The amount of seaborne plastic, and the harm it causes, are projected to grow significantly unless we intervene and innovate at many levels, in Australia and abroad.
Marine plastic pollution from Australia and elsewhere has local and global consequences. It impacts on federally-protected species such as migratory shorebirds, whales, sharks and turtles, who ingest plastic or become entangled in it.
A recent CSIRO study into the sources, distribution and fate of marine debris provides important background on the impacts.
State laws regulate plastic pollution and waste, but don’t deal well with cumulative impacts
The CSIRO finds that around three quarters of plastic pollution in Australian coastal waters comes from domestic, land-based sources. For example, litter from drink containers, plastic bags and packaging, manufacturing and consumer waste. Then there’s the growing problem of ‘microplastics’ – microbeads from cosmetic, shampoo and laundry products, industrial offcuts, and fragments of other plastics as they break down over hundreds of years. Marine plastic pollution is therefore a cumulative and systemic problem of production, consumption and waste disposal systems.
In Australia, the states and territories have primary responsibility for environmental laws (although marine debris is a key threatening process under the national EPBC Act).
At the industrial scale, land-based sources of plastic pollution are regulated through state pollution and waste laws. For example, all states have offences for dumping waste without a permit and for polluting waters. Some industrial facilities require a pollution licence, which can limit what substances they can legally emit.
Unfortunately, existing laws don’t deal very well with cumulative impacts, including to the marine environment. And illegal behaviour can be difficult to detect or prosecute. Governments should increase guidance and enforcement action on a cost-recovery basis, consistent with the polluter pays principle that underpins state and federal law.
When it comes to litter that could end up in our waterways and the sea, local councils and community groups are often on the front line. State and federal funding for local education and infrastructure such as stormwater traps is important here. But up front measures such as container deposit schemes (cash for containers) and plastic bag bans can stem the tide of litter entering streets and waterways in the first place.
Reducing plastic waste through mandatory product stewardship
Container deposits and plastic bag bans are already helping address plastic pollution in many parts of Australia and overseas.
Container deposits have a proven track record in regulating drink container litter. They internalise the costs of littering and create community incentives to recycle more. Community groups and individuals can earn 10 cents a bottle, more plastic is recycled, and less ends up in the stomachs of sea birds, turtles and marine mammals.
South Australia has had cash for containers since the mid-1970s. And the community and environment ministers resoundingly backed the Northern Territory scheme after beverage companies challenged it in the High Court. Now NSW has promised to implement a container deposit scheme by 2017.
Four out of eight States and Territories now have legislated plastic bag bans in place – SA, NT, Tasmania and the ACT. This is good news for turtles who mistake plastic bags for a key food source – jellyfish.
Stewardship of marine life starts with good stewardship on land
Turtles are symbolic of Australia’s natural heritage, and the world’s biodiversity. The future of this common wealth of ours – and the laws that that protect it – will be made by women and men on many levels: through the decisions we all make daily as concerned citizens, consumers and product producers, and through the decisions of policy-makers, Senators, Environment Ministers, and all levels of government.
To improve law and policy on marine plastic pollution, EDOs of Australia have called for the following:
- additional measures to reduce key sources of marine plastic pollution (for example, extending container deposit schemes and bans on single-use plastic bags);
- better resourcing for existing pollution offences, infrastructure and education (internalising costs through a polluter pays approach);
- timely state and federal cooperation on regulatory standards and incentives (without delaying effective state efforts like the schemes mentioned above);
- supporting industry to improve manufacturing, supply chain and disposal standards, with a view to practical phase-out of harmful plastic sources; and
- examining Australia’s oversight of fishing gear and garbage disposal at sea, and our capacity-building role in reducing plastic in the Asia-Pacific oceans.
For more background and recommendations, see our recent Senate Inquiry submission on marine plastic pollution.
References and further links
- Inquiry into the threat of marine plastic pollution, EDOs of Australia submission
- The threat of marine plastic pollution in Australia, Senate inquiry home page
- Sources, distribution and fate of marine debris, CSIRO
- Marine debris, Department of the Environment
- Marine debris: biodiversity impacts and potential solutions, The Conversation
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Story writing for games
Online supplement to the textbook creative writing and storyboarding for games. Writing printables for all ages kids can practice their letters story beginnings: writing an active beginning mountain climbers: cursive writing made easy and fun writing activities music activities math activities. Writing games writing games add a line to the never-ending story poetry stamp: poetry stamp will randomly generate lines of poetry you can choose from a multitude of writing games, gizmos, generators, writing prompts and exercises. Create-a-story game the folks who came up with the create-a-story board game deserve high praise for incorporating some of the best story-writing strategies into a game format that should be great for students about fourth grade and above. Games to play while waiting for an idea collected by tim wynne-jones playing at writing is an important thing to do you probably came to write because you liked to do it.
Do you like writing you can create your own story here. Sometimes the hardest part of writing is figuring out what to do with that blank page coming up with a new short story idea doesn't have to be painful, however these exercises are designed to get you writing -- and hopefully on your way to a new short story at the very least, free writing forces. More online writing games for kids the what-if question genie - instead of making wishes come true, the genie in this game comes up with the wackiest what-if questions that will inspire children to write stories wordle™ - in wordle™, children can generate word clouds - a layout of words - from the text they provide. Plot and story elements activities for kids plot and story elements activities for kids grade levels: k-3 you can also focus on one event of the person's life and write a story about it, paying close attention to the plot and order of events. Creative group writing you are here it's good practice for writing creative stories using narrative tenses author: activities need a little more help with your professional development find a training course for your needs comments. 6 ipad apps for creative writing by monica burns may 20, 2014 this app generates images and writing prompts that should inspire students to write a story writing challenge lets teachers turn creative writing into a game for students whether this app is used as.
Create-a-story board game, language arts, other supplements, activities / games / software, language arts games & books, storytelling games, all, english/writing, creative writing, story writing - practice, story writing games, games, puzzles & toys, games for all ages, educational games for all ages. A practical guide to game writing by darby mcdevitt when writers and designers band together and discuss a game's story, characters since all parties involved will understand the extent of the game's writing needs. Create and read stories and play games with your favorite pbs kids characters like daniel tiger, wordgirl, arthur and martha speaks. Independent developer of narrative games and interactive stories toggle navigation about store blog join us press inklewriter keeps your branching story organised the writing inklewriter is a free tool designed to allow anyone to write and publish interactive stories.
Here you can find worksheets and activities for teaching story writing to kids, teenagers or adults, beginner intermediate or advanced levels. You're pretty well on the money with your observations the story of an rpg is often comparable to that of a novel in terms of the way it is consumed however, in the way that it is produced, it is very different you must design a game, then as y.
Play fun first (1st) grade writing games online for free first (1st) grade children learn writing while they play games online and have fun. Give your child many opportunities to read and write stories, lists, messages, letters readwritenow activities for reading and writing fun a joint project of the us department of education, the american library association, pizza hut, inc, scholastic, inc, reading is fundamental, inc.
Story writing for games
Game writing struggles with the contradictions of storytelling because the approach is wrong the right approach is storysensing, not storytelling.
- The national writing project's 30 ideas for teaching writing offers successful strategies contributed by experienced writing project students committed their stories to writing but football players and writers also need the adrenaline rush of the big game and the final draft.
- 164 game story writer jobs available on indeedcom writer, content writer, junior site engineer and more.
- Printable resources and ideas to support your children when writing fiction download them for free join our email newsletter to use these free story cube templates as the starting point for a range of writing and story telling activities with your children.
How to write a great video game script you are creating a world not just a story. Gotham writers workshop is a creative home in new york city and online where writers develop their craft and come together in the spirit of discovery the story goes that ernest hemingway won a bet by writing a short story that ran fewer than ten words we would like to make a similar bet. Silver pen writers is an online discussion forum and workshop for short stories, poems, essays, and novels. Free writing activities include printable thank you notes, poetry worksheets, vacation journal, quotation worksheets, and more great activities for preschool - sixth grade. | <urn:uuid:dc400afb-2d09-4516-96c7-42f663572e96> | {
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The Mitsubishi A5M, Navy designation Mitsubishi Navy Type 96 Carrier-based Fighter, experimental Navy designation Mitsubishi Navy Experimental 9-Shi Carrier Fighter, company designation Mitsubishi Ka-14, was a Japanese carrier-based fighter aircraft.
It was the world’s first low-wing monoplane shipboard fighter to enter service
In 1934, the Imperial Japanese Navy prepared a specification for an advanced fighter, requiring a maximum speed of 350 km/h (220 mph) at 3,000 m (9,800 ft) and able to climb to 5,000 m (16,000 ft) in 6.5 minutes.
This 9-shi (1934) specification produced designs from both Mitsubishi and Nakajima.
Mitsubishi assigned the task of designing the new fighter to a team led by Jiro Horikoshi (original creator of the similar but unsuccessful Mitsubishi 1MF10, and later responsible for the famous A6M Zero).
The resulting design, designated Ka-14 by Mitsubishi, was an all-metal low-wing fighter, with a thin elliptical inverted gull wing and a fixed undercarriage, which was chosen as the increase in performance (estimated as 10% in drag, but only a mere 3% increase in maximum speed) arising from use of a retractable undercarriage was not felt to justify the extra weight.
The first prototype, powered by a 447 kW (600 hp) Nakajima Kotobuki 5 radial engine, flew on 4 February 1935.
The aircraft far exceeded the requirements of the specification, with a maximum speed of 450 km/h (280 mph) being reached.
The second prototype was fitted with a revised, ungulled wing, and after various changes to maximize manoeuvrability and reduce drag, was ordered into production as the A5M.
With the Ka-14 demonstrating excellent performance, the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force ordered a single modified prototype for evaluation as the Ki-18.
While this demonstrated similar performance to the Navy aircraft and hence was far faster than the IJAAF’s current fighter, the Kawasaki Ki-10 biplane, the type was rejected by the army owing to its reduced manoeuvrability.
The Army then produced a specification for an improved advanced fighter to replace the Ki-10.
Mitsubishi, busy turning the Ka-14 into the A5M, submitted a minimally changed aircraft as the Ki-33, this being defeated by Nakajima’s competing aircraft, which was ordered into service as the Ki-27.
Six prototypes with various engines and design modifications.
Navy carrier-based fighter, Model 1
First production model with 633 kW (850 hp) Kotobuki 2 KAI I engine.
More powerful engine.
First production examples with NACA cowling and 477 kW (640 hp) Kotobuki 3 engine.
Prototypes with 448 kW (601 hp) Hispano-Suiza 12 Xcrs engine.
Model 24 (ex-Model 4): The A5M2b with different engine, closed cockpit, additional detachable fuel tank. The last production models (Model 34) with Kotobuki 41 KAI engine.
780 constructed by Mitsubishi. 39 constructed by Watanabe, 161 manufactured by Naval Ohmura Arsenal.
Two-seat trainer version of A5M4, 103 constructed by Naval Ohmura Arsenal.
Single prototype land-based version for IJAAF, based on the A5M. 410 kW (550 hp) Kotobuki 5 engine.
Two prototypes, a development of Ki-18 with a different engine, and closed cockpit.
Total Production (all variants): 1,094
7.565 m (24 ft 10 in)
11 m (36 ft 1 in)
3.27 m (10 ft 9 in)
17.8 m2 (192 sq ft)
B-9 mod. (16%)
B-9 mod (9%)
1,216 kg (2,681 lb)
1,671 kg (3,684 lb)
1 × Nakajima Kotobuki 41 or 41 KAI,
9-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine,
530 kW (710 hp) for take-off
585 kW (785 hp) at 3,000 m (9,843 ft)
3-bladed metal propeller
435 km/h (270 mph, 235 kn) at 3,000 m (9,843 ft)
1,201 km (746 mi, 648 nmi)
9,800 m (32,200 ft)
Time to altitude
3,000 m (9,843 ft) in 3 minutes 35 seconds
93.8 kg/m2 (19.2 lb/sq ft)
0.3161 kW/kg (0.1923 hp/lb)
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MCQ: In conductors, opposite charges are separated by
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What is Kinesiology?
Kinesiology put simply is defined as the scientific study of human movement. The term comes from the Greek word “kinesis” which means “to move”.
What is a Kinesiologist?
A kinesiologist is a health professional who focuses specifically on correcting human movement through exercise. In order to become a kinesiologist, you need to have completed a four-year university degree in kinesiology or a related exercise specialty degree. Then, you are eligible to become registered with British Columbia Association of Kinesiologists (BCAK).
What’s the difference between a Kinesiologist and a Personal Trainer?
Whereas a kinesiologist is required to possess a four-year bachelor’s degree, a personal trainer is required to attend several workshops and courses, which typically are of much shorter duration than a typical university degree. This difference in education level leads to differences in clinical practice. The in-depth training a kinesiologist possesses allows them to:
- conduct a thorough assessment
- have a greater ability to detect flaws in exercise technique
- develop a more detailed exercise plan that takes into account a variety of variables such as a patient’s unique anatomy, and previous injuries
As a result of these differences, many extended health plans will cover visits to registered kinesiologists (see details below). Currently, no such coverage exists for personal training visits under any major health plan in Canada.
What does a kinesiologist do?
A kinesiologist will work with you to help you achieve your goals through physical exercise. In this regard, the kinesiologist will work with you to develop, monitor, and progress an appropriate exercise plan. Your kinesiologist will focus first and foremost on ensuring you are completing your exercises with appropriate technique. This will help ensure you are staying free of injury and gaining the most possible benefit from each exercise.
Why should I see a kinesiologist?
All of us have felt the urge to get healthier at one point or another, and that often leads us to start exercising. It is easy to think, “how hard can it be?”. However, usually within a period of a few weeks or months, one of several things happen – you develop an injury, you don’t see results, or you fall off the bandwagon and lose motivation. This is where people often realize they need help. That’s where the kinesiologist comes in to help…
- create a realistic and safe exercise PLAN
- find any muscle imbalances through a detailed assessment
- provide accountability by monitoring your progress
- ensure your safety by correcting any faulty exercise techniques
- continually motivating you by progressing your exercise plan, and
- ensuring you are having fun and getting the results you want!
Can I see a kinesiologist if I am injured?
Yes! The in-depth training in human movement that a kinesiologist possesses prepares them to help you when you need it most. Whether it be a musculoskeletal injury, like shoulder tendonitis, or a more complex systemic issue like coronary artery disease, your kinesiolgist has the training to help ensure you can exercise safely. However, your kinesiologist will also reach out to other relevant healthcare providers, such as your physiotherapist, to help ensure that they are providing the best possible care.
What if I’m not injured, can I still see a kinesiologist?
Yes! Kinesiologists can treat you if…
- you haven’t yet started exercising but want to start
- you’re returning to exercising after a long period of being off from it
- you’re currently exercising but just not seeing the results you want
- you have a neurological condition, like Parkinson’s, and want to start exercising to improve your condition
- you are pregnant and want to learn safe ways to exercise
Will my kinesiologist work with my other healthcare providers?
As mentioned above, after your initial assessment, your kinesiologist will reach out to any relevant healthcare professionals (physiotherapist, doctor, massage therapist) to ensure that they have the complete picture of how you move. This will help them provide you the best possible care.
Will my insurance company cover kinesiology?
Many extended health benefits providers now cover kinesiology services. Some examples of plans that do include:
- Pacific Blue Cross
- Great West Life
However, it’s always best to inquire further with your specific health plan provider as there are many different plans, even within the same company.
Will ICBC cover my kinesiology visits if I’ve been in a car accident?
Yes! As of April 1, 2019, ICBC now covers 12 approved visits with a registered kinesiologist if you’ve been in a recent motor vehicle accident. If further visits beyond these initial 12 sessions are required, then your kinesiologist can fill out an extension request form.
Which kinesiologist will I see?
We are fortunate to have Registered Kinesiologist Katherine Anderson practicing out of our Cobble Hill location at 1400 Cowichan Bay Road in the Valley View Centre. To learn more about Katherine and the ways she can help you then click HERE.
What will my first kinesiology appointment be like?
- Appointments are approximately 1 hour in length
- Your kinesiologist will conduct a thorough assessment so please come prepared in appropriate gym attire
- Your kinesiologist will share the details of your assessment with you, including any particularly weak or tight muscles
- Your kinesiologist will then work with you to develop a detailed exercise plan
- Your kinesiologist will instruct the key movements in each exercise and watch you perform them, providing feedback where necessary
What can I expect at follow-up kinesiology appointments?
- Your kinesiologist will chat with you to see how you’ve been finding the plan, specifically ensuring that you are enjoying it, and that you are feeling confident with both your exercises and goals
- Your kinesiologist will lead you through your routine, providing encouragement, motivation, and easy to follow instructions
- Your kinesiologist will take the time to help you correct any exercise techniques you are struggling with
- You will be provided with a personalized at home program that allows you to keep your progress going
- Regular follow up visits will be scheduled at times that work for you so that you can refine your program and keep progressing
- Your kinesiologist will be available in appointments through e-mail or by phone for any questions or concerns you may have
How do I book my kinesiology appointment?
- To setup an initial appointment you can call into our Cobble Hill office at 250-743-3833 or book online by clicking HERE. | <urn:uuid:6295dd92-fce5-4d63-8be6-8ef3554b34c4> | {
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The health effects of cigarette smoking are vast and well documented. In fact, over 75, 000 reports have examined the connection between cigarette smoking and its effects (U. S. DHHS “Reducing Health”).
A Report to the Surgeon General has stated that ‘It is safe to say that smoking represents the most extensively documented cause of disease ever investigated in the history of biomedical research (U. S.
DHHS “The Health”).
And a 1988 Report to the Surgeon General stated that nicotine (the drug found in tobacco) is as addictive as heroin and cocaine (American Lung Association, Pg. 2).
The effects of smoking have been observed for a very long time. As early as the 1920’s, research identified nicotine as being extremely poisonous, and tobacco use was linked with a variety of illnesses (Walker R. Pg.
During the 1920’s and 1930’s, increases in the number of patients with lung cancer were recorded by hospital staff (Yale Journal, Pg. 146).
Medical research finally discovered a link between smoking and lung cancer in 1950 (Br Medical Journal “Smoking” Pg. 83).
In the years since, smoking has been linked to a number of other diseases that can cause many years of illness and death. Each year more people die from smoking related diseases than AIDS, Drug abuse, car accidents and homicide combined, and costs the nation $65 billion dollars per year in health care costs and lost productivity (American Lung Association Pg. 1).
... health problems such as chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, and even chronic diseases. It is critical and essential to know how smoking causes lung ... an estimated 15,000 to 22,000 lung cancer deaths every year (American Lung Association). Radon is a tasteless, colorless ... United States (American Lung Association). Smoking by parents is associated with a wide range of adverse effects in their children ...
Smoking only one cigarette has an immediate effect on the body. Although a smoker might feel relaxed when having a cigarette, the nicotine in cigarettes actually increases the heart rate and makes the blood pressure rise. Nicotine also tightens the blood vessels.
This slows down blood flow to the skin, and it’s temperature drops. Nicotine also stimulates, then reduces, brain activity, and affects food digestion (U. S. DHHS “The Health”).
People who are new to smokin often feel sick or dizzy when they smoke. This is their body’s way of responding to the effects of nicotine.
When you add to this the carbon monoxide that enters the blood stream with cigarette smoke, it takes the place of vital oxygen that is needed by the muscles and organs (U. S. DHHS “The Health”).
This means that the body is not able to perform to the best of its capacity. Chemicals in tobacco smoke harm the airways and lungs, damaging the lung’s ability to clean themselves, and making the smoker more open to coughs and chest infection (U.
S. DHHS “The Health”).
Teenage smokers cough more than teenagers who do not smoke, and by the time they become adults, many young smokers will already have abnormal changes in the cells lining their small airways (Center for Disease Control, Pg. 16).
Teenage smokers also have more asthma and allergic symptoms than non-smokers of the same age, and get more easily winded when exercising (Center for Disease Control, Pg. 16).
As you can now see, smoking effects many parts of the body. Just one cigarette dose make a difference, and even young smokers show signs of damage due to smoking. When people become regular users of tobacco, they can find it very difficult to stop. Starting smoking when young, and smoking for a very long time, makes it more likely that a smoking related disease will develop (U. S. DHHS “The Health”).
Approximately one in two smokers will die from a smoking related illness (Br. Medical Journal ” Mortality” Pg. 3).
Smoking leads to a wide range of diseases, including heart disease and stroke, a number of different kinds of cancer, and chest and lung illnesses. Stomach ulcers have also been found to be caused by smoking.
A right that we once had, but that has been extinguished by the pessimists. By those who put their faith in numbers and facts and realities, and who have no respect for human addiction when it conflicts with health standards. Our constitutional right has been violated. Our freedom revoked. We cannot smoke cigarettes in public. There was a time – a wonderful time – when I could enter a restaurant ...
Smoking also affects an unborn child and fertility of men and women. Cigarette smoking is a major cause of heart and blood vessel disease. Smoking affects the working of the body’s blood supply in a number of ways. It helps to make the arteries (important blood transport vessels) hard and narrow, and more likely to become blocked. It also raises the body’s blood pressure, and makes the heart work harder. The carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke deprives the body of much needed oxygen.
Acting together these things can cause death, or permanent disability. Narrow arteries may burst under pressure of the blood trying to get through. This is called aneurysm, and is life threatening. Blockages in the blood supply around the heart can lead to a heart attack.
A blockage in the brain can cause strokes, which can cause death or disability. The damage depends on what part of the brain is effected. If blockages in the veins of the arms or legs occur, severe pain will result, and the body part may need to be amputated. This type of blood vessel disease is called peripheral vascular disease (U. S. DHHS “The Health”).
Other important causes of heart disease that people can avoid are having high blood fat levels, high blood pressure, and being overweight. If someone smokes as well as has any of these other factors, then they are at a much greater risk of developing heart disease (National Heart Foundation Pg. 5).
