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15601
[ "The", "mechanism", "of", "action", "of", "cyclosporin", "A", "and", "FK506", "." ]
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15602
[ "CsA", "and", "FK506", "are", "powerful", "suppressors", "of", "the", "immune", "system", ",", "most", "notably", "of", "T", "cells", "." ]
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15603
[ "They", "act", "at", "a", "point", "in", "activation", "that", "lies", "between", "receptor", "ligation", "and", "the", "transcription", "of", "early", "genes", "." ]
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15604
[ "Here", ",", "Stuart", "Schreiber", "and", "Gerald", "Crabtree", "review", "recent", "findings", "that", "indicate", "CsA", "and", "FK506", "operate", "as", "prodrugs", ":", "they", "bind", "endogenous", "intracellular", "receptors", ",", "the", "immunophilins", ",", "and", "the", "resulting", "complex", "targets", "the", "protein", "phosphatase", ",", "calcineurin", ",", "to", "exert", "the", "immunosuppressive", "effect", "." ]
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15605
[ "Induction", "of", "monocytic", "differentiation", "and", "NF-kappa", "B", "-like", "activities", "by", "human", "immunodeficiency", "virus", "1", "infection", "of", "myelomonoblastic", "cells", "." ]
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15606
[ "The", "effects", "of", "human", "immunodeficiency", "virus", "1", "(", "HIV-1", ")", "infection", "on", "cellular", "differentiation", "and", "NF-kappa", "B", "DNA", "binding", "activity", "have", "been", "investigated", "in", "a", "new", "model", "of", "myeloid", "differentiation", "." ]
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15607
[ "PLB-985", "cells", "represent", "a", "bipotential", "myelomonoblastic", "cell", "population", "capable", "of", "either", "granulocytic", "or", "monocytic", "differentiation", "after", "induction", "with", "appropriate", "inducers", "." ]
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15608
[ "By", "virtue", "of", "the", "presence", "of", "CD4", "on", "the", "cell", "surface", ",", "PLB-985", "cells", "were", "chronically", "infected", "with", "HIV-1", "strain", "IIIB", "." ]
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15609
[ "PLB-IIIB", "cells", "clearly", "possessed", "a", "more", "monocytic", "phenotype", "than", "the", "parental", "myeloblasts", ",", "as", "determined", "by", "differential", "staining", ",", "increased", "expression", "of", "the", "myeloid-specific", "surface", "markers", ",", "and", "transcription", "of", "the", "c-fms", "proto-oncogene", "." ]
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15610
[ "NF-kappa", "B", "binding", "activity", "was", "inducible", "by", "tumor", "necrosis", "factor", "and", "phorbol", "myristate", "acetate", "in", "PLB-985", "." ]
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15611
[ "However", ",", "in", "PLB-IIIB", "cells", ",", "constitutive", "expression", "of", "a", "novel", "NF-kappa", "B", "complex", "was", "detected", ",", "composed", "of", "proteins", "ranging", "between", "70", "and", "110", "kD", "." ]
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15612
[ "These", "proteins", "interacted", "specifically", "with", "the", "symmetric", "NF-kappa", "B", "site", "from", "the", "interferon", "beta", "(", "IFN-beta", ")", "promoter", "." ]
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15613
[ "Mutations", "affecting", "the", "5", "'", "guanine", "residues", "of", "the", "kappa", "B", "site", "were", "unable", "to", "compete", "for", "these", "NF-kappa", "B-related", "proteins", "." ]
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15614
[ "Inducibility", "of", "endogenous", "IFN-beta", "and", "IFN-alpha", "RNA", "was", "also", "increased", "in", "PLB-IIIB", "cells", "." ]
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15615
[ "These", "studies", "indicate", "that", "HIV-1", "infection", "of", "myelomonoblastic", "cells", "may", "select", "for", "a", "more", "mature", "monocytic", "phenotype", "and", "that", "unique", "subunit", "associations", "of", "NF-kappa", "B", "DNA", "binding", "proteins", "may", "contribute", "to", "differential", "NF-kappa", "B", "-mediated", "gene", "expression", "." ]
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15616
[ "Cortisol", "receptor", "resistance", ":", "the", "variability", "of", "its", "clinical", "presentation", "and", "response", "to", "treatment", "." ]
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15617
[ "Primary", "(", "partial", ")", "cortisol", "receptor", "resistance", "was", "previously", "reported", "in", "a", "total", "of", "7", "patients", "and", "14", "asymptomatic", "family", "members", "." ]