Long-term exposure to the chemicals in cigarette smoke can lead to cancer in different parts of the body. Smoke from cigarettes contains 43 different chemicals known to cause cancer (U. S.
DHHS “Reducing Health”).
Lung cancer is the most common form of cancer caused by smoking. It can take many years to develop, and almost always leads to death (Association of Cancer Registries Pg. 22).
Most people who die from lung cancer are people who smoke (Association of Cancer Registries Pg. 22).
... of all lung cancer cases are related to smoking. Cigarette smoking is the main cause of lung cancer (Scientific American, Lung Cancer). Second-hand smoke, inhaled by non-smokers, increases ... (Microsoft, Lung Cancer). In the early stages of lung cancer, symptoms are hard to recognize. Symptoms usually include a persistent cough, coughing up blood, weight ...
Smoking also causes cancer of the lips, tongue, mouth, throat, air pipe, and pancreas, and is linked to cancers of the stomach, bladder, cervix, and kidneys (U. S. DHHS “The Health”).
It is estimated that smoking causes around a third of all cancer deaths (Association of Cancer Registries Pg. 21).
When we breathe in, our lungs stretch to fill their air sacs (called alveoli).
Oxygen passes through the alveoli wall to the blood. Carbon dioxide leaves the blood as we exhale. A smoker’s lungs also fill with gases from tobacco smoke, so other gases and chemicals enter the blood stream as well. The airways are lined with tiny hairs called cilia. Cilia help filter out dust and other particles we breath in.
Chemicals in tobacco smoke have a harmful effect on cilia. When the cilium are unable to clean the airways, there is a buildup of mucous and poisons that can lead to damage and disease (U. S. DHHS “The Health”).
The lungs respond to the damage caused by tobacco smoke by producing more mucus and phlegm, which makes a smoker need to cough. This is commonly known as a smoker’s cough.
Smokers are also more likely to get infections in the lungs and airways due to the extra mucus secretions. This is called chronic bronchitis. Eventually the lungs loose their ability to stretch, and become hard and narrow, making breathing more difficult and reducing the ability of the lungs to work properly. Emphysema is damage to the small airways within the lungs. The elastic walls around the air sacks are permanently destroyed, and are unable to contract and expand.
This makes parts of the lungs unable to work properly. Some degree of emphysema is found in almost all people who smoke more than twenty cigarettes per day (U. S. DHHS “The Health”).
Smoking raises the heart rate and blood pressure, and reduces the amount of oxygen in the blood. Chemicals in cigarette smoke also irritate the airways and make then narrower.
These immediate effects make it more difficult for the body to perform at its best. The carbon monoxide in the blood also can effect eyesight, response time, and coordination. Even after one day of not smoking, more oxygen is available to the blood, and the body’s physical performance improves (American Lung Association Pg. 1).
As well as the health problems and diseases, women who smoke face additional problems.
... only does smoking effect people’s health, it also effects the way they look. First of all tobacco smoke has a drying effect on the ... people around them as well. Just like smokers, a non-smoker breathing second hand smoke is exposed to roughly 3,700 different ... your circulation begins to drop. Inhaling tobacco can give you lung cancer and respiratory problems. When you inhale tobacco, the ...
Women smokers are more likely to have irregular periods, and to reach menopause early. They also have a greater risk of developing cancer of the cervix (American Lung Association Pg. 6).
Women who smoke and use the contraceptive pill have a ten times greater risk of heart attack, stroke and cardiovascular disease (U. S. DHHS “Health Consequences of smoking for women”).
Smoking also effects male fertility. Studies have shown that male smokers produce less sperm and have more abnormal sperm than nonsmoker’s (American Lung Association Pg. 7).
Male smokers are also more likely to have difficulty getting an erection, due to problems with blood flow to the penis associated with cigarette smoking (Br. Medical Journal “Smoking” Pg. 3).
Smoking also causes a number of other health problems. Smokers are more likely to develop ulcers than nonsmokers are, and an ulcer take longer to heal in smoker than it dose in a non-smoker (U. S. DHHS “Reducing”).
Smoking is also known to affect the body’s immune system, which is the way the body protects itself against infection and disease (U.
S. DHHS “The Health”).
Smokers who have surgical procedures are more likely to have problems with the surgery and recovery, due to the effects of smoking on the heart, blood circulation, and oxygen supply (Royal Pg. 1).
Smokers have a poorer sense of smell than nonsmokers, are more likely to snore, and to have wrinkles around the eyes and mouth. Smoking also effects the color of the complexion (Daniell, Pg.
The effects and consequences of cigarette smoking have been proven to be detrimental to all those who smoke, as well as any one who is exposed to second hand smoke. Its has also been proven that by smoking just one cigarette, you put your body at risk for some of these effects. The only way we as a society can diminish these effects is decrease the number of people who smoke. Taking more time to educate others and ourselves to the health problems and side effects associated with smoking would be the first step in keeping new smokers from starting, and helping those who already smoke want to quit. a 33 American Lung Association, The Facts About Cigarette Smoking, Internet URL: http: // 129.
Smoking Cause and Effect All people have habits. Some people have negative or positive habits. Smoking is one of these negative habits. Most smokers started smoking when they were young. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention no one starts smoking after age Twenty-five. Nearly nine out of ten smokers started smoking by age eighteen. They started smoking to try it out then ...
137. 174. 199/health topics / wellness /smoking. html Association of Cancer Registries and Australian Institute of Health.
National Cancer Statistics Clearinghouse. Scientific Publication No 1, 1987 Br Medical Journal. Mortality in Relation to Smoking: 40 years’ observation on male British doctors, 1994 Br. Medical Journal. Smoking and Carcinoma of the lungs, 1950 Contra M, Morales A. Prevalence and significance of tobacco smoking in impotence.
1986 Daniell H. W. A Study of the Epidemiology of a Smokers Wrinkles, 1971 Center for Disease Control. The Health Effects of Smoking on Young People. Internet URL: web National Heart Foundation of Australia.
Heart Health Resource Manual. Sydney Australia, 1989 Royal Australian College of surgeons. Faculty of Anesthetists statement on smoking, 1991 U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. Reducing health consequences of smoking.
A report to the Surgeon General. (CDC) Publication No 89-8411, 1989 U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. The health consequences of smoking. A report to the Surgeon General.
(CDC) Publication No 88-8406, 1988 U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking for Women: A report to the Surgeon General.
(CDC) Publication No 1980 Walker R. under Fire. A History of Tobacco Smoking in Australia. Melbourne University press, 1984 Yale Journal of Biology and medicine. A landmark in the history of chronic disease epidemiology, 1990 Note: Page numbers for the information found in U. S.
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Is music the key to special education? Can it help a nonverbal child communicate?
Teachers at one school are finding great success with music as a therapy for children with intellectual and developmental differences.
At the North Florida School of Special Education, music is proving to be a powerful tool for unlocking the potential of children with autism and Down syndrome.
Ciaran Sontag, a beloved music teacher at the school, believes that music gives students the chance to be themselves and express who they truly are.
“It really unlocks another level to the students,” Sontag said. “To their social development, to their educational development.”
The impact of music on many students is remarkable. Sontag recalls moments when nonverbal students surprised everyone by speaking or singing in his class. “When you have a student who everyone has told you is nonverbal and is not going to speak, and you say hello to them, and they sing it back to you, that’s what music does for students,” he explained.
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St. John Bargas, a talented musician who plays multiple instruments, including the piano, ukulele, drums, guitar, violin, cello and bass, is a shining example of the power of music. According to St. John’s mother, Jackie Bargas, music has provided him with an equal playing field.
“The fact that he’s able to read music, he’s just like any other kid. Or any other musician. He has to practice,” she says.
St. John’s musical abilities have even earned him a place in the Jacksonville Symphony Youth Orchestra. Bargas graduated from the school last year.
Dr. Deb Rains, the Assistant Head of School at the North Florida School of Special Education, said music brings unique benefits for students with autism and other differences.
“In our students with autism, there’s just a bundle of axons that connects the two sides of the brain,” Raines said. “On one side of the brain, you have melody, and on the other side, you have rhythm and speech development. So if you have music, you have both of those things. So you get kind of a double bang for your buck using music for language.”
Music not only enhances language development but also boosts confidence and emotional well-being. The school regularly hosts orchestras, allowing students to experience the power of music firsthand.
Laurie Casseday, from the Florida Chamber Music Project, notes that even the shyest students engage and come out of their shells during these events.
“The ones that aren’t shy are just fabulous, so much fun! They’re having a great time,” she said.
Casseday and her fellow volunteer musicians played music based on emotions. Students were able to request a string of emotions with flashcards. That translated to music.
For the students themselves, music brings a sense of calm and happiness.
Willette, one of the students, describes the emotions music evokes, saying, “I feel really calm, very happy inside. Sometimes I feel happy, sometimes I feel dramatic, sometimes I’m excited to come here.”
Rains believes that music therapy is a crucial part of the solution for these students.
“I think it’s the beginning of a solution,” she noted. “Music therapy is something that you can engage in, unlike other therapies that require constant visits to different specialists.”
As the students at the North Florida School of Special Education continue to break out of their shells through the power of music, it becomes more and more evident that music’s magical powers have a profound impact on their lives.
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A Few Ways Computer Science Nonprofits Are Bettering Our Communities
With the way technology has expanded and changed over the last few decades, computer science is an industry that is booming. Allowing children to understand coding, technology, 3D printing, and software development offers them a leg up in a technology-led world. Adults and children alike are interested in learning more, but education can be expensive and time-consuming.
However, several computer science nonprofits exist to help remove the traditional barriers, whether as a career or a hobby. Some offer apprenticeships, others offer workshops, and some provide education about the technology-related jobs that are available today. What all these organizations have in common is making life easier for people who need it.
While computer science has traditionally been a male-dominated industry, that’s changing in recent years. More and more girls and women are breaking into the technology world and bringing with them creativity and innovation. Oak Ridge Computer Science Girls is aware of that and provides a space for girls in Eastern Tennessee to learn more about technology.
Keri W.1, a parent of children who took advantage of the programs at the organization, said, “This is an amazing organization! My daughters have taken classes through them. In addition to learning coding and other skills, they have made friends, built their self-confidence, and learned new ways to approach projects.”
This computer science nonprofit was founded in 2017 and has reached more than a thousand girls since then. There are now about 500 girls who participate on an annual basis in coding and technology classes as well as summer camps. Oak Ridge Computer Science Girls works with middle school girls who are interested in exploring technology and potential careers later in their lives.
Another computer science nonprofit that has an emphasis on girls is Goodgirls Write Code, which is located in Virginia Beach, Virginia. This 501©(3) organization is dedicated to empowering girls in the science, engineering, math, and technology fields. Programs offered by Goodgirls include educational curriculums to teach girls 3D printing, software development, programming, and web development in a fun environment.
A parent who had a child attending classes said, “My daughter attended a week-long summer camp with Goodgirls Write Code last summer. Over the course of the week, they taught her how to create her own website! It was incredible to see the many lines of code that is involved in creating a website. To know that my daughter wrote that code in just five 2-hour sessions was amazing! She loved every minute of it!”
All the programs through this nonprofit are interactive and designed to empower girls. Offering motivation and education is part of encouraging girls who can be the next generation of entrepreneurs, leaders, and mentors for the next generation. Programs are offered nationwide through recreational centers, schools, and libraries.
Based in Durham, North Carolina, The Shodor Education Foundation, Inc. has a mission of improving science and math education using simulation and modeling technologies known as computational science. The organization targets high school and middle school students interested in developing expertise and experience in the IT and STEM fields. On an annual basis, over 300 students are helped, along with four schools and three nonprofit programs.
A previous employee notes, “I worked for Shodor many years ago and was able to mentor many great students during my time there. Robert Panoff has been a huge part of my life and professional career. He is the best teacher I have ever had. I cannot say enough about how great this organization is. It empowers kids for a lifetime of critical thinking and equips them with a broad understanding of technology and science.”
The programs offered by Shodor range from apprenticeships to internships, and SUCCEED workshops. Each of these programs was created to inspire excitement in teens and youth for engineering, science, mathematics, and technology. Through the use of both computer enhanced and hands-on activities, students can get experience in the skills that will help in a technology-based career path.
Youth are the future of our world, something that many computer science organizations realize and want to capitalize on. The only way we can continue to grow and expand the technology we’re reliant on is by giving our children the chance to learn the skills related to it. The computer science nonprofits above, and others like them, are offering exactly that. Whether you have children interested in computer science or appreciate having a smartphone to check your email on, technology matters. Donating or otherwise supporting organizations that ensure technology continues to grow just makes sense. | <urn:uuid:ad9475f8-74ab-49e8-aed3-6ad96eb12ef6> | {
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Dasyornithidae – Bristlebirds
The bristlebirds Dasyornithidaeare a family of passerine birds. There are three species in one genus, Dasyornis. The family is endemic to Australia. The genus Dasyornis was sometimes placed in the Acanthizidae or, as a subfamily, Dasyornithinae, along with the Acanthizinae and Pardalotinae, within an expanded Pardalotidae, before being elevated to full family level by Christidis & Boles (2008). DNA sequencing revealed that the three species were not as closely related to other Australian endemics as first thought.
Bristlebirds are long-tailed, sedentary, ground-frequenting birds. They vary in length from about 17 cm to 27 cm, with the eastern bristlebird being the smallest, and the rufous bristlebird the largest. Their colouring is mainly grey with various shades of brown, ranging from olive-brown through chestnut and rufous, on the plumage of the upperparts. The grey plumage of the underparts or the mantle is marked by pale dappling or scalloping. The common name of the family is derived from the presence of prominent rictal bristles.
Bristlebirds have restricted, and often reduced and disjunct, ranges along the coasts of south-western and south-eastern Australia where there is a Mediterranean climate and suitable habitat of coastal scrubs, heathlands and dense under-storey vegetation in woodlands and forests. The Eastern Bristlebird occurs in threatened, localised and disjunct populations down the eastern Australian coast from south-east Queensland through New South Wales to eastern Victoria; the Rufous Bristlebird in western Victoria and south-eastern South Australia, and formerly in south-western Western Australia; with the Western Bristlebird occurring in a small area of south-west Western Australia.
Bristlebirds are generally shy diurnal birds that skulk in dense vegetation. They preferentially run to avoid danger, but are capable of flying short distances. They generally occur in pairs, but their social structure has not been studied closely. They are more usually heard than seen, although it is usually the male that sings. The song is loud, melodic and can carry for some distances. The song is thought to be territorial in nature and is often made from on top of a log or shrub to better carry in the air.
Most of the food is found by foraging on the ground. Birds forage in pairs, making small contact calls to keep in touch, and constantly flicking their tails whilst moving. The major part of the diet is composed of insects and seeds. Spiders and worms are also taken, and birds have been observed drinking nectar as well.
Their breeding behaviour is poorly known. They are thought to mostly be monogamous and defend a territory against others of the same species. The nest is constructed by the female in low vegetation and is a large ovoid dome with a side entrance. Two dull eggs are laid. As far as is known only the female incubates the clutch, for a period of between sixteen and twenty-one days. The nestling stage is known to be long, eighteen to twenty-one days
The three species are:
Eastern Bristlebird Dasyornis brachypterus
Western Bristlebird Dasyornis longirostris
Rufous Bristlebird Dasyornis broadbenti
Eastern Bristlebird Dasyornis brachypterusIUCN Species Status8-22 cm. Medium-sized, sturdy, grey-brown passerine. Sexes similar, female slightly smaller. Dark cinnamon-brown upperparts. Rufous-brown upperwing and uppertail. Grey-brown underparts, faintly scalloped. Grey-brown sides of belly and flanks. Brown undertail-coverts. Dull rufous-brown undertail. Red iris. Juvenile, pale brown iris.
Eastern Bristlebird Dasyornis brachypterusSpecies AccountSound archive and distribution map
Rufous Bristlebird Dasyornis broadbentiIUCN Species StatusThis taxon is endemic to Australia. Nominate broadbenti occurs in near-coastal environments from Port Fairy, Victoria, to the mouth of the Murray River, South Australia. Subspecies caryochrous was thought to be largely confined to the coast between Peterborough and Point Addis east of Anglesea, Western Victoria, but is now known to occur extensively within the Otway Range. Subspecies litoralis, endemic to Western Australia, is extinct, probably as a result of fire, and was last seen in 1940 (Glauert 1944).
Rufous Bristlebird Dasyornis broadbentiSpecies AccountSound archive and distribution map
Rufous Bristlebird Dasyornis broadbentiSpecies AccountThe rufous bristlebird (Dasyornis broadbenti) is one of three extant species of bristlebirds. It is endemic to Australia where three subspecies have been described from coastal southwestern Western Australia, southeastern South Australia and southwestern Victoria. Its natural habitat is coastal shrublands and heathlands. It is threatened by habitat destruction.
Western Bristlebird Dasyornis longirostrisIUCN Species Status17-20 cm. Medium-sized, sturdy, grey-brown passerine. Sexes similar. Dark brown upper back dappled pale grey. Dark brown lower back. Rich rufous-brown rump. Rufous-brown upperwing-coverts. Mostly rufous-brown uppertail. Off-white centre of breast and belly with fine black-brown scalloping, sparser on belly. Olive-brown sides of belly and flanks with fine black-brown scalloping. Mostly olive-brown undertail. Juvenile similar to adult, but upperparts without dappling.
Western Bristlebird Dasyornis longirostrisSpecies AccountSound archive and distribution map
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Mountain View Elementary Celebrates School-Wide Commitment to Responding to Conflict in A Positive Manner
Nobody likes to get their feelings hurt! While most of us mask the hurt pretty well, it negatively effects affects us in a variety of ways. Most certainly it affects students who may have a hard time learning if they remain focused on a negative interaction with a peer or teacher.
With that realization in mind Mountain View Elementary developed and implemented a Positive Responses to Conflict Curriculum for students Kindergarten through 5th grade. All adults in the school have also been trained to model these basic practices in their conflicts with students and each other. At a recent assembly the school celebrated the completion of the annual seven week rotation of teaching grade level appropriate lessons on kindness and the six basic positive responses to conflict.
Staff members entertained students and provided reinforcement for the following positive responses to conflict:
- Assume positive intent by asking clarifying questions in a positive manner, these questions often begin with “Did you know….”
- Politely ask someone to stop a behavior and tell them why.
- Wait and cool off followed by using another strategy.
- Simply let it go.
- Compromise and share.
- Talk it out using a structured process including: calming strategies, positive body language, and script prompts.
“The Conflict Wheel” is a graphic designed by Mountain View staff to promote the use of these strategies. The conflict wheel can be found on posters in all all rooms of the building, on a large sign on the playground and on lanyards carried by teachers while on recess duty.
A smaller version of the conflict wheel, with a description of the 6 strategies is discussed with and given to families at open house and conferences to promote its use at home. In April 2016, 87% of the 189 Mountain View Elementary families who returned a survey stated they utilized the 6 positive responses to strategies to resolve conflicts at home. | <urn:uuid:5767d5bd-52c4-47e6-b5ab-4049b7ab1bf8> | {
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Translation and Localization; Translation is the process of converting written text or spoken words to another language, Localization is the translation and adaptation of a software or web product
Translation is the process of converting written text or spoken words to another language. It requires that the full meaning of the source material be accurately rendered into the target language, with special attention paid to cultural nuance and style. The difference between translation and localization can be defined as follows:
"Translation is only one of the activities in localization; in addition to translation, a localization project includes many other tasks such as project management, software engineering, testing, and desktop publishing."
In localization, there is stronger emphasis placed on translation tools and technology compared to the traditional translation industry.
Localization is the translation and adaptation of a software or web product, which includes the software or web products, which includes the software application itself and all related product documentation.
The Localization Industry Standards Association (LISA) defines localization as follows:
"Localization involves taking a product and making it linguistically and culturally appropriate to the target locates (country/region and language) where it will be used and sold."
The localization project may be on different language. For example:
In scope it is certainly true that localization involves translation (e.g. of manuals and other documentations, screens, help texts, and error messages). Equally, product names may have to be changed to avoid unfortunate associations in the target language. However, the process also requires other non-linguistic skills.
On the software programming side, screen dialog boxes and field lengths may have to be altered, date, time and currency formats changed, delimiters for figures replaced, and icons and colors adapted, to give only a few examples.
On the content side, programs often have to be changed to conform to national and cultural norms. In multimedia applications the color, size, and shape of objects such as coins and notes, taxis, telephones and mailboxes, and buses and ambulances, traditionally vary from country to country. Vehicles may suddenly have to drive on the other side of the road, while dress codes will vary, and symbols take on a new significance. Similarly, mainstream business applications such as address databases and financial accounting packages have to be adapted to the procedures and conventions applicable in their new environments.
The difference in general is:
Most of the localization projects contain some user documentation. Here are some examples of documents often included with software applications:
In general, software translation refers to the translation of all graphical user interface (GUI) components of a software application, such as dialog boxes, menus, and error or status messages displayed on screen.
Most localization projects starts with the software translation. Translation of online help and documentation should not begin until the software is fully translated and reviewed, because online help and documentation typically contain many references to the software user interface.
In the software application, the following UI components would normally be translated:
Software localization (l10n) is a process for adapting a software product to the linguistic, cultural and technical needs of the target market. This process is labor-intensive and often requires significant efforts from development teams.
During localization, some references to history or culture are replaced with an equivalent native reference, which ideally does not change the meaning of the statement. There are tools that can simplify the localization process.
As there is an enormous market for international Web sites, two points are worth considering: First, the target audience's willingness to read a Web site increases by over 300% if the site is written in their native language. Second, compared with the costs of building a Web site, Web site localization and translation is an extremely cost-efficient alternative.
Establishing a worldwide presence on the Web requires much more than the translation of an existing Web site into another language. Such factors as the use of images, logos, expressions, colors, and metaphors must be carefully analyzed. Furthermore, the text itself needs to be adapted and copy-edited to suit a specific locale, hence the concept of localization. The Web site localization typically follows the process summarized below:
Website localization demands total accuracy, specialist cultural knowledge and a high level of organization. Finally, we make sure that the "look" of the translated site is impeccable.Read more
Localization services are indispensable to any market expansion endeavor, especially if there is a difference in culture and language. Localization ensures cultural acceptability by eliminating the language barriers and any offensive colors, graphics, symbols, geographic significance, etc.
Through localization, your company and your products can be presented to the target audience to ensure smooth and hindrance free acceptance projecting an international image of the company having high quality products.
A product that has been properly localized has the look and feel of a product originally written and designed for the target culture. Here are just some items that, aside from language, have to be considered in order to effectively localize a product or website. It is the measuring units, number formats, address formats, time and date format (long and short), paper sizes, fonts, default font selection, case differences, character set, tables for sorting, word separators, local regulations, copyright issues, data protection, payments, currency conversion, taxes...
The standard localization process includes the following basic steps:
Depending on the project size and complexity, this process may require the coordination of different professionals: Account Manager, Project Manager, Translators, Proofreaders, Engineers, Desktop Publishers, and QA Testers. Certain projects may also require assessment by experts in the field.Read more
Website translation and localization is a particularly delicate and complex operation, involving diverse skills and requiring experience in the coordination of work phases. As with any translation and localization project, it is not enough to simply convert text into the destination language; rather the success of a website translated into a language different to the original depends on several factors:
Desktop publishing, or DTP, is the process of editing and layout of printed material intended for publication, such as books, magazines, brochures, and the like using a personal computer.
Localization and Internationalization of multimedia refers to customization (and translation) of CD based presentation using moving graphics, sound, pictures and movies for any country, especially those countries which have language, cultural and other trade barriers.
Internationalization is the practice of building or modifying software to support multiple languages, character sets, currencies and other cultural or regional conventions, ideally from a single code base. In a general sense, the word also refers to equivalent activities for online content, such as document design and content development.
In general, internationalization activities are performed during the product development cycle, as a precursor to localization.
Distributors can be excellent sales organizations, but they are just not localizers. The quality they offer is often poor and that can risk your image and damage your global sales
If you think the question is a silly one, you do not work in the translation field. Most translators and translation services are bombarded by questions about free automatic translation. Do you use free automatic translation, aren’t you the same as free automatic translation, why should I pay you to do what free automatic translation does for free? Let’s examine a few of the reasons why free automatic translation is not a viable option for the majority of your translation needs.
Establishing your presence in new foreign markets will require work on your part. The sooner you start planning for it, the easier the process will be. One important question that needs to be answered before anything else can be done is, “Do we want to localize in-house or outsource localization to a localization vendor?” Rarely does a company manage the entire localization process in-house. They would need to hire freelance translators to work on their translation tasks, at the very least. If they choose to outsource more tasks, a business can also hire a localization services provider to take on various parts of a project, or the project as a whole. Small and medium size businesses, often with limited financial resources, face a real dilemma when choosing whether to outsource localization to a company or to do the job in-house. There is no easy answer as to which approach is better. Everything depends on your business model, and the volume of localization work you anticipate.
We are able to download any non password-protected site using software for this purpose. However, this method has its limitations. We use this system for estimation work, but for the actual site localization, we prefer that the client supplies us with the complete structure, or that we are given ftp access for download from the server where the site is.Read more
Translating your website, keywords and titles and submitting them to international search engines and directories is one of the most important parts of an effective global online marketing strategy. From simple one-page translations of your homepage to the translation of entire corporate and ecommerce sites, Opticentre has the necessary expertise, experience and knowledge to build and maintain your online visibility within foreign search engines, enabling your business to grow internationally.Read more
We can proofread/edit for you translations done by other translators and documents in written language. For example technical manuals, marketing and general documents, website content and other types of documents.Read more
Specialized translation is translation on specialized subjects. It is a high quality translation, used for your most important documents - corporate material, product brochures, or user manuals. The quality of these documents has to match your company image: a professional company, offering quality products.Read more
Fast and accurate translation in any language
Because your company's reputation and financial safety is at stake, selecting a reputable and professional service for document translation is critical. As the global market becomes more competitive, Opticentre understands the importance of communicating your message clearly and accurately. With a dedicated team of highly skilled translators, Opticentre can convert your documents into any language.
Qualified native speaking translators
Our highly skilled professional translators are qualified, bilingual native speakers. They are selected based on their experience and special areas of expertise. Our thorough selection process ensures we deliver a service that meets with your expectations. This enables us to provide you with the highest possible linguistic quality in a current cultural context. Every completed Opticentre translation is double-checked for quality by a proofreader and editor before we deliver the finished document to you.
Confidentiality and trust
All Opticentre translators are bound by a commercial confidentiality and corporate nondisclosure agreement. Opticentre takes confidentiality and security issues very seriously. All translations remain confidential.
Opticentre's multilingual in-house DTP team has extensive technological expertise as well as solid typographical experience in character and alphabet languages.
Opticentre delivers translated technical documentation designed for both on-line and off-line publishing utilizing SGML, XML and PDF formats. The applications include Adobe FrameMaker, PageMaker, InDesign, Photoshop, Illustrator, QuarkXPress, Interleaf, CorelDraw, and Microsoft Office Suite tools. Additionally, we support most commercial authoring and design applications on both PC and Macintosh platforms: M S Word, FrameMaker, PageMaker, Quark Xpress, Corel Ventura, Illustrator, Freehand, PhotoShop etc.
To help convey your visual style to your intended readership we will advise you on design issues and typographical conventions. If you wish us to adapt existing material to work in another language, we make sure that the spirit of the original design is maintained. We can also adapt existing design so as to accommodate layout changes due to language variations, such as right to left reading texts, or pictograms as found in Chinese.
Project Manager: Receives the multimedia presentation data and instructions
- Assesses the feasibility for deadlines, requirements
- Identifies and allocates resources
- Works out the costs in consultation with in-house experts and makes the proposal
- Establishes project activities, milestones
Engineers and Domain experts: Analyses the project
- Multimedia specialists, designers and graphic artists analyze the project and assess the requirements
- Establishes activities to be performed and milestones
- Translates the project, follows instructions
- Delivers feedback and checklist
- Proofreads the project
- Delivers feedback and checklist
Engineers and Domain experts: Integrates translation
- Integrates the translation as per the structure and designs in multimedia publishing software like Director, 3DMax, Illustrator, Photoshop, Flash, Shockwave, Fireworks, etc.
- Re-engineering of scripts and codes to ensure functionality in different languages
- Rechecks the project for technical compliance
Translator: Final review
- Rechecks the translation now integrated with the multimedia presentation
- Delivers feedback and checklist
Project Manager: Reviews and delivers the project
- Checks for compliance of the instructions and requirements
- Maintains necessary records for consistency and reuse
The tools used to author Printed Documentation have been around for quite some time and haven't changed all that much in that time. AdobeFrameMaker is still the dominant player in the Printed Manual market. FrameMaker is an excellent tool and well worth the effort of learning it. However, it is a steep learning curve. It is a complex tool with an unfriendly interface.
MS Word is getting more and more complex with each release. It has captured a large portion of the Technical Publications market and its market share is growing all the time. However, Word has issues and its not just that I am rarely "Writing a letter". There are significant issues withits capacity to handle ordered and unordered lists. There are alsocompatibility issues between Word 97 and Word 2000 that can have a significant on the general well-being of DTP professionals.
Other than MS Word and FrameMaker, there aren't any major players. However, InDesign is becoming more common. QuarkExpress and PageMaker are used frequently for smaller, often marketing-type, documents.
There are a wide range of Help technologies varying depending on theplatform used to deploy the Help and also the preference of the Help author. Examples of Help technologies include:
All of these Help formats are generated using one of many Help authoring tools. The most common of these being RoboHelp.
A translation memory is in its simplest form a database where a translator may record old translations for future reuse and easy searches. Although these programs are best classified undercomputer-aided/assisted translation, one must not confuse them with machine translation programs - translation memory software does not translate anything by itself, whereas a machine translation system actively produces language and translations based on linguistic data,such as grammatical rules and glossaries. A translation memory systemleaves all the actual translating to the human translator.
Basically, translation memory records sentence pairs: a source languagesegment (usually a sentence) is combined together with a target language segment. If an identical (or similar) source language segment comes up in another translation later, the translation memory program will find the previously translated segment and suggest it as the basis for the new translation. The suggestion may be either approved as it is, edited to match the current situation or rejected entirely. Most programs use a "fuzzy matching" algorithm, which makes the programs ever moreuseful; searches will find not only hundred per cent matches but also segments that only resemble the search phrase to a certain extent. There are a great deal of similarities between the various softwarepackages. It is possible to search not only for full segments, but also single words or phrases, which helps the translator to find terminology and keep the text consistent. Also, there is usually an interface to aterminology management program - usually the manufacturer's own,sometimes third-party programs too.
There are translation memory programs that work together with machine translation software as well. Some work directly within an existing word processor, others (most) have their own editor. All of these packages feature filters for importing andexporting various file formats. Most, if not all, also provide an alignmenttool for adding older translations (not done with the software) into thememory for reuse.
Most documentation projects are updates. The material is not written from scratch. Similarity between releases may be in the region of 70 to 80%. Translation Memory technology allows us to leverage all of the previously translated material, and to maintain consistency of style and terminology across releases.Read more
TMX stands for Translation Memory eXchange. It is a vendor-neutral, open standard for storing and exchanging translation memories created by Computer Aided Translation (CAT) and localization tools. The purposeof TMX is to allow easier exchange of translation memory data between tools and/or translation vendors with little or no loss of critical data duringthe process.Read more
The most commonly-used DTP applications are FrameMaker, Word, Interleaf, QuarkXpress, and PageMaker. Of these, FrameMaker and Word are the most prevalent. With the exception of Word, these formats cannot be directly processed by Translation Memory tools. Filters must be used to convert native DTP files into a Translation Memory-compatible format - usually RTF.
The functions of a filter are:
Prior to applying a filter a number of DTP preparation steps must be performed - these steps vary depending on the DTP package, and depending on the particular Translation Memory tool which is being used. For example, if Trados is being used prep for FrameMaker files includes:
These steps are performed in order to minimize the amount of post-translation DTP work which will be required, and also to optimize segmentation during translation. Once these steps have been preformed the Trados FrameMaker filter -S-Tagger for FrameMaker - can be applied. The filter converts the MIF files to an RTF format known as STF. The STF format contains a representation of the style, content, and structure of the original FrameMaker file.
The next step following the application of a filter is Leverage Analysis. The files are loaded into the Translation Memory tool and analyzed against the appropriate TM to establish the scope of translation required. The report generated by the analysis shows the leverage available from the Translation Memory and the word counts for each of the files analyses. The report sub-divides the leverage available into repetitions, 100% matches, high fuzzy matches, low fuzzy matches, and no matches. A project TM can also be extracted which will contain all of the relevant segments for the project. This subset of the main Translation Memory is then included with the translation kit which will be sent to the translators.
Because there are a wide range of Help technologies around, the preparation of Help for Translation is a reasonably involved one. However, there are a number of basic steps that are common to all Help projects:
On most occasions the graphics for documentation projects will be created using on of the popular graphic design programs such as Adobe Photoshop or Corel Draw. These programs create layered graphics which allow the designer to isolate the text from the background of the graphic. These layered graphics are then flattened and exported anappropriate format.
However, when localisable text is contained within graphics a problemarises. Because these formats are not layered it is difficult to isolate and translate the text. The solution is to locate the layered graphic, translate the text, and then export the graphic again. For this reason, it is important that you get the source, layered graphics as part of the client hand-off. If the layered files are not available, translation is still possible, but it will be considerably more difficult and as a result expensive.
Once you receive translated files back from the translator there is still a considerable amount of work that needs to be done before the files can be delivered to the client.
When files are sent back from translation, the following process occurs:
The golden rule of Help testing is test what the user will see. Never test the pre-build Help system.There are an ever-increasing number of Help testing utilities on the market. However, the most effective that I have found is a tool called HTMLQA.
This is a tool published by SDL.HTMLQA allows you to visually compare the Source and Target Helpsystems. The basic idea is to make the target language Help system look exactly the same as the Source files.
In addition, HTMLQA also has a number of verification features that allow you to create reports of differences between the files. The type of issues that frequently occur are:
With advances in translation technology, the number of these errors has been diminishing. However, they are still not gone forever.As a good starting point, you should always run a report first and fix any issues that might appear in the report. Once this is done, the visual inspection should take a lot less time.
Once you have identified the files that need fixing. It is then a simplematter of going into the HTML and fixing them. Obviously to do this youfirst have to be able to write in HTML. However, by carefully comparing the source file to the target file, it is often possible to identify where the file has been broken and fix it. However, the more comfortable you arewith the coding of the files the easier it is to fix them.
The process of translating a document that has already been translated into another language back to the original language- preferably by an independent translator.
Bidirectional (writing system)
A writing system in which is generally flush right, and most characters are written from right-to-left, but some text is written left-to-right as well. Arabic and Hebrew are the only bidirectional writing systems in current use.
The letters CE are the abbreviation of a French phrase that literary means "European conformity". CE marking on a product is manufacturer's declaration that the product complies with the essential requirements of the relevant European health, safety and environmental protection legislations.
A symbol standing for the smallest abstract component of a writing system or script, including sounds, syllables, notions or elements, as opposed to glyphs.
Computer-aided translation (CAT)
Computer technology applications that assist in the act of translating text from one language to another.
Content management system (CMS)
A system used to store and subsequently find and retrieve large amounts of data. CMSs were not originally designed to synchronize translation and localization of content, so most of them have been partnered with globalization management systems (GMS).
Subset of natural languages whose grammars and dictionaries have been restricted in order to reduce or eliminate both ambiguity and complexity. Also, stylistic rules- such as not using certain verb tenses or the passive voice- can be created, depending upon the group or organization and its language usage goals.
Corpus (plural "corpora")
A large body of natural language text used for accumulating statistics on natural language text. Corpora often include extra information such as a tag for each word indicating its part-of-speech and perhaps the parse tree each sentence. Also, a large body of source-language text used for translation.
A well-defined and stable language that originated from a non-trivial combination of two or more languages, typically with many distinctive features that are not inherited from either parent.
A variety of a language used by people from a particular geographical area. The number of speakers and the area itself can be of arbitrary size. A dialect is a complete system of verbal communication- oral or signed but not necessarily written- with its own vocabulary and/or grammar.
DITA (Darwin Information Typing Architecture)
An XML-based architecture for authoring, producing and delivering technical information. This architecture consist of a set of design principles for creating "information-typed" modules at a topic level and for using that content in delivery modes such as online help and product support portals on the web.
Rules for assigning numeric value (code points) to characters. Encoding is a method by which a character set is turned into computerized form for transmission and preservation.
Derived from the combination of the words GLOBAL and LOCAL. The word refers to the creation or distribution of products or services intended for a global or transregional market, but customized to suit local language, laws and culture.
In this context, the term refers to the process that addresses business issues associated with launching a product globally, such as integrating localization throughout a company after proper internationalization and product design.
Globalization management system (GMS)
A system that focuses on managing the translation and localization cycles and synchronizing those with source content management. Provides the capability of centralizing linguistic assets in the form of translation databases, leveraging glossaries and branding standards across global content.
The shape representation or pictograph of a character.
A flowing phonetic subscript of the native Japanese writing system. In hiragana, all of the sounds of the Japanese language are represented by 50 symbols.
HTML (HyperText Markup Language)
A markup language that uses tags to structure text into headings, paragraphs, lists and links, and tells a web browser how to display text and images on a web page.
The science of searching for information in documents, searching for documents themselves, searching for metadata which describe documents or searching within databases, whether relational standalone databases or hypertext networked databases such as the internet, for text, sound, images or data.
Especially in a computing context, the process of generalizing a product so that it can handle multiple languages and cultural conventions (currency, number separators, data) without the need for redesign.
The Chinese characters that are used in the modern Japanese logographic writing system along with hiragana, katakana and the Hindu-Arabic numerals. The Japanese term kanji literally means Han characters. Despite the existence of some 13,000 kanji characters, these alone do not suffice to write Japanese. Hiragana characters are also required to express grammatical inflections.
A Japanese syllabary, one component of the Japanese writing along with hiragana, kanji and in some cases the Latin alphabet. The word katakana means fragmentary kana, as they are derived from components of more complex kanji. Katakana are characterized by short straight strokes and angular corners and are the simplest of the Japanese scripts. Katakana and Hiragana both render the same syllables, but Katakana is angular and used largely to spell words borrowed from other languages, while hiragana is cursive and is used more frequently to spell native Japanese words.
A language that is adopted as a common language between speakers whose native languages are different.
In this context, the process of adapting a product or software to a specific international language or culture so that it seems natural to that particular region. True localization considers language, culture, customs and the characteristics of the target locale. It frequently involves changes to the software's writing system and may change keyboard use and fonts as well as date, time and monetary formats.
Machine translation (MT)
A technology that translates text from one human to another, using terminology glossaries and advanced grammatical, syntactic and semantic analysis techniques.
Namespaces provide a simple method for qualifying element and attribute names used in eXtensible Markup Language (XML) documents by associating them with namespaces identified by URL references. XML Namespaces are the solution to the problem of ambiguity and name collisions.
Microsoft platform for applications that work over the internet.
Organizations designated by the national governments of the member states of the European Union as being competent to make independent judgments about whether or not a product complies with the protection- essential safety- requirements laid down by each CE marking directive.
The relocation of business processes to another country, especially a country overseas. This includes any business process such as production, manufacturing or services.
Any computer software distributed under a license that allows users to change and/or share software freely. End users have the right to modify and redistribute the software, as well as the right to package and sell the software.
Optical character recognition (OCR)
Recognition of printed or written characters by a computer. Involves computer software designed to translate images of typewritten text- usually captured by a scanner- into machine-editable text or translate pictures of characters into a standard encoding scheme representing them in ASCLL or Unicode.
To hide a third-party provider to perform tasks or services often performed in-house. The third-party provider is then referred to as the outsourcer.
The delegation of non-core operations or jobs from internal production within a business to an external entity such as subcontractor that specializes in that operation. Outsourcing is a business decision that is often made to lower costs or focus on competencies. A related term, offshoring, means transferring work to another country, typically overseas. Offshoring is similar to outsourcing when companies hire overseas subcontractors, but differs when companies transfer work to the same company in another country.
Pay per click (PPC)
An advertising technique used on websites, advertising networks and search engines. With search engines, PPC advertisements are usually text ads placed near search results. When a site visitor clicks on the advertisement, the advertiser is charged a small amount.
Refers to one or two standard Chinese character sets of printed contemporary Chinese written language, officially simplified by the government of the People's Republic of China in an attempt to promote literacy. Simplified Chinese is used in mainland China and Singapore, modified to be written with fewer strokes per character.
A program designed to help find information to help find information stored on a computer system such as the worldwide web or a personal computer. A search engine allows a user to ask for content meeting specific criteria- typically those containing a given word, phrase or name- and retrieves a list of references that match those criteria.
Search engine optimization (SEO)
A set of methods aimed at improving the ranking of a website in search engine listing. SEO is primarily concerned with advancing the goals of a website by improving the number and position of its organic search results for a wide variety of relevant keywords.
An extension of the worldwide web that provides a common framework allowing data to be shared and re-used across application, enterprise and community boundaries. It is based on Resource Description Framework (RDF), which integrates a variety of applications using XML for syntax and URLs for naming.
A language from which text is to be translated into another language.
A Chinese character set that is consistent with the original Chinese ideographic form that is several thousand years old. Today, traditional characters are used in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau and by some overseas Chinese communities, especially those originating from the aforementioned regions/countries or who emigrated before the widespread adoption of simplified characters in the People's Republic of China.
The process of converting all of the text or words from a source language to a target language. An understanding of the context or meaning of the source language must be established in order to convey the same message in the target language.
Translation memory (TM)
A special database that stores previously translated sentences which can then be re-used on a sentence-by-sentence basis. The database matches source to target language pairs.
Translation Memory eXchange (TMS)
An open standard, based on XML, which has been designed to simplify and automate the process of converting translation memories (TMs) from one format to another.
The Unicode Worldwide Character Standard (Unicode) is a character-encoding standard used to represent text for computer processing. Originally designed to support 65,000 characters, it now has encoding forms to support more than 1,000,000 characters.
XLIFF (XML Localization Interchange File Format)
Specifically designed to support the localization of data and has features for updating strings, revision control, making different phases of the localization process, word count calculations and the provision of alternative or suggested language translations, among others. XLIFF is an open standard.
XML (eXtensible Markup Language)
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3D Print Warping with PLA, PETG and ABS - Causes and Fixes
Our guide on part warping issues encountered in 3D printing.
3D printing is fun, fast, and highly effective—but it is more art than science. Trial and error printing is a common experience among users, as prints almost never turn out as expected on their first try. Many things can go wrong in a print, but warping is by far the most common occurrence in 3D printing that delays many projects. This article will help those frustrated with their warped prints by explaining how warping happens and how to prevent it in consecutive projects. Pragmatic steps and avoidable mistakes will also be included to provide real world solutions to this pesky manufacturing defect.
When a part distorts from its intended shape, it is considered warped. Warping can occur in almost every type of 3D printing, but this article will mainly focus on warping in fused deposition modeling (FDM) printing and similar extruder-type 3D printing, as it is the most common type of 3D printing process and uses materials prone to warping like PLA, PETG, PP, ABS, and other thermoplastics.
Warping can occur at any stage of the print, ruining part quality and wasting valuable time and material. Warping is especially annoying because it shows itself only after cooling, meaning it is too late once it is noticed.
It is important to note that prints can look warped without having experienced true warping. When inadequate support material is used, bridges or voids are too wide, or the model is generally unoptimized for 3D printing, the print will fail and come out looking droopy, messy, or otherwise non-functional. This article is focusing specifically on the phenomenon of warping; to learn more about these kinds of defects and how to prevent them, read our article about designing for 3D printing.