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15618
[ "Its", "occurrence", "is", "considered", "to", "be", "extremely", "rare", "." ]
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15619
[ "In", "the", "present", "study", "we", "report", "on", "6", "patients", "(", "2", "males", "and", "4", "females", ")", "with", "the", "syndrome", "." ]
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15620
[ "The", "first", "male", "patient", "presented", "with", "mild", "hypertension", "." ]
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15621
[ "Hydrochlorothiazide", "therapy", "resulted", "in", "life-threatening", "hypokalemia", "." ]
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15622
[ "The", "second", "male", "patient", "had", "slight", "hypertension", "without", "hypokalemia", "." ]
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15623
[ "All", "four", "female", "patients", "presented", "between", "the", "age", "of", "20-30", "yr", "with", "acne", ",", "hirsutism", ",", "and", "irregular", "menstruations", "." ]
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15624
[ "Low", "dose", "dexamethasone", "therapy", "(", "1-1.5", "mg/day", ")", "was", "of", "clinical", "benefit", "in", "these", "patients", "." ]
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15625
[ "All", "patients", "showed", "insufficient", "suppression", "of", "serum", "cortisol", "concentrations", "in", "the", "overnight", "1-mg", "dexamethasone", "test", "." ]
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15626
[ "The", "diurnal", "rhythm", "of", "ACTH", "and", "cortisol", "was", "intact", ",", "albeit", "at", "an", "elevated", "level", "." ]
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15627
[ "There", "was", "a", "normal", "increase", "in", "ACTH", ",", "cortisol", ",", "and", "GH", "(", "except", "in", "one", "obese", "patient", ")", "in", "response", "to", "insulin-induced", "hypoglycemia", ",", "while", "cortisol", "production", "was", "elevated", "in", "three", "patients", "." ]
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15628
[ "Circulating", "adrenal", "androgen", "levels", "were", "increased", "in", "all", "patients", "." ]
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15629
[ "Glucocorticoid", "receptors", "were", "investigated", "in", "a", "whole", "cell", "dexamethasone", "binding", "assay", "in", "mononuclear", "leukocytes", "." ]
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15630
[ "In", "the", "first", "male", "patient", ",", "the", "number", "of", "receptors", "was", "very", "low", ",", "while", "the", "affinity", "was", "lower", "than", "that", "in", "controls", "." ]
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15631
[ "A", "lowered", "affinity", "to", "dexamethasone", "was", "found", "in", "one", "female", "patient", ",", "while", "a", "lowered", "number", "of", "receptors", "was", "found", "in", "three", "patients", "." ]
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15632
[ "In", "the", "second", "male", "patient", ",", "no", "abnormalities", "were", "found", "." ]
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15633
[ "As", "a", "bioassay", "for", "glucocorticoid", "action", "we", "also", "measured", "dexamethasone", "suppressibility", "of", "mitogen-stimulated", "incorporation", "of", "[", "3H", "]", "thymidine", "in", "mononuclear", "leukocytes", "." ]
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15634
[ "In", "the", "male", "patient", "with", "normal", "receptor", "status", ",", "dexamethasone", "suppressibility", "of", "[", "3H", "]", "thymidine", "incorporation", "was", "significantly", "lower", "than", "that", "in", "healthy", "controls", "with", "respect", "to", "both", "maximal", "suppression", "and", "IC50", "." ]
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15635
[ "Partial", "cortisol", "receptor", "resistance", "might", "be", "less", "rare", "than", "previously", "thought", "." ]
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15636
[ "In", "the", "six", "patients", "presented", ",", "at", "least", "three", "different", "forms", "can", "be", "recognized", "." ]
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15637
[ "Therapy", "with", "dexamethasone", "was", "successful", "in", "female", "patients", "with", "acne", "and", "hirsutism", ",", "as", "the", "secondary", "increase", "in", "the", "production", "of", "adrenal", "androgens", "was", "effectively", "controlled", "." ]
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15638
[ "The", "development", "of", "functionally", "responsive", "T", "cells", "." ]