Unfortunately, there is no easy way to un-warp a part without causing more issues, especially with prints requiring accurate dimensions. The only possible way to unwarp a 3D print would be re-heating it using a heat gun/hair dryer and trying to nudge it back into shape. This may be possible, but it usually makes more sense to just reprint the part using the warping-prevention measures covered in subsequent sections.
Warping has many sources, but it is generally a side-effect of the materials used in 3D printing—namely thermoplastics. Below in Figure 1 is a basic diagram showing how a printer uses thermoplastic filament like PLA, ABS, PC, PETG, etc. to print parts in a layer-by-layer process:
Figure 1: Basic diagram of extruder-type 3D printers. Notice how the solid filament is heated, changing phases to be printed as layers.
Image Credit: Christian Cavallo Consulting, LLC
As you can see, the filament is extruded through the heated nozzle, changing phase into a liquid (or melts). It then condenses back into a solid (or cools) to form a part layer once it is laid on the build platform. Thermoplastics retain their mechanical properties across multiple phase changes, making them ideal for 3D printing applications; however, they are not exempt from physical effects like expansion and shrinkage during these phase changes. For example, ABS plastic shrinks up to 1.5% when cooled from 446F to ambient temperatures. Uneven heating and cooling between layers are the primary sources of warping, where cooler layers pull on hotter layers and cause them to bend.
Warping tends to show itself at the base of the print, as the bottom layers have a longer time to cool and are therefore subjected to the effects of all successive layers above it. Figure 2 shows the basic sequence of events that lead to warping:
Figure 2: Basic diagram showing how contraction in layers causes warping.
Image Credit: Christian Cavallo Consulting, LLC
As hotter layers cool on top of already cool layers, they tend to pull up on the bottom layer and cause warping. This effect is especially apparent at the interface between the first layer and the print bed, as the first layer is fixed to it and cannot contract, meaning it will experience the highest curling forces from the next layer. This problem also scales with size- the larger the layers, the stronger the forces warping your print.
A second source of warping can be caused by the above effect, where the first layer of a print adheres well to the build platform but warps the actual print bed with it. This usually happens with large parts on spring steel plates and is mitigated with print beds made of glass or other non-ductile materials. Misalignment of the print bed is also a common cause of warping, where the nozzle is not close enough to the platform and creates a weak connection between the part and the plate. These are rare effects, but if the below tips do not reduce warping, then you should check your print bed for curvature and/or its level.
FREE SLA 3D Printing Design Guide
The good news about warping is that it is fixable- given some key preventative measures.
Below are some methods for minimizing 3D print warping. Using a combination of the below tips will give you the best chance at reducing (and hopefully eliminating) 3D print warping.
Any means of regulating the temperature of the print will reduce warping effects. The easiest way to control temperature is with a heated build plate. This component allows for precise control of the bed temperature underneath the part, keeping the print just below its transition temperature but still hot. A heated build plate equalizes temperature differentials through the 3D print and improves bed adhesion build plate throughout the print. Most filament comes with recommended bed temperatures, for example: a build plate temperature of 60 °C is usually sufficient for PLA, while ABS requires higher temperatures of 80 or 90 °C (depending upon printer, nozzle size, and brand).
Another means of temperature control involves the use of an enclosed build space. An enclosed build space eliminates drafts and air currents while better retaining the heat of the print/build plate. Not all printers come with enclosures though, so you can either build your own enclosure or print a draft shield around the print. An enclosure can be a photography tent, a storage box, an engineered third-party enclosure, or a DIY acrylic/foam enclosure, but they all work to retain heat within the print and reduce air currents across the print.
Example of a third-party enclosure for 3D printers.
A draft shield can also be a cheap and effective means of temperature control. Draft shields are essentially walls printed concurrently around a 3D print that will prevent drafts and air currents from cooling a part too much. Figure 3 shows an example of a draft shield in modeling:
Figure 3: Example of a draft shield (turquoise) around a part (red and yellow)
The last means of temperature control is through the ambient temperature around the print. Close all doors and windows in the room when a 3D print is on, and if it is still too drafty/cold you can place the printer near a heat source (baseboard, radiator, heat ducts, computers, etc.). Just make sure there is not too much heat- otherwise, you can damage your printer and make a bad situation worse!
Adhesive being applied to the bed of a 3D printer.
Image Credit: Magigoo 3D Printer Bed Adhesion Solution | MatterHackers
Applying adhesive glues to the build plate before printing is probably the easiest (and one of the best) methods of warping prevention. The type of adhesive largely depends on the material, but common adhesives include hairspray, a PVA glue stick, blue painter’s tape, polymer adhesives, or proprietary build plate tape.
Settings in the model and the slicer software can also help reduce warping. Making the first layers thicker will not only adhere to the build plate easier, but the additional material will also make it warp-resistant. A slower print speed and lower nozzle temperature can also reduce warping simply by minimizing temperature differences; however, the print will naturally take longer.
Adding specific features to the model can also prevent warping such as brims, rafts, skirts, and mouse ears. See Figure 4 and 5 below for visual examples of these features, along with their basic descriptions.
Skirt: an outline surrounding the model (but not actually touching the model) meant to prime the nozzle and even out material flow (a in Figure 4).
Brim: A single/ few layers of material attached to the edge of the 3D print’s base meant to counteract pulling forces on the initial layers and increase bed adhesion (b in Figure 4).
Raft: A thick layer of material that serves as a base for the print, creating better grip on the build plate and removing initial layer warp effects from the part (c in Figure 4).
Figure 4: Visual differences between skirts, brims, and rafts in 3D prints.
Image Credit: File:Skirts, Brims, Rafts.jpg - Wikimedia Commons
Mouse ears: Thin circular layers placed near the corners of a 3D print to reduce warping while conserving material (also sometimes referred to as brim ears). Mouse ears are less wasteful, easier to add, but are more targeted that the features in Figure 4:
Finally, altering the infill density of voids can help warping. Denser infills (such as a and d in Figure 6) will impart stronger pulling forces than less dense infills (c and b in Figure 6).
Figure 6: Various infill patterns with differing densities.
The last way to avoid warping is to ensure your printer is clean and calibrated. Before every print, you should use a microfiber cloth on the build plate with either some ammonia-based cleaner or isopropyl alcohol. This will remove previous adhesive, grime, and grit that may make the print less sticky.
Check the fan speed in the printer settings to ensure it remains off/slow during the first few initial layers, or for the whole print if using high temperature filaments. As previously mentioned, also make sure that the build plate is leveled and un-warped. Finally, calibrate the extruder head so that its Z-coordinates are adjusted to prevent unnecessary layer cooling—some newer 3D printers come with level sensors that self-adjust, making this step much simpler.
This article presented an understanding of what 3D print warping is and how to prevent it. We hope this brief guide helps increase part quality and reduce the sources of headaches from your design process.
The content appearing on this webpage is for informational purposes only. Xometry makes no representation or warranty of any kind, be it expressed or implied, as to the accuracy, completeness, or validity of the information. Any performance parameters, geometric tolerances, specific design features, quality and types of materials, or processes should not be inferred to represent what will be delivered by third-party suppliers or manufacturers through Xometry’s network. Buyers seeking quotes for parts are responsible for defining the specific requirements for those parts. Please refer to our terms and conditions for more information.
- How to fix warping – Ultimaker Support
- 3D Print Warping (PLA, PETG, ABS): 3 Easy Fixes | All3DP
- DIY 3D Printer Enclosure: 10 Cheap & Easy Solutions | All3DP
- 3D Print Warping. Easy Fixes and Ways to Prevent It! (m3dzone.com)
- Warping in 3D Printing | Full Guide with Causes & Solutions (the3dprinterbee.com)
- Warping of bottom of print - 3D Printing Stack Exchange
- How to print with Ultimaker PLA – Ultimaker Support
- How to print with Ultimaker ABS – Ultimaker Support
- Suggestion on improving the draft shield - ABS no warping even on blue tape - Ultimaker Cura - Ultimaker Community of 3D Printing Experts
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2004 - Draper, Salt Lake County, Utah - ©Nicky Davis
Spiders of this family have a distinct crab-like appearance.
Legs I and II are much longer and stouter than legs III and IV. Legs I
and II are held out to the sides and project forward while legs III and
lay backward against the body. Body hairs are simple and erect. Lateral
eyes are elevated on tuburcles. Xysticus species come in various shades
of brown and gray, and frequently bear white or yellow markings.
Body is compact, broad, and wider than it is high. There are two claws
on each tarsus. Males ( around .10 inch) are smaller than females
(around .40 inch) Colors and markings are quite variable within
species. Before mating the female is offered a present and secured by
some silk threads. These threads are so tiny that it does not fasten
her for real but she pretends it does. Crab spiders do not spin webs.
They are wandering predators that secure prey by stealth and ambush.
They are crab like in motion, moving sideways, backwards, or
forward. Females guard egg sacks, but normally die before
spiderlings hatch. Some species are capable of changing color to match
their surroundings (over a period of days. They tend to be forest
dwelling, living on and under loose bark, under leaves and stones on
the forest floor, and on low lying vegetation. | <urn:uuid:1b34887b-7555-4a80-b515-f0c4db77e2fe> | {
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Cartography and the City
This course sets out to explore and express the character of the city through the use of cartographic representation and visual storytelling. Students will explore the city in history, actuality, and future vision of place.
Students will attempt to understand relationships between land use, spatial planning, and human scale interaction with the city. How do these spaces and their programs affect, or are affected by, the character/story of the cities? What is the cultural role of the story in relation to the space of the city? How does the story help to develop the rules that shape the city?
Secondary themes will include topics such as Regional and Global Context, Politics, Development Strategy, Economics, and Socio-Cultural aspects. Techniques and tools used will include but are not limited to: Cartography, Mapping, GIS, Satellite Imagery, 3-D Print, Representational and Experimental Drawing, Physical Output (models), Graphic Analysis, etc. | <urn:uuid:31c9f8d4-88ec-44e4-ae7e-2db3706a9467> | {
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Excel cannot recognize hexadecimal numbers as numeric values. However, there is a function in Excel that can convert hex values into decimal values. To use special characters within Excel cells, ASCII codes are required. These codes give more meaning to the data and make it easier to understand.
What are the Hexadecimal Numbers?
The Hexadecimal numbers, also called base-16 or hex, represent numbers using a combination of the digits 0-9 and the letters A-F.
So its 16 symbols are (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F). Where (A, B, C, D, E, F) use for (10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15). The hexadecimal system is often used in computer programming because it is a more human-friendly way of representing binary data.
What is the ASCII Code?
The ASCII code is a character encoding system used to represent text in computers and other devices. The ASCII code assigns a numeric value to each letter of the alphabet, which can then be used to describe the text. The ASCII code is a standard used by many computer systems and is also the basis for the Unicode character encoding system.
It is a standard for allocating numbers, letters, and other characters within the 256 spaces of the 8-bit code. It can be found in Hexadecimal from 00 through FF.
How to Converting Hex to ASCII in Excel?
If you need to convert hex to ASCII in Excel, there are a few different ways you can do so. One method is to use the HEX2DEC and CHAR functions.
Another method is to use the Excel VBA Code.
Here we explain both methods with an example.
The first method is to use the HEX2DEC and CHAR functions. This function will convert hexadecimal value to decimal value and then finally convert ASCII value.
Let’s see how it will work with an example-
Here we create a data sheet to show how this method can be done.
- At first, we convert the hex value to a dec value. So, we must select a cell to apply the formula =HEX2DEC(Number of cells). Here we choose cell B2, and our formula is =HEX2DEC(A2).
- Now press the Enter and Fill Handle to drop down your cursor to copy the formula.
- Here we get all the Decimal values. Now we convert them to ASCII values. In the same process, we have to select a cell to apply the formula =CHAR(Number of a cell). Here we choose the C2 cell. And our formula is =CHAR(B2).
- Press the “Enter” key and “Fill Handle” to drop down your cursor to copy the formula.
The CHAR function returns a character specified by the code number in your computer’s character set. In other words, the hexadecimal code “30” has been converted into the ASCII number of “0” and so forth.
This method is for you if you have little knowledge of working with Excel VBA.
We will use a data sheet to apply the following method.
Here we used a user-defined function to convert hex value to
- To open the Visual Basic Editor, press the Alt + F11 keys.
2. Open the Visual Basic Editor window.
3. Here you have to create a new module. So, in the project window, you have to right-click on your worksheet and insert a module. In this new module have to enter the following code-
4. Save your workbook.
5. Press Alt + F11 keys to switch to the active worksheet.
6. Now you must select a cell to apply the formula =Hex2ASCII(Number of a cell). Here we choose cell B3, and our formula is =Hex2ASCII(A3).
7. Use the Enter key to drag the Fill handle down.
Here we convert the hexadecimal value to ASCII. You can use this User Defined Function to convert any hexadecimal number to an ASCII. | <urn:uuid:72ebd768-2a1b-44f4-bc17-82eaf7496dee> | {
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ADAM HART-DAVIS / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY ADAM HART-DAVIS / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
Paranal Observatory's living quarters. Swimming pool and tropical plants inside the residencia (living quarters) at Paranal Observatory in Cerro Paranal, Chile. The observatory hosts the Very Large Telescope (VLT), which comprises four 8.2-metre mirror telescopes. The images from the telescopes combine to produce an image equivalent to that obtained by a 16-metre diameter mirror. This makes the VLT one of the most powerful telescopes in the world. The residencia is located 3 kilometres from the telescopes and 200 metres below them. It is built half into the mountain to blend into the landscape. The VLT is operated by the European Southern Observatory. It is at an altitude of 2600 metres in the Atacama Desert, one of the driest places on Earth.
Model release not required. Property release not required. | <urn:uuid:22aea50d-6450-4147-80f1-1b2276b97881> | {
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By Steve Mills
We’ve talked about the impact of the Second World War on Eastington in several previous articles, but given the recent events recalling the 75th anniversary of D-Day, it seemed timely to look at a very local but largely forgotten piece of military history that survives within the village.
This takes the form of a decaying brick building of modest size at Cress Green. It’s largely overgrown and only visible from a few public footpaths. Most people are unaware that it even exists, let alone what it was originally used for. And what was that? …It was built during the Second World War as a searchlight position, one of a number dotted around the area. These were used in conjunction with anti-aircraft guns set up mainly to protect the Hoffmann ball bearing works at Stonehouse and the Sperry Gyroscope plant at Bonds Mill, both of which were engaged in important war work at the time. There were also other engineering works in the area, as well as an Admiralty store in Stanley Mill at Ryeford.
In some of the surrounding villages, the arrival of a searchlight was a great source of excitement. However, their appearance was not always welcomed as particularly in and around major cities, local residents sometimes feared that their presence made them more of a target for bombers.
Effective operation of searchlights was important, as hitting an enemy aircraft was often incredibly difficult. In 1940, it took an average of 20,000 rounds of ammunition to bring down a single enemy aircraft! It seems that the first searchlights were set up around Stroud in June 1940 under the control of the 46th Anti-Aircraft (AA) Brigade. Later in the year saw the formation of the new 9th AA Division responsible for the anti-aircraft defence of South Wales and the Severn Vale. AA battalions became part of the Royal Artillery in August 1940, with 349 Searchlight Battery stationed at Stonehouse. As well as providing light during air raids, they were also sometimes used as homing beacons for aircraft returning to RAF bases at Colerne and Moreton-in-Marsh.
The Cress Green building
Like many buildings of the period, in response to the threat from the German air force, the Cress Green building was doubtless thrown up as quickly and cheaply as possible. It would have been built either by the Royal Engineers or a civilian contractor. The latter was a common arrangement used for erecting pill boxes and other military structures. Given the urgent circumstances, it’s perhaps not surprising that there are no records or early photographs of the site.
Its construction was similar to that of many other military buildings of the period, and was based around a series of precast concrete trusses. These could be set up rapidly and provided support for both the walls and roof. The spaces between the trusses were infilled with a single skin of brick and any doors and windows deemed necessary. As a result of a shortage of building materials, every effort was made to use simple, readily available materials such as brick and concrete, and similar techniques were to be found in military buildings ranging from stores to lookout posts, hospitals, and even prisoner of war camps.
The inside of the Cress Green building was split into several small rooms, each of which presumably had a specific function such as communications with other searchlight and gun batteries – all would have been linked so that they could work in harmony during an air raid. Searchlights usually worked with at least two others – this allowed them to form a cone of light that illuminated enemy aircraft, allowing more time for the anti-aircraft guns to focus on them. There was another searchlight at the top end of Nupend that doubtless worked in unison with the Cress Green light.
Buildings such as these were only expected to have a limited lifetime, but it’s remarkable just how long some have survived. Some are still useable although others such as the Cress Green building have long fallen into ruin.
The war ends
In retrospect, the work of searchlight batteries seems to have been a relatively unglamorous and now largely forgotten part of home defence. As one former soldier commented “I suppose pointing a big torch at the enemy isn’t the stuff of heroic drama. At least the guns teamed with them got to fight back”.
Sylvia Bliss recalls that a contingent of the Yorkshire Regiment was stationed at Cress Green, billeted in the tin Nissan hut that formerly stood next to the brick building. No doubt that was cold and damp, but at least one soldier seems to have found somewhere warmer to spend his off-duty hours as he married a local girl (Dorothy Douglas) before whisking her off to Yorkshire!
Remarkably, many years ago I had the opportunity to talk to an old soldier who had spent time at the Cress Green facility during the war. He had been driven down from Yorkshire for what I assume was to be a last look at where he had once been stationed. He mentioned that for a time, a Bofors gun was also positioned at Cress Green. The Bofors gun was a mobile 40 mm anti-aircraft gun, one of the most popular medium-weight anti-aircraft guns deployed during World War II. However, it’s not clear how long it was located there.
Apparently the soldiers didn’t have much to do for most of the time and boredom was a real problem – it seems to have been quite a treat to occasionally trek across the fields to visit the ‘bright lights’ of Stonehouse!
At the end of the war, the military departed, handing over the buildings to Mr Keyes, who farmed the land at the time. The Nissan hut appears to have survived up to the 1970s, although the decaying shell of the searchlight station is still quietly mouldering at the edge of the field overlooking Stonehouse and beyond, a silent reminder of those troubled times. | <urn:uuid:88b94444-d691-4fdf-b37b-a233685b7f34> | {
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Free Online Dictionary
|Wikipedia English The Free Encyclopedia||Download this dictionary|
In computer programming, eager evaluation or greedy evaluation is the evaluation strategy in most traditional programming languages. In eager evaluation an expression is evaluated as soon as it gets bound to a variable. The term is typically used to contrast lazy evaluation, where expressions are only evaluated when evaluating a dependent expression. Eager evaluation is almost exclusively used in imperative programming languages where the order of execution is implicitly defined by the source code organization.
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The following video provides you with the correct English pronunciation of the word "eager evaluation", to help you become a better English speaker.
© This article uses material from Wikipedia® and is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License and under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
| eager evaluation in Dutch | eager evaluation in Korean | eager evaluation in Polish | eager evaluation in Finnish
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Despite declines in prevalence during the past two decades, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) continues to be the leading cause of death for infants aged between 1 month and 1 year in developed countries. Behavioural risk factors identified in epidemiological studies include prone and side positions for infant sleep, smoke exposure, soft bedding and sleep surfaces, and overheating. Evidence also suggests that pacifier use at sleep time and room sharing without bed sharing are associated with decreased risk of SIDS. Although the cause of SIDS is unknown, immature cardiorespiratory autonomic control and failure of arousal responsiveness from sleep are important factors. Gene polymorphisms relating to serotonin transport and autonomic nervous system development might make affected infants more vulnerable to SIDS. Campaigns for risk reduction have helped to reduce SIDS incidence by 50—90%. However, to reduce the incidence even further, greater strides must be made in reducing prenatal smoke exposure and implementing other recommended infant care practices. Continued research is needed to identify the pathophysiological basis of SIDS.
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This year our homeschool group put together a Science Olympiad team for the first time. We were competing in the 4th to 6th grade division.
Our task was to design a car power completely by a mousetrap that would go EXACTLY 10 meters. Every mm short OR long of 10 m would result in points. Teams also gave a time estimate for completing a run. Points were given for the difference between predicted time and actual time. Keeping the centerline of the track between the wheels was worth a -20 point bonus. The goal was to have the LEAST number of points.
The boys came up with an original design that works quite well. The chaise is made entirely of LEGO Technic pieces. The drive wheels are CD’s with LEGO pieces taped to them to allow for attachment to the axles. Balloons increase the friction on the cds to prevent spinning. The final design uses florist wire to attach the mousetrap to the chaise. A K’nex rod is taped to mousetrap as an extension rod. The final design used the wheels shown, but without the tires.
THE GOOD NEWS:
This mousetrap car was quite capable of going more than 10 m.
THE BAD NEWS:
After a lot of trials on different flooring surfaces the boys thought they had the right distance figured out. For some reason their results at the competition didn’t match what they had the day before.
Adjustments to the pull string length seemed the most reliable way of adjusting the travel distance. A shorter pull string traveled shorter distances.
We tried a braking system, but our design was hard to set and tangled too easily.
I was really pleased that the boys came up with a design that was completely original. It made the project a lot more fun and interesting.
Using LEGO pieces limited the axle length. A larger width would have made it easier to earn the centerline bonus, but their design did earn the centerline bonus on one of its two runs.
Almost all the cars at the competition used the same design, a rectangle of basswood with four cd wheels and threaded axles. They used a longer extension arm that was pinned down when the mousetrap was set. The result was they could leave the string attached to the axle and self brake. | <urn:uuid:fe16fc19-2ec9-4cc5-b24d-c914bc544bd8> | {
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In the U.S., the national government has very little role in deciding which collections or services libraries offer. So, each library may have different strengths and different rules.
There are many types of libraries. The most common are:
Penn State Harrisburg Library is an academic library. Our main goal is to support students' assignments. We provide study space, technology, and recreational resources, too.
Every library offers different resources and services, and has different rules for use. Look at the library's web site and ask questions to library staff to understand them. For example, see Penn State's "Borrowing Privileges."
In the U.S., most academic (university) and public libraries promote intellectual freedom, equal access, diversity, and confidentiality -- every person's right to learn about any topic, without interference or punishment.
The American Library Association, the professional organization for U.S. librarians, provides important documents that explain these values:
When you visit a U.S. library, you will meet many different employees. Each has a different role. Most of the employees you will see are assistants who can answer basic questions, such as how to locate a book, or the library's rules.
In addition, many libraries have professional librarians, sometimes called "reference librarians" or "subject specialists." In university libraries in the U.S., nearly all professional librarians have bachelor's degrees (in any major) and master's degrees in library or information science. In addition, many professional librarians have second master's degrees or doctoral degrees. Some are university faculty, too--they teach classes, conduct research, and write articles and books like your other professors.
Librarians' training emphasizes friendliness, research, and technology. Their top priority is to help you. Whenever you need help, please ask questions! Even if a librarian seems busy at a computer, it is OK for you to ask for help. | <urn:uuid:cf696a66-8bb9-4b19-8054-00d95ddb1f09> | {
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This is covered by:
AQA 8035, Cambridge IGCSE, CEA, Edexcel A, Edexcel B, Eduqas A, OCR A, OCR B, WJEC
When a cave forms in a headland it may erode right through and emerge on the other side. This forms an arch-shaped feature, predictably called a sea arch, or just an ‘arch’.
As the cave grows in size the arch becomes more obvious and impressive, often looking like a doorway through the headland. Eventually the arch won’t be able to support itself, the top of the arch will collapse, and the seaward end will be seperated from the mainland to form a stack.
Durdle Door, in Dorset, is one of the UK’s best known sea arches. It is formed from a resistant band of limestone known as Portland Freestone, with the top of the arch formed from another limestone known as Purbeck limestone. These rocks are much harder that the Wealden clays and sandstones that lie behind it, so erosion has removed the softer rocks and left the narrow band of limestone with it’s famous arch.
The bedding in the limestone has been folded through 90 degrees, so it is vertical rather than horizontal, meaning that the arch would have started as a typical sea cave exploiting a vertical crack in the rock face.
Durdle Door is a very popular tourist attraction, bringing thousands of people to the area every week during the summer.
Another famous arch can be found at Old Harry Rocks, near Studland in Dorset.
Old Harry itself is a large stack that, 250 years ago in the 1770’s, was still attached to the headland via an arch. The arch was strong enough that people would walk right out to the end of Old Harry to admire the view.
That arch collapsed long ago, turning Old Harry into a stack, but newer arches are still being formed. Several small caves extend right through the headland and through the base of the large stack, showing arches in their early development.
The photograph shows a relatively new arch formed by a cave extending right through the base of the stack. The horizontal bedding of the chalk makes the roof of the arch weak and results in upward growth of the arch. | <urn:uuid:c606b193-0afd-43c8-b0b0-72b9e70f50f7> | {
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e-Learning, and more importantly effective e-learning is key to a successful business and ultimately course content. It is a process in which no stage can be skipped without a knock on effect to the learners. Skip a stage, or miss a principle and the learning outcome may not reach the potential that can be achieved.
When creating content for e-learning courses, developers may overlook a crucial factor: introducing learners to problems that are either irrelevant or too complex. Make sure that they can see tangible benefits from solving the problems put out before them. When thinking about the content, consider these questions when creating questions around solving a problem:
- What skills or knowledge will they master or acquire?
- How can learners benefit from these skills and knowledge?
- How will they be applied to the real world?
- Can they use previous experience to help solve new problems that they may come across?
To help you further in the creation of content, there are 4 phases in which learners go through, which you can utilise and construct learning around. These are:
Create opportunities for students to apply what they have learned. It’s all well and good showing students how to apply new information, but they need to understand how to do it themselves, which is one of the best methods of learning. Allowing them to demonstrate what they have learnt provides them with an opportunity to measure their own progress.
When creating content, make sure you take into consideration if the learner has had previous relevant experience in the field or topic. Furthermore, before assuming that everyone knows the same amount on a topic, it would make sense to provide a recap or a brief overview so that they can all start from the same level.
This is one of the most important stages. Once a subject is learned it needs to acted upon and integrated into the daily workings for the learning to have been of any substantial consequence. Initial training needs to be followed up, and checked that it hasn’t been forgotten. Don’t be satisfied with using games, animations and multimedia: if they don’t integrate what they’ve learned, it would have been just as useful as providing them with a blank page.
This fits hand in hand with application. Instead of telling people what they should be doing provide a demonstration – something that they can see and replicate or adapt. Show them how it’s done and prove that the method that you have chosen does work. Students effectively remember and apply new information when you demonstrate it to them. It may require more effort and more creativity when designing, but it will be worth all the time and effort.
According to Marril’s Principles of Instruction these 4 points are all interrelated and they allow for goal directed learning. This will allow both designer and student to understand what they want to achieve by the end of their task/activity. | <urn:uuid:5dd9b213-68b2-4298-a3cd-783b9571539a> | {
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Cloudy skies, brightened colours, and pitter-patter raindrops make monsoons the most refreshing season. Offering a much-needed relief from the scorching summers, these water-laden winds often act as a saviour. And while a number of people prefer the monsoon season to any other, for some, it brings a wide range of health problems. The diseases in the rainy season that people may suffer can vary from person to person. The severity of the problem also has a varied range. While skin problems in monsoons are common, health issues like monsoon fever can make things a little more complicated.
The good news is that there are a number of simple yet practical ways in which you may be able to avert most monsoon diseases. Staying alert is the first step you need to take if you plan to enjoy the rain to the fullest. Read on as we discuss rainy season diseases and prevention in detail.
Did you know that during the monsoon season, your exposure to bacteria, viruses and infections gets doubled? Due to the high moisture in the atmosphere, the air becomes more conducive to harmful microorganisms and thus, results in easy transmission of ailments. The sultry and humid weather is not only ideal for germs to flourish but also helps in building breeding grounds for mosquitoes. Thus, becoming the most vulnerable season for growing the rise of various diseases.
Let us take a quick look at the most common diseases in the rainy season:
In the year 2021, there were over 1.64 lakh reported cases of dengue. Spread by female Aedes mosquitoes, dengue can come with high fever, excessive headache and body aches, nausea, vomiting, low blood pressure and fatigue. In severe cases, there may be a drop in a person’s platelet count during dengue, which can be quite risky.
Another one of the vector-borne monsoon diseases, Chikungunya, causes the patient to suffer from high fever, acute pain in the joints, body chills and severe body aches.
Typhoid is one of the most infectious diseases in the rainy season. Unclean or contaminated food or/ and water are said to be the main causes of typhoid. Fever, sore throat, and congestion are some of the common symptoms of Typhoid.
Malaria is also a mosquito-caused disease that can cause high fever, excessive sweating, body chills and even anaemia in some cases.
Often a supply of unclean water during monsoon leads to stomach infections. Diarrhoea and dysentery, which are more common during the rainy season, can cause stomach aches, nausea and loose motions.
Above all, a lot of people suffer from skin allergies in the rainy season, especially if they suffer from low immunity. Allergies, rashes and fungal infections become more prominent in the monsoons.
>> Also Read: How to Make Health Insurance Premium Payment Online
Having discussed the seasonal diseases in the rainy season, let us now take a look at the precautions you can take to avert them:
The first step in keeping infections at bay is to maintain your personal hygiene. Following are some tips on how to maintain hygiene:
Eating a healthy diet is necessary all around the year. However, during monsoons, you need to be extra cautious about what you eat, because of the increase in infections in the air. You also need to ensure a few thing like:
When you prepare your home for the rainy season, it’ll be easier for you to keep health issues away.
Try to keep yourself covered as much as possible. Full-sleeved cotton clothes can be helpful in avoiding mosquito bites. Also, make sure to use insect/ mosquito repellent/creams both in and outside the house.
The spread of air infections increases manifolds in a crowd, so it is best to avoid them. Wearing a mask and following social distancing can go a long way toward keeping contagious infections away.
A little preparation before the monsoons begin can be a great way of preventing monsoon diseases.
For many of us, the onset of the monsoons means more trips to the hospital. The various contagious diseases that are in the air during the rainy season can sometimes become rather serious. Taking some simple precautions can help you keep such illnesses at bay. However, despite your best efforts, a trip to the hospital may not be averted. Therefore, apart from following the tips on rainy season diseases and prevention, make sure to safeguard yourself with the right health insurance policy.
While a regular health plan will cover the costs of in-hospital expenses, investing in a policy, especially for vector-borne diseases, can also come in very handy. You can consider our Care Supreme health insurance for comprehensive coverage with sum insured up to 15 lakh. However, doing a little research will help you in choosing the right coverage.
Disclaimer: The above information is for reference purposes only: Policy Assurance and Claims at the underwriter's discretion.
Published on 21 Sep 2023
Published on 21 Sep 2023
Published on 21 Sep 2023
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Published on 19 Sep 2023
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Resolving interstate water disputes a complex task
Interstate (River) Water Disputes (ISWDs) are a continuing challenge to the nation
Interstate (River) Water Disputes (ISWDs) are a continuing challenge to the nation. These disputes have a long history and the rulers of the regions or those who governed the areas pre and post independence contributed their mite to the contentious issues by pursuing their narrow interests. The disputes are constitutional, historico-geographical, and because of institutional ambiguities too. Nowadays, politics is adding to the controversies with politicians playing up 'people's demands' to suit their vote banks prolonging the conflicts further. The disputes between the two Telugu States fall into the pattern.
There is no reason why these could not be amicably resolved. AP's efforts to alleviate Rayalaseema water woes have again started fanning the political flames in the two States. It is clear that apart from the constitutional complexities, contentious political federalism and identity-based electoral political dynamics are fueling the ISWDs.
We have 25 major river basins in the country, with most rivers flowing across states. As river basins are shared resources, a coordinated approach between the states, with adequate involvement of the Centre, is necessary for the preservation, equitable distribution and sustainable utilisation of river water. Researchers have always suggested that given India's federal political structure, inter-state disputes require the involvement of the Union government for a federal solution at two levels: between the states involved, and between the Centre and the states.
However, interstate rivers in India have become sites of contestations, fuelled by conflicting perceptions of property rights, flawed economic instruments for food security, the lack of an integrated ecosystems approach, and the prevalence of reductionist hydrology for water resource development. Such conflicts over the possession and control of river water have persisted since the inception of the Indian Republic, with prolonged delays in resolution due to historical, institutional and political factors.
In recent years, increasing water scarcity, a rapid rise in urban and rural demands for freshwater, and contentious political dynamics have further exacerbated the problem. Where does Constitutional failure come in? The traditional justification for keeping interstate rivers under the Centre's purview is that since these rivers are not confined by any boundaries (political or administrative), no State can claim an exclusive right to utilise their waters by depriving another State located downstream.
Interestingly, however, while the Union List mentions "interstate water," the State List simply uses the term "water" to signify what is essentially "surface water" confined within the boundaries of the State. This has allowed States to legislate on the entire extent of surface water available within its borders, regardless of whether the source of the river or its tributary is located outside its boundary or the river is draining into another State.
In this regard, a State only exercises its right to use water for various purposes as long as the Union government deems fit. The moment the Centre steps in the dispute only gets prolonged. Why don't the governments understand this simple matter? There is an urgent need to manage the multiple political challenges with institutional trust for facilitating a public discourse focused on dispute resolution and consensus-building. Will the governments do it at least now? | <urn:uuid:900bfc40-d368-4862-a021-e4222b607d1c> | {
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Promising cures for blood-related diseases, such as leukemia and lymphoma, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have been heavily researched for decades. However, like many significant findings in science, their discovery was not made in search for such a cure, but stumbled upon while dealing with another serious medical issue of the time: radiation. While trying to treat people exposed to lethal doses of radiation during World War II, transplants from the spleen and bone marrow were found to rescue these victims (Ford et al., 1956). It was not until later that scientists determined that the HSCs present in these tissues were what was restoring the damaged tissues, observed by performing transplants using lethally irradiated mouse and rat models (Becker et al., 1963). HSCs in humans were further characterized and cultured in the 1980s (Morstyn et al., 1980; Sutherland et al., 1989; Sutherland et al., 1990). The formation of the National Marrow Donor Program during this time also greatly improved the availability of these cells for research. Not only have HSCs been successfully used clinically in humans since the 1950s, but to this day they are still one of the few adult stem cells to be tested for clinical uses.
It is now not only better understood how HSCs from a donor animal can save a lethally irradiated recipient animal, but how HSCs can be used in many other medical applications as well. HSCs are able to give rise to all cells in the hematopoietic system, which includes myeloid elements (i.e. red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets) and the lymphatic system (i.e. T-Cells) (Regenerative Medicine, 2006). Because radiation generally targets rapidly dividing cells, including bone marrow cells and cells in the lymphatic system, HSCs have the ability to replenish the supply of cells most damaged by radiation. While HSCs can be collected from adult bone marrow, some fetal tissues (liver, spleen, thymus), umbilical chords, and peripheral blood, in recent years there has been a great shift towards obtaining HSCs mainly from peripheral blood, using a much simpler and less controversial procedure, though achieving a large enough number of HSCs for transplants is still an obstacle to overcome (Stem Cells, 2001). HSCs are now being used to treat cancers of the hematopoietic system (leukemia and lymphomas), replenish cells lost to high-doses of chemotherapy, and fight against autoimmune diseases, in addition to other medical applications (Regenerative Medicine, 2006). | <urn:uuid:3d8a3fb7-c4e8-4e7d-8788-66e419ca11fd> | {
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Romeo and Juliet Book essay
Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet is one of his most famous plays that embrace the theme love, hate and death. The play is a tragically devastating love story about Romeo and Juliet. Romeo and Juliet is a complex play of heart that revolves around their romance and their parent’s hatred for each other’s family. Two characters that exceedingly alter the lives of both Romeo and Juliet are Mercutio and Friar Lawrence.Mercutio is Romeo’s best friend, who is known to be a comedian among their group of friends and Friar Lawrence is Romeo’s advisor, who wants to bring peace among the Capulet’s and the Montague’s and help his dear friend Romeo to solve his love dilemma. In the play, Mercutio is famous for his Queen Mab speech (Act 1, Scene 4) and Friar Laurence for his soliloquy (Act 2, Scene 3) both speeches are placed in the novel at such a point where they hold the maximum amount of relevance to the tragic end of the play.The body of this essay will consist of three paragraphs.
The first of the three will break down and introduce Mercutio’s speech, the second will do the same to Friar Lawrence’s soliloquy and the third will discuss the details and what the two speeches reveal about their characters, the imagery that intricately connects itself with the characters and scenes in the play followed by the purpose of the speech in William Shakespeare’s famous Romeo and Juliet. Mercutio is known to be a quick wit, hot tempered, comedian who is Romeo’s best friend in the play.He is famous for his Queen Mab speech in the play Romeo and Juliet directed by William Shakespeare. The Queen Mab speech sounds like a fairy tale. Shakespeare uses imagery of a little Queen who flies through the air in a small carriage, driven by a “Wagoner” who is a gnat.
On the surface, the speech Mercutio is making seems like it is the sweetest possible connection of words put together but in reality it is the exact opposite. The speech uses a lot animal imagery.For example, Queen Mab’s “cover” of her carriage is made of a grasshopper wings, which imply’s that somebody has actually pulled off the wings off a grasshopper and placed them in place to create the cover.
The same thing goes for the spider’s legs, which serve as the wagon’s spokes and also the riding-whip, which is made of a cricket’s bone. Furthermore, Mercutio uses comparison between children’s stories and the time he stands in. For example, he does not believe it is enough for him to just say soldiers dream of war, but they must dream of [today’s fearful and dangerous times] (I, IV, 83-87) “cutting foreign throats? nd sleeps again. ” As the speech goes on, it starts to sound less and less cute and the iambic pentameter that Shakespeare uses, doesn’t allow Mercutio to breath between the forty-two-line speech, that only consisted of two sentences. There is a very good reason for putting this speech toward the end of Act I.
It is our introduction to Mercutio, and it presents him as a likeable character. Also, at this moment Romeo is about to meet Juliet, but has not; this leaves the “consequence yet hanging in the stars” which has not shown its lovely, yet deadly face.This shows the relationship between the Queen Mab speech and Romeo and Juliet’s love because they both start out calmly, but end up violently. Friar Lawrence was among one of the most significant characters in the novel.
Although Friar Lawrence was not in the play as often as a character of such value would be, he greatly contributed to the unanticipated tragedy that would conclude the play. The play puts forth two major scenes that result in the death of Romeo and Juliet and the last scene that reveals the tragic end.Friar Lawrence was present during the marriage, the plan [of creating the harmless yet so deadly concoction] and the death of Juliet which soon led to the tragic death of both Romeo and Juliet. This speech is the first speech that Friar Laurence makes and this introduces us to the character of the Friar. We learn that Friar Laurence is a hard working, busy man, who makes good use of his time, he works before the sun rises and does his job as carefully as possible leaving no room for mistakes.
The Friar believes that everything in nature has a useful purpose which leads to faith, everything has some sort of beneficial qualities, and many things are used in a variety or ways, if the purpose of things is misused, it could lead to misfortune and even death. This speech showed us many of Friar Laurence’s excellent characterestics. This speech of Friar Laurence’s also further the plot of the play, the important part of this speech is the part where he explains about the opposites of the nature and how they can change over time.This theory which he tries to put to use when he agrees to marry Romeo and Juliet furthers the plot and leads to the marriage and continues the story.
He hoped that the good of their love will reverse the evil of the hatred between the feuding families, but it didn’t. It was Friar Lawrence’s idea and concoction that created the wrong facade and lead to two tragic deaths. Friar Laurence’s speech develops character for the Friar and the plot of the story.
One strong device used in this speech would be a Paradox, which is a statement that initially appears untrue.The paradox in Friar’s speech appears at line 5 and 6, “The earth that’s nature’s mother is her tomb; what is her burying grave, that is her womb”. In line 5, the Friar says earth is a mother, the mother of nature, but it is also a tomb, where things die, the mother give birth which is opposite to a tomb where the dead lies which shouldn’t be referred to as the same object. In line 6, Laurence says that the burying grave is also the womb for new life, a grave is where the dead is buried, but the womb is where life begins which can’t be the same object.The significance of this poetic device is that it helps to develop the image of Friar Laurence, to show how he believes in opposites, and change. This paradox shows how the Friar believes that good may be perverted to evil and evil may be purified by good. This paradox also furthers the plot; the Friar agrees to get Romeo and Juliet married, only because he felt that the two families would come together and end their hatred for each others families.
Comparing the two speeches, Queen Mab and Friar Lawrence, they both use imagery, the speeches reveal a significant amount of characteristics about them and also hold a great amount of value to the play itself. Although the Friar and Mercutio are comparatively two different people who have different beliefs and ways of going about everyday life, they are still valued characters (regardless of their very timed appearances in the play) and have molded the play to end as it did. Mercutio was the best friend of Romeo who tried to protect Romeo and died in the act of it.He was a loyal friend who always looked out for the best interests of Romeo, including when he tells Romeo not to merge with Rosaline as he knew she did not love him back. Friar on the other hand also helped Romeo and Juliet, but in a different way. He brought them together and performed their marriage. He also came up with the concoction for Juliet to play dead while Romeo would wait for her but unfortunately the ending was not so pleasant.
Both of their speeches reveal a lot about their characters.Mercutio’s speech indicates his hatred for women, which also indicates the audience that he might be homosexual. Other then that it indicates his poetic side. Friar’s speech shows his love for nature and plants.
It also shows off his nature to do good for others and he can also somewhat be called a religious figure. Both characters are closely related to Romeo, they always tried to do things in the best interest of their beloved friend and both help direct the play to its disastrous end. Thus both speeches held a huge amount of significance to the play. | <urn:uuid:1b943f01-54ef-49a5-b890-a122629c3544> | {
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What is transducer?
The non-electrical quantity is converted into an electrical form for using electrical methods and techniques for measurement, manipulation and control. The device which when actuated, transforms energy from one form to another is called a transducer.
- Active and Passive
- On the basis of principle used as Capacitive, Resistive, Inductive.
- Primary and Secondary
- Analog and Digital
- Transducers and Inverse Transducers.
What is sensor?
A sensor is a device which senses the presence or absence of energy; it measures a physical quantity and converts into a signal which can be measured by an instrument or an observer.Sensor is a device which responds with a change in physical phenomenon. The classification of sensor is based on conversion principle, based on quantity being measured and the technology used. The types of energy that can be sensed is classified as Mechanical, electrical, gravitational, thermal etc. Resolution in sensor defines its ability to detect a change in sensed element during measurement.
The sensing of any quantity is liable to errors. The two types of errors are Static error and Dynamic error.
- Static error: It is a type of error caused while sensing due to reading problems. The parallax of needle in meter scale is an example of this type of error. One major advantage of digital readouts is parallax error doesn’t exist.
- Dynamic error: This error is caused due to the difference in quantity as it really is and the amount to be measured, caused by the loading of measuring instrument itself. A typical example is a false voltage reading across a high- resistance potential divider with a voltmeter whose resistance is not high enough.
What are types of sensors?
Sensors are mainly classified into two as Active sensors and Passive sensors.
- Active sensor : These type of sensors self generating and it does not require any external power supply. Photovoltaic cell, piezoelectric devices thermocouples are examples of Active sensors.
- Passive sensor: These type of sensors requires an external power supply and are not self generating. A diaphragm used to convert the pressure is an example of passive sensor.
What is the difference between transducer and sensor?
The following are the differences between transducer and sensor or how is a transducer differ from a sensor.
- A transducer is a device which convert one form of energy into some other useful form. While a sensor is a device which detects one form of energy and convert that data to electrical energy. So we can say that the sensors are, a type of transducer.