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15639
[ "The", "work", "reviewed", "in", "this", "article", "separates", "T", "cell", "development", "into", "four", "phases", "." ]
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15640
[ "First", "is", "an", "expansion", "phase", "prior", "to", "TCR", "rearrangement", ",", "which", "appears", "to", "be", "correlated", "with", "programming", "of", "at", "least", "some", "response", "genes", "for", "inducibility", "." ]
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15641
[ "This", "phase", "can", "occur", "to", "some", "extent", "outside", "of", "the", "thymus", "." ]
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15642
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15643
[ "Second", "is", "a", "controlled", "phase", "of", "TCR", "gene", "rearrangement", "." ]
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15644
[ "The", "details", "of", "the", "regulatory", "mechanism", "that", "selects", "particular", "loci", "for", "rearrangement", "are", "still", "not", "known", "." ]
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15645
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15646
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15647
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15648
[ "Third", "is", "the", "complex", "process", "of", "selection", "." ]
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15649
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15650
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15651
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15652
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15653
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15654
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15655
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15656
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15657
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15658
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15659
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15660
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15661
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15662
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15663
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15664
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15665
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15666
[ "We", "have", "biochemically", "and", "functionally", "characterized", "a", "new", "transcription", "factor", ",", "NP-TCII", ",", "which", "is", "present", "in", "nuclei", "from", "unstimulated", "T", "and", "B", "lymphocytes", "but", "is", "not", "found", "in", "nonhematopoietic", "cells", "." ]
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15667
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15668
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15669
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15670
[ "The", "candidate", "oncogene", "bcl-3", "was", "discovered", "as", "a", "translocation", "into", "the", "immunoglobulin", "alpha-locus", "in", "some", "cases", "of", "B-cell", "chronic", "lymphocytic", "leukaemias", "." ]
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15671
[ "The", "protein", "Bcl-3", "contains", "seven", "so-called", "ankyrin", "repeats", "." ]
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15672
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15673
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15674
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15675
[ "Bcl-3", "may", "therefore", "aid", "activation", "of", "select", "NF-kappa", "B-regulated", "genes", ",", "including", "those", "of", "the", "human", "immunodeficiency", "virus", "." ]
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15676
[ "[", "Mechanism", "of", "action", "of", "steroid", "hormones.", "I.", "Estrogens", "]" ]
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15677
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15678
[ "Their", "action", "mechanism", "is", "not", "completely", "cleared", "." ]
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15679
[ "The", "estrogens", "participate", "in", "the", "regulation", "of", "practically", "all", "the", "reproductive", "and", "sexual", "events", "of", "the", "female", ",", "although", "the", "intracellular", "actions", "by", "which", "they", "take", "place", "are", "not", "well", "known", "and", "the", "proposed", "models", "do", "not", "adequately", "satisfy", "the", "questions", "." ]
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15680
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15681