- Sensor produces output based on the strength of the input physical quantity.
- In sensors, the sensing element is the sensor itself. In transducers, other than the sensing element , a circuitry will be there; a signal conditioning element.
- A sensor itself cannot give feedback to the system. While transducers can convert between any form of energy, it can give feedback to the system.
- A sensor senses the changes in physical quantity in surrounding whereas Transducer converts the physical quantity into another form.
- Is transducer a detector?
- Sensors or detectors are a type of electrical transducers which can sense and convert energy (heat energy, light energy etc) from one form to another. Thus we can conclude that all sensors are transducers but all transducers are not sensors in all cases. Almost input transducers are sensors and output transducers are Actuators or Effectors.
- Is Thermocouple a transducer or a sensor?
- Peltier effect is the working principle of Thermocouple. The structure of thermocouple consists of two metallic ends joined together to form two junctions of different temperature. Peltier emf is generated due to the temperature difference in two junctions. A reference temperature is connected to one end for reference and unknown is connected to other end. Since it senses the temperature it is a sensor and it converts temperature into emf, hence it is a Transducer. Thermocouple acts as an active transducer.
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A king dies after writing an agreement to divide the elephant power to his three sons, the first son has to get 1/2 of elephants, second son gets 3/4th of remaining elephants left after giving away to the first son, third son gets 1/2th of remaining elephants left after giving away to the second son. The total number of elephants are 15. All elephants are to be divided without leaving anyone of them behind. Can you solve it?
One more imaginary elephant can be added to the elephants, making them 16,
now the first son gets 1/2 of 16=8 , 8 are remaining
the second son gets 3/4 of 8 =6, 2 are remaining
the third son gets 1/2 if remaining , 1 is left , which is your imaginary elephant
therefore no one elephant is left behind and the required proportions are satisfied.
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In the following, we’ll explore the development, causes, symptoms and the possible treatment of a heel spur.
What is a heel spur?
A heel spur is a sharp bony outgrowth of the heel bone (calcaneal tuberosity), the big bone inside your heel. Two important tendons are connected to the heel bone: the Achilles tendon and the plantar fascia, which runs along the sole of the foot. If the body is exposed to excessive stress, it can react by building up calcium deposits at the tendon insertion. Your body is essentially trying to stabilise the structures affected. However, these calcium deposits can also cause inflammation.
A heel spur usually occurs under the sole of the foot, at the insertion of the plantar fascia (called ‘plantar heel spur’). This heel spur can occur together with an inflammation of the plantar fascia, called plantar fasciitis, or it might even trigger it. A heel spur at the Achilles heel insertion is rather rare. A particularly rare condition is Haglund’s deformity. As opposed to the heel spur, this is a bone spur of the heel bone that covers a wide area.
A heel spur is the body’s reaction to excessive stress on the foot. A number of different factors can cause this excessive stress, such as:
- postural deformities of the foot – flat feet, for example
- excess weight
- shortened calf muscles
- ill-fitting or worn-out shoes
A heel spur’s main symptom is heel pain. It is normally described as a piercing or burning pain. It usually occurs while stressing the heel or shortly afterwards. Pain after getting up in the morning is also a typical symptom. Applied pressure to the affected area usually also causes pain. In the case of a plantar heel spur, the central area of pain is around the sole of the foot while in the case of a heel spur around the Achilles tendon, the pain can be felt right by the Achilles tendon itself. The affected area is usually also red and swollen in both cases.
However, a heel spur doesn’t necessarily have to cause pain. It can also remain asymptomatic, in which case it’s usually discovered by accident.
In order to diagnose a heel spur, any pain will first be discussed during a consultation. The consultant will usually then examine the foot to check whether any pain is triggered by pressure, and if so, in which areas. If the heel spur is particularly large, the consultant might be able to feel it. To make a definitive diagnosis, a heel spur can be detected via X-ray. Here, it will be visible as a bone spur in the shape of a thorn.
If the cause for the pain is believed to be a different one, other visualisation methods like ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging can be applied. If there is reason to suspect an inflammatory disease, a blood sample may be required.
The primary objective of treating a heel spur is to remove the pressure on the tendons. To do this, the first step is to go easy on the foot whenever possible. Heel cushions provide additional relief. They reduce the pressure on the heel and allow the inflammation to subside. For a long-term solution, specialists often prescribe shoe inserts which support the foot systematically.
In the acute phase of the inflammation, medication and ointments can offer pain relief and have an anti-inflammatory effect. Shockwave and ultrasound therapies can also help to ease the pain. As an additional treatment, physiotherapy may be prescribed. During this type of therapy, exercises will be taught which will specifically stretch and strengthen the muscles and tendons in the foot.
It is rather uncommon to operate on a foot spur – it’s normally the last resort if all other measures have been exhausted. During this operation, a section of the plantar fascia is severed in order to reduce the pressure on the tendon. This can lead to a flat foot, however. That is why this operation is the absolute exception.
A heel spur is caused by excessive stress. That’s why it’s vital to strengthen the foot muscles as well as the ligaments and tendons. The key to this is regular and targeted exercises. | <urn:uuid:0487aa08-c1c8-4f34-8097-52e9f1f3f71a> | {
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“Optimism is an essential ingredient of innovation. How else can the individual welcome change over security, adventure over staying in safe places?” — Robert Noyce
American physicist Robert Noyce patented the microchip 58 years ago today, cementing his place as the unofficial “Mayor of Silicon Valley”. Microchips replaced transistors, allowing for smaller and faster machines, fueling the personal computer revolution. Microchips quickly became the industry standard — and they were made using monocrystalline silicon — giving Silicon Valley its name. After co-founding microchip producer Fairchild Semiconductor, Noyce would later start tech giant Intel, the company that invented the microprocessor, another essential building block for computer processing. | <urn:uuid:130b6a50-adbb-4bd7-aa24-dd417d3814b0> | {
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Two of the oldest mummies found in Peru - so well preserved that one had an eye and internal organs intact - have gone on display after their discovery by building workers two weeks ago.
Officials from the National Institute of Culture said the mummies - a young boy and a man in his mid-30s - were at least 700 years old.
They came from a culture that predated the Incas, who dominated a vast swathe of South America from Colombia to Chile until they were toppled by Spanish invaders in the 1530s.
An archaeologist at the National Culture Institute, Lucy Linares, said: "Two mummies have been found - a boy of about five and a farmer, about 35 years old, dating from between 1100 and 1300, the Chiribaya culture. What is striking is the level of conservation [of the mummies]."
The man had one eye open and "you can see his eyeball. It's perfectly preserved."
When the workers moved the body, they accidentally made a hole in his side, displaying his intestines, she added. Fat adhering to the skin was also extremely well preserved.
The mummies went on display at the institute for 30 minutes on Monday. They will now be cleaned and studied by archaeologists.
Workers found the pair as they dug a sports ground in the coastal province of Islay, 125 kilometres south of Peru's second city, Arequipa.
The clothing on the mummies and their style of burial identified them as being of the Chiribaya culture, which developed in the arid coastal stretch of northern Chile and southern Peru around 800 to 1350. The culture's highly decorative ceramics were distinctive, historians say.
The bodies were buried separately, wrapped in red and blue alpaca cloth and tied with rope. They were placed in the fetal position three metres underground. Corn husks were found inside the funerary cloth.
"It looks like it was a natural death. It seems the place was a cemetery," Ms Linares said.
She said the man was probably a farmer because he had bags of seeds attached to his belt and a spade by his side. The boy was buried in a small tomb of stones. No more bodies have been found.
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How it happens at Google Allowed for innovation Not just day dreaming, but Focused free thinking, more productive when working on projects that excite them Grouplets - engineers interested in same idea work together CEO Larry Page
Problem, Project, PASSION Go in depth with a topic that inspires them. Some argue that Standards-based education stifles engagement and passion in students. “ Education is not filling a bucket, but lighting a fire ” WB YEATS More fun and engaging, conduit for their passions and interests Emotional connections
Create their own challenge by choosing their topic Topic choice based on interest and personal passion Choose a product type that fits their skill set or push themselves to try something new (girl chose to do a website because she always wanted to learn)
Still an important academic skill Evaluating information, critical thinking (synthesis, application), Information literacy Trial and error
Still an important academic skill Evaluating information, critical thinking (synthesis, application), Trial and error
Product design and layout Personality and personal touches
Give students a voice in their own learning And, it excites me because I get to learn from them!
Depends on the time frame, learning goals, and the context in which it is occuring.
# of lessons in the Quarter/Semester/Year in which the project time will occur. Can be flexible Mine come out to about 8 or 9, but I ’ ll usually add 1 more in somewhere.
Why do humans feel nostalgia, and what does the experience trigger psychologically? What is the connection between dance and the therapeutic emotions it causes? How does playing video games affect one's decision making in the real world? To what extent is personality shaped by one ’ s environment? (Nature v Nurture)
Collaborate with Librarian Product overview in a few minutes
Traditional research reports aren ’ t allowed Process develops traditional research skills Students choose something they are good at or something that will challenge them a bit
Traditional research reports aren ’ t allowed Process develops traditional research skills Majority students choose magazine style article and TED Talk Preso
This could vary between courses, grade levels, and scope of project. School assessment policies and philosophies could drive this also.
Rubric example on website
Using Google's 20% Time Concept in the Classroom
Using Google’s 20%
Time Concept in
Thomas GalvezThomas Galvez
High School Technology Learning CoachHigh School Technology Learning Coach
Why Do It?
How Can You Use/Adapt
One Day a Week
Focused Free Time
Come up with &
mature new products
Offer fixes to
Has tightened up
20% time recently
“More wood behind fewer arrows” | <urn:uuid:c9accb9b-4ded-49f6-acd3-f98c06baf53e> | {
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Dr Rajiv Kumar jain
Clinicians who order common diagnostic chest x-rays for patients have been sitting on a goldmine of unused prognostic information. The radiographs, used since the 19th century to detect specific abnormalities, could soon be repurposed to identify long-term mortality risk — with a little help from machine learning.
Using data from two large randomized trials, researchers have developed a convolutional neural network, called CXR-risk, that stratifies participants by all-cause mortality risk. They trained the artificial intelligence (AI) system with 85,000 x-rays and follow-up data from more than 40,000 individuals. Extracting information from single chest radiographs, the system found a graded association between risk score and mortality.
"Based on the chest x-ray image alone, AI identified people at up to a 53% risk of death over 12 years," lead author Michael T. Lu, MD, MPH, of the Cardiovascular Imaging Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, told Medscape Medical News. Deaths were most often due to heart disease and lung cancer. | <urn:uuid:b9662792-8f7a-48fe-bd96-d67bd996ad28> | {
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In week 3, the puppy’s eyes start to open and, while his vision is initially poor, he can see movement (although may not notice stationary objects). He also starts to hear what is going on around him. This is the time to start to introduce the sights and sounds of family life – anything he sees or hears now will be accepted as normal.
He will begin to startle when hearing unexpected sounds but, as his fear response is not fully developed, he will quickly return to normal. This is how he should learn to respond to non-threatening events as an adult rather than show the escalating fear that, for example, noise phobic dogs do.
In this week, the puppy is also starting to learn about his social group. He learns to recognise his mother and his littermates, and also to recognise humans as being part of his family too, and this is when he starts the bonding process. This is a good time to begin to introduce all other animals in the household (other fully vaccinated dogs and cats if you have them) and people (including children) who you will want the puppy to look on as part of his family group if they haven’t been around already. This should initially be done quietly, allowing them only to wander around outside the puppy pen.
While all puppies and breeds develop differently and at different speeds, it is far better to introduce new things too early than too late. Perception develops faster than reactions do, and so often they are learning long before we realise they are.
NOTE: Do not introduce small animals such as rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters etc. You do not want to teach your dog that these are part of his social group and therefore show play behaviours towards them. While your eventually large dog may enjoy playing with your hamster, the hamster is certainly not going to enjoy it! Your puppy instead needs to learn to ignore these animals. | <urn:uuid:24515e03-f4cb-4d32-b73e-bd08bc72e4bc> | {
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by David Talbott
from Thunderbolts Website
Nov 23, 2005
Image: The Sun
in FeXII Light
The image of the sun above was recorded in the light given off by iron atoms that have lost 11 of their 26 electrons.
The energy required to remove that many electrons is far
greater than the energy available at the surface of the sun. These
iron ions occur high in the sun's atmosphere--in the corona--where
the effective temperature is 2 million degrees or more, 400 times
that of the photosphere.
The corona is farther away from the
putative source of energy inside the sun, and it is less dense. It
should be cooler than the photosphere.
These galactic power lines are
the source of energy that "lights" the stars, including the sun. The
energy from those power lines is liberated at the photosphere rather
than being transported from the core to the surface.
They resemble, and
act like, capacitors: They store electrical energy in the strong
electrical field between the positive and negative layers.
This drift current is often called
a wind. A familiar example is the "solar wind" that drifts from the DLs near the sun to the DLs that make up the heliopause at the other
end of the sun's connection with the galactic currents.
Jan 20, 2006
picture is a mosaic of ultraviolet images from the orbiting TRACE
satellite sensitive to light emitted
And they point to
nuclear reactions on the Sun's surface, something considered
impossible under the standard model.
suggests that the Sun is the remnant of a supernova, now holding in
its core a "neutron star" encased within an iron shell. In this
model, most of the radiant energy of the Sun comes from the neutron
star’s slow decay over long spans of time.
This nucleosynthesis, according to Bethe, occurs through a
"Carbon-Nitrogen-Oxygen (CNO) cycle," as helium is constructed from
the nuclei of hydrogen atoms - protons - at temperatures ranging from 14
million K to 20 million K.
From this vantage point, a connection
between the hidden nuclear furnace and sunspot activity is
If science operated in the way it advertises, the search for the truth in this essential matter would involve a concentration of resources to confirm or deny the evidence amassed by the Iron Sun proponents. The questions raised are crucial whether or not the proposed model of the Sun is correct.
seems to be pressure on researchers to have a model at hand to
explain "anomalous" results. In the case of the "Iron Sun", the
result is less than perfect because there is a flaw at the very
heart of popular cosmology:
The electric force between charges mediates all physical interactions, irrespective of scale. It is the electric force that energizes matter. By ignoring electricity, cosmologists have committed an error so fundamental that the mistake invariably propagates through any and all of their theoretical excursions.
theorists see this as the overriding cause of the oft-noted "crisis
in cosmology", and the effects on related disciplines - bound as they
are by the assumptions of cosmologists - have been nothing less than
Jan 23, 2006
Credits: Crab Nebula
from VLT: FORS Team, 8.2-meter VLT, ESO; X-ray Image
In his argument for the "Iron Sun",
Oliver Manuel relies on a popular theoretical concept - the "neutron
star". Electrical theorists, on the other hand, say there is no
reason to believe that such exotic stars exist.
No conventional model of supernova remnants ever anticipated exotic structures comparable to what is seen here.
Some things are known about the Crab Nebula, however. It is close to certain that it is the result of a supernova observed from Earth in 1054 A.D.
The inner ring of the central "motor" has a diameter of about one light year. Intensely energetic jets stream outward from the central light source in two directions along the axis of an intense magnetic field.
Additionally, observations over time have
shown that rings and strands of material are moving outward on the
equatorial plane at great speeds, some up to half the speed of
ignored all of the things that electricity can do quite routinely,
the theorists were required to conceive a star so dense that it
could rotate at the rate of a dentists drill without flying apart.
So the neutron star received a second life. The energy of the star’s
radiation, it was supposed, came from in-falling matter from a
In fact, all of the weird and wonderful things said
about neutron stars, such as the super-condensed "neutronium" or
"quark" soup from which they are claimed to have formed, lie outside
the realm of verifiable science. They are abstractions disconnected
from nature, but required to save a paradigm that has no other force
than gravity to provide compact sources of radiation.
They suggest that the Sun was formed by accretion of heavy elements, chiefly iron, onto a "neutron star" following a supernova explosion.
They further claim
that energy from neutrons, supposedly repelled from its neutron star
core, accounts for the Sun's radiant energy and the source of
protons in the solar wind. The model does not explain the
acceleration of the solar wind out past the planets (a crucial
requirement according to electrical experts).
The nearly 2000-fold difference in weight between the electron and the proton will ensure charge separation in an intense gravitational field. Each atom will become a tiny radial electric dipole that assists charge separation.
And the electric force of repulsion is 39 orders
of magnitude stronger than gravity, so extremely weak charge
separation is sufficient to resist gravitational compression. The
force of gravity is effectively zero in the presence of the electric
The remnant of such a
discharge cannot be the imagined rapidly spinning super-dense
object: powerful electrical forces will always prevent gravitational
These concrete results do not rest on events merely imagined. And they dovetail with facts that are now inescapable: electric discharges in plasma are fully capable of generating the exotic structures of supernova remnants seen in deep space.
The "wheel and axle" form of the supernova remnant in the
Crab nebula is that of a simple Faraday electric motor. Its
structure also conforms to the stellar circuit diagram espoused by
the father of plasma cosmology, Hannes Alfvén.
They make a compelling
case against the standard solar model, and their recent findings of
electrically induced nuclear reactions on the solar surface could
open a pathway to discoveries reaching well beyond solar science.
Jan 24, 2006
When a star called "SK-69 202" exploded on February 24, 1987, becoming "Supernova 1987A", the shock to conventional theory was as great as the visual wonder in the heavens.
The event did not "emulate the theory", but rather appears
to have involved catastrophic electrical discharge.
Astronomers had long supposed that supernovae
occur when a star "exhausts its nuclear fuel", causing a collapse or implosion
followed by a violent "rebound" effect when the outer layers of the
star hit the core. The resulting blast, they said, ejects a
spherical shell of material into interstellar space where it
collides with its own slower moving stellar wind generated during
its earlier, more stable phases.
The bright inner ring
is about 1.3 light-years in diameter. The conventional theory of
supernovae had not predicted, or in any way anticipated, the
distinctive bi-polar structure of Supernova 1987A, similar to that
many nebulas now documented. Nor
did the theory have anything to say about the bright "beads".
Picture of the Day" for July 5, 1996, states without
equivocation that "the origins of these rings still remains a
But the crucial feature of SN 1987A is the bright beads.
Both the number and position of the beads conforms to Birkeland current filaments in a powerful plasma discharge known as a "z-pinch."
Electrical theorist Wallace Thornhill has predicted,
More than fifty years ago a British scientist, Dr. Charles E. R. Bruce (1902-1979), argued that the bipolar shape, temperatures and magnetic fields of "planetary nebulae" could be explained as an electrical discharge.
Bruce was ideally situated to make the
discovery, being both an electrical engineer versed in high-energy
lightning behavior and a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society.
He was ignored.
When Oliver Manuel began to formulate his model of the Sun, ideas about supernovae lay at the heart of his thinking. From a study of the unusual isotopic composition of meteorites, Manuel had concluded that the objects had formed from the remains of a supernova.
In this, he was following a tenet of conventional astronomy, which argues that elements heavier than iron and nickel in the solar system were created by distant supernovae over billions of years.
Except that Manuel concluded that the supernova creating
iron and other heavy element abundances in meteorites was the
precursor to our own Sun.
In contrast, the earlier notion of gravitationally
collapsing molecular clouds began as a theoretical guess and never
found the required observational support. Nor has it been shown how
planets can form from a ring of dust about a star, a crucial
The sudden gravitational implosion of the entire star is an ingenious idea for a trigger but highly implausible because it requires spherical symmetry on the vast scale of a giant star. The ejections observed from supernova remnants show that the process is axially symmetric.
However, if a star is the focus of a galactic electric discharge together with internal charge stratification, it may naturally undergo an expulsive stellar "lightning-flash" to relieve the electrical stress.
An electric star has electromagnetic energy stored in an equatorial current ring such as the torus (imaged in UV light) around our Sun. As stated by electrical theorist Wallace Thornhill,
Creation of heavy metals, according to
Thornhill, does not require a
supernova. In the electric model of stars, electrical energy
produces heavy elements near the surface of all stars - a claim now
given additional support by Manuel’s own findings.
The Electric Sun model, on the other hand, says that external electrical energy, supplied from the galaxy, is responsible for producing the radiant output of the Sun, the solar wind and most of the heavy elements seen in the solar spectrum.
The production of iron atoms requires energy input. So all stars participate in the synthesis of heavy elements. (This is a far more satisfying theory than relying upon rare supernovae, which then disperse their heavy elements into deep space).
The solar wind is merely an equatorial
current sheet forming part of the circuit that "drives" the Sun. The
magnetic field of the Sun is generated by a varying direct-current
power input to the Sun. It is only to be expected, therefore, that
the observed power variations would be reflected in the sunspot
cycle and in changes in both x-ray brightness and the magnetic field
of the Sun. No mysterious "dynamo" inside the Sun could explain
these synchronous patterns.
In particular, the latter prediction fits the observed anti-correlation between neutrino count and sunspot number.
The more sunspots there
are, the fewer solar granulations and neutrinos. This unique
correlation does not fit any model that proposes an energy source
inside the Sun, unrelated to sunspots.
But since the glowing sphere we call the Sun is an electric discharge high in its
atmosphere, we should naturally expect the lightest element,
hydrogen, to predominate as the plasma medium for the discharge.
There is no need to postulate an internal source of energy to
support the photosphere since (as direct observation confirms) the
photosphere and phenomena above the photosphere, such as flares and
prominences, are not governed by gravity.
This energy may be released gradually or stored in a stellar circuit and unleashed catastrophically. The cosmic circuits now revealed threading themselves along the arms of the Milky are the energy source for the supernova explosion– not the star.
Only an external power source can explain why the continuing energy output of some nebulae such as Eta Carina exceeds that available from the central star.
A supernova does not signal the death
throes of a star. There is nothing inside the star to "die." Nor
does it herald the birth of a neutron star.
Jan 26, 2006
In his "Iron Sun" theory, Oliver Manuel has developed an unorthodox answer to puzzles concerning the birth of the solar system, recorded in meteorites and lunar samples.
in interpreting these samples, he has fallen prey to a conventional
myth as to their origins.
Within this disk, the Sun formed at the center and all of the secondary bodies from planets and moons down to asteroids, comets, and meteorites accreted from leftover debris.
Plasma cosmology provides the simple answer to the question of how stars are formed.
They are formed by the powerful and long-reaching electromagnetic force of a
"plasma pinch", a principle well
researched in the laboratory and now observed in detail in high
resolution images of planetary nebulae.
That explains both the preponderance of multiple star
systems and the close-orbiting gas giants. Rocky planets and moons
are similarly born at intervals by means of electrical expulsion
from gas giants. Rings about gas giants and stars are principally a
result of electrical expulsion, not gravitational accretion.
Planets and moons are charged objects, and subsequent encounters in an unstable system can leave surfaces dominated by electrical craters, vast trenches, and other scars. Much of the excavated material can then be lofted by the discharge into space as comet nuclei, asteroids, and meteorites, while portions of the material may fall back to form strata of shattered rock and loose soil.
between planets also have the beneficial effect of quickly restoring
order out of chaos.
As rocky surfaces are excavated electrically, for example, the
resulting short-lived radioactive isotopes may wind up in the grains
We have already suggested that Oliver Manuel,
in developing his argument for the "Iron Sun", was too willing to
accept orthodox assumptions.
in this case the more telling facts may relate to lunar soil
isotopes that do not appear in the solar wind.
But the idea that either the Sun or any other body in the solar system is the remnant of a supernova is unnecessary. There is no necessary connection between supernovae and meteorite isotopes. In fact, it was suggested long ago that the many strange features of meteorites could have been formed in gargantuan lightning flashes within a solar nebula.
And Manuel has noted that grains in the Murchison meteorite have isotope abundances related to grain size that,
The Electric Universe model satisfies both ideas.
In these pages, we have documented the recent electrical sculpting of planets by cosmic scale discharges in the solar system.
We have suggested that meteorites are the debris of planetary encounters, a conclusion now
supported by direct observation of planetary surfaces and by the
study of meteorites, the latter revealing the effects of flash
heating, ion implantation, and the isotopic anomalies that would be
expected from an interplanetary thunderbolt.
And there is good reason why virtually every rocky body in the solar system shows evidence of catastrophic encounters. The history of the solar system is one of "punctuated equilibrium" – long periods of stability punctuated by brief episodes of chaos as new members are accommodated.
The fact that no simple gradation of
planetary characteristics occurs within the solar family needs no | <urn:uuid:b47a2f53-3b93-4bd4-a3cf-bfd3265c5ce4> | {
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In March 2019 Hannah was lucky enough to go on board the MV Pharos and visit South Georgia. In the first of a series, she takes a look at some of the wildlife that inhabits St Andrews Bay:
Saint Andrew’s Bay South Georgia. First sighted by the British expedition under Cook which explored the north coast of South Georgia in 1775, a two mile wide expanse of exposed bay at the southern end of the Allardyce Range, boasts an extensive array of wildlife.
This idyllic haven is a breeding ground for a variety of fauna including the light-mantled sooty albatross, snowy sheathbill, Antarctic tern, elephant seal and fur seal.
The most distinguishable resident on this fine dark sand beach is the king penguin. The colony is the largest of its kind in South Georgia with approximately 150,000 breeding pairs congregating on this beach continuously year round.
Laying season begins between late November to mid-January and the first chicks hatch out in mid-January after 54 days of incubation. The king penguin lays only a single egg that it incubates on its feet under a fold of skin. When winter closes in from May to August the chicks rely on their reserves of fat to carry them through the winter, as with scare food supplies their parents do not feed them. This coupled with unpredictable weather conditions ranging from 10 degrees in the summer to as low as -10 degrees in the winter, means that sticking together is vital for survival. The chicks gather into huddles called creches to keep warm until feeding starts again when fish become abundant in September and October.
A young fledglings diet mainly consists of lanternfishes with some squid and krill which is found at depths of up to 1,000ft. Parents travel considerable distances up to several hundred kilometres to find food for their chicks.
The chicks put on weight, moult into a coat of feathers and depart to sea from late September onwards. Their parents also go to sea to replenish their depleted fat reserves, returning to shore again to moult into a new set of feathers and begin the breeding cycle again.
Unlike smaller penguins, king penguins occupy their rookeries all year round so it is not uncommon to see chicks and eggs at the same time as well as all stages of courtship. King penguins rear only two chicks every three years as it takes more than one year to rear a chick – to be exact 14 months lapse from courtship to fully fledging the chick.
Unusually, king penguins do not mate for life. The divorce rate between pairs can be as high as 80 percent. The reason for this seems to be that penguins arriving to start breeding have limited food reserves and cannot afford to wait for a late-returning mate.
The king penguins at St Andrews Bay are facing a change to their habitat with the three glaciers behind the beach Cook, Buxton and Heaney Glaciers all in retreat. Records at South Georgia show that the mean summer temperature has warmed from 2.7 degrees Celsius to 3.5 degrees Celsius. The effects of climate change are very visible in the recession of South Georgia’s glaciers. Many of us will not get a chance to step foot on these pristine shores within our lifetime. However we can but hope that these feathery creatures will be able to call St Andrew’s Bay home for many years to come. | <urn:uuid:8c8ef8eb-314e-4e9d-9752-844a31ea4827> | {
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Today is Indigenous Peoples Day, a holiday in many places, including the United States. It used to be called Columbus Day after the "genocidal maniac," Christopher Columbus. Although still officially called Columbus Day, many cities and places have replaced it with Indigenous Peoples Day ("IPD"). The reason should be clear. According to one source:
In 2020, the Movement for Black Lives has inspired people to protest and reject racist symbols and institutions. This has led to several positive changes for Native people, including the renaming of the Washington NFL team, exposure of medical racism in Indian Country, and removal of racist monuments. However, Columbus Day remains a widely celebrated holiday in the U.S. that glorifies a false narrative of America’s founding and erases the genocide of Native peoples. (See https://illuminatives.org/indigenouspeoplesday2020/).
The idea for IPD began in 1977 and gained traction leading up to the 500 year anniversary of Columbus' voyage in 1492. According to another source:
The date of Columbus' arrival in the new world on October 12th 1492 was adopted by many countries across the Americas and the Caribbean as a public holiday. In recent decades, the awareness that colonization by Spain and other European nations spelled disaster for the indigenous peoples had led to almost all of these holidays being replaced by a 'Day of the Races', which focuses on celebrating the heritage and contribution to the Americas of those who were here before Columbus. That this approach has been taken up in the USA is not surprising, particularly in states which have a substantial indigenous community. South Dakota made its change in 1990. To date, the only other states to have switched from Columbus Day are Maine and New Mexico who both adopted Indigenous People's Day in 2019. (https://www.officeholidays.com/holidays/usa/us-indigenous-peoples-day).
Here, in a nutshell, is the Socialist/Communist/Masonic revision of history:
The indigenous peoples of North and South America were all "noble savages," who lived in peace with each other and nature. They were very civil and moral. Their way of life was superior to most. Then came the "White European Devils" led by the nefarious villain, Christopher Columbus. These depraved men introduced disease, alcohol, drugs, and made them slaves. They destroyed the land and their way of life. Columbus wanted to wipe out the indigenous peoples and was nearly successful. They imposed Christianity upon them to make them subservient, and were really only interested in wealth and fame for themselves. Columbus and Christianity destroyed the best of the Earth's cultures.
This is the sheer nonsense being sold to the general public and to students in public schools/Vatican II sect schools. This post will show: (a) the myth of the "noble savage," (b) the true character of Christopher Columbus, and (c) the benefit of Christianity and Catholic culture.
Just Savages--Not Noble
(My sources for this section include The Last Days of the Incas , by Kim MacQuarrie, The Jesuit Relations by Allan Greer, and Cannibals and Kings by Marvin Harris. ---Introibo)
Pre-Columbian North America was not like the animated movie Pocahontas. According to “Slavery and Native Americans in British North America and the United States: 1600 to 1865,” by Tony Seybert, “Most Native American tribal groups practiced some form of slavery before the European introduction of African slavery into North America.” (See https://mmslibrary.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/slavery-and-native-americans-in-british-north-america-and-the-united-states.pdf).
“Enslaved warriors sometimes endured mutilation or torture that could end in death as part of a grief ritual for relatives slain in battle. Some Indians cut off one foot of their captives to keep them from running away.” Things changed when the Europeans arrived, however: “Indians found that British settlers… eagerly purchased or captured Indians to use as forced labor. More and more, Indians began selling war captives to whites.” (Ibid). Yes, the so-called noble savages sold their own into slavery.
According to Kim MacQuarrie, ritual human sacrifice was widespread in the Americas. The Incas, for example, practiced ritual human sacrifice to appease their gods, either executing captive warriors or “their own specially raised, perfectly formed children..." At the re-consecration of the Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan in 1487, the Aztecs performed a mass human sacrifice of an estimated 80,000 enslaved captives in four days. Here, in New York State, when the Iroquois tribe captured warriors of another tribe, they had their fingers cut off, were forced to set each other on fire, had their skinned stripped off and (according to Greer) in one case, “the torture continued throughout the night, building to a fervor, finally ending at sunrise by cutting the scalp open, forcing sand into the wound, and dragging the mutilated body around the camp. When they had finished, the Iroquois carved up and ate parts of his body.” The very word "cannibal" comes from Canibales, the Spanish name for the Caribs, a West Indies tribe that practiced eating other humans for food as well as for superstitious reasons connected to their pagan belief system.
The North American Martyrs (six Jesuit priests and two laymen canonized in 1930) were brutally murdered by Iroquois and Mohawk Indians. According to numerous sources, the name “Mohawk” comes from the Algonquin for “flesh eaters.” Anthropologist Marvin Harris writes that the Aztecs viewed their prisoners as “marching meat.”
In sum: The idea that indigenous peoples were "noble savages" is only true if you believe that slavery, torture, and cannibalism are "noble undertakings."
Christopher Columbus: Man of Faith
(Sources: The Untold Story of Christopher Columbus: The Last Crusader , by George Grant; The Critics of Columbus: The Character Assassination of a Great Explorer by Richard DiGiacomo ).
Although a man with flaws, Columbus is not some "genocidal monster." Christopher Columbus was born in the Republic of Genoa in 1451. According to Grant, "He [Columbus] observed the fasts of the church most faithfully, confessed and made communion often, read the Divine Office like a churchman, hated blasphemy and profane swearing, and was most devoted to Our Lady and to the seraphic father St. Francis; seemed very grateful to God for benefits received from the Divine Hand, wherefore, as in the proverb, he hourly admitted that God had conferred upon him great mercies, as upon David." (pg. 82).
His son, Ferdinand, wrote of his father, "In matters of religion he was so strict that for fasting and saying all the canonical offices he might have been taken for a member of a religious order. And when he had to write anything, he would not try the pen without first writing these words, ‘Jesus cum Maria sit nobis in via.”(i.e., "May Jesus and Mary be with us on our way"). Columbus was a Third Order Franciscan, and he named his ship Santa Maria in honor of the Mother of God. On his historic first voyage, Columbus recited the Divine Office daily aboard his ship. Each night, he and his crew sang the Ave Maria in honor of the Blessed Virgin. On September 15, 1492 (the Feast of Our Lady of Sorrows) Columbus noted that while he was looking for the correct course for his ships to follow, he was guided by a “marvelous branch of fire that fell from the sky.”
Columbus needed gold to help the Spanish who funded his voyage. Queen Isabella wanted to help with a Crusade against the Moslem hoards. In a letter to Pope Alexander VI, Columbus wrote,
“The enterprise must be undertaken in order to spend any profits therein for the redemption of the Sepulcher and the Temple Mount unto Holy Church.” Historian Grant concludes, “Clearly, the motivations of Columbus were shaped by the eons long conflict between Christendom and Islam. The evidence is inescapable. He sailed, not to discover a new world, but to find a way to recover the old one." Truly, spreading the Catholic faith and acquiring riches so as to finance the retaking of Jerusalem from the Mohammedans were the raison d'etre of Columbus’ voyages.
The invectives against Columbus were largely from Protestants and received their biggest boost from one Aaron Goodrich, who wrote a book in the 19th century entitled, A History of the Character and Achievements of the So-Called Christopher Columbus. He attacked Columbus as a greedy slave trader, claiming that he participated in the African slave trade, but offers no evidence to prove this assertion. He claimed that Columbus intended to bring slavery to the New World from the very beginning, although all the accounts by Columbus and others disprove it. He dismissed Columbus’ claims of only taking cannibals and rebels as slaves by saying that no one in the Caribbean was a cannibal. (This claim has been roundly refuted by both historians and sociologists).
According to DiGiacomo, by the 1980s some even portrayed Columbus as a bumbling fool and a poor navigator who accidentally discovered America. Others emphasized his avarice and said he was obsessed with gold. Still others portrayed him as a half-crazed religious fanatic. Writers even speculated as to the nature of his degenerative illness or began to speak of his mental health decline. During the observation of the Quincentennial of the Discovery of America in 1992, Columbus' name was once again dragged through the mud. He was reviled as a genocidal maniac by radical protestors at universities, such as students at UC Berkeley who waved bloody swords and called Columbus a murderer. Some Native Americans circulated posters calling him a pirate; and others that declared, “Columbus Didn’t Discover Me."
Books were published denouncing him as the "Father of American slavery." Columbus statues were removed from public squares. Columbus Day celebrations were cancelled or scaled down across the country and schools began to drop the holiday from their calendars. Some people have even called for a celebration of Indigenous American Day in its stead. Many communities are continuing to take down statues of Columbus. Some even want his name removed from all of the many places in America that were named for him. This is in stark contrast to the events of only a hundred years before, when Columbus was widely celebrated and held up as an American hero. (See Ch. 10)
Columbus kept no slaves of his own. Columbus even adopted an Indian orphan as his son. He did, however, take some slaves for Spain because he felt that he needed the money to pay debts, since the colonies were not producing enough gold. He was under intense pressure from the Spanish monarchs to show a profit, so this is probably the reason. (See Ch. 11). He died on May 20, 1506, his last words being like unto those of Our Lord, "In manus tuas, Domine, commendo spiritum meum." ("Into Thy Hands O Lord, I commend my spirit."). His cause for canonization was introduced in the Vatican, but was halted under Pope Pius IX when it was discovered he had fathered an illegitimate child.
The Benefits of the Faith
Columbus is not (and will never be) a saint. Despite his failings, he was a Catholic who held the Faith. To be certain, there were bad things that took place during his voyages, and he cannot be completely absolved of all blame. He strove to be a good man by picking himself up, confessing his sins, and trying (with the help of God's grace) to amend his life. The man who expressed this best was no less than His Holiness Pope Leo XIII. In 1892, the 400th anniversary of Columbus' discovery, he promulgated the encyclical Quarto Abeunte Saeculo. Here is what Pope Leo wrote about Christopher Columbus:
Now that four centuries have sped since a Ligurian first, under God's guidance, touched shores unknown beyond the Atlantic, the whole world is eager to celebrate the memory of the event, and glorify its author. Nor could a worthier reason be found where through zeal should be kindled. For the exploit is in itself the highest and grandest which any age has ever seen accomplished by man; and he who achieved it, for the greatness of his mind and heart, can be compared to but few in the history of humanity.
By his toil another world emerged from the unsearched bosom of the ocean: hundreds of thousands of mortals have, from a state of blindness, been raised to the common level of the human race, reclaimed from savagery to gentleness and humanity; and, greatest of all, by the acquisition of those blessings of which Jesus Christ is the author, they have been recalled from destruction to eternal life. Europe, indeed, overpowered at the time by the novelty and strangeness of the discovery, presently came to recognize what was due to Columbus, when, through the numerous colonies shipped to America, through the constant intercourse and interchange of business and the ocean-trade, an incredible addition was made to our knowledge of nature, and to the commonwealth; whilst at the same time the prestige of the European name was marvelously increased...
But there is, besides, another reason, a unique one, why We consider that this immortal achievement should be recalled by Us with memorial words. For Columbus is ours; since if a little consideration be given to the particular reason of his design in exploring the mare tenebrosum, and also the manner in which he endeavoured to execute the design, it is indubitable that the Catholic faith was the strongest motive for the inception and prosecution of the design; so that for this reason also the whole human race owes not a little to the Church...
For we have the record of not a few brave and experienced men, both before and after Christopher Columbus, who with stubbornness and zeal explored unknown lands and seas yet more unknown. And the memory of these, man, mindful of benefits, rightly holds, and will hold in honor; because they advanced the ends of knowledge and humanity, and increased the common prosperity of the race, not by light labour, but by supreme exertion, often accompanied by great dangers. But there is, nevertheless, between these and him of whom we speak, a generous difference. He was distinguished by this unique note, that in his work of traversing and re-traversing immense tracts of ocean, he looked for a something greater and higher than did these others. We say not that he was unmoved by perfectly honorable aspirations after knowledge, and deserving well of human society; nor did he despise glory, which is a most engrossing ideal to great souls; nor did he altogether scorn a hope of advantages to himself; but to him far before all these human considerations was the consideration of his ancient faith, which questionless dowered him with strength of mind and will, and often strengthened and consoled him in the midst of the greatest difficulties. This view and aim is known to have possessed his mind above all; namely, to open a way for the Gospel over new lands and seas.(Emphasis mine).
Think of these benefits brought by Columbus:
1. The One True Faith (imagine if the Mohammedans had arrived first!).
3. Putting an end to cannibalism and torture
4. Despite disease, there also came advances in medicine which helped far beyond diseases that came
5. The Rule of Law
6. Abolishment of polygamy and, with marriage, came stable families
7. Scientific advancement in farming and all areas of life
Christopher Columbus is reviled by those who hate Christian culture. The real false narrative comes from BLM and other leftist/Communists who want to perpetuate myths about "noble savages" and "genocidal Christians." Indigenous Peoples Day is nothing more than a reversion to paganism and a repudiation of all things good that come to us from Christ the Lord. As Pope Leo XIII wrote in his encyclical: In order, therefore, that the commemoration of Columbus may be worthily observed, religion must give her assistance to the secular ceremonies. And as at the time of the first news of the discovery public thanksgiving was offered by the command of the Sovereign Pontiff to Almighty God, so now we have resolved to act in like manner in celebrating the anniversary of this auspicious event.
On this October 12, 2020, I wish all my readers a Happy Columbus Day! | <urn:uuid:f83ed714-cca3-4f46-8937-4f0f8205ab6d> | {
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‘“There will be blood”: ministerial remarks on the responsibility of children‘, Pearls and Irritations, 22 August 2015
Traces the fascination of authority figures with the concept of blood sacrifice. The blood sacrifice of children was evident in ancient Israel. Blood sacrifice has been a cultural binding agent in other cultures down the centuries and has been a strong theme in the Anzac legend in Australia.
The future need for blood sacrifice by children emerges clearly from the speeches of Minister for the Centenary of Anzac, Senator Michael Ronaldson. The Minister’s argument can be summarised as follows:
Children must understand the concept of blood sacrifice.
They must carry the torch of remembrance of this sacrifice.
They must be prepared to defend our freedoms, as was done by those who are being remembered.
Thus will be ensured the necessary blood sacrifice by future generations.
This will be an appropriate reward for the current generation’s advocacy of blood sacrifice.
The article is published on John Menadue’s blog; comments can be directed there or below. John Menadue is one of Honest History’s distinguished supporters.
Giovanni Battista Pittoni, Sacrifice of Isaac, c. 1720 (Wikimedia Commons) | <urn:uuid:6030aaea-4ccc-4b85-902d-f326fca8099b> | {
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The untold history of the Lincoln assassination.
The details of the plot to assassinate Abraham Lincoln—one of the most infamous events in American history—are still shrouded in mystery. The popular belief is that John Wilkes Booth was the ringleader and mastermind behind the president’s assassination, yet many questions remain unanswered. Can the threads of the conspiracy be traced all the way back to the highest reaches of Confederate leadership? Was the intent to kidnap or to execute Lincoln? Extensive scholarship combines with compelling insights to weave a plausible tale of espionage and a tragic miscalculation that led to the historic night at the theatre and included a massive cover-up perpetuated to this day.
About the Author
Sandy Prindle served as a justice of the peace for 24 years in Tarrant County, Texas and was the president of Justice of the Peace and Constables Association in Texas. The author of three novels, Prindle received the Pinnacle Achievement Award from the National Association of Book Entrepreneurs. He has given seminars and lectures on the Civil War and the assassination of Lincoln for the last thirty years as a member of the Tarrant County Civil War Roundtable and the Surrat Society in Washington, DC.
Booth’s Confederate Connections
By Sandy Prindle
HISTORY / United States / Civil War Period (1850-1877) | <urn:uuid:bd289218-74bf-4089-b15a-746529ccf7fd> | {
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Uplatz offers this in-depth course on Machine Learning concepts and implementing machine learning with Python.
Objective: Learning basic concepts of various machine learning methods is primary objective of this course. This course specifically make student able to learn mathematical concepts, and algorithms used in machine learning techniques for solving real world problems and developing new applications based on machine learning.
Course Outcomes: After completion of this course, student will be able to:
1. Apply machine learning techniques on real world problem or to develop AI based application
2. Analyze and Implement Regression techniques
3. Solve and Implement solution of Classification problem
4. Understand and implement Unsupervised learning algorithms
Introduction of Python for ML, Python modules for ML, Dataset, Apply Algorithms on datasets, Result Analysis from dataset, Future Scope of ML.
What is Machine Learning, Basic Terminologies of Machine Learning, Applications of ML, different Machine learning techniques, Difference between Data Mining and Predictive Analysis, Tools and Techniques of Machine Learning.
Supervised Learning, Unsupervised Learning, Reinforcement Learning. Machine Learning Lifecycle.