[ "The", "endocrine", "events", "that", "are", "rapidly", "expressed", "(", "seconds", ")", "are", "due", "to", "a", "possible", "interaction", "with", "cellular", "membrane", "." ]
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15682
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15683
[ "Reduced", "susceptibility", "to", "HIV-1", "infection", "of", "ethyl-methanesulfonate-treated", "CEM", "subclones", "correlates", "with", "a", "blockade", "in", "their", "protein", "kinase", "C", "signaling", "pathway", "." ]
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15684
[ "We", "have", "described", "the", "isolation", "of", "chemically", "induced", "CEM", "subclones", "that", "express", "CD4", "receptors", "and", "bind", "soluble", "gp120", ",", "yet", "show", "a", "markedly", "reduced", "susceptibility", "to", "infection", "with", "HIV-1", "." ]
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15685
[ "Two", "subclones", "were", "found", "to", "have", "an", "abnormal", "response", "to", "the", "protein", "kinase", "C", "(", "PKC", ")", "activator", "PMA", "." ]
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15686
[ "PMA", "treatment", "induced", "CD3", "and", "CD25", "(", "IL-2R", ")", "receptors", "on", "the", "parental", "line", "and", "on", "other", "ethyl-methanesulfonate-derived", "subclones", ",", "but", "not", "on", "these", "two", "mutants", "." ]
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15687
[ "Direct", "assays", "of", "PKC", "activity", "were", "conducted", "." ]
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15688
[ "Total", "cellular", "PKC", "enzymatic", "activity", "was", "found", "to", "be", "normal", "in", "these", "subclones", "." ]
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15689
[ "PMA-induced", "CD4", "down-modulation", "occurred", "normally", "." ]
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15690
[ "In", "addition", ",", "activation", "of", "c-raf", "kinase", "was", "normal", "." ]
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15691
[ "Since", "HIV-1", "long", "terminal", "repeat", "contains", "two", "functional", "nuclear", "factor", "kB", "(", "NF-kB", ")", "regulatory", "elements", ",", "we", "studied", "the", "ability", "of", "PMA", "to", "induce", "NF-kB", "binding", "activity", "by", "different", "assays", "." ]
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15692
[ "Chloramphenicol", "acetyl", "transferase", "(", "CAT", ")", "assays", "using", "the", "HIV-1", "(", "-139", ")", "long", "terminal", "repeat-CAT", "construct", "showed", "no", "PMA", "induction", "of", "CAT", "activity", "in", "these", "subclones", "(", "unlike", "the", "parental", "line", "and", "other", "subclones", ")", "." ]
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15693
[ "Okadaic", "acid", ",", "an", "inhibitor", "of", "phosphatases", "1", "and", "2A", ",", "did", "not", "overcome", "the", "defect", "in", "these", "subclones", "." ]
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15694
[ "Gel", "retardation", "assays", ",", "using", "a", "32P-probe", "containing", "the", "HIV-1", "NF-kB", "probe", "and", "nuclear", "extracts", "from", "PMA-treated", "cells", ",", "showed", "significantly", "reduced", "induction", "of", "nuclear", "NF-kB", "binding", "proteins", "in", "these", "two", "subclones", "compared", "with", "wild", "type", "CEM", "and", "a", "control", "subclone", "." ]
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15695
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15696
[ "Thus", ",", "reduced", "levels", "of", "PKC", "-induced", "nuclear", "NF-kB", "activity", "in", "two", "T", "cell", "subclones", "did", "not", "affect", "their", "normal", "cell", "growth", ",", "but", "correlated", "with", "a", "pronounced", "reduction", "in", "their", "susceptibility", "to", "HIV-1", "infection", "." ]
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15697
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15698
[ "The", "nuclear", "factor", "NF-AT", "(", "ref.", "1", ")", "is", "induced", "in", "T", "cells", "stimulated", "through", "the", "T-cell", "receptor/CD3", "complex", ",", "and", "is", "required", "for", "interleukin-2", "(", "IL-2", ")", "gene", "induction", "." ]
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15699
[ "Although", "NF-AT", "has", "not", "been", "cloned", "or", "purified", ",", "there", "is", "evidence", "that", "it", "is", "a", "major", "target", "for", "immunosuppression", "by", "cyclosporin", "A", "(", "CsA", ")", "and", "FK506", "(", "refs", "2-7", ")", "." ]
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15700
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