Classification: K-Nearest Neighbor, Decision Trees, Regression: Model Representation, Linear Regression.
Clustering: K-Means Clustering, Hierarchical clustering, Density-Based Clustering.
Detailed Syllabus of Machine Learning Course
1. Linear Algebra
2. Python Programming
Introduction to Python
Python data types
Advanced data types
Writing simple Python program
Python conditional statements
Python looping statements
Break and Continue keywords in Python
Functions in Python
Function arguments and Function required arguments
Scope of variables
Python Math module
Python Matplotlib module
Building basic GUI application
File system with statement
File system with read and write
Random module basics
Building Age Calculator app
3. Machine Learning Basics
4. Types of Machine Learning
5. Multiple Regression
6. KNN Algorithm
7. Decision Trees
8. Unsupervised Learning
Introduction to Unsupervised Learning
Unsupervised Learning algorithms
Applying Unsupervised Learning
9. AHC Algorithm
10. K-means Clustering
Go To Course
if coupon works please click Not Expired | <urn:uuid:63beaf5e-81a0-41d9-866e-bc95fba02843> | {
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Scientists have predicted that long-term effects of climate change will include a decrease in sea ice and an increase in permafrost thawing, an increase in heat waves and heavy precipitation, and decreased water resources in semi-arid regions. Below are some of the regional impacts of global change forecast by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: North America: Decreasing snowpack in the...
Climate and Land Use Change
How can climate change affect natural disasters?
How old is glacier ice?
What are the long-term effects of climate change?
USGS science helps communities understand the implications of change, anticipate the effects of change, and reduce the risks associated with a changing environment. | <urn:uuid:f77cd146-852e-4a67-9534-30d75b64eac9> | {
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About Dusky Broadbill
Stout-bodied bird with a large head, massive, very broad, flattened, hooked bill and short tail; third and fourth toes are partly fused. Color is dull blackish with buffish throat and narrow white band near tip of tail; concealed yellowish-orange streak on back; wingbar broad white; legs blackish; bill pinkish or yellowish.
This bird breeds in the wet season. Several birds may help to build a pear-shaped nest of stems, roots, grass, leaves, spider webs, and other material, with a opening on the side, hung by a cord of plant fibers from a branch, almost always over a river. The female will lay 2-4 speckled eggs which are incubated by both parents.
The Dusky Broadbill is a very social bird, living in a group up to about 10 birds, even when they are in breeding season. The Dusky Broadbill will start breeding in the dry season so that the
chicks hatch in the wet season when there is enough food for the chicks to make it to adulthood.
The nest of the Dusky Broadbill is a hanging nest which is often 6 1/2 feet (2m) long or tall. The bird uses sticky spiderwebs on the outside and bottom of the nest to attach a wide range of material, such as caterpillar droppings, insect cocoons, spiders’ egg-bags and living green leaves. This is used for camouglage, helping to keep predators, such as rats, lizards or snakes, from reaching the nest.
Dusky Broadbills are most active at dawn and at sunset. | <urn:uuid:a220fab0-74ec-4d93-9830-e340fa0fc9ec> | {
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Antiquity[ edit ] Aristotle first mentioned the idea of a "mixed government" or hybrid government in his work Politics where he drew upon many of the constitutional forms in the city-states of Ancient Greece. Early modern biparty systems[ edit ] John Calvin — favoured a system of government that divided political power between democracy and aristocracy mixed government. Calvin appreciated the advantages of democracystating: Calvin aimed to protect the rights and the well-being of ordinary people.
Antiquity[ edit ] Aristotle first mentioned the idea of a "mixed government" or hybrid government in his work Politics where he drew upon many of the constitutional forms in the city-states of Ancient Greece.
Early modern biparty systems[ edit ] John Calvin — favoured a system of government that divided political power between democracy and aristocracy mixed government.
Calvin appreciated the advantages of democracystating: Calvin aimed to protect the rights and the well-being of ordinary people.
Enjoying self-rule, they established a bipartite democratic system of government. The "freemen" elected the General Courtwhich functioned as legislature and judiciary and which in turn elected a governor, who together with his seven "assistants" served in the functional role of providing executive power.
Except for Plymouth Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony, these English outposts added religious freedom to their democratic systems, an important step towards the development of human rights. He deduced from a study of the English constitutional system the advantages of dividing political power into the legislative which should be distributed among several bodies, for example, the House of Lords and the House of Commonson the one hand, and the executive and federative power, responsible for the protection of the country and prerogative of the monarch, on the other hand.
The Kingdom of England had no written constitution. In reality he referred to "distribution" of powers. In The Spirit of the LawsMontesquieu described the various forms of distribution of political power among a legislaturean executiveand a judiciary.
He based this model on the Constitution of the Roman Republic and the British constitutional system. Montesquieu took the view that the Roman Republic had powers separated so that no one could usurp complete power. In every government there are three sorts of power: By virtue of the first, the prince or magistrate enacts temporary or perpetual laws, and amends or abrogates those that have been already enacted.
By the second, he makes peace or war, sends or receives embassies, establishes the public security, and provides against invasions.
By the third, he punishes criminals, or determines the disputes that arise between individuals. The latter we shall call the judiciary power, and the other, simply, the executive power of the state. When the legislative and executive powers are united in the same person, or in the same body of magistrates, there can be no liberty; because apprehensions may arise, lest the same monarch or senate should enact tyrannical laws, to execute them in a tyrannical manner.
Again, there is no liberty if the judiciary power be not separated from the legislative and executive. Were it joined with the legislative, the life and liberty of the subject would be exposed to arbitrary control; for the judge would be then the legislator.
Were it joined to the executive power, the judge might behave with violence and oppression. There would be an end of every thing, were the same man, or the same body, whether of the nobles or of the people, to exercise those three powers, that of enacting laws, that of executing the public resolutions, and of trying the causes of individuals.
If the legislative branch appoints the executive and judicial powers, as Montesquieu indicated, there will be no separation or division of its powers, since the power to appoint carries with it the power to revoke. The executive power ought to be in the hands of a monarch, because this branch of government, having need of dispatch, is better administered by one than by many: But, if there were no monarch, and the executive power should be committed to a certain number of persons, selected from the legislative body, there would be an end of liberty, by reason the two powers would be united; as the same persons would sometimes possess, and would be always able to possess, a share in both.
You may improve this articlediscuss the issue on the talk pageor create a new articleas appropriate. May Learn how and when to remove this template message Checks and balances is the principle that each of the Branches has the power to limit or check the other two and this creates a balance between the three separate powers of the state, this principle induces that the ambitions of one branch prevent that one of the other branches become supreme, and thus be eternally confronting each other and in that process leaving the people free from government abuses.
Checks and Balances are designed to maintain the system of separation of powers keeping each branch in its place. This is based on the idea that it is not enough to separate the powers and guarantee their independence but to give the various branches the constitutional means to defend their own legitimate powers from the encroachments of the other branches.The study This report sets out the findings of the first stage of a project exploring the nature and extent of contact problems in the general population of separated.
ABIGAIL POWERS FILLMORE. Born: 13 March Stillwater, Saratoga County, New York *There is another source which claims that Abigail Fillmore was born in New Hampshire: "A field, within Corbin Park, is of interest as being the birthplace of one of the wives of the late President Fillmore.
The Hotline staff will answer any further questions you may have about the Employment Separation Certificate. Former employees please see important information on the back of this form.
for Certificate see page 1 Information for Employers What are Employment Separation Certificates to . ONE The Doctrine of the Separation of Powers and Institutional Theory.
The history of Western political thought portrays the development and elaboration of a set of values—justice, liberty, equality, and the sanctity of property—the implications of which have been examined and debated down through the centuries; but just as important is the history of the debates about the institutional.
This article tries to answer the question 'what difference does the separation of powers make?'. It begins by defining the differences between democratic regimes, and moves on to study four key questions about the extent to which the separation of powers 'matters'. | <urn:uuid:dce9ae69-1da5-4747-a9dc-7cef41290005> | {
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An Aerie of Eagles is a captivating collective noun phrase used to depict a group of eagles in their natural habitat. Inspired by the word aerie, which refers to the lofty nests eagles build on cliffs or high trees, this phrase imbibes the majestic essence of these magnificent birds of prey. Typically found in mountainous and forested regions, an aerie encompasses the curiosity and fascination of witnessing multiple eagles soaring and dwelling together in this breathtaking environment.
When using the phrase aerie of eagles, one is evoking a vivid imagery of this awe-inspiring scene. Picture a panoramic view revealing several eyries gracing the cliffs, each one accommodating a pair of the avian predators. As you gaze upon this magnificent display, eagles majestically take flight and gracefully navigate the sky, their wingspan spanning with absolute grace and power.
The aerie of eagles symbolizes not only the grandeur of these impressive birds but also their unwavering unity. Such a breed of noble creatures undoubtedly protects and nurtures their aeries, perpetuating their harmonious bond within their familial units and social hierarchy. They are guardians of their secluded paradise and dutifully maintain the balance and order in their habitat by defying the limits of gravity with every surge of buoyant strength.
When referring to an aerie of eagles, one acknowledges their majestic presence, highlighting the cherished bond they share amongst themselves and their respect for their shared homeland. Witnessing such a gathering prompts a blend of admiration, respect, and awe at the unyielding splendor of nature's creation. Whether portrayed in literature, conversation, or imagination, an aerie of eagles conjures up a profound illustration of nature's perfection and the bonds that transcend their individual existence.
Collective Nouns That Start with A
Since you liked 'Aerie of Eagles'. you might also enjoy these other collective nouns starting with 'A'
Do you think you know your collective nouns? Take our fun and educational collective nouns quiz to find out!
Discover fascinating collective nouns for animals, people, things, and more. Challenge your friends and family to see who can score the highest!
Click the button below to start the quiz now!Take the Quiz | <urn:uuid:78c9d4d2-5284-466e-acca-61b33c85c0ca> | {
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Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable death and is estimated to kill more than 5 million people worldwide each year. Tobacco-related diseases including cancer, lung disease, heart disease and stroke, results as a biological consequence of repeated exposure to the toxic constituents found in tobacco and its smoke. More than 4,000 chemicals have been identified in tobacco smoke, at least 250 of which are known to be harmful and more than 50 of which are known to cause cancer. Non-smokers can come in contact with these toxic compounds through second and thirdhand smoke exposure. Secondhand smoke refers to the passive inhalation of smoke, whereas thirdhand smoke (THS) is a relatively new term used to describe the residual contamination from tobacco smoke that remains on surfaces and the smokers themselves. There is a growing body of evidence that this lingering tobacco residue represents a significant health risk.
THS consists of complex mixtures of toxic particulates such as nicotine, tobacco specific N’-nitrosamines (TSNAs), and heavy metals, which can cling to walls, ceilings, carpets, clothing, and hair, allowing for continual exposure to these toxins well beyond periods of active smoking. People can become exposed to these toxic residues through dermal contact with contaminated areas or by inhalation of toxic particulate matter. The health risk associated with THS most likely are not tied to a single toxic constituent but are a result of cumulative simultaneous exposure to multiple toxicants. In order to improve risk assessment and gain a true understanding of how THS exposure can affect biological systems, it is necessary to investigate the interactive effects of multiple toxicants.
Heavy metals and TSNAs represent two important classes of carcinogens found in THS residues. The heavy metal cadmium (Cd) is a known carcinogen that has been detected in significant amounts in tobacco and its smoke. Cd exposure can lead to the formation of a variety of malignancies, including leukemia and cancers of the lung and prostate. Other well-known toxic constituents of tobacco are the TSNA’s, which are considered to be some of the most carcinogenic compounds found in tobacco and THS. Although a large body of literature exists on the individual effects of Cd on various cellular processes in a variety of biological systems, little is known about the synergistic effects of Cd in combination with other tobacco-related toxins. Investigations into the interactive effects of Cd in combination with other toxic tobacco compounds such as TSNAs would give a more accurate perspective on the molecular mechanisms targeted by toxic THS constituents.
Although the potential toxicological importance of chemical mixtures research is well recognized, few studies have been conducted with mixtures of tobacco related heavy metals and other, toxic tobacco constituents. We propose to investigate the affects of Cd and TSNA mixtures on human cells by determining changes in protein levels induced by exposure to heavy metals and TSNAs using proteomics. Proteomics can generally be defined as a technique used for the large-scale study of proteins, particularly their structures and functions. Proteomics is ideal for these types of studies since it allows for the analysis of a large number of proteins simultaneously from a single experiment. Since proteins are essential constituents of living cells and are necessary for the proper functioning of an organism, measuring changes in protein levels at a given time can provide valuable information on how toxic substances are affecting biological systems. The results from these studies will help further our understanding of how tobacco use can affect biological systems by providing valuable insight into the interactive effects associated with tobacco related heavy metals and TSNAs on biological systems. The data from this study may be important for improved risk assessment by elucidating the biochemical mechanisms that contribute to the adverse health effects of THS exposure. | <urn:uuid:e2ba48dc-9df4-44e1-bca5-385ba8a2a331> | {
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If your class needs more practice counting syllables, then this worksheet is for you. Students read each of the words and count the word’s parts. The students circle only the words that have only one syllable. Students that master this skill easily decode unknown words and this improves fluency scores and comprehension. Clear up any confusion with this printout!
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Download the App | <urn:uuid:a65c4cdb-996d-474a-ba42-ae86804cc150> | {
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There is a saying that most sickness is the result of an unhealthy intestinal system. If you want to stay healthy, it is of utmost importance to maintain a healthy intestinal environment. When someone brings up maintaining a healthy intestinal environment, probiotics will always come to mind. Apart from probiotics, prebiotics is also another common name that rose to fame recently. Yet, do you know the differences between probiotics and prebiotics?
What are Probiotics?
Our body is full of bacteria, both good and bad. Probiotics are a type of ‘good’ live microorganisms that provides health benefits, including improving or restoring the gut flora. Probiotics carry various health benefits:
- Relieve constipation and stomachache: Probiotics can boost intestinal movement and maintain a healthy intestinal environment.
- Relieve eczema: Environmental triggers will affect the balance of intestinal bacteria, and research has proved that eczema is related to an unhealthy intestinal system. Probiotics can also strengthen our skin barrier and prevent it from environmental harm.
- Weight management: Among all types of bacteria inside our intestine, some bacteria will make us gain weight, and some will help us lose weight. Probiotics can boost the formation of bacteria that help lose weight.
- Improve immunity: The intestinal system is also an immunity organ. With probiotics, you can attain a better intestinal system and immune system at the same time.
What is Prebiotics?
Prebiotics are compounds in food that induce the growth and activity of beneficial microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. Our human body cannot absorb prebiotics directly, yet prebiotics acts as the fuel to probiotics, and it promotes the growth of probiotics. Therefore, the two are different yet work in synergy with each other. And we need both of them to keep the gastrointestinal tract healthy.
When is the Best Time to Take Probiotics
To maximize its health benefits, bear in mind that timing matters when it comes to absorbing probiotics. The diversity and number of good bacteria living in your gut vary depending on the acidity and temperature of our intestines. The best environment to let probiotics do their work is around 40 degrees Celsius with a pH level of 4-7. Our body tends to get more acidic after we have our meal to assist digestion, therefor 2 hours post-meal is not an ideal time for probiotics. Research recommended that it is best to take probiotics on an empty stomach, around 15-30 minutes before the next meal.
Related: Health Benefits of Probiotics
Probiotics from food
Apart from health supplements, some types of food are also a rich source of probiotics. Most fermented foods are rich in probiotics, below is a list of food that is rich in probiotics: | <urn:uuid:8f660d3a-6aeb-4c29-84ce-9c96798f6d10> | {
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Criminal law can generally be defined as a legal branch that is cheaply classified crime, treat their properties, and provide the best effective way or approach to their punishment. Within several times, it has emerged as one of a few fields that attract many young ideals to make their careers. In fact, in recent years, the ratio of students who practice criminal law has increased rapidly. These days, many young lawyers are engaged in the work of criminal law practices for government agencies at the federal or local level or in non-poor defense jobs for solo or small private practices. Today is calculated among one of the important parts of the legal system in the United States and offers very exciting and better gifts than other professions. However, the field of criminal law even displays some of the most important facts that are worthy of known.
Today if we talk about criminal law, it is very important to understand the right meaning or crime classification. Simply put, crime can be classified as a crime or mild violation, but there is little difference between crime and mild violations. The basic difference between crime and mild violations rests on penalties and prison force. Basically, lightweight violations are defined as violations that are punishment besides detention or death in state prisons followed by law. In addition, there are many people who are often confused by the term “degree of crime”. Now, the crime period is mainly related to differences in crime difficulties because of the circumstances around the commission.
In the United States, the power to define crime and set penalty generally depends on the legislature of the United States, state, and regions along with the main authorities associated with the individual. In addition, the crime of Common-Law is one of the universal regulations that can be punished, which is distinguished from crimes determined by the law. However, these days in many jurisdictions A.S. Including where inclusive criminal law has implemented general laws relative to the criminal process.
Procedures in criminal cases are significantly similar to all through the United States. If the violation is severe, this case was initially forwarded to a large jury, which caused criticism if there was sufficient evidence to validate the trial, or it waste the prisoner charged. However, it was very surprising to find that in the United States, violators were proven guilty of criminal offenses may be responsible for serving a life sentence, which could rise to 100 years. In addition, the punishment of electricity and other severe criminal penalties has been changed in the US, many years ago.
If we talk about criminal law in the Gulf countries, the picture is completely different. The law is very strict in connection with the execution of punishment. In the Gulf countries, partial criminal laws are ruled by the Code of Islamic Conduct or ‘Shariat’ and there is no subject of all types of amendments. In the UK, criminal acts are mostly considered a crime against the entire community. And, moreover, the state in addition to different international organizations plays a major role for evil prevention and dealing with convicted violators. Criminal laws vary throughout the world, but the basis of most of the laws is based on one main rule to punish the perpetrators. | <urn:uuid:fcfc36f8-09fa-4235-874c-22933bf5ca7c> | {
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A dried coat of paint
In music based on the major-minor system,
A paper slip or card indicating that its holder has paid for or is entitled to a specified service, right, or consideration:
An ordered system of numbering or indexing that is used as a reference standard in measurement, in which each number corresponds to some physical quantity. Some scales, such as temperature scales, have equal intervals; other scales, such as the Richter scale, are arranged as a geometric progression.
Something, such as a pamphlet, that offers basic information or instruction:
A set of signals representing letters or numerals, used to send messages, as by telegraph or flags
(By extension) The property itself.
(Basketball) A position taken by an offensive player usually facing away from the basket near the foul line to relay passes, attempt a shot, or set screens.
A cryptographic system in which units of text of regular length, usually letters, are transposed or substituted according to a predetermined code.
The definition of a brand is an identifying name or mark of a company, or a specific product made by a company.
A mark or symbol having an accepted and specific meaning
An organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells (all cells except prokaryotes) that contains nearly all the cell's DNA and controls its metabolism, growth, and reproduction. The nucleus is surrounded by a pair of membranes called the nuclear envelope , which can be continuous in places with the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum. The membranes of the nuclear envelope have interconnected pores that allow the exchange of substances with the cell's cytoplasm. The nuclear DNA is wrapped around proteins (called histones) in strands of chromatin , which exists in a matrix known as nucleoplasm (analogous to the cytoplasm outside the nucleus). Just prior to cell division, the chromatin condenses into individual chromosomes, which contain the cell's hereditary information. The nucleus also contains at least one spherical nucleolus , which mainly contains RNA and proteins and directs the construction of the cell's ribosomes.
(Music) The basic tone of a chord, on which the chord is constructed; often, the fundamental
The basic or most important part; the crucial element or essence:
The definition of a nexus is a link or connection between individuals or individual elements.
Lever means a tool, usually a bar, used to lift or pry open something.
The definition of crux is the central point of something, or is something that seems impossible to solve.
The definition of an index is a guide, list or sign, or a number used to measure change.
Something that serves to guide or direct in the solution of a problem or mystery.
A set of symbols showing the composition of a chemical compound. A formula lists the elements contained within it and indicates the number of atoms of each element with a subscript numeral if the number is more than 1. For example, H2 O is the formula for water, where H2 indicates two atoms of hydrogen and O indicates one atom of oxygen.
The answer to a problem or the explanation for something:
The definition of an explanation is something that clarifies or makes clear.
A piece of confidential, advance, or inside information.
A pointer or an index.
A milestone or similar sign
A method or formula for doing or making something well, especially when not widely known:
Find another word for keys. In this page you can discover 42 synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for keys, like: paints, tonalities, tickets, scales, pitches, guides, codes, answers, addresses, pivots and blueprints. | <urn:uuid:4f6127e8-c9a6-4f7a-8d7b-7af34a4990da> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31",
"url": "https://thesaurus.yourdictionary.com/keys",
"date": "2021-07-27T20:48:53",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153491.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727202227-20210727232227-00067.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9151915311813354,
"token_count": 773,
"score": 3.1875,
"int_score": 3
} |
This is a great class activity for the block schedule. In it, students prepare a paper-slide video about a region or issue leading to sectionalism in the United States during the antebellum era. They think they are just making a video, but in reality, they have to develop a thoughtful script that clearly answers the question of whether their topic generates a sense of nationalism or sectionalism, and why!
The assignment sheet comes with all of the steps necessary to complete the project, including a template for students to fill-in as they plan. Students will likely be able to use their phones to take video, but you'll want to plan ahead for your school's electronic policies and your student audience. Included is a link to other videos if you'd like to share a sample, as well as an example of a script I used (that was also a way of sneaking in a mini-lecture about the changing nature of work during this time)! | <urn:uuid:964fd885-4472-4601-b17f-ab8e2055df14> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09",
"url": "https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Regions-in-the-Antebellum-Era-Paper-Slide-Activity-2123545",
"date": "2017-02-21T12:15:12",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170708.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00383-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9706279635429382,
"token_count": 195,
"score": 3.390625,
"int_score": 3
} |
Subsets and Splits